[ { "Title\/Name": "Shea, Agnes Josephine", "Entry ID": "AWE4895", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shea-agnes-josephine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Oakhill, North Yass, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Aboriginal Elder, Aboriginal rights activist", "Summary": "Aunty Agnes Shea is a highly respected elder of the Ngunnawal Aboriginal people of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). A foundation member of the United Ngunnawal Elders' Council and a member of the ACT Heritage Council, Aunty Agnes works toward improving non-Indigenous Australians' understanding of Aboriginal culture. She contributes significantly to progress towards reconciliation. (Reconciliation is about unity and respect between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders and non-Indigenous Australians. It is about respect for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander heritage and valuing justice and equity for all Australians.) Her work in the area of health and social equity for Aboriginal people contributes to an increase in the quality of life for many. Aunty Agnes is one of the Ngunnawal elders who performs the traditional Ngunnawal Welcome to Country ceremony for visitors to the ACT.\n", "Details": "Aunty Agnes Shea (n\u00e9e Bulger) was born at Oak Hill, North Yass, New South Wales (NSW) in 1931, the fifth of eight children of Violet Josephine Bulger (n\u00e9e Freeman), domestic servant and Edward Walter 'Vincent' Bulger, railway worker.\nAunty Agnes grew up at Oak Hill and the Hollywood Aboriginal Reserve, near Yass, NSW. (Hollywood Aboriginal Reserve is often referred to as the Hollywood Mission.) She portrays a strong sense of community when talking about those years:\nIt was a different life to now, we had much more closeness and togetherness and we lived with our uncles and aunties, grandparents and friends and we cared and shared with each other. We felt protected because our Elders were there with us (AIATSIS NTRU Conference 2010).\nAunty Agnes describes Oak Hill as an 'open bit of ground on the stock route' (Brown, 2007, p. 79) where Aboriginal people were permitted to build and live in gunjes, dwellings with dirt floors, stringy-bark walls and galvanised iron roofs. They had no electricity or running water, only an open fire for heating and cooking. For warmth, people lined the gunjes with layers of newspaper and corn bags from the nearby mill.\nAunty Agnes attended school from the age of 7. This meant walking 10 kilometres each way from Oak Hill to the Hollywood Aboriginal Reserve school, until 1938 when they were all moved to the Reserve where housing was a little better with galvanised iron walls, wooden floors, separate bedrooms and cement water tanks. The Aboriginal children were permitted access to limited parts of town and only under supervision. They were forbidden to speak their own language when in town; and threatened with court and removal to a children's home if they did. Aunty Agnes said that practices and policies changed very slowly for the Aborigines and that 'Hollywood was a place that you survived. But we had happy times there.' (Brown, 2007, p. 90).\nOn Christmas Eve 1939 when Aunty Agnes was eight years old her father Vincent died suddenly, leaving his widow with eight children. Violet Bulger was given permission to do domestic work in town, but eventually the family was forced to leave the Reserve. Aunty Agnes remembers:\nThe authorities came and told her she had to be moved off the Mission, because she was now a single mother and she was a bad influence on the rest of the community. (Brown, 2007, p. 86.) (This was clearly the family understanding. To date research has not found a record of any such official policy but unofficial local policies were not unknown on Aboriginal Reserves.)\nAunty Agnes tells how they then lived at 'a place called Morton Avenue', about five kilometres from Yass. She and her siblings walked the five kilometres to school because Aborigines were not permitted to use the school bus service. She explained the limited schooling opportunities for Aborigines during those days: 'you had to leave when you were fourteen \u2026 to make room for the other ones coming up behind you. I - and many others in my age group - only had education from first class to third class. \u2026 But we did have the cultural education which came from our family; our Elders and grandparents.' (Brown, 2007, p. 83).\nIn 1947 at Yass, Aunty Agnes married Ronald Joseph 'Ron' Walker, taking his surname until she married again after his death. Walker was a professional boxer who also worked on the Burrinjuck Dam. They stayed on at Morton Avenue where their children were born. When her mother, Violet Bulger, moved to Tumut, Aunty Agnes took on her domestic jobs in town.\nAunty Agnes' first baby, Mary, was born in 1949. Aunty Agnes was one of first three Aboriginal women allowed to have babies in Yass Hospital although they were confined to a back ward and could only use the rear entrance to the hospital. She tells how a yellow line painted across the corridor marked the boundary of where the Aboriginal women were permitted to walk. They could walk to the yellow line and no further; they were forbidden from associating with the non-Indigenous new mothers in the adjacent ward.\nIn 1952 Ron Walker burnt to death working in a shearing shed on Sir Walter Berryman's property on Dog Track Road, Yass leaving Aunty Agnes a widow with three young children. Aunty Agnes' second husband Charles Shea was a non-Indigenous person from Yass with a contracting business. Aunty Agnes said this meant she no longer had 'to worry about the income coming in' although she did continue doing domestic work. She had four children with Charles Shea.\nAunty Agnes is Ngunnawal although her parents were Wiradjuri. She describes how in Aboriginal culture bloodlines follow the female side of the family and that she follows her paternal grandmother, Grace Bulger (n\u00e9e Lewis) while her brother, Vincent Bulger OAM, follows their mother Violet Bulger (n\u00e9e Freeman) who was Wiradjuri.\nAunty Agnes' significant community involvement is indicative of her commitment to helping young people and fostering respect between the many cultures of people in the Canberra region. She is a member of the Advisory Board to ACT Health and a foundation member of the United Ngunnawal Elders Council (UNEC). Through her UNEC work Aunty Agnes is involved in the initiative to establish the Ngunnawal Bush Healing Farm (NBHF), an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander alcohol and other drug residential rehabilitation service implementing culturally appropriate prevention and education programs. She is a member of Journey of Healing ACT, an organisation that supports local Indigenous communities who live with the effects of earlier Australian policies that separated Indigenous children from their families and communities and works for healing between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people.\nFurther testimony to the esteem in which Aunty Agnes is held occurred in 2008; she was invited to officially greet the Olympic flame when it visited Canberra in preparation for the Beijing Olympics. Her words expressed the longevity of Aboriginal history in Australia and hope for the future:\nI welcome the Olympic torch to Australia in the spirit of peace on behalf of my people, whose history in this place goes back to the beginning of time. May its stay here be one that symbolises good will for all mankind (USA Today, 2008)\nIn her role as a Ngunnawal elder, Aunty Agnes frequently represents the local indigenous people - the Ngunnawal - in Welcome to Country ceremonies at official ACT and Commonwealth government events. In accord with traditions dating back thousands of years, on behalf of her people she welcomes visitors to Ngunnawal traditional land and offers safe passage. Aunty Agnes always finishes the welcome in the language of her people with the inclusive statement, 'Ngunna Yarabi-Yengue' which translates as 'you are welcome to leave your footprints on our land.'\nAunty Agnes says each of her children had a good education, which enabled them to go into good employment. She has 14 grandchildren and 3 great-grandchildren and lives in Canberra where she continues her extensive community work championing social equity for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and reconciliation between cultures.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/meet-some-elders-agnes-bulger-shea-oam\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/act-honour-walk-plaque-agnes-shea-oam\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aussie-tribeswoman-greets-olympic-flame\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reconciliation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gilling, Bridget Sabina", "Entry ID": "AWE1456", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gilling-bridget-sabina\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "London, United Kingdom", "Death Place": "Blue MountainsBlue Mountains, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Activist, Political candidate", "Summary": "Bridget Gilling was a lifelong activist and fighter for social justice. She ran as an Independent in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Bligh in 1971, but the following year she joined the Australia Party. She then stood as their candidate for election into the House of Representatives for Warringah (1972) and for the New South Wales Senate in 1974.\n", "Details": "Born in London, Bridget Gilling grew up in a family which was vitally interested in politics. During World War II she served with the Voluntary Aid Detachment and met and married an Australian serviceman, Douglas Gilling, later a prominent architect. They returned to Australia after the war, and their four children were born in Sydney. As they grew up, Bridget Gilling completed an Arts\/Social Work degree at the University of Sydney.\nAt the time of her campaign in Bligh, Bridget Gilling was working for a community agency and was very concerned with birth control and the campaign for abortion law reform.\nHer campaign literature was critical of all major parties and their failure to present policies on these subjects, whereas her beliefs and promises on them were spelled out in detail.\nShe joined the Australia Party and ran under that banner in 1972 and 1974, unsuccessfully.\nIn 1987, Bridget Gilling was approached as a prominent women's movement activist, to lend her weight to the campaign against the Australia Card proposal, and she agreed to become a trustee of the Australian Privacy Foundation.\nIn 2004, Bridget Gilling wrote one of the most telling and pithiest letters to the Sydney Morning Herald on the subject of abortion, which remained one of her chosen causes.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/campaigner-for-all-things-liberal\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Whitlock, Marie Florence", "Entry ID": "AWE5404", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whitlock-marie-florence\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Nymagee, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Nurse", "Summary": "Marie Florence Whitlock enlisted in 1917 for service overseas in the Australian Army Nursing Service in World War I. She spent the next two years nursing casualties in Egypt. In 1916 she had spent a short time nursing at Duntroon Military College, Canberra.\n", "Details": "Marie Whitlock was born at Nymagee, about 80 km south of Cobar in western New South Wales in 1890. She was the second eldest of five daughters and one son of George and Louisa Whitlock. Her father had moved from Rutherglen in Victoria as a young man to run a business in Nymagee, the site of a prosperous gold and copper mine. By the time she enlisted in 1917, the Whitlocks were living on the family's pastoral property, Baledmund, near Nymagee.\nAll five girls in the Whitlock family trained as nurses; Marie graduated at St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne in 1914. From 13 January to 16 February 1916 she was employed as a nurse at Duntroon Military College, ACT. On 11 May 1917 when she enlisted in Sydney she was aged 27, her religion was Catholic and she lodged her will with her sister Eva Whitlock who was nursing at the Mater Hospital, North Sydney.\nClassified as Staff Nurse in the Australian Army Nursing Service, Marie Whitlock embarked on RMS Mooltan on 9 June 1917. Although she travelled with the group of Australian nurses sent on to Salonika, Marie Whitlock stayed in Egypt until after the war ended. This may have been because nurses were expected to be in great demand to nurse Australian light horse battle casualties following the British offensive culminating in the battles of Beersheba, Gaza and Jerusalem later in 1917.\nAfter landing at Suez on 25 July 1917, Marie Whitlock was taken on the strength of the 14th Australian General Hospital (AGH) at Abbassia, Egypt where she nursed for nearly two years, apart from two spells in hospital as a patient. In October\/November 1918 she was sick for a month with furunculosis (recurrent boils) and in February 1919 she was in hospital for about two weeks with septic tooth abscess. She travelled back to Australia on duty on the Orari from Kantara, an Egyptian port near Suez, and was discharged in Sydney on 3 August 1919. She was awarded the British War Medal and the Victory Medal and is commemorated on the ACT Memorial.\nMajor Alan Koeppen Wendt, AIF, a farmer born at Glenelg, South Australia in 1892, was travelling on the same ship. He had arrived at Gallipoli late in 1915, a Lieutenant in the 3rd Light Horse and served throughout the war as quartermaster in Egypt with the 3rd Light Horse Regiment. He was mentioned in dispatches and promoted to Captain then to temporary Major. Less than three months later, on 27 October 1919, Marie Whitlock and Alan Wendt were married in Adelaide. At the time of her father's death at Nymagee on 10 June 1927, Marie was living in Adelaide and her three younger sisters were still nursing, Eva at Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Edith at Tumut District Hospital and Ally at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney. Marie died in Adelaide in 1964 survived by her husband, two daughters and a son.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/official-history-of-the-australian-army-medical-services-1914-18-vol-iii-problems-and-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/more-than-bombs-and-bandages-australian-army-nurses-at-work-in-world-war-i\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/history-of-the-rmc-hospital-5-camp-hospital-and-21-dental-unit\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-professions-pathway-nursing-at-st-vincents-since-1893\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whitlock-marie-florence-service-number-staff-nurse-place-of-birth-nymagee-nsw-place-of-enlistment-sydney-nsw-next-of-kin-father-whitlock-george\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wendt-alan-koeppen-service-number-major-place-of-birth-glenelg-sa-place-of-enlistment-n-a-next-of-kin-father-wendt-h-koeppen\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ryan, Julia", "Entry ID": "AWE0002", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ryan-julia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Educator, Women's liberationist", "Summary": "Ryan was a member of the first Canberra Women's Liberation Group in the 1970s and remained in the movement from that time. She was Honorary Secretary of the National Foundation for Australian Women 1991-1996.\n", "Details": "Member of first Canberra Women's Liberation Group 1970s; Public Officer, Canberra Women's Refuge 1975 - 1977; Women's Studies, Australian National University, 1981-1982; Governor General's nominee, Australian National University Council (including appointee to Equal Employment Opportunity Committee) 1984-1991; ACT Women's Consultative Council Convenor 1992-1993, Member 1989-1993; Honorary Secretary, National Foundation for Australian Women 1991-1996; Trustee and Assessor, Beryl Henderson Foundation 1988 - 2000; Trustee, Pamela Denoon Trust 1990 - 2000.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gender-equity-at-canberra-high\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/capitalism-and-the-family\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/julia-womens-liberation-inside-the-movement\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/julia-ryan-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-julia-ryan-1947-1982-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-julia-ryan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-edna-ryan-1948-1993-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-foundation-for-australian-women-1988-2009-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-meredith-stokes-circa-1970-1997-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ryan, Edna Minna", "Entry ID": "AWE0004", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ryan-edna-minna\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Pyrmont, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory", "Occupations": "Activist, Feminist, Trade unionist, Writer", "Summary": "Edna Ryan was a leading figure in three eras of feminism in the 20th century. As a feminist and labour activist she is credited with achieving equal pay for women, maternity leave and work based child care. Ryan wrote numerous articles, conference papers, submissions to government and two books, Gentle invaders (1975) and Two thirds of a man (1984).\n", "Details": "Parliamentary and Local Government Career\nLocal\n\nAlderman, Fairfield Municipal Council, 1956-65\nDeputy Mayor 1958\nMember, Prospect County Council retired 1972\n\nState\n\nCandidate, Mosman, 1953\n\nOther Highlights\n\nParticipated in the first International Women's Day 1928;\nOrganised the wives of the timber workers strike 1929;\nMember of Communist Party and International Workers of the World 1920-35c;\nJoined Australian Labor Party 1935;\nOrganised first residential Summer School for women for the Workers Educational Association;\nFirst female Deputy Mayor in NSW 1958;\nAlderman Fairfield Council 1959-65;\nFirst woman president of the largest branch of the Municipal Employees' Union 1960s;\nCampaign manager for future Prime Minister Gough Whitlam;\nFounding member of Women's Electoral Lobby 1972;\nPresented breakthrough submission to the Arbitration Commission to award low paid women workers the same minimum wage as men 1974;\nPublished Gentle Invaders, Australian Women and the Workforce 1788-1974 with Anne Conlon 1975.\n\nRyan campaigned for maternity leave and work-based child care for women workers, was an advocate of women's reproductive rights, and campaigned on the negative impacts of enterprise bargaining and compulsory superannuation on low paid women workers. In 1984 she published Two-thirds of a Man: Women and Arbitration in New South Wales 1902-08. The following year she was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters by the University of Sydney, and in 1995 was again awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters, this time by Macquarie University.\nEdna Ryan had three children - Julia, Lyndall and Patrick - whom she raised alone after the early death of her husband, Jack Ryan.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gentle-invaders-australian-women-at-work\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/two-thirds-of-a-man-women-and-arbitration-in-new-south-wales-1902-08\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-remembered-tributes-from-the-australian-feminist-policy-network-and-union-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/proving-a-dispute-laundry-workers-in-sydney-in-1906\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-and-production-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/talking-back\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/equal-pay-comparable-worth-and-the-central-wage-fixing-system\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-papers-of-beryl-henderson-ms-9360\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-papers-of-edna-ryan-ms-9140-ms-acc09-172\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-1904-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wel-nsw-1972-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/death-of-ms-edna-ryan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/commemorating-our-dear-departed-equal-pay-activists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/back-to-the-future-urgent-issues-for-men-and-women-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-a-political-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-equal-the-history-of-australian-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/comments-for-edna-ryans-funeral\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-matriarchs-twelve-australian-women-talk-about-their-lives-to-susan-mitchell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-decade-of-mary-owen-dinners\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-minna-ryan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australian-parliaments-and-local-governments-past-and-present-a-survey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/on-their-own-terms-profiles-of-five-very-individual-australians-prepared-by-tim-bowden-and-ros-bowden\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/yarn-spinners-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-edna-ryan-1948-1993-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-beryl-henderson-1973-1992-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-and-sylvia-winters-papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jack-kavanagh-collection-deposit-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interviews-with-edna-ryan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-interviewed-by-lucy-taksa-in-the-nsw-bicentennial-oral-history-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-papers-1965-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-further-papers-1961-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-lyndall-ryan-professor-of-australian-studies-university-of-newcastle-sound-recording-interviewer-sara-dowse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pat-richardson-scrapbooks-relating-to-the-womens-electoral-lobby-and-womens-events-1977-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-bowden-interviews-conducted-for-radio-programs-and-documentaries-ca-1975-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-julia-ryan-1947-1982-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-meredith-stokes-circa-1970-1997-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-edna-ryan-unionist-and-author-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/audrey-blake-further-papers-1915-1998\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ryan, Lyndall", "Entry ID": "AWE0014", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ryan-lyndall\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Paddington, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Educator, Feminist, Historian", "Summary": "Lyndall Ryan was a member of the first Sydney Women's Liberation Group in 1970. In 1974 she joined the Commonwealth Public Service as a policy analyst on women's health and child care. She became an academic in 1977 and has held positions in Australian Studies and Women's Studies at Griffith and Flinders Universities. She was appointed to the position of Foundation Professor of Australian Studies and Head of School of Humanities at the University of Newcastle in 1998.\n", "Details": "The daughter of Edna Ryan and a committed feminist, Lyndall Ryan was one of the early wave of scholars who examined the extent of violence perpetrated against Aboriginal people by white colonisers. Her book The Aboriginal Tasmanians, first published in 1981 and based on her 1975 PhD thesis, presented a critical interpretation of the early history of relations between Tasmanian Aborigines and white settlers in Tasmania. A second edition was published by Allen & Unwin in 1996, in which she brought the story of the Tasmanian Aborigines in the 20th century up to date.\nHer scholarship since then continued to confront this violent past. In 2013, she led a team of scholars in a four year project to map the frontier massacres in Eastern Australia, a project funded by an Australian Research Council (ARC) grant investigating Violence on the Australian Colonial Frontier, 1788-1960.\nRyan was elected as a Labor member of the ACT Advisory Council in September 1967 and resigned in December 1968.\nRyan was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in January 2019 for her significant service to higher education, particularly to Indigenous history and women's studies and then posthumously appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in January 2025 for distinguished service to tertiary education, particularly Indigenous history and colonial settlement through research and publications.\n", "Events": "Mejane (1971 - 1971) \nRefractory Girl (1972 - 1972) \nAustralian Academy of the Humanities (2018 - 2018) \nAustralian History, Australian National University, Canberra. (1977 - 1977) \nAustralian Studies, University of Newcastle. (1998 - 2005) \nComparative Social History and Australian Studies, Griffith University. (1977 - 1986) \nFirst Sydney Women's Liberation Group. (1970 - 1970) \nLeichardt Women's Community Health Centre. (1973 - 1974) \nPolicy Analysist, Priorities Review Staff and Women's Affairs Branch, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Canberra. (1974 - 1976) \nQueensland Committee on Discrimination in Employment and Occupation. (1984 - 1986) \nSchool of Humanities, University of Newcastle (1999 - 2003) \nSchool of Humanities, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah Campus. (2004 - 2005) \nSouth Australian Committee, Winston Churchill Memorial Trust. (1996 - 1998) \nWomen's Studies, Flinders University. (1986 - 1998)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-aboriginal-tasmanians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/we-women-decide-womens-experience-of-seeking-abortion-in-queensland-south-australia-and-tasmania-1985-1992\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/origins-of-a-royal-commission\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-equal-the-history-of-australian-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-of-warren-osmond-and-lyndall-ryan-1972-1996-bulk-1974-1982-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-lyndall-ryan-dr-author-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-julia-ryan-1947-1982-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/waterloo-creek-the-australia-day-massacre-of-1838-george-gipps-and-the-british-conquest-of-new-south-wales-melbourne-penguin-1992\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-manning-clark-1907-1992-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dymphna-clark-circa-1930-2000-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/julia-ryan-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-lyndall-ryan-professor-of-australian-studies-university-of-newcastle-sound-recording-interviewer-sara-dowse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-lyndall-ryan-1968-1992-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Read, Robyn", "Entry ID": "AWE0016", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/read-robyn\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Parliamentarian, Political candidate, Politician, Public servant, Tutor, Writer", "Summary": "Robyn Read was an independent member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in the seat of North Shore from 1988 until 1991. She failed to gain re-election in the 1991 by-election. Prior to her parliamentary career, Robyn was a successful local councillor and was Alderman for the North Sydney Municipal Council from 1970-77 and 1987-91 and was also Deputy Mayor from 1974-75.\n", "Details": "Parliamentary and Local Government Career\nLocal Government\n\nAlderman, North Sydney Municipal Council, 1970-77, 1987-91\nDeputy Mayor 1974-75\n\nState Government\n\nIndependent Member, North Shore, 1988-1991\nParty: Independent\n\nA lifelong resident of Sydney's lower north shore, Read completed her BA and MA in Town and Country Planning at the University of Sydney.\nFrom 1971 to 1977 and 1987 to 1991 she was Alderman of North Sydney Council, including periods as Deputy Mayor and Acting Mayor. During this time the Council introduced innovative programs such as public participation in precincts and the first New South Wales neighbourhood centre at Kirribilli. North Sydney became an acknowledged leader in the local government industry because of programs such as these.\nThe mother of three children - James Hamilton, Sophie Read-Hamilton and Cassandra Read-Hamilton - Read has also held positions with the Byron Shire Council, the New South Wales Water Resources Commission, the New South Wales Department of Environment and Planning and the Universities of Sydney and Macquarie.\n", "Events": "North Shore (1988 - 1991) \nNSW Legislative Assembly (1988 - 1991)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-more-things-change\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/report-on-prisons-following-visits-to-bathurst-goulburn-and-parklea-gaols\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burnside-just-twenty-six-suburbs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burnside-needs-study-research-data-document-part-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/writer-read-takes-a-leaf-out-of-her-own-book\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hmss-0039-robyn-read-papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-robyn-read-author-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/robyn-read-further-papers-1972-1998\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oral-history-interview-with-robyn-read-sound-recording-by-margaret-park\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/robyn-read-further-papers-1974-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/robyn-read-papers-concerning-the-water-resources-commission-of-nsw-1983-87\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Reid, Elizabeth Anne", "Entry ID": "AWE0023", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reid-elizabeth-anne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Taree, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Consultant, Educator, Political scientist, Public speaker, Researcher", "Summary": "In 1973 Elizabeth Reid became the first adviser on women's affairs to a head of state, being appointed in this capacity for Australian Labour Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. Reid went on to work as an adviser, administrator, consultant, educator and researcher in an international setting on issues of women and development, health and population. She is currently based in Canberra, a Visiting Fellow, State, Society and Governance Program, College of Asia and the Pacific, at the Australian National University, and an analyst, programmer, consultant and trainer in development and humanitarian assistance.\n", "Details": "Elizabeth Reid graduated Bachelor of Arts with First Class Honours in Philosophy from the Australian National University, Canberra in 1965. She went on to Somerville College, Oxford University, England where she gained a Bachelor of Philosophy in 1970.\nShe returned to the Australian National University as a Philosophy tutor and with Murray Goot published Women and Voting Studies: Mindless Matrons or Sexist Scientism? in 1975, based on a paper presented to the Australasian Political Studies Association conference in 1973. She was campaign manager for an Aboriginal woman candidate in the 1972 Federal election which installed Gough Whitlam as Prime Minister.\nReid then applied and was selected as an adviser to Whitlam in the women and child welfare area. During her work with the Whitlam government, Reid oversaw the Australian Government's arrangements for International Women's Year 1975, convening the IWY National Advisory Committee. She also led the Australian delegation to the Mexico World International Women's Year Conference, 1975, and was the Australian Representative to the United Nations forum on the Role of Women in Population and Development, 1974.\nReid helped resource community initiatives and women's services such as women's refuges, rape crisis centres, women's health centres, child care, and working women's centres. She brought in new policies in equal opportunity, training, employment and housing. Reid emphasised the need for all Cabinet submissions to include an assessment of their impact on women.\nFrom the time of her appointment, Reid and her work came under extreme pressure, both in the way of accolades and criticism. She attracted a high profile in the media, as well as the hopes, expectations, scrutiny, gratitude and criticism of feminists and women all over Australia. Political scientist Marian Sawer suggests Reid as women's adviser took on 'quasi-ministerial status', receiving more letters than anyone except the Prime Minister (Sawer, 1996). Reid resigned in October 1975, moving on to become Adviser to Princess Ashraf Pahlavi of Iran on policy formation and implementation for women (1975-76).\nFrom this time on Reid began working in development and humanitarian assistance, both for the United Nations and in other organizations. She was the founding director and project manager of the United Nations Asian and Pacific Centre for Women and Development (1977-1979). She then worked as Principal Officer in the United Nations Secretariat for the 1980 World Conference of the Decade for Women. From 1981-1984, Reid worked for USAID and for the Peace Corps, based in Zaire, Burundi, Rwanda and Thailand. From 1985-1989 she worked as a consultant largely on HIV and AIDS strategies, education and policy in Australia, Zaire and the Pacific.\nFrom 1989 to 1997 Reid worked out of New York in the United Nations Development Programme, originally as Programme Director for Women in Development, then as Policy Adviser to the Administrator on HIV\/AIDS and Development, and from 1992 was Director of the HIV and Development Programme. In 1996 she was elected as a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia. From 1998-2000 she was Resident Coordinator of the United Nations, and Resident Representative of the UNDP in Papua New Guinea (PNG).\nReid has addressed many conferences as keynote speaker, and her speaking engagements and extensive publication record have been focussed particularly in the areas of HIV education and women in development.\nIn 2001 Reid was made an Officer of the Order or Australia for work nationally and internationally on women and on the HIV epidemic; in the same year she was also named on the Centenary of Federation Honour Role of Women: Firsts and Founders, Victoria.\nSince 2002 she has worked as a Consultant to many countries, churches and other faith based organisations in the Asia Pacific region and in Africa. Her focus has been on assisting with health programs related to the treatment of HIV\/AIDS. From 2002-07, she was Senior Adviser, The Collaboration for Health in PNG a Public Private Partnership for Health. From 2005 she has acted as a consultant to faith based organisations and churches in PNG and the Pacific.\nFrom 2006-10 she served as Senior Adviser, HIV and Development, the PNG Sustainable Development Program (PNGSDP). From 2009 she has worked as an Evaluation Consultant in the Review of the national Nursing Program in Timor-Leste.\nIn 2006 the Australian National University awarded her a Doctor of Letters, Honoris Causa.\nShe is currently Executive Trustee, Serendipity Educational Endowment Fund (SEEF) for the education of children touched by the HIV epidemic in PNG and Board Member of Oxfam Australia.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sisters-in-suits-women-and-public-policy-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-equal-the-history-of-australian-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hiv-and-aids-the-global-inter-connection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-feeling-of-infinity-fourth-kenneth-myer-memorial-lecture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aids-a-time-to-care-a-time-to-act-a-policy-discussion-paper\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aids-and-development-implications-for-australian-non-government-aid-agencies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/proceedings-of-the-who-australian-inter-regional-ministerial-meeting-on-aids\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-and-voting-studies-mindless-matrons-or-sexist-scientism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-child-of-our-movement-a-movement-of-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/creating-a-policy-for-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-and-the-new-international-economic-order-a-critique\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-womens-roll-of-honour-women-shaping-the-nation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/femocrats-and-ecorats-womens-policy-machinery-in-australia-canadaand-new-zealand\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-reid-womens-advisor-to-the-australian-government-the-life-of-elizabeth\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-who-caucus-feminist-political-scientists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-decade-of-mary-owen-dinners\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-preliminary-survey-of-migrant-women-in-the-clothing-trade\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reading-as-a-woman-understanding-generalised-hiv-epidemics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reading-generalised-hiv-epidemics-as-a-woman\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/embracing-disruptions-responding-to-uncertainties-valuing-agency-situating-a-feminist-approach-to-social-protection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/re-thinking-human-rights-and-the-hiv-epidemic-a-reflection-on-power-and-goodness\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elas-question\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-elizabeth-reid-1963-1981-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-reid-interviewed-by-sara-dowse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-advisory-committee-files-single-number-series-with-w-nac-womens-national-advisory-committee-or-nac-prefix\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ryan, Susan", "Entry ID": "AWE0025", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ryan-susan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Randwick, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educator, Parliamentarian, Senator", "Summary": "Susan Ryan was appointed the first Labor Senator for the Australian Capital Territory, in 1975. In the Federal Parliament she was the Minister Assisting the Prime Minister Bob Hawke on the Status of Women 1983-88 and the Minister for Education, 1984-87. She presided over the passage of the federal government's Sex Discrimination Act 1984 and the Affirmative Action (Equal Opportunities in Employment) Act 1986. A complete record of her parliamentary service, including a link to her first speech, can be found in the Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia (see below).\nFrom July 2011 to 2016 she held the newly created position of Age Discrimination Commissioner with the Australian Human Rights Commission. She was also the Disability Discrimination Commissioner from July 2014 to 2016.\nSusan Ryan died on 27 September, 2020. She was a woman of many firsts; a trailblazer for Labor women in parliament. As former prime minister, Julia Gillard, observed, 'Every Australian's life has been improved by her leadership on gender equality.'\n", "Details": "Susan Ryan was awarded her BA from the University of Sydney in 1962, and MA in English Literature from the Australian National University in 1972. She worked as a school teacher in 1963 and then tutor in English Literature at ANU between 1970-72.\nRyan was a founding member of the Belconnen Branch of the ALP in 1969, and was later Vice-President of the Branch. She was delegate to the ALP ACT Branch Council between 1973-76. She was also a founding member of the Women's Electoral Lobby, ACT Branch. Ryan attended the World Conference on Women in Mexico City in 1975 and the United Nations Decade for Women Conference in Copenhagen in 1980. She was a member of the ALP Federal Policy Committee on Women and Education Officer of the International Women's Year Secretariat.\nElected as one of the first of two Senators for the ACT and the first Labor Senator for the ACT in 1975, Ryan served on a number of parliamentary committees between 1975-83. She was a member of the Council of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies 1981-83; member of the Opposition Shadow Ministry, Dec 1977-March 1983; Minister for Education and Youth Affairs, Hawke Labor Government, 1983; Minister Assisting the Prime Minister on the Status of Women, 1983-88; Minister for Education, Dec 1984; and Special Minister of State including responsibilities for the bicentenary, the National Campaign Against Drug Abuse and the implementation of the Australia Card program. She advocated for the Senate to pass the Sex Discrimination Bill 1982 and enact the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination, the Sex Discrimination Act 1984 and the Affirmative Action (Equal Opportunities in Employment) Act 1986. Ryan resigned as Minister and Senator in January 1988. She was awarded the Order of Australia in 1990.\nFollowing her resignation she worked as Publishing Editor of Penguin Books in 1988, Executive Director of the Plastics Industry Association Inc in 1989 and CEO of the Association of Suerannuation Funds of Australia from 1993 to 1997. She was also the Independent Chair of the IAG and NRMA Superannuation Plan, President of the Australian Institute of Superannuation Trustees from 2000 to 2007 and a member of the ASX Corporate Governance Council from 2003 to 2007. She also held a number of positions at the University of New South Wales. She was Pro-Chancellor and Council member from 1998, Chair of the UNSW Risk Committee from 2002 and Chair of the Arts and Social Sciences Advisory Council from 2010.\nAfter retirement from politics, Ryan also remained involved in progressive causes, including as deputy chair of the Australian Republican Movement from 2000 to 2003, and as an advocate of an Australian bill of rights. She remained committed to eliminating all forms of discrimination, returning to the public sphere in 2011 to do so when she was appointed the inaugural Age Discrimination Commissioner. She expanded her remit to include the responsibilities of the Disability Discrimination Commissioner when the two roles were merged in 2014.\nSusan Ryan died on 27 September 2020. In later life, when reflecting upon her role as the architect of the Sex Discrimination Act 1984, which outlawed discrimination on the basis of sex, marital status, and pregnancy, she observed that it was 'probably the most useful thing I've done in my life'.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/taking-tiger-mountain-by-strategy-the-task-of-opposition-catching-the-waves-susan-ryan-at-the-hawke-institute\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-long-wave-still-rolling\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/catching-the-waves\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-equal-the-history-of-australian-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-ordinary-lives-pioneering-women-in-australian-politics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ryan-the-hon-susan-maree-ao\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-susan-ryan-author-and-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/susan-ryan-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mass-media-regulation-1980-jul-by-senator-susan-ryan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-julia-ryan-1947-1982-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-peter-ryan-1927-2010-bulk-1962-1996-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-kathleen-abbott-1964-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/statement-by-bob-hawke-on-ministerial-arrangements\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-1967-1983-including-letters-by-thomas-shapcott-geoffrey-blainey-michael-costigan-senator-susan-ryan-les-hiatt-mary-tully-beau-riel-colin-scrimgeour-austin-byrne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sound-recordings\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/perth-pen-centre-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-craig-mcgregor-1961-2005-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pat-richardson-scrapbooks-relating-to-the-womens-electoral-lobby-and-womens-events-1977-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-hon-susan-maree-ryan-ao\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sara, Vicki", "Entry ID": "AWE0037", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sara-vicki\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Endocrinologist", "Summary": "Vicki Sara researches in the area of growth hormones and foetal brain development. She became the Dean of Science at Queensland University in 1996.\nVicki was the Chancellor of the University of Technology, Sydney, for three terms: 15 December 2004-14 December 2008; 15 December 2008-14 December 2012 and; 15 December 2012 until 17 February 2016.\n", "Details": "Having completed a Bachelor of Arts and PhD at the University of Sydney, Sara worked at the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, between 1976-92. She was subsequently appointed Head, Queensland University of Technology School of Life Science from 1993; Director, Cooperative Research Centre for Diagnostic Technologies 1995-96; and Dean of Science, Queensland University of Technology from 1996.\nSara was awarded the Rolf Luft Medal, Karolinska Institute, in 1993 and the Eccles award, National Health & Medical Research Council of Australia, in 1994.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-vicki-sara-academic-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Coleman, Marie Yvonne", "Entry ID": "AWE0042", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/coleman-marie-yvonne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educator, Feminist, Journalist, Medical Social Worker, Public servant, Researcher, social activist, Statutory Office Holder", "Summary": "Marie Coleman was the first woman to head a Commonwealth Government statutory agency, and the first woman to hold the powers of Permanent Head under the Public Service Act. She was founding Secretary of the National Foundation for Australian Women, one of the NFAW Board of Directors who worked to establish the Australian Women's Archives Project (AWAP), and remains active in community organisations and public life in her retirement. She was awarded the Public Service Medal in 1989 for contributions to public administration. In 2001 she was awarded the Centenary Medal. In 2011 she was appointed Officer of the Order of Australia.\n", "Details": "Marie Burns was an only child, born in Dubbo, New South Wales (NSW) in March 1933. Her father John Alexander Burns (Alex) was at that time a porter with the Railways Commission of NSW, and the family lived at Nevertire, a small railhead west of Dubbo. Her mother, Kathleen (Nunan) Burns was a former shop assistant with Western Stores, Dubbo (where she had been apprenticed), and her maternal grandmother, Annie Klintworth (formerly Nunan, nee Manners) lived in Dubbo with her second husband Samuel Klintworth.