[ { "Title\/Name": "Woman Suffrage", "Entry ID": "AWE0546", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/woman-suffrage\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "Although the battle for woman suffrage began later in Australia than it did in Britain or the United States, success was achieved earlier. Concerted campaigns for woman suffrage in Australia date from the early 1880s and were supported by organisations and individuals representing a wide array of political and ideological platforms. In some ways, these campaigns signalled the start of women's participation in the Australian political process. Although linked to and inspired by the international campaigns and context of the time, the Australian suffrage movement had its own distinctive, regional characteristics. Matters of race and class, of geographical proximity to Asia and the need to build a healthy white nation at the turn of the century, combined with universal concerns about justice and the rights of the individual to create a uniquely Australian movement.\n", "Details": "Australian women, who struggled for the franchise on a colony by colony basis, were amongst the first in the world to win the right to vote. South Australia women were enfranchised in 1894, a year after the women of New Zealand won the honour of being the first in the world to gain the right to vote. Their success was followed by victories in Western Australia in 1899, New South Wales in 1902, Tasmania in 1903, Queensland in 1904 and Victoria, finally, in 1908. The federal franchise was extended to all white women over the age of twenty-one in 1902, due in no small part to the success of the campaigns in South and Western Australia. The framers of the federal constitution agreed that it would be wrong to prevent women who already had the right to vote in state elections from doing so at a federal level. It was hoped that adherence to this principle would lead to consistency across the nation and that the remaining state legislatures would automatically confer woman suffrage for their own parliaments. This was the case for the women of New South Wales and Tasmania, although the women of Queensland and Victoria were required to struggle for longer. By the time they could vote in state elections, in 1908, the white women of Victoria has already voted in two federal elections. \nIt is important to recognise that the Commonwealth Franchise Act did not enfranchise Indigenous women. At the same time federal suffrage was extended to white women it was specifically denied to Aboriginal Australians in those states where they had not previously been eligible to vote. In fact, although some states had granted these men and women the vote prior to 1902, full voting rights were not granted to Indigenous Australians until 1962, when the Commonwealth Electoral Act was amended to enfranchise Aboriginal Australians, men and women.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/that-dangerous-and-persuasive-woman-vida-goldstein\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/woman-suffrage-in-australia-a-gift-or-a-struggle\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/votes-for-women-the-australian-story\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-womans-sphere\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/modernity-and-mother-heartedness-spirituality-and-religious-meaning-in-australian-womens-suffrage-and-citizenship-movements-1890s-1920s\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-white-womans-suffrage\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1891-womens-suffrage-petition-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/worth-fighting-for\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-goldstein-chronicle-between-1950-and-1973-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-politics-a-forum-in-the-centenary-year-of-womens-suffrage-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oke-marjorie-1911-2003\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-on-various-australian-women-19-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-vida-goldstein-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vida-goldstein-1869-1949-january-1966-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-diaries-and-lectures\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womans-christian-temperance-union-of-victoria\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womans-christian-temperance-union-of-victoria-inc-community-organisation-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-on-womens-suffrage-compiled-by-rose-scott-%e2%86%b5%e2%86%b5%e2%86%b5%e2%86%b5%e2%86%b5%e2%86%b5%e2%86%b5%e2%86%b5papers-on-womens-suffrage-compiled-by-rose-scott\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scott-family-rose-scott-papers-1777-1925-mlmss-38-1-79\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/william-morrow-recordings-of-addresses-given-by-jessie-street-and-interviews-with-jessie-street-1953-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pamphlets-relating-to-australian-womens-suffrage\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/suffrage-group-1902\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/windeyer-family-papers-1829-1943\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "International Tracing and Refugee Services, Australian Red Cross", "Entry ID": "AWE0716", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/international-tracing-and-refugee-services-australian-red-cross\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "The International Tracing and Refugee Services department of the Australian Red Cross endeavours to locate, reunite and support families separated by war, conflict and disaster. As such, the department services one of the most longstanding activities of the International Red Cross Movement, that of restoring family links between victims of armed conflict. In Australia, an important predecessor of the department, The Wounded and Missing Enquiry Bureau, was founded at the beginning of World War 1 by Australian Red Cross Commissioners Vera Deakin and Winifred Johnstone. The Bureau was established in 1915 to help trace wounded and missing men and provide information about them to their families.\n", "Details": "In many ways the predecessor of International Tracing and Refugee Services, the Wounded and Missing Enquiry Bureau was established in 1915. Founded by the Australian Red Cross Commissioners, Vera Deakin and Winifred Johnstone, the Bureau helped trace wounded and missing men, and informally started a hospital visiting service. After World War II the service connected people who had lost touch with relatives and friends, supporting State Divisions, whose workers met and accompanied new migrants, provided assistance, and produced phrase books. As an Enquiry, Tracing and Message service, the Australian Red Cross extended to link refugees with their families and register evacuees, under the Disaster Services Department from 1975. In the 1990s, the Asylum Seekers' Assistance Scheme continued this service and the Tracing and Refugees' Department expanded as a core Red Cross service. In Strategy 2005, the Australian Red Cross re-committed to the Tracing and Message Service and aimed to enhance the delivery of humanitarian services to asylum seekers, refugees and other people in crisis. In 2004, these activities were covered by the International Tracing and Refugee Services, the Immigration Detention Program and the Asylum Seekers' Assistance Scheme. This Scheme is funded by the Australian Government's Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, and administered by the Australian Red Cross.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/50-years-service-to-humanity\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/look-what-you-started-henry-a-history-of-the-australian-red-cross-1914-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/red-cross-yesterdays\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-more-things-changethe-australian-red-cross-1914-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/missing-wounded-and-pisoner-of-war-enquiry-cards\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-red-cross-society-arcs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-red-cross-society\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-central-bureau-for-wounded-missing-and-prisoners-of-war-and-of-the-national-tracing-bureau\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-reports-of-the-australian-red-cross\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/minutes-and-meeting-papers-national-council\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-reports-of-red-cross-divisions-and-blood-service\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Youth and Education Services, Australian Red Cross", "Entry ID": "AWE0717", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/youth-and-education-services-australian-red-cross\/", "Type": "Concept", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The Australian Junior Red Cross was founded in New South Wales in August 1918 by Mrs Eleanor MacKinnon, initially with the aim of involving children in the support of recuperating soldiers who were using existing Red Cross facilities, and then extending to concern about the needs of the children of soldiers. Over the years, the Junior Movement's aims have evolved to focus on the development of an humanitarian ethos amongst young people, through education programs, and activities that encourage active citizenship and community participation.\n", "Details": "The Australian Junior Red Cross shares the honour, with Canada, of being the first of their kind. Established in August 1914, the Australian Junior Red Cross was founded by Mrs Eleanor MacKinnon in New South Wales. Initially Juniors supported soldiers using existing Red Cross facilities. Gradually the movement supported children of soldiers, children who were sick, and children in need in their own right. The first movements were formed with the aims of improving health, preventing disease and mitigating suffering. This increasingly extended to personal health, an ethos of citizenship and service, and international friendship, over the years.\n The School Circles of the Junior Red Cross, run by their own office-bearers and led by a patron, were affiliated to their nearest branch of the British Red Cross Society. In 1919, the Junior Red Cross received a national mention through the annual report of the New South Wales Division. In the 1930s, all States became involved and membership expanded. With more than 120,000 members in 1936, a national publication was planned, a \"Younger Set\" ran recreational clubs, and the Junior Red Cross was providing children's homes and an almoner for patient after-care, depending on the State.\nThe Junior Red Cross expanded in World War II, again contributing to soldiers' comfort. By 1946, plans were underway for a national secretary of the Junior Red Cross and a Links of Service to retain school graduates. By 1964, the Junior Red Cross was thriving in Papua New Guinea, then an Australian territory, and had a branch of the air in Western Australia. In the 1970s, it changed its name to Red Cross Youth and sought to make young people more central to the organisation as a whole, leading to greater Asian-Pacific and international initiatives. In 1995, Junior Red Cross and the Student Community Initiative Project became part of the new Youth and Education Service (YES) Department. Focusing on people under 30 years of age, the Department currently encompasses Red Cross Community Action, the Red Cross Community Challenge, the Red Cross Community Leaders Program and the Youth Connect Unit. Youth is a focus of Strategy 2005.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-red-cross-society-reports\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/50-years-service-to-humanity\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-more-things-changethe-australian-red-cross-1914-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/look-what-you-started-henry-a-history-of-the-australian-red-cross-1914-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/report-to-the-21st-international-conference-istanbul\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/publications-junior-red-cross-and-australian-red-cross-youth\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-reports-of-the-australian-red-cross\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/minutes-and-meeting-papers-national-council\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-reports-of-red-cross-divisions-and-blood-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/junior-red-cross-and-australian-red-cross-youth-records\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "First Aid, Health and Safety Services, Australian Red Cross", "Entry ID": "AWE0718", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/first-aid-health-and-safety-services-australian-red-cross\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "Australia's largest provider of first aid services was the initiative of a woman. In 1914, Lady Helen Munro Ferguson appealed to women and men with first aid and nursing training to enrol in voluntary first aid detachments. The service has steadily developed to become not only an important dispenser of first aid, but a major provider of first aid training. Women have played an important leadership role in the service since its inception.\n", "Details": "In August 1914 Lady Helen Munro Ferguson appealed \"to the women of Australia\" to \"enrol men and women with first aid and nursing certificates in recognised voluntary first aid detachments\". Indeed, the first Constitution of the Australian branch of the British Red Cross required the Australian Red Cross to supply the sick and wounded in war, supplement medical supplies, aid the sick and wounded \"irrespective of nationality\" and help in any great public disaster, calamity or need. These activities were in accord with the Geneva Convention, which formed the mandate of the international Red Cross movement, and therefore the Australian branch. By the 1960s, each State and Territory Division had a Health and Safety Education program, training volunteers in first aid and resuscitation, including first aid for industry, motorists and the home. Much of this training has been largely an activity carried out by the Divisions. In the 1980s the Emergency Care Training Program changed its name to health and Safety Education, as expert National and Divisional committees in first aid were formed to improve the service. In the late 1990s, the national Executive undertook a major strategic review of First Aid, Health and Safety Services, as amendments to the Australian Red Cross Charter and Rules allowed it to develop policy guides for areas of national significance. In Strategy 2005, the Australian Red Cross aims to become a leading developer and provider of first aid services.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/50-years-service-to-humanity\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/strategy-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-more-things-changethe-australian-red-cross-1914-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/look-what-you-started-henry-a-history-of-the-australian-red-cross-1914-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-reports-of-red-cross-divisions-and-blood-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-reports-of-the-australian-red-cross\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Disaster and Emergency Services, Australian Red Cross", "Entry ID": "AWE0719", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/disaster-and-emergency-services-australian-red-cross\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "The Australian Red Cross has given special emphasis to Disaster and Emergency Services as part of the larger role of the Red Cross in caring for victims of natural disasters, conflict and human tragedies. The Australian Red Cross took up this role as a philanthropic organisation already able to operate within the armed forces and within State disaster plans. In the main, disaster and emergency services have largely been a State-based function of the Australian Red Cross, with national coordination developing over time. Their disaster preparation and response strongly involves local branches and communities, with women providing much of the ground support and assistance, such as catering and registration, and increasingly management for the Australian Red Cross.\n", "Details": "The first Constitution of the Australian branch of the British Red Cross Society made assistance in great public disaster, calamity or need one of its key objects, subject to the approval of its national Council. In an emergency, the President could authorise rendering of assistance, as Lady Helen Munro Ferguson did in World War I. The Australian Red Cross assisted in civil disasters within Australia after World War I, in terms of the influenza epidemic, but more so after World War II. According to Noreen Minogue, the Western Australian Division of the Australian Red Cross Society was the first State to move strongly into Civil Preparedness for Disaster. By the mid-1960s, however, each State Division of the Australian Red Cross had some affiliation with the statutory authorities in emergency and disaster services. Although State Divisions initially handled disasters on their own, large-scale events, like the Tasmanian bushfires of 1967 required the assistance of other Divisions. As a result, the Australian Red Cross Society formed a National Disaster Relief Committee, and the Disaster Services Department was formed in 1975. Its national officers focused on registration and care of victims, the provision of trained personnel, and a uniform pattern of disaster organisation and training throughout Australia. In the 1980s, an expert national and divisional committee was formed in Disaster Preparedness to advise, coordinate and support the development of services, known as the Disaster Services Advisory Committee in 2004. The area was often referred to as emergency services, and sometimes came under different Departments, such as the national Department of Services and Membership in 1999-2000. The Australian Red Cross's Strategy 2005 again targeted disaster and emergency services as a core activity, with plans to improve the focus and coordination of the service, provide a national registration system and deliver effective disaster services which meet communities' needs.