[ { "Title\/Name": "Ryan, Edna Minna", "Entry ID": "AWE0004", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ryan-edna-minna\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Pyrmont, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory", "Occupations": "Activist, Feminist, Trade unionist, Writer", "Summary": "Edna Ryan was a leading figure in three eras of feminism in the 20th century. As a feminist and labour activist she is credited with achieving equal pay for women, maternity leave and work based child care. Ryan wrote numerous articles, conference papers, submissions to government and two books, Gentle invaders (1975) and Two thirds of a man (1984).\n", "Details": "Parliamentary and Local Government Career\nLocal\n\nAlderman, Fairfield Municipal Council, 1956-65\nDeputy Mayor 1958\nMember, Prospect County Council retired 1972\n\nState\n\nCandidate, Mosman, 1953\n\nOther Highlights\n\nParticipated in the first International Women's Day 1928;\nOrganised the wives of the timber workers strike 1929;\nMember of Communist Party and International Workers of the World 1920-35c;\nJoined Australian Labor Party 1935;\nOrganised first residential Summer School for women for the Workers Educational Association;\nFirst female Deputy Mayor in NSW 1958;\nAlderman Fairfield Council 1959-65;\nFirst woman president of the largest branch of the Municipal Employees' Union 1960s;\nCampaign manager for future Prime Minister Gough Whitlam;\nFounding member of Women's Electoral Lobby 1972;\nPresented breakthrough submission to the Arbitration Commission to award low paid women workers the same minimum wage as men 1974;\nPublished Gentle Invaders, Australian Women and the Workforce 1788-1974 with Anne Conlon 1975.\n\nRyan campaigned for maternity leave and work-based child care for women workers, was an advocate of women's reproductive rights, and campaigned on the negative impacts of enterprise bargaining and compulsory superannuation on low paid women workers. In 1984 she published Two-thirds of a Man: Women and Arbitration in New South Wales 1902-08. The following year she was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters by the University of Sydney, and in 1995 was again awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters, this time by Macquarie University.\nEdna Ryan had three children - Julia, Lyndall and Patrick - whom she raised alone after the early death of her husband, Jack Ryan.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gentle-invaders-australian-women-at-work\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/two-thirds-of-a-man-women-and-arbitration-in-new-south-wales-1902-08\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-remembered-tributes-from-the-australian-feminist-policy-network-and-union-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/proving-a-dispute-laundry-workers-in-sydney-in-1906\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-and-production-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/talking-back\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/equal-pay-comparable-worth-and-the-central-wage-fixing-system\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-papers-of-beryl-henderson-ms-9360\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-papers-of-edna-ryan-ms-9140-ms-acc09-172\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-1904-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wel-nsw-1972-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/death-of-ms-edna-ryan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/commemorating-our-dear-departed-equal-pay-activists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/back-to-the-future-urgent-issues-for-men-and-women-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-a-political-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-equal-the-history-of-australian-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/comments-for-edna-ryans-funeral\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-matriarchs-twelve-australian-women-talk-about-their-lives-to-susan-mitchell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-decade-of-mary-owen-dinners\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-minna-ryan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australian-parliaments-and-local-governments-past-and-present-a-survey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/on-their-own-terms-profiles-of-five-very-individual-australians-prepared-by-tim-bowden-and-ros-bowden\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/yarn-spinners-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-edna-ryan-1948-1993-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-beryl-henderson-1973-1992-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-and-sylvia-winters-papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jack-kavanagh-collection-deposit-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interviews-with-edna-ryan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-interviewed-by-lucy-taksa-in-the-nsw-bicentennial-oral-history-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-papers-1965-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-further-papers-1961-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-lyndall-ryan-professor-of-australian-studies-university-of-newcastle-sound-recording-interviewer-sara-dowse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pat-richardson-scrapbooks-relating-to-the-womens-electoral-lobby-and-womens-events-1977-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-bowden-interviews-conducted-for-radio-programs-and-documentaries-ca-1975-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-julia-ryan-1947-1982-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-meredith-stokes-circa-1970-1997-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-edna-ryan-unionist-and-author-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/audrey-blake-further-papers-1915-1998\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Armstrong, Pauline", "Entry ID": "AWE0115", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/armstrong-pauline\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Camberwell, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Author, Historian, Trade unionist", "Summary": "Dr Pauline Armstrong was a long time activist and her later work as a researcher and historian resulted in the publication of her historical and biographical book Frank Hardy and the making of Power without Glory (2000). She was passionately involved in the Save Our Sons movement during the Vietnam War.\n", "Details": "Born in 1928, Pauline Armstrong came from a politically active family. Her grandmother and mother protested against Billy Hughes' attempts to introduce conscription during World War I and were disenchanted Labor Party members, later joining the Communist Party. Armstrong herself was introduced to the Eureka Youth League of the Communist Party by her uncle, Paul Mortier. She joined the Communist Party in 1947 and worked as a legal secretary from 1949 for lawyer Cedric Ralph, who represented the Communist Party at the royal commission into its activities in 1949-50. In other arenas she was active in campaigns for improved local services, and passionately involved in the Save Our Sons movement during the Vietnam War. Armstrong's son, Karl, was jailed twice during the Vietnam War for refusing to register for the draft.\nAt the age of fifty-six she entered university as a mature age student. She gained a Bachelor of Arts (Deakin University) - Literature, Philosophy, Professional writing; a Master of Arts (Monash University) - Australian Studies; and a Doctor of Philosophy (University of Melbourne). She was a member of the Fellowship of Australian writers and the Australian Society of Authors.\nThe publication in 2000 of Armstrong's book Frank Hardy and the making of Power without Glory was a major achievement and the culmination of 8 years of research. Armstrong also wrote feature articles for newspapers, short stories and made journal contributions. She collaborated with Rebecca Maclean on content for Maclean's documentary S.O.S. Movement, which was informed by Armstrong's MA thesis on the history of the Save Our Sons movement.\nFrom her youth, Armstrong was involved in political activities, school and library formation committees, folklore and folk music promotion. In the 1940s she assisted on committees to remove restrictions on Sunday sport and promote daytime training for apprentices, and equal pay. Armstrong was also a trade union, Communist Party and Eureka Youth League activist.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-critical-biography-of-frank-hardy\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/frank-hardy-and-the-making-of-power-without-glory\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-the-save-our-sons-movement-of-victoria-1965-1973\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-formation-of-municipal-libraries\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-pauline-armstrong-1990-2002-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/armstrong-pauline-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/audrey-blake-and-jack-blake-further-papers-1937-2004\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bielski, Joan", "Entry ID": "AWE0223", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bielski-joan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Narrabri, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Wollstonecraft, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Activist, Teacher", "Summary": "Joan Bielski was a long time activist for equality for women in employment, education and public life. A founding member of the Council for Civil Liberties, she was also a foundation member of Women's Electoral Lobby (WEL) in 1972 and continued her active involvement throughout her life.\nIn 1988 she was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for her services to women and girls education. In 2004 she was awarded the Order of Australia for her services to women in politics and public life.\nJoan Bielski was a long time supporter of the National Foundation for Australian Women.\n", "Details": "Born in Narrabri, New South Wales (NSW), in 1923, Joan Margaret Ward was the daughter of a banker (Francis Ward) and a banker turned housewife (Doris (nee Bull)). The family later moved to Armidale and Joan attended St Patrick's Convent Armidale, then St Mary's Convent, Gunnedah, where she completed her intermediate certificate.\nAfter leaving school without gaining her leaving certificate, she worked in a newsprint factory and in clerical jobs until she joined the RAAF at 18, where she served as a telegraphist in communications from 1942 to 1945. Assisted by the ex-servicemen rehabilitation scheme after the war, she completed her matriculation at Sydney Technical College. She then moved on to tertiary study in 1947. She graduated BA. Dip.Ed. New England University College, University of Sydney in 1951.\nJoan became an advocate in migrant welfare and joined the Immigration Reform Group in the 1950s. Her voluntary work for migrants consisted of providing translation, information and support services. In 1953, she married Jerzy (George) Stefan Bielski, a socialist immigrant from Poland and survivor of Auschwitz Concentration Camp. They supported each other in all their political and social activities.\nJoan was a foundation member of Women's Electoral Lobby (WEL) Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 and reforms for women in relation to child care, employment, poverty, divorce law, inheritance taxes and education. She was also a founding member of Women In Education, a lobby of women educators lobbying for equal opportunity for girls and women in education in the years 1974-1990 approx.\nJoan was a teacher (1951-1974) and Research Officer, Royal Commission on Human Relationships (1975-76) and Officer in Charge, Social Development Unit, NSW Ministry of Education 1977-84. The latter's role was to advise the then NSW Government, the universities, Technical and Further Education (TAFE) colleges, schools and community organisations on discrimination and sexism issues in education at all levels, multicultural education and anti-discrimination legislation as it applied to education and employment in education..\nJoan worked to inform the education sector about the extant research in the social sciences that pointed to the need for reform and the means of reform in the education of girls, especially in Mathematics, Science, Home Science and Technical Education. She was instrumental in having the NSW system rethink its presentation of Maths and science to girls and to have the TAFE system restructure and broaden the scope of studies such as Secretarial Studies, apprenticeship training for girls and to have TAFE introduce re-entry education and training programs for adult women. The latter programs continue to this day.\nJoan was the author of numerous conference and position papers on various aspects of women and girls education, such as career education, apprenticeships, the effect of technology change, women and educational management, equality in early childhood education of boys and girls. She was instrumental in having the Government of the day schedule the NSW universities under the NSW Anti-Discrimination Act some years before the Sex Discrimination Act was passed to cover all universities.\nMany of her initiatives provided stimulus and\/or models for national action in the area of women and girls education. Her expertise in the area of discrimination, equal opportunity and affirmative action in education was sought after by the Western Australian (WA) Government, private educational institutions in various states and by universities. She was a member of the Councils of both University of New England (UNE) and Macquarie University for many years in the 1980s and the early 1990s. Her book, Women Engineers, is an account of 20 practicing Australian women engineers' motivation, education, training and their working experience and an analysis of the implication of these for educators and employers.\nAfter retirement from paid employment Joan devoted her energies to promoting women's welfare and, as founding member and Honorary Secretary, of Women Into Politics. Since 1992, she has worked with women to explore the issues which limit women's participation in politics and to increase the numbers of women in our parliaments and in Australian public life.\nAs well as organising various conferences, seminars, consultations and fund raising Annual dinners, Joan contributed to conferences, delivering numerous papers on issues relevant to discrimination against women in politics and equal political representation.\nRecent speaking engagements include:\n\nThe Women's Constitutional Convention, January 1998. Topic: What women should expect from a Bill of Rights.\nThe National Party's Women's Council, September 2002, on the rationale for equal representation and outlining necessary political party reforms.\nThe Organisation of Hellenic & Hellenic-Cypriot Women of Australia, National Conference, January, 2001. Topic: Australian women's movement as part of a world movement, its history of gaining the vote, lobbying and activism and the move to equal representation.\nAustralian Federation of University Women Hunter Conference, 15 September 2001. Topic: The Women's Charter for Political Reform.\nAustralian Local Government Women's Association Australia. National Conference, Canberra, 20th October 2001. Topic: The Women's Charter for Political Reform\n\nBielski had returned from a forum on women and ageing organised by the Older Women's Network and was writing a missive on a local development when she collapsed with a massive stroke. She passed away on August 17, 2012. According to friend and fellow traveller in WEL and the NSW Women and Education Group, Jozefa Sobski, 'Her wit and good humour, her infectious and rousing laughter, her generosity with friends, her alertness to injustice, her energetic pursuit of political indolence and indifference to inequality or unfairness, will be remembered by all who knew her.'\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-honour-roll-b\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/coming-to-the-party\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-engineers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-womens-charter-for-political-reform-2001-a-charter-for-political-equality-for-women-and-for-good-government-for-all-australian-citizens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-advocate-smashed-educational-barriers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-redress-press-book-files-1976-1996-including-correspondence-contracts-readers-reports-reviews-and-photographs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judith-steanes-interview-with-joan-bielski-of-the-womens-electoral-lobby-2000\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joan-bielski-papers-1968-2004\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Greville, Henrietta", "Entry ID": "AWE0650", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greville-henrietta\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Dunedin, New Zealand", "Death Place": "Lakemba, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Trade unionist", "Summary": "Henrietta Greville established her life-long involvement with the labour movement when she moved to the goldfields at West Wyalong, following the breakdown of her marriage to John Collins. Here she pegged out a claim, sold meals to the miners and helped establish a branch of the Political Labor League, as well as meeting her future husband, miner and union organizer, Hector Greville. To help support her family Greville, at times, worked as a seamstress. Later she became an organizer for the Australian Workers' Union, the Women Workers' Union, and for some time acted as its delegate at the Trades and Labor Council. As a Labor candidate, Greville was defeated for the federal seat of Wentworth in 1917 and the state seat of Vaucluse in 1927. Greville became associated with the Workers' Educational Association of New South Wales in 1914 when she joined an economics class. By 1918 she was branch secretary at Lithgow, became a member of the executive in 1919 and the first woman president in 1920. Greville was still active with the association in 1954, at the age of 94. On 1 January 1958 Henrietta Greville was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for social welfare services in New South Wales.\n", "Events": "Aged 94 directed a group of women studing sex hygiene for WEA (1954 - 1954) \nAppointed Member of the Order of the British Empire for social welfare services in New South Wales (1958 - 1958) \nBecame a life-member of the Union of Australian Women (1945 - 1945) \nCampaigned against conscription (1916 - 1917) \nDelegate to Trades and Labor Council (1890 - 1890) \nFirst woman to be elected president of WEA (1920 - 1920) \nJoined the first tutorial class of the Workers' Educational Association (WEA) of New South Wales and studied economics for two years (1914 - 1914) \nJoined the Labor Party (1891 - 1891) \nLabor candidate for the New South Wales State seat of Vaucluse (1927 - 1927) \nMarried Hector Greville a miner and union organizer (1894 - ) \nMarried John Collins a jeweller at Albury Registry Office (1881 - ) \nMoved with her parents Henry and Rebecca (n\u00e9e Hutchinson) Wyse and siblings from New Zealand to Victoria (1866 - 1866) \nOrganiser for the Australian Workers Union (1890 - 1890) \nOrganizer for the White Workers' Union and attacked the working conditions and wages of female shirt-makers (1908 - 1908) \nPresident of the Labor Women's Advisory Council (1938 - 1938) \nStood, unsuccessfully, for the Federal electorate seat of Wentworth, representing the Women's Central Organising Committee of the Australian Labor Party (1917 - 1917) \nWorked for the Rockdale branch of the Original Old Age and Invalid Pensioners' Association (1940 - 1940)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/more-than-a-hat-and-glove-brigade-the-story-of-the-union-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/henrietta-greville-veteran-labor-pioneer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greville-henrietta-1861-1964\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/william-morrow-recordings-of-addresses-given-by-jessie-street-and-interviews-with-jessie-street-1953-1960\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Williams, Joan", "Entry ID": "AWE0796", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/williams-joan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Broadcaster, Journalist, Print journalist, Radio Journalist, Writer", "Summary": "Joan Williams was a prominent member of the Western Australian branch of the Communist Party of Australia. She was politically active from the 1920s, but began her career in journalism as a young woman already imbued with a strong political consciousness. The networks fostered through her membership in an elite group of Western Australian left-wing radicals were critical to the foundation of numerous Western Australian women's and peace organisations. Under the pen name Justina Williams she wrote short stories, historical works, poems, biography and her autobiography Anger and Love. She was awarded the Order of Australia Medal accepting it on behalf of her \"unrecognized sisters who serve the community\".