\nThe small family moved around remote and rural NSW as Alex pursued promotion. Marie's initial experience with education came through boarding at the small Hunter Valley town of Singleton for six months, to attend pre-primary school; thereafter until a move to Nimmitabel on the Monaro of Southern NSW in 1940 she was educated by correspondence through the NSW Government Education Department's Blackfriars Correspondence School. She was subsequently educated at Dubbo Primary School, Orange Primary School, Orange High School, and Lithgow High School.\nShe entered the University of Sydney in 1950. She studied Economics and Philosophy for an Arts degree, followed by a Diploma in Social Studies. From 1950-1952 she was a resident of the Women's College, University of Sydney. During her University career she was a member of the Student Representative Council, the Board of Manning House, and editor of the student newspaper Honi Soit - at that time only the second woman to hold that position. She represented the University in district women's cricket and Inter-Varsity women's cricket; she represented the University in Inter-Varsity and international debating.\nAfter leaving University she worked briefly as a society page reporter for the Sydney Daily Telegraph and for the Royal Empire Society as publicist. In January 1954 she traveled to the USA and then the United Kingdom where, after a period teaching for the London County Council, she married James Harry Coleman, of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, in 1956. The couple returned to live in Melbourne. She became a scriptwriter for the Australian Broadcasting Commission, in both radio and early television, and then established her own public relations business.\nThree daughters were born, Carolyn Margaret Coleman, Susan Dinah Coleman, and Elizabeth Burns Coleman.\nIn 1964 Coleman became medical social worker at the Preston and Northcote Community Hospital and subsequently Social worker for the Asthma Foundation of Victoria, before joining the Victorian Council of Social Service as Director. Following the (Federal) election in 1972 of the Whitlam Labor Government she was invited to head the newly created Social Welfare Commission.\nIn 1976, following the election of the Fraser Liberal-National Coalition Government, she was appointed Director of the Office of Child Care. During this period the Commonwealth commenced support for Aboriginal Child agencies, expanded provision of full day care services, before and after school care and school holidays programs, and created a system of child care in women's refuges, and of youth refuges. In 1982 she became Special Adviser in the Social Welfare Policy Secretariat. This entity was subsequently re-formulated and renamed several times.\nIn 1983, at the invitation of the Government of South Australia, she carried out a review of Early Childhood Services in that state, which was followed by the re-structure of public administrative arrangements in that field. In 1989 she became a foundation member of the National Foundation for Australian Women. In 1990 she accepted a posting as Senior Visiting Fellow at the Australia New Zealand Studies Centre at Pennsylvania State University in the United States of America. During this period she represented the Australian Government at the meeting of the United Nations final Preparatory Committee for the 1993 Rio \"Earth Conference\". In 1994 she returned to Australia as Acting Director of the Australian Institute of Family Studies in Melbourne, Victoria. In 1994-5 she returned as First Assistant Secretary to the Commonwealth Department of Health and Community Services to review funding for family planning services.\nShe retired from the Australian Public Service in 1995, recommencing journalism as a regular columnist with the Canberra Times. This continued through to 2003.\nShe was a consultant and subsequently Director of the Indigenous Social Development Institute, working in Cape York communities in Far North Queensland on adolescent indigenous family development. This continued until 2003. She was appointed as first Chair of the Management Assessment Panel for the Australian Capital Territory, and subsequently in addition as the Alternate Chair of the Care Coordination Panel.\nDuring the celebrations marking the Centenary of Federation of the Commonwealth of Australia, she was awarded the Commonwealth Honours System's Centenary Medal for services to public administration, the Centenary Medal of the Australian Institute of Public Administration for services to public administration, and placed on the Victorian Parliament's Honour Roll of Women, in recognition of services to Victoria and the Nation. In 2006 she was placed on the ACT Honour Roll of Women and awarded an EDNA. This award was created in 1998 to honour the life and work of Edna Ryan and is awarded to feminists whose activity has advanced the cause of women.\nIn 2003 she became Chair of the Advisory Board to the Hindmarsh Education Centre, at the Quamby Youth Detention Centre, Australian Capital Territory. She retired in 2007.\nIn 2011 she was appointed ACT Senior Australian of the year and appointed Officer in the General Division of the Order of Australia 'for distinguished service to the advancement of women, particularly through the National Foundation for Women and the Australian Women's Archives Project'.\nIn 2012 she continues to work for the Australian Women's Archives Project and for the Social Policy Committee of the National Council for Australian Women. She is also Chair of the Management Assessment Panel and the Care Coordination Panel of the ACT.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-black-grapevine-aboriginal-activism-and-the-stolen-generations\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tireless-activist-for-womens-movement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/web-savvy-and-wired-into-the-womens-movement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-marie-coleman\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burns-family-portraits\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/early-scenes-from-roseby-park-and-brewarrina\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-marie-coleman-former-head-of-the-federal-office-of-child-care-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-marie-yvonne-coleman-ao\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Scott, Harriet", "Entry ID": "AWE0045", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scott-harriet\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Naturalist", "Summary": "Harriet Scott was educated by her father, A.W. Scott, and acquired a considerable knowledge of Australian plants, animals and insects. Her paintings earned high praise from the Entomological Society and she was elected, like her sister Helena, as an honorary member.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-scott-sisters-art-treasures-of-the-19th-century-revealed\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scott-harriet-1831-1907\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scott-alexander-walker\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scott-harriet-1907-biographical-entry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-harriet-and-helena-scott\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scott-family-papers-being-material-belonging-to-mary-anne-scott-1880-1893\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scott-family-rose-scott-papers-1777-1925-mlmss-38-1-79\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Atkinson, Caroline Louisa Waring", "Entry ID": "AWE0047", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/atkinson-caroline-louisa-waring\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Berrima, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Botanical artist, Illustrator, Naturalist, Writer", "Summary": "Caroline Atkinson was home-educated in New South Wales, a keen student of natural history and an accomplished botanical illustrator. She was also a populariser of science and published in the Sydney Morning Herald and the Horticultural Magazine.\n", "Details": "Taught by her mother, Atkinson developed a keen interest in botany and zoology. She wrote popular articles on botany, made drawings and sent numerous specimens to eminent botanists including William Woolls and Ferdinand von Mueller (q.v.). She was also an able taxidermist.\nAtkinson was commemorated in the naming of the Loranthaceous genus Atkinsonia, also Erechtites atkinsoniae and Epacris calvertiana. A horticulturally distinct fern, ranking as a form of Doodia caudata, was named Doodia atkinsonii in her honour.\nAtkinson married James Snowdon Calvert.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pioneer-women-pioneer-land-yesterdays-tall-poppies-angus-robertson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/atkinson-caroline-louisa-waring-1834-1872-naturalist-and-writer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-meredith-and-miss-atkinson-writers-and-naturalists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/natural-history-illustrations-correspondence-and-newscuttings-1859-1961-mainly-relating-to-australian-fauna-and-botany-caroline-louisa-calvert-nee-atkinson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/caroline-louisa-waring-atkinson-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-caroline-louisa-waring-calvert-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/atkinson-and-cosh-family-pictorial-material-ca-1842-1973\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/four-photographs-including-list-of-names-of-the-sitters-and-a-letter-from-janet-cosh-1-11-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-patricia-clarke-1887-2010-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-janet-l-cosh-1826-1983\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/journal-kept-on-board-the-cumberland-bound-from-england-to-new-south-wales-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lee, Ida Louisa", "Entry ID": "AWE0051", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lee-ida-louisa\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kelso, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Norwich, Norfolk, England", "Occupations": "Geographer", "Summary": "Ida Lee (later Marriott) approached geography historically, and reconstructed the exploration of Australia by the British through the study of logbooks, journals and lost charts found in British repositories, notably the Admiralty.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lee-ida-louisa-1865-1943\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ida-lee-notebooks-1919-1931-and-letters-received-1937\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ida-lee-notebooks-and-correspondence-1898-1922-on-exploration-of-australia-1791-1821\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kenny, Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE0056", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kenny-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Warialda, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Health administrator, Nurse", "Summary": "Elizabeth Kenny developed a new treatment for infantile paralysis (poliomyelitis). Guided by Dr Aeneas McDonnell of Toowoomba, she developed a thorough knowledge of human musculature. [1]\nAlthough Kenny never completed any nursing training or registered as a nurse, she opened a hospital at Clifton, near Toowoomba, in 1913. In 1915 she joined the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS) and completed 12 round sea voyages between England and Australia with the returning wounded. During this time she earned her promotion to Sister, a title she used all her life. [2]\nDuring the 1930s she established clinics in Brisbane with the backing of the State government, but with opposition from the medical profession. In 1940 she moved to the United States of America where her methods were widely acclaimed and gradually accepted world wide. Kenny returned to Queensland in 1951 and died in Toowoomba on 30 November 1952.\n[1] 200 Australian Women p. 124\n[2] ibid\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kenny-elizabeth-1881-1952\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/100-great-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sister-elizabeth-kenny\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-book-of-great-australian-women-thirty-six-women-who-changed-the-course-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-kenny-papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/application-for-letters-patent-for-an-invention-by-elizabeth-kenny-titled-an-improved-transport-stretcher\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/application-for-letters-patent-for-an-invention-by-elizabeth-kenny-titled-a-surgical-appliance-for-supporting-the-injured-members-of-patients-bodies-during-their-transport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-kenny-clinic\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/author-elizabeth-kenny-address-sydney-title-of-work-infantile-paralysis-and-cerebral-diplegia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/author-elizabeth-kenny-address-nobby-qld-title-of-work-the-kenny-method-of-treatment-of-paralysis-polio-myelitis-or-infantile-paralysis-spastic-paralysis-and-birth-paralysis\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1947-file-dark-blue-tab-kenny-elizabeth-sister\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/supply-of-agricultural-and-scientific-information-elizabeth-kenny-institute-for-infantile-paralysis\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kenny-elizabeth-service-number-sister-place-of-birth-warialda-nsw-place-of-enlistment-n-a-next-of-kin-mother-kenny-m\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-kenny-papers-1936-1937\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rae-william-dungan-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Whitlam, Margaret Elaine", "Entry ID": "AWE0100", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whitlam-margaret-elaine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bondi, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Social worker, Sportswoman, Swimmer", "Summary": "Recognised as a National Living Treasure, Margaret Whitlam achieved public figure status after 1972 as the wife of Labor Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. She was outspoken on many issues affecting women and was appointed to the National Advisory Committee for International Women's Year in 1974.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/my-day-first-edition\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-life-and-times\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-matriarchs-twelve-australian-women-talk-about-their-lives-to-susan-mitchell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/my-other-world\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-whitlam-1938-third-british-empire-games-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gough-whitlam-margaret-whitlam\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-advisory-committee-files-single-number-series-with-w-nac-womens-national-advisory-committee-or-nac-prefix\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pat-richardson-scrapbooks-relating-to-the-womens-electoral-lobby-and-womens-events-1977-2002\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wright, Judith Arundell", "Entry ID": "AWE0114", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wright-judith-arundell\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Armidale, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Poet, Writer", "Summary": "Judith Wright expressed her love of Australia and its people in her poetry. She was also a respected writer on poetry. Later in her life Wright was well known as a conservationist and campaigner for Aboriginal rights. Wright, a descendant of a pioneering pastoralist family, began writing poetry at the age of six for her ailing mother. At the age of 14 she became a boarder at the New England Girls School, and it was during her time there that she decided to become a poet.\nAfter completing an Arts course at the University of Sydney, Wright worked in a variety of positions including that of research officer at Queensland University, where she helped Clem Christesen to edit Meanjin.\nIn 1975, Wright was the first woman appointed to the Council of Australian National University as the Governor-General's nominee. She was founder and later president of the Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland, and member of the National Parks Association of New South Wales and the South Coast Conservation Council. Wright was a patron of many organisations including: Campaign Against Nuclear Power (Queensland); Townsville Women's Shelter; Amnesty International (Victoria.); Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland and the National Forests Action Council (Victoria.).\nIn 1991, Wright became the second Australian - after Michael Thwaites in 1940 - to receive the Queen's gold medal for poetry.\nJoan Williams concludes her obituary on Judith Wright in The Guardian on July 5, 2000 with:\n\"Judith Wright is not a romantic, but makes her judgement on changes in the economy and lifestyle, the growth of industry and the swing from country to city. In her own way she has taken a step further for us in the expression of Australian national, spiritual and environment values in her poetry.\"\n", "Details": "Judith Wright, who died in Canberra of a heart attack, had spent much of her time there from the early 1970s when her daughter Meredith went to study at the Australian National University. Her long relationship with H.C. 'Nugget' Coombs was an added incentive for her to be close to Canberra. In 1973 she was appointed Chairman of the Australia Council. In 1975 She bought the property Edge 100 kilometres east of Canberra and spent much of her time there. By 1998 she was living in a small flat in Canberra.\n", "Events": "Awarded a Commonwealth Literary Fund Fellowship (1949 - 1949) \nAwarded Fellow Australian Academy of Humanities (FAHA) (1970 - 1970) \nAwarded Hon. Life Member Australian Conservation Foundation (ACF) (1980 - 1980) \nAwarded the Alice Award by the Society of Women Writers of Australia (1980 - 1980) \nAwarded the Encyclopedia Britannica Prize for literature (1965 - 1965) \nAwarded the Grace Leven Prize from the Braidwood Historical Society (1949 - 1949) \nAwarded the Grace Leven Prize from the Braidwood Historical Society (1972 - 1972) \nAwarded the Indian Asan World prize for poetry (1984 - 1984) \nAwarded the Order of the Golden Ark, degree of Ridder by Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands (1980 - 1980) \nAwarded the Queen's Gold Medal for poetry (1992 - 1992) \nAwarded the Robert Frost Memorial Award from the Fellowship of Australian Writers (FAW) (1976 - 1976) \nAwarded the Senior Anzac Fellowship (1976 - 1976) \nAwarded the Senior Writers Fellowship by the Literature Board of the Australia Council (1977 - 1979) \nCouncil member of the Australian Conservation Foundation (ACF) (1964 - 1972) \nCouncil member of the Australian National University (ANU) (1975 - 1979) \nFoundation council member of the Australia Society Authors (ASA) (1963 - 1963) \nMember of the Aboriginal Treaty Committee (1979 - 1983) \nMember of the Committee of Enquiry into the National Estate (1973 - 1974) \nPresident of the Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland (1962 - 1976) \nStatistical research officer with the Queensland University (1944 - 1948) \nStenographic and secretarial work in Sydney (1938 - 1942)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-moving-image\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/woman-to-man\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-gateway\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-two-fires\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/birds\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/birds-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/five-senses\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/selected-poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-other-half-poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collected-poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alive\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fourth-quarter\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fourth-quarter-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-generations-of-men\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-nature-of-love\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/preoccupations-in-australian-poetry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/because-i-was-invited\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-coral-battleground\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/charles-harpur\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-cry-for-the-dead\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-book-of-australian-verse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/new-land-new-language\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/witnesses-of-spring-unpublished-poems-by-john-shaw-neilson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kings-of-the-dingoes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/range-the-mountains-high\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-day-the-mountains-played\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-river-and-the-road\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-papers-of-craig-powell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/monash-biographical-dictionary-of-20th-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-papers-of-judith-wright\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-register-the-womens-college-within-the-university-of-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lines-from-the-bush\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judith-wrights-biography-a-delicate-balance-between-trespass-and-honour\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vale-judith-wright\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-poet-judith-wright-1915-2000-an-appreciation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judith-wright\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1998\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dymphna-clark-circa-1930-2000-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dorothy-green-1943-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-judith-wright-1944-2000-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-generations-of-men-manuscript-by-judith-wright\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-judith-wright-1949-1951-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-1986-1989-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-relating-to-oodgeroo-noonuccal\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/craig-powell-manuscript-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nancy-cato-1939-1995-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dymphna-clark-interviewed-by-heather-rusden-and-elizabeth-cham-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-cato-manuscript-collection-1967-1992\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-elyne-mitchell-circa-1928-2002-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/southern-africa-defence-and-aid-fund-in-australia-records-1961-1981-together-with-the-records-of-community-aid-abroad-australia-southern-africa-group-1981-1987\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nonie-sharp-1980-2000-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-of-barbara-blackman-with-judith-wright-1950-1998-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/literary-papers-1969-1981-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-patricia-clarke-1887-2010-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Edwards, Meredith Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE0118", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edwards-meredith-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Lecturer, Public servant, Researcher", "Summary": "Professor Meredith Edwards AM has enjoyed an extensive career as lecturer, researcher and policy analyst in economics. She is best known for developing policies around AUSTUDY, Child Support, HECS and long-term unemployment initiatives. She is currently Emeritus Professor, Australia and New Zealand School of Government ( ANZSOG) Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra.\n", "Details": "Born in Sydney and the eldest of three sisters, Meredith Edwards was educated at Canberra High School where she was Vice-Captain. She went on to complete a Bachelor of Commerce (Degree with Honours) at the University of Melbourne (1963) and later, in 1983, a PhD in Public Finance at the Australian National University.\nEdwards began her academic career from 1963 with a post at the University of Malaya, followed by the Australian National University and the Canberra College of Advanced Education. She also served on government-appointed consultative committees and was seconded to the Office for the Status of Women in 1983. She went on to work in the Commonwealth Public Service until 1997.\nEdwards worked in many departments: as Special Advisor on Youth Allowances in both the (then) Department of Education and the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet (1983-1985), focussing on rationalisation of Australia's youth allowances and the introduction of AUSTUDY; in the Department of Social Security (1986-1990) assisting a Cabinet Sub-Committee on Child Support Policy and as Head of the Social Policy Division; in the Department of Health, Housing and Community Services (1990-1992) as Director of the National Housing Strategy; and in the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet (1993-1997) as Head of a Taskforce on long term unemployment issues and later as Deputy Secretary of that Department. She was a member of the Women's Electoral Lobby, with particular focus on childcare and economic matters, and often acted as WEL's economic spokesperson.\nIn addition, Edwards was a member of the Wran Committee on Higher Education Funding (1988-1989). She is a member of the Australian Statistics Advisory Council, a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Management (FAIM), a Member of the Advisory Board of the Centre for International and Public Law at the Australian National University and was President of the Economic Society of Australia and New Zealand (ACT Branch) from 1994-1996.\nShe was appointed Deputy Vice-Chancellor of the University of Canberra in August 1997 -2002 when she also became Professor. In 1999 she became Director of the National Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra, a position she held until 2004.\nIn 2008 she was made a Member of the Board of the Council for Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences and since 2009 she has been Chair, Board of Closing the Gap Clearing House as well as Member, Committee of Experts on Public Administration, United Nations.\nProfessor Edwards has published numerous articles and presented many papers in the area of policy development and analysis, particularly in the areas of economics and tax in the family, child support, housing, poverty, women in government, and governance. Her recent book Social Policy, Public Policy: From Problem to Practice is based on case studies taken from her time working with the Commonwealth Public Service.\nProfessor Edwards was awarded the Order of Australia (AM) in 1992.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/social-policy-public-policy-from-problem-to-practice\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/inside-agitators-australian-femocrats-and-the-state\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sisters-in-suits-women-and-public-policy-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/face-to-face-the-power-of-sisterhood\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-burton-girls\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-meredith-edwards-1974-2002-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-meredith-edwards-academic-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-julia-ryan-1947-1982-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-womens-electoral-lobby-1952-2010-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/meredith-edwards-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-academy-of-the-social-sciences-in-australia-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/meredith-edwards-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-in-the-academy-of-the-social-sciences-in-australia-collection-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Martin, Clare Majella", "Entry ID": "AWE0134", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/martin-clare-majella\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Clare Martin gained the distinction of becoming the first Labor and first female Chief Minister of the Northern Territory in 2001. She was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory at a by-election for the seat of Fannie Bay in 1995. This seat was formerly held by the Chief Minister Marshall Perron, member of the Country Liberal Party. She was re-elected in 1997, assumed the leadership of the ALP in 1999 and went on to win the 2001 election. In addition to her role as Chief Minister, she held the ministerial portfolios of Treasurer, Arts and Museums, Young Territorians, Women's Policy, Senior Territorians, Communications, Science and Advanced Technology. She won the 2005 election with an increased majority, but resigned from Parliament in November 2007.\n", "Details": "Born: 15 June 1952.\nMartin obtained a Bachelor of Arts from Sydney University in 1972. From 1978 to 1994 she was a Senior Journalist and broadcaster with ABC Radio and TV. She worked in both Sydney and Canberra before relocating to Darwin in 1985.\nMartin and her partner David have a son and daughter and her interests include: reading, music, politics and sport.\nSource: www.nt.alp.org.au\/people\/fanniebay.html accessed 10\/10\/01\n", "Events": "Officer of the Order of Australia (AO): For distinguished service to the people and Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory, and as a community advocate. (2019 - 2019)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clare-martin-member-for-fannie-bay\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2001\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-ordinary-lives-pioneering-women-in-australian-politics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-clare-martin-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Brooks, Geraldine", "Entry ID": "AWE0135", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brooks-geraldine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Journalist", "Summary": "Sydney-born journalist Geraldine Brooks worked as a Middle-East correspondent during the 1980s and early 1990s.\n", "Details": "Brooks worked for the Sydney Morning Herald before joining the Journal's Australasian bureau in the mid-1980s and then transferring to the Middle-East. She spent several years as a Middle-East correspondent for the Wall Street Journal. Brooks reported on the Iran-Iraq war, the Palestinian uprising and the Gulf War. From 1993 to 1994 she was the United Nation's correspondent covering the peacekeeping operations in Somalia.\nHer first book Nine Parts of Desire: the Hidden World of Islamic Women was published in 1995. In 1999, Brooks was the recipient of the Kibble Literary Award for Women Writers for her second publication Foreign Correspondence. Her third publication, Years of Wonders: A Novel of the Plague, was released in 2001.\nBrooks married American journalist Tony Horwitz (1958-2019) in 1994 and they have a son, Nathaniel.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2001\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/geraldine-brooks\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-chronicler-of-chaos\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-bland-street-to-bosnia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nine-parts-of-desire-the-hidden-world-of-islamic-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/foreign-correspondence\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/years-of-wonders-a-novel-of-the-plague\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-day-honours-david-walsh-and-elizabeth-broderick-among-recipients\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-geraldine-brooks-journalist-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-janet-hawley-1946-2006-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kibble, Nita Bernice", "Entry ID": "AWE0136", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kibble-nita-bernice\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Denman, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Librarian", "Summary": "Nita Kibble was the first woman appointed as a librarian with the New South Wales State Library. Her career began by accident in 1899 when the signature on her application form was misread, and thought to be that of a man.\n", "Details": "Kibble joined the State Library of NSW in 1899 and established the Library's first research department in 1918. In 1919 she was appointed Principal Research Officer, and retained the position until her retirement in 1943. Kibble raised her niece, Nita May Dobbie, from birth. Dobbie later established the Kibble Awards for Women Writers in memory of her aunt.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-gentle-arts-australias-women-pioneers-in-the-fields-of-literature-music-and-fine-art\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kibble-nita-bernice-1879-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-fleming-arnot-personal-and-professional-papers-1890-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/state-library-of-new-south-wales-jean-arnot-interviewed-by-rosemary-block-about-her-life-after-she-retired-from-the-state-library-she-also-speaks-in-some-detail-of-her-colleagues-miss-nita-kibble-a\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Tebbutt, Carmel Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE0144", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tebbutt-carmel-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Forbes, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Local government councillor, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Carmel Tebbutt was a very successful ALP politician who made the transfer from the upper to the lower house of the New South Wales parliament. However, before she entered state politics Carmel was a councillor in the Marrickville Council from 1993- 1998 and their Deputy Mayor from 1995-1998. She entered state politics when she was appointed to the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1998 and subsequently re-elected in 2003. During this time she served as Minister for Juvenile Justice (1999-2003), Minister for Ageing, Disability Services and Minister for Community Services (2003 -2005) and Minister for Education and Training (2005-2007). Carmel Tebbutt resigned from the Legislative Council in August 2005 to run for the seat of Marrickville in the Legislative Assembly by-election, which she won. She was then appointed Minister for Education and Training (2005 - 2008). In 2008 she became the state's first female Deputy Premier and subsequently held the portfolios of Climate Change and Environment and in the Keneally Government, that of Health Minister. She retired from parliament at the 2015 election.\n", "Details": "In 1981, Tebbutt obtained her Higher School Certificate from De La Salle College Cronulla. She worked as a Graduate Trainee, State Bank of NSW 1985-1986, and graduated with a Bachelor of Economics, majoring in Economics and Industrial Relations, from Sydney University in 1986.\nBefore being elected to the Legislative Council, she was an Industrial Officer for the AMP Staff Association 1986-1988, State Secretary AMP Staff Association 1988-1990; an Electorate Officer for Senator Bruce Childs 1990-1992; an Industrial Officer\/Training Officer for the Community and Public Sector Union 1992-1995 and Policy Adviser to the Deputy Premier and Minister for Health 1995-1998.\nTebbutt has been a Representative of the Legislative Council on the Council of University of New England since 1998.She became a Minister in 1999, and was Minister for Juvenile Justice 1999 -2003, Minister Assisting the Premier on Youth Affairs 1999-2003, and Minister Assisting the Minister for the Environment 1999-2002.\nHer Committee Memberships include: Sessional: Library Committee 1998-1999, Standing Orders Committee since 1999. Standing: Standing Committee on Social Issues 1998-1999.\nTebbutt became a Member of the ALP in 1985, and her party activities include: being a Member of the Executive of NSW Young Labor Council 1988-1991; President of the NSW Young Labor Council 1990-1991; Member of the ALP Economic Policy Committee 1990-1994; President Ashfield State Electorate Council 1994-1998; Deputy Convenor ALP Credentials Committee 1996-1999 and Member of the Administrative Committee ALP NSW Branch 1993-1999.\nA Member of the Marrickville Council since 1993, Tebbutt served as Deputy Mayor 1995-1998. She was a Member of the Marrickville Aboriginal Consultative Committee 1995-1998 and a Member of the Marrickville Heritage Promotion Committee 1997-1998.\nShe is a Member of Australian People for Health, Education and Development Abroad; Australian Republican Movement and the Evatt Foundation. Her interests include: social justice, local government, children's and young peoples services, education and the environment and she enjoys swimming, cycling, reading and movies.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-members-of-the-parliament-of-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carmel-tebbutt-mlc\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-members-of-the-nsw-parliament\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2001\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lo P\u00f2, Faye", "Entry ID": "AWE0145", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lo-po-faye\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cessnock, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Fay Lo P\u00f2 retired in 2003 after a distinguished public career in NSW politics. A long time member of the Australian Labor Party, she served in local government (on the Penrith City Council) before winning the seat of Penrith in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1991. Lo P\u00f2 was re-elected in 1995 and 1999. While an MP, she held a number of portfolios, including Minister for Women, Community Services, Fair Trading and Consumer Affairs. She was Shadow Minister for Housing in 1994-95 while the ALP were in opposition.\nFay Lo P\u00f2 was also heavily involved in local politics in the 1970s and 80s, culminating in a term as Mayor of the Penrith City Council in 1990-1991. She was Alderman of Prospect Electricity (1980-1987, 1991-1992) serving as Chair. From 1986-1987. She was Chair of the NSW Women's Advisory Council, a Member of the Metropolitan Waste Disposal Authority, Chair of the NSW Board of Adult Education and Patron of various groups. She was appointed an AM in 1984.\n", "Details": "Parliamentary and Local Government Career\nLocal Government\n\nMember Penrith City Council 1971-74, 1980-95\nMayor Penrith 1990-91\n\nState Government\n\nElected, New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Penrith 1991, 1995, 1999,\nShadow Minister for Housing, 1994-95\nMinister for Consumer Affairs, 1995\nMinister for Fair Trading, 1995-97\nMinister for Women 1995 to 2003\nMinister for Community Services, Aging and Disability Services, from 1997 to 2003\n\nRetired 2003.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-members-of-the-nsw-parliament\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-members-of-the-parliament-of-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2001\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Nori, Sandra Christine", "Entry ID": "AWE0146", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nori-sandra-christine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Sandra Nori served as the New South Wales Minister for Small Business and Minister for Tourism. She is the Member (ALP) for Port Jackson.\n", "Details": "After completing her secondary education Petersham Girl's High School, Nori attended the University of Sydney and graduated with a Bachelor of Economics.\nBefore entering Parliament, as a Member for McKell in 1988 she was a co-ordinator at the Sydney Women's Health Centre; a Health Worker at Leichhardt Community Health Centre; Research Officer to Peter Baldwin, former Federal Member of Sydney and a former member of the Social Security Appeals Tribunal.\nSince entering parliament her service includes being Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasurer and Minister for State Development. Minister for Small Business since 1999 and Minister for Tourism since 1999.\nNori has two children and her interests include: women's issues, education, housing, planning\/the environment, consumer affairs and transport. She enjoys music, ballet, ballroom dancing and paragliding.\nA member of Italian community organisations, Nori is a supporter of several women's groups including the National Foundation for Australian Women, Women's Network Collective, Women's Health in Industry Inc. and the Women's Electoral Lobby.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-members-of-the-nsw-parliament\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-members-of-the-parliament-of-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2001\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-sandra-nori-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/issy-wyner-collection-box-27-2-1-4-public-transport\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dixon, Trisha Burkitt", "Entry ID": "AWE0148", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dixon-trisha-burkitt\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Goulburn, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer, Writer", "Summary": "Trisha Burkitt Dixon is a writer and a photographer with a passion for landscape, literature, art and history. She has written, edited, photographed and co-authored a number of books, has edited journals and contributed as a columnist and writer\/photographer to various publications and lectured widely within Australia and abroad. Trisha is on the Board of the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney, on the National Management Committee of the Australian Garden History Society and a company member of Winifred West Schools Limited.\nLinking her passions of literature and landscape, Trisha's recent book Under the Spell of the Ages was published by the National Library of Australia. Trisha is currently working on a book to be published by Murdoch Books. She has spent 20 years documenting the life of Australia's leading landscape designer, Edna Walling and spent some years working on a private commission to document one of Australia's most interesting pastoral properties where our only Nobel Prize laureate for Literature, Patrick White wrote his first novel, Banjo Paterson wrote his last poem for and poet Barcroft Boake wrote a number of poems about. Research for this book led her to Greece and the island of Hydra where she now takes literary and photographic workshops.\nTrisha has also worked as a pilot and as a presenter on ABC Television and is a landscape consultant and heritage adviser. She lives in an early colonial house on her historic grazing property at the foothills of the Snowy Mountains.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-vision-of-edna-walling-garden-plans-1920-1951\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gardens-in-time-in-the-footsteps-of-edna-walling\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/banjo-patersons-high-country\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/garden-design-and-style-the-essence-of-the-garden\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-country-garden\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/abc-radio-gardeners\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-fragrant-garden\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australias-timeless-gardens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/under-the-spell-of-the-ages-australian-country-gardens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Leonard, Marjorie (Helen)", "Entry ID": "AWE0149", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/leonard-marjorie-helen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Stanmore, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist, Nurse, Photographer", "Summary": "Helen Leonard worked with numerous women's organisations including the Nursing Mothers' Association (now the Australian Breastfeeding Association), Women's Electoral Lobby, National Women's Media Centre, CAPOW!, the National Breast Cancer Foundation, the National Foundation for Australian Women and WESNET. As a lobbyist and photographer in the women's movement from the 1970s onward, she recorded the activities of many women's organisations, building an extraordinary library of photographs and recordings.\n", "Details": "An only child, Helen was educated at Hornsby Girls High School. Aged 17 she enrolled as a student nurse at Sydney's Royal North Shore Hospital, and worked for three years as a nurse or dental nurse in various settings.\nHelen's children, Christopher, Robin and Carolyn Inman were born within four years of each other. By 1973 Helen was an active member of the newly created Nursing Mothers Association (NMA), working at the local level in Group Leadership and counselling. Legislation in some States at the time meant that women could be charged with offensive behaviour for breast-feeding in public, and relatively few Australian mothers were encouraged to breast-feed. While running self-esteem and communication groups for the NSW Health department, Helen began representing the NMA at a national level. By 1988 she had been appointed to the National Women's Consultative Council (NWCC) as a representative of NMA; was co-director of Distaff Associates; and co-convenor of WRITES, the umbrella for the Women's Economic Think Tank, Refractory Girl, Women's Radio Network and others.\nOn behalf of the NWCC, with the Women's Electoral Lobby, Helen organised the Women's Tax Convention in Canberra. She began work as a consultant to the Office of the Status of Women in the Commonwealth Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. Working with journalist, writer and friend Anne Deveson she explored the portrayal of women in the media, became an Australian expert, and founded the National Women's Media Centre (www.nwmc.org.au). She also led the project to produce the 1998 National Women's Media Directory, which registered women to provide expert comment to the media on issues of the day.\nIn the mid 1990s, working for the NSW Department for Women, Helen coordinated state-wide International Women's Day activities, the Women and Media Awards, and the Out of Line: 25 Years of Women's Posters exhibition. She also created National Women's History Month; This Day In History, which profiles the achievements of women; and The Australian Women's Honour Roll, launched in March 2000. She moved to Canberra in 1998 to become National Executive Officer for the Women's Electoral Lobby (Australia). From early 2000 she worked as National Executive Officer for WESNET (Women's Services Network); as Iraq anti-sanctions Campaign Manager for the Medical Association for the Prevention of War; and as Manager, Government and Community Relations for the National Breast Cancer Foundation. She was Convenor of the Coalition of Australian Participating Organisations of Women (CAPOW!), the peak national women's organisation.