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/50-years-service-to-humanity\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/strategy-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-more-things-changethe-australian-red-cross-1914-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/look-what-you-started-henry-a-history-of-the-australian-red-cross-1914-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-relating-to-community-services-social-work-and-welfare-and-disaster-relief-provided-by-the-australian-red-cross\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-reports-of-the-australian-red-cross\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/minutes-and-meeting-papers-national-council\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-reports-of-red-cross-divisions-and-blood-service\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "International Humanitarian Law, Australian Red Cross", "Entry ID": "AWE0721", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/international-humanitarian-law-australian-red-cross\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "As the International Committee of the Red Cross has been the 'guardian' of the Geneva Conventions on armed warfare, International Humanitarian Law is the basis of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. As a result, Australian Red Cross national Presidents and other leading women, such as Philadelphia Robertson, have been prominent in this field and in international conferences of the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement.\n", "Details": "As 'guardian' of the Geneva Conventions, national Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, along with government signatories, have had a unique mandate to disseminate these laws to the community. The dissemination of International Humanitarian Law has therefore been a core function of the national office of the Australian Red Cross, which responds to changes in these laws and protocols, as in the 1970s. In 1978, the Australian Red Cross formed a National Dissemination Committee, and both State and national committees, were particularly active from the 1980s. From this grew the national Department of International Humanitarian Law.\nDissemination has changed according to the Geneva Conventions in place, and the status of the Australian Red Cross. The Australian branch was first constituted as a branch of the British Red Cross Society in accordance with the 1906 Geneva Conventions. In 1919 the Australian Red Cross was accepted as a member of the new League of Red Cross Societies, with Lady Helen Munro Ferguson offering the highest support through her attendance the following year. In 1927 the Australian Red Cross became independent and recognised as such from the International Committee of the Red Cross. In 1938 the Geneva Conventions of 1929 were ratified by the Australian Government, and in 1957 the Geneva Conventions of 1949 were ratified by the Australian Government. The international treaties currently at the heart of International Humanitarian Law are the four 1949 Geneva Conventions and their two Additional Protocols of 1977. In the 1980s, expert national and divisional committees were formed in International Humanitarian Law, reporting to the relevant executive committees. The statute of the International Criminal Court, which has the power to act on International Humanitarian Law, came into effect in July 2002.\nInternational Humanitarian Law, also known as the law of war, aims to limit the suffering of victims of armed conflict and prevent atrocities. International Humanitarian Law also protect those who are not, or are no longer fighting and restrict the means and methods of warfare.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/strategy-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-red-cross-society-reports\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-more-things-changethe-australian-red-cross-1914-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-reports-of-red-cross-divisions-and-blood-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-reports-of-the-australian-red-cross\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "International programs, Australian Red Cross", "Entry ID": "AWE0722", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/international-programs-australian-red-cross\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "International development programs and aid are a core function of the national office of the Australian Red Cross. Funds were initially donated to the Red Cross Society in the nation affected by disaster, as in the Japanese earthquake of 1923. From the 1970s, the national office of the Australian Red Cross has directly appealed for, and received, funds to assist in major international operations. The Australian Red Cross Field Force of overseas workers provided relief in the field during World War II into the 1970s. In many respects, these were the forerunners of Australian Red Cross delegates, who provide specialist skills for international programs, development and assignments by Red Cross Societies. Some of these delegates come under the International Committee of the Red Cross, others under the Federation, and some under the Australian Red Cross, depending upon the project. In 2004, the International Department of Australian Red Cross had specific desks for the areas, such as the Asia-Pacific, which serve as contact points for development programs. The Australian Red Cross's Strategy 2005 aimed to provide high quality international humanitarian assistance and development programs in partnership with governments, the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, and vulnerable communities.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/strategy-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-red-cross-society-reports\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/50-years-service-to-humanity\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-more-things-changethe-australian-red-cross-1914-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/voluntary-aid-detachment-vad-and-field-force-personnel-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/international-project-files\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-reports-of-the-australian-red-cross\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/minutes-and-meeting-papers-national-council\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-reports-of-red-cross-divisions-and-blood-service\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Community Services, Australian Red Cross", "Entry ID": "AWE0723", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/community-services-australian-red-cross\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "Community services were recognised in the first national Constitution of the Australian branch of the British Red Cross Society.\n", "Details": "Initially, the Constitution of Community Services, Australian Red cross, focused on supplies and aid for the sick and wounded in war, supplementing medical services, providing first aid and home nursing for home service and assistance in great public disasters, calamity or need. Much home activity occurred at a State level in the early stages, and across States between World War I and World War II, as the Australian Red Cross responded to health crises such as influenza and polio using auxiliaries, welfare committees and Voluntary Aid Detachments. By the 1940s the national Welfare Service catered for sick and disabled ex-service personnel. In 1944, this service inaugurated an Australian Red Cross scholarship scheme for training in social work, while ladies committees became active in home hospitals after World War II - an area in which Lady Vera White became particularly innovative. In the 1960s, the Welfare Service sent top-level representatives to the Australian Council of Social Services, and included the social work service as part of its community services. By the late 1970s, Health and Hospital Services included rest homes and programs in emergency care, beauty therapy, music therapy, library services, a talking book library, and medical equipment loans. At this time the service reported that they were involved in community development, volunteer training, settlement of refugees and migrants, disaster care and work for special needs groups. In the 1990s, the area was known as Community Services. In 2003, Health and Care Services provided 66 local programs including Telecross, meals on wheels, transport, Assistance and Care in Emergency Department in Victoria, Community Jobs and New Friends.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-relating-to-community-services-social-work-and-welfare-and-disaster-relief-provided-by-the-australian-red-cross\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-reports-of-the-australian-red-cross\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/minutes-and-meeting-papers-national-council\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Asylum Seeker Assistance Scheme, Australian Red Cross Victoria", "Entry ID": "AWE0725", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/asylum-seeker-assistance-scheme-australian-red-cross-victoria\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "Operated by Australian Red Cross Victoria since 1993 and funded by the Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, the Asylum Seeker Assistance Scheme provides services to asylum seekers who have cleared immigration and remain lawfully in the community while their application for refugee status is being processed.\nIn Victoria, caseworkers work with asylum seekers in the community providing the following support:\n\u2022 Crisis intervention and needs assessment\n\u2022 Administration of some emergency relief and financial assistance\n\u2022 Access to health care and pharmaceutical programs\n\u2022 Referral to other agencies (legal, medical, specialist counselling, social, education, material-aid, housing)\nGeneral casework support and advocacy\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-archive-heritage-collection-of-the-australian-red-cross\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Community Programs, Australian Red Cross Victoria", "Entry ID": "AWE0726", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/community-programs-australian-red-cross-victoria\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "Many community programs grew from the hospital services - Volunteer Motor Corps (now Transport Services), Home Hospitals, Rest Homes and Amelioration - of World War I. From 1927, the Red Cross Auxiliaries became a chief peace-time activity of the Victorian Division. In World War II, remedial activities became known as Rehabilitation, and a Welfare Committee arose. Welfare then became associated with Social Work, which mainly focused on soldiers until the 1970s, when it turned to disadvantaged groups. In the 1980s, Hospital and Community Services encompassed many of these activities. In 1995, this area became more specialised, becoming Community Programs in 2002.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-archive-heritage-collection-of-the-australian-red-cross\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Emergency Services, Australian Red Cross Victoria", "Entry ID": "AWE0727", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/emergency-services-australian-red-cross-victoria\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "In the 1920s, the Victorian Division increasingly moved into civil emergencies, such as bush fire relief, floods and the influenza epidemic, using pre-existing services such as the Volunteer Motor Corps. Having served in World War I, plans were also made for the Voluntary Aid Detachments to come under the Australian Defence Department in the event of war or national emergency. Around 1928, the Victorian Council appointed a specific Sub-Committee for emergency and relief work, and bushfire assistance was given to Tasmania. In the Depression, the Victorian Division assisted in State Relief, and branches offered support. The Division's emergency response is planned in advance and co-ordinated with the Victorian authorities, particularly the State Emergency Service.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-archive-heritage-collection-of-the-australian-red-cross\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "First Aid, Australian Red Cross Victoria", "Entry ID": "AWE0728", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/first-aid-australian-red-cross-victoria\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "First aid training, a core activity of Australian Red Cross, is largely a State activity. In World War I, Australian women were encouraged to enrol people with first aid certificates in Voluntary Aid Detachments. By the 1960s, Victoria had an education program in the area, which was covered, in the 1980s, by Health and Safety Education. Emergency first aid is included in Emergency Services. In 2004, accredited first aid courses were provided at an individual and industry level, with specialised training including critical incident simulations, and Red Cross continuing to sell First Aid kits.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/minutes-and-meeting-papers-national-council\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/publications-first-aid-health-and-safety\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-archive-heritage-collection-of-the-australian-red-cross\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fundraising, Australian Red Cross Victoria", "Entry ID": "AWE0729", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fundraising-australian-red-cross-victoria\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "Fundraising was initially the main function of the Victorian branch, with appeals launched by the President and undertaken through Committees and branches. Initially, funds were administered by the Australian Branch. Their Central Depot became the first collection and distribution point, although Victoria was also empowered to appoint a depot for contributions. Fundraising has gradually become more specialised, with Committees focused on the hallmark Red Cross Calling, the Murray Marathon since 1969, and a Desperate & Dateless ball for over ten years. Retail has expanded from Card & Gift Shops, to 'Been Around Before' stores and merchandise campaigns, while corporate sponsors, are emphasised and bequests, foundations and trusts have expanded.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-archive-heritage-collection-of-the-australian-red-cross\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Tracing and Refugee Services, Australian Red Cross Victoria", "Entry ID": "AWE0730", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tracing-and-refugee-services-australian-red-cross-victoria\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "The Tracing and Refugee Services Department endeavour to locate, reunite and support families separated by war, conflict and disaster. In Australia, it is related to the Wounded and Missing Enquiry Bureau of 1915, focused largely on war service personnel until it was found useful in post-World War II migration. In 1994, Tracing and Refugees became a core service for expansion, including a Volunteer Settlement Support Group and the Young Refugees Project. The service now includes family Tracing and Red Cross Messages, Health and welfare Reports from family overseas, Family Re-union, the Maribyrnong Immigration Detention Program and urgent Disaster inquiries.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-archive-heritage-collection-of-the-australian-red-cross\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Youth and Multicultural Affairs, Australian Red Cross Victoria", "Entry ID": "AWE0731", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/youth-and-multicultural-affairs-australian-red-cross-victoria\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "The Victorian Junior Red Cross began under a Central Committee in 1921-1922, following the New South Wales Division in 1918. Between the two world wars, the Junior Red Cross was a major part of the peacetime programme of the Victorian Red Cross. In World War II, the Victorian Division's Junior Red Cross restructured, sponsored by local Red Cross branches, companies and Links of Service. From the 1950s, Junior Circles again formed in schools. In the 1970s, its overall name became Red Cross Youth. In the 1990s, it expanded programs as Youth and Education Services (YES), becoming Youth and Multicultural Affairs in 2003.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-archive-heritage-collection-of-the-australian-red-cross\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Branches and Regions, Australian Red Cross Victoria", "Entry ID": "AWE0732", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/branches-and-regions-australian-red-cross-victoria\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "Initially, major cities were represented on Victoria's Provisional Committee for the Red Cross, and branches sprung up across the State. Branches reported to the Victorian Division, and Annual Reports. As many began to disband in peacetime, branches were reviewed in the mid-1920s. In World War II, they were boosted when Philadelphia Robertson became Director of Branches, with other prominent appointments following, and a greater regional focus in the 1960s. By the late 1990s, branches, and six administration zones, came under Services and Membership. In 2003, development of Membership and Volunteers warranted a separate section. Branches have been particularly active in local fundraising and community services.