\n", "Details": "As a young journalist Joan Williams learned about the organisational strategies operating within the European peace and women's movements and began a lifetime involvement with Perth's left-wing intelligentsia. Committed to initiating social change through public education Williams joined the Communist Party in 1939 drawn in by their concerns for social justice, women's equality and opposition to war and fascism. Joan Williams' activism spanned over fifty years. She was a foundation member of the Modern Women's Club, the Western Australian Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity and the International Women's Day Committee. In the 1950s Williams' focus shifted to the concern for nuclear disarmament and, joining forces with the members of the Union of Australian Women, she established a locally based Waterside Workers Federation Women's Committee to support strike action occurring at the time. In the early 1970s Williams became a foundation member of Women's Liberation and the Women's Electoral Lobby.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1935 - 1960)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joan-williams-brief-biography-mother-of-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joan-williams-awarded-australian-medal-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joan-williams-biography-of-wel-member-peace-activist-and-writer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joan-williams-interview-with-feminist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wharfies-smile-but-the-fight-is-not-over\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/writing-labor-history-in-western-australia-my-experience-with-the-first-furrow\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anger-love\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/justina-williams-brief-biography-of-writer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/justina-williams-profile-of-writer-with-full-page-portrait\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-first-furrow\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fighting-to-be-seen-and-heard-a-tribute-to-four-western-australian-peace-activists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carrying-the-banner-women-leadership-and-activism-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joan-williams-papers-1934-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-joan-williams-sound-recording-interviewed-by-leckie-hopkins\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1938-1973-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Greenwood, Irene Adelaide", "Entry ID": "AWE0805", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greenwood-irene-adelaide\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Albany, Western Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Broadcaster, Feminist, Pacifist, Peace activist, Writer", "Summary": "A tireless campaigner and activist for over fifty years, Irene Adelaide Greenwood's interests in feminism and the peace movement were formed through her mother Mary Driver's involvement with the Women's Services Guild. The achievements of Greenwood's life's work are considerable and her commitment and energy was recognized in the many awards bestowed on her. These include Member of the Order of Australia, the first woman to receive an Honorary Doctorate at Murdoch University, recognition as the strategist behind the implementation of the Chair in Peace Studies at Murdoch University, the United Nations Association of Australia Silver Peace Medal and honorary life membership, Queen's Silver Jubilee Medal, appointment to the National Advisory Committee on Women's Affairs in 1974 and the naming of the flagship of the State ship's fleet M.V. Irene Greenwood in her honour. Greenwood was also a life or honorary member of many key international, national and state peace and women's organizations.\n", "Details": "As early as 1916 Irene Greenwood was sensitized to issues of social justice sharing her mother's concern for the oppression of Aborigines and women. In 1920 she participated in Perth's first strike by civil servants marking the beginning of a long career in political activism. In 1931 she moved from Perth to Sydney where she began a career in broadcasting, at the same time developing a radical political consciousness and experience in the women's movement. Returning to Perth in 1935 she worked on the ABC's Women's Session and then moved to commercial radio instituting the popular Woman to Woman programme. Greenwood retired from radio in 1953. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, she intensified her involvement in the women's and peace movements, traveling as a delegate to national conferences and forums and in 1965 to The Hague and Zurich for the Golden Jubilee Congress of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. She edited Peace and Freedom the official organ for Women's International League for Peace and Freedom until she was into her seventies. Locally Greenwood was party to the formation of the Western Australian Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity and edited Equal Pay News for the duration of the organization's existence. She participated in the foundation of Western Australian branches of the Family Planning Association, the Abortion Law Repeal Association, Women's Liberation and Women's Electoral Lobby. Greenwood expressed a special love for history, organising displays of the founders of the Women's Movement and documenting the history of Western Australian women's organizations and feminism. She bestowed a vast archive of unique and rare material relating to women and the peace movement to Murdoch University.\n(As Giles (1999) notes Greenwood publicly changed her date of birth to 1899 to coincide with the year that non-Indigenous women won the vote in Western Australia)\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-irene-greenwood-collection-a-classified-list-of-holdings-in-murdoch-university-library-of-material-received-from-irene-greenwood-as-of-may-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-limits-of-authorship-the-radio-broadcasts-of-irene-greenwood-1936-1954\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/first-lust\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irene-greenwood\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-on-the-warpath-feminist-of-the-first-wave\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irene-greenwood-1899sic-1992-a-hero-of-the-feminist-movement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irene-greenwood-autobiography-of-feminist-activist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irene-greenwood-interview-with-w-a-s-leading-feminist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irene-greenwood-obituaries-for-feminist-and-social-activist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irene-greenwood-obituaries-for-feminist-and-social-activist-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irene-greenwood-obituaries-for-feminist-and-social-activist-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irene-greenwood-obituaries-for-feminist-and-social-activist-4\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/newspaper-article-about-greenwood-relationship-with-broome\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/newspaper-article-about-greenwood-hears-anti-discrimination-bill-introduced\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-memoriam-irene-adelaide-greenwood-1992\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irene-greenwood-a-hero-of-the-feminist-movement-1899-1992\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irene-greenwood-a-voice-for-peace\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/on-air-the-story-of-catherine-king-and-the-abc-womens-session\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-limits-of-authorship-the-radio-broadcasts-of-irene-greenwood-1936-1954-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greenwood-irene\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-irene-greenwood-1912-1981-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-irene-greenwood-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/birthday-party-at-cockburn-sound\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-bill-of-rights\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irene-greenwood-talks-to-robin-juniper\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irene-greenwood-talks-with-grant-stone\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irene-greenwood-talks-with-angela-douglass\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irene-greenwood-library-resources-trust-food-for-feminism-dinner-november-7th-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irene-greenwood-picture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-irene-greenwood-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irene-greenwood-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-irene-greenwood-sound-recording-interviewed-by-nancy-lutton\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-irene-greenwood-sound-recording-interviewed-by-nancy-lutton-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-irene-greenwood-sound-recording-interviewed-by-rica-erikson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-irene-greenwood-sound-recording-interviewed-by-ken-spillman\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-irene-a-greenwood-sound-recording-interviewed-by-clive-moore\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-mrs-irene-greenwood-sound-recording-interviewed-by-gillian-waite\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-irene-greenwood-feminist-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-service-guilds-of-western-australia-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-jessie-street-circa-1914-1968-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-fleming-arnot-personal-and-professional-papers-1890-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-australian-federation-of-women-voters-1920-1983-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lorelei-booker-papers-ca-1890-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irina-dunn-papers-ca-1980-1984-with-papers-collected-relating-to-early-feminists-1873-1983\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cope, Madeleine (Madge)", "Entry ID": "AWE0811", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cope-madeleine-madge\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Barnsley, Yorkshire, United Kingdom", "Death Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Unionist", "Summary": "Unionist and activist Madge Cope was born in Yorkshire and migrated to Australia in 1915, aged 11. With her parents and two brothers she settled on a farm in Carnamah. She later married her neighbour, Harold Cope, and the pair had four children. Cope himself was born to an English father and an Australian mother.\nDuring wartime, the Copes sold pies at Victoria Park. They grew tomatoes at Geraldton, then Guildford, where they also sold flowers. In 1966, while driving on a gravel road, Madge lost control on a bend and hit a truck. Harold was thrown from the vehicle and died on the road after telling the truck driver to look after his wife, who was trapped in the car.\nMadge became involved with the Communist Party in Guildford, and was made a life member of the Guildford Association. She joined the Peace Movement and the Union of Australian Women. She also wrote short stories, two of which were published in the magazine Our Women. Madge died in 2001, aged 97 years.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fight-for-the-good\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-madge-cope-sound-recording-interviewed-by-linda-coleman\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-madge-cope-sound-recording-interviewed-by-stuart-reid\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-madge-cope-sound-recording-interviewed-by-sally-speed\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1938-1973-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Nicholls, Elizabeth Webb", "Entry ID": "AWE0897", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nicholls-elizabeth-webb\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Suffragist", "Summary": "Elizabeth Webb Nicholls was born in Adelaide to Mary and Samuel Bakewell in 1850. She joined the Christian Woman's Temperance Union (WCTU) in 1886, and was elected provisional president in 1888. In 1889 she became Colonial president, a position she held until 1897. From 1894-1903 she was the Union's Australian President, and post-Federation, she served as State President from 1906 to 1927. She joined the South Australian Women's Suffrage League and subsequently became a League Councillor. In 1894 Elizabeth Nicholls assumed the role of Colonial Superintendent of the WCTU's Suffrage Department. She was appointed to the Board of the Adelaide Hospital from 1895-1922 and was a justice of the peace - one of the four first women - from 1915. She died in 1943\n", "Details": "Elizabeth Webb Nicholls was born in Adelaide to Mary and Samuel Bakewell in 1850. She married Alfred Nicholls in 1870, and had five children as well as bringing up two orphaned relatives. She joined the Christian Woman's Temperance Union (WCTU) in 1886, and was elected provisional president in 1888. In 1889 she became Colonial president, a position she held until 1897. From 1894-1903 she was the Union's Australian President, and post-Federation, she served as State President from 1906 to 1927. She probably joined the South Australian Women's Suffrage League in early 1889 and later became a League Councillor. It was under her leadership that the WCTU gained 8,000 of the 11,600 signatures for the League's 1894 petition to Parliament. Following the submission of the petition, Elizabeth Nicholls took on the role of Colonial Superintendent of the WCTU's Suffrage Department. The legislation granting suffrage to women was passed in December 1894, and she then travelled around Adelaide and country South Australia giving talks about how to enrol and vote. Her 'Platform and Principles' is an example of her straightforward approach. From 1895-1922 she served on the Board of the Adelaide Hospital and was a justice of the peace - one of the four first women - from 1915. In addition she was actively involved with the Women's Non-Party Political Association and assisted Bessie Rischbieth to form the Australian Federation of Women's Societies (later known as the Australian Federation of Women Voters) in 1922. She died in 1943\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/torch-bearers-the-womans-christian-temperance-union-of-south-australia-1886-1948\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nicholls-elizabeth-webb-1851-1943\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-webb-nicholls-nee-bakewell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-own-name-women-in-south-australian-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bessie-rischbieth\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fresh-evidence-new-witnesses-finding-womens-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/young-womens-christian-association-of-adelaide-summary-record\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womans-christian-temperance-union-of-south-australia-summary-record\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Barry, Mary Kathleen", "Entry ID": "AWE1269", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barry-mary-kathleen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Forest Lodge, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Political candidate, Public speaker, Real estate agent", "Summary": "Mollie Barry's varied career as an activist, ALP member and mentor for young people exemplifies the commitment to social involvement so common among her generation. She was an ALP candidate for Coogee in 1971.\n", "Details": "Mollie Barry married Michael Oliver Barry in 1947. They had four children. She worked as a bank officer and interviewer for the Australian Bureau of Statistics Workforce Survey, Sydney, in the 1960s, after the births of her four children. She gained a real estate qualification and was the only female real estate sales representative for LJ Hooker in Sydney's eastern suburbs, 1971-73. She enrolled in an Arts degree as a mature age student, but did not complete the course.\nAn active member of the ALP with a lifetime interest in politics, she joined the South Pacific Toastmistress Club and became an accomplished public speaker. Mrs Barry noted that women gained confidence and a stronger sense of themselves as their ability to speak in public improved. She adjudicated youth debates and was a member of the Youth of the Year committee.\nOn a tour of parliament she was appalled at the low level of language and debate on the floor of parliament, and decided to stand for the ALP, against the speaker Sir Kevin Ellis, when she was approached by branch members. Her preselection for Coogee was opposed by Labor's Head Office, but she won convincingly. She was described in the Sydney Morning Herald as a \"vigorous candidate\". She lost the election but received the biggest swing to Labor in the metropolitan area.\nMrs Barry was a member of Christian Women Concerned, a multidenominational group of women working for social justice, and Labor Women's Organising Committee.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Brown, Freda Yetta", "Entry ID": "AWE1271", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brown-freda-yetta\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Journalist, Political candidate", "Summary": "A lifelong campaigner and activist, Freda Brown is a highly respected figure in the history of Australian women's organizations. She was a Communist Party of Australia candidate for Newtown in 1947 and a Senate candidate in 1949 and 1961.\n", "Details": "Daughter of Florence Mary (Munroe) and Benjamin Lewis, Freda was educated at Newtown Public School and Sydney Girls' High School.\nShe joined the Communist Party of Australia in 1936, aged 17, and later worked in her father's signwriting business. She married Wilton John Brown (later editor of The Modern Unionist ) in 1943. Their daughter (Lee Rhiannon, MLC Greens) was born in 1951.\nThe Browns lived in Melbourne during World War Two, where Freda trained as a journalist on the Radio Times and afterwards worked on trade union papers.\nAfter the war, Freda joined the New Housewives Association, ultimately becoming president of what became the Union of Australian Women. She was instrumental in successfully proposing to the United Nations that it hold International Women's Year in 1975 and she attended the Indian International Women's Year Committee meeting in February 1976 at the invitation of Indira Gandhi.\nShe worked with the Women's International Democratic Federation, and was elected President at its Congress in Berlin in 1975, a position she held to 1989.\nFreda Brown was a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Australia from 1968-72, after which she resigned from the party, having decided that the party was no longer advancing the interests of the working class.