\nHelen was posthumously awarded a high commendation in the community section of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Human Rights awards, 2001, for her \"tireless commitment to the rights of women, and broader issues of social justice.\" She is survived by her partner, Judy Harrison, and her three children. Helen's family have launched an appeal through the National Foundation for Australian Women (www.nfaw.org or telephone 02 62874422) to raise funds to create an accessible archive of her historic photographic work.\nEdited from an Obituary by Marie Coleman\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fabulous-fifties-when-life-really-begins-interviews-with-australian-women-in-their-fifties\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tireless-activist-for-womens-movement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/real-dynamo-on-behalf-of-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/web-savvy-and-wired-into-the-womens-movement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dixon, Patricia", "Entry ID": "AWE0153", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dixon-patricia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Macleay River, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Armidale, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Politician", "Summary": "Patricia Dixon was the first aboriginal woman elected to local parliament in New South Wales, and the first Aboriginal woman federal candidate for the ALP.\n", "Details": "A Dunguddy woman, Patricia Dixon was born on the Macleay River near Kempsey, New South Wales and raised on a reserve near Bellbrook. Her extended family included many aunts and uncles, nine sisters and three brothers, but Patricia was separated from her family at the age of 13. Sent away by the Aboriginal Welfare Board, she worked in domestic service in a wealthy private home in Sydney.\nAs an Aboriginal person growing up in the 1950s, she was excluded from high school, but attended primary school, and eventually returned to study as a mature-age student.\nAfter working in Sydney for several years, Patricia married Doug Dixon and had two sons, Graham and Douglas. The family soon moved to Armidale, where Patricia worked as a cleaner. She joined the Labor party in the late 70's, and her involvement in local politics began. Much of her work since then focussed on enhancing Aboriginal involvement in local governance and mainstream civic affairs. In 1983 she was elected to Armidale City Council, becoming the first Aboriginal person elected to local government in NSW. Working with Lowitje (Lois) O'Donoghue, she saw numbers of Aboriginal people participating in local councils nationally build to over 600 in 1998.\nDixon spent over 17 years in local government, serving on the Armidale City Council as a member and, for three years, as Deputy Mayor. She also worked for the Australian Local Government Association (Canberra) and the Department of Local Government in NSW. She served as Chairperson of the Armidale & District Aboriginal Cultural Centre and Keeping Place; was a member of the NSW State Committee for Reconciliation; and was the Chief Executive Officer of the Aboriginal Medical Service in Armidale at the time of her death.\nIn 1997, Patricia Dixon was pre-selected by the Australian Labor Party in the seat of New England, becoming the first Aboriginal woman federal candidate for the ALP. She passed away just before the 2001 Federal Election was called.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/excerpt-of-speech-by-lowitja-lois-odonoghue\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hope-for-us-all-the-importance-of-local-government-in-strengthening-aboriginal-communities\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/uphill-battle-for-stronghold-seat\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Poole, Philippa", "Entry ID": "AWE0154", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poole-philippa\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Writer", "Summary": "Philippa Poole is the grand daughter of Ethel Turner who complied The Diaries of Ethel Turner in 1979.\n", "Details": "Philippa Poole was the daughter of Betty Carr and Sir Adrian H F Curlewis. Married to Adrian she was the mother of two sons and two daughters.\n\u00a0\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-diaries-of-ethel-turner\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/of-love-and-war-the-letters-and-diaries-of-captain-adrian-curlewis-and-his-family-1939-1945\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-philippa-poole-author-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Curlewis, E. Jean", "Entry ID": "AWE0155", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/curlewis-e-jean\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Mosman, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author", "Summary": "E. Jean Curlewis was the daughter of Ethel Turner. Before passing away she wrote a number of books including The Sunshine Family: A Book of Nonsense for Girls and Boys, with her mother.\n", "Details": "Daughter of Ether Turner and Herbert Raine Curlewis. The author of mainly children's publications, she was married to M L Charlton.\nSources: http:penrithcity.nsw.gov.au\/usrpages\/collect\/ethel.html accessed 17\/10\/01;\nhttp:\/\/www.pcug.org.au\/~efp\/megangen\/ftree.htm#Philippa accessed 24\/10\/01\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-sunshine-family-a-book-of-nonsense-for-girls-and-boys\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beach-beyond\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-dawn-man\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/drowning-maze\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/christmas-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/verse-writing-for-beginners\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ethel-turner-lilian-turner-and-jean-curlewis-a-family-of-australian-authors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-eleanor-dark-1910-1974-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "MacDonald, Karin", "Entry ID": "AWE0162", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/macdonald-karin\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Karin MacDonald was elected to the Legislative Assembly for the Australian Capital Territory, representing the electorate of Brindabella, in 2001 and was re-elected in 2004, retiring in 2008.\n", "Details": "After studying to become a primary school teacher and working with handicapped children for six years, MacDonald worked in a variety of clerical positions. She worked with the NSW Professional Officers' Association as a recruitment organiser before joining the Australian Services Union as the Canberra organiser for the Clerical and Administrative Branch. Before entering parliament she was executive director of the Business Training Advisory Board.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/macdonald-resigning-for-personal-reasons\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dunne, Vicki", "Entry ID": "AWE0164", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dunne-vicki\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Lismore, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Political advisor, Public servant", "Summary": "A member of the Canberra Liberals, Vicki Dunne was elected to the Legislative Assembly for the Australian Capital Territory representing the electorate of Ginninderra from 2001 to 2020. She held the position of Speaker of the Legislative Assembly from 2012 to 2016.\n", "Details": "Dunne was a member of many other community groups including Karinya House, the Cystic Fibrosis Association, ArtSound FM and the North Belconnen Landcare Group and Radio 1RPH (Print Handicapped Radio). She is married with five children.\n\u00a0\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dunne-vicki-legislative-assembly-for-the-australian-capital-territory-website\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trafficking\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hoare, Kelly Joy", "Entry ID": "AWE0172", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hoare-kelly-joy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Deniliquin, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Kelly Hoare was elected MHR (ALP) for Charlton, New South Wales in 1998.\n", "Details": "Kelly Hoare obtained her Bachelor of Arts from the University of Canberra. From 1985 to 1995 she worked in the public service for the Departments of Defence and Employment, following which she became assistant and adviser to the Federal Member and former Minister for Transport, Bob Brown.\nSince entering parliament, Hoare has been a member of the Standing Committee on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs and the Parliamentary Committee on the Library. She is married with two children and when able enjoys netball and swimming.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kelly-hoare-candidate-for-charlton\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kelly-hoare-member-and-candidate-for-charlton\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ms-kelly-hoare-mp-member-for-charlton-nsw\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-kelly-hoare-federal-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Vale, Danna Sue", "Entry ID": "AWE0176", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vale-danna-sue\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the Liberal Party of Australia, Danna Vale was elected to the House of Representatives as the Member for Hughes, New South Wales in 1996. She became Minister for Veterans' Affairs on 26 November 2001 and Minister Assisting the Minister for Defence from 2001 until 2003. From 1984 until 1988 Minister Vale was a full-time wife, mother and student. In 1988 she began practising as a solicitor and held this position until entering parliament.\nShe did not contest the 2010 federal election.\n", "Events": "Delegate to the Cook and Miranda Federal Electoral Councils (1994 - 1995) \nDelegate to the Liberal Party State Council (NSW) (1994 - 1995) \nElected to the House of Representative for Hughes, New South Wales (1996 - 1996) \nFull-time mother (1965 - 1984) \nFull-time wife, mother and student (1984 - 1988) \nMarried Robert Vale and they had 4 sons (1965 - 1965) \nMember of the House of Representative Standing Committee on the Library (2001 - 2001) \nMember of the House of Representative Standing Committee on Communications, Transport and Microeconomic Reform (1996 - 1996) \nMember of the House of Representative Standing Committee on Environment and Heritage (1998 - 2001) \nMember of the House of Representative Standing Committee on Family and Community Affairs (1996 - 1997) \nMember of the House of Representative Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs (1997 - 2001) \nMember of the Liberal Party (1993 - 1993) \nMinister Assisting the Minister for Defence (2001 - 2003) \nMinister for Veterans' Affairs (2001 - 2001) \nPresident of the Liberal Party Gymea Branch (1994 - 1995) \nSolicitor (1988 - 1996)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-the-party\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-danna-vale-mp-member-for-hughes-nsw\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/danna-vale-mp\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2003\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bishop, Bronwyn Kathleen", "Entry ID": "AWE0178", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bishop-bronwyn-kathleen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Company director, Lawyer, Parliamentarian, Solicitor", "Summary": "Bronwyn Bishop was elected as a Senator for New South Wales in 1987 and resigned in 1994 to contest the seat of Mackellar in a by-election and was elected to the House of Representatives, holding her seat until 2016 when she lost pre-selection as the Liberal candidate. She served as Minister for Defence Industry, Science and Personnel 1996-98, and Minister for Aged Care 1998-2001 in the Howard government and as Speaker of the House of Representatives 2013-15.\n", "Details": "Before entering Federal Parliament Bronwyn Bishop was a Solicitor and Company Director. She was elected to the Senate for NSW in 1987 and resigned on 24 February 1994. In March 1994, Bishop contested the seat of Mackellar at a by-election called upon the resignation of the Hon. J.J. Carlton, and was elected to the House of Representatives. She was re-elected in 1996, 1998, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2010 and 2013, but did not contest the 2016 election, losing pre-selection as the Liberal candidate to Jason Falinski.\nBishop was Minister for Defence Industry, Science and Personnel from 11 March 1996 to 21 October 1998, and Minister for Aged Care from October 1998 to October 2001. She held a number of shadow portfolios over her long career and was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives in 2013 on the election of the Abbott government. She resigned her position in August 2015 after controversy over her travel expenses and returned to the backbench.\nBishop was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in 2020 for distinguished service to the Parliament of Australia, to the people of New South Wales, and to women in politics.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-the-party\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-hon-bronwyn-bishop-mp-member-for-mackellar-nsw\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-bronwyn-bishop-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hmss-0375-canberra-centenary-time-capsule\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-hon-bronwyn-bishop\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Grierson, Sharon Joy", "Entry ID": "AWE0179", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/grierson-sharon-joy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Sharon Grierson was elected as the Member for Newcastle, New South Wales, in the House of Representatives of the Australian Parliament at the federal election, which was held on 10 November 2001. She was re-elected in 2004, 2007 and 2010.\n", "Details": "Born and raised in Newcastle, Grierson completed her teacher training at Newcastle Teachers' College.\nPrior to entering parliament she was a principal at several Newcastle schools.\nSource: http:\/\/www.alp.org.au\/people\/people.html?seat=Newcastle accessed 14\/11\/2001\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sharon-grierson-candidate-for-newcastle\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Crosio, Janice Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE0180", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/crosio-janice-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Granville, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Mayor, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Janice Crosio was the first woman Cabinet Minister of New South Wales, and first woman to serve on the executive at all three levels of government - local, state and federal. She was elected to the House of Representatives (ALP) for the seat of Prospect, New South Wales, in 1990 and retired in 2004. A complete record of her parliamentary service, including links to her first and valedictory speeches, can be found in the Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia (see below).\nShe was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) on 30 December 1978 for services to local government.\n", "Details": "Parliamentary and Local Government Career\n\nLocal Government: Fairfield City Council (New South Wales), 1971-80. Elected Mayor in 1974, 1977-1980\nState Government: MLA Fairfield (New South Wales), 1981, 1984; MLA Smithfield (New South Wales), 1988\nFederal Government: House of Representatives, Member for Prospect (New South Wales), 1990\nRetired: 2004\n\nJanice Crosio served on the Fairfield City Council (NSW) from 1971 to 1980 and became the first female Mayor of that council in 1974. She was re-elected in 1977, 1978, 1979 and 1980. She transferred to the NSW State parliament in 1981 when she was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Fairfield. She held that seat from 19 September 1981 to 22 February 1988, moving to Smithfield from 27 April 1988 until she resigned on 17 February 1990.\nCrosio was Minister for Natural Resources from 5 April 1984 to 6 February 1986; Minister for Local Government from 6 February 1986 to 25 March 1988; Minister for Water Resources from 4 July 1986 to 25 March 1988 and Assistant Minister for Transport from 26 November 1987 to 25 March 1988.\nAfter entering federal parliament in 1990 she was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Environment, Sport and Territories from 23 December 1993 to 25 March 1994 and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Social Security from 25 March 1994 to 11 March 1996. In 2001, she was elected Chief Opposition Whip in the House of Representatives.\nCrosio was awarded the Queen Elizabeth Jubilee Medal in 1977 and the Knight of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic in 1980.\n", "Events": "Alderman of the Fairfield City Council, New South Wales (1971 - 1980) \nAssistant to New South Wales State Minister for Transport (1987 - 1988) \nAwarded the Queen Elizabeth Jubilee Medal (1977 - 1977) \nBorn Janice Ann Gustard (1939 - 1939) \nDeputy Mayor of the Fairfield City Council, New South Wales (1972 - 1972) \nFirst woman elected a Cabinet Minister, New South Wales (1984 - 1984) \nKnight of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (1980 - 1980) \nMayor of the Fairfield City Council (first woman), New South Wales (1974 - 1975) \nMayor, Fairfield City Council, New South Wales (1977 - 1980) \nMember of the Co-ordinating Committee of Women Parliamentarians of Inter-Parliamentary Union (2000 - 2000) \nMember of the House of Representatives (Australian Labor Party) for Prospect, New South Wales (1990 - 1990) \nMember of the Legislative Assembly (Australian Labor Party) for Fairfield, New South Wales (1981 - 1988) \nMember of the Legislative Assembly (Australian Labor Party) for Smithfield, New South Wales (1988 - 1990) \nMember of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) (MBE) (1978 - 1978) \nMinister for Local Government, New South Wales (1986 - 1988) \nMinister for Natural Resources, New South Wales (1984 - 1986) \nMinister for Water Resources, New South Wales (1986 - 1988) \nParliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Arts and Administrative Services, New South Wales (1993 - 1993) \nParliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Environment, Sport and Territories, New South Wales (1993 - 1994) \nParliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Social Security, New South Wales (1994 - 1996) \nPresident of Meals on Wheels (1976 - 1993)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-hon-janice-ann-crosio-1939\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/janice-crosio-testimonial-dinner\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-ordinary-lives-pioneering-women-in-australian-politics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/crosio-the-hon-janice-ann-am-mbe\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-janice-crosio-former-suburban-mayor-and-nsw-government-minister-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/janice-crosio-interviewed-by-judith-winternitz-for-the-cultural-context-of-unemployment-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hall, Jill Griffiths", "Entry ID": "AWE0181", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hall-jill-griffiths\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Macksville, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Local government councillor, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Jill Griffiths Hall has enjoyed a distinguished career in local, state and federal politics in New South Wales, representing the Australian Labor Party. She has held the federal seat of Shortland since 1998.\n", "Details": "Jill Hall completed a Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of Newcastle as a mature age student, and was later a casual lecturer in rehabilitation counselling there. She worked as a rehabilitation counsellor with the Commonwealth Rehabilitation Service, and as an employment officer and employment counsellor at the Commonwealth Employment service in Newcastle.\nShe was a Councillor for Lake Macquarie City Council (1991-1995), during which time she served as Deputy Mayor (1993-1994). From 1995 to 1998 she was a Member of the NSW Parliament representing the seat of Swansea. She became the Federal Member for Shortland In 1998, and was re-elected in 2001, 2004, 2007, 2010 and 2013.\nHall was Deputy Chair of the Social Policy and Community Development Caucus Committee. She served on the House of Representatives Family and Community Affairs Committee, and was a member of the Joint Select Committee for the Republic Referendum in 1999. She currently holds the position of Opposition Whip in the House of Representatives.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ms-jill-hall-mp-member-for-shortland-nsw\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jill-hall-member-and-candidate-for-shortland\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Coonan, Helen Lloyd", "Entry ID": "AWE0195", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/coonan-helen-lloyd\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Businesswoman, Feminist, Lawyer, Parliamentarian, Solicitor", "Summary": "Helen Coonan is a former Australian politician, who was a Liberal member of the Australian Senate representing New South Wales from July 1996 to August 2011. On 26 November 2001, she was appointed Minister for Revenue and Assistant Treasurer in the Howard Government. She was re-elected in 2001 and 2007. From 2004-07, she served as Minister for Communications, Information Technology and the Arts.\nSince leaving politics in 2011, Coonan has transitioned into the corporate world, and vouches for the seminal importance of the law, including legal training, legal practise and legal experience as a common thread underpinning her capacity to perform across a diverse professional and public landscape for a very long time.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Helen Coonan for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Helen Coonan and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\nI first thought about doing a law degree when I received a telephone call from a reporter on the Wagga Daily Advertiser on an afternoon late December in 1964. He broke the news of my success in the HSC (then the Leaving Certificate). During the course of an ensuing interview for the paper the next day, he asked what I wanted to do with such a splendid result. I said that I wanted to go to University and would probably study Arts. But it was then that I started to think about a combined Arts\/Law degree, the only combined law degree then available.\nI didn't know much about law. I had read \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" like just about everyone else had, but no one in my family, friends or acquaintances were lawyers. In fact I had never met one! There were no mentors or role models nor supporters or boosters to turn to for guidance. And yet almost instinctively I knew that this was what I wanted to do.\nEven as a young country girl growing up on a property as part of a small rural community, I was intrigued by the notion that people could right wrongs and help those in need. I thought I could recognise injustice where I saw it, especially in point, that of domestic violence and powerlessness and the dreadful consequences for families utterly without redress. A friend of my mothers who suffered horrific domestic violence was eventually forced to leave her home, a family property that had been in the husband's family for generations and flee with her children to live in poverty and dependence on her relatives. I recall thinking \"how can that be fair and why couldn't more be done to help her?\"\nI graduated in 1970 and was admitted to practice in March 1971 at a time when practicing women lawyers were thin on the ground. Challenges came thick and fast and I quickly learnt to find pathways through the thickets with my Plan B strategy that I have honed throughout my career and that has always served me well. I can truly say never be afraid of Plan B if Plan A does not work!\nI became an active member of the Women's Electoral Lobby and began to get many women referred as clients, in various levels of distress and need. I was working in a commercial law firm doing general commercial work including, corporate structures, insurance and tax advice with a \"big end of town\" type of clientele. Soon the waiting room became populated by women in kaftans, children in strollers, sticky lollies and sticky hands next to suited and serious businessmen, with things corporate on their minds!\nI was frenetically busy. I represented these women in Court during the day and worked into the small hours to represent the corporate clients at night.\nEventually after several months of this, the senior partner came to my office. He closed the door and we had a pleasant conversation about my prospects until it became clear that the women who did not exactly fit the firm's clientele would need to go elsewhere. I said: \"But they have nowhere else to go\".\nThat evening my husband (an early feminist if ever there was one) said to me: \"Why don't you just start your own firm and continue what you are doing\"?\nThis was a huge risk. Here I was on track for a partnership and wanting to start a family. Diverting course to start my own firm then was not on the agenda.\nBut faced with an unpalatable choice, I embarked on Plan B. At the age of 25, full of bravado and self-belief, I set up Coonan & Associates in 1975. I believe it was the first women orientated legal firm of its kind. The lesson learnt is that Plan B can be the best choice if you have the insight to see the possibilities and confidence to take a few risks.\nAs it happened, that decision set me on a course that led to personal and professional success and public recognition. It freed me up to pursue my passion for advocacy on issues I cared about.\nWith some other like-minded women, I lobbied government, raised funds and set up the corporate model for the first women's refuge in Sydney - The Elsie Women's Refuge in Glebe - followed by another half dozen dotted around the metropolitan area. I then turned attention to a Women's Health Centre at Leichhardt and Liverpool and a Women's Legal Centre. I embarked on an awareness campaign against what was then blatant discrimination against women in the workplace, in employment and in their relationships. I discovered the power of television and media to help the cause, and even agreed to be a regular panellist on Beauty and the Beast, provided the genuine letters I got could be treated seriously and information provided on air!\nI fought for changes through political advocacy and legal representation on issues as diverse as tax deductibility for child care to recognition of property and inheritance rights for de facto and same sex relationships. I was appointed Chair of the Law Foundation and in that role embarked on a strategy to save the Public Interest Advocacy Centre that was facing an uncertain future. I worked with others on the NSW anti-discrimination legislation and advocated for reform of the divorce law. After the passage of the Family Law Act it needed to be monitored for unintended consequences. One issue that concerned me was the inability of the Court to deal appropriately with superannuation assets. It was a source of great satisfaction to me that years later as the Assistant Treasurer, I was able to get this reformed so that now superannuation assets belonging to one spouse can be treated as matrimonial property subject to the courts powers to divide these assets on divorce. It was an area where I had developed expertise. I was recently interviewed for the ABC Four Corners 50th anniversary program and was shown old footage of me talking about the need for women to look beyond marriage for their economic security. I realised just how long I have been banging on about the feminization of poverty and it is still relevant today.\nEven though it would take another 15 or so years to get there, I knew that my heart was in politics and my destiny would be in Parliament. I also knew that my legal training and knowledge was a key plank in my toolkit to get there.\nBut I had a young son and so much still to achieve in the law. In 1983 my firm which had morphed into Coonan & Hughes, with the addition of a partner John Hughes and several employed solicitors merged with a larger commercial firm, Gadens. I became a partner there and it was an opportunity to hone my commercial skills with different legal work and a different client base.\nDuring this partnership I accepted a secondment to work in a large business law firm in New York and was admitted to the New York Bar. In legal practice, advocacy is my passion and on returning to Australia I resigned my partnership and was admitted to the Bar in July 1986. I was fortunate to be invited to join the Eleventh Floor Wentworth Chambers in Phillip Street and to enjoy the professional guidance and friendship of legendary clerk Paul Daley. I also enjoyed the collegiality and friendships (which last to this day) of male colleagues who were the members of these chambers. For most of my time on the Eleventh Floor I was the only women in a Chamber set of 20 or so men. It was probably the best chambers in Sydney with able and capable barristers who were generous with their time and advice. Getting a room in these Chambers was a critical component of my success at the Bar.\nI do recognise, however that many if not most women at the Bar do it tough. It can be difficult to get suitable chambers and to get work that demonstrates what you are capable of. As a minister tasking work for the Commonwealth, as a rule I would look out for women juniors to make sure they would get exposure and experience with important briefs. I hope getting good women advocates is now a matter of course.\nI spent 10 rewarding years as a barrister handling complex commercial cases, corporate collapses and building construction cases. Included in my case list was acting as counsel for the liquidator of Spedley Securities. Getting to grips with the anatomy of a deposit taking bank that had been artificially propped up by shareholders for years together with the investigation, litigation and recovery of creditors money was a rewarding and informative experience. I have always liked David and Goliath type contests and another memorable win was acting for around 800 Tooheys hoteliers whose \"goodwill' in their hotels had been cancelled by the acquisition of the Tooheys business by Austotel, an entity associated with Mr Alan Bond. It was this background in these types of commercial disputes that prepared me to later have the experience and capacity as a Minister to work on solutions to major and complex national problems such as the government's response to the insurance crisis following the collapse of HIH.\nMy next strategic career decision cropped up rather suddenly with an opportunity to put myself forward as a candidate for preselection for the Liberal Party. At the time I had just concluded a long construction case involving contract overruns for security installations in six power stations in NSW. It was financially rewarding but a rather formulaic dispute that had lasted almost for one year. It also coincided with my son completing his HSC. Psychologically I was probably ready for the next stage of my evolving career. I had a week to decide whether to nominate or whether to continue my career at the Bar, and work towards being appointed silk and eventually the possibility of judicial appointment. That was the conventional career path and I was well along that track. If I won the preselection, it would mean largely abandoning the momentum I had worked so hard to build as a barrister; it would mean an atmospheric drop in income and it would mean huge disruption and loss of privacy for my family. On the other hand was the lure of a new direction at the highest level of politics - the chance to leverage my skills and experience and make a real difference to the lives of Australians. It was the itch I had to scratch and I was determined not to die wondering! Once again, I chose Plan B but this was an enormous risk.\nI transitioned from being a barrister to full time politics on election to the Senate in 1996. It was a huge adjustment. Politics is not for the faint hearted or the thin skinned! Early on, I was often asked if I missed the law. My answer was: \"At times yes I do, compared to politics; the law is such a gentle profession\"!\nHowever, fortune favoured me as I made my way in the Senate and I have my fair share of firsts as a woman in politics.\nThe then Prime Minister, John Howard, gave me a great vote of confidence when he promoted me straight from the back bench to the key portfolio of Assistant Treasurer in 2002. I was at the time the only woman in the history of Federation to hold a Treasury portfolio. It was the gateway to handling major economic reforms in tax, superannuation, insurance and financial literacy. I had responsibility for the Australian Tax Office and for the prudential regulator of financial institutions, APRA. It enabled me to sit on the Expenditure Review Committee with the Treasurer and Finance Minister and to play a key part in formulating the Federal Budget.\nFor all of these tasks a good working knowledge of legal principle and practical experience proved invaluable. An example is the role I was to play in delivering the Government's response to the major national insurance crisis in 2003 that gripped the nation after the collapse of HIH. My portfolio responsibilities included oversight of the Australia Prudential Regulatory Authority (APRA) and much work was required to reform regulation of financial institutions to ensure capital adequacy and valuation of assets to prevent similar collapses in the future. It was this work that set up Australian financial institutions to be better able to deal with the head winds from the Global Financial Crisis.\nBut prudential reforms were only one side of the aftermath of the HIH collapse which saw liability classes of insurance become either unavailable or unaffordable whether you were running a pony club, an architect's office or delivering a baby! It was a national problem and together with the co-operation of the State Treasurers I was able to convene a Ministerial meeting that comprehensively reviewed and reformed tort law in each State, set up professional standards schemes in return for capped liability for professionals and embarked on a major rescue of medical indemnity that has lasted to this day. I don't believe I could have delivered and implemented a comprehensive solution to this crisis without having a sound practical grasp of the legal framework that would underpin national reform of insurance.\nFortune smiled on me again in 2004 when I was promoted to Cabinet as the Minister for Communications, Information Technology and the Arts which remain a major passion to this day. It was a large and complex portfolio that required handling telecommunications, the privatization of Telstra and media reform. I became the shareholder Minister for both Telstra and for Australia Post. My career was further boosted by promotion to Deputy Leader of the Senate with the immense privilege of participating in the daily leadership meeting with the PM, Treasurer and Senate Leader to discuss the political landscape and tactics of the day. And of course sitting at the Cabinet table was much like having a seat on the top Board in the country.\nDuring my time in politics, I was able to see first-hand the real and positive difference women in politics can and do make - it is a different and essential voice to the proper representation of all Australians. I am proud to have been the most senior woman Minister in that Government, to have been given responsibility for large economic portfolios and to learn the inner workings of Government. I believed that I had been an effective leader and made the most of this opportunity.\nI have now transitioned into challenging new roles in the corporate world, and I can vouch for the seminal importance of the law, including legal training, legal practise and legal experience as a common thread underpinning my capacity to perform across a diverse professional and public landscape for a very long time. Having spent 15 years as a solicitor, 10 years at the Bar and 15 years in Parliament including many years where I had the Ministerial carriage of major reforms for the benefit of all Australians, I am grateful that I took that leap of faith as a 17 year old to grasp the opportunities that the law can deliver!\nThe general information (below) has been sourced from publicly available resources.\nCountry born and bred, Coonan moved to Sydney to complete a combined Arts\/Law degree at Sydney University. After graduating she started the first women-orientated legal firm in 1975. The firm later merged with a business law firm of which she became a partner.\nDuring a secondment to the United States in 1985, Coonan was admitted to practice as an Attorney in the Supreme Court of New York. The following year she returned to Sydney and specialised as a commercial barrister at the Sydney Bar. The Chief Justice appointed her as a Supreme Court Mediator in 1992.\nBefore entering Federal Parliament Coonan was a Member of the Convocation of the Senate, University of Sydney from 1983 to 1984; a part-time Member of the Social Secretary Appeals Tribunal in 1987; Trustee of the Historic Houses Trust of NSW from 1988 to 1992 and Chair from 1992 to 1995; Chair of the Board of Governors of the Law Foundation of NSW from 1991 to 1992; and Director and Fellow of the Royal Hospital for Women Foundation from 1995 to 1996.\nIn parliament, Coonan was a member of several Senate Standing Committees; Senate Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committees; Senate Select Committees; Joint Statutory Committees; Joint Standing Committees and Joint Select Committees; as well as Deputy Government Whip in the Senate from 10 November 1998.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-hon-helen-coonan-senator-for-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/senator-helen-coonan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/so-many-firsts-liberal-women-from-enid-lyons-to-the-turnbull-era\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Patterson, Kay Christine Lesley", "Entry ID": "AWE0205", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/patterson-kay-christine-lesley\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Kay Patterson was elected to the Senate for Victoria in 1987. On 7 October 2003 she was appointed Minister for Family and Community Services and Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for the Status of Women. Her other ministerial appointments have included being Minister for Health and Ageing, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs. She retired at the expiry of her term in June 2008 prior to the general election. A complete record of her parliamentary service, including links to her first and valedictory speeches, can be found in the Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia (see below).\n", "Details": "Prior to entering Parliament Kay Patterson was Principal Lecturer and Chair with the School of Behavioural Sciences at the Lincoln Institute of Health Sciences. She served on the Council of Monash University (1978-1998) and following her retirement from Parliament she held positions there, including professorial fellowships, in the health sciences field. In 2019 she was awarded a Doctor of Laws (Honoris Causa) at Monash University. As well as serving on various boards in her post-parliamentary career, Patterson served for two years as a National Mental Health Commissioner and as a member of the Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation, both from 2014. In July 2016 she was appointed as the national Age Discrimination Commissioner, within the Australian Human Rights Commission, for a five-year term (later extended for another two years).\nHaving joined the Girl Guides as a child Kay Patterson retained a lifelong connection to the movement, holding senior positions in the Victorian administration. In 2002 she was made a life member of the Girl Guides.\n", "Events": "Appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) (2016 - 2016) \nAwarded the Centenary Medal 'for service as Minister for Health and Ageing' (2001 - 2001) \nChair of the Senate Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committee for Environment, Recreation, Communications and the Arts: Legislation Committee (1997 - 1997) \nChair of the Senate Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committee for Environment, Recreation, Communications and the Arts: Legislation Committee (1996 - 1996) \nChair of the Senate Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committee for Environment, Recreation, Communications and the Arts: Legislation Committee (1998 - 1998) \nDelegate at the 3rd Commonwealth Conference on Delegated Legislation in London (1989 - 1989) \nDelegate from the Hawthorn West Branch of the Liberal Party State Council (1985 - 1987) \nElected to the Senate for Victoria (1987 - 1987) \nKellogg Travelling Fellow and Visiting Fellow with the Institue of Gerontology at the University of Michigan (1983 - 1983) \nLeader of the Delegation to the World Conference Against Racism in Durban, South Africa (2001 - 2001) \nLecturer with the School of Behavioural Sciences at the Lincoln Institute of Health Sciences (1977 - 1983) \nLife Member of Guides Victoria (2002 - 2002) \nMember of Guides Victoria State Council (1974 - 1991) \nMember of Guides Victoria State Council (1993 - 1993) \nMember of Guides Victoria State Executive (1974 - 1985) \nMember of Guides Victoria State Executive (1988 - 1991) \nMember of the Hawthorn and East Yarra Province Electorate Committee (1985 - 1987) \nMember of the Monash University Council (1978 - 1999) \nMember of the Opposition Shadow Ministry (1990 - 1996) \nMember of the Senate Estimates Committee: C (1993 - 1994) \nMember of the Senate Estimates Committee: C (1990 - 1992) \nMember of the Senate Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committee for Community Affairs (1992 - 1992) \nMember of the Senate Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committee for Community Affairs: Legislation Committee (1994 - 1996) \nMember of the Senate Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committee for Community Affairs: Legislation Committee (1998 - 1998) \nMember of the Senate Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committee for Community Affairs: References Committee (1994 - 1996) \nMember of the Senate Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committee for Community Affairs: References Committee (1998 - 1998) \nMember of the Senate Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committee for Employment, Education and Training (1987 - 1991) \nMember of the Senate Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committee for Employment, Education and Training: References Committee (1996 - 1996) \nMember of the Senate Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committee for Environment, Recreation, Communications and the Arts: Legislation Committee (1997 - 1997) \nMember of the Senate Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committee for Environment, Recreation, Communications and the Arts: Legislation Committee (1996 - 1996) \nMember of the Senate Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committee for Environment, Recreation, Communications and the Arts: Legislation Committee (1998 - 1998) \nMember of the Senate Standing Committee for Regulations and Ordinances (1988 - 1993) \nMember of the Senate Standing Committee for Regulations and Ordinances (1996 - 1996) \nMember of the Senate Standing Committee for Regulations and Ordinances (1997 - 1998) \nMember of the Senate Standing Committee for Scruting of Bills (1987 - 1990) \nMembership Officer of the Hawthorn West Branch of the Liberal Party (1985 - 1987) \nMinister for Family and Community Services and Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for the Status of Women (2003 - 2003) \nMinister for Health and Ageing (2001 - 2003) \nOfficial visit to New Zealand (2000 - 2000) \nOfficial visit to Papua New Guinea (2001 - 2001) \nOfficial visit to Samoa (2001 - 2001) \nParliamentary Adviser at the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in New York (1997 - 1997) \nParliamentary Secretary to the Chair of the Family, Social and Health Policy Group (1992 - 1993) \nParliamentary Secretary to the Chair of the Social Policy and Health Group (1990 - 1992) \nParliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Foreign Affairs (2000 - 2001) \nParliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (1998 - 2001) \nParliamentary Secretary to the Shadow Minister for Community Services, Senior Citizens and Aged Care (1994 - 1995) \nParliamentary Secretary to the Shadow Minister for Health and Human Services (1995 - 1996) \nParticipating member of the Community Affairs: Legislation Committee (1996 - 1998) \nParticipating member of the Economics: Legislation Committee (1995 - 1996) \nParticipating member of the Environment, Recreation, Communications and the Arts: Legislation Committee (1996 - 1997) \nParticipating member of the Environment, Recreation, Communications and the Arts: References Committee (1996 - 1998) \nPrincipal Lecturer and Chair with the School of Behavioural Sciences at the Lincoln Institute of Health Sciences (1986 - 1987) \nSenior Lecturer with the School of Behavioural Sciences at the Lincoln Institute of Health Sciences (1983 - 1985) \nSenior Tutor with the Psychology Department at Monash University (1974 - 1976) \nShadow Minister for Senior Citizens and Aged Care and Shadow Minister Assisting the Leader of the Opposition on Women's Affairs and the Arts (1993 - 1994) \nSmall business secretary and office manager (1961 - 1964) \nTemporary Chair of Committees (1996 - 1998) \nTutor with the Faculty of Education at the University of Sydney (1970 - 1970) \nVice-President of the Hawthorn West Branch of the Liberal Party (1986 - 1987) \nVisiting Scholar with the Gerontology Center at Pennsylvania State University (1985 - 1985)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/so-many-firsts-liberal-women-from-enid-lyons-to-the-turnbull-era\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/patterson-the-hon-dr-kay-christine-lesley-ao\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-senator-kay-patterson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-senator-kay-patterson-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hayter, Lorna", "Entry ID": "AWE0208", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hayter-lorna\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Quirindi, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Agriculturalist, Public servant, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Lorna Hayter studied agriculture at the University of Sydney. In 1927 she joined the New South Wales Department of Agriculture. During World War II Hayter was a member of the Women's Australian National Services, and became Assistant Controller with the Australian Army Women's Service. Later she hosted the Australian Broadcasting Commission weekly national program Farm and Home and became women's editor of the Land Newspaper. On 31 December 1979, Lorna Hayter was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire for services to agriculture and the community.