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-archive-heritage-collection-of-the-australian-red-cross\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Greece Born Community of Australia", "Entry ID": "AWE2134", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greece-born-community-of-australia\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "The experience of Greek-Australians is an integral part of Australian History. Since first arriving in the late 1810s, Greeks have made significant contributions to the nation's cultural diversity and prosperity. Today, descendants of the earliest arrivals, immigrants, and their Australian-born children inhabit vital communities throughout the country, the inheritors of a vigorous Greek culture secured through the determined efforts of their forebears.\n", "Details": "The first significant stream of Greek migration to Australia began in the 1850sthe lure of gold attracting a small stream of settlers to Australia. Early Greece-born settlers mainly worked in mining camps, on the wharves or on coastal ships. The total population at the turn of the century was small - the 1901 Australian Census recorded 878 Greece-born people. Many were owners or employees in shops and restaurants. Some were cane cutters in Queensland.\nThere was a substantial increase in immigration between the two World Wars, caused in part by the expulsion of Greeks from Asia Minor in 1922 23 and immigration quotas imposed by the United States in the early 1920s. By the 1947 Census, the number of Greece-born was 12,291.\nAfter the Second World War, with the active encouragement of the Greek Government, struggling with post-war reconstruction, large numbers of Greeks migrated to Australia. The migration of Greeks to Australia especially increased after 1952 when the Australian Government provided assisted passage to tens of thousands of Greeks. By 1961 the number of Greece-born people in Australia had reached 77,333. Greek migration continued to expand rapidly throughout the 1960s and at the time of the 1971 Census there were 160,200 Greece-born in Australia with about 47 per cent living in Melbourne.\nThe latest Census in 2001 recorded 116,530 Greece-born persons in Australia, with Victoria (57,780) still being the most populous state, followed by New South Wales (36,910), South Australia (11,690) and Queensland (3,990).\nThe median age of the community in 2001 was 59.3 years compared with 46.0 years for all overseas-born and 35.6 years for the total Australian population, a significant statistics that carries important implications for the provision of health and aged care services. Over time, the sex imbalance has decreased to a point where the ratio is almost equal. No more need for 'bride ships', or specific drives to encourage women to marry the many bachelors who were attracted in the post-war wave of migration.\nDespite keenly preserving and supporting their own cultural heritage, Greece-born Australians have also committed to their Australian identity. At the 2001 Census, the rate of Australian Citizenship for the Greece-born in Australia was 98.0 per cent. The rate for all overseas-born was 75.1 per cent.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beyond-the-rolling-wave-a-thematic-history-of-greek-settlement-in-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greeks-in-australia-100-years-of-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-people-an-encyclopaedia-of-the-nation-its-people-and-their-origins\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sotiria-liangis-interviewed-by-marg-carroll-in-the-centenary-of-canberra-oral-history-project\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/postcards-from-home-interviews-with-thebarton-women-from-non-english-speaking-backgrounds-summary-record-sound-recording-interviewers-members-of-thebarton-community-arts-network\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-the-greek-orthodox-community-of-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-vivi-koutsianidis-germanos\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/matina-mottee-interviewed-by-nicola-henningham-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-maria-gaganis-sound-recording-interviewer-marjorie-roe\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-re-panhellenic-womens-movement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/music-of-migrant-groups-in-australia-197-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Latvia Born Community of Australia", "Entry ID": "AWE2139", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/latvia-born-community-of-australia\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "Although there was some Latvian migration to Australia in the aftermath of the abortive 1905 revolution against Tsarist Russia, the most significant wave of Latvian emigrants arrived after the second world war. During the war Latvia was under Soviet occupation and the Latvian people were subjected to oppression and mass deportations. By 1945, 156,000 Latvians had escaped to western Europe. They were among the 12 million war refugees awaiting resettlement in Displaced Persons camps. Approximately 20,000 Latvians arrived in Australia between November 27, 1947, and the end of 1952.\n", "Details": "The latest Census in 2001 recorded 6,620 Latvia-born persons in Australia, a decrease of 18 per cent from the 1996 Census. The 2001 distribution by State and Territory showed\nVictoria had the largest number with 2,120 followed by New South Wales (1,940), South Australia (1,040) and Queensland (710).\nThe median age of the Latvia-born in 2001 was 72.8 years compared with 46.0 years for all overseas-born and 35.6 years for the total Australian population. The age distribution showed 0.8 per cent were aged 0-14 years, 1.8 per cent were 15-24 years, 2.3 per cent were 25-44 years, 26.6 per cent were 45-64 years and 68.6 per cent were 65 and over. Of the Latvia-born in Australia, there were 3,070 males (46.4 per cent) and 3,550 females (53.6 per cent). The sex ratio was 86.4 males per 100 females.\nThe age and gender distribution of the population, along with the significant decrease of numbers over time is of concern to members of the Latvia born community in Australia. Without a critical mass of new arrivals, community heritage organisations very often struggle to survive. Those who still need them and rely upon them find it difficult to keep up services as the population ages.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-people-an-encyclopaedia-of-the-nation-its-people-and-their-origins\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/latvians-in-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/latvian-community-museum-oral-history-project-summary-record-sound-recording-interviewer-mara-kolomitsev\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-dzidra-knochs-sound-recording-interviewer-bronwyn-mewett\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reminiscences-of-a-woman-migrant-from-latvia-1944-1948-ca-1970-ca-1979-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ukraine Born Community of Australia", "Entry ID": "AWE2143", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ukraine-born-community-of-australia\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "Ukraine is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea in south-eastern Europe. The area of present-day Ukraine was populated only by Scythian nomads until the 6th century AD, when Slavic people begin to settle in the area. An organised political entity, known as Rus, evolved around Kyiv. (Russia, which later evolved around the principality of Moscow, did not yet exist).\nIn the fifteenth century Ukraine became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and then of the Polish-Lithuanian 'Commonwealth' (Rzeczpospolita), until the eastern half of the country was finally annexed by Muscovy in the seventeenth century. With the annexation of the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth by Russia in 1795, the whole of Ukraine came under Russia's rule until 1918.\nUkrainians managed to establish an independent Ukrainian state in 1918, but it could not withstand simultaneous attacks by Poland from the west and Russia from the east. Ultimately the fighting ended in the partition of Ukraine between Poland and the USSR. Ukrainians suffered greatly under Stalin's repression during the inter-war period. An artificially-induced famine, in which Ukrainians estimate about six million\npeople died, was used by Stalin to forcibly implement the collectivisation of agriculture in Ukraine. Ukraine remained occupied by the USSR until 1991, when the latter was dismantled.\nIt is believed that prior to World War I up to 5,000 Ukrainian workers had settled in Australia. Ukraine was a major area of conflict in World War II and many Ukrainians fled to Western Europe, where they were interned as Displaced Persons (DPs). The first Ukrainians began arriving from the refugee camps in late 1948. They came to Australia on assisted passages which included two-year work contracts with the Commonwealth Government. Among the migrants were priests, lawyers, doctors and engineers, but the vast majority were people from a rural background.\nThe 1947 census did not list Ukraine as a birthplace, but the 1954 Census recorded 14,757 Ukraine-born. After that the number of migrants from the Soviet Ukraine was negligible, apart from some Ukrainian Jews. There was also limited migration of Ukrainians from communities in Poland and\nYugoslavia. Migration from Ukraine has only been significant since independence in 1991. The 1996 Census recorded 13,460 Ukraine-born people resident in Australia (up from 9,051 at the 1991 Census). Most live in Victoria and New South Wales.\n", "Details": "The latest Census in 2001 recorded 14,100 Ukraine-born persons in Australia, an increase of 5 per cent from the 1996 Census. The 2001 distribution by State and Territory showed Victoria had the largest number with 5,800 followed by New South Wales (5,020), South Australia (1,490) and Queensland (880).\nThe median age of the Ukraine-born in 2001 was 64.8 years compared with 46.0 years for all overseas-born and 35.6 years for the total Australian population. The age distribution showed 4.3 per cent were aged 0-14 years, 6.7 per cent were 15-24 years, 19.1 per cent were 25-44 years, 20.3 per cent were 45-64 years and 49.7 per cent were 65 and over. Of the Ukraine-born in Australia, there were 6,280 males (44.6 per cent) and 7,820 females (55.4 per cent). The sex ratio was 80.4 males per 100 females.\nAt the 2001 Census, the rate of Australian Citizenship for the Ukraine-born in Australia was 94.5 per cent. The rate for all overseas-born was 75.1 per cent.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-people-an-encyclopaedia-of-the-nation-its-people-and-their-origins\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ukrainian-womens-association-in-australia-of-n-s-w-records-1949-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/music-of-migrant-groups-in-australia-197-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Poland Born Community of Australia", "Entry ID": "AWE2144", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poland-born-community-of-australia\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "The first contact between Poland-born people and Australia occurred in 1696, when several citizens of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth were included in the crew of Captain Willem Vlamingh's Dutch expedition which explored the Western Australian coast. The first Polish settler in Australia was a convict who arrived in 1803 and became a successful wheat farmer in Tasmania.\nLater arrivals included a group of Poland born people who established a community in South Australia which grew to about 400 people by the 1880s. Some Poles joined the goldrush to Australia in the 1850s. The 1921 Australian Census recorded 1,780 Poland born residents and by the 1933 Census their number had almost doubled.\nFollowing World War II, many Polish refugees came to Australia and during the period between 1947 and 1954, the Poland born population increased from 6,573 to 56,594 people. Many refugees worked under a two-year contract in unskilled jobs and continued in similar work for a period after their contracts ended. There was further emigration from Poland to Australia after the Polish government relaxed its emigration laws with almost 15,000 Poland born people coming to Australia between the years 1957 and 1966. By the 1966 Census, the Poland-born population had reached 61,641 people.\nIn the early 1980s there was further Polish emigration from Poland to Australia. The emergence of the Solidarity trade union movement and the declaration of martial law in Poland at the end of 1981 coincided with a further relaxation of Polish emigration laws. During the period 1980-91 Australia granted permanent entry to more than 25,000 Poland-born settlers, many arriving as refugees. The Poland-born population of Australia peaked at 68,496 at the 1991 Census. Since then the improvement in living conditions in Poland, as well as more stringent migration criteria, have significantly reduced the levels of Polish migration to Australia from the high levels of 1981-85.\n", "Details": "The latest Census in 2001 recorded 58,070 Poland-born persons in Australia, a decrease of 11 per cent from the 1996 Census. The 2001 distribution by State and Territory showed Victoria had the largest number with 20,400 followed by New South Wales (16,870), South Australia (6,910) and Western Australia (6,400).\nThe median age of the Poland-born in 2001 was 54.7 years compared with 46.0 years for all overseas-born and 35.6 years for the total Australian population. The age distribution showed 1.5 per cent were aged 0-14 years, 7.5 per cent were 15-24 years, 20.3 per cent were 25-44 years, 32.2 per cent were 45-64 years and 38.4 per cent were 65 and over. Of the Poland-born in Australia, there were 27,260 males (46.9 per cent) and 30,810 females (53.1 per cent). The sex ratio was 88.5 males per 100 females.\nAt the 2001 Census, the rate*of Australian Citizenship for the Poland-born in Australia was 95.9 per cent. The rate for all overseas-born was 75.1 per cent.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-people-an-encyclopaedia-of-the-nation-its-people-and-their-origins\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gruszka-mietka-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Netherlands Born Community of Australia", "Entry ID": "AWE2145", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/netherlands-born-community-of-australia\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "There is a long history of contact between Holland and Australia. In early 1606, William Jansz of Amsterdam, captain of the Duyfken (Little Dove) landed on Cape York Peninsula. A number of Dutch ships sank off the Western Australian coast in the 1600s and survivors reportedly established relationships with local Aborigines. By 1644, Abel Tasman had completed a partial circumnavigation of Australia which revealed, for the first time, the size of the continent. The resulting incomplete map of New Holland was not superseded until the arrival of Captain Cook in 1770.\nDuring the 1850s gold rushes Dutch merchant ships continued to visit Australia but immigration of the Netherlands-born remained negligible. Until 1947, when the Census recorded 2,174 Netherlands born, the number of people arriving from the Netherlands were offset by a large proportion of departures of Netherlands-born from Australia. This trend has continued to the present day, apart from a period of high migration during the 1950s and 1960s.\nAfter the Second World War, many Dutch people suffered severe economic and social dislocation in Holland. With an already high population density, a relatively small land area and the highest birth rate in Europe, the Netherlands faced a severe housing crisis and rising unemployment, due mainly to the mechanisation of agriculture. Dutch authorities actively supported emigration as a partial solution to the problem of overcrowding.\nMeanwhile, immigration policy change meant that Australia was looking for acceptable migrants from non-British sources. The hard working rural Dutch, with their linguistic and cultural affinities with the Australian population, were seen to be ideal immigrants. Both the Australian and Netherlands Governments contributed to the cost of passage, while the Australian Government accepted the responsibility for assisting settlement. As a result, during the 1950s Australia was the destination of 30 per cent of Dutch emigrants and the Netherlands-born became numerically the second largest non-British group. Their numbers peaked in 1961 at 102,134.\n", "Details": "The latest Census in 2001 recorded 83,250 Netherlands-born persons in Australia, a decrease of 5 per cent from the 1996 Census. The 2001 distribution by State and Territory showed Victoria had the largest number with 24,280 followed by New South Wales (20,290), Queensland (15,290) and Western Australia (10,470).\nThe median age of the Netherlands-born in 2001 was 57.4 years compared with 46.0 years for all overseas-born and 35.6 years for the total Australian population. The age distribution showed 1.1 per cent were aged 0-14 years, 1.9 per cent were 15-24 years, 13.2 per cent were 25-44 years, 51.8 per cent were 45-64 years and 31.9 per cent were 65 and over. Of the Netherlands-born in Australia, there were 43,190 males (51.9 per cent) and 40,060 females (48.1 per cent). The sex ratio was 107.8 males per 100 females.\nAt the 2001 Census, the rate of Australian Citizenship for the Netherlands-born in Australia was 79.0 per cent. The rate for all overseas-born was 75.1 per cent.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-people-an-encyclopaedia-of-the-nation-its-people-and-their-origins\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Italy Born Community of Australia", "Entry ID": "AWE2146", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/italy-born-community-of-australia\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "In the nineteenth century Italians priests performed missionary work in Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory and the Italian linguist Raffaello Carboni played a significant role in the Eureka Stockade revolt of 1854. Small Italian communities catered to miners on the goldfields of Victoria and Western Australia. In 1885 a group of some 300 migrants from northern Italy established a traditional Italian community called 'New Italy' in northern New South Wales (NSW). Italian fishermen also established communities along the south coast of NSW, Port Pirie and Fremantle. During this period Italian labourers arrived in Queensland to work on the cane fields. By the late 1930s, one third of all Australia's Italian migrants lived in the cane-growing regions of Queensland. Italians also became involved in market gardens, comprising about 40 per cent of Queensland's\nmarket gardeners.