\nShe has travelled widely, visiting many countries, including Vietnam, Cambodia and Algeria. Freda has continued her activism into her eighties, and was reported to be lobbying the United Nations to establish an International Day of the Elderly.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rebel-with-plenty-of-causes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/swimming-against-the-tide-a-biography-of-freda-brown\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Perrott, Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE1284", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/perrott-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Activist, Paediatrician, Political candidate", "Summary": "A peace, environment and health activist, Margaret Perrott was a Democratic Socialist candidate for Illawarra in 1999 and a Socialist Alliance candidate in the House of Representatives for Cunningham in 1996 and 1998, and for Throsby in 1993, 2001 and 2004.\n", "Details": "A doctor with a special focus on the welfare of children, Margaret Perrott is a veteran peace movement and environmental activist. She has been involved for many years in organising International Women's Day and Reclaim the Night activities in Wollongong.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Beaver, Aileen Winifred", "Entry ID": "AWE1358", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beaver-aileen-winifred\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Metalworker, Political candidate, Trade unionist", "Summary": "A prominent unionist and social justice campaigner, Aileen Winifred Beaver ran as a Communist Party of Australia candidate for Auburn in 1978, for Elizabeth in 1981 and for the seat of Sydney in the House of Representatives in 1977, 1983 and 1984.\n", "Details": "Aileen Beaver left high school aged 14 and has been a union activist all her working life.\nTowards the end of the 60s Aileen Beaver decided to seek work in the metal industry in a successful effort to build support for a campaign to reintroduce equal pay in that industry. Women metal workers had been given equal pay during the second World War 'to protect men's jobs', but this was removed when the war ended. She is credited as a writer and performer in the 1975 documentary 'Don't Be Too Polite Girls' which addressed these issues.\nAt the first Women's Liberation Working Women's Conference in Melbourne, Aileen tabled questionnaires completed by women in her Malleys workshop. The data revealed that women workers were often as concerned about being treated with respect as workers as they were about pay.\nAnother measure of her success was her role as secretary of the Shop Committee in the male-dominated workforce at Malleys. She was also active in the Building Workers' Women's Committee, and the Working Women's Group of Women's Liberation. Equal pay, peace, abortion rights, childcare and International Women's Day were prominent in the activities of the groups in which she worked. While at Malleys, in cooperation with Turkish women in the community, Aileen also successfully campaigned to establish a childcare centre in Auburn for their children.\nShe retired to the Blue Mountains where she remained a diligent activist and advocate for the regeneration of natural bushland.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aileen-beaver-oral-history-interview\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aileen-beaver-oral-history-interview\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Boundy, Olive", "Entry ID": "AWE1376", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/boundy-olive\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Parkes, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Nurse, Teacher", "Summary": "Olive Boundy was an activist in local government and politics. She was a member of the ALP and was a candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly (Clarence seat) in 1991. She later was elected to the Ulmarra Shire Council from 1987 and later served on the Pristine Waters Council until 2004.\n", "Details": "Olive Boundy trained as a nurse and later lectured at TAFE on women's issues and local government. She was been active in community organisations, including the Surf Life Saving movement and remedial reading programs. She also took on the role of an arbitrator in the Local Environmental Court.\nShe had one son.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/community-loses-one-of-its-champions\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Calvert, Michelle", "Entry ID": "AWE1390", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/calvert-michelle\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Activist, Lawyer", "Summary": "Michelle Calvert was Alderman in the Ashfield Municipal Council from 1991-95 and active in environmental issues. She later ran for the No Aircraft Noise Party in the Ashfield elections of 1995 and in the House of Representatives for Lowe in 1996.\n", "Details": "Michelle Calvert grew up in Stanmore and went to school in Annandale and Petersham. She worked as a Police Prosecutor and as a senior investigator with the War Crimes Unit of the Commonwealth Department of the Attorney General. In 1996 she was working for LEAD, an organisation committed to reducing the risk of lead poisoning, especially in children.\nShe was President of the Haberfield Association for 10 years and was active in local environmental and community issues. She is married and has four children.\nHer election leaflet reported that she lived under the flight path in Haberfield, which may explain her candidacy in 1995.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Carman, Marina", "Entry ID": "AWE1394", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carman-marina\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Activist, Program manager, Researcher", "Summary": "Marina Carman is the senior project officer (international and policy) at the Australasian Society for HIV Medicine. ASHM provides training and technical advice to support healthcare workers implementing HIV treatment and care in the Asia Pacific region.\n", "Details": "Marina has a background in student activism, having organised the 1998 schools' walkout against racism, and serving as Vice President of the University of Sydney Student Representative Council in 1998. She ran as a Democratic Socialist candidate in the New South Wales Senate in 1998, for Port Jackson in 1999 and in the House of Representatives for Kingsford Smith in 2001. She has studied and taught international relations and political economy, and been involved in community education programs in South Africa, Indonesia and Mauritius.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Christian, Millicent Lilian", "Entry ID": "AWE1400", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/christian-millicent-lilian\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Johannesburg, South Africa", "Death Place": "St Ives, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Political candidate, Teacher", "Summary": "Millicent Christian was a once-only candidate who was a lifetime activist for equality, peace and freedom. She ran for the Raleigh seat in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1947 as an Independent Labor candidate.\n", "Details": "Millicent Christian was the daughter of Charles and Letty Luckett. Her family moved from South Africa to England and then to New South Wales. She was educated at St Michael's Sisterhood, Bloemfontein, South Africa, Warral Provisional School and Tamworth High School, New South Wales, Australia. She won a University Scholarship to enable her to study medicine at Sydney University in 1922, but the scholarship required her father's permission and he refused it.\nMillicent left home, and attended Sydney University, living at Women's College on the Ann Hargrave Scholarship 1923-25. She graduated BA 1926, Dip Ed 1927.\nShe taught at Burwood Boys' School, and West Kempsey and Young High Schools 1927-28. In 1929 she married a farmer, Cecil Aubrey Christian, and they had three daughters. After he died she brought up her daughters alone.\nShe taught at Wenona School, North Sydney, and Presbyterian Ladies' College, Pymble.\nShe joined the United Associations of Women in 1945 and later became Vice President of the United Association of Women and the Honorary Secretary to the Conference of the Australian Women's Charter. She was instrumental in establishing the United Associations of Women Award for a female undergraduate in the school of history at the University of New South Wales in 1982, and in 1983 the UAW Prize for a female engineering student at the University of Technology, Sydney.\nShe was an active member of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom from 1964. Millicent was also a member of the ALP for over 40 years, a delegate to many State conferences and held branch and electorate council office. She was a member of the North Sydney Business and Professional Women's Club.\nIn 1978 the Ku-Ring-Gai Council awarded her a Distinguished Citizen Award in recognition of her work in the local area, where she was president of the Ku-Ring-Gai Historical Society from 1976-79. She was an inveterate writer of letters to the Editor, and a passionate bridge player, playing on the day before her death despite her serious illness. When asked who influenced her to become a feminist, Millicent Christian replied \"A domineering, male chauvinist father\".\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-register-the-womens-college-within-the-university-of-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Coorey, Barbara", "Entry ID": "AWE1406", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/coorey-barbara\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Activist, Political candidate", "Summary": "Barbara Coorey was a local activist who ran for election to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Lakemba in 1999 as an Independent. Prior to her candidature, Barbara Coorey had been active in the area. In her campaign literature, she claimed to have brought about the relocation of a methadone clinic and the closure of a mobile needle exchange program. She had also initiated the campaign for the re-development of Canterbury Hospital.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Edwards, Royalene", "Entry ID": "AWE1434", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edwards-royalene\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Activist, Architect", "Summary": "Royalene Edwards is a committed Christian campaigner who represented the Call to Australia Party in the 1991 New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Riverstone.\n", "Details": "Royalene Edwards graduated in Architecture from the University of Sydney in 1960. She married Graham Edwards soon after graduation. She has worked as architect, and as a church activist for church organisations in Australia, Papua New Guinea and South Africa.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Frewin, Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE1448", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/frewin-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist", "Summary": "A passionate activist for women, Elizabeth (Bessie) Frewin was one of the earliest women candidates for all levels of government. She was an ALP candidate in the House of Representatives for Warringah in 1934 and 1940 and for the North Sydney Council in 1938, 1941 and 1948. Bessie was also a Lang Labor candidate in the 1947 elections to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Bondi.\n", "Details": "Bessie Frewin was born in Newcastle in 1892, the sixth child in a family of nine. She left school at 13 and went into domestic service. Her interest in politics and social justice began then and continued throughout her life.\nShe married George Henry Gibbons Frewin on 17 December 1919, in St Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney, and they had two daughters and two sons. They owned and ran a Ham and Beef shop in Lavender Bay until the land was resumed for the building of the Harbour Bridge. Later, they lived at Cammeray.\nIn her election pamphlet for the Council Election of 1948, Bessie Frewin stressed her long held beliefs in education, the abolition of slums, the provision of more parks and playgrounds and the preservation of the harbour waterfront for public use.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gilling, Bridget Sabina", "Entry ID": "AWE1456", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gilling-bridget-sabina\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "London, United Kingdom", "Death Place": "Blue MountainsBlue Mountains, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Activist, Political candidate", "Summary": "Bridget Gilling was a lifelong activist and fighter for social justice. She ran as an Independent in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Bligh in 1971, but the following year she joined the Australia Party. She then stood as their candidate for election into the House of Representatives for Warringah (1972) and for the New South Wales Senate in 1974.\n", "Details": "Born in London, Bridget Gilling grew up in a family which was vitally interested in politics. During World War II she served with the Voluntary Aid Detachment and met and married an Australian serviceman, Douglas Gilling, later a prominent architect. They returned to Australia after the war, and their four children were born in Sydney. As they grew up, Bridget Gilling completed an Arts\/Social Work degree at the University of Sydney.\nAt the time of her campaign in Bligh, Bridget Gilling was working for a community agency and was very concerned with birth control and the campaign for abortion law reform.\nHer campaign literature was critical of all major parties and their failure to present policies on these subjects, whereas her beliefs and promises on them were spelled out in detail.\nShe joined the Australia Party and ran under that banner in 1972 and 1974, unsuccessfully.\nIn 1987, Bridget Gilling was approached as a prominent women's movement activist, to lend her weight to the campaign against the Australia Card proposal, and she agreed to become a trustee of the Australian Privacy Foundation.\nIn 2004, Bridget Gilling wrote one of the most telling and pithiest letters to the Sydney Morning Herald on the subject of abortion, which remained one of her chosen causes.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/campaigner-for-all-things-liberal\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dwyer, Catherine Winifred (Kate)", "Entry ID": "AWE1542", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dwyer-catherine-winifred-kate\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tambaroora, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "DarlinghurstDarlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Teacher", "Summary": "Catherine Winifred (Kate) Dwyer was one of the most prominent women in New South Wales in the early twentieth century. An avid Labor activist, Dwyer stood for election for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Balmain in 1925.\n", "Details": "Catherine (Kate) Dwyer was born on 13 June 1861 at Tambaroora, New South Wales, the second daughter of Joseph and Ann Golding. She was educated at Hill End Public School and became a pupil teacher in 1880, holding positions in country schools until 1887.\nShe married another teacher, Michael Dwyer, and in 1894 they moved to Sydney, where she became prominent in the Womanhood Suffrage League of New South Wales and campaigned for the vote for women. She co-founded the Women's Progressive Association in 1901 and, with her sisters Annie and Belle Golding, worked for the rights of women in all spheres. She was a fine public speaker and a prolific writer on questions of interest to women. She was the first president of the Women's Organising Committee of the Political Labor League from 1904, and a member of the State Labor Executive in1905.\nKate Dwyer worked tirelessly to improve the working and living conditions for women and for a minimum female wage. In 1911 she assisted A. B. Piddington on the royal commission into female and juvenile labour and from 1911-13 she sat on the royal commission of enquiry into food supplies. She represented the Women Workers Union (which she had helped to form) on Wages Boards and in the 1920s she was on conciliation committees. She opposed conscription in 1916 and 1917.\nKate Dwyer was a fellow of the Senate of the University of Sydney from 1916 to 1924, and from 1910 was a member, later vice president of the Benevolent Society of New South Wales. In 1921 she was one of the first women to be appointed a justice of the peace. She was on the boards of two hospitals for women and children, and a trustee of the King George V and Queen Mary Jubilee Fund for Maternal and Infant Welfare. She was a life long member of the Labor Party.\nKate and Michael Dwyer had three sons and two daughters.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dwyer-catherine-winifred-kate-1861-1949\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/suffrage-group-1902\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Francis, Susan", "Entry ID": "AWE1556", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/francis-susan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Nurse", "Summary": "In 1927 Susan Francis stood as a Labor candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Bondi. She then stood as a Lang Labor candidate in the Waverley Municipal Council elections of 1932.\n", "Details": "Susan Francis was born on 14 October 1877 in Brisbane, one of five children. She became a domestic servant, though she called herself a housekeeper, when she married Arthur Rawlins, known as Francis, in 1897. They had three children, two of whom survived to accompany her to Sydney in 1911.\nFrom the early 1920s Nurse Francis, although unqualified, advertised herself as a midwife and attended many births in inner city Sydney. She was the subject of two enquiries before the Nurses' Registration Board in 1927 and 1930 but was never prosecuted. She was well known for her work during the influenza epidemic of 1918-1919, and widely liked for her tireless help for the poor.\nSusan Francis was active in the Labor Party and ran in the seat of Bondi in 1927, gaining 22.7% of the votes. She was president, then secretary of the Labor Women's Organising Committee from 1928 to 1935 and led delegations to ministers, organised public meetings campaigned for candidates and was a delegate to the State Conference of the party. She was one of three delegates from New South Wales to the Interstate Women's Conference in 1930.\nDuring the depression in the 1930s, Susan Francis helped to set up a hostel for homeless women and girls which opened in 1931, and she became matron of such a hostel in 1935.\nThe regard in which she was held by the Labor Party was shown by the huge function put on in her honour in the Empress Room of Mark Foy's department store, when she married again, in 1936. She subsequently became known as Nurse Francis Wilkes, and remained an active member of the ALP until her death in 1946.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/francis-susan-1877-1946\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jacobs, Rachael", "Entry ID": "AWE1613", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jacobs-rachael\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Papua New Guinea", "Occupations": "Academic, Activist, Teacher", "Summary": "An active member of the Australian Democrats, Rachael Jacobs was a candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Epping in 1999 and for the Australian Capital Territory Senate in 2004. Jacobs ran for Federal Parliament in 2022 as the Greens candidate for the seat of Grayndler.\n", "Details": "Rachael Jacobs was born in Papua New Guinea, and bred in the Eastwood area and educated at local public schools. She was trained as a teacher and taught at many schools in the area, including Cheltenham Girls' High School and James Ruse Agricultural High School. She described herself as a passionate environmentalist.