\n", "Events": "Assistant controller with the Australian Women's Army Service (1941 - 1944) \nAssisted with the Rural Reconstruction Report (1944 - 1945) \nBoard member of the YWCA, Sydney (1978 - 1980) \nBroadcaster for the radio program Farm and Home and women's editor Land Newspaper (1961 - 1971) \nEmployed by the Australian Broadcasting Commission (1953 - 1967) \nPatron of the Australian Women's Army Service Association (NSW) (1981 - 1989) \nResearcher with the Rural Adult Education Overseas Grant for the Carnegie Corporation, New York (1936 - 1937) \nScience teacher with the Department of Education at Orange (1921 - 1927) \nSenior Extension Officer with the Agricultural Bureau of New South Wales (1927 - 1948)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hayter-lorna-biographical-entry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/byrne-lorna\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/youll-be-sorry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lorna-hayter-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/major-lorna-byrne-assistant-controller-australian-womens-army-service-land-headquarters\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-of-the-900-members-of-the-australian-womens-army-service-taking-part-in-a-march-past-as-a-farewell-to-major-lorna-byrne\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Symonds, Elizabeth Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE0209", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/symonds-elizabeth-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Murwillumbah, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Campaigner, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Ann Symonds was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1982 to 1998.\n", "Details": "Ann Symonds trained as a teacher at Armidale and taught at Casino before being transferred to Sydney in 1960. She studied Drama (1972-74) and later Law (1984-1985 - deferred), both at the University of New South Wales.\nBetween 1974 and 1977 Symonds was an Alderman at Waverley Municipal Council, and in 1977 became Waverley's first woman Deputy Mayor. She was appointed to the NSW Legislative Council in 1982, and worked in this role until her resignation in 1998. Elected for the Australian Labor Party, she was a member since 1967 and held numerous party positions including Branch President, State Electorate Council President and Federal Electorate Council executive member.\nThroughout her public and parliamentary career Symonds worked on women's policy, with particular reports on prisons, housing and sexual violence, as well as on children's policy, peace and disarmament, inquiries into Drug Law and Policy in NSW, and preparation of the Labor Party's Social Justice Policy at the NSW and National level.\nShe was Patron of the Mothers' and Children's Program, Corrective Services; the Chair, Board of Family Drug Support; and Chair, Board of Guthrie House (residential program for women and children in the Justice system).\nAnn Symonds was married with five children. In 2015 Ann was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for significant service to social justice, particularly through drug law reform, and to the Parliament of New South Wales.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographies-ann-symonds\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sexual-violence-addressing-the-crime-inquiry-into-the-incidence-ofsexual-offences-in-new-south-wales-part-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-and-prisons-an-agenda-for-change-10-march-1993\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bielski, Joan", "Entry ID": "AWE0223", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bielski-joan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Narrabri, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Wollstonecraft, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Activist, Teacher", "Summary": "Joan Bielski was a long time activist for equality for women in employment, education and public life. A founding member of the Council for Civil Liberties, she was also a foundation member of Women's Electoral Lobby (WEL) in 1972 and continued her active involvement throughout her life.\nIn 1988 she was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for her services to women and girls education. In 2004 she was awarded the Order of Australia for her services to women in politics and public life.\nJoan Bielski was a long time supporter of the National Foundation for Australian Women.\n", "Details": "Born in Narrabri, New South Wales (NSW), in 1923, Joan Margaret Ward was the daughter of a banker (Francis Ward) and a banker turned housewife (Doris (nee Bull)). The family later moved to Armidale and Joan attended St Patrick's Convent Armidale, then St Mary's Convent, Gunnedah, where she completed her intermediate certificate.\nAfter leaving school without gaining her leaving certificate, she worked in a newsprint factory and in clerical jobs until she joined the RAAF at 18, where she served as a telegraphist in communications from 1942 to 1945. Assisted by the ex-servicemen rehabilitation scheme after the war, she completed her matriculation at Sydney Technical College. She then moved on to tertiary study in 1947. She graduated BA. Dip.Ed. New England University College, University of Sydney in 1951.\nJoan became an advocate in migrant welfare and joined the Immigration Reform Group in the 1950s. Her voluntary work for migrants consisted of providing translation, information and support services. In 1953, she married Jerzy (George) Stefan Bielski, a socialist immigrant from Poland and survivor of Auschwitz Concentration Camp. They supported each other in all their political and social activities.\nJoan was a foundation member of Women's Electoral Lobby (WEL) Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 and reforms for women in relation to child care, employment, poverty, divorce law, inheritance taxes and education. She was also a founding member of Women In Education, a lobby of women educators lobbying for equal opportunity for girls and women in education in the years 1974-1990 approx.\nJoan was a teacher (1951-1974) and Research Officer, Royal Commission on Human Relationships (1975-76) and Officer in Charge, Social Development Unit, NSW Ministry of Education 1977-84. The latter's role was to advise the then NSW Government, the universities, Technical and Further Education (TAFE) colleges, schools and community organisations on discrimination and sexism issues in education at all levels, multicultural education and anti-discrimination legislation as it applied to education and employment in education..\nJoan worked to inform the education sector about the extant research in the social sciences that pointed to the need for reform and the means of reform in the education of girls, especially in Mathematics, Science, Home Science and Technical Education. She was instrumental in having the NSW system rethink its presentation of Maths and science to girls and to have the TAFE system restructure and broaden the scope of studies such as Secretarial Studies, apprenticeship training for girls and to have TAFE introduce re-entry education and training programs for adult women. The latter programs continue to this day.\nJoan was the author of numerous conference and position papers on various aspects of women and girls education, such as career education, apprenticeships, the effect of technology change, women and educational management, equality in early childhood education of boys and girls. She was instrumental in having the Government of the day schedule the NSW universities under the NSW Anti-Discrimination Act some years before the Sex Discrimination Act was passed to cover all universities.\nMany of her initiatives provided stimulus and\/or models for national action in the area of women and girls education. Her expertise in the area of discrimination, equal opportunity and affirmative action in education was sought after by the Western Australian (WA) Government, private educational institutions in various states and by universities. She was a member of the Councils of both University of New England (UNE) and Macquarie University for many years in the 1980s and the early 1990s. Her book, Women Engineers, is an account of 20 practicing Australian women engineers' motivation, education, training and their working experience and an analysis of the implication of these for educators and employers.\nAfter retirement from paid employment Joan devoted her energies to promoting women's welfare and, as founding member and Honorary Secretary, of Women Into Politics. Since 1992, she has worked with women to explore the issues which limit women's participation in politics and to increase the numbers of women in our parliaments and in Australian public life.\nAs well as organising various conferences, seminars, consultations and fund raising Annual dinners, Joan contributed to conferences, delivering numerous papers on issues relevant to discrimination against women in politics and equal political representation.\nRecent speaking engagements include:\n\nThe Women's Constitutional Convention, January 1998. Topic: What women should expect from a Bill of Rights.\nThe National Party's Women's Council, September 2002, on the rationale for equal representation and outlining necessary political party reforms.\nThe Organisation of Hellenic & Hellenic-Cypriot Women of Australia, National Conference, January, 2001. Topic: Australian women's movement as part of a world movement, its history of gaining the vote, lobbying and activism and the move to equal representation.\nAustralian Federation of University Women Hunter Conference, 15 September 2001. Topic: The Women's Charter for Political Reform.\nAustralian Local Government Women's Association Australia. National Conference, Canberra, 20th October 2001. Topic: The Women's Charter for Political Reform\n\nBielski had returned from a forum on women and ageing organised by the Older Women's Network and was writing a missive on a local development when she collapsed with a massive stroke. She passed away on August 17, 2012. According to friend and fellow traveller in WEL and the NSW Women and Education Group, Jozefa Sobski, 'Her wit and good humour, her infectious and rousing laughter, her generosity with friends, her alertness to injustice, her energetic pursuit of political indolence and indifference to inequality or unfairness, will be remembered by all who knew her.'\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-honour-roll-b\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/coming-to-the-party\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-engineers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-womens-charter-for-political-reform-2001-a-charter-for-political-equality-for-women-and-for-good-government-for-all-australian-citizens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-advocate-smashed-educational-barriers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-redress-press-book-files-1976-1996-including-correspondence-contracts-readers-reports-reviews-and-photographs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judith-steanes-interview-with-joan-bielski-of-the-womens-electoral-lobby-2000\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joan-bielski-papers-1968-2004\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Roberts, Lisa", "Entry ID": "AWE0224", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/roberts-lisa\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Norfolk Island, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist", "Summary": "Lisa Roberts is an exhibiting artist, community artist and interactive publisher. She has created films and animations, produced exhibitions, and been involved in several performances over a long career beginning in the early 1970s.\n", "Details": "Lisa Roberts completed her Dip. Art, Dip. Ed, Grad. Dip. Film & TV, M.A, Animation and Interactive Media, PhD, New Media Arts. Most of her studies were undertaken in Melbourne.\nOver the course of her career Roberts has received several grants, prizes and scholarships, including the National Gallery Drawing Prize (1971); three Australian Film Commission grants (1981, 1991, 1994); the Melbourne Fringe Festival Special Commendation Award for New Short Works (1995); Australian Postgraduate Award (2007-2010); Climate Change Cluster Creative Fellowship (2014).\nRoberts has received funding from the Australia Council to produce art work for exhibition. She has also worked as a lecturer, animator, illustrator, judge in film awards, assessor, curator and artist in residence (Manangatang, 1992, Wesley College, 1994, Scotch Oakburn College, 1997, Launceston College, 1998, on the Aurora Australis, V7, to Davis and Mawson, Antarctica, 2002), at University of Technology Sydney Faculty of Science (2012-2016).\nAs a result of her residency in Antarctica, as part of the Australian Antarctic Division Humanities Programme, she developed an interactive CDROM and other art works for exhibition at New Parliament House, Canberra (Aust.) Much of this work is held at the Australian Antarctic Division headquarters in Kingston, Tasmania, and at the Tasmanian State Library in Hobart. Her PhD thesis 'Antarctic Animation: Expanding Perceptions with Gesture and Line' was awarded by the University of New South Wales in April 2010.\nIn 2011 Roberts built on this research to develop and to lead the Living Data program, which makes known interactions that happen between scientists and artists and changes in understanding that evolve through this process. The Living Data program is based in Sydney and has initiated and contributed to local, national and international conferences and festivals:\n\nAntarctica: Music, Sounds, Cultural Connections conference, Australian National University, Canberra (2011); \nEora Centre for Aboriginal Studies, Abercrombie, Sydney (2012); \nArt & About Sydney Customs House Foyer, Circular Quay, Sydney (2012); \nIV Antarctica Art and Culture International Conference & Festival Oceanic Living Data installation, Universidad Nacional de Tres Febrero, Buenos Aires (2012); \nAnimating Change exhibition and forum for the Ultimo Science Festival at The Muse, Ultimo TAFE, Sydney (2012); \nWilderness alive: Reconnecting through a collaborative research practice at the University of Tasmania Imaging Nature II Conference; \nOceanic Living Data installation, Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, CCAMLR, Hobart (2012); \nLiving Data and Dance installation, Sentinel meeting, CCAMLR, Hobart (2012); \nLiving Data and Dance performance, Rozelle School of Visual Arts (2012), \nSydney; Dreams and Imagination conference presentation, Sydney (2012); \nLiving Data: Art From Climate Science, Data for Action at the Muse gallery for the Ultimo Science Festival, Sydney (2013); \nData for Action forum for the Ultimo Science Festival, Sydney (2013); \nAAD CCAMLR reception Hobart, Tasmania (2013); \nArt & Science Co-creations for the Australasian Society for Phytology and Aquatic Botany conference at the Sydney Institute of Marine Science (SIMS)(2013); \nPresentations & Workshops for the Beijing City International School, China (2014); \nEvolving Conversations: Interactive Exhibition and Forum for University of Technology, Sydney (UTS) and Ultimo Science Festival (2014); \nLiving Data: Align Installation for Hothouse Waterways exhibition, Central Park, Sydney (2014); \nInstallation for Climate: Art of the Anthropocene: Cabinet of Curiosities Australian Galleries, Melbourne (2014); \nLiving Data: Responses of Living things (including us) to change, Final talk for TIERS (Trends In Environmental Research Series) at University of Technology Sydney (2014); \nWalk Through Living Data tour of UTS for the inaugural Sydney Science Festival (2015); \nLiving Data: Cultural perspectives on Ocean systems, Talk for Saltwater Forum, Manly Art Gallery & Museum, Sydney (2015); \nLiving Data installation for the Sydney Institute of Marine Science (2015); \nOceanic Bliss installation for Sur Polar exhibition at Complutense University, Madrid (2016); \nStreet Art & Science, Newtown, Sydney (2016);\nOceanic Bliss presentations and installation for Ku-ring-gai Ph Art & Science project, Eramboo Artist Environment and Manly Art Gallery & Museum, Sydney (2016). \n\nRoberts' work is held in a variety of places, including the University of Melbourne, what was the State bank of Victoria, the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Wesley College (Melbourne), Queensland University of Technology, the Victorian College of the Arts, University of Technology Sydney, and Launceston General Hospital, where she was a member of the Launceston General Hospital Visual Arts Committee in 2004. In 2005, Roberts worked as a full time teacher of Art and English at the Conservatorium High School, Sydney. Since then she has participated in exhibitions and conferences on Antarctic art and science, in Sydney (Aust.) 2006, Buenos Aires (BA) 2008, Christchurch (NZ) 2008, and Hobart (Aust.) 2010. Her current work is with scientists at the Australian Antarctic Division and the University of Technology Sydney, developing animations and other art works that contribute to accurate communication of our changing natural systems.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dance-therapy-redefined-a-body-approach-to-therapeutic-dance\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joeys-egg-shell-people\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/drawing-in-australia-contemporary-images-and-ideas\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-art-and-artists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-dictionary-of-women-artists-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-carmel-bird-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-contemporary-art-fair-catalogue\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1994-next-wave-art-and-technology-catalogue\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beware-of-pedestrians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/art-is\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/antarctic-animation-expanding-perceptions-with-gesture-and-line-a-thesis-submitted-for-the-degree-of-doctor-of-philosophycollege-of-fine-arts-the-university-of-new-south-wales-april-2010\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Manion, Margaret Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE0228", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/manion-margaret-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Nowra, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Lecturer", "Summary": "Margaret Manion was a lecturer (1972-1978) before becoming a Professor of Fine Arts at the University of Melbourne in 1979, then Emeritus Professor in 1995. She was the first woman chair of the Academic Board from 1987 to 1988, and Pro-Vice-Chancellor from 1985 to 1988. She was a member of the Loreto Sisters and was awarded an AO in 1989 for services to the arts and education.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/manion-margaret-mary-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/manion-professor-margaret-mary\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bashir, Dame Marie", "Entry ID": "AWE0231", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bashir-marie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Narrandera, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Governor, Professor, Psychiatrist", "Summary": "Of Lebanese descent, Marie Bashir became the first woman to be appointed Governor of New South Wales in March 2001. She was succeeded in the role in 2014 by General The Hon. David Hurley AC, DSC.\nBashir's appointment was welcomed by both sides of politics and commended as 'an inspired choice' because Bashir would be 'a powerful advocate for the powerless'. In that role, Bashir departed from past practice. For Australian aborigines, Bashir launched an indigenous health initiative to support indigenous medicine and nursing students as well as supporting the progress of reconciliation. On the very day of her inauguration, Bashir agreed to become Patron of the Gay and Lesbian Counselling Service, which addresses mental and social issues in the LGBT community.\nPrior to her appointment she had a long and distinguished career in medicine. She was Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Sydney. Bashir became an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 1988 for her service to medicine, particularly in the field of adolescent mental heath. In 2001, the year she was sworn in as Governor, she was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC).\nThroughout her career, Bashir combined work and family life. She was nominated Mother of the Year in 1971. She was married to Sir Nicholas Shehadie AC OBE, who passed away in 2018.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Summers, Anne Fairhurst", "Entry ID": "AWE0232", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/summers-anne-fairhurst\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Deniliquin, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Columnist, Feminist, Historian, Journalist, Political activist, Political scientist, Print journalist, Public speaker, Publisher", "Summary": "Pioneering Australian feminist Dr Anne Summers AO is a best-selling author and journalist with a long career in politics, the media, business and the non-government sector in Australia, Europe and the United States. Anne is a leader of the generation and the movement that has improved women's rights in Australia. Her first book Damned Whores and God's Police changed the way Australia viewed women. Her contribution has earned her community respect: she has received five honorary doctorates and in 1989 became an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for service to journalism and women's affairs. She won a Walkley Award for journalism in the same year.\nSummers is a former editor of Good Weekend who regularly writes an opinion column for the Sydney Morning Herald and The Age. She was a founder of the important feminist journal, Refractory Girl, in the 1970s.\n", "Details": "Anne Summers was born in Deniliquin, New South Wales on 12 March 1945, the first of six children of Eileen Frances Hogan and Austin Henry Fairhurst Cooper, a navigation officer with the Royal Australian Air Force during World War 2. As a baby, she moved with her parents, strict Catholics, to Adelaide, South Australia where she later attended the local convent and then Cabra Dominican College. While former politician and Age and Disability Discrimination Commissioner the Hon. Susan Ryan AO and academic and writer Dr Germaine Greer, who both attended Catholic schools, said nuns were their first examples of strong independent women, Anne said few of the Dominicans she knew encouraged girls to be strong and independent. 'The school was run by women but they deferred egregiously to men, and especially to priests' (Summers, Ducks on the Pond, p. 69).\nFamily life was difficult because of her father's alcoholism and violent moods; Anne said in her autobiography that from this she 'learned to be tough and that was a gift' (Ducks on the Pond, p. 65). Although she won a Commonwealth Scholarship to attend university, Anne's desire to leave home and get away from her father led her to Melbourne where her local priest had arranged a job for her at the National Civic Council, B.A. Santamaria's organisation which aimed to mobilise Catholic unionists against communism. She later moved to a job she loved in an antiquarian bookshop, before returning to Adelaide in 1964 where she worked in the University of Adelaide library and had some formative experiences. With new friend Diana Kenwrick (now Beaton), who felt equally trapped by family and society, Anne discovered Adelaide's bohemian underground, very different from her suburban upbringing, and met journalists for the first time. Fascinated by their work, she began to imagine being a journalist herself. That year, aged 19, Anne experienced first-hand the vulnerability, trauma and pain of women with unwanted pregnancies when she travelled to Melbourne to have a backyard abortion. The birth control pill was not available to unmarried women and abortion was illegal, so women were exploited financially by a system of power and corruption involving disreputable medical practitioners and corrupt police. As a result, women risked their lives, future reproductive capacity and health. Anne began her studies in politics at the University of Adelaide, still bleeding from the botched abortion. She joined the university's Australian Labor Party (ALP) Club and was elected president in 1966; the same year she joined Young Labor, becoming an office bearer soon after, and meeting major political figures of the time including Bob Hawke, Don Dunstan, Gough Whitlam, Arthur Calwell, Mick Young and Jim Cairns.\nShe graduated with a BA (Honours) in Politics. Involved in the movement opposing the Vietnam war, she experienced divisions in her family and wider society because of prevailing polarised views. She became impatient with Labor's approach and by 1969 her interest was captured by the radical student movement and the evolving women's liberation movement.\nIn 1967 Anne married fellow Adelaide University politics student and ALP member John Summers. They moved to the remote Aboriginal community of Musgrave Park (now called Amata) in the far north-west of South Australia where John was an Arts and Crafts Officer. After returning to Adelaide a year later, and working part-time while she continued her degree, Anne found that all the possibilities suggested by the women's movement were increasingly incompatible with marriage. She left John and moved to Sydney where she began a PhD at the University of New South Wales but transferred a year later to the University of Sydney. During this time, Anne became increasingly aware of the issue of domestic violence and, with a small group, was determined to do something. After reading Erin Pizzey's Scream Quietly or the Neighbours Will Hear, a book about setting up a refuge in England, the group decided to do the same in Sydney. As a result, Elsie Women's Refuge was founded.\nDuring her postgraduate years in Sydney, Anne's encounter with the left-wing, intellectual Sydney Push widened her political views. In 1971, she became active in Women's Liberation in Sydney and in 1972 she co-founded the women's studies journal Refractory Girl. In 1975, her best-selling book Damned Whores and God's Police: The Colonisation of Women in Australia was published; in 1979 the University awarded her a PhD for this work. Anne had felt driven to write something that helped Australian women understand themselves better by placing the emerging critique of women's inferior position in society within a specifically Australian historical and social context. She had been influenced by an essay by historian Ann Curthoys, 'Historiography and Women's Liberation', in the Marxist journal Arena which had argued: 'we must find out how the assumptions of female inferiority in public life and subordination in the home have operated in history, and ask why some societies differentiate more than others'. She also wanted to reveal the women who had been 'hidden from history'.\nPublished in 1975 in both hard cover and paperback and reprinted three times by the end of 1976, Damned Whores and God's Police has been reprinted many times since then, selling over 100,000 copies. This bestseller was updated in 1994 and in 2002, and stayed continuously in print until 2008. A new edition was published on International Women's Day 2016.\nDespite the difficulties in her family, family was important to Anne. She was bereft in 1976 when, just a few months after the debut of the book, her youngest brother Jamie died of cancer. In 1999, she dedicated her autobiography to her brothers, David Cooper, Tony Cooper, Greg Cooper and Paul Cooper, saying 'some of this story is also theirs', 'and in memory Jamie Patrick Cooper 1959-1976'.\nAcademia and the news media took Damned Whores and God's Police seriously from the outset. The major Australian newspapers chose serious men of letters to review it: Manning Clark in the Australian, Michael Cannon in the Age, J. D. Pringle, its former editor, in the Sydney Morning Herald. Although she had challenged most of these men in the book, without exception they treated it as important and ground-breaking, giving the book status. Ironically the two most dismissive reviews were written by feminists: Jill Roe in the National Review, and former advisor to Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, Elizabeth Reid, who described it in the Bulletin as 'devastatingly bad'.\nAfter completing her PhD, Anne worked as a journalist on the National Times (1975-78), followed by:\n\n1979-83 Political correspondent and Canberra Bureau Chief, Australian Financial Review,\n1980-83 Canberra correspondent, Far Eastern Economic Review,\n1983 Australian correspondent, Le Monde,\n1983-86 First Assistant Secretary, Office of the Status of Women (now Office for Women) when Bob Hawke was Prime Minister,\n1986-87 US Editor Australian Financial Review; North American manager and editor John Fairfax & Sons Ltd,\n1989 Editorial Director, Sassy,\n1987-89 Editor-in-chief, Ms. magazine. In 1987 Fairfax acquired the US landmark feminist magazine, and appointed Anne editor-in-chief. The following year, she and her business partner Sandra Yates bought Ms. and Sassy magazines from Fairfax, after raising US$20 million on Wall Street, in the second women-led management buyout in US corporate history,\n1990-93 Editor-at-large, Lang Communications Inc.,\n1992-93 Advisor to Prime Minister Paul Keating,\n1993-97 Editor, Good Weekend Magazine.\n\nIn 1989 Anne was made an Officer in the Order of Australia for her services to journalism and to women.\nAnne was chair of the board of Greenpeace International (2000-2006) and Deputy President of Sydney's Powerhouse Museum (1999-2008).\nIn 2011, along with three other women, Anne was honoured as an Australian Legend with her image placed on a postage stamp.\nIn November 2012, she began publishing Anne Summers Reports, a lavish free digital magazine that reported on politics, social issues, art, architecture and other subjects not covered adequately by the mainstream media.\nIn September 2013 Anne launched her series of Anne Summers Conversations events, with former Prime Minister Julia Gillard in front of a packed Sydney Opera House.\nIn addition to her classic Damned Whores and God's Police, Anne has published 7 books: The Misogyny Factor (2013), The Lost Mother: A Story of Art and Love (2009, 2010), On Luck (2009), The End of Equality (2003), Ducks on the Pond: An Autobiography (1999), Gamble for Power (1983) and Her-Story: Australian Women in Print 1788-1975 (with Margaret Bettison, 1980). She writes a regular opinion column for the Sydney Morning Herald.\nAnne currently lives in Sydney with Chip Rolley, her partner of almost 30 years, who now has a senior position with PEN America in New York. Anne will join him there in late 2017.\nThe revision of this entry in 2017 was sponsored by a generous donation from the late Dr Thelma Hunter.\n", "Events": "Best Newspaper Feature Story, The National Times Sydney (1976 - 1976) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001) \nService to journalism and to women's affairs. (1989 - 1989)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-literary-luncheon-series\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/feminist-fighter\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/damned-whores-and-gods-police-the-colonization-of-women-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/her-story-australian-women-in-print-1788-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gamble-for-power-how-bob-hawke-beat-malcolm-fraser-the-1983-federal-election\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ducks-on-the-pond-an-autobiography-1945-1976\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/children-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-curse-of-the-lucky-country\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/not-a-bedroom-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/conversation-with-anne-summers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/back-to-the-future-urgent-issues-for-men-and-women-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/memorable-summers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-impact-of-feminist-scholarship-on-australian-political-science\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-womans-place-women-and-politics-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-and-the-political-system\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-operation-that-made-me-a-criminal\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dangerous-remedies-ending-the-horror-of-backyard-abortions\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/her-rights-at-work-the-political-persecution-of-australias-first-female-prime-minister\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/political-science\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-liberation-movement-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/public-service-policy\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/movement-against-domestic-violence\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-who-caucus-feminist-political-scientists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-writers-a-bibliographic-guide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/uphill-all-the-way-a-documentary-history-of-women-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kay-daniels-writer-historian-scholar-and-bureaucrat\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-anne-summers-1967-2007-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anne-levy-celebration-introducing-dr-anne-summers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anne-summers-interviewed-by-humphrey-mcqueen-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pat-richardson-scrapbooks-relating-to-the-womens-electoral-lobby-and-womens-events-1977-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elsie-womens-refuge-records-ca-1974-2014\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anne-summers-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anne-summers-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Boyd, Anne Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE0236", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/boyd-anne-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Composer", "Summary": "Anne Boyd was appointed Professor and Head of Department of Music at the University of Sydney in 1990. Over twenty-five years earlier, in 1963, Boyd had commenced her studies in music at the same university with Peter Sculthorpe as her principal composition teacher.\nBoyd was awarded a Commonwealth Overseas Scholarship in 1969 and, under the supervision of Wilfrid Mellers and Bernard Rands, she prepared a portfolio of compositions for her Doctor of Philosophy degree at the University of York. In 1972 she was appointed Lecturer in Music at the University of Sussex, and held the position for five years. She returned to Australia in 1977 as a freelance composer before becoming Reader and founding Head of the Department of Music at the University of Hong Kong in 1981.\nBoyd is a recipient of many awards including in 1996 an AM in the Order of Australia for service to music as a composer and educator. She featured in Facing the Music, a documentary about the University of Sydney's Department of Music.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/as-far-as-crawls-the-toad-for-five-young-percussionists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-voice-of-the-phoenix\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/string-quartet-no-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/string-quartet-no-2-play-on-the-water-klee\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/as-it-leaves-the-bell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cycle-of-love-for-counter-tenor-alto-flute-cello-piano\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bencharong\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/summer-nights-for-alto-or-counter-tenor-and-small-orchestra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/as-all-waters-flow\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-little-mermaid-an-opera-in-2-acts\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-rose-garden\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-metamorphoses-of-the-solitary-female-phoenix-for-wind-quintet-pianoforte-and-percussion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-last-of-his-tribe-for-ssa-soloists-and-ssa-unaccompanied-chorus\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rain-on-castle-island-for-sss-or-ssa-with-chime-bars-maracas-cymbals-and-piano-duet\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cloudy-mountain-for-flute-and-piano\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bali-moods-no-1-for-flute-and-piano-1987\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-death-of-captain-cook-an-oratorio-for-soprano-tenor-baritone-tree-small-choirs-large-chorus-and-orchestra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/red-sun-chill-wind-for-flute-and-piano-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/coal-river-for-satb-choir-with-orchestra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kakan-for-alto-flute-marimba-and-piano\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beside-bamboos-for-solo-violin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wind-across-bamboo-for-woodwind-quintet\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-burning-babe-for-soprano-solo-and-womens-or-boys-voices-a-capella\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-song-of-rain-ssa-choir-solo-voice-and-wind-maker\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/at-telegraph-bay-five-songs-for-baritone-with-piano\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/summer-nights\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/black-sun\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/concerto-for-flute-and-strings\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/revelation-of-divine-love-choral\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/angklung-for-solo-piano\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/my-name-is-tian-for-soprano-flute-viola-harp-and-percussion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/goldfish-through-summer-rain-for-flute-and-piano\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/conversation-with-anne-boyd\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Plibersek, Tanya Joan", "Entry ID": "AWE0241", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/plibersek-tanya-joan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "While completing her BA in Communications (Hons) at the University of Technology Sydney, Plibersek was women's officer for the UTS Students Association. She campaigned against sexual harassment and instituted a number of measures to improve safety on campus. Before entering parliament, she worked with the Domestic Violence Unit and the New South Wales Ministry for the Status of Women. She was an electorate officer for Senator Bruce Childs and later Senator George Campbell. Plibersek was elected to Federal Parliament as the Member for Sydney in 1998, was re-elected at each general election since then. She is currently a member of the Ministry in the Albanese Government.\nA complete record of her parliamentary service, including a link to her first speech, can be found in the Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia (see below).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tanya-plibersek-member-for-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tanya-plibersek-mhr\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/electoral-division-of-sydney-nsw-ms-tanya-plibersek-mp\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/plibersek-the-hon-tanya-joan\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Richards, Oline", "Entry ID": "AWE0249", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/richards-oline\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Historian, Landscape architect", "Summary": "Richards is described as a 'retired landscape architect and professional historian with a special interest in West Australian landscape and garden history and heritage conservation. She has undertaken heritage studies for numerous sites in Western Australia, and is the author of War Memorials in Western Australia (1996) and Designed Landscapes in Western Australia (1998)' in her personal outline listed in Planting the Nation.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/planting-the-nation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jackes, Betsy Rivers", "Entry ID": "AWE0289", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jackes-betsy-rivers\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bingara, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Botanist", "Summary": "Jackes was Head, Tropical Plant Sciences and Deputy Head, School of Tropical Biology at the James Cook University when she retired in 2018, having worked as a lecturer since 1973. She was earlier a member of the academic teaching staff of the University of New England and the University of Queensland. She is the author or co-author of refereed journal papers, refereed conference papers, miscellaneous papers, articles, posters etc and environmental consultancy reports. Her books include: Poisonous Plants in Northern Australian Gardens, Plants of Magnetic Island, A Guide to the Plants of the Burra Range and Plants of the Tropical Rainforest.\n", "Details": "Jackes was born 19 March 1935 at Bingara NSW to Allan and Bessie (n\u00e9e Curtis) Paterson. Following the completion of her Bachelor of Science degree (1957) and her Master of Science degree (1959) at the University of New England, Jackes became a Research Scholar at the University of Chicago where she obtained her PhD in 1961. She married E Michael Jackes in 1962 and they had 2 children.\nJackes was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree by James Cook University in 2021 and was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in January 2023 for significant service to botany, to conservation and to tertiary education.\n\u00a0\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/plants-of-the-tropical-rainforest-mt-spec-area-north-queensland\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Niland, Carmel", "Entry ID": "AWE0290", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/niland-carmel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Bureaucrat, Consultant, Feminist, Public servant", "Summary": "Director-General of the New South Wales (NSW) Department of Community Services (appointed by Faye Lo Po' (qv) in 1998). Niland is the former President of the NSW Anti-Discrimination Board, and founding co-ordinator of the NSW Women's Co-ordination Unit.\n(Source: http:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/rn\/talks\/lm\/stories\/s104362.htm accessed 01\/02\/02)\n", "Details": "Born: 23 March 1944, Sydney, NSW (daughter of Kevin Francis and Margaret Elizabeth (n\u00e9e Lawless) Hume.\nFollowing her secondary education at the Brigidine Convent Randwick, Niland completed a BA (UNSW) and DipEd (Syd.). Commencing her career as a teacher with the NSW dept Education, she became a graduate assistant at the Secondary Education Materials Centre, University of Illinois USA, also obtaining her MA from the University.\nAfter teaching at De Witt Junior High School New York for six years (1968-1973), she returned to Australia taking up positions with the ACT Education dept (1973-1974) and Department of Technical and Further Education (1974-1976), before becoming co-ordinator Women's Co-ordinator Unit, NSW Premier's department (1976-1979).\nIn 1979, Niland became Counsellor for Equal Opportunity NSW and in 1982 President of the Anti-Discrimination Board NSW.\nSince 1989, she has been a Consultant and Mediator with Carmel Niland and Associates and in 1994 was appointed Commissioner to inquire into matters surrounding the resignation of the former Minister for Police, Mr Terry Griffiths by Premier John Fahey.\nContemporary Australian Women 1996\/97 lists her major achievements as:\n1970s: created first women's register in Australia for appointment to boards and authorities; developed funding model for first Women's Refuge Network in NSW.\n1980s: first woman councillor for Equal Opportunity; first woman president, NSW Anti-Discrimination Board and administrated the board for five years, managing an extensive research and community consultative program, with 30 full-time staff; advocated gay law reform and established first AIDS liaison team in 1983; drafted and advocated Australia's first racial vilification bill, which became law in 1989.\n1990s: Deputy Chancellor, UNSW 1989-1992 and led move of UNSW to be Australia's first green university; mediated over one hundred complex community, educational, environmental and employment disputes.\n(Source: http:\/\/acwa.asn.au\/ACWA\/publications\/newsletter\/1998\/may\/may2.html and Contemporary Australian Women 1996\/97.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/contemporary-australian-women-1996-97\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ingold, Beryl Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE0302", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ingold-beryl-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Cootamundra, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "Beryl Ingold AO 2001, MBE 1979 is a former farmer from Cootamundra, New South Wales who has served on many state committees for the advancement of agriculture, education, women and the community. Born in Sydney on 4 March 1927, Ingold was educated at Cootamundra and gained a Bachelor of Applied Science, Agriculture, from the Riverina Murray Institute of Higher Education. She has been a member of the Riverina area consultative committee since 1996, Chair of the Orange Agricultural College of Sydney University since 1995 and the Riverina TAFE since 1994. Ingold is a life member of Country Women's Association, patron of NSW Rural Youth since 1990.