\nIn 1947 the population of the Italy-born was 33,632 persons and by 1971 the number had increased to 289,476 persons. Most of the Italian migrants came from Sicily, Calabria and Veneto and settled in metropolitan areas. Italy experienced economic buoyancy after 1971, and this prompted many Italians to leave Australia and return to Italy. This led to a decline in the size of the Italian population in Australia. The 1996 Census recorded a drop in the number of Italy-born persons to 238,216.\n", "Details": "The latest Census in 2001 recorded 218,750 Italy-born persons in Australia, a decrease of 8 per cent from the 1996 Census. The 2001 distribution by State and Territory showed\nVictoria had the largest number with 90,810 followed by New South Wales (60,640), South Australia (25,040) and Western Australia (23,090).\nThe median age of the Italy-born in 2001 was 62.0 years compared with 46.0 years for all overseas-born and 35.6 years for the total Australian population. The age distribution showed 0.4 per cent were aged 0-14 years, 0.7 per cent were 15-24 years, 11.9 per cent were 25-44 years, 45.0 per cent were 45-64 years and 42.0 per cent were 65 and over. Of the Italy-born in Australia, there were 114,860 males (52.5 per cent) and 103,900 females (47.5 per cent). The sex ratio was 110.5 males per 100 females.\nAt the 2001 Census, the rate* of Australian Citizenship for the Italy-born in Australia was 79.9 per cent. The rate for all overseas-born was 75.1 per cent.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-people-an-encyclopaedia-of-the-nation-its-people-and-their-origins\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lena-santospirito-the-person\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-profile-of-the-italian-community-in-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/santospirito-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-franca-arena-1959-2005-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/franca-arena-papers-ca-1960-2000\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/italo-australian-women-in-south-australia-summary-record-sound-recording-interviewers-marina-berton-caterina-andreacchio\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/music-of-migrant-groups-in-australia-197-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lithuania Born Community of Australia", "Entry ID": "AWE2157", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lithuania-born-community-of-australia\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "Lithuanians came in large numbers to Australia in the late 1940s and early 1950s as part of the wave of refugees from the Soviet-occupied Baltic states.\n", "Details": "The latest Census in 2001 recorded 3,710 Lithuania-born persons in Australia, a decrease of 12 per cent from the 1996 Census. The 2001 distribution by State and Territory showed Victoria had the largest number with 1,250 followed by New South Wales (1,160), South Australia (560) and Queensland (300).\nThe median age of the Lithuania-born in 2001 was 72.3 years compared with 46.0 years for all overseas-born and 35.6 years for the total Australian population. The age distribution showed 1.1 per cent were aged 0-14 years, 2.3 per cent were 15-24 years, 5.6 per cent were 25-44 years, 24.6 per cent were 45-64 years and 66.3 per cent were 65 and over. Of the Lithuania-born in Australia, there were 1,800 males (48.6 per cent) and 1,910 females (51.4 per cent). The sex ratio was 94.4 males per 100 females.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lithuanian-radio-programs-a-selection-of-5uv-and-5ebi-broadcasts-1977-1990-summary-record-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Philippines Born Community of Australia", "Entry ID": "AWE2158", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/philippines-born-community-of-australia\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "While most Philippines-born settlement in Australia is comparatively recent, contact between indigenous Australians and Filipino sailors in the north of the continent extends back well before Europeans arrived. Early census data shows that some of the sojourners stayed for good: there were approximately 700 Philippines-born persons in Australia at the turn of the century, mainly in Western Australia and Queensland.\nThe Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 led to the introduction of policies excluding non-Europeans from entry to Australia (colloquially known as the 'White Australia Policy'). This resulted in a significant decrease in the number of Philippines-born settlers in Australia. The number of Filipinos was down to 141 at the time of the 1947 Australian Census, and it was not until the 1950s that the population began to increase.\nSignificant numbers of Filipino students were allowed entry to Australia under the Colombo Plan and many chose to stay after graduation. An immigration policy reform in 1966 allowed well-qualified non-Europeans to immigrate to Australia. The Filipino population approximately doubled between every Census (every 5 years) to 1991, making it one of the fastest growing overseas-born populations in Australia.\nThe final repudiation of the 'White Australia Policy' and the declaration of martial law in the Philippines in 1972 led to rapid growth in the Philippines-born population in Australia over the next two decades. During the 1970s, many Filipino women migrated as spouses of Australian residents. Since then, most of the Philippines-born settlers have been sponsored by a family member.\nMost Filipino migration occurred during the 1980s, peaking in 1987-1988. In the 1990s, settler arrivals began to decline and the growth in the Philippines-born population slowed. The 1991 Census recorded 73,673 living in Australia.\n", "Details": "The latest Census in 2001 recorded 103,990 Philippines-born persons in Australia, an increase of 12 per cent from the 1996 Census. The 2001 distribution by State and Territory showed New South Wales had the largest number with 52,240 followed by Victoria (22,500), Queensland (15,450) and Western Australia (5,400).\nThe median age of the Philippines-born in 2001 was 38.2 years compared with 46.0 years for all overseas-born and 35.6 years for the total Australian population. The age distribution showed 8.9 per cent were aged 0-14 years, 15.9 per cent were 15-24 years, 43.6 per cent were 25-44 years, 27.0 per cent were 45-64 years and 4.7 per cent were 65 and over. Of the Philippines-born in Australia, there were 35,840 males (34.5 per cent) and 68,150 females (65.5 per cent). The sex ratio was 52.6 males per 100 females.\nIn 2001, of Philippines-born people aged 15 years and over, 58.8 per cent held some form of educational or occupational qualification compared with 46.2 per cent for all Australians. Among the Philippines born, 38.3 per cent had higher qualifications* and 10.0 per cent had Certificate level qualifications. Of the Philippines-born with no qualifications, 25.8 per cent were still attending an educational institution.\nAt the 2001 Census, the rate* of Australian Citizenship for the Philippines-born in Australia was 93.5 per cent. The rate for all overseas-born was 75.1 per cent.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mail-order-brides-a-west-australian-study-on-filipino-australian-marriages\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-situation-of-filipino-brides-in-the-northern-areas-of-western-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-ca-1983-1991-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Estonia Born Community of Australia", "Entry ID": "AWE2160", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/estonia-born-community-of-australia\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "Most Australians of Estonian origin came here because of upheavals that occurred between 1940-50. During this time something like one in five Estonians was deported or forced to flee as a direct result of the Nazi and Soviet occupations and the associated military campaigns. Most Estonians in Australia were part of, or descended from, that group that fled westward.\nThe first Estonian Displaced Persons arrived on the ship the General Stuart Heintzelmann in 1947. This boatload, of whom 142 were Estonian, had been carefully chosen to show Australians that Baltic Displaced People were blond, blue-eyed and thoroughly assimilable. Young and well educated, they were determined to do well in Australia but equally determined to preserve their culture. They made a conscious effort to do so and established the Estonian Archives in 1952.\nPrior to the mass migration period that directly followed the second world war, very few Estonian migrants to Australia lived outside New South Wales. Their numbers were sufficient enough, however, to form organisations and provide community support to the post-war Displaced Person community that grew after 1947. After this time, significant communities grew up in Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth. Most of this scattered but well organised population came about as the result of a burst of immigration between 1947 and 1952, with a small number arriving until 1958, but very few after that time.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-people-an-encyclopaedia-of-the-nation-its-people-and-their-origins\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-ene-mai-reinpuu-sound-recording-interviewer-helen-chryssides\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/estonian-archives-in-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Netball", "Entry ID": "AWE2273", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/netball\/", "Type": "Concept", "Occupations": "Sport", "Summary": "Netball is said to be the largest participant sport for girls and women in Australia, with four hundred thousand players registered with the All Australia Netball Association by the late 1990s, and an estimated further three hundred and fifty thousand not registered. It was a foundation sport of the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra in 1981. Ian Jobling and Pamela Barham suggest that the popularity of netball among women can be attributed to its versatility (it can be played on all surfaces at all age and skill levels), and its organisation by women for women.\n", "Details": "Netball began as a derivation of the American game of Basketball (and in fact was known in Australia as 'women's basket ball' until 1970). As early as 1890, the game was introduced to England where it was taken up with some enthusiasm by the ladies:\nIn England in 1895, ladies using broomsticks for posts and wet paper bags for baskets played the basketball game on grass. Their long skirts, bustle backs, nipped waists and button up shoes impeded running and their leg-of-mutton sleeves restricted arm movement making dribbling and long passes difficult. The ladies decided to adapt the game to accommodate these restrictions. (Source: http:\/\/www.netball.asn.au)\nBy the early twentieth century, the game was being played in Australian primary and secondary schools, presumably introduced by teachers from England. Interschool competitions had begun by 1913. In 1926, the first recorded interstate match took place between Melbourne and Sydney teams, and the following year saw the formation of the All Australian Women's Basket Ball Association (AAWBBA). After Australia's first international match against New Zealand in 1938, the Association took steps to introduce international rules for the game incorporating Australian, New Zealand and English codes of play.\nIn 1956, after negotiations with the All England Netball Association, an Australian team was selected to tour England. They clocked up an amazing sixty-four wins, with just three losses. This tour led to the establishment of the International Federation of Basketball and Netball Federations (now IFNA) as a body to preside over the standardisation of playing rules. In 1960, the Federation proposed an international netball tournament to be held every four years. The first World Netball Championship was held in Eastbourne, England, in 1963. Australia was victorious over ten other teams and continued to dominate the competition in subsequent years. Australian teams have claimed eight of the eleven championships held to date.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/golden-jubilee-souvenir-booklet-1927-28-1977-78\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/netball-australia-a-socio-historical-analysis\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-companion-to-australian-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-netball-history-in-tasmania-the-first-bounce-an-account-of-the-history-of-the-sport-in-tasmania\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/netball-australia-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hockey", "Entry ID": "AWE2274", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hockey\/", "Type": "Concept", "Occupations": "Sport", "Summary": "The game of hockey was brought to Australia by British Naval officers stationed around the country in the late 1800s. By 1900, according to Hockey Australia, the game was being played in private girls' schools. Being a non-contact team sport, it was considered ideal for women. The first women's hockey association was formed in New South Wales in 1908. Two years later, women's clubs from Tasmania, Victoria and South Australia were competing alongside clubs from New South Wales at an interstate tournament at Rushcutter's Bay, and from this tournament came the establishment of the Australian Women's Hockey Association in July 1910 - fifteen years before the Australian Hockey Association (AHA) was formed in 1925. State hockey associations for men had been formed in South Australia, 1903; Victoria and New South Wales, 1906; Western Australia, 1908; and Queensland, 1920s. This division in the administration of men's and women's hockey continued in subsequent years. The Australian Women's Hockey Association affiliated with the All England Women's Hockey Association, and joined the International Federation of Women's Hockey (IFWH) in 1927.\n", "Details": "The first All Australian women's hockey team was selected in 1914 and played against England. Max Solling writes:\nThe dress and behaviour of women playing the game were strictly controlled. They were required to wear long skirts, starched blouses, ties, and stockings, and no player was to be seen on the street in her uniform unless covered by a long buttoned overcoat.\nIn 1930, three years after a crushing defeat by the English women's team on home soil, the Australian women's team embarked upon its first overseas tour, visiting England, South Africa, Rhodesia, Belgium, Germany, Holland and France. International competition continued when the IFWH organised the first World Women's Hockey Tournament in 1933, though Australia did not participate until 1936. Australian hockey teams were entered in the Olympics for the first time at the 1956 Games in Melbourne. In recent years, Australian women's hockey teams have enjoyed tremendous success at the Olympic level, winning gold at the Seoul Games in 1988; the Atlanta Games in 1996; and the Sydney Games in 2000.\nThe game of hockey continues to be popular today. Solling notes the dominance of Western Australia in competitive hockey post-war, particularly women's hockey, with Western Australian women's teams winning the national title thirty-eight times between 1946 and 1990. By the late 1990s, an estimated 200,000 women and girls were playing hockey across Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-game-that-grows\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-the-new-south-wales-womens-hockey-association-1908-1983-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/seventy-fifth-anniversary-souvenir-1903-1978\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trader-12-myspace-site\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-companion-to-australian-sport\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Softball", "Entry ID": "AWE2275", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/softball\/", "Type": "Concept", "Occupations": "Sport", "Summary": "Invented in Chicago in 1887 and derived from the game of baseball, softball was introduced to Australia in 1939 when Canadian Gordon Young became director of physical education in New South Wales and promoted the game in schools. The game found its way to Victoria during the Second World War, when U.S. Army Sergeant William Duvernet organised softball as a recreational activity for U.S. nurses stationed there. Another American, Mack Gilley, brought the game to Queensland in 1946.\n", "Details": "Softball associations soon formed in all three states, and in 1947 Queensland issued invitations for the first interstate championship in Brisbane. The Australian Women's Softball Council (now Australian Softball Federation, or ASF) was formed at the second interstate softball championships in Melbourne.\nToday, championships are played at both state and national level each year for Open Women and Men; Under 23 Women and Men; Under 19 Women and Men; Under 16 Girls and Boys; and Masters teams. The championships are held in each State in rotation, and include: the Mack Gilley Shield; the Elinor McKenzie Shield; the Esther Deason Shield; the John Reid Shield; the Nox Bailey Shield; and the women's national club championship.\nThe Australian Softball Federation affiliated with the International Softball Federation in 1953. Australia hosted and won the first Women's World Softball Championships in Melbourne in the mid-sixties. By 1990, twenty-one nations were playing in the world championships, now known as the 'world series'. Softball was introduced as an Olympic sport - for women's teams only - at the Atlanta Games in 1996. Australia's Open Women's team won bronze that year, followed by a second bronze in Sydney (2000), and silver in Athens (2004). Australia has not won a women's world championship since the inaugural championship in Melbourne, but its Women's team is nonetheless ranked third in the world. Australia's Men's team is also ranked third in the world, and Australia is currently 'the world's best softball nation', according to Softball Australia.