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Milson, Virginia", "Entry ID": "AWE1683", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/milson-virginia\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Activist, Environmentalist", "Summary": "Virginia Milson is an environmental activist and Greens Party member who ran once for election to the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales: for the seat of Bligh in 1995.\n", "Details": "Virginia Milson is best known as one of the founders of the Boral Green Shareholders, now called Green Shareholders. In 1995, increasingly desperate about the protection of old growth forests in New South Wales, a group of shareholders gained access to the Annual General Meeting of Boral and attempted to influence the company's policy on woodchipping.\nShe is also active as the Convenor of Waste Crisis Network Sydney and is a member of the Nature Conservation Council of NSW and its Zero Waste Network Advisory Committee.\nShe is an active member of her precinct within the area of the Waverley Municipal Council.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Petersen, Mairi Isabel Wilson", "Entry ID": "AWE1717", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/petersen-mairi-isabel-wilson\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Maclean, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Teacher", "Summary": "Mairi Petersen is widely known and respected in the labor movement, particularly in Illawarra. She stood as an ALP candidate in the following elections:\nNew South Wales Legislative Assembly for Bligh in 1976.\nHouse of Representatives for Wentworth in 1975.\nCity of Shellharbour Council in 1995.\n", "Details": "Mairi Petersen was born in Maclean on the north coast of New South Wales and completed her Primary Teacher's Certificate at Newcastle Teachers' College. Her first appointment was to Kellyville Primary School in the north west of Sydney. Subsequently she taught at Forest Lodge, Darlinghurst, Fort Street, Clovelly and Glenmore road, Paddington in the inner suburbs. Later she moved to the Illawarra area and taught at Mount Warrigal, Albion Park Rail and Shellharbour primary schools. Mairi Petersen married (1) Robert Gould (marriage dissolved) with whom she had a daughter, Natalie, and (2) George Petersen, MLA for Illawarra 1968-1988 (died 28 March 2000).\nTogether the Petersen's ran an environmental radio programme on the community radio station 2 VOX-FM for eight years. Mairi Petersen has travelled widely, particularly to third world countries, and was a member of the Cuba Work Brigade. She has been an active member of Amnesty International for many years and has taken part in many other community activities. She and George Petersen were long time members of the Illawarra Folk Club and Mairi has sung with the Trade Union Choir.\nShe is active in the Illawarra section of the Australian Society for the Study of Labor History, and has been a member of the Council for Civil Liberties for many years.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Shnookal, Deborah Jane", "Entry ID": "AWE1752", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shnookal-deborah-jane\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Activist, Editor", "Summary": "Deborah Shnookal was a student and women's rights activist who subsequently developed a career in writing and editing.\n", "Details": "Deborah Shnookal was active in the Melbourne Women's Liberation Movement for some years. She was Chairperson and one of the organisers of the Melbourne International Women's Day rallies in 1975 and during that year worked full-time for the Women's Abortion Action campaign in Melbourne. She was a staff writer for Direct Action, the paper published by the Socialist Workers Party and represented that party in several state and federal elections including the New South Wales Legislative Assembly election for Phillip in 1976.\nIn 1989, she co-founded Ocean Press, an independent publishing company with a list focusing on books in English and Spanish on Latin America.\u00a0 She gained her PhD in history and Latin American Studies at La Trobe University and\u00a0in 2023 became\u00a0a research fellow at the University of Melbourne.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lenane, Jean", "Entry ID": "AWE1884", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lenane-jean\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Activist, Psychiatrist", "Summary": "Jean Lenane is a well known, lifetime activist, who contested the 1999 New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Port Jackson as an Independent candidate. In 2003 she ran for election to the New South Wales Legislative Council as a Save Our Suburbs candidate. Jean Lenane had been fighting overdevelopment of the inner west of Sydney since 1985, and was well known as the President of the Friends of Callan Park, when she ran her two campaigns. She had convened the first Mort Bay Action Group to fight for the retention of open space, and campaigned for Jubilee Park.\nShe was sacked from the NSW Department of health in 1990 for publicly speaking out against cuts to mental health services. Subsequently, she was co-founder and later National President of Whistleblowers Australia (2005).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Manuel, Jean Maree", "Entry ID": "AWE1898", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/manuel-jean-maree\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Carlton, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Teacher, Volunteer", "Summary": "Jean Manuel was a dedicated local activist in southern Sydney, with a wide range of voluntary and community interests. She was a Councillor on the Sutherland Shire council from 1965-80, including stints as the Deputy Shire President from 1968-71 and 1977-78 and Shire President from 1978-79. Jean was less successful in state politics, having been an unsuccessful Independent candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Woronora in 1973 and for Sutherland in 1988.\n", "Details": "Educated Belmore North PS, NSW, St Joseph's School, Belmore NSW, Burwood HS NSW\nMarried Kenneth Manuel, 1946, two daughters and one son.\nVoluntary Red Cross worker, 1939-45, 1945-47.\nInfants teacher, St Joseph's School Oyster Bay 1955-63.\nFirst woman councillor, deputy shire president and shire president in her long career with Sutherland Shire 1965-80.\nAustralian Local Government Women's Association office holder, records officer and historian, life member from 1970.\nMBE 1977.\nPatron of many organizations in Sutherland Shire, including Amelie House Women's Refuge 1978-80.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australian-parliaments-and-local-governments-past-and-present-a-survey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McNish, Mary Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE1913", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcnish-mary-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Activist, Political candidate, Teacher", "Summary": "A well known figure in Sydney political and socially active organizations and a staunch defender of civil liberties. Mary McNish stood for the Australia Party in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Willoughby in 1971 and 1973.\n", "Details": "At the time of her first candidacy Mary McNish was the NSW and National Secretary of the Australia Party, which she had helped to found. Prior to 1971, she was organising secretary of the JOBS project conducted by the Adult Education Department of the University of Sydney, which was responsible for pre-vocational training and final placement of 40 young Aborigines.\nMary McNish was an active campaigner for the establishment of a library in Willoughby, the last municipality in the state without one. She was also an active member of the Council for Civil Liberties, and in subsequent years held all executive positions on it. She campaigned against the Queensland legislation prohibiting street marches in 1979, and in company with George Petersen, M.L.A., Senator George Georges, and 63 others, was arrested for her action.\nMary McNish was born and educated in Queensland. She married (1) John Olsen, with whom she had a daughter, and (2) Alex McNish.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Medcalf, Carole", "Entry ID": "AWE1914", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/medcalf-carole\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Activist, Lecturer, Political candidate", "Summary": "Carole Medcalf, a social and environmental activist, has a particular interest and expertise in women's issues. She represented the Australian Greens in the 1991 elections for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Bulli. Carole Medcalf was active in many community organizations before she became a Greens political candidate in 1991. She was Chairperson of the Wollongong Youth Refuge and was on the Illawarra Area Assistance Scheme Consultative Committee. She was involved with the Wollongong Women's Refuge, the Illawarra Campaign against Racism, Women for Survival, and the Jobs for Women support group. She was a community worker at the Wollongong Women's Centre and taught at the Wollongong T.A.F.E.\nShe was also active in the establishment of the Carinya Half-Way House for recovering addicts. Carole has one son.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Moon, Kylie", "Entry ID": "AWE1923", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moon-kylie\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Activist", "Summary": "A political activist, Kylie Moon contested the New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Parramatta in 1999 as a Democratic Socialist Party member. In 2004 she was a Socialist Alliance Party candidate in the New South Wales Senate. Kylie Moon was active in student campaigns against education cuts, university fees, and has helped organise school walkouts against racism. She has also been involved in the organization of International Women's Day marches. She is the Western Sydney Resistance organiser in 2005.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mundey, Judith Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE1928", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mundey-judith-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Communist, Lawyer", "Summary": "An activist, particularly in regard to women's issues, Judith Mundey represented the Communist Party of Australia in the 1967 and 1968 elections for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Phillip and in the 1980 House of Representatives election for Sydney. She became the first woman President of the Communist Party of Australia 1979-82, having been Secretary of the Sydney District Committee of the party 1973-79. She was also one of a group of women who established the Women's Liberation Movement in Australia in 1969.\nJudy Mundey was born in Sydney and educated at Eastlakes and Mascot Public Schools, and at St George Girls' High School. She later completed an Arts degree and a Law degree at Macquarie University. In 1965 she married Jack Mundey, of BLF and Green Bans fame, and they had one son.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ryde, Jenny", "Entry ID": "AWE1990", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ryde-jenny\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Activist, Health worker, Scientist", "Summary": "Jenny Ryde was a long term activist for human rights, social justice, peace and the environment. She was involved in organising such events as the International Women's Day March and the Reclaim the Night, Palm Sunday and Hiroshima Day marches. She lives in the inner suburbs of Sydney.\nShe was a candidate for the Australian Greens in the following elections:\nNew South Wales Legislative Assembly, Drummoyne, 1995\nNew South Wales Legislative Assembly, Port Jackson, 1999\nHouse of Representatives, Grayndler, 1996\nHouse of Representatives, Sydney, 1998.\nIn her 1999 campaign she advocated drug law reform, and she was in favour of needle exchanges and safe injecting rooms for addicts.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Townend, Christine Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE2027", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/townend-christine-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Leura, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Writer", "Summary": "Christine Townend was a passionate woman whose life and talents were devoted to the cause of animal care and liberation. As an Australian Democrats member she contested the following elections: New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Willoughby 1978, 1984; House of Representatives, Grayndler, 1977; Senate, NSW, 1983. In 1988 Christine stood on behalf of the Environment Group in the New South Wales Legislative Council elections.\n", "Details": "Christine Townend grew up in the lower North Shore area of Sydney and became a writer early in her life. She had poetry, short stories and four novels published by the time of her first campaign. From early in her career she was concerned to protect the environment and stop cruelty to animals, and was a prolific writer of letters to the editor of the Sydney Morning Herald on these subjects. She founded Animal Liberation in 1976, after being strongly influenced by Peter Singer's book of the same name. She and Singer together founded Animals Australia (then ANZFAS) in l980.\nShe joined the Australian Democrats and ran for election on their ticket four times, always emphasising care for the environment and animals. In time she became discouraged by the lack of results of her campaigns in Australia.\nWhen she joined Milo Dunphy and Alice Oppen to run for the Legislative Council in 1988, under the banner of the Environment Group, she was Secretary of the Australian and New Zealand Federation of Animal Societies, a member of the NSW Animal Welfare Advisory Council and the CSIRO Advisory Committee on the Ethics of Animals in Research.\nIn 1990 she became managing trustee of 'Help in Suffering', an animal shelter and registered Indian charitable trust, based in Jaipur. In 1992 she and her husband went to live in India, working as volunteers until 2007 at the animal shelter and conducting a program to control the spread of rabies in Jaipur. During this time she also founded two new animal shelters in Darjeeling and Kalimpong. A biography of her life, Christine's Ark, by journalist John Little, was published by Macmillan in 2007.\nChristine was a writer of both fiction and non-fiction. Her first book The Beginning of Everything and the End of Everything Else, published in 1974, has been described as being ahead of its time in 'challenging literary and social conventions' in its themes of feminism and 'sexuality, race class and religion'. After her first two novels, Christine wrote a series of non-fiction books about animal welfare, of which Pulling the Wool, A New Look at the Australian Wool Industry (Hale & Iremonger, l986) was the most influential. Two of her books, The Hidden Master (2002), and The Teaching of Vimala Thakar (2010) (Motilal Banarsidass) examine the Indian spiritual tradition. Christine was also an artist, having held solo exhibitions and illustrated book covers.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Walker, Virginia Clare", "Entry ID": "AWE2035", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walker-virginia-clare\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Waverley, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Administrator", "Summary": "Virginia Walker had a life long passion for social justice and worked through many organisations to achieve it. As an Australia Party candidate she contested the elections for the House of Representatives seat of Phillip in 1972 and 1974 and for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Waverley in 1973. She joined the Australian Labor Party in 1976 and stood unsuccessfully for the Woollahra Municipal Council in 1980 and 1983. In May 2000 she was awarded the McKell Inaugural Award for services to the ALP and in 2014 a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM).\n", "Details": "Virginia Walker was born in Sydney and educated at Ascham, Sydney, and New England Girls School, Armidale, NSW. After some years of work she became a mature age student at East Sydney Technical College and the Universities of NSW and Sydney, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1980 and a Diploma in Criminology 1985.\nVirginia worked at clerical jobs in Sydney 1955-60, London 1960-63, and Sydney 1963-72, before moving into administration in the NSW Public Service, working with the Department of Housing, the Parole Board and the Department of Corrective Services. She was appointed in 1982 to the Board of the Langton Centre, a drug and alcohol treatment and education body, and later became treasurer and vice-president.\nShe was active in abortion reform, penal reform, and the environment movement from her return to Australia in 1963. She was a member of the Women's Electoral Lobby from its foundation in 1972 until 1976, a member of the NSW Council for Civil Liberties and a member of the Australia Cuba Friendship Society 1984-91.\nSince her retirement in 1998 Virginia Walker volunteered as a teacher's aide at Forest Lodge Public School, and at the University of NSW Alumni Association. She was a co-founder of, and volunteer worker for, the Bridge for Asylum Seekers Foundation which raised millions of dollars to support asylum seekers waiting for determination of their claims for asylum. Members also assisted asylum seekers at court and in detention centres.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wallace, Joy", "Entry ID": "AWE2036", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wallace-joy\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Activist", "Summary": "Joy Wallace is a committed environmental and social activist in the Lismore area. She has been involved in local campaigns concerned with housing, health, youth, unemployment and women's issues. Joy represented the Australian Greens in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Lismore in 1991 and in the 1993 NSW Senate elections.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Williams, Brigitte", "Entry ID": "AWE2049", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/williams-brigitte\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Activist, Teacher", "Summary": "Brigitte Williams was a once only candidate who represented the Australian Democrats in the 1999 elections for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Oxley. She believes in community action and is active in Landcare and the local Catchment Management Committee. Brigitte has worked in the hospitality industry in managing positions in a hotel and a caravan park (1980-82). She then managed a market garden and was Secretary for the Bellinger River Action Group (1984-94) while completing her tertiary qualifications (B.A., Dip. Ed.). She has taught English and History at tertiary and secondary level, and by correspondence.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/julie-williams-interviewed-by-ros-bowden-in-the-women-of-the-land-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fisher, Elizabeth (Betty) Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE2256", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fisher-elizabeth-m\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Yorkshire, England", "Death Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Environmentalist, Feminist, Sports administrator", "Summary": "Betty Fisher (nee Dawson) was born 8 September 1925 in Yorkshire, England arriving in South Australia in 1927 on the 'SS Benalla'. A feminist and advocate for Aboriginal rights and conservation, Betty was International Women's Day president for eight years and the first female president of the Conservation Council of South Australia.\nBetty Fisher received a Flinders University medal for services to women, was a 1988 Bicentenary medallist and served on the SA State Schools Organisations State Council. She was a member of the National Fitness Council of Australia. She was also a key witness at the Hindmarsh Island Royal Commission, where she produced notes and tape recordings from the 1960s which confirmed the site was of significant cultural importance to Aboriginal women.