\nThe above biography was researched and written by Philida Sturgiss-Hoy for Women's History Month (2002)\n", "Events": "Ambassador for the International Year of the Older Persons (1999 - 1999) \nAustralia\/New Zealand Foundation Scholarship Study Tour 'Women in Agriculture' (1982 - 1982) \nAwarded Bicentennial Medal (1988 - 1988) \nBorn daughter of David Lewis and Evelyn Jane (nee Griffiths) Walters (1927 - 1927) \nChairperson of the Cootamundra District Land Board (1994 - 1994) \nChairperson of the Cootamundra Housing Committee (1980 - 1988) \nChairperson of the Family and Children's Services Ministerial Advisory Committee (1985 - 1987) \nChairperson of the Orange Agricultural College Advisory Council University Sydney (1995 - 1995) \nChairperson of the Riverina Council of Adult Education (1987 - 1992) \nChairperson of the Riverina Institute of TAFE Advisory Council (1994 - 1994) \nCommunity Representative and President of the Cootamundra Public School (1992 - 1992) \nCootamundra Citizen of the Year (1970 - 1970) \nDeputy Chairperson of the New South Wales Board of Adult Education (1989 - 1991) \nDirector of the New South Wales Education Training Foundation (1990 - 1993) \nFellow of the University of New England (1991 - 1991) \nmarried Edward Thomas Ingold (1950 - 1950) \nMember of Farm Writers and Broadcasters (1978 - 1999) \nMember of the Agricultural Bureau New South Wales (1970 - 1970) \nMember of the Albury\/Wodonga Post School Education Council (1985 - 1987) \nMember of the Education Commission NSW Task Force (1981 - 1984) \nMember of the Legal Profession Disciplinary Tribunal (1991 - 1994) \nMember of the Meat and Allied Trade Course Review Committee Ryde School of Hotel Management and Catering (1983 - 1986) \nMember of the Murrumbidgee Agricultural College Advisory Board (1979 - 1979) \nMember of the New South Wales Women's Advisory Council to the Premier (1981 - 1984) \nMember of the New South Wales Board of Adult Education (1984 - 1991) \nMember of the Riverina Area Consultative Committee (1996 - 1996) \nMember of the Riverina Area Scout Association of Australia Council (1978 - 1978) \nMember of the Riverina Region Development Board (1991 - 1991) \nOfficer of the Order of Australia (2001 - 2001) \nPatron of the New South Wales Rural Youth State Council (1990 - 1990) \nState President of the Agricultural Bureau New South Wales (1975 - 1979) \nState Treasurer of the Agricultural Bureau New South Wales (1979 - 1999) \nVice-President of the New South Wales Rural Youth State Council (1976 - 1977)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Siedlecky, Stefania Winifred", "Entry ID": "AWE0307", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/siedlecky-stefania-winifred\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Blackheath, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Medical practitioner", "Summary": "Stefania Siedlecky was one of the first two women medical officers to work at St. Vincent's Hospital in Sydney, New South Wales (NSW). A general practitioner with a particular interest in women's health, she was influential in the development of the family planning movement in NSW, joining Family Planning NSW in 1971. In 1974 she helped set up the Leichhardt (NSW) Women's Health Centre and the Preterm Foundation, two initiatives which brought safe legal abortion to NSW. From these beginnings, she developed a national, then international, reputation. In 1986 she joined the United Nations Family Planning Association (UNFPA) Special Advisory Committee on Women, Population and Development and in 1988 conducted a review of the UNFPA program in Zambia.\n", "Details": "Stefania Siedlecky was born in Blackheath 1921, daughter of a Polish migrant. She graduated in Medicine during the war years at the beginning of the era of antibiotics and blood transfusions and was one of the first two women RMOs at St. Vincent's Hospital in Sydney. She spent nearly 30 years in general practice and was on the gynaecology staff at Rachel Forster Hospital in Sydney 1960-1974. She joined Family Planning NSW in 1971 and in 1974 helped set up the Leichhardt Women's Health Centre and the Preterm Foundation, two initiatives which brought safe legal abortion to NSW.\nIn 1974 she became the Consultant in Family Planning in the Commonwealth Department of Health, initially for six months, but stayed on as Senior Adviser in Family Planning and Women's Health for 12 years. She was responsible for the establishment of the Action Centre for Adolescents in Melbourne, the Warehouse and the Fairfield Multicultural Centre in Sydney, an education program in family planning, and the first National Women's Health Conference in 1975. In 1978 she took the MSc in Medical Demography at London University, and in 1979 was seconded to the organising committee for the UN Mid-Decade Conference for Women. She was a member of the Australian delegation to the UN Mid-Decade Conference (Copenhagen 1980), the International Conference on Population (Mexico 1984) and the UN End of the Decade for Women Conference (Nairobi 1985).\nOn retirement in 1986, she joined the UNFPA Special Advisory Committee on Women, Population and Development and in 1988 did a review of the UNFPA program in Zambia. She joined the board of the Family Planning Association in ACT and later in NSW (1987-2000) where she was President for 2 years. She set up the FP NSW Ethics Committee which she chaired from 1987 to 2000. She represented Australia on the ESEAOR Council from 1989-95 and helped to establish its women's sub- committee. In 1990, with co-author Diana Wyndham, she published, 'Populate and Perish-Australian Women's Fight for Birth Control.' She is on the Board of the Preterm Foundation and a member of several women's organisations.\nIn 1989 she joined Macquarie University as an Honorary Associate in Demography where she participates in epidemiological research and teaching. She has written papers on teenage pregnancy, contraceptive use and abortion and contributed to international publications. With Professor Farhat Yusuf she has published a number of papers on aspects of women's health and contraceptive use, most recently a review of 30 years of abortion in South Australia (in press).\nIn 1987 she was awarded the Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for services to Women's Health.\nDescribed as 'a true legend in women's health and in our community', Dr Siedlecky was a founder of Australia's women's health movement and trailblazer. Over fifty years, through her intelligence, passion and commitment to medicine and women's health, she had a significant and lasting impact on thousands of women's lives and Australia's health system and academia.\n[NB: the above biography was researched and written by Philida Sturgiss-Hoy]\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Young, Simone", "Entry ID": "AWE0316", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/young-simone\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Conductor, Music director", "Summary": "Simone Young is the Conductor and Music Director of Opera Australia. She was educated at the New South Wales Conservatorium of Music.\nSimone has been conductor Paris Opera, Vienna Philharmonic, Berlin and Vienna Staatsoper, Royal Opera House (London) and the Metropolitan Opera in New York.\nShe was Young Australian of the Year in 1987.\nSimone is married to Greg Condon and has 2 daughters.\n(Source: Herd, Margaret (editor) Who's Who in Australia, 2002 38th edition, Crown Content, Melbourne.)\n[NB: the above biography was researched and written by Philida Sturgiss-Hoy]\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/contemporary-australian-women-1996-97\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Scott, Helena", "Entry ID": "AWE0331", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scott-helena\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Naturalist", "Summary": "Along with her sister Harriet (q.v.), Helena was educated by her father Alexander Walker Scott, an entomologist and entrepreneur. After the publication of Australian Lepidoptera, the sisters were elected honorary members of the Australian Entomological Society.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scott-helena-1832-1911\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scott-alexander-walker\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-harriet-and-helena-scott\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scott-family-papers-being-material-belonging-to-mary-anne-scott-1880-1893\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scott-family-rose-scott-papers-1777-1925-mlmss-38-1-79\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jackson-Nelson, Marjorie", "Entry ID": "AWE0350", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jackson-nelson-marjorie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Governor, Olympian, Track and Field Athlete", "Summary": "Sprinter Marjorie Jackson-Nelson was commonly known as 'The Lithgow Flash', after the New South Wales town in which she was brought up. Jackson-Nelson became the Governor of South Australia on 3 November 2001. She won two Olympic gold medals (Helsinki 1952) and seven Commonwealth Games gold medals for athletics. Jackson-Nelson also founded the Peter Nelson Leukaemia Research Fellowship, for which she has fund-raised since 1977.\n", "Details": "The daughter of William Alfred and Mary (n\u00e9e Robinson) Jackson, Marjorie Jackson was the first Australian woman to win an Olympic gold medal for track and field and the first Australian (male or female) to win an Olympic gold medal on the running track since 1896. During her athletic career Jackson broke world sprint records on ten occasions. In 1953 Jackson married Peter Nelson, an Olympic cyclist. Following his death from leukaemia in 1977 she launched the Peter Nelson Leukaemia Research Fellowship and has since dedicated herself to raising funds to sponsor research into fighting this disease.\nIn 1988, Jackson was nominated by the Governor-General and the Prime Minister as one of 20 living members of the '200 Great Australians' recognised by the Australian Bi-Centenary Committee. In 2001, Jackson-Nelson was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia and, as Governor, was appointed a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order by Her Majesty The Queen on the occasion of the Royal Visit to Adelaide in February 2002.\n", "Events": "Admitted into the Australian Sporting Hall of Fame (1985 - 1985) \nAppointed Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) (2002 - 2002) \nAppointed Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) (2001 - 2001) \nAppointed Member of the British Empire (MBE) for services to women's athletics (1953 - 1953) \nAthletes Liaison Officer for the Commonwealth Games, Kuala Lumpur (1998 - 1998) \nAthletics - 100m and 200m (world record) (1952 - 1952) \nAthletics - 100y, 220y and 4 x 110y Relay (1954 - 1954) \nAthletics - 100y; 220y; 440y Medley Relay; 660y Medley Relay (1950 - 1950) \nBearer of the Olympic Flame at the Opening Ceremony Olympic Games, Sydney (2000 - 2000) \nDeputy Chairperson of the Adelaide's bid to host 1998 Commonwealth Games (1990 - 1992) \nFounder of the Peter Nelson Leukaemia Research Fellowship (1977 - 1977) \nGeneral Team Manager for the Commonwealth Games Victoria (Canada) (1994 - 1994) \nGold medal winner at the Commonwealth Games, Vancouver (1954 - 1954) \nGovernor of South Australia (2001 - 2001) \nHonoured by Australia Post on a postage stamp titled 'Olympic Legends' (1998 - 1998) \nLegend for Australian Sport (1995 - 1995) \nMarried Peter Nelson (deceased 1977) (1953 - 1953) \nMember of the South Australian Olympic Council (1997 - 1997) \nMember Sydney Organising Committee of the Olympic Games (1998 - 2000) \nNominated by Governor-General and Prime Minister as one of the 200 Great Australians (1998 - 1998) \nOutstanding Athlete award from the Helms Foundation United States of America (1952 - 1952) \nOutstanding Athlete award from the International Amateur Athletics Association (1986 - 1986) \nPaul Harris Fellow Rotary (1995 - 1995) \nRecipient of the Australian Sportsman of the Year (1952 - 1952) \nVoted as one of the Australians of the Century Herald Sun (1999 - 1999) \nWomen's Section Manager for the Australian Commonwealth Games Team (1982 - 1982) \nWomen's Section Manager for the Australian Commonwealth Games Team (1986 - 1986)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/governor-of-south-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/s-a-s-greats-the-men-and-women-of-the-north-terrace-plaques\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-at-the-games\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Walton, Sylvia Jane", "Entry ID": "AWE0354", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walton-sylvia-j\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Chancellor, Educator, Headmistress, Vice-Chancellor", "Summary": "Sylvia Walton, daughter of Ronald Ferguson and Ellen Betty Collis, was educated at both Sydney and La Trobe Universities. From 1982 to 1999 she was Principal of Tintern Anglican Girls' Grammar School, following which she became Principal of the Tintern Schools (Ringwood East, Victoria), comprising Tintern Anglican Girls' Grammar School and Southwood Boys' Grammar School.\nWalton was Deputy Chancellor of La Trobe University from 1997 and Chancellor from 2006 until 2011. She was also a member of the Invergowrie Foundation.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2014 - 2014) \nLa Trobe University (2006 - 2011) \nReceived for her leadership and education at secondary and tertiary levels (2003 - 2003)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Munro, Jane", "Entry ID": "AWE0355", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/munro-jane\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educator, Headmistress", "Summary": "A council member of the Invergowrie Foundation, Jane Munro has been Principal of Firbank Grammar School (Brighton, Victoria), since 1990.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Calder, Rosemary Vivian", "Entry ID": "AWE0375", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/calder-rosemary-vivian\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ryde, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Bureaucrat", "Summary": "Rosemary Calder served as First Assistant Secretary (Head) of the Office of the Status of Women from 2000-2003.\nAs a member of the Monash University alumni, she was honoured by the University in 2002 with a Doctor of Laws (honoris causa). She was appointed Adjunct Professor in the School of Political and Social Inquiry in the Faculty of Arts from 2003.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jorgenson, June", "Entry ID": "AWE0391", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jorgenson-june\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Penrith, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Community worker, Servicewoman", "Summary": "During World War II June Jorgenson (n\u00e9e Jordan) joined the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS) and was a Leading Writer in the Captain's and Admiral's office. She served at HMAS Penguin, HMAS Moreton, mainly at HMAS Kuttabul and HMAS Rushcutter. Following the war Jorgenson became an active member of the Australian Legion of Ex-Servicemen and Women. On 26 January 1997 Jorgenson was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for service to veterans through the Australian Legion of Ex-Servicemen and Women and the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service. On Anzac Day 2003, she was awarded the Commonwealth Centennial Medal.\nIn October 2002 June Jorgenson became a member of the working group for the \"Women in War Project.\"\n", "Details": "June Jorgenson was the eldest of eight children and is a descendant of New South Wales pioneers.\nHer father was descended from Private Thomas Sharp of the 102nd British Regiment, who arrived in 1793 on the ship Sugar Cane. Some of the Regiment returned to England in 1809 after the Rum Rebellion, but Thomas Sharp transferred to 73rd Regiment and took his discharge in Australia in 1815. Jorgenson's father was a World War I veteran, being seriously wounded by machine gun fire on the Western Front. He died a T.P.I.[1]\nHer mother was descended from Private William Sadleir of 57\/17 British Regiment, who arrived in 1824 and took his discharge in 1833, receiving a grant of land at Bowral.\nAfter Jorgenson left school she completed a secretarial\/accountancy course and worked for accountants until joining the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service as a communicator\/writer in March 1945. She worked in the Captain's office and Admiral's office until her discharge in 1947.\nShe married Raymond Jorgenson (deceased 1978) in 1951 and had three children. Jorgenson rejoined the workforce about 1965 working part time until 1972, then full time with the Life Offices' Association of Australia.\nTwice an Alderman (1983-1987 and 1991-1995) on the Willoughby City Council, she served on 15 committees. She also became the city vice-president and member of the executive committee of the Australian Local Government Women's Association.\nA member of the Returned Services League (RSL), for over 27 years Jorgenson has been the Honorary Organiser\/Honorary Secretary for the Chatswood-Willoughby Anzac Dawn Service committee.\nJorgenson's involvement with the Ex-Women's Royal Australian Naval Service began in about 1963. Since 1980 she has been a member of the executive committee five times as well as holding the position of welfare officer since 1986. June has represented the WRANS on various working committees including the School Talks Committee.\nA member of the Naval Association of Australia - Northern Suburbs Sub-Section, Jorgenson has been president since 1997. She also has been a delegate to the Australian Veterans and Defence Services Council for over a decade and when called upon has worked on committees as well as working as a pension advocate.\nIn 1963 Jorgenson joined the Australian Legion of Ex-Servicemen and Women. From 1964 until 1971 she was Honorary Secretary for the Willoughby Sub Branch. Jorgenson also was foundation President of the Willoughby Legion Women's Bowling Club (1969-1973). From 1975 she has been a State Councillor at head office and from 1989 Honorary State Secretary. In 1990 she became the delegate to the National Council of Australian Legions. Jorgenson also represented the Australian Legion of Ex-Servicemen and Women on the Bicentennial Celebration (1988) and Australia Remembers Committee in 1995.\nJune Jorgenson obtained a Bachelor of Arts (Environmental Law) from the UNSW in 1989 and in 2002 graduated from the University of Technology with a Bachelor of Law. On 26 January 1997 she was awarded the Order of Australia and the Centennial Medal on Anzac Day 2003.\n[1] T.P.I. an acronym for totally and permanently incapacitated, usually used in reference to returned servicemen\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jordan-june\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/willing-volunteers-resisting-society-reluctant-navy-the-troubled-first-years-of-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jordan-june-service-number-wr-2609-date-of-birth-27-jan-1924-place-of-birth-penrith-nsw-place-of-enlistment-sydney-next-of-kin-jordan-ethel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/group-photograph-of-personnel-at-hmas-kuttabul\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McDonald, Grace Thelma", "Entry ID": "AWE0392", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcdonald-grace-thelma\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ashbury, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Servicewoman", "Summary": "A member of the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS) during World War II, Grace Griffith enlisted on 6 March 1945 and was discharged on 28 October 1946.\nServing as a writer on HMAS Penguin, Kuttabul and Torrens, her training included activities that she may not have participated in had she remained in 'civvy' street.\nAfter being 'demobbed' some veterans were given scholarships to university and Teachers College, and Griffith was given one to the Conservatorium of Music. She achieved the position of being a Piano soloist with the Conservatorium's orchestra.\nIn 1950 Grace Griffith and Ernest McDonald married, they had four children including twins and now have nine grandchildren. During this time she returned to Netball as a player - a sport she had competed in while single. In 1966 McDonald was asked to be state secretary of the netball association. She held this position at a time when she was also state selector and state delegate. Later when the Randwick Netball Association was starting she was asked to be president, a position that McDonald held for 27 years before retiring in 1997. Over this period the Association had the largest contingent of Australian players from any one Association in Australia.\nDuring her time as president McDonald was given a Community Service Award in 1986 and in 1997 a Civic Reception and a Certificate of Appreciation in recognition for years of service as president of Randwick Netball Association and to sport in the City of Randwick.\nGrace McDonald was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) on 26 January 1996 for her services to netball. On 26 July 2000 she was awarded the Australian Sports Medal.\nIn 2002 Grace McDonald became secretary of the Council of Ex-Servicewomen's Associations New South Wales(NSW) and she represented the Association on the working group for the \"Women in War Project.\"\n", "Details": "Letter submitted by Dorothy McHugh, nominating Grace McDonald for an Australian Honour.\nIt gives me great pleasure as General Secretary of the International Federation of Netball Associations to recommend Mrs Grace Thelma McDonald for an award to honour her outstanding contribution to the sport of Netball at Club, District, State, National and International Levels.\nGrace was always a keen athlete - tennis, hockey, athletics and netball being her favourite sports. These were all put on hold during World War II when she became a member of the Women's Royal Australian Navy in 1944 as a writer.\nI first met Grace McDonald in 1949 when we both played netball for the YWCA. In 1955 she was selected in the New South Wales (NSW) 'Rest' and became a State 'B' grade practical umpire.\nFrom 1966-70 she was not only umpiring, but held positions of State Secretary (1966-68) and Junior Vice-President (1969-70). During this period Grace McDonald served on numerous committees concurrently with the Executive roles she held. She exhibited a great deal of versatility as the portfolios were wide and varied. One of the most significant was the Building Committee which was responsible for planning, organising, and supervising the construction of the New South Wales (NSW) Netball Headquarters 'a first for women's sport' now known as the Anne Clarke Centre.\nGrace's meticulous attention to detail and her caring approach to people made her a much respected member of the State body. She played a vital role as a member of the committees which co-ordinated the National Tournaments hosted by NSW Netball Association in 1966, 1972 and in 1978 the Golden Jubilee Year for Netball in Australia. In 1966-67 Grace was a State Delegate to the National Council and in 1976 was appointed Manageress of the NSW Night State Team. In 1974 Grace set off to Papua New Guinea with a selected team on a touring and coaching exercise.\nIn 1971 Grace McDonald was elected President of the Randwick Netball Association, a position she still holds. Grace works patiently with a quiet unassuming dedication and zeal to maintain the standard and ethics the Association enjoys to-day. In addition, through her role as President of Randwick Netball Association she is promoting a game which provides enjoyment for some 2500\/3000 girls and women within the District. The Association serves an essential community role offering physical and mental involvement with others and the opportunity to meet people with varying interests and cultures within the District and the State. Under her leadership the Association has progressed from working out of a tent to finally achieving its own Headquarters in 1980. In 1986 disaster struck when the building was vandalised and burnt to the ground. I say disaster, because with the building the archives of the Association were also lost.\nUndaunted and true to her community spirit Grace McDonald surged ahead negotiating with the Randwick Municipal Council for the establishment of a new Headquarters. Mr Michael Cleary, then the NSW Minister for Sport opened the new building in 1987.\nIn 1981 Grace was made a Life Member of the Randwick Netball Association for her contribution to Netball within the District.\nThe Association has not only grown in size, but also in status. It caters for players from the grass roots level up to the elite. Randwick Netball Association boasts a large contingent of Australian players. Three of the most recent ones played in the Australian Team which won the 1991 World Netball Championships, which was staged in Sydney.\nGrace McDonald's drive and administrative skills do not stop at administrative level. With a working party she was successful in securing a very substantial sponsorship from Sydney Electricity to support the Randwick District Team in the Australian Super League Series, which Randwick won in 1993.\nSince 1990 Grace McDonald has been a member of the Heffron Park Action Group striving to prevent a Golf Driving Range from being put on Crown Land. The issue has become a very contentious one as Crown Land is reserved for public recreation and not for private enterprise. The issue has been tested in court several times. However, the battle still continues. More recently Grace McDonald has been invited to take a place on the Randwick Plan of Management Group for Heffron Park. (Formation of this group yet to be confirmed by Council).\nIn conclusion - Grace McDonald has administered Netball at all levels. She has generously shared her expertise with others and it should be noted that the many, many years she has been involved in Netball have been in a purely voluntary capacity. Anything she has ever done, not only for Netball, but within the community has reflected her high principals and integrity.\nI can attest to the quality of Grace's work and the effective and efficient way she gets things done. Her dedication is reflected in the respect she commands from Netballers at large.\nIf further information is required to supplement this outline of the invaluable contribution made to the sport of Netball by Grace McDonald I will be only too happy to oblige.\nDorothy M McHugh OAM\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/griffith-grace-thelma\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/an-informal-group-of-members-of-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service-wrans-on-the-wharf-at-garden-island\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lynch, Aileen Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE0395", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lynch-aileen-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Randwick, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Waverton Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Bureaucrat, Community worker", "Summary": "Aileen Lynch (n\u00e9e Ryan) a public servant since 1917, was appointed officer-in-charge of the Women's Australian National Services. She inaugurated a scheme on which the Australian Women's Land Army (AWLA) was based.\nIn 1941 she became superintendent of the AWLA in New South Wales (NSW). Appointed Commonwealth superintendent in July 1942, Aileen Lynch remained at this post until she was officially relieved of her position on 9 April 1946. After the war she resumed her former occupation in the Premier's Department.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cutler, Helen Gray Annetta", "Entry ID": "AWE0414", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cutler-helen-gray-annetta\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Made a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) on 9 June 1980, Lady Cutler had previously been awarded Dame of the Order of St John of Jerusalem (1977) and Commander of the Order of St John of Jerusalem (1965).\nHelen Morris married Roden Cutler (Governor New South Wales (NSW) 1966-1981) on 28 May 1946 and they had four sons. She was educated at Sydney Church of England Girls' Grammar School and served with the Australian Women's Army Service from 1942 to 1946.\nPatron of the Children's Book Council of Australia (NSW), Lady Cutler received an Honorary Fellow from the NSW College of Nursing. She was President of the NSW Division of the Save the Children Fund, Vice-President of the Girl Guides' Association (NSW), Vice-President of the St John Ambulance Brigade and Honorary Colonel of the Women's Royal Australian Army Corps 1967 to 1985.\n", "Events": "Appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (1980 - 1980) \nAppointed an Honorary Colonel of the Women's Royal Australian Army Corps (WRAAC) (1967 - 1985) \nAwarded Dame of the Order of St John of Jerusalem (1977 - 1977) \nCommissioned Officer Commanding Convoys and later Officer Commanding AWAS Barracks 1 Australian Ordnance Vehicle Park Bandiana (1944 - 1944) \nMarried: Arthur (Roden) Cutler VC (later His Excellency Sir) (1946 - 1946) \nServed with the Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS) (1942 - 1946)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/morris-helen-gray-annetta\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/soldiers-of-the-queen-women-in-the-australian-army\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1971\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/colonel-best-and-her-soldiers-the-story-of-the-33-years-of-the-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-stroll-down-memory-lane\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1988\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-lady-cutler-wife-of-the-former-governor-of-nsw-sir-roden-cutler-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/morris-helen-gray-annetta-service-number-nf436079-date-of-birth-05-may-1923-place-of-birth-sydney-nsw-place-of-enlistment-paddington-nsw-next-of-kin-morris-david\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cutler-family-papers-1909-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/morris-family-papers-1913-1963\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cawood, Dorothy Gwendolen", "Entry ID": "AWE0419", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cawood-dorothy-gwendolen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Dorothy Cawood commenced her nursing training in 1909, and on 14 November 1914 enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). On 22 July 1917, while attached to the 2nd Australian Casualty Clearing Station at Armentieres, Cawood along with two other sisters, Clare Deacon and Alice Ross-King (later Appleford), evacuated patients from burning buildings while the station was being bombed. All three sisters were awarded Military Medals for their action. Later, while stationed at the 6th Australian General Hospital, Cawood was mentioned in despatches for 'distinguished and gallant service in the field'. At the end of the war, Cawood joined the nursing staff at the State Hospital (Liverpool) and in 1928 became matron at the David Berry Hospital, Berry, a position she held until her retirement in 1943.\nDorothy Cawood never married and died on 16 February 1962.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cawood-dorothy-gwendolen-1884-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-diggers-makers-of-the-australian-military-tradition\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Stone, June", "Entry ID": "AWE0423", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stone-june\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Balmain, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Servicewoman", "Summary": "On 26 January 1997, June Stone was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for service to veterans particularly through the Council of Ex-Servicewomen's Associations (New South Wales) and the Royal Australian Air Force Association State Council. She had previously been appointed to the Order of the British Empire (Civil) (BEM) on 12 June 1976.\nIn October 2002 June Stone became a member of the working group for the \"Australian Women in War Project.\"\n", "Details": "After completion of a Commercial Course at Sydney Technical College, June Garside worked as a secretary at an assurance company. She enjoyed going to dances, hiking with a social group at the weekend and going to the movies. This was at a time when the couple would dress formally and the male always had a box of Old Gold or Winning Post chocolates and sometimes a small corsage for the female. Then war came and the girls who were just as loyal and patriotic as the boys, did what their boyfriends were doing - they joined up.\nOn 29 September 1941 June, aged 19 years, joined the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) as a Clerk General and was posted to the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Station Bankstown to join the first WAAAF Recruit Course in New South Wales. She served at RAAF Bankstown and Sydney (underground) at 1 Fighter Sector Headquarters, later known as 101 Fighter Control Unit, in Operations Room and for a short time was attached to Headquarters Southern Area, United States Air Force in Australia: was posted to 6 RAAF Postal Unit, Townsville, in October 1944 as Orderly Room Sergeant and to RAAF Canberra in April 1946 to serve as Confidential Secretary to Rear-Admiral Leighton Bracegirdle, Official Secretary to His Royal Highness the Governor-General, The Duke of Gloucester, until discharge in October 1946.\nJune married Flight Sergeant Harold Paul Clancy, RAAF Wireless Operator Air Gunner, on 12 October 1942 and was widowed on 21 July 1943 when he was killed in an aircraft crash at Habbaniya, Iraq whilst attached to the RAF. On 21 May 1949 she married William (Bill) Stone, a World War II RAAF Radiographer and the couple had a son, Robert. In her spare time June enjoyed reading mystery stories, good music and travel.\nIn 1946 June joined the RAAF Association, New South Wales Division, and as a member of the WAAAF Branch held the offices of President, Honorary Secretary and Committee Member from 1960-1992. She was elected to RAAFA State Council in 1960 and held the office of State Vice-President from 1971-1999, received the honour of Life Membership in 1972 and was further honoured by being appointed a Life Vice-President of the NSW Division in 1999. She was Co-ordinator of the Air Force Contingent in Sydney's ANZAC Day March for many years.\nFrom 1973 June served as a National Councillor representing the New South Wales Division on the National Council, RAAF Association.\nFrom 1974 she was the RAAF Association's Delegate to the Australian Veterans and Defence Services Council, a crest veterans' body with a membership of 35 national organisations. \nJune Stone was the Foundation Chairman at the Council of Ex-Servicewomen's Associations (NSW)'s Inaugural Meeting on 20 January 1975 and continued as Chairman. The Council works promoting the interests of members of the World War II Women's Services (WAAAF, WRANS, AWAS and AAMWS) within Australia's Defence Forces and makes joint submissions on their behalf to Governments. Also it disseminates information to state and interstate ex-servicewomen's organisations on matters affecting female veterans of World War II. It raised money and built 12 self-contained units at the RSL Veterans' Retirement Villages, Narrabeen, for ageing and disadvantaged members of the WAAAF, WRANS, AWAS and AAMWS, in the absence of access to Defence Service Homes Loans and other support. Money was raised for plaques and the erection of a memorial in Jessie Street Gardens, Loftus Street, Sydney, to commemorate the service of the women of New South Wales in the World War II Defence Forces. The Chairman planted a Memorial Tree, a mint leafed peppermint, at the western side of the main building of the Australian War Memorial on 12 December 1991.\nOver many years, through the Council, June Stone worked to have eligibility for Defence Service Homes Benefits extended to all members of the World War II WAAAF, WRANS, AWAS and AAMWS irrespective of where they served, as did a number of ex-servicewomen's organisations. In 1993, by lodging a representative complaint under the Sex Discrimination Act 1984 to the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission as an individual woman against the Department of Veteran's Affairs, and with the support of Mrs Val Buswell OAM, a fellow WAAAF, the matter was fully debated at a conciliation meeting on 29 June 1994. The Government announced changes to the legislation in the 1995 Budget to take effect from July 1995 extending full eligibility to all members of the four World War II Women's Services. The complaint was settled!!\nIn 1995 the incumbent Minister for Veterans' Affairs, The Hon Con Sciacca MP, appointed June to the Ministerial Advisory Council on Veterans' Issues (MACOVI) and she was invited, as the representative of Australia's World War II Australian servicewomen, to join the Committee of the DVA Australia Remembers Task Force organising the National Day for World War II Australian female veterans held at Parliament House, Canberra, on 25 July 1995. She has been a member of a number of other Committees set up by DVA National and State Offices. June was also a member of the Advisory Group for the planning, erection and launching of the Australian Servicewomen's Memorial in the Statuary Gardens at the Australian War Memorial on 29 March 1999.\nA particular honour for June was being invited by the Council of the Australian War Memorial to represent the World War II servicewomen as their Official Mourner and to take part in the Funeral Procession at the Entombment of the Unknown Australian Soldier in the Hall of Memory at the Australian War Memorial on 11 November 1993, a never to be forgotten experience.\nAs a RAAF Association delegate June was involved in the activities of the World Veterans Federation (WVF) from 1975. She travelled extensively throughout Europe and Asia. She attended General Assemblies every three years from 1976, and attended associated meetings of Standing Committees. She was Honorary Secretary of the WVF Australian Members Committee and from 1979 to 1997 was General Rapporteur of the Standing Committee for Asia and the Pacific. In November 1997 at Seoul, South Korea, she was elected Vice-President of the WVF and re-elected Vice-President for a further three years in Paris in December 2000. June Stone was the first female to be elected to the Executive Board of the WVF since the Federation was formed in 1950.\nThe WVF is an international non-governmental organisation bringing together associations of those who have experienced the sufferings of war, fighting side by side or facing each other in combat and who want to contribute to the establishment of a more peaceful, just and free world. Member associations come from 84 countries and their membership covers over 30 million individuals, being war veterans, victims of war and former personnel of peacekeeping forces.\nIn 1997 June Stone was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for service to veterans and in 1976 the Medal of the Order of the British Empire (BEM) for her work on behalf of ex-servicemen and women.\nJune believed that her sustained efforts for veterans over such a long period and any results achieved would not have been possible without the support, understanding and tolerance of her dearly loved husband, Bill Stone, who died on 24 March 2002.\nThe information for this entry was supplied by June Stone OAM, BEM\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-waaaf-in-wartime-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clancy-june\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clancy-june-service-number-92478-date-of-birth-10-jun-1922-place-of-birth-balmain-nsw-place-of-enlistment-sydney-next-of-kin-garside-edwin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-june-stone-when-the-war-came-to-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Whitworth, Joyce Ethel", "Entry ID": "AWE0424", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whitworth-joyce-ethel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Major Joyce Whitworth was Assistant Commander, Eastern Command New South Wales (NSW), Australian Women's Army Service. She was discharged from the Army Service on 27 June 1946. From 1959 until 1972 she was President of the Australian Women's Army Service Association (NSW). On the 21st Anniversary of the Australian Women's Army Service, Joyce Whitworth planted an Australian Gum (Lemon Eucalyptus) in Hyde Park on the western side of the War Memorial, in the presence of Lt-General Sir John Northcott. For services to the community, Joyce Whitworth was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire on 8 June 1968. In 1989 Joyce Whitworth became Patron of the Council of Ex-Servicewomen's Associations (NSW), a position she held until her death on 19 September 1998.\n", "Details": "In July 1989 Joyce E Whitworth wrote the following:\nI was born in May 1911 and educated at the Sydney Church of England Grammar School (SCEGGS). Upon leaving school I completed two years nursing training at the Children's Hospital in Sydney. After leaving the Hospital I did a business course and when war broke out was a private secretary in a large industrial firm.\nIn June 1940 I joined the Women's Australian National Service (WANS) - a voluntary organisation formed to train women in their 'spare' time in the event of their services being needed to replace \"A\" class men for combat duty. I was trained in this organisation to become an officer and was eventually promoted to Commandant of a Defence Unit.\nWhen the Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS) was formed in October 1941, I was selected as one of six from New South Wales to attend, with the others selected from other States, the first officers' training school held in November at the Guide House at Yarra Junction in Victoria. After completion of this course I was promoted to the rank of Captain and returned to Victoria Barracks, Sydney, to assist the Assistant Controller - Major Eleanor Manning OBE, and her staff officer, Captain Stella Swinney - to interview and process the first applicants to the Service.\nIn January 1942 I was appointed Chief Instructor of the First Recruit Training School at Killara. In May 1942 in view of the urgent need for signallers, one thousand women were called up as Signallers. Two training battalions were formed in June 1942. Signallers from Queensland and New South Wales were trained at Ingleburn Camp, New South Wales. This Unit was called the Signals Training Battalion and I was posted to this Unit with four AWAS NCO's. I was to be the Administrative Officer in charge of recruit training; Lt. Col. Farrow the Commanding Officer and his male staff were responsible for technical training. A similar Unit was formed in Victoria. These Units were later moved to Bonegilla, Victoria.\nIn view of the increasing demand by the Army for more members in the AWAS it was necessary to form a larger Unit to train recruits. I was appointed to be the Commanding Officer of the newly formed Unit and was promoted to Major in the 2nd Australian AWAS Training Battalion in April 1942 at Ingleburn.\nI was transferred to the Training Battalion at Darley in Victoria for three months in 1943 in exchange with Major Parry (MacIntyre). I then returned to again command the Training Battalion at Ingleburn.\nIn October 1943 the Australian Army Medical Women's Service Training Company was amalgamated with the AWAS Training Battalion. Captain Wendy Roupell, AAMWS, replaced my 2-IC Captain M Hornsby. The OC Captain B Donkin and staff were transferred to the establishment of the Battalion and became the 5th Company of this Unit.\nIn April 1944 I was transferred to Victoria as Assistant Controller AWAS Victorian Lines of Communication area.\nFollowing demobilization in June 1946 I joined with Barbara Donkin and her mother and brother and purchased a 35 1\/2-acre property at Dural and we commenced mixed farming there in October 1946.\nIn 1959 I became President of the AWAS Association (NSW) and was appointed a Life Member in 1966. When I resigned in 1971 I was appointed Vice-Patron.\nMy other interests from 1959 included being a member of the Council of Tara Anglican Girls' School for 18 years and a member of the Girl Guides State Council, in addition to being a member of the Parish Council at St Judes Anglican Church at Dural and Chairman of the Women's Fellowship. In 1960 the first Outward Bound Girls' School was formed and I became Principal and later Chairman of the Girls' School Management Committee in addition to being a member of the Federal Executive.\nIn 1968 I was awarded the MBE for my services during the war and later to the Outward Bound Foundation.\nIn 1981 Barbara Donkin and I moved into single units in the Anglican Retirement Village at Castle Hill. Since then we have been engaged in assisting the Village Chaplains in welfare work in addition to being members of the Village Council.\nIn February of this year, 1989, I became Patron of the Council of Ex-Servicewomen's Association (NSW).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whitworth-joyce-ethel-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joyce-ethel-whitworth-as-a-major-assistant-commander-eastern-command-nsw-australian-womens-army-service-interviewed-by-judy-wing-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-australia-in-the-war-of-193\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Long, Thelma Dorothy", "Entry ID": "AWE0432", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/long-thelma-dorothy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman, Tennis player", "Summary": "The career of Australian tennis player Thelma Coyne Long spanned more than 20 years. The winner of the Australian Women's Singles title in 1952 and 1954 (aged 35 years) she was also runner-up in 1951, 1955 and 1956. From 1936 until 1940, Thelma Coyne and Nancye Wynne (later Bolton) were Australian Women's Doubles Champions. During the war years of 1941 to 1945, no competition was held for major Australian tournaments and Long enlisted in the Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS). Following her discharge from the AWAS Long and Nancye Wynne Bolton continued their tennis careers. They won the Australian Doubles 1947-1949 and 1951-1952. Long then joined with Mary Hawton to win the doubles championship in 1956 and 1958 - 20 years after she won the National Junior Singles Championship aged 16. The pair were also runners-up for the Wimbledon Women's Doubles title in 1957. Long was winner of the Australian Mixed Doubles 1951, 1952, 1954, 1955 and the French Mixed Doubles in 1956.\nOn 30 August 2000 Long was awarded the Australian Sports Medal and inducted into the Australian Tennis Hall of Fame in 2002.\nA life member of the Australian Women's Army Association (New South Wales) Long was actively involved in the archiving of the association records. In October 2002 she became a participant of the Australian Women in War Project working group.\n", "Details": "Thelma Long was inducted to the Australian Tennis Hall of Fame at Melbourne Park during the Australian Open on Australia Day 2002. Long's tennis career was remarkable not only for the span of time it covered (1935-1958) but more so for what was accomplished due to the limited opportunities available to Australian women players at that time. The records show Long won 19 Grand Slam titles - 2 Australian Singles, 12 National Doubles, 4 National Mixed and 1 French Mixed.\nLong's overseas record was just as brilliant with singles, doubles and mixed championship wins in 16 countries. This was achieved after an absence from international competition for the decade 1939-1949 due to World War II and four years in the Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS). For her service during World War II Long was awarded the War Medal 1939\/45 and Australian Service Medal 1939\/45.\nOn 30 January 1941 Thelma Coyne married Maurice Newton Long of Melbourne. The marriage did not continue after the war. Following her discharge from the AWAS Long resumed amateur competition tennis both in Australia and overseas - Open tennis was not established until 1968.\nAn Australian representative over the years 1938-1958 Long became a teaching professional in 1960 and devoted years of service to coaching promising NSW juniors. In 1985 her achievements were recognized by Tennis NSW when she was awarded Life Membership of the State Association.\nIn 1993 Thelma (Coyne) Long was inducted to the inaugural Randwick Sporting Hall of Fame and then in 1999 as an Honouree of the Hall of Champions at the State Sports Centre, Homebush Olympic area. Long also was a volunteer at the State Library of NSW and she received the Volunteer Service Award in 1999, The Year of the Volunteer.