\nToday, an estimated 20 million people are playing the game worldwide, and 150,000 are playing the game across Australia. No less than 127 national associations now make up the International Softball Federation.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/batter-up-the-history-of-softball-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/diamond-duels-womens-softball-in-south-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1982-1983-official-softball-rules-as-adopted-by-the-international-joint-rules-committee-on-softball\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/official-softball-guide-and-playing-rules-of-the-australian-womens-softball-council\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-companion-to-australian-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/website-for-the-australian-open-womens-softball-team\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-wendy-oconnell-softball-player-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-sharna-mcewan-softball-player-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-joyce-lester-softball-player-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Tennis", "Entry ID": "AWE2276", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tennis\/", "Type": "Concept", "Occupations": "Sport", "Summary": "Tennis Australia began as the Lawn Tennis Association of Australasia in 1904, when it was housed in Sydney, New South Wales. At this time, the Association was affiliated with New Zealand for the purposes of organising the Davis Cup and the Australasian Championships, but the two national bodies separated in 1922. In 1926, the Association moved to Melbourne where it became the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia and was presided over by (Sir) Norman Brookes until 1955. Following a worldwide growth in open tennis in the 1970s and 1980s, the Association became a company in 1984 and was renamed Tennis Australia in 1986.\n", "Details": "The first Australian Open was held in Melbourne in 1905 with just seventeen entrants. In 1924 it was designated a national event, and was rotated around State capitals until 1972. It has been held in Melbourne each year since. Ladies' singles and doubles were not included in the championship until 1922, and professionals could not compete until 1969. The Open is now an international Grand Slam event.\nNotable Australian women tennis players include Evonne Cawley (Goolagong), who won Wimbledon, and Margaret Court (Smith), who won twenty-four Grand Slam titles in the twelve years before 1973. Nancye Bolton (Wynne) won twenty Open titles, and ten national doubles titles with Thelma Long (Coyne).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/court-on-court-a-life-in-tennis-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/an-illustrated-history-of-australian-tennis\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/great-players-of-australian-tennis\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gender-theory-and-sport-the-formative-years-of-tennis-and-snowboarding\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/grand-slam-australia-the-story-of-the-australian-open-tennis-championships\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-companion-to-australian-sport\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lawn Bowls", "Entry ID": "AWE2278", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lawn-bowls\/", "Type": "Concept", "Occupations": "Sport", "Summary": "In 1990, the Australian Bowls Council (now Bowls Australia Inc.), the national administrative body for men's bowling, was affiliated with 2,225 clubs. The Australian Women's Bowling Council was parallel, with 2,185 affiliated clubs. By the late 1990s, Australia could boast 43% of the world's bowling population.\n", "Details": "Popular in Britain, bowls was introduced to Australia for male members of the colonial elite in the nineteenth century. Public greens were formed beside hotels, with membership fees introduced later to control the clientele - the respectability of the sport was constantly emphasised. Private clubs developed early, and the first recorded game took place at Sandy Bay, Tasmania, in 1845. In 1864, the Melbourne Bowling Club in Chapel Street became Australia's first formalised club.\nWomen had been bowling at Stawell in Victoria since 1881 and a ladies' tournament was organised there in 1896. The Colac Club was set up by eight women in 1899, but later became a men's club, and on the whole the sport of lawn bowls was a white male-dominated scene until the twentieth century. The Fitzroy Club's invitation to the Aboriginal cricket team to play in 1866 was an anomaly.\nAfter Australia's first interstate match between New South Wales and Victoria in 1880, those two States established their own Bowling Associations. Associations were likewise formed in Western Australia in 1898; South Australia in 1902; Tasmania in 1901 and Queensland in 1903. All States amalgamated to form the Australian Bowls Council in 1911. The Australian Women's Bowling Council was formed much later, in 1947, and the first Women's National Championship was held in 1949. The first World Bowls Championships were held at Kyeemagh Bowls Club in New South Wales in 1966.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lawn-bowls-the-australian-way\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-first-one-hundred-years-of-the-royal-victorian-bowls-association-1880-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/centenary-the-history-of-the-royal-new-south-wales-bowling-association-1880-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-first-fifty-years-a-brief-history-of-the-growth-and-development-of-the-queensland-ladies-bowling-association-1930-to-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bowls-west-a-centenary-history-of-the-royal-western-australian-bowling-association-1898-1998\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-companion-to-australian-sport\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-report-federal-district-womens-bowling-association\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "The 1956 Australian Netball Team", "Entry ID": "AWE2292", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-1956-australian-netball-team\/", "Type": "Concept", "Birth Place": "Australia", "Occupations": "Sports Team", "Summary": "The 1956 Australian Netball was the first team to ever beat England on home soil. The team revolutionised the way the sport was played and the tour was important to the establishment of an internationally consistent set of rules.\n", "Details": "Never has such publicity been given to the game,' declared the coach of the Australian netball team. 'We are shadowed by press and photographers.' She went on to advise management that the women had received generous amounts of space in the press, there were several radio interviews scheduled and 'arrangements were afoot for another television program about the team.' Not that she was complaining, mind you. If anything, she was excited by what her team had done for the development of the game. In her view, the netball world was witnessing a real 'turning point' and she was delighted that her team was responsible.\nOne might be excused for thinking that it was Joyce Brown, coach of Australia's 1991 world champion netball team, who was speaking. After all, rumour has it that there are even some men who, if pushed, will say that the 1991 netball world championship final between Australia and New Zealand was one of the most exciting games of sport they have watched. They will admit to being glued to the set as the skills, courage, persistence and determination of the athletes on court combined to produce one of the most thrilling, down to the wire, finishes to a game that an Australian international sporting team had ever been involved in. When Australia scored in the dying seconds of the match to gain the lead by the narrowest of margins, netball became an Australian sport, not just a women's sport relegated to the media backblocks. Press coverage increased, and so did the number of offers to sponsor the team and individual players. People in the general community saw what netballers already knew; that this was an exciting game, played by skilful, tough, graceful athletes. Evoking a similar turn of phrase to the aforementioned coach, former player Keeley Devery remarked, 'After the World Championships it really turned around. I mean certainly we are not getting the coverage that we think we should be getting, but as far as women's sport goes in Australia we're looking pretty good.'\nKeeley Devery is right. Relative to the attention that other women's sporting teams receive, public awareness of the achievements of Australian netballers in recent years has been relatively high thanks to increased media coverage. Having said that, the focus, inevitably, has been on the modern game and contemporary netballers. So-called 'pioneers' of the game have been overlooked in celebrations of these more recent achievements, which could not, however, have been attained without the efforts of those who paved the way. How do we measure, for instance, the importance to the successful 1991 campaign of coach Joyce Brown's experience in 1963 as captain of the first ever world champion team? Contemporary success did not emerge from a vacuum and it is important to have a sense of history, if for no other reason than to recognise that Australian women were doing exciting things in the international sporting scene at a time when conventional wisdom would have us believe that a 'woman's place was in the home'.\nOne woman who firmly believed that a woman's place could be on a court was Lorna McConchie, the coach of the Australian team to tour England in 1956; the coach who is quoted above. The team was away from home for six months (including travel time) and played sixty- seven matches, losing only three. Along the way, 'the Tourists \u2026raised the standards of nearly every team they\u2026played, and \u2026 inspired players at all levels'. They inflicted the first defeat ever upon an English team, beating them, quite literally, at their own game, because the Australians at home played by a very different set of rules to that of their hosts. They left with a firm commitment to develop a consistent code of rules for international play so that the framework for international competition could be further developed. Put simply, the 1956 team that toured England provided the catalyst for action that supported the development of netball as an international sport, one that has the capacity to produce good 'copy' if media operators give it half a chance. As McConchie herself said in her final report, 'Our visit has given a tremendous boost to the game of Netball. It has shown that international level contests do a great deal towards bringing the game to the notice of the public.'\nWhen the All England Netball Association (AENA) issued an invitation to the All Australian Women's Basketball Association (AAWBA) in 1955 to send a team to tour England the following year, the association leapt at the chance to be the first international team to play England on their home turf. Needless to say, and extraordinary amount of preparation was required for such an enterprise. Funds needed to be raised (each player needed to contribute \u00a3350 towards their expenses), potential sponsors contacted (the Holeproof company were able to provide sports socks and hosiery but not briefs) and, most importantly, the team needed to learn a whole new set of rules. As the game of netball had been transplanted across the globe, different sets of rules evolved in each netball playing country. For instance in some countries, teams played with nine players on the court while others used only seven. Given that there was no agreed international code, and that England was the host, the onus was upon the Australians to adapt their game. If the ultimate win-loss ratio of 64-3 is any indication, they adapted remarkably well!\nThe three and a half week voyage gave the team, recruited from across the country, the opportunity to get to know each other and to practice the unfamiliar rule interpretations. Fortunately, a sympathetic staff commander helped to create a training venue for them. He erected a goal ring on the first class sports deck and allowed the women to use the deck between 8 am and 9 am. Coach McConchie was very pleased with the form they showed and delighted when they had an opportunity to practice on terra firma, at a stopover in Colombo, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). They were surprised to find a crowd of 1200 spectators waiting when they arrived to play, along with a phalanx of representatives of the press. It gave them a hint of what they would encounter when they reached Britain.\nPut simply, when they arrived in Britain, according to McConchie they were 'wanted everywhere by everyone'. Reception after reception, banquet after banquet, cream cake after cream cake; the team members began to discover that being wanted so much had an impact on their waistlines, with many players putting on up to half a stone in weight in the first few weeks of the tour. One player, Betty Greaves, became ill with the flu and put on a stone throughout the course of her convalescences. The situation was regarded as dire enough for the whole team to go on a slimming retreat halfway through the tour.\nThey generated interest and excitement wherever they went, not to mention healthy attendances at games. The test match played at Wembley stadium attracted a crowd of 7,000 excited fans, who saw Australia defeat England in an exciting game, 14 goals to 11. Despite having the upper hand with regard to familiarity with the rules, the English really could not match the Australian style of play. According to McConchie the English played a 'slow-paced, graceful style of game', but after this tour she expected that to change. The Australian's 'fast, strong style\u2026made every county sit up and take notice and each has made us certain that their game will develop along our lines as rapidly as they can aspire to'. Or, as the President of the AENA put it in a farewell ode to the Australians:\nFor out best teams you're fairly a match\nThere is nothing you cannot catch,\nAnd when our girls meet you\nIn order to beat you\nAll kinds of new schemes they must hatch!\nYou have shown us that we are too slow,\nThat a pass should be hard as a blow\nOr a shot from a gun\nTo catch such is fun,\nWhether sent by a friend or a foe.\nThe 1956 Australian touring team revolutionised the way netball was played when it beat the English, at their own game!\nThey also proved that elite women's sport was of public interest, although it is fair to say that a lot of the press interest reflected contemporary concerns over the relationship between athleticism and femininity. Certainly, radio and television coverage highlighted the way the Australians played the game, and there was, said McConchie 'a great deal of comment on this because of the fast movement and strong throw they use'. A full three minutes of BBC television coverage was given over to McConchie's explanation of the different rules and contrasting styles, thus creating an opportunity 'to make a few million people clearer on this point'.\nMuch of the press coverage, however, indicated a fascination with their form and provides ample evidence that the public admired women athletes, as long as they didn't look like them! The following extract from the Daily Herald was typical of some of the reporting a good month into the tour:\n'\"They're Up On Their Toes, These Girls from Down Under: But They've All Got Boys Back Home.\"\nMayors have admitted it. So have town clerks. Wherever 10 Australian basketball players are given civic receptions, the men confess:\n'To be honest, we expected to find you were all 6 ft, mannish, Amazon types!'\nWhat are the girls really like? Not one is more than 5ft 8in tall, and they are all pretty - and very feminine.\nThey're all girls a young man would be proud to take home. But don't rush chaps - they're all engaged or courting - except 26 years old Betty Greaves. She's married.'\nIt was fine for women to play competitive sport, as long as long as their bodies gave no outward indication that they did so. (As a netballer once remarked, the baggy tunics they wore for years served this purpose. If anyone cared to look underneath them, they would have been amazed at the muscles they saw!) Nevertheless, the experience did show that top level sportswomen could also be 'celebrities'. There was value to the media in covering their achievements.\nArguably, however, the most important outcome of the tour to England was that, in McConchie's words, 'it stimulated thought towards the formation of an International Rules Board with the aim towards finding an International Game acceptable to all. In 1957, a conference was held in London, which was followed three years later by a conference of six nations in Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) to formulate a code of rules for international play. The following year, in 1961, the International Federation of Women's Basketball and Netball Associations was formed and one of their first actions was to adopt these rules. This paved the way for the first World Championships to be held in 1963.\nWhich brings us to Joyce Brown who captained the team which went through the tournament undefeated. And who went on to coach the 1991 world champions, who became 'celebrities' in their own right. But isn't their story is much more interesting when we know what happened leading up to it?\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/netball-australia-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "The Hockeyroos", "Entry ID": "AWE2506", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-hockeyroos\/", "Type": "Concept", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Olympic sports team, Sports Team", "Summary": "The Hockeyroos are one of Australia's most successful sporting teams. Their three gold medals from the past four Olympic Games, two World Cups, six Champions Trophies and two Commonwealth Games golds highlights the team's outstanding run of success. The Hockeyroos have been crowned Australia's Team of the Year five times and were unanimously awarded the Best Australian Team at the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games.