\n", "Events": "Life time achievement award (2018 - 2018)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-the-migrant-and-indigenous-women-action-group\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-relating-to-the-national-fitness-council-of-south-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/betty-fisher-summary-record\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Anderson, Maybanke Susannah", "Entry ID": "AWE3660", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anderson-maybanke-susannah\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kingston-on-Thames, United Kingdom", "Death Place": "St Germain-en-Laye Paris, France", "Occupations": "Activist, Feminist, Journalist", "Summary": "Author and committee member Maybanke Anderson was a vociferous advocate for women. She founded and edited the fortnightly paper, Woman's Voice.\n", "Details": "Maybanke Susannah Selfe, as she was born, married Edmund Kay Wolstenholme in 1867. They lived in Balmain, then Marrickville, before Wolstenholme deserted his wife in 1884. Maybanke established her own school, Maybanke College, and built up a solid reputation based upon the success of her pupils. She formally divorced Wolstenholme in 1892.\nFrom 1891, Maybanke Wolstenholme was a foundation vice-president of the Womanhood Suffrage League of New South Wales, becoming president in 1893. She was also a member of the Women's Literary Society. From 1894 she began publishing and editing her own fortnightly paper, Woman's Voice. She was connected with both the Playgrounds Association and the Kindergarten Union of New South Wales.\nIn March 1899, Maybanke Wolstenholme married (Sir) Francis Anderson, professor of philosophy at the University of Sydney. She became active in the National Council of Women of New South Wales, and heavily involved with the activities of the University Women's Society.\nMaybanke Anderson published Mother Lore in 1919, a handbook on the education of young children. The following year she wrote a chapter on the position of women for M. Atkinson's book, Australia: Economic and Political Studies. From her travels in Europe, accompanied by her husband, Maybanke sent a series of articles to the Sydney Morning Herald. She died in Paris, predeceased by four children, but survived by two sons from her first marriage.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anderson-maybanke-susannah-1845-1927\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mother-lore\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/maybanke-a-womans-voice-the-collected-work-of-maybanke-selfe-wolstenholme-anderson-1845-1927\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-root-of-the-matter-social-and-economic-aspects-of-the-sex-problem\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-economic-and-political-studies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womans-suffrage-1924-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Golding, Annie Mackenzie", "Entry ID": "AWE3952", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/golding-annie-mackenzie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tambaroora, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Feminist, Suffragist, Teacher", "Summary": "A devout Catholic, Annie Golding was president of the Women's Progressive Association in Sydney from 1904. She lobbied for equal pay for women, and equal opportunity in the work force.\n", "Details": "Annie Golding was the eldest daughter of Joseph Golding, a gold-miner from Galway, Ireland, and his wife Ann (nee Fraser). She began teaching near Bathurst, New South Wales, and gained further experience at a number of Catholic schools in Newtown and Sydney, as well as at the Asylum for Destitute Children in Randwick. Golding was mistress in charge at West Leichhardt (Orange Grove) Public School from 1900, retiring in 1915. Throughout her teaching career, she was active in the Teachers' Association of New South Wales, the Public School Teachers' Institute and the New South Wales Public School Teachers' Association.\nWith her sisters, Belle Golding and Kate Dwyer, Annie was a member of the Womanhood Suffrage League of New South Wales before her Newtown branch was expelled for defiance of the central council in Woollahra. With friends and fellow Labor supporters, Annie and her sisters formed the Women's Progressive Association with Annie as president from 1904. The Association lobbied for equal pay and the equality of women before the law, with a particular focus on education and employment conditions for women. Annie Golding became a member of the State Children Relief Board in 1911.\nGolding was a powerful orator. Speaking to the Australasian Catholic Congress in 1909, she announced that 'the industrial, social, and moral development of a nation may be judged by the position of its women. In all decadent nations women are in a state of bondage or intellectual atrophy; regarded as slave or puppet.' She strongly endorsed the philosophy of equal pay for equal work.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/proceedings-of-the-third-australasian-catholic-congress-held-at-st-marys-cathedral-sydney-26th-september-1909\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/proceedings-of-the-second-australasian-catholic-congress-held-in-the-cathedral-hall-melbourne-october-24th-to-31st-1904\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/uphill-all-the-way-a-documentary-history-of-women-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/golding-annie-mackenzie-1855-1934\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aspinall-family-papers-1903-1908\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/suffrage-group-1902\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-annie-golding\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Daley, Jane (Jean)", "Entry ID": "AWE3954", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daley-jane-jean\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Mount Gambier, South Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Political candidate", "Summary": "Jean Daley was the first woman in Victoria to stand for Federal parliament as an endorsed Labor candidate when she stood for the seat of Kooyong in 1922. As woman organiser for the Australian Labor Party, she established the Labor Women's Interstate Executive in 1929.\n", "Details": "The daughter of Robert Dennis Daley, an early member of the Amalgamated Shearers' Union, and Julia Ann (n\u00e9e Scott), Jean Daley was raised as a Catholic and educated at Mount Gambier, Adelaide and Portland. From 1909, she was living in Melbourne, where she became actively involved in Labor politics.\nA member of the Women's Organizing Committee of the Political Labor Council of Victoria until it was disbanded in 1914, Daley became first president of the group when it re-formed in 1918. She held the position for two years, during which time she wrote 'We Women' in the publication Labor Call. Daley was also a delegate to the Trades Hall Council for the Hotel and Caterers' Union, an early member of the Militant Propaganda League, and an executive member of the Victorian Socialist Party and the Women's Socialist League. In 1917 Daley was vice-president of the Labor Women's Campaign Committee which opposed Vida Goldstein as the candidate for the Federal seat of Kooyong.\nIn her political campaigns, Daley was concerned principally with the cost of living, conscription, and the consumption of alcohol. In 1921, the Union Record published a series of articles by her on the fight against conscription. That same year, Daley was elected Victorian delegate to the federal conference of the Australian Labor Party, and, with Mary Rogers and Muriel Heagney, she called a conference of female delegates from all unions with women members. She was subsequently elected to the central executive of the ALP. In 1922, Daley became the first woman in Victoria to stand for Federal parliament as an endorsed Labor candidate when she stood for the seat of Kooyong, though she was defeated. As woman organiser for the ALP in Victoria, Daley established the Labor Women's Interstate Executive in 1929 and served as secretary until 1947. Ill-health forced her retirement and she died of liver disease at the Alfred Hospital.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daley-jane-jean-1881-1948\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Egan, Francis", "Entry ID": "AWE4049", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/egan-francis\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Activist, Caf\u221a\u00a9 owner", "Summary": "Francis Egan was co-proprietor of the Barrier Caf\u00e9 at Broken Hill, New South Wales, during the First World War. In 1915 she famously tarred and feathered the president of the Hotel, Club and Restaurant Employees' Union (the HC & REU) after he threatened the livelihood of herself and her family by refusing to give her union membership.\n", "Details": "With her brother, Thomas Smith, Francis Egan owned and ran the Barrier Caf\u00e9 in Broken Hill during the First World War. After a union dispute, however, the caf\u00e9 was forced to close - with other business-owners, Egan had refused to comply with union demands around wages. Suddenly, she was faced with the impossibility of finding employment in the union-dominated city of Broken Hill. She sought membership of the HC & REU but her efforts were frustrated by the president of the union, Evan Marshall, who clearly bore her a grudge. A single mother with four children to support and no income, Egan became desperate.\nOn 16 July 1915 she called Evan Marshall to her home, apparently to discuss union business. With the help of her friend Mrs Westmore, Egan locked Marshall inside and held him at gunpoint while she tarred his back, arms, chest, stomach and face, and covered him with pillow feathers. Marshall was then whipped by the ladies 29 times and, finally, paraded by them around the centre of town.\nIncredibly, the jury of local townsmen called to hear the case against Egan and Westmore found them not guilty. Furthermore, the Amalgamated Miners' Association (AMA) was ordered to pay over \u00a32,000 in costs and damages to Mrs Egan for conspiring to deprive her of a way of earning a living. Marshall became an object of ridicule in the town.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tyranny-of-unionism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tar-and-feathers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/white-cards-black-feathers-the-political-gets-personal-broken-hill-1915\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-industrial-history-of-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcculloch-george\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Putt, Margaret Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE4324", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putt-margaret-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the Tasmanian Greens, Peg Putt was elected to the House of Assembly of the Parliament of Tasmania representing the electorate of Denison in 1993. She was re-elected in 1996, 1998, 2002 and 2006. In 1998 she became leader of the Greens after the election in which she was the only Greens candidate to retain her seat. She retired from Parliament in 2008. She was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in January 2025 for significant service to conservation and the environment, and to the Parliament of Tasmania.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-peg-putt-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/peg-put-parliament-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Langton, Marcia Lynne", "Entry ID": "AWE4416", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/langton-marcia-lynne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Activist", "Summary": "A member of the Aboriginal Bidjara Nation, Marcia Langton is an authority on social issues concerning Aboriginal people. She holds the Chair of Australian Indigenous Studies in the Centre for Health and Society at the University of Melbourne. During the 1970s she was active in the Women's Liberation movement, drawing attention to the oppression of black women. She continued to work for Aboriginal causes and became a key participant in the Wik Land rights negotiations which were conducted during the late 1990s. She has appeared in film and television portraying strong Aboriginal characters. In 1993 she was made a Member of the Order of Australia 'for service as an anthropologist and advocate of Aboriginal issues'. In 2001 she was admitted as a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-marcia-langton-academic-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/night-cries-a-rural-tragedy\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McRae-McMahon, Dorothy Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE4420", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcrae-mcmahon-dorothy-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tasmania, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Minister", "Summary": "A retired Uniting Church Minister, Dorothy McRae-McMahon was a former Minister of the Pitt Street, Sydney Church, which was renowned for its work in human rights and local activism. She received recognition for her work with the award of the Australian Government Peace Medal in 1987 and in 1988 with the Australian Human Rights Medal. In 1997, she came out as a lesbian at the National Assembly of the Uniting Church in Perth and resigned from her position later in the year, citing the focus on her sexuality, which she felt was affecting the church.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/liturgies-for-high-days\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/memories-of-moving-on-a-life-of-faith-passion-and-resilience\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prayers-for-lifes-particular-moments\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-dorothy-mcrae-mcmahon-uniting-church-minister-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "O'Connor, Ailsa Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE4426", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oconnor-ailsa-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Artist, Teacher", "Summary": "Ailsa O'Connor was a radical artist who was a member of the Social Realist Group and the Contemporary Art Society in Melbourne. She joined the Communist party in 1944 and was a founding member of the Union of Australian Women in 1953. She participated in the feminist movement during the 1970s.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ailsa-oconnor-1921-1980-sculpture-paintings-and-drawings\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Scutt, Jocelynne Annette", "Entry ID": "AWE4429", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scutt-jocelynne-annette\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Activist, Barrister, Lawyer, Writer", "Summary": "Jocelynne Scutt has worked consistently in her capacity as lawyer, activist and writer to improve the lives of women generally and by changing the laws on rape and domestic violence. She founded the feminist publisher, Artemis and was a member of the Women's Electoral Lobby in both Canberra and Sydney.\nA graduate in law from the University of Western Australia in 1969, Scutt undertook postgraduate studies in law at the University of Sydney, Southern Methodist University and the University of Michigan in the United States, and Cambridge University in England. She has worked with the Australian Institute of Criminology and as director of research with the Legal and Constitutional Committee of the parliament of Victoria. From 1981-82 she worked at the Sydney Bar and then was Deputy Chairperson of the Law Reform Commission, Victoria. In 1986 she returned to private practice in Melbourne. She served as the first Anti-Discrimination Commissioner of Tasmania from 1999-2004. In 2007 she accepted a judicial post on the Fiji High Court.\nScutt is a member of the UN Committee Against Trafficking, a International Alliance of Women (IAW) representative on International Criminal Court Coalition (ICC Coalition) and a board member of the Women's History Network in the United Kingdom. She was called to the English Bar in 2014.\nJocelynne Scutt was interviewed by Nikki Henningham for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "An essay detailing Jocelynne Scutt's career is in development.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/breaking-through-women-work-and-careers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/as-a-woman-writing-womens-lives\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/glorious-age-growing-older-gloriously\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/different-lives\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rape-law-reform\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-voices-womens-lives\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/living-generously-women-mentoring-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jocelynne-scutt-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-jocelynne-scutt-1982-2010-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-jocelynne-scutt-lawyer-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Marchisotti, Daisy Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE4432", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marchisotti-daisy-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Carlton, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Journalist", "Summary": "Born in 1904, Daisy Marchisotti developed an interest in left-wing politics in the 1940s. She eventually joined the Communist Party of Australia (CPA) in the 1950s, giving up a better-paying job as a stenographer to work for the party. In 1964 she was part of a CPA women's delegation to the Soviet Union.\nMarchisotti took an active interest in indigenous affairs and was involved with the Queensland Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders (QCAATI) and the Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders (FCAATSI). She edited the Federal Council's newsletter and wrote articles on indigenous issues for FCAATSI and the CPA.\nIn 1982 she was still fighting for Aboriginal rights. After being arrested for joining an Aboriginal protest outside the Commonwealth Games venue in Brisbane, she told the magistrate: \"I am seventy-eight years old and a pensioner. I did not take part in my action lightly. [It was] my belief that the only way to change Queensland's racist laws was to take the action I did.\"\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/worth-fighting-for\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/land-rights-the-black-struggle-an-outline\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marchisotti-irving-daisy-elizabeth-volume-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marchisotti-irving-daisy-elizabeth-volume-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marchisotti-daisy-elizabeth-volume-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marchisotti-daisy-elizabeth-volume-4\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marchisotti-daisy-elizabeth-volume-5\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marchisotti-irving-daisy-elizabeth-volume-6\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marchisotti-irving-daisy-elizabeth-volume-7\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daisy-marchisotti-papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/terrible-wages-discrimination-1967\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cunningham, Mary Emily", "Entry ID": "AWE4788", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cunningham-mary-emily\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Goulburn, New South Wales", "Death Place": "Fairvale' Canberra, Australian Capital Territory", "Occupations": "Activist, Pastoralist wife, Poet, Red Cross Worker, War Worker", "Summary": "Born to English parents, and daughter of the Surveyor General, Mary Emily Twynam married wealthy pastoralist James 'Jim' Cunningham and became an important and formative figure in the developing pastoralist community in the Tuggeranong district. She was a compassionate, sensitive and intellectually curious woman whose capacity for friendship and kindness turned her homestead 'Tuggranong' into the social focal point of the community. Her early married years were taken up with raising eight children and battling with the bouts of serious depression that would shadow her for her entire life. As her children grew she found time to indulge in her love of gardening as well as pursue her passion for poetry and the written word. Cunningham was also an outspoken advocate for conscription during the two referenda in 1916 and was dedicated to fundraising for soldiers in the Great War.