\nIn 2000, Australia's Olympic year, Thelma Long was awarded the Australian Sports Medal in recognition of her services to tennis.\n", "Events": "Adjutant to 4 Australian Training Battalion Army Womens Services, Darley, Victoria. (1943 - 1943) \nAppointment terminated - demobilization of married personnel. (1945 - 1945) \nAttended first NCO School for AWAS in Victoria, then posted AWAS HQ at LHQ, Victoria Barracks, Melbourne, with the Controller AWAS, Lt. Col. (later Col.) Sybil Irving's Staff HQ. (1942 - 1942) \nAttended No. 5 Army Women's Services Officers Training School, Melbourne (1943 - 1943) \nAttended second AWAS Recruit Training School at \"Glamorgan\" Toorak, Victoria. Trade grouped and trained as transport driver at Land Headquarters (LHQ) Car Company (1942 - 1942) \nCommissioned and from this point Colonel Irving directed her varied and numerous postings. (1942 - 1942) \nDetached as Staff Officer to Her Excellency The Lady Gowrie for a three week tour of Allied Defence Forces & Women's Services throughout Northern NSW and Queensland. (1943 - 1943) \nDetachment to attend War Course VII, First Australian Army Junior Staff School, Ashgrove, Brisbane. Two female officers, one AWAS, one AAMWS included in the ten week course for the first time. (1943 - 1943) \nEnlisted Australian Women's Army Service (1942 - 1942) \nJoined the Australian Red Cross, Victorian Division and became a fully trained transport driver (1941 - 1941) \nPosted as Administration Officer, 2 Australian Signals Training Battalion AWAS, Ivanhoe, Melbourne. (1943 - 1943) \nPosted as Instructor (Directing Staff) LHQ Army Women's Services Officers School (AWSOS) Toorak, Melbourne. (1944 - 1944) \nPosted north as OC AWAS Advanced LHQ, Brisbane. General Sir Thomas Blamey's HQ Commander Allied Land Forces SW Pacific Area. (1942 - 1942) \nPromoted Corporal, then Sergeant and posted in charge of a group of AWAS & WAAAF drivers detached to USA Forces in Australia (USAFIA) - General Douglas MacArthur's HQ, Melbourne (1942 - 1942) \nPromoted to Captain (1944 - 1944) \nTransferred to HQ Vic. L of C Area, Melbourne as Deputy to Assistant Controller, AWAS (1944 - 1944)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/long-thelma-dorothy-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/encyclopedia-of-australia-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1947\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/great-service-in-army-tennis\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-thelma-long-when-the-war-came-to-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/long-thelma-d-captain-awas-aif-b-1918\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/long-thelma-dorothy-captain-awas-aif-b-1918\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/long-thelma-captain-awas-aif\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Taylor, Amy Katherine", "Entry ID": "AWE0434", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/taylor-amy-katherine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Amy Taylor was elected Chair of the Council of Ex-Servicewomen's Associations in 2005.\n", "Details": "In 1939 Amy Taylor joined the Women's Australian National Service and in 1942 (aged 18 years) enlisted in the Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS). During her service she served in both Australia and Papua New Guinea (12 months).\nOn discharge from the Army, Amy Taylor joined the New South Wales Police Force and served for four years (1946-1951). She pioneered the uniform branch of the Women Police and was the first woman to do traffic duty in the city in 1948.\nA Foundation member of the Australian Women's Army Service Association (NSW), formed in 1948, she has served on the committee from that date. She is currently a Life Member and State President of the Association.\nFrom 1978, Amy Taylor served as Vice-Chairman of the Council of Ex-Servicewomen's Associations (NSW) and State Councillor - Women's Services - Returned & Services League of Australia NSW Branch. In this role she represented female veteran members throughout New South Wales. She became a Life Member as well as a member of both the State Executive and the State Council.\nIn 1994 she was appointed a Board member of the RSL Retirement Villages at Narrabeen and Yass. Amy Taylor retired in May 1999 and was appointed Life Governor.\nShe volunteered and served on the Commemoration Committee and was Chairman of the Education Committee for the Australia Remembers events in 1995. In January 2001, Amy Taylor co-ordinated the AWAS participants in the Centenary of Federation Parade.\nAppointed to the Advisory Committee by the Australian War Memorial for the Australian Servicewomen's Memorial, Amy Taylor is also Patron and Life Member of the Thirty Niners Association of Australia NSW Branch.\nFor her service during World War II, Amy Taylor was awarded the War Medal 1939\/45, Australian Service Medal 1939\/45, The 1939-45 Star, Pacific Star and Australia Service Medal 1945\/75 with N.G. clasp. On Australia Day 1992 she was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for service to the welfare of ex-service personnel. She was later (3 June 1997) appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for service to veterans, particularly through the Australian Women's Army Service, and the Education Committee of the 'Australia Remembers' Programme.\nIn October 2002, she became a member of the working group for the \"Women in War Project.\"\nIn 2005, Amy Taylor was elected Chair of the Council of Ex-Servicewomen's Associations.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/world-war-2-nominal-roll\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-a-k-amy-taylor\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lady-at-arms\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/amy-taylor-nee-millgate-as-a-corporal-in-the-australian-womens-army-service-serving-in-new-guinea-interviewed-by-ruth-thompson-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1939\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/millgate-amy-katherine-service-number-n392272-date-of-birth-28-dec-1923-place-of-birth-sydney-nsw-place-of-enlistment-paddington-nsw-next-of-kin-millgate-oswald\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Manning, Eleanor", "Entry ID": "AWE0435", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/manning-eleanor\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Girl Guides' Leader, Servicewoman", "Summary": "The daughter of Sir Henry and Lady Manning, Eleanor Manning was a member of the Women's Australian National Services and became the most senior officer of the Australian Women's Army Service in the State of New South Wales. \nWhen the Australian Women's Army Service was established in October 1941, Manning was appointed Assistant Controller, Eastern Command with the rank of Major. She with other first appointments attended the first Officers Training School held at Yarra Junction, Victoria in November, 1941. At the conclusion of the training, Major Manning returned to Sydney and commenced duty at Headquarters Victoria Barracks, Sydney. She and her staff were responsible for the recruitment and initial training of all Australian Women's Army Service enlistments in New South Wales.\nOther appointments held by Major Manning in the AWAS were:-\n- 1943 Deputy Controller to the Controller, Colonel Sybil H Irving MBE, Australian Women's Army Service, at their Headquarters in Melbourne.\n- Commanding Officer, Australian Women's Services Officers' School, Darley, Victoria. This post combined the training of both the Australian Women's Army Service and the Australian Army Medical Women Service Officers, and she remained there until the termination of her appointment.\nOn the 13 June 1959, Eleanor Manning was appointed an Officer to the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services as Chief Commissioner of the Girl Guides Association of Australia.\n", "Events": "Assistant Controller of the Australian Women's Army Service (1941 - 1943) \nChief Commissioner for the Girl Guides Association (1955 - 1963) \nCommissioner for training of the Girl Guides' Association (1934 - 1941) \nDeputy Controller of the Australian Women's Army Service (1943 - 1945) \nMember of the Guide International Service (1946 - 1946) \nMember of the World Committee for the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (1960 - 1969)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/manning-eleanor-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1971\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/youll-be-sorry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-eleanor-manning-former-chief-commissioner-of-the-girl-guides-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/army-womens-services-officers-school-awsos-bivouac\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Boyce, Una Parry", "Entry ID": "AWE0447", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/boyce-una-parry\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Nurse", "Summary": "Una Boyce was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) on 10 June 1991 and appointed an Officer of the British Empire (OBE) twenty years earlier, on 1 January 1971, for services to War Widows. She was state secretary of the War Widows' Guild of Australia (New South Wales) from 1961 until 1989, becoming a life member of the War Widows' Guild in 2000.\nThe daughter of Charles and Kate E. D (n\u00e9e Swan) Robertson, Boyce was educated at Abbotsleigh School for Girls, Wahroonga, and completed her education at the University of London. On 26 April 1940 she married war veteran Norman Boyce and the pair had three children. Boyce joined the War Widows' Guild of Australia (New South Wales) in 1946 after her husband's death.\nUna Boyce enjoyed reading, travel, gardening and music and was a member of the Royal Automobile Association of Australia and Victory Services, London.\n", "Events": "Appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire for her service to war widows (1971 - 1971) \nAwarded Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for her service to war widows (1991 - 1991) \nBoard member of Outward Bound Foundation (1973 - 1989) \nChairwoman of the Outward Bound girls' division (1956 - 1973) \nCommenced nursing training at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (1929 - 1929) \nCommittee Member, Outward Bound Memorial Foundation (1969 - 1969) \nDiploma, University of London (1936 - 1936) \nFoundation Fellow, NSW College of Nursing (1957 - 1957) \nFoundation member, Women's Standing Committee World Veterans Federation (1983 - 1983) \nGraduated as a gold medal nurse (1934 - 1934) \nMade a Life Member of the War Widows' Guild of Australia (NSW) Limited (2000 - 2000) \nRegistered Midwife, Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital, London (1935 - 1935) \nSister-Tutor, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (1936 - 1938) \nState Secretary, War Widows' Guild of Australia NSW (1961 - 1989)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-mean-destiny-the-story-of-the-war-widows-guild-of-australia-1945-85\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/champion-of-australian-war-widows\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-una-boyce-former-secretary-of-the-war-widows-guild-of-nsw-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Taylor, Marjory Alice Hamlet", "Entry ID": "AWE0456", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/taylor-marjory-alice-hamlet\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Corowa, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Geelong, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Marjory Taylor became a Member of the Order of Australia on 9 June 1980 for her service to nursing.\nDuring World War II she served with the Royal Australian Airforce Nursing Service (1944-1946) and worked voluntarily as senior nursing officer with the Girl Guide International Service in the British Zone, Germany, for three years.\nFrom 1950 until 1981 Marjory worked with the Geelong Hospital, first as supervisor of the Maternity Wing and then Director of nursing. For 17 years - two as president - Marjory was a board member of the Intellectually Handicapped (Karingal) and was a founder and Board Member of the Geelong Hospice Care Association.\n", "Events": "Chairman of the Board of Management for the Fairfield Hospital, Victoria (1984 - 1987) \nDirector of Nursing at the Geelong Hospital (1956 - 1981) \nHonorary Secretary of the Florence Nightingale Commission Australia (1981 - 1991) \nMarried Franciszek Walkowski (deceased 1987) (1968 - 1968) \nMember of the Board of Management for the Fairfield Hospital, Victoria (1982 - 1992) \nMember of the Geelong YWCA Board (1981 - 1988) \nMember of the National Executive of the YWCA (1985 - 1989) \nMember of the Order of Australia for service to nursing (1980 - 1980) \nPresident of the Geelong YWCA Board (1982 - 1985) \nServed with the Royal Australian Airforce Nursing Service (1944 - 1946) \nSupervisor of the Maternity Wing at the Geelong Hospital (1950 - 1956) \nVoluntary Senior Nursing Officer for the Girl Guide International Service in the British Zone, Germany (1947 - 1950)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-matrons-to-directors-of-nursing\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/50-years-of-influence-an-oral-history-of-marjory-taylor\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/taylor-marjory-hamlet\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-life-of-caring-for-the-displaced-and-infirm\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Evans, Beryl Alice", "Entry ID": "AWE0457", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/evans-beryl-alice\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Rockdale, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Beryl Evans was a Liberal Member of the Legislative Council in the New South Wales parliament from 1984-1995. She later ran unsuccessfully for the Senate as an independent, and for the New South Wales Legislative Council as a member of the Seniors Party. She was an official candidate for the 1998 Constitutional Convention, representing the One Australian Monarchist League, but was not elected.\nDuring World War Two, Evans served in the Royal Auxiliary Australian Air Force with distinction. She became president of the WAAAF Branch of the RAAF Association New South Wales Division on 25 March 1997.\n", "Details": "Parliamentary and Local Government Career\n\nCandidate: New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Burrendong, 1973 (known as Bowman)\nElected: MLC, 1984-1995 (known as Evans)\nCandidate: Senate, NSW, 1996\nCandidate: Legislative Council, 1999 (known as Evans)\n\nParty: Liberal, 1973,1984-95\nParty: Independent, 1996\nParty: The Seniors Party, 1999\n\nBeryl Evans was elected as a Liberal Member of the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1984. During her 11 years of service she was chairman of the Privileges committee and a member of the Stay Safe committee. From 1990 to 1991 Evans was Government Whip. Upon her retirement in 1995 Her Majesty the Queen granted the title of the Honourable to Beryl Evans for life.\nOn 12 November 1942 Evans joined the Royal Auxiliary Australian Air Force. Serving as a drill instructor and physical training instructor she obtained the ranks of corporal and sergeant before being commissioned in 1944. Beryl Evans was discharged on 25 September 1945 with the rank of section officer.\nBeryl Evans became president of the WAAAF Branch of the RAAF Association NSW Division on 25 March 1997. She is a vice-president of the RAAF Association, a member of the Council and executive and national executive representative to Australian Veteran Defence Services Council.\n", "Events": "Councilor for Coolah Shire (1962 - 1971) \nGovernment representative on the Governing Body of the University of New England (1988 - 1995) \nGraduated with Economic Degree from University of New England (1981 - 1981) \nMarried: Kenneth Graham Bowman and they had two sons (1944 - 1944) \nMarried: Richard Kelywack Evans (1976 - 1976) \nMember of the Legislative Council (Liberal) for New South Wales (1984 - 1995) \nServed with the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (1942 - 1945)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bowman-beryl-alice\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1988\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Darling, Honor Brinsley", "Entry ID": "AWE0458", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/darling-honor-brinsley\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Honor Darling was a journalist who played a significant role in the Girl Guide Movement in Australia. She held various roles, including that of local publicity officer and ultimately, Chair of the Australian Publications Committee. Whilst a member of the armed services (the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force) she edited the members' magazine.\n", "Details": "Margaret Coleman wrote the following for the Girl Guide Movement of New South Wales following the death of Honor Darling:\n\nVale Honor Darling\nHonor, whose typewriter could spell much better than mine: Honor who taught me about editing and magazines; who always knew where to put the commas, who was a wonderful help and support as well as a great personal friend through many publications: Honor you will be missed.\nAlways with an inquiring mind, Honor needed to know how and why. Words and writing were important to her. A journalist with the Sydney Morning Herald until she joined the WAAAF in 1942 serving until wars' end in 1945 where one of her many duties was to edit a magazine for the WAAAF girls.\nWhile her two sons and daughter Barbara progressed through Scouting and Guiding, Honor became publicity officer and then president of the Local Association in the 1960s and 1970s during a very busy time when, with the assistance of Rotary, the Epping Guide Hall was built.\nAt the same time the New South Wales Association claimed Honor's expertise when she was appointed chairman of the State Public Relations Committee and edited The Waratah from 1966 to 1976. During this time she attended two national editors conferences, in Hobart and Adelaide.\nThe next five years were very busy with publications. From 1976 Honor was chairman of the Australian Publications Committee when new handbooks were introduced especially for Australian girls and leaders. Members who have been around a while, will remember how first the U.K. handbooks were adapted, one each for Brownie, Guides and Rangers and then a few years later, a complete re-write for Australia was undertaken. Honor oversaw all these publications plus the first handbook for Leaders and commissioners and another edition of PO&R as well, Gwen Swinburn's excellent history Among The First People which required a good deal of attention.\nThen followed a spate of history books: Up Till Now 1980; The Glengarry Book 1983, updated 1993; Blue and Gold: The Story Told 1986; From a Flicker to a Flame 1989; The Story of RTS Tingira 1994. In each of these Honor had an editorial hand.\nTwo non Guiding publications attributed to Honor Darling are The WAAAF Book 1984, co-edited with Clare Stevenson and This is Pymble College 1991, when again Honor greatly assisted myself.\nIn retirement Honor became patron of the Local Association (Support Group) at Muswellbrook and secretary of the Red Cross for that region. For the last five years Honor has lived in Melbourne with her daughter Barbara who is Vicar of the Anglican Church in Sandringham.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-a-flicker-to-a-flame-the-story-of-the-girl-guides-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-w-a-a-a-f-book\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blue-and-gold-the-story-told-a-brief-history-of-the-girl-guides-association-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/darling-honor-brinsley-service-number-351182-date-of-birth-25-mar-1918-place-of-birth-sydney-nsw-place-of-enlistment-melbourne-next-of-kin-darling-j\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/informal-portrait-of-section-officer-honor-b-darling-waaaf-with-her-brother-leading-aircraftman-david-sheridan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-section-officer-honor-b-darling-waaaf\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/section-officer-evelyn-ferrier-left-and-section-officer-honor-darling-participating-in-an-aircraft-recognition-exercise-at-raaf-station-laverton\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Darling, Janet Patteson (Pat)", "Entry ID": "AWE0461", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/darling-janet-patteson-pat\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Casino, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "A nursing sister serving with the 2\/10th Australian General Hospital, Pat Gunther (later Darling) was one of the Australian nurses taken prisoner by the Japanese in Sumatra during World War II. She writes about her three and a half years incarceration and survival in Portrait of a Nurse published in 2001.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gunther-janet-patteson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-a-nurse-prisoner-of-war-of-the-japanese-1942-1945-sumatra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brave-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/horrors-hidden-for-53-years-after-half-a-century-of-silence-pat-darling-one-of-13-nurses-who-survived-internment-in-sumatra-talked-to-cassandra-jardine-about-life-and-death-in-a-japanese-pow-camp\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-poppy-for-the-one-who-died-in-her-place-in-world-war-ii\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nurses-revisit-war-hell-bangka-island-singapore\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/group-portrait-of-australian-army-nursing-service-aans-nurses-who-were-former-prisoners-of-war-pows-ob-board-the-hospital-ship-manunda-on-its-arrival-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gunther-j-pat-nursing-sister\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/darling-janet-patterson-pat-sister\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dutch-silver-jam-spoon-sister-p-gunther-2-10-australian-general-hospital\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "MacPherson, Daisy Cardin (Tootie)", "Entry ID": "AWE0462", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/macpherson-daisy-cardin-tootie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Junee, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Tootie Keast (later MacPherson) was one of six Australian Army Nursing Service sisters who were taken Prisoner of War on 23 January 1942 in Rabaul, New Britain. The sisters spent three and a half years interned with civilian nurses and missionaries. At first they were held at Vunapope Catholic mission before being transferred to Yokohama and then Totsuka.\nAfter the War in the Pacific had ended a Japanese official told the women that their imprisonment was over. At the end of August an American officer found them, and arranged for their repatriation. They were flown back to Australia via the Okinawa Islands and Manila. [1]\nOn 10 April 1946, MacPherson was discharged from the Australian Army.\n[1] Guns and Booches p. 149\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brave-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guns-and-brooches-australian-army-nursing-from-the-boer-war-to-the-gulf-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/keast-daisy-cardin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/keast-daisy-cardin-service-number-nfx180286-date-of-birth-09-mar-1911-place-of-birth-junee-nsw-place-of-enlistment-unknown-next-of-kin-keast-william\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-group-of-australian-nurses-rescued-after-being-almost-three-and-a-half-years-with-the-japanese\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sister-daisy-tootie-cardin-keast-of-the-australian-army-nursing-service\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pemberton, Jean Keers", "Entry ID": "AWE0463", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pemberton-jean-keers\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Petersham, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Chichester, England", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Jean Greer (later Pemberton) enlisted in the Australian Army on 16 December 1940. Attached to the 2\/10 Australian General Hospital she was posted to Malaya in 1941.\nOn 14 February 1942, Jean was one of the 65 nurses aboard the ship Vyner Brooke when it was sunk by Japanese bombing. After reaching the shore she was captured by the Japanese and was a Prisoner of War for the next three and a half years before being liberated.\nJean Greer was discharged on 23 September 1946 and married Scotsman Duncan Pemberton in Singapore in 1947.\nThe couple moved to England where Jean died on 7 December 2001.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greer-jean-keers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greer-jean-keers-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greer-jean-keers-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brave-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greer-jean-keers-service-number-nx70937-date-of-birth-21-oct-1913-place-of-birth-sydney-nsw-place-of-enlistment-sydney-nsw-next-of-kin-greer-isaac\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/group-portrait-of-australian-army-nursing-service-aans-nurses-who-were-former-prisoners-of-war-pows-ob-board-the-hospital-ship-manunda-on-its-arrival-in-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Batt, Elva May", "Entry ID": "AWE0466", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/batt-elva-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Elva Batt enlisted in the Australian Army on 29 October 1941. Originally a Voluntary Aid she later joined the Australian Army Medical Women's Service. Batt was then transferred to the Australian Women's Army Service.\nBefore attending the Australian Women's Services Officers Training School, Batt was a sergeant working as a clerk in the orderly room. Upon completion of the course she was promoted to Lieutenant (later Captain) and became an Amenities Officer with the Australian Women's Army Service.\nIt was Batt's job to organize sporting events (i.e. swimming carnivals, basketball matches, etc.) and entertainment and to oversee the supply of goods from the Canteen Funds, such as bedspreads, irons, jugs, sewing machines etc., to make a servicewoman's tent or hut seem like home. [1]\nNearing the end of the war, Batt was transferred to Melbourne Headquarters to oversee the disbanding of the Australian Women's Army Service. She was discharged on 28 June 1946.\nLater, in 1946, she married Barry Batt and they had two children. Batt states that one of her major challenges was now having to cook, as during the previous five years all meals had been cooked for enlisted personnel.\nIn retirement Batt and her husband became volunteer members of the Royal Blind Society (New South Wales). She was also president of the ex-AAMWAS Association of New South Wales for many years. In 2020, Elva was living in a retirement home in Sydney, where she celebrated her 100th birthday. She died in 2022.\n[1] From Blue to Khaki p. 217\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/baikie-elva-may\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-blue-to-khaki-the-enlisted-voluntary-aids-and-others-who-became-members-of-the-australian-army-medical-womens-service-and-served-from-1941-1951\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-elva-batt\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/studio-portrait-of-nf482322-lieutenant-lt-elva-baikie-amenities-officer-for-the-army-womens-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/an-informal-group-of-members-of-the-australian-womens-army-services-awas-model-their-improvised-costumes-for-a-musical-comedy-and-revue\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-elva-batt-when-the-war-came-to-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/baikie-elva-may-service-number-nf482322-date-of-birth-14-sep-1920-place-of-birth-sydney-nsw-place-of-enlistment-victoria-barracks-sydney-next-of-kin-baikie-james\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Stevens, Marion", "Entry ID": "AWE0468", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stevens-marion\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "In 1941 Marion Stevens was one of the first 14 women to join the Royal Australian Navy. After two years at Harman she was transferred to Molongo and later to Cerberus for the Officer Training Course and then returned to Harman. After the war, with her beautiful singing voice, she joined the Gilbert and Sullivan Company and toured with them for two years. When the WRANS were reformed she was recalled and transferred back to HMAS Harman as Second Officer. Stevens stayed until 1956. On retirement she joined Paton and Baldwins. At HMAS Harman a street called 'Marion Stevens' honours the work she did there during the war. [1] Steven's achievements were acknowledged with the renaming of the HMAS Harman Wardroom Dining Room in her honour.\n", "Details": "Marion Stevens WR5 - Women's Royal Australian Naval Service, writes:\nIn 1939 I joined the W.E.S.C. (Women's Emergency Signalling Corps) run by Mrs F V McKenzie, and learned Morse Code and signalling (Semaphore) etc. In 1941 I joined the Australian Navy as one of the first 14 women in the Service. I was No. WR 5, and went to H.M.A Naval Wireless Station Harman (later HMAS Harman) near Canberra. Our first problem was that all the men saluted us. We asked the Commanding Officer (C.O.) to get the men to regard us as ratings not women. This was the beginning of the WRANS Rules and Regulations. Our uniforms did not arrive for months so we had to continue to wear our green WESC's uniforms. We were all under the Crimes Act so could only freely discuss our work in the W\/T Office. I did a Stat. Dec. covering the period around the sinking of the HMAS Sydney and sent a copy to the Defence Department in Canberra and also to the Archives in Canberra. I was made the first Chief Petty Officer in 1943 and was put in charge of H.M.A. Naval W\/T Station Molonglo, a few miles across country from HMAS Harman. Molonglo did all the high-speed operating with England - Whitehall GYCm, Canada Esquimalt CKL, Colombo Fort GZH and New Zealand - Waiouru ZLO. We handled all the traffic for the British Fleet when it came out to Australia at the end of the war in Europe and we got a signal complimenting us on our work by Admiral Bruce Frazer RN. It (Molonglo) was the only W\/T station run completely by WRANS with an Army Guard. In 1944 the C.O. and I went to Mt. Stromlo Observatory to see the Director, Dr. Wooley. He needed some details from overseas circuits to help with Ionospheric Predictions. At the end of the war in Europe I was the Instructor for the RN Tel. Ratings sent out from England when the war was over in Europe.\nWhen I left the Navy I studied singing at the Sydney Conservatorium and then joined J C Williamsons Gilbert and Sullivan Opera Company and toured Australia and New Zealand for a couple of years.\nI then rejoined the Australian Navy as a Second Officer, did a further commission and was in charge of a Signit 'Y' Station. I was the WRAN Officer sent to England, with two ratings for the Coronation of our present Queen. While in England I visited Whitehall W\/T a few times and met a P.O.Tel who said he worked Radio Belconnen during the war and they were the best station they worked and never let Whitehall down. I was asked to transfer from Communications to Administration and remain in the Navy, but I declined the offer and left the Navy at the end of my four year commission.\nI worked at Patons and Baldwins in charge of their Demonstration Department. I did a little designing. We had eight Demonstrators and organized Parades and Displays throughout New South Wales and Queensland. At night I studied Gemmology and got my FGAA. I taught at Gemmology House for a few years. I toured Diamond Mines in South Africa and an alluvial Diamond Mine in South West Africa, and then did an Animal Safari through Kenya and Tanzania staying at Treetops. The next year I visited gem areas of Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Burma and Thailand. I remained at Patons for 25 years and then went to a city jeweller to make use of my Gemmological knowledge.\nI now live in a Retirement Village and have done oil paintings and 65 tapestry chairs and pictures etc. and helped the Parliamentary Committee who were investigating the sinking of the HMAS Sydney on the 19 November 1941 by the German Raider Kormoran which also sank. I have done a lot of travel both in Australia and worldwide.\n[1] Ships Belles p. 67-69\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stevens-marion-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stevens-marion-4\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ships-belles-the-story-of-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service-in-war-and-peace-1941-1985\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/w-r-a-n-s-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stevens-marion-service-number-wr-5-date-of-birth-04-may-1920-place-of-birth-tamworth-nsw-place-of-enlistment-sydney-next-of-kin-stevens-eugene\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stevens-marion-service-number-wr5-date-of-birth-04-may-1920-place-of-birth-unknown-place-of-enlistment-unknown-next-of-kin-stevens-e\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Taylor, Marjorie Elsie", "Entry ID": "AWE0469", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/taylor-marjorie-elsie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Marjorie Elsie Taylor was a foundation member of the Ex-WRANS Association. She served as a telegraphist with the Naval Control Office in Melbourne during the Second World War.\n", "Details": "After qualifying at Stotts Business College, Marjorie Taylor (n\u00e9e Greer) worked as a legal stenographer until 1942, when she joined the civilian staff of the United States Army Headquarters, South West Pacific Area, Sydney, as Secretary in the Medical Section.\nAfter hours she attended Morse classes at Mrs F V McKenzie's organization, the Women's Emergency Signalling Corps (WESC), and obtained sufficient speed to be admitted to the WRANS on 25 May 1943 as a telegraphist (WR1257).\nShe served in HMAS Harman, Flinders Naval Depot, HMAS Lonsdale and the Naval Control Office, Melbourne, as a Telegraphist, Leading Telegraphist (1 June 1944), and Third Officer (21 March 1945). She was discharged on 4 February 1946.\nAfter the war Taylor taught for thirty-one years (1951-1981 inclusive) at the Metropolitan Business College; and became a Fellow of the Commercial Education Society of Australia.\nA foundation member of the Ex-WRANS Association (formed in 1963) Taylor served as Secretary from 1973-1976, and has printed the Association's magazine Ditty Box since 1970. She edited the magazine between 1970 and 1973.\nSince 1974 Taylor has represented the Ex-WRANS Association at meetings of the Federation of Naval Ship Associations and since 1980 has served the Federation as minute secretary.\nOn the death of Jess Doyle (n\u00e9e Prain) in 1988, Marjorie Taylor was asked to lead the ex-WRANS in the ANZAC March of Remembrance in Sydney, and continued this honour until 2003.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greer-marjorie-elsie\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greer-marjorie-elsie-service-number-wr-1257-date-of-birth-03-may-1920-place-of-birth-auburn-nsw-place-of-enlistment-sydney-next-of-kin-greer-charles\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Doyle, Jess Scott", "Entry ID": "AWE0470", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/doyle-jess-scott\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Jess Prain was one of the first fourteen women to join the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) in 1941 and was stationed at Harman. From here she was drafted to Kuttabul where she was the first Petty Officer in Sydney. She did an Officer Training Course and returned to Harman as Third Officer. After her discharge in 1946 she was a welfare officer for Berlei and was recalled to the Navy in 1951 to train new recruits. Prain was Officer-in-Charge Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS) at Flinders Naval Depot until 1954 and retired as First Officer. Married to Denis, Jess Doyle became Appeals Officer for Legacy (Sydney). [1]\n", "Details": "The following is from the Ex-WRANS newsletter Ditty Box\nMrs Jess Doyle (Prain), WR8, died very suddenly on 8 July 1988, aged 67. Jess served from 1941-1946 and 1951-1955, and was a First Officer on discharge.\nA WRANS telegraphist, who tapped out the message to RAN ships at sea that Australia was at war with Japan, has died suddenly in Sydney. She was Mrs Jess Doyle (n\u00e9e Prain) who was aged 19 when she joined as one of the first 12 telegraphists in the WRANS in 1941. [2] By war's end, there were more than 2,500.\nShe died in Sydney on July 8, aged 67. Burial at Botany followed a service at the Naval Chapel, Garden Island, conducted by Principal Chaplain Bill Rosier. Late of Clovelly, she leaves husband Dennis, sister Hazel and Jack, Carol and Michael.\nJess Doyle's naval involvement began in 1941 as one of the \"Mrs Mackenzie's girls\". She was commissioned in 1944 and served until the completion of World War II when the WRANS were disbanded.\nIn 1951, with the Korean crisis looming, she was invited back as Duty Director WRANS with the appointment of Officer-in-Charge, WRANS at the Naval Training Establishment at Flinders Naval Depot. She began to re-establish the Administration, Recruit and Officer training programs which set the foundations of training in the first years and established the service as a permanent and integral part of the Royal Australian Navy.\nIn 1954, she was offered the position the Director of WRANS but because of family illness felt it her duty to return home. She retired with the rank of First Officer.\nAfter leaving the service she was employed as publications manager with the Royal Australian Institute of Architects, working with various voluntary groups of that organisation. Motivated by her service background, she joined Sydney Legacy as Director of Appeals - a position she held for seven years. In 1969 she was invited by the president of the Post Graduate Medical Foundation to raise funds to build the Sir Victor Coppleston Post Graduate School of Medicine, Sydney University.\nJess was on the committee of the Ex-WRANS Association from its inception in 1961 and represented the association in many capacities. She also lead the WRANS contingent every year in the Anzac Day march.\nIn most recent years she undertook the WRANS Window project. Her drive and organisation skills proved to be tireless. Her vision was that the window had to represent every WRAN, irrespective of rank or branch.\nThe window was unveiled at the Garden Island chapel on September 21, 1986 - her last great naval achievement. [3]\n[1] Ships Belles p. 69\n[2] There were 14 women in the first intake - all were qualified telegraphists but 2 offered to serve as cooks.\n[3] Ex-Wrans Ditty Box August 1988 p. 7-8\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prain-jess-scott\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prain-jess-scott-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ships-belles-the-story-of-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service-in-war-and-peace-1941-1985\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/w-r-a-n-s-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vale-mrs-jess-doyle-prain\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/willing-volunteers-resisting-society-reluctant-navy-the-troubled-first-years-of-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prain-jess-scott-service-number-wr-8-date-of-birth-12-apr-1921-place-of-birth-sydney-place-of-enlistment-sydney-next-of-kin-prain-robert\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prain-jess-scott-service-number-wr8-date-of-birth-12-apr-1921-place-of-birth-unknown-place-of-enlistment-unknown-next-of-kin-prain-robert\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/senior-wrans-from-hmas-harman-naval-wireless-station-at-the-fourth-birthday-of-the-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/panorama-group-portrait-of-members-of-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service-wrans-at-hmas-rushcutter-and-two-navy-officers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Christie, Joan Lora", "Entry ID": "AWE0473", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/christie-joan-lora\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educator, Local government councillor, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Joan Christie was promoted to the rank of Major during the Second World War. In 1943 she worked in New Guinea supervising members of the Australian Army Medical Women's Service.\nJoan is acknowledged as the driving force behind the establishment of both the Orana Community TAFE College and the Dubbo campus of Charles Sturt University.\n", "Details": "Major Joan Christie was selected to act as an Assistant Commandant to go to the Middle East with a second draft of Voluntary Aids in 1941. The operation was cancelled due to Japanese military activity in the South West Pacific area.\nBased at 113 Australian General Hospital as a Company Commander Joan Christie became a full-time Voluntary Aid in November 1941. She transferred to the Australian Army Medical Women's Service ( A.A.M.W.S.) when it was formed in December 1942, and was promoted to the rank of Major on the 1st March 1943. That same month she was appointed Deputy to Lt Col. Kathleen Best who was, at the time, the Adjutant-General of the Women's Services.\nHaving relinquished her command at 113 A.G.H. in March 1943, Major Christie went to New Guinea in charge of the first draft of A.A.M.W.S. in December 1943, and shortly after her arrival she was appointed Assistant Controller, South West Pacific Area. She was responsible for over 400 women in the Pacific region.\nWhen she returned from New Guinea in 1944 Major Christie resumed her command at 113 A.G.H. In May 1946 she represented the A.A.M.W.S. as part of the Australian contingent in the Victory Pageant.\nShe married in 1947 and raised four children, along with having an active life in the local community, serving as a local councillor. She was a great supporter of adult education and the Technical and Further Education system.\n", "Events": "'Joan Flint Building' - Opening at Orana Community College, Dubbo campus (1990 - 1990) \n'Joan Flint Park' (adjacent to Dubbo TAFE College) named by Dubbo City Council (1984 - 1984) \nAide-de-Camp to Lady Zara Gowrie, wife of Govenor General of Australia (1943 - 1943) \nAlderman, Dubbo City Council (1971 - 1977) \nAssistant Controller, AAMWS, South West Pacific Area (1943 - 1943) \nAwarded Doctorate of the University (honoris causa), Charles Sturt University (1994 - 1994) \nAwarded Medal of the Order of Australia - for services to Education & Community (1984 - 1984) \nAwarded the Inaugural National TAFE Gold Medal | Mayoral Civic Reception, Dubbo (1989 - 1989) \nBorn to Wilfred and Beatrix Christie in Dubbo (1918 - 1918) \nCaptain and Dux of Dubbo High School (1935 - 1935) \nCaptain of Coolabah House, Dubbo High School (1934 - 1935) \nChairperson, Council of Mitchell College of Advanced Education (1979 - 1979) \nChairperson, Orana Community College Council (1980 - 1983) \nCo-founder and Chairperson, Dubbo Educational Association (1966 - 1980) \nCo-founder and Commandant, Dubbo Voluntary Aid Detachment, No. 226 (1939 - 1940) \nDeputy Assistant Adjutant General, Women's Service, Australian Army (1943 - 1943) \nDeputy Chair, Management Board, Orana Educational Association (1974 - 1980) \nDeputy Chairperson, Council of Mitchell College of Advanced Education (1972 - 1979) \nDied in Dubbo (2001 - 2001) \nInaugural Member, Council of Mitchell College of Advanced Education (1968 - 1980) \nLadies Doubles Hardcourt Tennis Champion, NSW (1940 - 1940) \nMarried Robert Ellice-Flint, St Andew's Presbyterian Church Dubbo (1947 - 1947) \nMember, Board of Adult Education NSW (1979 - 1983) \nMember, Board of Continuing Education, University of New England (1975 - 1979) \nMember, Dubbo Technical and Further Education (TAFE) Committee (1965 - 1980) \nMember, Macquarie Regional Library Committee (1975 - 1977) \nMember, National Urban & Regional Development Authority | Cities Commission (1972 - 1972) \nMember, Open University Committee - Karmel Report (1973 - 1974) \nMember, TAFE Council NSW (1978 - 1983) \nMother of four boys - Gordon '47-, Ken '49-'52, Wilfred '53-, David '55-'79 (1947 - 2001) \nOfficer-In-Charge, AAMWS 113 AGH Concord Repatriation Hospital (1944 - 1944) \nOfficer-In-Charge, AAMWS, New Guinea force (1943 - 1943) \nOfficer-in-Charge, Australian Army Medical Womens Service, 113 AGH (1941 - 1942) \nRepresentative AAMWS Officer, London Victory March, June 1946 (1946 - 1946)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/christie-joan-lora-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1947\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-blue-to-khaki-the-enlisted-voluntary-aids-and-others-who-became-members-of-the-australian-army-medical-womens-service-and-served-from-1941-1951\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/honours-and-awards-recommendations-for-new-year-honours-list-1946\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/christie-joan-lora-service-number-nx76591-date-of-birth-04-nov-1918-place-of-birth-dubbo-nsw-place-of-enlistment-nsw-next-of-kin-christie-wilfred\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lieutenant-g-mainwaring-war-artist-painting-major-joan-christie-awas-on-board-hmas-shropshire\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/swimming-carnival\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/members-of-the-australian-victory-contingent-on-a-visit-to-berlin-in-front-of-frederick-the-greats-palace-sans-souci-potsdam\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/members-of-the-australian-victory-contingent-on-a-visit-to-berlin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/winners-of-the-nurses-and-australian-army-medical-womens-service-aamws-championships-chat-together-after-their-victories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/squadron-officer-doris-carter-womens-auxiliary-australian-air-force-squadron-leader-p-swan-dfc-flight-lieutenant-j-hooke-dfc-raaf-and-major-joan-l-christie-of-the-australian-army-medical-wome\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/army-medical-dental-corps-nurses-and-specialists-applications-for-a-commission-in-the-a-a-m-c-voluntary-aid-detachments-v-a-d-j-l-christie-box-69\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Snelling, Joyce Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE0474", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/snelling-joyce-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Mona Vale, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Mrs Joyce Snelling, who enlisted in the Australian Army in 1942, had previously been the Voluntary Aid Commandant of the Scottish Detachment No. 9218 (which was affiliated with the New South Wales Scottish Regiment), was commissioned as a Lieutenant and organised the first Voluntary Aid training school at Ingleburn. In April 1942 Mrs Snelling was appointed Assistant Controller and Honorary Secretary of the Joint State Council whose membership included the Order of St John and the Australian Red Cross Society and held this post until her enlistment in the Army. Lt Joyce Snelling served at Victoria Barracks where she attained the rank of Major on 28 February 1943 when she became Assistant Controller Australian Army Medical Women's Service NSW Lines of Communication Area.