\n", "Events": "Team Included the following players: (Jessica) Nicole Arnold, Wendy Beattie, Madonna Blyth, Tori Cronk, Suzanne Faulkner, Emily Halliday, Kate Hollywood, Nicole Hudson, Rachel Imison, Hodie McGurk, Rebecca Sanders, Angela Skirving, Karen Smith, Sarah Taylor, Melanie Twitt, Kim Walker (2006 - 2006) \nTeam included the following players: Carmel Bakurski, Joanne Bannin, Nina Bonner, Tammy Cole, Louise Dobson, Nicole Hudson, Rachel Imison, Bianca Langham Pritchard, Brooke Morrison, Bianca Netzler, Katrina Powell, Angela Skirving, Karen Smith, Ngaire Smith, Julie Towers, Melanie Twitt (2002 - 2002) \nTeam Included the following players: Kate Allen, Andrews, Michelle Andrews, Alyson Annan, Louise Dobson, Juliet Haslam, Rechelle Hawkes, Rachel Imison, Bianca Langham, Claire Mitchel Taverner, Nicole Mott, Alison Peek, Katrina Powell, Lisa Powell, Justine Sowry, Kathryn (Kate) Starre, Kristen Towers (1998 - 1998)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trader-12-myspace-site\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian Netball Team", "Entry ID": "AWE2507", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-netball-team\/", "Type": "Concept", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Sports Team", "Events": "Team Included: Alison Broadbent, Catherine Cox, Jacqui Delaney, Elizabeth Ellis, Kathryn Harby-Williams, Alexandra Hodge, Janine Ilitch, Sharelle McMahon, Nicole Richardson, Rebecca Sanders, Eloise Southby, Peta Squire (2002 - 2002) \nTeam Included: Jennifer Borlase, Nicole Cusack, Elizabeth (Liz) Ellis, Kathryn Harby, Janine Ilitch, Simone McKinnis, Sharelle McMahon, Shelley O'Donnell, Rebecca Sanders, Sarah-Louise Sutter, Carissa Tombs, Vicki Wilson (1998 - 1998)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian Opals", "Entry ID": "AWE2653", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-opals\/", "Type": "Concept", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Olympic sports team, Sports Team", "Summary": "The Australian Opals is the Australian National Women's Basketball Team.\n", "Events": "Team Included: Suzy Batkovic, Tully Bevilaqua, Rohanee Cox, Hollie Grima, Lauren Jackson, Erin Phillips, Emma Randall, Jennifer Screen, Belinda Snell, Laura Summerton, Penelope Taylor, Kristi Willoughby (2008 - 2008) \nTeam Included: Tully Bevilaqua, Jae Cross, Hollie Grima, Jacinta Hamilton, Katrina Hibbert, Lauren Jackson, Emily McInerny, Erin Phillips, Belinda Snell, Laura Summerton, Jennifer Whittle, Carly Wilson (2006 - 2006) \nTeam Included:Suzy Batkovic, Abby Bishop, Elizabeth Cambage, Laura Hodges, Lauren Jackson, Rachel Jarry, Kathleen Macleod, Jenna O'Hea, Samantha Richards, Jennifer Screen, Belinda Snell, Kristi Willoughby (2012 - 2012)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Broken Hill Union Ban on Married Women Working", "Entry ID": "AWE4104", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/broken-hill-union-ban-on-married-women-working\/", "Type": "Concept", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "For over fifty years, union policy in Broken Hill prohibited married women from taking on paid employment unless they were professionally trained. Clerical and retail positions were to be kept open for young unmarried women or widows.\n", "Details": "By the mid-1920s Broken Hill had become a fully unionised city and all workers, whether they worked on the mines or in town, had to have an 'O.K.', or union ticket, to be eligible for employment. Union tickets were distributed by the powerful peak union body, the Barrier Industrial Council. With the exception of the six years during World War Two when the bar on married women was lifted, the Barrier Industrial Council excluded women from paid employment after they married. The policy was intended to encourage young women to stay in Broken Hill by ensuring that there were positions available for them when they left school. An article in the Barrier Miner in March 1957 explained the policy as an attempt to 'combat the difficulty of girls leaving school and struggling to find work'. The article also described the three-point-plan devised and adopted by the union: employers were requested not to offer employment to married women; to dismiss women if they married and make their position available for a single girl; and to put off married women first in cases of retrenchment. Teachers and other professionally trained married women were allowed to continue working on condition that there were no qualified single women available for the role. Women working in unskilled or low-skilled professions such as shop assistants, receptionists and domestic staff would lose their jobs upon marriage.\nThis long-standing union policy was challenged in 1981 by Mrs Jeanine Whitehair, who was employed as the most senior of five dental assistants at the Town Dental Clinic in Broken Hill. After her marriage in November 1980, Jeanine was one of three people who lost their jobs at the clinic purportedly for economic reasons. With the support of the New South Wales Equal Opportunities Board, Jeanine was successful in her attempt to seek reinstatement. This was a landmark case which not only engendered a significant shift in the nature of women's employment in Broken Hill, but also signalled the beginnings of the erosion of the power of the Barrier Industrial Council.\nThis entry was researched and written by Georgia Moodie.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/union-closes-book-ban-on-married-women-in-shops\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-against-the-barrier-smh\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/exploring-peak-union-purpose-and-power-the-origins-dominance-and-decline-of-the-barrier-industrial-council\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jeanine-looks-back-on-a-turbulent-time\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fighting-for-whats-right\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-up-against-the-barrier\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Deaconess Orders", "Entry ID": "AWE4156", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/deaconess-orders\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "Although their story is old as the Christian Church and as varied as the denominations of that church, deaconesses have always been associated with outreach work aimed at offering spiritual an pastoral guidance. Protestant equivalents of the Catholic sisterhood, deaconesses in the modern era are trained and paid Christian workers who assist in the ministry of the church. Although duties and training have varied across denominations and historical and cultural settings, there has been one constant theme. Historically, deaconesses in Australia have brought the gospel of Jesus Christ and provided Christian care to disadvantaged people.\n", "Details": "The nineteenth century deaconess movement grew from a recognised need to formally develop and promote the ministry of women, particularly in caring for the sick, the poor and needy. Pastor Theodore Fliedner, who in 1836 revived the diaconate of women in Kaiserwerth, Germany, is generally regarded as the person responsible for reviving the tole and establishing the first, formal training institute\nBy 1892, the evangelical churches of England, Scotland, Switzerland, Holland, Sweden and Norway had institutions which equipped women for Christian ministry through the lay order of deaconesses. Florence Nightingale was particularly influential in bringing the deaconess movement from Germany to England.\nChurchwomen and men familiar with the development of the European movement migrated to Australia in the 1880s and 1890s and helped to fuel interest in establishing deaconess orders in the south-eastern corner.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-the-methodist-deaconess-order-in-south-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/not-to-be-ministered-unto-the-story-of-presbyterian-deaconesses-trained-in-melbourne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gods-willing-workers-women-and-religion-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/caught-for-life-the-story-of-the-anglican-deaconess-order-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-presbyterians-in-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Aussie Spirit Softball", "Entry ID": "AWE4405", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aussie-spirit-softball\/", "Type": "Concept", "Occupations": "Olympic sports team, Sports Team", "Summary": "Aussie Spirit Softball, the nickname for The Australian Open Women's softball team, is one of Australia's most successful sporting teams. Since softbal1996, Australia has medalled at all four events with Bronze in Atlanta (1996) Sydney (2000) and Beijing (2008) and Silver in Athens (2004).\nAustralia won the first ever International Softball Federation's Women's World Championship in 1965.\n", "Details": "Four Australian players have been inducted to the International Softball Federation Hall of Fame. Members of the Australian bronze medal-winning team from Atlanta, Jenny Holliday and Joyce Lester, were inducted in 2001. Joanne Brown and Kerry Dienelt who both won bronze medals at the 1996 and 2000 Olympics were inducted in 2005.\n", "Events": "Softball - Women's: Team included - Joanne Brown, Fiona Crawford, Kerry Dienelt, Peta Edebone, Sue Fairhurst, Selina Follas, Kelly Hardie, Tanya Harding, Sandra Lewis, Sally McCreedy, Simmone Morrow, Melanie Roche, Natalie Titcume, Natalie Ward, Brooke Wilkins (2000 - 2000) \nSoftball - Women's: Team included - Joanne Brown, Kim Cooper, Carolyn Crudgington, Kerry Dienelt, Peta Edebone, Tanya Harding, Jennifer Holliday, Jocelyn Lester, Sally McCreedy, Francine McRae, Haylea Petrie, Nicole Richardson, Melanie Roche, Natalie Ward, Brooke Wilkins (1996 - 1996) \nSoftball - Women's: Team included - Jodie Bowering, Kylie Cronk, Kelly Hardie, Tanya Harding, Sandra Lewis, Simmone Morrow, Tracey Mosley, Tracey Mosley, Melanie Roche, Justine Smethurst, Danielle Stewart, Natalie Titcume, Natalie Ward (c) , Belinda Wright, Kerry Wyborn, (2008 - 2008) \nSoftball - Women's: Team included - Marissa Carpadios, Fiona Crawford, Amanda Doman, Peta Edebone, Tanya Harding, Natalie Hodgskin, Sandra Lewis, Simmone Morrow, Tracey Mosley, Stacey Porter, Melanie Roche, Natalie Titcume, Natalie Ward, Brooke Wilkins, Kerry Wyborn (2004 - 2004)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/website-for-the-australian-open-womens-softball-team\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-at-the-games\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Aussie Stingers", "Entry ID": "AWE4408", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aussie-stingers\/", "Type": "Concept", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Olympic sports team, Sports Team", "Summary": "The Aussie Stingers, officially the Australian Women's Water Polo team, won gold at the Sydney Olympic in 2000 and bronze, in a tense shoot out against Hungary, at Beijing in 2008.\nThe Stingers are a team with an incredible record of success, having place regularly at both the regularly held World Cup and World Championship events.\n", "Events": "Water Polo (2000 - 2000) \nWater Polo (2002 - 2002) \nWater Polo (2006 - 2006) \nWater Polo (2008 - 2008) \nWater Polo (2012 - 2012)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/history-of-water-polo-and-the-nwpl-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women in the development of Canberra's sporting history", "Entry ID": "AWE4906", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-the-development-of-canberras-sporting-history\/", "Type": "Concept", "Occupations": "Historical Theme", "Summary": "The City of Canberra is home to elite sportswomen, such as champion basketballer, Lauren Jackson and influential administrators like Heather Reid, CEO of Capital Football. It is represented at a national level by teams like the Canberra Capitals in the Women's National Basketball League and the Canberra Darters in the Australian Netball League. But perhaps, more importantly, Canberra is home to the largest number of ordinary weekend warriors in all Australia. According to an Australian Bureau of Statistics report, published in 2012, 78.8 % of Canberra women regularly participate in Sport and Recreation, 9.7% more than the nearest 'rival' Tasmania at 69.1%. If we combine this record with the important role that Canberra has played as a developer of elite talent, through the Australian Institute of Sport, and the development of policy to promote and encourage women in sport through the Australian Sports Commission's Women's Sports Unit, then it most certainly is not overstating it to say that women have been very important in putting Canberra on the map of the sporting world.\n", "Details": "Canberra may have been officially named in 1913, but it wasn't until well into the 1920s that community services, like sporting clubs and facilities, were developed and made available for public use. The arrival of public servants and their families from Melbourne to accompany the Federal Legislature in 1927 put pressure on the Federal Capital Commission (FCC) to develop amenities that would turn the settlement into a community. The Social Services Association was established in 1926 to help the city planners gain feedback on what needs were most pressing for the small but growing community. Sports grounds and facilities were at the top of the list of needs and wants. Women, through a special Social Services Officer made sure their voices were heard on this matter.\nIn a town were men outnumbered women by 3 to 1 in the early days, it is not surprising that sports such as rugby, cricket and Australian Rules Football were organised quickly and enthusiastically. But even though they were small in number, the women of Canberra were determined to claim their right to play sport as well. On 15 November 1927, sixty women representing a wide variety of sports attended a meeting called by Miss D.M Hawkins, the Women's Social Service Officer, to discuss the formation of a Women's Sports Association. Areas of specific concern were raised, like access to the existing tennis courts, the progress of girls' hockey teams that were already competing, and the formation of cricket teams and basketball (what we would call netball) teams. But the primary purpose of the meeting was to gauge the interest in sport amongst Canberra women and then feed it back to the Federal Capital Commission. Given that Lady Butters, wife of the Chief Commissioner, was in the chair, there was no danger that the feedback wouldn't be heard.\nBetween them, Miss Hawkins and Lady Butters were quick and formidable workers. A series of further public meetings and consultations with the FCC ensued. By 5 March 1928, newspapers were reporting that a ground and many other facilities would be provided for women's sport:\nThe fair sex feel that they have been neglected in the development of sport in the capital, but the Federal Commission has expressed sympathy with their representations, and it is likely that a women's sports ground will be provided at Acton. The ground will be on the Acton flats, and it is proposed that facilities be provided for hockey, cricket, baseball, and swimming, and other sports. A ladies' swimming club, composed of residents o\u00a3 Beauchamp House and Gorman House, has been formed, and will take possession of the Acton swimming pool, which hitherto has been used for mixed bathing. A dressing shed will be built. It is the intention of the Commission to reserve this pool for the ladies' club. At present the Westlake Cricket Club is using a cricket pitch on Acton flats, but negotiations are in progress for the vacation of the pitch in order that it maybe used next season by ladies. A Croquet Club is to be formed, but play will be on a green at the Hotel Canberra.\nOver the next two years, regular meetings were held by the Women's Sports Association to call for the formation of basketball, cricket and hockey clubs, for access to tennis courts and bathing facilities. The establishment of a branch of the Y.W.C.A in Canberra in 1929 created more options and opportunities for the women of Canberra. So it was with a good deal of confidence that Miss D.M Hawkins, on the occasion of her migration to New Zealand to live, urged those in attendance to 'stick together' so that they can 'put Canberra on the map of the women's sporting world.'\nOver eighty years later, Miss Hawkins would proud of the legacy she created. The City of Canberra is home to elite sportswomen, such as champion basketballer, Lauren Jackson and influential administrators like Heather Reid, CEO of Capital Football. It is represented at a national level by teams like the Canberra Capitals in the Women's National Basketball League and the Canberra Darters in the Australian Netball League. But perhaps, more importantly, Canberra is home to the largest number of ordinary weekend warriors in all Australia. According to an Australian Bureau of Statistics report, published in 2012, 78.8 % of Canberra women regularly participate in Sport and Recreation, 9.7% more than the nearest 'rival' Tasmania at 69.1%. If we combine this record with the important role that Canberra has played as a developer of elite talent, through the Australian Institute of Sport, and the development of policy to promote and encourage women in sport through the Australian Sports Commission's Women's Sports Unit, then it most certainly is not overstating it to say that women have been very important in putting Canberra on the map of the sporting world, full stop!\nThe following paragraphs provide a quick sketch of the development of some women's sporting organisations in Canberra. They are not comprehensive histories: there are many of them to be found and where possible, details have been provided. Rather, the following is designed to highlight some of the issues as they rose and fell in the history of women's sport in Canberra.