\n", "Details": "Mary Emily Twynam was born and grew up in the New South Wales township of Goulburn. Her family home 'Riversdale' was a place she always remembered fondly. Her father, Edward Twynam came to the colony in 1855 from England and prospered as a surveyor. He would eventually go on to become the Surveyor General. His wife Emily Rose was an accomplished artist who left behind many beautiful woodcarvings and etchings. She took a keen interest in the natural world and Mary Emily seems to have inherited a love of gardening and nature from her. From the archival material that exists Emily Rose appears to have been a loving and kind mother to her children. Mary Emily however, developed a close bond with her father that would be one of the cornerstones of her whole life. They shared an interest in literary pursuits and both possessed keen and inquiring intellects. As an adult Mary would often run drafts of her poems and ideas by her father. Like other young women of her class, Mary was educated at home by Governess Miss Nora Martyr. 'Riversdale' was to occupy a special place in Mary's heart for her whole life indicating that she had a warm loving and happy childhood in the place she would call 'Home' until her death.\nOn 24 April 1889 a 19 year old Mary Emily was married to successful pastoralist James 'Jim' Cunningham, who at 39 was 20 years her senior. It was a marriage partly borne of duty, but one which would become, if not passionate, stable and affectionate. After a honeymoon abroad in Europe the couple returned to Australia to settle at 'Tuggranong' (spelled this way to distinguish it from the surrounding Tuggeranong district). 'Tuggranong' was one of a number of properties owned by Jim Cunningham and his brother Andrew Jackson Cunningham. 'Tuggranong' like the brothers' nearby property 'Lanyon' was a large sheep station on the eastern banks of the Murrumbidgee river; up to 50 000 sheep were shorn at the 'Tuggranong' sheds. The brothers also had properties on the western side of the river as well as holdings in the Cooma and Forbes districts. Both 'Lanyon' and 'Tuggranong' would come to occupy an important part of Mary's heart and life with both providing her a deep sense of place and belonging. She also left her mark on both properties with her skilful and committed gardening.\nMary Emily was already pregnant with the couple's first child by the time they settled at 'Tuggranong' and on 2 June 1890 Jane Cynthia Cunningham was born. Seven more children would follow in the next 12 years. During this period Mary's first documented battle with what we would now call depression or postnatal depression occurred. Mary herself never referred to these battles in her letters or notebooks, but references to her breakdown in 1902, after the birth of her son Alexander 'Pax', are found in her family's letters. In October 1903 Mary's sister, Edith wrote from 'Riversdale' to her friend Stella Miles Franklin and expressed relief and gratitude at Mary's restoration 'from the dead'.\nDespite her personal struggles with such darkness Mary remained a much loved, and loving, member of her community. She took to her role as a successful pastoralist's wife with gusto attending balls, getting involved in fundraising activities for the parish church as well as other causes like raising funds for a local hospital. The homestead itself became the social hub of the district and Mary and Jim hosted many fine gatherings there. When the new military academy at Duntroon was opened in June 1911 Mary warmly welcomed the cadets. Many of them would call on 'Tuggranong' whenever possible, probably in part due to her teenaged daughters, and a few would keep up correspondence with Mary when they were serving overseas in the Great War a few years later. Her involvement in the community and her loyal and giving friendship were all the more admirable as in these years she lost both her eldest daughter Jane Cynthia to appendicitis and her beloved mother just a few short weeks later.\nBy 1914 with the Great War well and truly looming large the family moved to 'Lanyon'. The move was precipitated by the death of Andrew Jackson as well the changes afoot with the planning for the new Federal Capital. There were uncertainties about how quickly 'Tuggranong' would be reclaimed as Commonwealth land and so a move to 'Lanyon' afforded the family some stability. At this time the couple offered 'Tuggranong' to the Commonwealth government as a convalescent hospital for the duration of the war, but this offer was not taken up. The war also caused other shifts in the Cunningham family and in the texture of Mary's everyday life. Always a staunch supporter of Empire, (her Empire Day bonfires for the Tuggeranong district were big affairs) Mary was unequivocally supportive of the war. Her eldest son, Andrew would go on to distinguished service with the First Light Horse Regiment, and her sister Joan served as nurse overseas for the duration of the war.\nMary herself became a passionate fundraiser and like many of her class a committed advocate of conscription during the campaigns in 1916. To the disapproval of some of the conservative people in her community she took a public role in joining a local pro-conscription committee. In the winter of 1915 she threw a ball at 'Lanyon' to raise funds for the Red Cross, and in 1917 she took the post of president of the newly created War Chest Flower Shop. The War Chest was established in 1914 as fundraising group that aimed to support all soldiers, not just the wounded ones like the Red Cross did. The position meant Mary had to travel between Sydney and 'Lanyon' of which she was now involved in managing as her husband had succumbed to chronic ill-health. The Flower shop, based on Elizabeth Street in Sydney, sold fresh produce, fresh flowers and over time Mary would come to sell some of her poems in the store too; a move she relied on her father to help her make with him often acting as critic and editor of her work. The Flower Shop was a successful venture and they eventually moved to larger premises on George Street. Despite the growing pressures and gloom of her ailing husband Mary, as always, formed supportive intellectually stimulating and loyal friendships, she struck a particularly affectionate relationship with the young artist Grace Cossington-Smith during these years.\nAfter the war Mary's life changed. Her son Andrew returned from war in 1919 but had been broken by his service and eventually descended into alcoholism. He took over 'Lanyon' as Mary was now based in Bondi, Sydney with Jim whose health was too poor to be in the cold southern climate. Andrew proceeded to publicly disgrace the family and mismanage 'Lanyon' to the point that it was publicly auctioned off in 1926, much to Mary's dismay. 'Tuggranong' was also gone by this stage having been taken over by the Department of Defence in 1922; it became the Official Historian, Charles Bean's residence for the duration of the history's writing. Both of these losses came after a deeply felt loss of Jim, who died on 28 December 1921 after years of poorly healthy. For a woman so bound to community, place and family Mary was adrift in many ways. After Jim's death she went 'home' to reside at 'Riversdale', but the final hurt came with the death of her father in 1923 after just a brief illness. After this latest grief she split her time between 'Riversdale' and 'Fairwater', a property near Ulladulla that she acquired in 1927 after the sale of 'Lanyon'. Here Mary withdrew into her herself and unlike in 1902 her family was now grown and busy with their own lives and did not rally around to pull her out of her darkness. She died alone at 'Fairvale' (her daughter's home) at the age 61 on 15 November 1930. Her death certificate refers to her refusal to take drink or food and of her 'unsound mind'. Her son Andrew found her body and had her buried at the family cemetery at 'Lanyon' where her husband and four of her daughters also lay. With the end of her life so came the end of an era of her family's proud pastoral heritage and deep ties with the land and people of the Tuggeranong valley.\nRead more about Mary Cunningham's activities during World War I at the exhibition Canberra Women in World War 1: Community at Home, Nurses Abroad.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/funeral-notice-mrs-m-cunningham\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marriage-notice\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/silver-wedding\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cunningham-james-jim-1850-1921\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cunningham-mary-emily-1870-1930\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lanyon-homestead\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tuggeranong-homestead\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/twynam-edward-1832-1923\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-cunningham-an-australian-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beautiful-colours-to-arrange-mary-cunningham-mistress-of-tuggeranong\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-official-history-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1914-1918-australia-during-the-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-1910-1960-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-1858-1931-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-cunningham-family-1834-1902-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bell, Diane", "Entry ID": "AWE4978", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bell-diane\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Anthropologist, Social justice advocate", "Summary": "Read more about Diane Bell in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Paul, Camille Agnes Becker", "Entry ID": "AWE5262", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/paul-camille-agnes-becker\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Feminist, Moral theologian, Social justice advocate", "Summary": "Read more about Camille Agnes Becker Paul in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pavy, Emily Dorothea", "Entry ID": "AWE5263", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pavy-emily-dorothea\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Lawyer, Social theorist, Solicitor", "Summary": "Emily Dorothea Pavy was an advocate for the welfare of factory workers before becoming a lawyer to pursue women's issues. Known for her dedicated and meticulous work, Pavy was a trailblazer both as a sociologist and a lawyer.\nRead more about Emily Dorothea Pavy in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Details": "Dorothea was born on 19 June 1885 at North Adelaide. Her parents were strong advocates for women's rights. Dorothea's mother had been a non-graduating student at the University of Adelaide before women were admitted to degrees and her father advocated higher education for women. She completed a Bachelor of Arts at the University of Adelaide in 1906 and became a teacher. At this time she was active in the Progressive Club for factory girls.\nIn 1912 Dorothea Proud won the first Catherine Helen Spence scholarship for sociology. She left next year for the London School of Economics where she investigated the industrial conditions of female factory workers, graduating from her Doctor of Science in 1916. She believed that welfare measures could enhance the 'recognition of individuality' and the standard of living. Dorothea drew her research from factory visits across Britain and observations in Australia and New Zealand. Proud's thesis contained an enthusiastic preface from Prime Minister Lloyd George, then Minister for Munitions. When Lloyd George asked Seebohm Rowntree to organise the welfare section of the Ministry of Munitions, Dorothea was appointed to assist in 1915-1919. In 1917 the British government appointed her CBE.\nDorothea married Lieutenant Gordon Augustus Pavy from Adelaide on 10 November 1917 in London and had two children. Two years after they married, the Pavys returned to Australia and Dorothea began legal studies at the University of Adelaide. She was articled to her husband, a lawyer, from 1924, and admitted to the Bar in 1928. The Pavys shared a partnership in general legal practice. Dorothea was a member of the Catherine Helen Spence scholarship selection committee until 1962 and convened the law committee of the State branch of the National Council of Women. She lectured social science and worked on a study of divorcees' children. She retired in 1953 and died on 8 September 1967.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pavy-emily-dorothea-1885-1967\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Uhr, Marie-Louise", "Entry ID": "AWE5342", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/uhr-marie-louise\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Biochemist", "Summary": "Read more about Marie-Louise Uhr in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-marie-louise-uhr-1977-2001-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Eggleston, Elizabeth Moulton", "Entry ID": "AWE5547", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eggleston-elizabeth-moulton\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Armadale, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Activist, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Motivated by a burning sense of injustice, Elizabeth Eggleston was a trailblazer in advocating justice for Aboriginal people. An academic lawyer and activist - she was the first doctoral candidate in the Faculty of Law at Monash University - Eggleston's research revealed systematic discrimination of Indigenous peoples in the administration of justice. She was a founder of the Victorian Aboriginal Legal Service in 1972.\n", "Details": "Elizabeth Moulton Eggleston was born on 6 November 1934 at Armadale, Melbourne. Her father, Sir Richard Moulton Eggleston, was a barrister who became a judge and chancellor of Monash University. Elizabeth graduated with a Bachelor of Laws (second-class honours) from the University of Melbourne in 1956. At university Elizabeth was active in the Australian \/Student Christian Movement, the Students' Representative Council, a voluntary legal-aid service and the editorial board of the legal journal, Res Judicatae. After briefly practising law in Melbourne, Eggleston studied her Master of Laws at the University of California at Berkeley, graduating in 1958. She returned to Melbourne in 1961 and practised as a solicitor. Elizabeth completed an arts degree at the University of Melbourne in 1964.\nIn 1965, Eggleston became the first doctoral candidate in the faculty of law at Monash University. Her PhD focussed on Aboriginal people and the administration of justice. In 1969 Eggleston began lecturing at Monash University, where she established new courses. In 1971 she became part time director of the University's Centre for Research into Aboriginal Affairs. The Centre generated research, organized conferences, established a course in Black Australian Studies, provided resources for Aboriginal groups and individuals, and liaised with government and overseas bodies.\nEggleston was a founder of the Victorian Aboriginal Legal Service in 1972. She conducted a discussion group with Aboriginal people in Pentridge gaol and advised Aboriginal communities. In addition to publishing articles, Elizabeth made submissions to government inquiries and parliamentary committees. Eggleston returned to North America in 1972 and undertook research in Native American communities. Her major publication, Fear, Favour or Affection (Canberra, 1976), was acclaimed for revealing systemic discrimination against Aboriginal people in the administration of criminal justice. She died on 24 March 1976 in East Melbourne and Aboriginal friends sang at her memorial service.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eggleston-elizabeth-moulton-1934-1976\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-archives-eggleston-elizabeth-moulton-1934-1976\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Watson, Irene", "Entry ID": "AWE5731", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/watson-irene\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Academic, Activist, Barrister, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "A proud Tanganekald and Meintangk woman from the Coorong region and the south east of South Australia, Irene Watson was the first Aboriginal person to graduate from the University of Adelaide with a law degree, in 1985. She was also the first Aboriginal PhD graduate (2000) at the university, winning the Bonython Law Prize for best thesis. Her research motivation has been clear from the outset: to gain a better understanding of the Australian legal system that is underpinned by the unlawful foundation of Terra Nullius.\nWatson's work has made a significant impression on everyday legal practice in respect of centring an Indigenous perspective in the long processes of law reform. In 2015 she published Aboriginal Peoples, Colonialism and International Law: Raw Law the first work to assess the legality and impact of colonisation from the viewpoint of Aboriginal law, rather than from that of the dominant Western legal tradition.\nWatson has been involved in the Aboriginal Legal Rights Movement in South Australia since its inception in 1973, working as a member, solicitor and director. She has taught in all three South Australian universities and was a research fellow with the University of Sydney Law School. She is currently a research Professor of Law at the University of South Australia and she continues to work as an advocate for First Nations Peoples in international law.\nWatson was involved with the drafting of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples between 1990 and 1994 and has more recently, in 2009 and 2012, made interventions before the UN Human Rights Council Expert Advisory Committee of the current position of Indigenous peoples.\nIn 2016, Watson was appointed The University of South Australia's inaugural Indigenous pro-Vice Chancellor.\nIrene Watson was interviewed by Nikki Henningham for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of AustraliaCATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "A longer essay detailing Irene Watson's career is in development.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irene-watson-sas-first-aboriginal-lawyer-welcomes-young-graduates\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-peoples-colonialism-and-international-law-raw-law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/looking-at-you-looking-at-me-an-aboriginal-history-of-the-south-east\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irene-watson-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Harford, Lesbia Venner", "Entry ID": "AWE5822", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/harford-lesbia-venner\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brighton, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Lawyer, Poet, Writer", "Summary": "Lesbia Venner Harford (1891-1927), poet, was born on 9 April 1891 at Brighton, Melbourne, daughter of Edmund Joseph Keogh, a well-to-do financial agent, and his wife Helen Beatrice, n\u00e9e Moore, both born in Victoria. Her mother was related to the earl of Drogheda. About 1900 the Keoghs fell on hard times and in an effort to retrieve the family fortunes Edmund went to Western Australia, where he eventually took up farming.