\nIn 1950 Major Snelling was elected President of the Ex-AAMWS Association and held this position for 25 years. She was a Vice-Patron of the Association and a life member. From 1966 until 1973 she was President of the Ex-AAMWS Association of NSW.\nOn 1 January 1972 Joyce Snelling was appointed to the Order of the British Empire - Member (Civil) for her service to ex-servicewomen.\n", "Details": "Originally from the suburb of Mosman, Joyce Snelling was known as Joyce Mary Holden. She was preparing for her career in the Army when she was just 18 as she gathered together a group of young Voluntary Aids to practice marching in the Rocks area in Sydney - to the tune of a hand-cranked gramophone set up in a wheelbarrow, pushed along as they marched.\nIn 1939 Joyce Snelling was the founder and Commandant of the Scottish Detachment No. 9218 which was affiliated with the New South Wales Scottish Regiment with whom her husband was an officer.\nLater in April 1942, Mrs Snelling was appointed the Assistant Controller and Honorary Secretary of the Joint State Council of NSW and held this post until she enlisted in the Army in September 1942. She was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant and organised the first Army Voluntary Aid (VA) training school at Ingleburn.\nAfter enlisting in the Army Joyce Snelling served at Victoria Barracks where she attained the rank of Major on 28 February 1943, when she became Assistant Controller AAMWS NSW Lines of Communication Area.\nMajor Snelling coordinated the departure of the 2\/12th Australian General Hospital Vas for Colombo in 1941; the large draft which left for New Guinea in 1943 to join the 2\/1st, 2\/5th and 2\/9th AGHs; the draft of 2\/8th AAMWS bound for Jacquinot Bay, New Britain; the 2\/1st AAMWS who went to Torokina on Bougainville and the 118th AAMWS who were sent to Rabaul. Finally after the cessation of hostilities Major Snelling was involved with the departure of another group of AAMWS who were sent to Japan to care for soldiers serving with the British Commonwealth Occupation Forces in 1946.\nSadly Major Snelling's husband was one of the casualties of the Malayan campaign who did not return to Australia. When she was interviewed by the Melbourne Argus in October 1944 she told the reporter that she had not heard from him since the fall of Singapore. She said her husband always commended her for being a good homemaker and hostess but he was reluctant to see her as a working wife. She added that she didn't know what he would think if he knew she was in the AAMWS!\nIn 1944 Major Snelling's two daughters, aged 11 and 13 years respectively, who were boarders at a girls' school in NSW, were able to see their mother at the small flat she had near their school at weekends. So that she could spend time with them on their holidays she saved her leave whenever she could.\nMajor Snelling's command included some AAMWS in her area and she thought they were a fine group of women. It didn't matter what background they had come from, they all worked together and she felt that they were all going to be better women because of the levelling influence of Army life. Military life taught them about tolerance and community spirit.\nMajor Snelling was demobilised on the 10 January 1947 but continued to serve as a part-time officer until 1950. She was farewelled by many of her serving and ex-officers at the Wentworth Hotel on 9 January 1947.\nIn 1950 Major Snelling was elected President of the Ex-AAMWS Association and she held this position for 25 years. She was a Vice-Patron of the Association and a life member.\nIn recognition of her association with the Red Cross and the Voluntary Aid movement Joyce Snelling received the Queen's Bar Brooch. She served as Honorary Secretary to the Joint State Council of the Red Cross and St John Ambulance. Briefly she was President of the War Widow's Guild of Australia - NSW and Korean War Auxiliary. For her service to ex-servicewomen Joyce Snelling was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1972.\nJoyce Snelling died suddenly at her home at Mona Vale on 13 November 1988 and a memorial plaque was unveiled in her memory at the Garrison Church on Sunday 25 February 1990.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-blue-to-khaki-the-enlisted-voluntary-aids-and-others-who-became-members-of-the-australian-army-medical-womens-service-and-served-from-1941-1951\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/snelling-joyce-mary-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/honours-and-awards-recommendations-for-new-year-honours-list-1946\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/snelling-joyce-mary-service-number-nx138446-date-of-birth-15-dec-1904-place-of-birth-sydney-nsw-place-of-enlistment-nsw-l-of-c-nsw-next-of-kin-snelling-r\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/end-of-war-awards-submissions-by-quartermaster-general-and-director-general-of-medical-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-joyce-snelling-major-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/officers-at-the-conference-of-assistant-and-deputy-assistant-controllers-australian-army-medical-womens-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/officers-at-the-conference-of-assistant-and-deputy-assistant-controllers-australian-army-medical-womens-service-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/army-medical-dental-corps-nurses-and-specialists-applications-for-a-commission-in-the-a-a-m-c-voluntary-aid-detachments-v-a-d-j-m-snelling-box-69\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mount-Batten, Betty Joyce", "Entry ID": "AWE0477", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mount-batten-betty-joyce\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Servicewoman", "Summary": "During World War II Betty Mount-Batten served with the civilian Voluntary Aid Detachments, the Army Voluntary Aid Detachments and later the Australian Army with the Australian Army Medical Women's Service. At the time of her discharge on 14 November 1945 she was posted at the 113th Australian General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales. Mount-Batten was a member of the Ex-AAMWS, was minute secretary from 2000, as well as secretary for the Women's Services Sub-Branch of the RSS & AILA.\nAs part of the Australia Remembers 1945-1995 celebrations in 1995, Mount-Batten compiled the publication From Blue to Khaki: The enlisted voluntary aids and others who became members of the Australian Army Medical Women's Service and served from 1941-1951. In October 2002 Betty Mount-Batten became a participant of the 'Australian Women in War Project' working group.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mount-batten-betty-joyce-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-blue-to-khaki-the-enlisted-voluntary-aids-and-others-who-became-members-of-the-australian-army-medical-womens-service-and-served-from-1941-1951\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ball, Betty Elva", "Entry ID": "AWE0484", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ball-betty-elva\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Manly, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Betty Ball, the daughter of Frederick (Australian Infantry Force World War 1) and Emily Newlyn, was educated at Manly West Public and Manly Domestic Science Schools. She joined the Brownies and later became a member of the Girl Guides. Ball was employed as a clerk with H V Leckie & Wilkinson, Insurance Supervisors until she joined the services.\nIn 1938 Ball joined the Australian Women's Flying Club and had her first flight in a Gypsy Moth with pilot Gwen Stark, who later became Wing Officer with the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF). At the beginning of World War II the clubs lectures were centred on air raid precautions, first aid, Morse code etc. In the early 1940s the club amalgamated with the Women's Australian National Service.\nOn the 16 January 1942, Ball enlisted in the WAAAF and served as a stores clerk. After completing a photographic course at Fairbairn Canberra, in 1943, she was promoted to the rank of Corporal. She was stationed at Bankstown, Waterloo, Mildura, Canberra, East Sale and Brisbane before being discharged from the Central Photo School at Bradfield Park on 29 November 1945. Betty Ball served a total of 3 years 11 months.\nIn 1947 she married ex-serviceman Reginald Arthur Ball and they had two sons (one deceased) and two daughters. The family moved from Sydney to Perth (1950), to Brisbane (1963) and back to Sydney in 1967. While in Brisbane Betty Ball became a member of the local branch of the WAAAF Branch of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Association.\nBetty Ball joined the New South Wales Division of the WAAAF of the RAAF Association in 1982 and was editor of the WAAAF Chat magazine for 9 years. Ball was a delegate on numerous occasions to RAAF Association Assemblies, held the position of vice-president of the WAAAF Branch and was a member of the State Council of RAAF Association. Ball was also on the committee for the Seniors Club of St Johns Church, Sutherland. In November 2002 Betty Ball became a participant in the Australian Women in War Project.\n", "Events": "Born: daughter of Frederick Arthur and Emily Cecilia Newlyn (1922 - 1922) \nJoined Australian Womens' Flying Club (1938 - 1938) \nJoined the WAAAF Branch of the Royal Australian Air Force Association Brisbane Branch (1966 - 1966) \nJoined the WAAAF Branch of the Royal Australian Air Force Association NSW Division (1982 - 1982) \nMarried: Reginald Arthur Ball, Signaller 5th Machine Gun Battallion and Sergeant Food Inspector with the 2nd Australian Infantry Force (deceased 2000) (1947 - 1947) \nMoved from Brisbane to Sydney (1967 - 1967) \nMoved from Perth to Brisbane (1963 - 1963) \nMoved from Sydney to Perth (1950 - 1950) \nPromoted to the rank of Corporal (1943 - 1943) \nReceived Certificate of Merit from Association (1988 - 1988) \nReceived Good Sportmanship Award from Branch (1989 - 1989) \nServed with the Womens' Auxiliary Australian Air Force (1942 - 1945)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/newlyn-betty-elva\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Linnane, Joyce Enid (Joy)", "Entry ID": "AWE0485", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/linnane-joyce-enid-joy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Marrickville, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Sergeant Joy Linnane served with the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) during World War II. She enlisted on 11 April 1942 and was discharged on 7 December 1945.\nAfter the war Linnane joined the Sydney WAAAF Branch and has been a member since 1956. During that time she has held the positions of vice-president, treasurer, state councillor and delegate to country branches.\n", "Details": "The daughter of Thomas and Emily Linnane, Joy Linnane was educated at William Street High School where she obtained her Intermediate Certificate. Due to the Depression Linnane was unable to continue her education and she took a position as a shop assistant at Anthony Hordern's emporium. Later she worked in the office of Elliott's and the Australian Drug Company, while voluntarily studying international Morse code in her spare time.\nJoy Linnane enlisted in the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) at Tempe on 11 April 1942. At the time the Central Bureau (in Melbourne) decided to form a series of wireless units in the South-West Pacific Area for the purpose of intercepting Japanese Morse code messages. Volunteers for 'special work' unspecified, were called for from both Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and WAAAF wireless operators. Linnane was selected, sworn in and then discovered she belonged to the Central Bureau of Intelligence for the duration of the war.\nLinnane trained at the Melbourne Showgrounds with 12 others as a KANA (Japanese Morse code equivalent) intercept operator. Her first posting was to Point Cook where she was employed in the 'hush hush' hut. In the hut the staff intercepted naval traffic from Japanese submarines, working a rotation of four hours on and four hours off. In a taped interview on 17 August 1984, Linnane states:\nIt was not an easy course, but we all passed and were posted to Pt Cook. Our first assignment was to intercept all messages within range from the Japanese Navy. With a RAAF sergeant in charge we set up operations in a hut near the Sigs School, which became known as the 'hush hush' hut. This was because of the high level of security necessary and if there was a disadvantage in working for Intelligence, it was in being an isolated group, avoiding contact with 'straight' operators, as we wore the same Sparks on our sleeves, but were certainly on different wave lengths. However, this was minor and we were all dedicated and work-involved, even though with our small numbers we had to keep a 24 hour watch, working 4 hours on and 4 hours off, with no standdown for many months.\nLinnane's next posting was to No. 1 Wireless Unit Townsville in February 1943 intercepting air\/ground traffic. Personnel were barracked at Roseneath. The surrounding bush was infested with cane toads and mosquitoes, the latter causing malaria fever. Due to their isolation there was no medical attention, but they helped each other. The intercept and intelligence operations rooms were situated at Stuart in a top-secret bush location. The concrete bomb-proof building was camouflaged as a farm house. Joy Linnane is quoted in The WAAAF in Wartime Australia (p. 230):\nHere [at Stuart] we concentrated on air-ground activity. Each operator was given a frequency to monitor and as Jap planes took off from their bases [in and around New Guinea] and sent messages from the air back to them, we intercepted the messages, the D\/F located their positions, the interpreters and code people extracted the information and in a matter of minutes, the nearest Squadrons were alerted and flew out to defend and attack. Quite often an operator could follow right through to the Kana 'I am being attacked' signal and perhaps silence thereafter.\nIn October 1944 General MacArthur requested for one of the Kana Intercept Wireless Units to form part of the Philippines invasion force. The War Cabinet refused permission for the WAAAF operators to join their RAAF counterparts at Leyte. Instead they were posted to Central Bureau Allied signals intelligence centre under General MacArthur's command.\nAfter the war Linnane became a member of the Sydney WAAAF Branch and has held many positions within the Association since joining in 1956. A State councillor for 18 years, Linnane has also been vice-president, treasurer and delegate to country branches. Before retiring to the Central Coast of New South Wales, she travelled extensively in Australia, the Pacific, Europe and the East. She was a voluntary teacher of public speaking for the Methodist Mission for eight years, and in this capacity entered the City of Sydney Eisteddfod successfully on four occasions. Later Linnane trained students, some of whom also competed at the Eisteddfod.\nLinnane was awarded life membership in the Air Force Association and has been presented with the Certificate of Merit plus the WAAAF Sportsmanship Certificate. She also received a Certificate for Outstanding Achievement and a letter from The Honourable Paul Lucas MP in which he comments 'Our society owes a great debt of gratitude, not only for the lives of allied personnel, that were saved by the shortening of the war, but also for the freedom that people like me and my family can enjoy as a result of the work and sacrifice of your generation.'\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-waaaf-in-wartime-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-1-wireless-unit-raaf-in-australia-during-ww2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/linnane-joyce-enid\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/linnane-joyce-enid-service-number-93672-date-of-birth-26-aug-1919-place-of-birth-marrickville-nsw-place-of-enlistment-sydney-next-of-kin-linnane-thomas\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Savage, Ellen", "Entry ID": "AWE0488", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/savage-ellen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Quirindi, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "For lifesaving after the ship Centaur was attacked by a Japanese submarine, Lieutenant Ellen Savage was awarded the George Medal on 22 August 1944.\n", "Details": "Ellen Savage joined the Australian Army on 18 November 1941. She was one of 12 nurses posted to the hospital ship Centaur. At dawn on 14 May 1943, while sailing between Sydney and Port Moresby, the ship was torpedoed by a Japanese submarine off the Queensland coast. Only having time to grab a lifejacket, Lieutenant (Lt) Savage jumped into the sea before the ship went down. Managing not to be sucked into the whirlpool, she found a piece of debris to help her stay afloat. She and other survivors drifted until they were able to tie-up with other rafts. During the thirty-four hours that they floated, before being picked up by the US destroyer Mugford, Lt Savage attended to the wounded without disclosing the extent of her own injuries.\nFor her courage Lt Ellen Savage became the second Australian woman to be awarded the George Medal.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sister-ellen-savage-gm-aans\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/savage-ellen-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/twentieth-century-women-of-courage\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guns-and-brooches-australian-army-nursing-from-the-boer-war-to-the-gulf-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/just-wanted-to-be-there-australian-service-nurses-1899-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rich, Ruby", "Entry ID": "AWE0489", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rich-ruby\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Walgett, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist, Musician, Pacifist", "Summary": "Ruby Rich was a significant figure in the Australian women's movement in the interwar period. A concert pianist in London and Sydney, she was an early president of the Australian Federation of Women Voters and joined the Feminist Club in Sydney in 1923. She was instrumental in the formation of the Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales in 1925. Over the next 50 years she was a member and office-holder in numerous feminist, family planning, peace, international and Jewish organisations.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-papers-of-ruby-rich\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/not-merely-housewives-australian-jewish-women-paper-presented-to-australian-jewish-historical-society-meeting-1980-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beginning-with-esther-some-distinguished-jewish-women-of-new-south-wales\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruby-rich-schalit-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ruby-rich-1906-1984-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shalit-dr-m-a-and-rich-miss-ruby-mrs-shalit\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-on-various-australian-women-19-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ruby-rich-1943-1948-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/feminist-club-of-new-south-wales-records-1928-1973\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruby-rich-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-ruby-rich-feminist-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruby-rich-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-australian-federation-of-women-voters-1920-1983-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruby-rich-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Eales, Jean", "Entry ID": "AWE0505", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eales-jean\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "The daughter of grazier Authur John Scott and his wife Thelma, Jean Eales was educated at New England Girls' School. From 1936 until 1938 she attended the Women's College within the University of Sydney. In 1938\/1939 she was a University hockey blue. After completing her BSc (VetSc) she assisted her father on the family property. On 13 March 1945 she joined the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) and at the time of her discharge (3 December 1945) she was attached to the 1 Flying Personnel Research Unit.\nAfter the war, Jean worked as a librarian at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, until her marriage to farmer Kenneth Eales in February 1951. The pair had one son.\nA member of the Victorian Agricultural Society, Jean Eales was for many years secretary and president of the Lilydale Agricultural Show. She was also secretary and member of the Country Fire Authority at Coldstream. Not only was she a recipient of many community awards, but the pavilion at the Lilydale showgrounds (27-29 Market St.) is named after her.\nJean Eales died on 3 January 1989.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-register-the-womens-college-within-the-university-of-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scott-jean\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Adderley, Vera May", "Entry ID": "AWE0515", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/adderley-vera-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Werris Creek, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Matron, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Vera Adderley worked at the Dubbo and Crown Street Hospitals before serving with the Royal Australian Air Force Nursing Service from 1941 to 1947. She joined the Parramatta Hospital in 1955 and in 1962 she was appointed Assistant Matron at the Prince Henry Hospital. Adderley became Director of Nursing Services at the Prince Henry and Prince of Wales Hospitals in 1966. She was also a council member of the College of Nursing New South Wales, the Australasian Trained Nurses' Association and the Matrons' Institute of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. In 1978, Adderley was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire and a building is named in her honour on the Randwick Hospitals Campus.\n", "Events": "Appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) (1978 - 1978) \nAssistant matron at the Prince Henry Hospital (1962 - 1966) \nCouncil member of the Australasian Trained Nurses' Association (1966 - 1966) \nCouncil member of the College of Nursing New South Wales (1965 - 1965) \nCouncil member of the Matrons' Institute of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory (1966 - 1966) \nDirector of Nursing Services at the Prince Henry and Prince of Wales Hospitals, Sydney (1966 - 1966) \nServed with the Royal Australian Air Force Nursing Service (1941 - 1947) \nWith Crown Street Hospital (1939 - 1939) \nWith Dubbo Hospital (1934 - 1938) \nWith Parramatta Hospital (1955 - 1962)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1968\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/adderley-vera-may-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/story-of-the-raaf-nursing-service-1940-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1971\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/adderley-vera-may-service-number-501134-date-of-birth-17-sep-1915-place-of-birth-unknown-place-of-enlistment-unknown-next-of-kin-adderley-v\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vera-adderley-interviewed-by-amy-mcgrath-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-vera-adderley-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Swinney, Stella Edith", "Entry ID": "AWE0518", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/swinney-stella-edith\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Stella Swinney completed her Bachelor of Arts at Sydney University and then worked at Farmer & Coy Ltd, Sydney, before joining the Women's Australian National Services and the Australian Women's Army Service. After completing a course at the Officers' Training School she was posted to New South Wales Line of Command Area. Swinney was responsible for training and administration of the Australian Women's Army Service in New South Wales. She took over from Major Eleanor Manning as Assistant Controller of New South Wales in May 1943.\n", "Details": "Stella Swinney graduated from Sydney University in 1933 with honours in Psychology. She was on a Teaching scholarship, but was unable to get a teaching position, as the Government was not employing teachers in that period of the Great Depression. She joined the retail firm and eventually became staff training officer.\nAfter working in that capacity for eight years, she joined the Australian Women's Army Service and reached the rank of Major.\nIn 1944 she was invited to join the Department of Post-War Reconstruction to assist with the re-establishment of ex-servicewomen. In 1948 she travelled to Britain as interviewing and selection officer and travelled all over the country interviewing people as prospective migrants for Australia.\nIn 1951 she returned to Australia and worked for two years as secretary of Sydney University Women's Union, then took a position as Training Officer with Bonds Industries. Her next appointment was as Personnel Officer for Grace Bros.\nIn 1962 she was appointed Principal of Duval College, at the University of New England, Armidale, a position she held for ten years, until 1972.\nIn June 1973, she accepted a position as Woman's advisor to Mr J. Douglas Anthony leader of the Country Party in Australia to complete a report on the involvement of women in that party, with suggestions for greater participation for women at all levels, including policy-making.\nIn her retirement in Canberra she was involved with the Returned Services League and the Penguin Club.\n", "Events": "Assistant Controller of the Australian Women's Army Service New South Wales Line of Command, she held the rank of Major. (1943 - 1944) \nAssistant to the Staff Training Officer at Farmer & Coy Ltd, Sydney (1933 - 1937) \nMember of the Australian Women's Army Service (1941 - 1944) \nStaff Training Officer at Farmer & Coy Ltd, Sydney (1937 - 1941)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/swinney-stella-edith-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Glencross, Eleanor", "Entry ID": "AWE0561", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/glencross-eleanor\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Cremorne, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist, Political candidate, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "Eleanor Glencross was the second woman to stand for the Victorian Parliament. She unsuccessfully contested the seat of Brighton in 1928 as an Independent Nationalist. She had previously stood for the Federal seat of Henty in 1922 and in 1943 the seat of Martin. A former general secretary, chief speaker and organizer of the Australian Women's National League in 1920 Glencross became president of the Housewives' Association of Victoria. In 1923 she became president of the Federated Housewives Association of Australia. During World War II she was prominent in patriotic activities as a member of the State advisory committee of the Commonwealth prices commissioner, the council of the Lord Mayor's Patriotic and War Fund and of the executive of the Women's Voluntary National Register.\n", "Events": "Appointed to the Commonwealth Film Censorship Board (1928 - 1928) \nEncouraged the formation of the Victorian Women Citizens' Movement (1922 - 1922) \nExecutive member of the National Council of Women of Victoria (1918 - 1928) \nGeneral secretary, chief speaker and organizer of the Australian Women's National League (1911 - 1912) \nJoined the staff of the National Association of New South Wales (1931 - 1931) \nMarried grazier Andrew Glencross (d. 1930) (1917 - 1917) \nOne of the first female justices of the peace appointed in Victoria (1927 - 1927) \nOne of three women members of the Council of British Empire Exhibition, Melbourne (1928 - 1928) \nPresided at the only Melbourne Women's Citizens' Function to entertain the Duchess of York (1928 - 1928) \nPresident of the Federated Housewives' Association of Australia (1923 - 1923) \nPresident of the Housewives' Association of Victoria (1920 - 1920) \nPresident of the National Council of Women of Victoria (1927 - 1928) \nReturned to Sydney (1913 - 1913) \nReturned to Sydney (1928 - 1928) \nSalaried chairwoman of directors of the Housewives' Association of New South Wales (1938 - 1938) \nServed on the Victorian royal commission on the high cost of living (1923 - 1923) \nStood as an Independent for the Federal seat of Henty (1922 - 1922) \nStood as an Independent for the Federal seat of Martin (1943 - 1943) \nStood as an Independent for the Victorian seat of Brighton (1928 - 1928) \nWomen's organizer for the Liberal Association of New South Wales (1913 - 1913) \nWorked for the People's Liberal Party (1912 - 1913)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/double-time-women-in-victoria-150-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/liberal-women-federation-to-1949\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/glencross-eleanor-1876-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-mission-to-the-home-the-housewives-association-the-womans-christian-temperance-union-and-protestant-christianity-1920-1940\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-early-years-of-the-housewives-association-of-victoria-1915-1930\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carrying-on-the-fight-women-candidates-in-victorian-parliamentary-elections\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/minutes-1904-1960-microform\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-herbert-and-ivy-brookes-1869-1970-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-victoria-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-voluntary-national-register-new-south-wales-council-minute-book-1939-1940\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fisher, Mary (Marie) Gertrude", "Entry ID": "AWE0564", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fisher-mary-marie-gertrude\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "After 21\u00bd years Marie Fisher retired from the Women's Royal Australian Army Corps, Australian Regular Army (WRAAC ARA) on 23 July 1974 and was placed on the retired list. During her service she qualified and was promoted from Private to Captain having served in New South Wales, Tasmania and Victoria. Following her discharge from the WRAAC Fisher returned to study at both the Technical and Further Education (TAFE) college and the University of New South Wales (UNSW), where she was later employed before retiring in 1991 aged 65 years.\n", "Details": "Before enlisting in the WRAAC ARA on 9 January 1953 Marie Fisher worked with the New South Wales Public Service in the Office of the Department of Motor Transport and later with the Department of Supply. After completing Recruit school at Queenscliff, Victoria, Fisher was posted as a typist\/clerk at Eastern Command Troops, Randwick (NSW) and then with the School of Military Intelligence (North Head, Sydney). In 1956 she was stationed in Tasmania and Victoria and was promoted to Lance Corporal, Corporal and Sergeant.\nOn 4 November 1959 Fisher graduated from the Officer Cadet School at Georges Heights, Sydney and Lieutenant Fisher was posted to Fort Largs in South Australia. She was then transferred to 1 Recruit Training Battalion (Wagga Wagga); 10 WRAAC Barrack (Brisbane); 3 WRAAC Company (Victoria) 5 Signal Regiment (Dundas) and the School of Artillery (North Head, Sydney). In 1965 Fisher qualified and was promoted to Captain. Aged 48 years Fisher retired on 23 July 1974 and was placed on the retired list. She had served with the WRAAC ARA for 21\u00bd years.\nReturning to study, Fisher completed a TAFE course after which she enrolled at the UNSW. She then worked with the University before retiring in 1991.\nIn 1977 Fisher joined the WRAAC Association (NSW) with her sister Nora Fisher. A staunch supporter of the Association she attended meetings and functions as well as attending Anzac Day marchers, when she proudly wore her father's medals from World War 1.\nMarie Fisher died on 5 October 1995 aged 69 years.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Webb, Jessie Stobo Watson", "Entry ID": "AWE0580", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/webb-jessie-stobo-watson\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ellerslie station, near Tumut, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Linden Private Hospital St Kilda, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Historian, Lecturer", "Summary": "Jessie Webb became the first female teacher at the University of Melbourne when she joined the History Department. A prominent figure in women's organisations she was a founding member of the Catalysts, the Lyceum Club, the Victorian Women Graduates Association, and the Women's College. Webb, who completed two major overseas trips, is permanently commemorated in the name of the History Department Library at the University of Melbourne.\n", "Events": "Accompanied Dr Georgina Sweet on a journey from Cape Town to Cairo (1922 - 1923) \nActing professor at the University of Melbourne (1925 - 1925) \nActing professor at the University of Melbourne (1933 - 1934) \nActing professor at the University of Melbourne (1942 - 1944) \nAlternate delegate to the League of Nations assembly (1923 - 1923) \nAppointed by the University of Melbourne Council as an evening lecturer in history, to teach courses on the British Empire and Ancient History (1908 - 1908) \nAwarded the Wyselaskie Scholarship in English Constitutional History (1901 - 1901) \nBecame a senior lecturer at the University of Melbourne (1923 - 1923) \nCompleted second oversea trip. From England to North Africa, then back to France and by train to Athens, thence to Turkey, down to the Aegean coast and east as far as Cappadocia. She returned to Germany then to Syria and Iraq. (1936 - 1936) \nElected president of the Princess Ida Club (1909 - 1909) \nEnrolled at the University of Melbourne (1898 - 1898) \nFoundation member of the Lyceum Club (1912 - 1944) \nFoundation member of the Royal Victorian Historical Society, membership number 30. (1909 - 1909) \nGave a paper to the Catalysts on Crete (1916 - 1916) \nGave a paper to the Catalysts on the causes of war (1914 - 1914) \nGave a paper to the Catalysts titled 'Pragmatism, or the life and works of Annie Swan' (1911 - 1911) \nGraduated Batchelor of Arts (BA) (1902 - 1902) \nJoined the Princess Ida Club. Membership number 222 (1898 - 1898) \nOne of the original 19 members who formed the Catalysts (1910 - 1910) \nPassed matriculation examinations aged 16 years. Obtained honours in English, History and French and passed in German, Geography and Physiology. She obtained the Exhibition in English and History. (1896 - ) \nPresident of the Melbourne Lyceum Club (1920 - 1922) \nPresident of the Victorian Woman Graduates' Association (1924 - 1925) \nPrincipal of Coaching College at 6, The Block, Collins Street, Melbourne (1914 - 1921) \nRegistered as a teacher under the Teachers and Schools Registration Act of 1905 (1906 - 1906) \nServed on the Princess Ida Club committee 1911-1912, 1914 and was delegate to the National Council of Women of Victoria (1911 - 1914) \nTutor in history and political economy at Trinity College (1901 - 1912) \nWinner of the Cobden Club medal (1901 - 1901)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/degrees-of-liberation-a-short-history-of-women-in-the-university-of-melbourne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/150-years-150-stories-brief-biographies-of-one-hundred-and-fifty-remarkable-people-associated-with-the-university-of-melbourne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-webb-a-memoir\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-webb-scholarship\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-webb-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-the-lyceum-club-melbourne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/garden-parties-and-politics-the-victorian-womens-graduate-association-1920-1945\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/webb-jessie-stobo-watson-1880-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/webb-jessie-stobo-watson-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/churchward-lloyd-gordon\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/haynes-stanley-goddard\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ridley-ronald-thomas\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/webster-mona\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/webb-jessie-stobo-watson-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/webb-jessie-stobo-watson-4\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Parker, Kathleen Isabel Alice (Kay)", "Entry ID": "AWE0585", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/parker-kathleen-isabel-alice-kay\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Wyoming, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Captain Kay Parker was one of the six army nurses and eleven civilians who were taken to Japan as Prisoners of War from Rabaul on 23rd January 1942.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/parker-kathleen-isabel-alice-kay-1916-1979\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Frost, Catherine Adelaide Marcelle", "Entry ID": "AWE0587", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/frost-catherine-adelaide-marcelle\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Lakemba, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Before joining the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) in 1942, Catherine Frost (n\u00e9e Sommers) was a full time ballet student. She worked part time in the family cycle business as well as competing in track cycle racing and being a member of the New South Wales Flying Club. With the WAAAF she was a fabric worker. Following World War II Frost became a member of a number of community services including the Prince Henry Little Bay Hospital, the Royal Alexandra Children's Hospital, Camperdown and the Asthma Children's Foundation, Sutherland. On 26 January 1997 Catherine Frost was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia and she received the Australian Sports Medal on 30 August 2000.\n", "Events": "Awarded Medal of the Order of Australia for service to Lawn Bowls at Club, State and National levels and to the community (1997 - 1997) \nAwarded the Australian Sports Medal (2000 - 2000) \nJoined the Lawn Bowls Association (1950 - 1950) \nLearn to Swim instructor for the Asthma Association (1965 - 1971) \nLearn to Swim instructor for the NSW Swimming Association (1955 - 1968) \nLearn to Swim instructor for the Sutherland Physically & Intellectually Challenged Children (1969 - 1980) \nMarried Jack Douglas Frost and they had one daughter (1946 - 1946) \nMember of the Asthma Association (1950 - 1950) \nPresident of Lawn Bowls International (2000 - 2002) \nPresident of the Royal NSW Bowling Association (1988 - 1990) \nPresident of the Sutherland Lawn Bowls Club (1960 - 1964) \nPromoted to Corporal (1943 - 1943) \nPromoted to Sergeant (1944 - 1944) \nSecretary of Australian Women's Bowls Council. (1990 - 2001) \nSecretary of the Sutherland District Girl Guides Association (1966 - 1966) \nServed with the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) (1942 - 1945)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sommers-catherine-adelaide-marcelle\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Price, Eileen May", "Entry ID": "AWE0588", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/price-eileen-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman, Teacher", "Summary": "A stenographer with the Department of Motor Transport, Eileen Price (n\u00e9e Lee) enjoyed dancing, surfing and roller skating before joining the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) on 6 June 1942. As a teleprinter operator, Aircraftwoman Lee was stationed at the Eastern Area Headquarters and the RAAF Station Canberra. After her discharge on 29 October 1945 she married Garnet George McLeod Price. The pair moved to Papua New Guinea when Garnet Price accepted a position as engineer with Guinea Air Traders.\nEileen Price returned to Sydney when she became pregnant, but her husband was killed in an aircraft accident and she raised their daughter, Catherine McLeod Price, with the help of her mother and by taking teaching positions with the Department of Technical Education.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lee-eileen-mary\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Board, Ruby Willmet", "Entry ID": "AWE0592", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/board-ruby-willmet\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Gunning, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Welfare worker, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Following her education in Sydney, Berlin and Paris, Ruby Board devoted her time to social welfare issues. She became a Member of the Board of the Rachael Forster Hospital and for a period was President of the National Council of Women of New South Wales. During World War II, Board was president of the Women's Voluntary National Register, a member of the executive of the Australian Comforts Fund and Defence Director of the Women's Auxiliary National Service.\n", "Details": "Ruby Board was the third president of the National Council of Women of Australia, assuming office in November 1942 in the depths of World War II. With her long experience in the organisation, she provided a steady hand during the two years of her NCWA leadership, focusing on issues relating particularly to treatment and pay of women in the services, postwar reconstruction (especially housing), and the perennial matters of uniform marriage and divorce laws and the nationality of married women (now made urgent by wartime marriages between Australian women and American soldiers). She had earlier led the Australian delegation to the International Council of Women in Washington in 1925 and served as treasurer of the Federal Council of the National Councils of Women of Australia and as interim treasurer of the new National Council of Women of Australia until the first board was elected in October 1931. Ruby Board also filled a number of offices in the NSW Council from before World War I, culminating in the presidency from 1938 to 1948.\nThe daughter of the renowned progressive NSW director of education, Peter Board, Ruby was educated in Sydney, Berlin and Paris, and, with no need to work for a living, devoted her adult life to social welfare and issues relating to justice for women. In addition to her NCW work during World War II, Board played a leading in NSW war support as president of the Women's Voluntary National Register, a member of the executive of the Australian Comforts Fund, Defence Director of the Women's Auxiliary National Service and president of the Housekeepers' Emergency Service. Board's other significant organisational work included membership of the Board of the Rachel Forster Hospital, local leadership of the Country Women's Association in the 1930s, and leading roles in the Diabetic Association of New South Wales from 1949-61.\nRuby Board was born on 15 October 1880, at Gunning, New South Wales, the only child of Peter Board and his wife Jessie Allen, n\u00e9e Bowes. Her social conscience was moulded by childhood happiness in 'this small and closely linked family' and by the progressive ideals of her father, who served as the first NSW director of education from 1905-22. Reform ideals and issues concerning justice for women (including suffrage) were also instilled by her maternal grandmother, Euphemia Bowes, who was a founder and early president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in NSW. Ruby also received a broad education, owing to her father's travels during periods of leave; she attended schools in Sydney, Berlin and Paris. Having independent means, Ruby was free to combine her aptitude for language with an interest in welfare. She published pamphlets on Australian Pronunciation: A Handbook for the Teaching of English in Australia (1927) and the Pupils' Practice Book for Vowel Sounds (1928).\nIn the early 1920s, Ruby Board moved with her parents to Leura, where she nursed her mother until her death in 1932. There she became a leading figure in the Country Women's Association and was president of the Blue Mountains branch from 1930 to 1938. A member of the National Council of Women of New South Wales for 50 years, she was honorary general secretary 1914-1918, interstate secretary 1919, president 1938-1948, and state delegate to the national conferences in 1946 and 1948. She led the Australian delegates to the sixth quinquennial convention of the International Council of Women in Washington in 1925. In 1931, she was interim honorary treasurer of the National Council of Women of Australia, president from 1942 to 1944 and Australian convenor for home economics for the period from 1944 up to 1952. As national president, she focused on war work but with an emphasis on the issues of importance to women-treatment and pay of women in the services, postwar reconstruction (especially housing), and uniform marriage and divorce laws and the nationality of married women, an issue of particular moment because of wartime marriages between Australian women and American soldiers. She was particularly proud to preside over the women's reception to Eleanor Roosevelt, the wife and emissary of the US president, in Sydney Town Hall in 1943.\nBoard's period in office also saw the establishment of the Australian Women's Charter movement and conference by Jessie Street, a challenge to the claims of the NCWA to speak for Australian women. Board made it clear to the Australian government that this conference did not have the support of the Councils or speak for the majority of women's organisations, while also encouraging state Councils to hold their own conferences to demonstrate they were not necessarily opposing the main points of the Charter. Many of the same issues were considered and approved at the 1944 national conference, which Board chaired.\nThough Ruby Board served as NSW president from 1938 to 1948, she refused appointment as MBE because she believed that her office, reflecting the work of the Council, deserved higher recognition.\nFrom 1939 to 1958, Ruby Board was also a vice-president of the Rachel Forster Hospital for Women and Children. During World War II, she was a member of the NSW executive of the Australian Comforts Fund and founding president of the state Women's Voluntary National Register in 1940, as well as defence director of the Women's Auxiliary National Service, helping to co-ordinate the work of women's organisations for the war effort. In 1943, she was a founder and first president of the Housekeepers' Emergency Service of NSW.\nA diabetic from the 1930s, she demonstrated effectively how little this condition need interfere with a busy and productive life. She was an office-bearer of the Diabetic Association of New South Wales from 1949 and served as president from 1951 to 1960. Anxious to inform the public of the problems associated with the disease, she organised a lecture tour in 1953 by two world authorities and, in 1955 and 1958, attended congresses of the International Diabetes Federation at Cambridge, England, and D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany. In 1957, she was founding president of the Diabetic Association of Australia and chaired its first conference held in Sydney.