\nCroquet\nWomen played croquet informally on the lawns of the Hotel Canberra from the time it opened in 1925. But when the Canberra Croquet club was established on March 1928, the hotel handed over the lawn to the club. The bulk of the members were wives of parliamentarians and high-ranking public servants. Lady Groom, wife of the Speaker of the House of Representatives was the first president.\nAlthough the competition was important it's arguable that, especially in the early days, the social contact that came with membership was more important. Isolated in the home while their husbands were at work, the women saw the club as a social gathering as much as a sports club, with members being entertained at the home of the president on occasions, and bridge afternoons being a regular feature of the social calendar. Indeed, in the first club annual report, the secretary noted that 'if we can help towards making new arrivals feel that someone is willing to help them settle, then our club will have achieved something more valuable than training the finest croquet player who was ever born.'\nThis is not to say that the competition on the lawn wasn't fierce: there were some very handy players who achieved excellent results in the NSW Croquet Association pennant competition. But there can be no doubt that the competition was social as well, and the season opener was also highly anticipated, with special guests asked to take part. In 1973, for instance, Margaret Whitlam was invited and tried her hand at several games. The organising committee was delighted because there was more press coverage of the season than there had been for some time!\nImportantly, the Canberra Croquet Club started as an all women affair and remained thus until 1974, when it was moved that men be allowed to play as invited guests. This was a pilot project, to some extent, to see how things might work if men were included. Like many amateur sporting associations in the 1970s, the club was looking to find new ways to increase membership and, therefore, funding. Permitting entry to men was one way of achieving this. In 1975, at an extraordinary meeting of the Canberra Croquet Club it was moved that the meeting vote consider accepting men as full time members. By 1977, the Canberra Croquet Club had male members.\nIt 2013 it remains a vibrant, active club with a healthy membership. In one form or another, the Canberra Croquet Club has been there to support the people of Canberra, almost from the start, and certainly from the moment when the public servants started moving in.\nBowling\nWomen have organised to play lawn bowls in Canberra for almost as long as their sisters at the Croquet Club, but unfortunately, they were not able to organise themselves on their own terms. The situation at the Canberra City Bowls Club was pretty much standard across any sporting organisation where women needed to participate as associates of a male club. At Canberra City, between 1930 and 1937 women had the status of a social group without office bearers. What this meant in real terms was limited times on the greens, combined with the expectation that they would raise funds and organise catering for the men during their competitions!\nIn 1937, under the guidance of Mrs Olive Toy, the women decided to form a club with elected officials. The City Ladies Associates Bowling Club entered competition with a strict membership cap imposed on them by their male counterparts, along with mandatory inclusion on the roster to provide afternoon tea for the men, to be paid for with funds from their on membership dues. Judging by comments in the club annual reports, in the early days, the attitude amongst the women should be one of grateful tugging at the forelock, for whatever crumbs might be thrown their way. 'We wish to express our appreciation to the menfolk for the use of the green and other privileges, and assure then that the ladies are ready to assist them in any way.' Some women recall, however, how lacking in substance the crumbs were. 'Mothers' Day seemed to be the only bowls day when mixed bowls was played without undue complaint from the men'.\nAs time went by, however, buried resentment came to the surface. At the AGM in 1950, a motion that a donation be made to men's club, which was generally less efficient at raising funds than the women's, failed to find a seconder. There were constant rumblings amongst the women about the requirement to provide catering for the men, to the point where some women decided they could no longer be a member of the club. In 1968 they were relieved of some of their duties when the men resolved 'that we should discontinue the requirement of provision of afternoon teas except on special occasions', but as late as 1988, there was still a distinct lack of goodwill from many male members who complained that access to the bar by women members should be restricted because 'women were taking over the club'. The official history comments upon the way that these disputes were always resolved in an amicable fashion, but the reminiscences of women published in that same history indicate the extent to which the issue of women's subservient status in the club irritated the 'associates'. The work women did for the club was constantly undervalued and under-rewarded. It wasn't until 1974 that women members were awarded with medals, despite their forty years of financial and in-kind service.\nMoving into the 1980s things changed, as equal opportunity legislation was enacted and women and women both needed to pull together to find resources and innovative ways to fund their operations.\nTennis\nMany women associates of tennis clubs had similar problems as the bowlers did, in terms of access to courts. But the Ainslie Tennis Club, established in 1928, was a little different from some. Needless to say, providing refreshments for those working on the construction of the courts was left to the ladies, but is an unusual twist, it was agreed that there should be no refreshment without representation. In March 1928, a woman, Mrs Agnes Gillard, was elected to the committee of management. The courts were officially opened on Sunday April 21st 1928, with an initial membership of 32 men, 24 women and 23 juniors. Court maintenance was the responsibility of the male members, although official correspondence gave women nagging rights: 'it was the role of the ladies to remind their menfolk of the importance of the task'. The first team to enter competition was a mixed B grade team, in May 1928.\nMale membership suffered during the years of the Second World War, a feature of amateur sport across the whole city. Competition tennis ceased and social tennis was restricted. In 1943 women members took over the running of the club and an all female executive and committee was elected with Agnes Gillard becoming the club's only female president. As was the case across the land, women enjoyed the management and leadership opportunities afforded to them as they picked up the duties of women in the armed forces.\nThe club won its first junior pennant in 1972 with a B1 girls team, who were the beneficiaries of the coaching of some excellent volunteers.\nThe Women's Sports Promotion Unit\nThe Women and Sports Promotion Unit was established as a function of the Australian Sports Commission in 1987 in recognition of the need to provide fairer sporting opportunities for women and girls. It was created in response to concerns raised by the Federal Government's Working Group on Women and Sport about the lack of women's participation in sport and recreation, and discrimination against those who did. The lack of women's opportunities for leadership within sporting organisations was also highlighted, along with the lack of media coverage of women's significant sporting achievements. Its role was to provide policy advice and guidance to the Federal Government and to the Australian Sports Commission. It was also created to publicise achievements. As the Minister for Sport at the time indicated, it was a policy unit that was long overdue. \"Women are often the last to give themselves praise and put themselves first. Yet their sporting performances deserve recognition and accolades from the whole community.'\nThe first Chairperson of the unit was Margaret Pewtress, a sports woman and administrator of international repute. It benefited from the service of skilled public servants like Libby Darlison and Sue Baker-Finch, and from the consultancy services of women such as Heather Reid. Many of the programs and reports that still guide policy making in the area of women's sport had their gestation in the early days of the Woman Sports Promotion Unit.\nA key plank in its communication strategy was the publication of its newsletter Active. Quarterly edition were released between 1988 and 1995 and they record the significant but under-reported achievements of Australia's elite sportswomen thoughout that period. But just as importantly, it alerted people to the opportunities for participation available to everyday sportswomen, as well as advice on where to get funding support, and how to go about getting it.\nThe unit still exists in a different form and with changed priorities, although some of the issues remain the same; such as problems with media coverage of women's sports and leadership opportunities within mixed organisations. But it is hard to dispute the impact it has had on increasing women's participation. A survey conducted in the late 1980s reported that only 23% of Australian women regularly participated in some form of sporting activity. In 2012, that number has grown to 63.8% From little things, big things grow.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sports-and-physical-recreation-a-statistical-overview-australia-2012\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sport-for-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sports-for-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bon-voyage\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-is-a-sport-loving-community\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-year-in-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/recollections-of-womens-golf-gcgc-1926-to-1993\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/good-sports-a-history-of-recreation-in-the-canberra-region\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/growing-with-the-capital-a-history-of-the-canberra-city-bowling-club-1928-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fifty-years-at-souths-a-short-history-of-canberra-south-bowling-clubs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/active-women-in-sport-newsletter\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-federal-golf-club-story-1933-1983\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/its-about-time-for-women-in-australian-sport\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hmss-0084-canberra-croquet-club-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hmss-0473-ainslie-tennis-club-records\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women's Golf in Canberra", "Entry ID": "AWE4907", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-golf-in-canberra\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "The history of golf in Canberra is as old as the history of the city itself and women's involvement features almost from the outset.\n", "Details": "When the Royal Canberra, Federal and Queanbeyan Golf Clubs were established in the 1920s, Canberra was a small country town with a population between five and six thousand. There was only one picture theatre in town, restaurants and caf\u00e9's were virtually non-existent and social and ethnic clubs a generation away. Much of the pleasure of playing golf, then and now, came from the social interaction of playing a round and then talking about it afterwards, in the club house. In a town like Canberra, women were as much attracted to golf as were men. Little wonder that they were very keen to form associate relationships with the clubs as early as possible.\nIn 1926, the Federal Capital Commission constructed a new golf course on a site at Acton and this is where the Canberra Golf Club had its first real home. (The focus of this entry on women's golf in Canberra will be on their association with this club.) Built on the banks of the Molonglo River and with the river as a constant threat to wayward shots, the course soon earned a reputation as a superb and challenging test of golf. With minor changes only to the layout, but major changes to the clubhouse, it remained the home of Royal Canberra Golf Club (RCGC) until 1962, the \"Royal\" status having been granted by King George V in 1933. The Walter Burley Griffin plan for Canberra called for the damming of the Molonglo River to form a lake and so it was that, in 1962, with its Acton site due to be submerged in that plan, the Club moved to its present site at Westbourne Woods.\nWomen have been associates of the RCGC since 1927. Until a new constitution was adopted in 1993, they have been almost entirely self-supporting within the club structure. They had control over their own finances; provided trophies for events and ensured supplies were available for their use in the clubhouse. Very importantly, they were responsible for the club house flower arrangements that were admired by all who visited. The RCGC associates were trailblazers who provided advice and guidance to their sister associates at the Federal Gold Club. Three months after that club formed in May 1933, the Captain and Secretary of the RCGC Miss Eila Fisher and Mrs O'Loughlin, attended a meeting to help women at the Federal Golf Club form their own association. Miss Fisher, who was associate champion for four years running (1929-1933) was dynamic, enthusiastic and fully appraised of all the administrative concerns that needed to be considered. Women golfers in Canberra were excellent fund raisers and administrators. They were also quick to join. In 1927 the total membership of the RCGC was 95, forty of which were associates. In 1930 the number had grown to 322 of whom 117 were associates. In 1962, when the course moved to Westbourne Woods, there were 367 playing associates.\nOf course, equal enthusiasm for the game did not equate to equal access to facilities at any of Canberra's courses until very recently. In 1936 at RCGC associate members had full playing rights and priority over men only on Thursdays. On Saturday mornings they could not play competition and they had to give way to members. Similar rules applied on Saturday afternoons. Attempts to further restrict access were madea at Westbourne Woods in 1970 when the ordinary members passed a motion that on days other than official competition days associates would not be permitted to hit off after 11 am unless accompanied by a member. The associates had been accused of 'hacking up' the green and this was their punishment. The women protested strenuously, especially since their subscriptions, at nearly two thirds the cost of the men's would give them little value if the motion was passed. A compromise was reached but the attitudes reflected the subservient position of the associates, a feature of most, if not all golf clubs at the time. In July 1986 associate members at the RCGC were able to join as ordinary members and permitted to play a women's competition on Saturdays, which represented a dramatic shift in attitudes. How much of that attitudinal change was enforced as a result of changes in equal opportunity legislation is difficult to gauge. But the fact remained that in 1986, women were no longer 'associates' but 'lady members'. After 1993 all categories of membership were open to both men and women, and all categories of membership have voting rights.\nWomen who played the course when it was in Acton remembered it fondly. Former champion Fay Gray, loved the sight of the eighteenth hole:\nAs you came up the rise there was the Albert Hall and the little weatherboard clubhouse waiting to welcome you, The green was almost surrounded by bunkers but there was one clear spot in front. One day I found it with two woods and played a full 7 iron which bounced in front and rolled across the green for me only ever eagle. That is the kind of memory one treasures.\nIt was clearly a vision of Canberra that the early founders were keen to broadcast. In 1932, the first talking films to promote Canberra were made. The Minister for the Interior of the day recommended a good place to start creating a visual record of Canberra was on women's day at the Canberra links.\nThe course's location on a flood plane did create problems. Flooding would sometimes make the suspension walking bridge across the river unusable, and so players would have to jump in a car a drive around the other side to finish the course. And the fact that the river has beaches that attracted local sunbathing youths was a problem at times. In the 1940s, a request was made for a plain clothes policeman to be stationed nearby 'to deal with the obscene language of the youths swimming below the 15th tee'.\nOutside interference from rowdy youths wasn't the only source of controversy to the RCGC in the early days. An incident that took place in 1932 received national press coverage and was still remembered four years later. The story of a player who appeared on course wearing shorts was read in newspapers as far away as Kalgoorlie and created much local furore. One report stated that after the woman involved vowed never to be so indiscrete again, 'the associates regarded the matter as closed, although the controversy on the subject of women's golfing attire is still raging in Canberra.' When writing about Lady Gowrie's admiration for the uniforms of the Women's League of Health and Beauty in the Australian Women's Weekly some four years later, a journalist observed:\nHer Excellency will doubtless encourage and inculcate the principles of the league in Canberra. Any similar exhibitions on the banks of the Molonglo, however, should be beyond sight of the committee of the Royal Canberra Golf Club. A distinguished lady resident of the capital once wore shorts on the links and thereafter sackcloth and ashes.