\nLesbia was born with a congenital heart defect which restricted her activity throughout her life. Nettie Palmer remembered her at a children's party as 'a dark-eyed little girl who sat quite still, looking on'. She was educated at Clifton, the Brigidine convent at Glen Iris, and Mary's Mount, the Loreto convent at Ballarat, but she rebelled against the family's staunch Catholicism: in 1915 she conducted services for Frederick Sinclaire's Fellowship group. \nIn 1912 she enrolled in law at the University of Melbourne, paying her way by coaching or taking art classes in schools. She graduated LL.B. In December 1916 in the same class as (Sir) Robert Menzies. During her undergraduate years she had become embroiled in the anti-war and anti-conscription agitation, forming a close friendship with Guido Baracchi (son of Pietro Baracchi) who claimed later that 'she above all' helped him to find his way 'right into the revolutionary working class movement'. \nOn graduation she chose what she considered to be a life of greater social purpose and went to work in a clothing factory. Much of her poetry belongs to this phase of her life and she shows a growing solidarity with her fellow workers and an antagonism towards those whom she saw as exploiters. She became involved in union politics and like her brother Esmond (later a Melbourne medical scientist) joined the Industrial Workers of the World. She went to Sydney where she lived with I.W.W. Friends and worked, when strong enough, in a clothing factory or as a university coach. On 23 November 1920 in Sydney she married the artist Patrick John O'Flaghartie Fingal Harford, a fellow I.W.W. Member and clicker in his father's boot factory: they moved to Melbourne where he worked with William Frater in Brooks Robinson & Co. Ltd and was a founder of the Post-Impressionist movement in Melbourne. \nFor many years Lesbia had suffered from tuberculosis. She tried to complete her legal qualifications but died in hospital on 5 July 1927. She was buried in Boroondara cemetery. \nLesbia transcribed her poems into notebooks in beautiful script; she sang many of her lyrics to tunes of her own composing. Some she showed to friends or enclosed in letters. She was first published in the May 1921 issue of Birth, the journal of the Melbourne Literary Club, and then in its 1921 annual. She provoked much interest at the time and Percival Serle included some of her poems in An Australasian Anthology (Sydney, 1927). In her review of the anthology, Nettie Palmer singled out Lesbia's poetry for special praise, and in September and October 1927 published four of her poems in tribute to her. Lesbia mistrusted publishers, explaining that she was 'in no hurry to be read'. In 1941 a collection edited by Nettie Palmer was published with Commonwealth Literary Fund assistance. No complete collection exists. On her death her father took custody of her notebooks and they were lost when his shack was destroyed by fire.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Nicholls, Yvonne Isabel", "Entry ID": "AWE6079", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nicholls-yvonne-isabel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Melburne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Administrative officer, Author, Civil Libertarian, Public speaker, Teacher", "Details": "Yvonne Isabel Nicholls nee Miles took her BA from the University of Melbourne in 1936 and her MA from the University of Sydney in 1972 with a thesis entitled Thai Kenaf: a case-study of a new cash crop in a developing country of Southeast Asia. Her interest in Thailand was sustained by a ten-year residency, during a life of travel, following her marriage in 1940 to Frank Nicholls (1916-2013) who had a long career in scientific administration in Australia and overseas.[1] The couple spent the war in England, where she headed the unit in Australia House charged with photographing and sending secret documents to Australia.\nOn her return to Australia, Yvonne Nicholls took up an appointment in Economic Geography at the University of Melbourne, occupying various positions between 1948 and 1960, after which, in Thailand, she became principal of a former PEN English-language school, securing government patronage and overseeing its expansion to cover from kindergarten to Cambridge GCE level. In Geneva during the 1970s she published on environmental law.[2]\nAn interest in ants led to her discovering a new species during a trip to the Otway Ranges. It was named Monomorian yvonnii by the CSIRO entomologist John Clark. Her 1952 pamphlet Not Slaves, Not Citizens was used during the Yes campaign for the 1967 referendum that gave the Commonwealth the power to make laws specifically to benefit Aboriginal people.[3]\nIn Australia after 1977 she taught at several schools and the Council for Adult Education. Yvonne Nicholls was a frequent speaker in person, on radio and television. Her range of topics was prodigious, inspired by life in many countries. Her lecture 'The Fascinating History of Sex' was both popular and memorable. She told an interviewer:\nIn sacred sex, for example, I describe rituals such as group sex in the fields, which was a fertility rite practised by the Incas in South America. When I talk about sensual sex I cite cultures such as ancient Rome where wives were the faithful watchdogs and married men sought beauty and sexual stimulation in their mistresses. Sinful sex, especially in the Judeo-Christian tradition, comes from the view of Eve as temptress.[4]\nWhen Bert Newton interviewed her on television he ensured that the legs of the grand piano were shrouded to avoid upsetting the audience.\n[1] Suzy Chandler. 'Scientist and Movie Buff Who Helped Develop Radar and Played Leading Role in Establishing Film Festival'. Age (12 February 2013). http:\/\/www.theage.com.au\/comment\/obituaries\/scientist-and-movie-buff-who-helped-develop-radar-and-played-leading-role-in-establishing-film-festival-20130211-2e8xh.html\n[2] Yvonne I. Nicholls. Source Book: emergence of proposals for recompensing developing countries for maintaining environmental quality (IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper no. 5) Morges, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1973.\n[3] Yvonne Nicholls. Not Slaves, Not Citizens: condition of the Australian Aborigines in the Northern Territory. Melbourne: Australian Council for Civil Liberties, 1952.\n[4] Mary Ryllis Clark. 'It's the Little Things in Life'. Age: 15 April 2004. http:\/\/www.theage.com.au\/articles\/2004\/04\/14\/1081838772488.html\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/40-years-40-women-biographies-of-university-of-melbourne-women-published-to-commemorate-the-40th-anniversary-of-the-international-year-of-women\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Plumwood, Val", "Entry ID": "AWE6137", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/plumwood-val\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Terry Hills, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Author, Environmentalist, Feminist, Lecturer, philosopher, Teacher", "Summary": "Val Plumwood was an eminent Australian environmental philosopher.\n", "Details": "Val Plumwood was born on 11 August 1939 in Terry Hills, Sydney. She started her first year of philosophy at Sydney University in 1956 and, after a short break, resumed her studies in the 1960s.\nVal taught at Macquarie University, Murdoch University, the University of Tasmania, North Carolina State University and the University of Montana. She published widely during the seventies, including papers with Richard Routley (her second husband) and four books. At the time of her death, she was working on a further two manuscripts.\nIn the 1970s Val was a prominent member of a group of philosophers at the Australian National University who formed the first wave of Australian environmental philosophy. She was also an important environmental activist, and in the 1970s and 1980s was instrumental in a campaign to save rainforests in eastern Australia.\nVal received a PhD from the Australian National University in 1990 was a member of the university's Social and Political Theory Program, Research School of Social Sciences. She held visiting professorships at the University of California-Berkeley in the US, McMaster University in Ontario, Canada, the University of Lancaster in the UK and the University of Frankfurt in Germany. Val was also a Fellow at the Australian National University, first as an Australian Research Council fellow and later as a Visiting Fellow of the Fenner School of Environment & Society.\nVal passed away in late February 2008.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-val-plumwood-philosopher-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-judith-wright-1944-2000-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Turner, Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE6237", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/turner-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Academic, Activist, Historian", "Summary": "Ann Turner completed a Bachelor of Arts in 1950 and a Diploma of Education in 1951, at the University of Sydney. Ann then went on to complete a Master of Education at the Universities of Melbourne and New England, from 1980 to 1987.\nAnn taught at primary and secondary schools in Sydney, Adelaide, Melbourne and London, prior to taking up positions as lecturer at both the Hawthorn Institute of Education and the University of Papua New Guinea, from c. 1972 until the 1990s.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ann-turner-1901-2009-bulk-1975-2004-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/betty-marginson-interviewed-by-ann-turner-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gorman, Grace", "Entry ID": "AWE6253", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gorman-grace\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Activist, Refugee Advocate", "Summary": "Grace Gorman is an activist who has campaigned for refugees held in detention in Australia, to raise public awareness of their plight.\nGrace became involved in refugee rights before the Tampa affair in August 2001 and was a part of both the Refugee Action Collective (Victoria) and Rural Australians for Refugees (RAR).\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-grace-gorman-2001-2003-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cummins, Marlene", "Entry ID": "AWE6630", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cummins-marlene\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cunnamulla, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal rights activist, Activist, Musician, Radio presenter", "Summary": "Marlene Cummins is one of Australia's foremost blues musicians, a lifelong Aboriginal rights activist and the subject of Rachel Perkin's 2014 documentary Black Panther Woman .\n", "Details": "Marlene Cummins was born in the Queensland town of Cunnamulla, to Guguyelandji heritage on her father's side and Woppaburra on her Mother's.\nAt 17 Cummins had made her way to Brisbane and joined the Australian Black Panther Party, the first chapter in the country. The party's 'Ten-Point Platform Program' led to the establishment of the Aboriginal Medical and Legal Services, a childcare program and a free breakfast program for schoolchildren. Cummins notes that the latter two programs were largely run by women.\nRachel Perkin's 2014 documentary, Black Panther Woman, depicts Cummins' reflections on her time as a Panther, her career as a musician and radio show host, as well as her attendance at the New York International Black Panther Conference. Additionally, Cummins reveals the abusive intra-party attitudes that prevailed towards female Panthers at the time, and the pressure felt to stay silent in order to protect the Aboriginal rights movement. She has remained vocal about violence perpetrated against Indigenous women in Australia, and the double minority burden that precludes justice for these crimes.\nCummins incorporates these themes and personal experiences into her first album, Koori Woman Blues, the culmination of her long career as a songwriter, saxophone player and blues musician. Cummins additionally has worked as an actor, appearing in a short film Hush for the 2007 Indigenous Film Festival, and recently in Black Drop Effect at the 2020 Sydney Festival.\nFor more than twenty years Cummins has hosted her show Marloo's Blues on Koori Radio. In 2009 she won the Broadcaster of the Year award for her work at the Deadly Awards.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cummins-marlene-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-black-panther-party-of-australia-volume-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/chilly-iris-suzanne-colleen-aka-chilly-aka-chile-sue-volume-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-biographical-index-entry-personal-subject-cummins-marlene\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Stevens, Joyce", "Entry ID": "AWE6631", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stevens-joyce\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cullen Bullen, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Communist, Historian, Women's liberationist", "Summary": "Joyce Stevens was a prominent member of the Sydney Women's Liberation Movement, a socialist feminist member of the Communist Party of Australia, and a historian of the women's movement.\n", "Details": "Joyce Stevens n\u00e9e Barnes was born in Cullen Bullen, NSW, to parents James and Lucy Barnes. Stevens' father worked as a railway fettler and the family lived in various tents and tin huts along the railway lines of NSW. Stevens attributes much of her initial political and feminist education to her working-class background, as well as to the influence of her mother.\nStevens was a motivated member of the Communist Party of Australia, joining in 1945 and later becoming the National Women's Organiser. During this time, Stevens was interested in socialist-feminism, or the connections between socialism and Women's Liberation.\nAs a Liberationist, Stevens was dedicated to promoting equal pay for women, establishing women's health centres and refuges and campaigning for abortion reform. She joined the Working Women's Group and in 1972 helped produce the booklet What Every Woman Should Know, to educate female high school students about women's health and methods of contraceptives. The next year this work soon grew into Control, a women's abortion referral service provided by Women's Liberation. That same year the Leichardt Women's Health Centre was opened.\nThroughout this time, she also helped to produce and Mejane and Scarlet Woman, a feminist newspaper and magazine respectively.\nDuring International Women's Year, 1975, Stevens was granted $6,000 by the National Women's Advisory Committee to hold a number of forums throughout suburban Sydney. These commissions, organised by Stevens and other Sydney activists, aimed to encourage women of all backgrounds to share their personal experiences with discrimination and prejudice as a form of 'consciousness-raising' and promoting a feeling of sisterhood amongst the attendees. These forums culminated in 'What has International Women's Year Done for Women', a Sydney-wide commission.\nWith a desire to document the activities and progress achieved by the Sydney Women's Liberation Movement, Stevens worked as part of a collective to create the First Ten Years of Sydney Women's Liberation Collection, work which began in 1978 and completed in 1999. In addition to this collection, Stevens has authored a number of books including A History of International Women's Year in Words and Images (1985), Taking the Revolution Home: work among women in the Communist Party of Australia 1920-1945 (1987), Lightening the Load -Women and Work - A History of WEAC 1982-1989 (1991), and Healing Women: A History of Leichardt Women's Community Health Centre [1995). Stevens' poem Because We're Women, written for Women's Liberation Broadsheet, International Women's Day, 1975, remains one of her most prominent works.\nIn 1996 Stevens was a made a Member of the Order of Australia in recognition of her social justice activism and her work as a writer. In 2002 she was a recipient of the Edna Ryan Award.\nJoyce Stevens passed in 2014.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/first-ten-years-of-sydney-womens-liberation-collection-ca-1969-ca-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jill-lennon-and-gwen-bloomfield-interview-some-foundation-members-of-the-womens-liberation-movement-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joyce-stevens-papers-1912-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-joyce-stevens-feminist-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Salce, Mary", "Entry ID": "PR00291", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/salce-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cromvoirt, Holland", "Occupations": "Activist, Community worker, Farmer", "Summary": "Mary Salce is a dairy farmer from Gippsland, in Victoria. She has been actively involved in agricultural politics since the 1960s, often, in the first twenty years, as the only woman on industry boards. By the mid-1980s, Mary had emerged as a leader of the Women in Agriculture movement. She was instrumental in establishing the Rural Women's Network, and her role in organising and convening the First International Women in Agriculture Conference was pivotal in the process of securing a voice in decision making for rural women nationally and internationally. Her leadership and influence has resulted in profound change in the profile of rural women: in the acknowledgement of their contribution to the rural sector, in their empowerment though the development of their leadership skills and confidence, in the development of a co-ordinated voice airing their particular concerns with social, welfare and sustainability issues, and in their role in strengthening communities.\n", "Details": "Mary Salce was born on a dairy farm in Cromvoirt, Holland, in 1945. Her father was a noted Friesian breeder. The family emigrated to Australia in 1954, bringing the cheese plant for a European-style cheese making venture. They ran dairy farms in Yarragon and Nilma in Gippsland. Mary began her working life with the accountancy firm Manning and Perry, studying accountancy at night. In 1968 she married dairy farmer Reno Salce; she herself worked in 1968-9 for the Drouin Co-operative.\nMary began to attend farmer's meetings, becoming the first woman secretary of the United Dairy Farmers of Victoria in 1976. Her background in accountancy led her to question figures being quoted in regard to prices being paid to farmers for milk.\nThe difficult economic circumstances of the 1970s in the rural sector - falling prices, and rising interest rates, fuel and labour costs - were followed by drought in the early 1980s. Though individual women raised their voices to draw attention to their concerns and possible solutions, Mary realised that they were not being heard, that women's significant contribution to agriculture was not being acknowledged and that their perspective - which focused on social, welfare and sustainability issues - was being ignored.\nThe formation of the Women's Drought Support Network and the Women in Dairying Group in Gippsland saw the first networks formed amongst rural women in Australia, at a moment in time when government was receptive to their needs. Against this background Mary emerged as a leader.\nChronology:\n1976 (-1990): United Dairy Farmers of Victoria - Sale Branch, Inaugural Secretary\/Vice-President\/District Delegate\/State Conference Delegate\n1985: Mary was instrumental in the formation of the Rural Women's Network with the support of the state government.\n1987: Board Member, Victorian Dairy Industry Authority\n1991: Attended the National Farm Women's Conference in Canada, representing the Gippsland Women's Network, and realised that the lack of recognition of women's contributions to agricultural sector was worldwide.\n1993: Guest speaker, Sixth National Canadian Farm Women's Network Conference.\n1994. Headed the Steering Committee for, and convened, the First International Women in Agriculture Conference, which attracted 860 delegates from 33 countries\nOn the last day, in response to a motion from the floor, an ongoing body was created - the Foundation for Agricultural Women - and Mary was appointed the first President.\nShe would be instrumental in the organisation of the second conference, in Washington in 1998, and a member of the organising committee of the third in Madrid. She has been a keynote speaker at all four conferences.\nIn October Mary organised the Victorian Women on Water Forum, calling for 'social impact studies of water reform'.\n1995: Presenter, Workshop Facilitator, Women in Agriculture and their Participation in Development of Agriculture Technologies Conference, Beijing, China\nMary, as president of the FAAW, was a Steering Committee member for the first National Rural Women's Forum, which addressed the key issues of the movement: the visibility and recognition of rural women, access to participation in decision making, networking, women's contribution to agriculture and environmental sustainability and to viable communities, women's education and training needs and social justice issues.\nIn April she was a keynote speaker at the Swan Hill Women on Farms Gathering.\n1996: Mary coordinated the Achieving Your Goals Seminar in Bairnsdale, for 200 women, one of a series of initiatives aimed a developing women's skills, including leadership skills, and encouraging their industry participation. From this seminar the East Gippsland Business Women's Group was established.\nShe was listed in the Who's Who in Agriculture Top 100, Australian Farm Journal (one of five women).\nIn this year she also lobbied the United States Department of Agriculture in Washington to hold the Second International Conference on Women in Agriculture in the USA. She addressed a reception hosted for the FAAW by the Australian ambassador, John McCarthy.\n1997: National Chair, Uniting Our Rural Communities Cultural and Community Leadership Project.\n1998 : Facilitator of, and an opening speaker at, the Second International Conference on Women in Agriculture in Washington, chaired by Jill Long Thompson, United States Under Secretary for Agriculture. National Chair, Salute from Australia Event, at the conference.\n2001: Inducted into the Victorian Women's Honour Roll, for her role in gaining respect and recognition for farming women in Australia and around the world. In this year, as Chair of the Women in Rural Communities Taskforce, she was a committee member of the ministerial Advisory Committee for Victorian Communities,\n2002: Member of Organising Committee for the 3rd World Congress of Rural Women, one of six Australian women invited to present. Recipient, International Women in Agriculture Award for Vision, Courage & Leadership. Met in Basque Region, Spain, with Co-operative representatives. Met in Rome with Senior Italian Government Officials and NGOs to discuss possible global regional forums re Women and Water.\n2003: Recipient, Centenary Medal, for service to the community through women's services within the rural and agriculture sector\n2004: Mary was a participant, as a community activist, representing the Gippsland Women's Network, in the Women and Water Forum, New England .\n2005-2006: President of the Gippsland Women's Network. This body had been a loose collectivity of local women from the beginning of the movement. It was incorporated in 2004.\n2006-2009: Member, West Gippsland Catchment Management Authority Board.\n2007: Keynote speaker, 4th World Congress of rural Women, Durban South Africa. Met with senior ministers, Winnie Mandela, and with African rural women in their communities.\nOther Organisations:\nMary has also been involved with the following organisations: Southern Rural Water Licensing Business Forum (Current Member); A Future for Rural Australia Inc. (Current Member); Rural Women for Community & Economic Development Inc.(Inaugural Steering Committee Member, 1999-2000); Southern Rural Water Avon River Stream Management Plan Project Group (Current Member); National Reference Group - Rural Women for Cultural and Community Leadership (Chairperson, 1996-1998); Victorian Eastern Development Association (Member, Steering Committee, pilot program, 'Achieving Your Goals', 1995-1998); Gippsland Community (SCOPE) Leadership Program Steering Committee (Committee Member, 1995-1997); Lake Wellington Rivers Authority, Victoria (Deputy Chairperson, 1995-1998); Avon-Macalister Implementation Group (Member, 1995-1998); Federal Special Rural Task Force - Impact of Assets Tests on Rural Customers (Member, 1997); Women Chiefs of Enterprise International - Victoria Division (Current Member); Department of Primary Industry and Energy Canberra - National Rural Women's Co-ordinator Selection Panel, Representing FAAW (May 1995); Gippsland Water Quality Group (Member - River Management Representative, 1993-1995); Avon Macalister River Management Board (Member, 1991-1995); Gippsland Lakes Implementation Council (Member - River Management Representative 1992-1994); Lake Wellington Catchment Salinity Management Plan Community Working Group (Committee Member - Community Representative, 1993); Business and Professional Women's Association (Finance Chairperson, 1985).\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/breaking-through-the-grass-ceiling-women-power-leadership-in-rural-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/salute-to-mary-salce\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-agriculture-farming-for-our-future\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-shaping-the-nation-victorian-honour-roll-of-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/agents-for-change-farming-for-our-future\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/project-report-international-women-in-agriculture-conference\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-of-the-land-stories-of-australias-rural-women-as-told-to-ros-bowden\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-salute-from-australia-at-the-2nd-international-conference-on-women-in-agriculture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/conference-report-national-rural-womens-forum-parliament-house-canberra-june-7-8-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-salce\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brilliant-ideas-and-huge-visions-abc-radio-australian-rural-women-of-the-year-1994-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-laurene-dietrich-1990-1994-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-gippsland-womens-network-1994-2006-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-salce-interviewed-by-ros-bowden-in-the-women-of-the-land-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-mary-salce-1976-2007-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-of-the-land-oral-history-project\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-salce-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Marginson, Betty May", "Entry ID": "AWE6411", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marginson-betty-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Kew, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Councillor, Mayor, Teacher, Volunteer", "Summary": "Betty Marginson was a pioneer in many fields as a teacher, a student and community activist, local Councillor and advocate for citizens' and women's rights. Her academic career spanned the World War II years as an undergraduate student to 1985 when she took her Diploma in Public Policy at the age of 62. As well as raising four children with her husband Ray Marginson, she taught at various State Schools from 1943 to 1982. She was the founding President of the Hawthorn Chapter of the University of the Third Age, becoming President of the Victorian network in 1993. The first woman appointed Mayor of the City of Hawthorn from 1976 to 1977, she was a Council Member from 1972 to 1981. In the wider world, Betty Marginson was President of University College, University of Melbourne from 1986 to 1991, and was a voluntary worker in many fields, including at Heide Park and Art Gallery.\n", "Details": "Betty May Marginson, was born on 3 February 1923 in Clifton Hill, Melbourne, the youngest of the five children of Winifred and William John Reilly and educated at Geelong Road Primary School, Footscray and Williamstown High School. The first in her family to attend a university, she enrolled at the Melbourne Teachers' College in 1939 and in 1943 at the University of Melbourne from which she took her BA. In 1946 she was Vice-President of the Students' Representative Council and served as Victorian Minute Secretary of the Council for Civil Liberties, working with Brian Fitzpatrick in its unsuccessful campaigns in the 1944 and 1946 referenda to persuade Victorians to vote in favour of extending Commonwealth powers.\nIn 1947 she married Raymond David Marginson. Their first son, Simon, was born in 1951 and although she returned briefly to teaching at Eltham High School, she left in 1955 after the birth of their second son, David. A third son, Gregory followed, and it was not until 1969, when their daughter Jenny was old enough for school that she returned to teaching. At Hawthorn West Central School, she taught English to immigrant children until 1982. She joined the Victorian Teachers' Union in 1969.\nShe became the Treasurer of the School Council and in 1972 was elected to the Hawthorn City Council on which she served until 1981. In 1976, she was elected its first woman Mayor and in 1979, she became the first woman elected to the Municipal Association of Victoria. She was the Local Government representative on the Victorian Child Development and Family Services\nCouncil and Hawthorn City Council representative on the Family and Community Services Regional Committee.\nBetty Marginson's influence through local government was extensive and long-lasting. Her time on the Council saw the establishment of a day-care hospital, the commissioning of a report on the needs of the ageing in the area and construction of the Hawthorn Aquatic and Leisure Centre. She joined the Australian Local Government Women's in 1972.\nHer influence on the wider community was equally impressive. Long active in the campaign for abortion law reform, Betty Marginson chaired the Consultative Council on Senior Citizens set up by the Victorian government from 1981 till 1988, when she became Vice Chairperson of its successor, the State Government Older Persons' Council. She was the foundation president of the Hawthorn chapter of the University of the Third Age and in 1993 was elected President of the Victoria State University of the Third Age Network.\nShe became a Justice of the Peace in 1979 and was a member of the Council of University College, University of Melbourne from 1983 to 1993, and served as President from 1986 to 1990. She was equally active in other areas, as a member of the National Trust of Australia and National Gallery Society of Victoria from 1960, in the Lyceum Club and as a voluntary worker at the Heide Park and Art Gallery.\nBetty Marginson's contribution to Australia life was recognised by the award of the Queen's Jubilee Medal in 1977, becoming a Member of the Order of Australia in 1993 and in 2001 becoming one of the two hundred women placed on the Honour Roll of 'Women Shaping the Nation' and receiving the Centenary of Federation Medal.\n", "Events": "Adult Community and Further Education representative of Council for Adult Education (1992 - 1992) \nCentenary of Federation Medal (2001 - 2001) \nCouncil of University College, University of Melbourne (1986 - 1986) \nFirst woman Executive Committee Member, Municipal Association of Victoria (1979 - 1979) \nFirst women Mayor of Hawthorn City Council (1976 - 1976) \nJustice of the Peace (1979 - 1979) \nMember of the Order of Australia (AM) (1993 - 1993) \nPlaced on Honour Roll of 'Women Shaping the Nation' (2001 - 2001) \nPresident of Victoria-wide network of University of the Third Age (1993 - 1993) \nQueen's Jubilee Medal (1977 - 1977)", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/betty-marginson-interviewed-by-ann-turner-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marginson-betty\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marginson-betty-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marginson-betty-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marginson-betty-4\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marginson-betty-5\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Reed-Gilbert, Kerry", "Entry ID": "AWE2309083", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reed-gilbert-kerry\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wiradjuri Country (Gulgong), New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Artist, Consultant, Educator, Writer", "Summary": "Kerry Reed-Gilbert was an Aboriginal author, editor, educator and activist. A number of books of her poetry were published in her lifetime. She also compiled and contributed to numerous anthologies, and produced non-fiction related to her work as an educator and consultant. Her memoir, The Cherry Picker's Daughter was published in 2019, shortly after her death. Her friend and fellow Wiradjuri writer, Jeanine Leane described her as 'the matriarch of First Nations' Writing in Australia'.\nKerry Reed-Gilbert was inscribed on the ACT Women's Honour Roll in 2019.\n", "Details": "\"Kerry grew up on Wiradjuri country, living in Condobolin NSW, raised within a large extended family by her Mummy and Daddy - Joyce and Ned Hutchings. As she grew up, she came to know the troubled story of her biological parents. Kerry was only three months old when her father, Kevin Gilbert, killed her mother, Goma (nee Scott) in Parkes NSW in 1957. Kerry and her older brother (also called Kevin) were then taken in by their father's older sister Joyce, and Joyce's husband Ned. In her writing and in interviews, Kerry always refers to them as Mummy and Daddy. In addition to Kerry and her brother Kevin, Joyce Hutchings cared for her own three children, and three children of other family members. The Cherry Picker's Daughter describes Kerry's hard and precarious childhood. While being raised by Joyce in a loving home, Kerry and Kevin were officially wards of the state, and lived in constant fear of the 'welfare'. The family were subject to covert and overt racism. Public policies and attitudes of the time meant that access to fairly paid work, adequate housing, and educational opportunities were severely limited. Most of their income came from working as itinerant fruit-pickers (for which they were paid significantly less than non-Aboriginal workers), and from Ned Hutchings's work as a railway fettler, which often kept him away from home. Joyce Hutchings also took on other work like domestic cleaning, cooking, stick-picking and timber-cutting to keep the family afloat. When their home in Condobolin was destroyed by fire, they endured the uncertainty of temporary and makeshift accommodation for some time, until Joyce was able to buy a house in Koorawatha. Although The Cherry Picker's Daughter is described by the publishers as a childhood memoir, it is also Joyce Hutching's story, and a tribute to her resilience and dedication to her family.\nIn 1971 when Kerry was 15, her father was released from jail, and he continued pursuing the activism, art and writing that he had taken up while in prison. Kerry frequently acknowledged that despite the difficulties of her childhood, she was luckier than many other Aboriginal children of the time, as Joyce was able to achieve what many others could not, and keep her family together. Kerry said 'I've got all the goodness of this amazing family. I've got all the principles of this amazing Aboriginal woman - her strength, her dignity\u2026[and] I got the fire in the belly of my old man'. After leaving school Kerry worked as a fruit-picker and became a mother to two daughters. In the late 1980s she lived in Wagga Wagga and pursued further study. Initially undertaking an Associate Diploma in Adult Education, she later completed a Bachelor of Arts in Adult Education. While studying she also worked in women's housing, employment services and literacy programs in Wagga. She attended the 1988 Aboriginal protest at the Tent Embassy with her father in Canberra, this event fuelled her involvement in activism and calls for Aboriginal sovereignty through a treaty.\nIn the 1990s she moved to Sydney and commenced working at the Office of Youth Affairs and established Indigenous employment programs with Telstra. She later started her own business Kuracca Consultancy, providing training in Aboriginal culture and history to government and community organisations, and consultancy services supporting research and evaluation related to Indigenous health, education, homelessness and other social issues. While working to advance human rights and social and educational opportunities for Aboriginal people, Kerry also found time for creative output. She practiced art and photography and had started sharing her poetry, supported by her close friend Anita Heiss. In 1993 she performed some of her poems at Writers in the Park at the Harold Park Hotel and in 1996 Black Woman, Black Life, the first collection of her poetry, was published. In 1997 she compiled and edited Message Stick: Contemporary Aboriginal Writing. In 2000 she also compiled and edited The Strength of Us as Women: Black Women Speak, which she described in the preface as an outlet for Aboriginal women to describe 'their issues, their loves, their hurts'. In an ABC radio interview, she spoke about her hope that Indigenous women's writing would flourish and not just be confined to autobiography and survival stories but might expand into other genres; asking 'why can't we write erotica\u2026or murder mysteries?'.\nKerry moved to Canberra in the late 1990s, to be closer to her youngest daughter and grandchild, and brought her eldest daughter and her children to live there too. Canberra also allowed for improved work opportunities. She was a founding member of Us Mob Writing, a Canberra-based group of emerging and established Indigenous writers. In 2012-13 she co-founded the First Nations Australia Writers Network (FNAWN) and became its inaugural chairperson. The last few years of her life were very productive, despite ill health. Publications she was involved with included A pocketful of leadership in the ACT (2016); Too deadly: our voice, our way, our business. Us Mob Writing (2017) and A pocketful of leadership in First Nations Australia Communities (2017).\nIn 2016 the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS) acquired an extensive collection of 'Aboriginalia' that Kerry had begun accumulating in the 1970s. The collection includes plates, figurines, badges, ashtrays, prints, and velvet paintings.\u00a0Responding to criticism that such material demeans Aboriginal people, she said 'We are masters of our own destiny and we will decide what we see as being culturally right for us. I believe these objects represent who we are as people, from then to now. Each piece represents Aboriginal Australia and we will own them.'\nKerry Reed-Gilbert received a number of awards for her writing and has been acknowledged as a generous mentor and supporter by many other contemporary Indigenous writers. In 2003 she was the recipient of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Arts Board\u00a0fellowship for poetry and writing, which provided a two-month residency in New York. Her name was inscribed on the ACT Women's Honour Roll in 2019. Through her writing and public speaking, she advocated against tokenism, for Indigenous people to be paid fairly for their contributions to public cultural activities and events, and for non-Indigenous writers to be more thoughtful in their portrayal of Aboriginal characters in their writing. She also challenged non-Indigenous Australians to engage with and acknowledge the history of colonisation and dispossession, and its ongoing impact on Aboriginal people. She passed away in Canberra in July 2019 surrounded by her daughters, grandchildren, other family and close friends.\"\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kerry-reed-gilbert-her-eulogy-from-my-heart-anita-heiss-blog\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vale-kuracca-a-tribute-to-kerry-reed-gilbert\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/honouring-the-words-of-the-messenger\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/desperate-measures-kevin-gilbert-with-kerry-reed-gilbert\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kerry-reed-gilbert-interviewed-by-mary-hutchison-in-the-centenary-of-canberra-oral-history-project-2014\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aiatsis-collection\/" } ]