\nThe move from the Acton site in 1962 was enforced but the links to the history after the move were preserved in the names of the various trophies. The Lady Isaacs Cup donated on 1932 was played for at club championships, as was the Mary Horan Cup, in honour of Mary Horan a long time member of the club who served as honorary secretary for ten years. The Glory Lightly Trophy was named in honour of a member warded life membership herself in 1986. Numerous other trophies have been played for and named in honour of women who have played a significant role in the creation of community in Canberra. Many past players and champions have had careers that indicate their diverse range of skills beyond playing golf. Fay Gray, for instance, was an Oxford graduate who worked with British intelligence during the war. Dr Charlotte Allen, who was club champion in 1993, was a research fellow in Geology at the Australian National University.\nAs well as serving its members, the RCGC has served elite international competition and is a regular on the ladies circuit. Most recently, it hosted the 2013 Australian Women's Open, and the beauty of the Westbourne Woods site was appreciated by anyone who caught the coverage. And how times have changed; shorts were to be seen in abundance, with no sackcloth or ashes in sight!\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/recollections-of-womens-golf-gcgc-1926-to-1993\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-federal-golf-club-story-1933-1983\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/talkie-films-to-boost-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shorts-for-women-golfers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/points-of-view\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian women's archives", "Entry ID": "AWE6122", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-archives\/", "Type": "Concept", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-archives-collection-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ordinary Women, Extraordinary Lives Exhibition", "Entry ID": "AWE6393", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ordinary-women-extraordinary-lives-exhibition\/", "Type": "Concept", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Summary": "To mark the centenary of Australia's Federation in 2001, the Victorian Women's Trust curated an exhibition entitled 'Ordinary Women, Extraordinary lives'. The exhibition showcased the lives and stories of many influential Victorian women.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women", "Entry ID": "AWE6425", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-women\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women have made a significant contribution to their countries and communities that have often gone unacknowledged.\nThis entry is an ever-growing record of resources and entries on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women in the Register.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-twelve-aboriginal-women-sound-recording-interviewer-moyna-carter\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-women-farm-workers-during-world-war-ii-three-archival-film-interviews\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/foundation-for-aboriginal-affairs-810-george-street-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cootamundra-the-aboriginal-girls-home\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-women-artists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-and-native-title-in-south-east-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-the-migrant-and-indigenous-women-action-group\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women in Politics", "Entry ID": "AWE6438", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-politics\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "Australian women have had an active role in Australian politics since Henrietta Dugdale formed the first Australian women's suffrage society in 1884. Just over ten years later, in 1895, South Australian women became the first Australian women eligible to vote. When the Commonwealth Franchise Act was passed in 1902, all women (except for Aboriginal women) were eligible to vote for, and sit in, Federal Parliament.\nIn 1921 Edith Cowan became the first woman to be elected into any Australian Parliament when she was elected to the Legislative Assembly as a member for West Perth. In 1943, Dame Enid Lyons and Senator Dorothy Tangney became the first women elected into the Commonwealth parliament, with Lyons to the House of Representatives as a member of the United Australia Party and Tangney to the Senate as a member of the Australian Party.\nAs of January 2019, there are 45 (30%) women in the lower house and 30 (39.47%) in the upper house, meaning women only make up a third of all people in the Commonwealth Parliament.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women in Politics: Australian Labor Party", "Entry ID": "AWE6446", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-politics-australian-labor-party\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "After suffering an electoral defeat in the 1970s, the Australian Labor Party recognised the need to attract more women to the party. Thus, in 1981 'the party endorsed a quota requiring that women hold 25 per cent of all internal party positions' and in 1994 the party also adopted an Affirmative Action Rule, with the aim of 'achieving preselection of women for 35 per cent of winnable seats at all parliamentary elections by 2002.'\nIn 1996 the Australian Labor Party established the National Labor Women's Network and, in the same year, EMILY's list was formed by a group of Labor women.\n'Between 1994 and 2010 the preselection of women candidates increased from 14.5 per cent to 35.6 per cent.' In addition, in January 2012 the party has adopted a 40:40:20 quota system, meaning 40 per cent of seats must be filled by women.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women in Politics: Minor Parties", "Entry ID": "AWE6447", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-politics-minor-parties\/", "Type": "Concept" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women in Politics: Australian Greens", "Entry ID": "AWE6448", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-politics-australian-greens\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "Formed in 1992, the Australian Greens adopted gender equity as a founding principle. At the 2010 federal election, the Greens 'reached a record high for any party\u2026 with women comprising 71.4 per cent or more than two-thirds of their total candidates.'\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women in Politics: Liberal Party of Australia", "Entry ID": "AWE6449", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-politics-liberal-party-of-australia\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "Since its formation in 1944, the Liberal Party has 'inherited a tradition of women's political activism' and offered a women's policy statement in both the 1946 and 1949 elections.\nA Federal Women's Committee was established in 1945 and incorporated in the party's constitution the following year. Since then, 'The Committee has had representation on the Federal Executive\u2026 and the party's federal Constitution requires the vice-president of the party to be a woman.'\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women in Politics: Independents", "Entry ID": "AWE6453", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-politics-independents\/", "Type": "Concept" }, { "Title\/Name": "Education", "Entry ID": "AWE6454", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/education\/", "Type": "Concept" }, { "Title\/Name": "Environment Movement", "Entry ID": "AWE6460", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/environment-movement\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "Women have been active in seeking protection of the environment since before the Federation of Australia in 1901.\nTo read more about women in the environment movement visit our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women in Radio", "Entry ID": "AWE6484", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-radio\/", "Type": "Concept", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interviews-with-nine-women-radio-presenters-1979-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women and Botany", "Entry ID": "AWE6527", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-and-botany\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "The contribution of Australian women to botany has been significant. Whether as botanical scientists, botanical artists or botanical collectors, women have made, and continue to make, an everlasting impact in this field.\nThis entry is an ever-growing record of resources and entries on women and botany in the Register.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women's Non-party Political Organisations", "Entry ID": "AWE6528", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-non-party-political-organisations\/", "Type": "Concept" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women and Religion in Australia", "Entry ID": "AWE6532", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-and-religion-in-australia\/", "Type": "Concept" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women at the National Gallery Art School, Melbourne", "Entry ID": "AWE6537", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-at-the-national-gallery-art-school-melbourne\/", "Type": "Concept", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Summary": "By the turn of the twentieth century women were visible and active participants in all major Australian art schools, including the National Gallery School in Melbourne, where female students far outnumbered males.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Explorers and Adventurers", "Entry ID": "AWE6544", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/explorers-and-adventurers\/", "Type": "Concept" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science", "Entry ID": "AWE6547", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fellows-of-the-australian-academy-of-science\/", "Type": "Concept", "Occupations": "Peak Body", "Summary": "The Australian Academy of Science was founded on 16 February 1954 by Royal Charter. Each year, twenty Fellows are elected to the Academy by their peers.\nCurrently, women make up only 14% of all living Fellows. In order to address this imbalance, the Australian Government asked the Academy, with the support of the Australian Academy of Technology and Engineering, 'to provide a 10-year roadmap for achieving sustained increases in women's STEM participation and retention from school through to careers'. The Women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Decadal Plan was released on April 1, 2019.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dance", "Entry ID": "AWE6551", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dance\/", "Type": "Concept" }, { "Title\/Name": "Female Mayors and Shire Presidents", "Entry ID": "AWE6552", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/female-mayors-and-shire-presidents\/", "Type": "Concept" }, { "Title\/Name": "Film", "Entry ID": "AWE6554", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/film\/", "Type": "Concept" }, { "Title\/Name": "History and Historians", "Entry ID": "AWE6555", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/history-and-historians\/", "Type": "Concept" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women in Sport", "Entry ID": "AWE6563", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-sport\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "Much like the online exhibition She's Game: Women making Australian sporting history, this entry 'pays tribute to the many Australian women over time and across the country who have played, coached, volunteered, administered and supported sport, at all levels.'\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Olympic Games Gold Medallists", "Entry ID": "AWE6565", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/olympic-games-gold-medallists\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "Australian women did not attend the Olympic Games until the Stockholm Games in 1912. Sarah (Fanny) Durack won gold in the 100m freestyle at the those Games. Another Australian woman did not win a gold medal until the 1932 Los Angeles Games, when Clare Dennis won the 200m breaststroke.\n", "Details": "This entry includes gold medallists from both the summer and winter Olympics.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Paralympic Games Athletes", "Entry ID": "AWE6566", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/paralympic-games-athletes\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "The first official Paralympic Games was held in Rome in 1960. Daphne Hilton was the only woman on the Australian team at the 1960 Games.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medallists", "Entry ID": "AWE6567", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/commonwealth-or-empire-games-gold-medallists\/", "Type": "Concept" }, { "Title\/Name": "Imperial Honours System", "Entry ID": "IMP0083", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/imperial-honours-system\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "The Imperial System of Honours and Awards is a scheme of honours bestowed on citizens or foreigners by the British monarch. This system has a long history, rooted in Roman traditions of awards for military service. Over the twentieth century the honours system has gradually evolved to recognise civilian service and other achievements.\nUntil 1975, the British Imperial system was the only system for recognition of the service of Australian citizens to Australia. Today, the Imperial system has been largely replaced by the Australian system, established in 1975. Imperial Honours continued to be awarded to Australians on the recommendation of some States until 1989. The Queen still bestows some honours personally.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/its-an-honour-australians-celebrating-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-national-honours-and-awards-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-matter-of-honour-the-report-of-the-review-of-australian-honours-and-awards\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/george-albert-and-edward-medals-to-australians-1887-1984-a-roll-of-all-australians-awarded-the-george-albert-and-edward-medals-from-1887-1984-together-with-details-of-the-incident-for-which-the-aw\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/order-of-australia-1975-1995-the-first-twenty-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/imperial-honours-and-awards-to-australians-1901-1992\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-bravery-decorations\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-bravery-decorations-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ceremonial-parade-on-the-occasion-of-the-presentation-of-the-queens-and-regimental-colours-to-4th-battalion-the-royal-australian-regiment-by-his-excellency-the-governor-general-the-right-honourab\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gallantry-decorations\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/honours-and-awards-presented-to-members-serving-with-2nd-battalion-the-royal-australian-regiment-1945-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-quiet-australians-project\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/order-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/order-of-australia-association-south-australian-branch-website\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/orders-decorations-and-medals-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/orders-decorations-and-medals-of-the-united-kingdom\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/selected-ribbons-of-the-british-empire-decorations\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/service-1993\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/service-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/for-the-v-c-an-annuity-for-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/honours-and-rewards-in-the-british-empire-and-commonwealth\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/honours-and-titles\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/list-of-queenslanders-who-have-been-awarded-honours-in-the-imperial-and-australian-honours-systems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-order-of-the-british-empire-to-australians-1917-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/imperial-orders-to-australians-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-roll-of-imperial-honours-bestowed-on-australians-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-distinguished-flying-cross-to-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-century-of-australian-bravery\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gallantry-and-distinguished-service-awards-to-the-royal-australian-air-force-in-the-second-world-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/development-of-the-system-of-honours-and-awards-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-honours-and-awards-information-paper\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-honours-system\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/media-release-by-rear-admiral-peter-sinclair-ac-chairman-of-the-council-for-the-order-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/order-of-australia-1996-1997-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/foreign-awards-to-australia-from-world-war-one-to-the-korean-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-and-awards-honouring-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sequence-for-wearing-ribbons-of-australian-decorations-and-medals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-london-gazette\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/commonwealth-of-australia-gazette-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brief-history-of-the-imperial-system-of-honours-and-awards-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/queen-honours-queensland-racism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/honours-for-aborigines\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/northcote-papers-pro-30-56-microform-1904-1908\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-fleming-arnot-personal-and-professional-papers-1890-1995\/" } ]