\nFrom 1960, Ruby Board lived at the Mowll Memorial Village, Castle Hill, until she had a fall in December 1963; she died on Christmas Day in the Rachel Forster Hospital.\nSelfless and generous, with boundless energy, she inspired those around her to similar enthusiasm and commitment. She was not interested in power for its own sake, or in office for its prestige, and always sought to provide opportunities for individual expansion and development. Her obituarist in the NSW NCW newsletter judged her to be 'balanced, judicious, tolerant, serene' and to have 'the saving grace of humour'. Her work for diabetics was commemorated by the naming of the diabetic wing of the Rachel Forster Hospital after her in 1966.\nPrepared by: Jan Hipgrave, Marian Quartly and Judith Smart\n", "Events": "Women's Voluntary National Register (1940 - 1940)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/board-ruby-willmet-1881-1963\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1947\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-pronunciation-a-handbook-for-the-teaching-of-english-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pupils-practice-book-for-vowel-sounds\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ncw-news-ncw-nsw\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-records-1895-1976\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-ruby-board-public-servant-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-fleming-arnot-personal-and-professional-papers-1890-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-further-papers-1895-1981\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Munro, Dorothy Jean", "Entry ID": "AWE0607", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/munro-dorothy-jean\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Glebe Point, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Dorothy Munro (n\u00e9e Otter) worked as a secretary in the New South Wales Valuer Generals Department before enrolling in the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS) on 12 May 1943. During her service she was a secretary at the Fairmile Training School and had postings at both HMAS Penguin and HMAS Rushcutter. She achieved the rank of Petty Officer before being discharged on 31 January 1946.\nDuring 1946 Dorothy married and did not return to the work force until all three of her children were at school. Before retiring in 1983, she held several secretarial positions including secretary to general managers and department head. Following her discharge from the WRANS, Munro joined the Naval Association of Australia and participated in social activities and memorial services. After her retirement she became a committee member of the WRANS. In 1990 Munro joined the office staff of the Naval Association first as an office assistant, then as assistant State secretary and finally State secretary before retiring in February 2002. In June of 2002 she became president of the Ex-Women's Royal Naval Service (NSW)\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/otter-dorothy-jean\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dow, Patrice Moya", "Entry ID": "AWE0608", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dow-patrice-moya\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Manildra, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Patricia Dow interrupted her teaching career when she enrolled in the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS) on 29 December 1942.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dow-patrice-moya-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Childs, Thelma Minnie", "Entry ID": "AWE0615", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/childs-thelma-minnie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Singleton, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Matron, Servicewoman", "Summary": "For recognition of her nursing service with the Royal Australian Air Force Nursing Service (RAAFNS), Thelma Childs was awarded the Royal Red Cross medal on 14 June 1946. She undertook her nursing training at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, and upon completion was appointed to the staff. In 1941 she enlisted in the RAAFNS for service not only in Australia but also the United States of America, England, Canada and New Guinea. At the time of her discharge, on 2 November 1945, she held the position of Matron. Four days after her discharge she married Captain F H Childs MC.\n", "Events": "Appointed to Royal Australian Air Force Nursing Service (RAAFNS) as a Staff-Nurse (1941 - 1941) \nAwarded Royal Red Cross Medal (First Class) (1946 - 1946) \nCompleted nursing training at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (1933 - 1937) \nDischarge from service with rank of Matron (1946 - 1946) \nMarried Captain F H Childs MC (1945 - 1945) \nPromoted to Sister, then Senior Sister (1942 - 1942) \nSent on special medical escort duty to the United States of America, England and Canada (1943 - 1943) \nSent to New Guinea in charge of a Medical Clearing Station (1943 - 1943)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moxham-thelma-minnie\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1947\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hamilton-Williams, Ruth Myee", "Entry ID": "AWE0618", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hamilton-williams-ruth-myee\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Woonona, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Bowral, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman, Teacher", "Summary": "Ruth Hamilton-Williams, the daughter of James Davidson, enlisted in the Australian Army Medical Women's Service (AAMWS) on 1 May 1943. She served as Assistant Controller at the Australian Military Forces Headquarters in Melbourne before being discharged, with the rank of Major, on 21 November 1946.\n", "Events": "Assistant Mistress at Frensham, New South Wales (1925 - 1929) \nAssistant Mistress at the Presbyterian Ladies College (PLC), Goulburn (1932 - 1934) \nAssistant secretary with the Australian Chemical Institute, Melbourne (1941 - 1943) \nDischarged from the AAMWS (1946 - 1946) \nEnlisted in the Australian Army Medical Women's Services (AAMWS) (1943 - 1943) \nMarried H S Hamilton Williams (1945 - 1945) \nSenior Mistress at PLC (1935 - 1936)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1947\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hamilton-williams-ruth-myee-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1971\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kent, Ivy Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE0620", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kent-ivy-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "Ivy Kent, the daughter of William and Elizabeth Woods, was educated at Iona Convent (New South Wales) and Mosman's Park in Western Australia. Kent, who was a leader in the Labour Women's Movement of Western Australia, a worker in youth welfare and an officer of the Housewives Association, established a club for neglected girls during World War I. She served on the Married Women's Relief Court for 20 years and was a member of the Lotteries Commission, the Adult Education Board, the National Fitness Executive and Soldiers' Dependants' Appeal. In 1944 Kent became the first woman commissioner of the Australian Broadcasting Commission (representing Western Australia). In 1953 Kent was elected Foundation President of the Association of Civilian Widows in Western Australia, a movement which became national five years later. In 1959 she was elected National President, and later, National Life Governor. On 1 January 1968 Ivy Kent was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for her service to the welfare of women and children.\n", "Events": "Appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (1968 - 1968) \nFirst woman member of the Australian Broadcasting Commission (representing Western Australia) (1944 - 1951) \nFoundation member of the National Fitness Council of Western Australia (1945 - 1969) \nFoundation president of the Association of Civilian Widows in Western Australia (1953 - 1971) \nMade a Justice of the Peace (1936 - 1936) \nMarried Arthur G Kent, they had 4 sons (all served in World War II) and 4 daughters (1910 - 1910) \nNational President of the Association of Civilian Widows (1959 - 1959)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ivy-kent-resume-of-the-life-of-mrs-ivy-kent\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1947\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-biographical-register-1788-1939-notes-from-the-name-index-of-the-australian-dictionary-of-biography-volume-i-a-k\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reflections-profiles-of-150-women-who-helped-make-western-australias-history-project-of-the-womens-committee-for-the-150th-anniversary-celebrations-of-western-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-on-the-warpath-feminist-of-the-first-wave\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bowen, Sally", "Entry ID": "AWE0640", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bowen-sally\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Gunnedah, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Thirroul, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Peace activist, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "Sally Bowen, who lived most of her adult life in Wollongong, was a prominent union, political and community activist. During her life Bowen was involved with Miners' Women's Auxiliaries, the Women's Centre in Wollongong, the Union of Australian Women, the Save Our Sons movement, the Jobs for Women Campaigns and the Environmental Movement.\n", "Details": "The fourth child and only daughter in the share-farming Phipps family, Sally Bowen's first job was droving sheep. She later helped her mother run a guest house. For the period of World War II she was employed at Lysagt's factory, where the Owen Gun was produced. Here she became a shop steward for the Federated Ironworkers. A member of the Communist Party of Australia (CPA), she became an organizer of socials and fundraising for the party, the Red Cross and for Soldiers' Parcels.\nFrom 1944 until 1947 Bowen worked for Berlei, leaving to look after her elderly parents. To supplement the special benefit [now carer's pension] she became a dressmaker and in her spare time participated in CPA activities. During the 1949 coal strike she helped organize activities for children of the striking miners.\nIn 1950 she was elected the secretary of the South Coast District Committee of the CPA. She met her future husband, miner David (Dave) Bowen (died 1984) , when she spoke at Balgownie against Menzies' referendum to ban the Communist Party. They married in 1954 and had two children.\nBowen resigned as district secretary of the CPA in 1955 but remained on the committee, later to become president. She worked with the Women's Centre in Wollongong and Miners' Women's Auxiliaries. It was the auxiliaries that initiated the celebration of International Women's Day (IWD) on the South Coast in 1938. In 1964 Bowen led a CPA women's delegation to the USSR. \nA member of the Save Our Sons movement, Bowen was one of the participants who chained themselves to the railing in the gallery of Parliament House (Canberra). She also demonstrated against Australian Iron and Steel, a subsidiary of BHP, for the Jobs for Women campaigns.\nBowen was involved in the environmental movement and was prominent in promoting aged care issues. She became chairperson of the Healthy City Aged Task Force for the South Coast area.\nIn 1994 Bowen recorded her life experiences in the publication A Garland of Poetry. \nAged 81, Sally Bowen died at Lawrence Hargrave Hospital, Thirroul on 25 February 1999.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sally-bowen-1918-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-garland-of-poetry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kemira-diary-of-a-strike\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sally-bowen\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-women-of-wollongong\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sally-bowen-political-and-social-experiences-of-a-working-class-woman\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Powell, Eileen", "Entry ID": "AWE0645", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/powell-eileen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Trade unionist", "Summary": "Aged fifteen, Eileen Powell joined the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and remained a member for over 45 years. She trained at the Party speakers' classes in Balmain and became Assistant Secretary of the Stanmore Branch in 1929. After working for Grace Brothers (Broadway) Powell commenced work with the Labor Daily. From 1937 until 1944 she worked with the Australian Railways Union, New South Wales Branch. During this period Powell became an organiser for the Railway Refreshment Rooms (RRR) staff and achieved an Industrial Relations award for them. The mostly women workers were not employed directly by the Railways Department, were not covered by other awards and were dispersed throughout railway towns in New South Wales. On their behalf she appeared before the full bench of the NSW Industrial Commission and when the judgement was handed down there was a cut in the spread of hours, provisions for overtime, increased wages and the abolition of the compulsory board and lodging payments. Powell was also a member of the Council of Action for Equal Pay, the ALP Women's Central Organising Committee and the United Associations of Women.\n", "Events": "Appeared for the Australian Railway Union - New South Wales Branch before the full bench of the NSW Industrial Commission (1938 - 1938) \nAssistant secretary of the Stanmore Branch of the Australian Labor Party (1929 - 1929) \nAwarded the Silver Jubilee Medal (1977 - 1977) \nGained Australian Labor Party preselection in the State seat of North Sydney (1951 - 1951) \nGave evidence at the Female Wage Case in the Industrial Commission (1935 - 1935) \nGave evidence at the National Wage Case which adopted the principle of equal pay for equal work (1969 - 1969) \nJoined the Australian Labor Party. Member for 47 years. (1928 - 1975) \nMarried Sydney Morning Herald journalist Fred Coleman-Browne (1948 - 1948) \nMember of the Council of Action for Equal Pay (1937 - 1948) \nOrganizer with the Australian Railway Union - New South Wales Branch (1937 - 1944)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/working-lives-a-history-of-the-australian-railways-union-nsw-branch\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eileen-powell-1913-1997-obituary\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/on-the-way-to-beirut-status-of-women-commission\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fred-coleman-browne-papers-including-papers-of-his-wife-eileen-powell-ca-1871-1968\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eileen-powell-papers-1912-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-bowden-interviews-conducted-for-radio-programs-and-documentaries-ca-1975-1989\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McConnell, Joyce Marion", "Entry ID": "AWE0657", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcconnell-joyce-marion\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wollstonecraft, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Joyce McConnell was appointed to the Order of the British Empire on 12 June 1976 for community services. She was an active member of a number of national women's groups and Australian Capital Territory associations. McConnell was President of the National Council of Women of Australia, member of the National Women's Advisory Council, National Women's Consultative Council and the Federation of University Women. In 1976 McConnell was Australia's delegate to the International Council of Women conference in Vancouver.\n", "Details": "Joyce McConnell represented Australian women to government with an even-handed professionalism that achieved lasting results. She was president of the National Council of Women of Australia 1973-1976 and a member of the peak national advisory bodies the National Women's Advisory Council and the National Women's Consultative Council from 1978-1986.\nJoyce Marion McConnell was born on 21 August 1916 at Wollstonecraft, NSW, the daughter of L.J. Smith. She was educated at North Sydney Girls' High School and Sydney University. At the time of her marriage to Hugh McConnell on 31 August 1939, both she and her husband were studying economics as evening students, and both were active student politicians. Joyce served as a director of the Women's Union and vice-president of the Student Representative Council.\nMcConnell graduated with a Bachelor of Economics. Her husband's work as a teacher took the family into country New South Wales, and later to Canberra. The marriage produced two sons and two daughters.\nMcConnell became active in women's affairs in 1957, joining the Canberra Association of University Women and becoming its delegate on the National Council of Women of the Australian Capital Territory. As convenor for housing and civic affairs, she was responsible for the first 2 surveys carried out by the Council in Canberra, seeking information regarding government housing and consumer prices. She served as honorary secretary of the Council in 1957-1958, resigning to accompany her husband overseas. On her return, she held the presidency of the Council from 1962 to 1964, raising funds to establish the first Senior Citizens' Club in the ACT. Other voluntary work in community organisations at this time included chairing the Emergency Housekeeper Committee and the Anti-Litter Campaign, and helping found the Churchill Appeal.\nFrom 1964 to 1969, Hugh McConnell was posted to Argentina. Joyce McConnell joined the local University Women's Club, and became a committee member of the Mission to Seamen in Buenos Aires.\nIn 1973, McConnell became president of the National Council of Women of Australia. Hers was the first National Board to be located in Canberra. McConnell predicted correctly that its strength would be 'in the very nature of Canberra-in the relative accessibility of those who sit in the seats of power and who are the architects of our national policy'. McConnell quickly established good working relationships with the emerging women's bureaucracy inaugurated by the Whitlam Labor government and, despite her active membership of the Liberal Party, communicated effectively with politicians on both sides of the parliament. She worked equitably with representatives of newly vocal groups like the Women's Electoral Lobby in planning for Women's Resource Centres and Rape Crisis Centres, and in preparations for International Women's Year.\nMcConnell was one of the delegation of 10 women sent by the Australian government to the International Women's Year Tribune held in association with the World Conference on Women in Mexico city in 1975. In 1976, she led the Australian delegation to the ICW Triennial Conference in Vancouver.\nIn 1975 McConnell, on behalf of NCWA, proposed to Prime Minister Whitlam that he establish a representative Women's Advisory Council. The suggestion was taken up by the Fraser government, and, in 1978, Fraser appointed McConnell to the newly constituted Council, reappointing her in 1982. When Prime Minister Hawke abolished the Council and replaced it with the National Women's Consultative Council in1984, McConnell was again appointed: the only woman to serve both governments in this capacity. In 1979, as the NatWAC convenor in Canberra, she had to negotiate extreme opposition from right-wing radical women during the mid-decade consultations for the UN Decade for Women.\nShe continued to work with NCWA, becoming an honorary life vice-president in 1979 and accepting the national convenorship of the Economics Standing Committee in 1980. She also returned to the leadership of the Australian Federation of University Women, organising their national conference in 1981.\nMcConnell was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1976 for service to the community, and awarded the Queen's Jubilee Medal in 1978.\nJoyce McConnell died of a massive stroke in 1991, a few days before her 75th birthday.\nPrepared by: Jan Hipgrave, Marian Quartly and Judith Smart\n", "Events": "Appointed to the Order of the British Empire (1976 - 1976) \nAssociate member of the Royal Canberra Golf Club (1973 - 1973) \nAwarded Queen's Jubilee Medal (1978 - 1978) \nChairman of the Emergency Housekeeper Service in the Australian Capital Territory (1962 - 1964) \nCommittee member of the Mission to Seamen in Buenos Aires (1965 - 1969) \nConvenor of the Economics Standing Committee for the National Council of Australian Women (1980 - 1980) \nCouncil member of the Australian Federation of University Women (1981 - 1981) \nHonourary Life Vice-President of the National Council of Women of Australia (1979 - 1979) \nHonourary Secretary of the National Council of Australian Capital Territory (1957 - 1958) \nLeader and Australian delegate to the International Council of Women conference in Vancouver (1976 - 1976) \nMarried Hugh McConnell and she bore four children (1939 - 1939) \nMember of the advisory committee on the Australian Government Contribution to the United States Bicentennial (1976 - 1976) \nMember of the Australian Federation of University Women (ACT) (1957 - 1957) \nMember of the Churchill Appeal committee in the Australian Capital Territory (1964 - 1965) \nMember of the delegation of ten women sent by the Australian government to the United Nations Tribune for International Women's Year in Mexico City (1975 - 1975) \nMember of the First Garden Club (ACT) (1964 - 1964) \nMember of the National Women's Advisory Council (1978 - 1980) \nMember of the National Women's Advisory Council (1982 - 1984) \nMember of the National Women's Consultative Council (1984 - 1986) \nMember of the University Women's Club (Argentina) (1965 - 1969) \nMember of the Women's International Club (ACT) (1976 - 1976) \nPresident of the National Council of Australian Capital Territory (1962 - 1964) \nPresident of the National Council of Women of Australia (1973 - 1976) \nVice-chair of the National Committee for the International Women's Year for the United Nations Association of Australia (1975 - 1975) \nVice-president of the Australian Pre-School Association (1974 - 1977)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/active-life-in-womens-affairs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1988\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beryl-beaurepaire\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1974\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/capital-women-a-history-of-the-work-of-the-national-council-of-women-a-c-t-in-canberra-1939-1979\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-joyce-mcconnell-1960-1989-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-joyce-mcconnell-former-president-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1936-1972-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Picone, Catherine (Cathy)", "Entry ID": "AWE0678", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/picone-catherine-cathy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Moree, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Peace activist", "Summary": "Cathy Picone was born in Moree, New South Wales in 1949. Cathy was brought up as a Catholic, and it seems that her Italian\/Irish father's faith and her parents' different religious practices were a source of tension in her youth. Cathy's father was a successful bookmaker and Cathy did her secondary schooling at a Catholic college in Armidale. After false starts in Medicine and Science courses, she studied Arts at Sydney University and graduated with a DipEd. Cathy moved to South Australia with her husband in 1973 and worked in suburban high schools. In the early 1980s she became determined to do community service that was 'change-oriented'. She became involved in People for Nuclear Disarmament. Through this she was invited to join the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-cathy-picone-sound-recording-interviewer-helen-chryssides\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-cathy-picone-sound-recording-interviewer-celia-frank\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Finlay, Judy", "Entry ID": "AWE0764", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/finlay-judy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Belmont, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Blue Haven, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "Judy Finlay was treasurer of the Australian Women's Land Army Association New South Wales from 1996.\n", "Details": "At the outbreak of World War II, Judy Finlay was working at M & J Frocks, a frock and suit manufacturer, as a junior finisher and machinist. She joined the Women's Australian National Service (WANS) soon after it was established in 1940, and completed First Aid and Air Raid Precautions courses, while continuing to work in Sydney. Her first placement with the WANS was at the Scarborough Children's Home. Here she worked four hour evening shifts twice a week helping staff take care of the children's needs. After a couple of months she transferred to the WANS Land Army Section and was sent to the farming districts of Leeton and Wamoon. Her main task was to help farmers with the vegetable and fruit picking. Next she completed a six month course on a training farm for agricultural and dairying work. She was then posted to Barker College, Hornsby. Here the two Land Army girls shared the tasks of looking after the cows, fowls and a vegetable garden. Finlay stayed at the College until December 1945, when she returned to Sydney and her position at M & J Frocks.\nFollowing her marriage to Alex Finlay she continued working, eventually becoming forewoman with the responsibility of overlooking the retail division. While her two children were young, Finlay took in home sewing. She established a small retail outlet in which she sold the clothes that she produced. Later she began running a grocery\/mixed business.\nIn 1946 Finlay joined the newly established Australian Women's Land Army Association NSW. She held the position of treasurer for the Association from 1996. In October 2002, Judy Finlay represented the Australian Women's Land Army Association on the Australian Women in War Project working party.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-judy-finlay\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Follett, Rosemary", "Entry ID": "AWE0769", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/follett-rosemary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Politician, Public servant", "Summary": "Rosemary Follett was born in Sydney in 1948 but is Canberra in her heart, describing herself as 'in lock step' with the city. (Interview) 'It's a peaceful, tolerant place' with a 'sense of spaciousness and community' she says. (Interview)\nIt is also the place where she, as the Australian Capital Territory's (ACT's) first chief minister, in 1989 became the first woman to lead an Australian state or territory government. As ALP leader, she presided over 3 ministries and remained in parliament until 1996 as the member of Molonglo. Her portfolio responsibilities included Social Justice, Treasury and Public Service, Attorney-General, Law Reform, Consumer Affairs, Police and Emergency Services.\nFollett described herself as belonging to the Left faction of the ALP and came to power with a platform of open accountable government, social justice and a policy that half of all positions on government advisory boards and committees should be filled by women.\nAfter leaving politics she served as the ACT Discrimination Commissioner from 1996 until 2004.\n", "Details": "Rosemary Follett came to Canberra in 1952 and was educated at the former Catholic Girls High School (now Merici College, where a wing is named after her). Her mother and father were both from the Canberra region (Cooma and Bungendore) , met as members of the armed services before the start of the Second World War (father was in the army and mother in naval intelligence), married at the end of the war and moved to Sydney for work after the war. They were from very different backgrounds, and this was a source of tension, as it was for many couples in early twentieth century Australia who crossed the sectarian divide. Rosemary's mother's family were Catholic, intellectual and high achievers; her aunt was a doctor who, for a time, was the highest ranking woman in the navy. The Follett family, on the other hand, had no pedigree for education and were Anglican. Judith Lusby, a BA from the University of Sydney, and Aubrey Follett, a court reporter, married in a Catholic church in Sydney and the Follett family did not attend. The family moved to Canberra when Aubrey Follett obtained work as a Hansard reporter. While work brought them to Canberra, the promise of a house in Canberra was a key motivation. The housing crisis in Sydney was so acute, the Follett family decided they had been shown enough houses with dirt floors and took the plunge and headed towards a duplex in Yarralumla.\nRosemary's mother's family provided ample models of educated women demonstrating what could be achieved by women with a good education. The aforementioned aunt, an ancestor in the nineteenth century who nursed in the NSW Northern Rivers District, even Rosemary's mother, who battled her conservative husband for the right to enrol in a teaching degree at the Australian National University (ANU) when her daughters were at school, all presented Rosemary with models of women who combined work with family. Education was a priority for members of the Follett household. And because of her father's job, Follett received a unique perspective on political life. Dinner table conversations often revolved around the day's happenings in parliament, and the admirable qualities of the few women who sat. These conversations broadened into more general discussions about policies, and what differentiated the parties. As she grew older, she began to understand that the Labor Party was the party of reform.\nFollett's education was a catholic one, and although she enjoyed primary school, where she excelled, the same could not be said of her experience of secondary school. She was young when she started and acknowledges that she was academically ready but socially and emotionally unprepared. The transition was difficult and it wasn't helped by the unevenness of the teaching in the catholic system for girls. 'Many of the nuns did not appear to be all that happy : they seemed to be 'the nuns that could be spared' by their orders.' (Interview) They terrified the girls with their stories of martyrdom and sacrifice, rather than inspire them with the stories of Mary McKillop or other nuns who worked for social justice in the church. If not for the encouragement of her mother and Mother Gonzaga, who allowed her to read whatever she wanted to read, surviving school would have been close to impossible.\nAfter school, Follett earned an Advanced Diploma in Secretarial Studies and joined the public service. She left home at 18 and travelled with a friend to Darwin in 1966. Working for the Chief Geologist in a 'frontier' town was an eye opener, especially for the lack of a female presence in public spaces. After Darwin, she moved to Sydney where she worked for a mining company. While working in the mining industry, she began to develop a sense of the power of capital, and how poorly the existing Occupational Health and Safety Legislation protected working people and their families.\nWhile in Sydney, she met someone (from Canberra) and got married. (In a strange twist, her sister married her husband's brother!) She came back to Canberra, got married and continued working as a secretary for some years, while her husband studied, although, as a married woman , she was no longer permitted to work for the public service. In 1973, she returned to study too, taking advantage of the free university education introduced by the Whitlam Government elected in December of 1972.\nIn the 1970s, Follett became increasingly interested in the variety of social movements that were bubbling along at the time. She found her sympathies generally aligned with Australian Labor Party (ALP) policies and, after the sacking of the Whitlam government in 1975, joined Ginninderra branch of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) in 1975, becoming its president from 1983 to 1984. She admits that in the early days, she was very quiet at meetings. As someone who'd had a sheltered life and upbringing, she found the militancy of some other members very confronting. 'I thought my mother's modest way of making change was more appropriate'. (Interview) In 1984 she was elected women's co-ordinator for the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) branch of the ALP and this gave her experience in the women's policy committee and the feminist caucus. From 1985 to 1986 she was a member of the ACT House of Assembly, and by 1987 was elected ALP ACT Branch president.\nShe completed her degree and rejoined the Australian Public Service (APS) through their graduate recruitment program. She became a highly active workplace delegate with the Administrative and Clerical Officers Association. It took her a while to find a position that she enjoyed and felt useful in, but she found it in the Office for Women's Affairs (OWA) when it was located in the Department of Premier and Cabinet, working to establish the newly formed National Women's Advisory Council (NWAC). Working in this environment helped to develop her understanding of feminism and the feminist movement. Heavily influenced by Germaine Greer's 'The Female Eunuch', Follett learned more from the staff at the OWA, from impressive women such as Sara Dowse. She was committed to the feminist movement and felt for other women in the office forced to navigate the tension between feminism and bureaucracy on a daily basis.\nNot long after the OWA was moved to the Department of Home Affairs, Follett changed areas and began working in the Cultural Heritage area, where she was encouraged to take part in the APS Executive Leadership Program. Climbing further through the ranks of the APS she came to the conclusion that being an executive public servant might not actually be as interesting as doing the hands on work of someone a couple of rungs down. At around the same time that she was forming these conclusions, she was asked if she would be interested in filling a casual vacancy in the House of Assembly in the run up to self government. She accepted the invitation, was preselected and took on the role as the opposition (ALP) Member for Fraser.\nFollett then took on the ACT ALP Presidency and became well known as a good negotiator who was able to consult with all the factions of the ALP, as well as the opposition parties; a very important skill to possess at a time when the goal of self-government in the A.C.T was still being worked towards. She was determined to ensure that the ALP could be viewed by the electorate as a viable alternative in government. She was clearly successful in her determination; in 1989, Rosemary Follett was elected first Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory which made her the first woman to lead an Australian state or territory government. In 1990 a Canberra Times - Datacol opinion poll put her popularity at a high 73 per cent.\nDespite this, her first term was very short; she lost a vote of no confidence in 1990 after a year in office, returned in 1991 and then re-elected in 1992 into a much more stable political environment. In 1995 she was defeated by the Liberal Party of Australia under Kate Carnell. Follett resigned from the ACT Legislative Assembly in December 1996. After leaving politics, Follett was appointed the ACT Sex Discrimination Commission, a position she held until 2004.\nThat she was the first woman to lead a state or territory did not hit her hard until she attended her first commonwealth heads of governments grant commission meeting where she was the only woman. In fact, she says, 'there wasn't much positive publicity about it at the time. My opponent used to refer to my ministry as 'a powder puff government\". (Interview) She was surprised by the level of obsession that the public had with her appearance, and appalled by the sexism of some media coverage. In the A.C.T. the chief minister is also treasurer. A journalist had the gall to ask her how she was going to manage the budget! But as time went by, some things improved. In 1992, more women (Joan Kirner and Carmen Lawrence) were at the state and territory leaders meetings.\nThe scrutiny on her appearance and private life, however, did not abate. She was once told by a journalist that that they were relying upon her for two stories a day, which could have been useful if the focus was on policy and not her wardrobe. 'There was consistent commentary about what I wore, rather than what I was doing,' she says.(Interview). Which was a lot; Follet acknowledges that the amount of work was extraordinary and sometimes overwhelming, but she was determined to stay in charge as long as she could because there major policy areas she wanted to achieve, especially in the area of occupation health and safety legislations, consumer protection laws and pursuing feminist policy initiatives. Her hard work took its toll personally. She 'can't imagine how she would have done the job with children' and admires women such as current (2013) Chief Minister Katy (Interview) She could not have achieved what she did without the support of excellent mentors in her party and the close, critical friendship of her two sisters.\nFollett was always comfortable with leadership, saying that 'she works best when she is in charge'. (Interview) While always comfortable with the responsibilities that come with leadership she found learning to accept the judgments that come with political leadership took longer. 'All political careers end in defeat', but that doesn't mean you shouldn't pursue them! (Interview) The personal satisfaction of achieving meaningful change for the good, and bringing people through with you, to reach consensus on an important policy matter, cannot be under estimated. Nor can the opportunities for further career development. Since leaving politics, Follett has been: deputy Vice Chancellor at the University of Canberra; Chair of the Vocational Education and Training Authority; a member of the University of Canberra Council; member of the Sentence Administration Board and Chair of the Board of Senior Secondary School Studies. She led a trade mission to Japan and was instrumental in bringing about the ACT's sister-city relationship with Nara and was a member of the Milk Authority of the ACT 1996 and the Canberra Labor Club, Canberra Tradesmen's Club and the Fabian Society. ACT politics has provided Rosemary Follett with a rich and interesting life.\nWhich no doubt reinforces her enduring love for the city of Canberra. Speaking for herself, and countless others, she says 'Eighteen year olds will always leave Canberra but they will always come back. Even retirees return!' (Interview)\n", "Events": "President of the Australian Labor Party, Ginninderra Branch (1983 - 1984) \nReceived for service to the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly, particularly through influencing the development of self-government and as an inaugral Chief Minister, and to community development, human rights, and the advancement of women. (2017 - 2017)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2004\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-ordinary-lives-pioneering-women-in-australian-politics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-follett-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-women-and-leadership-in-a-century-of-australian-democracy-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-rosemary-follett-former-chief-minister-of-the-act-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pegrum, Annabelle Nicole", "Entry ID": "AWE0770", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pegrum-annabelle-nicole\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Junee, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Architect, Public servant", "Summary": "Annabelle Pegrum held the position of Chief Executive of the National Capital Authority from 1998 to 2008. Prior to this she held a number of senior executive management positions with the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Government.\nPegrum has been involved in several architecture organisations, and has served as President of the ACT Chapter of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects.\nShe was the 1998 Telstra ACT Business Woman of the Year and received a Centenary Medal in 2003.\nIn 2008 she took up an appointment as a professorial Fellow at the University of Canberra and is the University Architect.\n", "Details": "Annabelle Pegrum was educated at the Holy Cross College, Woollahra, and graduated with an Honours degree in Architecture from the University of Sydney, winning the Leslie Wilkinson Prize for Design History and Theory.\nShe was in private practice as an architect before joining the then National Capital Development Commission, where she made a strong impact on the capital works program. She left in 1986 to take up a lecturing position at the University of Canberra but rejoined the ACT Public Service in 1990, and has worked as an architect and town planner with the National Capital Authority.\nShe is a Fellow of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects, was President of the ACT Chapter and has been a member of the Architects' Board of the ACT since 1992. She has been an Adjunct Professor of Architecture at the University of Canberra since 1999.\nPegrum has held a number of senior executive management positions with the ACT Government, including General Manager of City Operations from 1994 to 1995, Executive Director of the Cabinet and Policy Co-ordination Office in the Chief Minister's Department in 1996, and Chief Executive of the Department of Business, the Arts, Sport and Tourism ACT from 1996 to 1998.\nShe has described herself as an advocate for the private sector and assisting partnerships to deliver economic and cultural developments for the ACT.\nAs a departmental head she has been credited with significantly raising morale and refocusing staff.\nShe was a member of the ACT Centenary of Federation Committee from 1998 to 2001.\nIn 1998 Pegrum was the Telstra ACT Business Woman of the Year, and won the MobileNet Corporate and Government Award. She received a Centenary Medal in 2003.\nShe is the mother of two children.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2004\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kelly, Roslyn Joan (Ros)", "Entry ID": "AWE0772", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kelly-roslyn-joan-ros\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Ros Kelly was elected with a large majority as the first woman member of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) House of Assembly and was later elected to the House of Representatives for the electorate of Canberra (1980-1995). She was the first Labor woman federal minister in the House of Representatives and the first to give birth while holding office. A complete record of her parliamentary service, including a link to her first speech, can be found in the Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia (see below).\n", "Details": "Ros Kelly was educated at St. Ursula's College, Ashbury, and obtained a BA DipEd from the University of Sydney. She worked as a high school teacher from 1969 to 1974.\nShe moved to Canberra in 1970 and was elected the first woman member of the ACT House of Assembly from 1974 to 1979. She also became the first woman chair of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Schools Authority from 1978 to 1979 and a foundation member of the ACT Legal Aid Commission from 1978 to 1979.\nKelly has been patron of numerous ACT sporting clubs and a member of many ACT ethnic, social and community associations.\nIn 1980 Kelly was elected to the federal seat of Canberra with one of the largest swings against the then Liberal government, and in 1983 she became the first federal parliamentarian to give birth while an MP. In 1987 Kelly became the first Labor woman federal minister in the House of Representatives.\nAs member for Canberra, Kelly was secretary of the Federal Labor Caucus from 1981 to 1987 and held office as minister for the portfolios of Defence, Science and Personnel from 1987 to 1988; Communications and Aviation Support from 1988 to 1990; Arts, Sport, Environment, Tourism and Territories from 1991 to 1993; Environment, Sport and Territories from 1993 to 1994; Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism and Territories from 1994 to 1995. She also served as Minister Assisting the Prime Minister on the Status of Women until 1994.\nKelly resigned from federal politics in 1995, and has worked as a senior executive in environmental management since that time. She is currently on the Board of Trustees of the National Breast Cancer Foundation, a trustee for the World Wide Fund for Nature and a board member of the Westpac Emergency Helicopter Service.\nIn 2004 Kelly was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for service to the community through promoting corporate environmental responsibility and fostering dialogue between business and conservation groups, to the Australian Parliament, and to women's health.\nShe has two children.\n", "Events": "Chairperson of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Schools Authority (1978 - 1979) \nFoundation member of the Legal Aid Commission (1978 - 1979)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2004\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/capital-women-a-history-of-the-work-of-the-national-council-of-women-a-c-t-in-canberra-1939-1979\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-canberra-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-australias-capital-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-1954-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-brief-history-of-the-act-alp\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-suffrage-timeline\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/members-of-the-house-of-representatives-since-1901\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-ordinary-lives-pioneering-women-in-australian-politics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-kelly-a-passionate-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kelly-the-hon-roslyn-joan-ao\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-hon-ros-kelly\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ros-kelly-1992-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-kelly-interviewed-by-mark-oneill-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-kelly-interviewed-by-peter-sekuless-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-roslyn-joan-kelly-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-council-for-women-acw-collection-njsn_ac-005\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Humphreys, Lilias Stuart", "Entry ID": "AWE0774", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/humphreys-lilias-stuart\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Orange, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Genealogist", "Summary": "Lilias Stuart Humphreys, artist and genealogist, was born at Orange, New South Wales, in 1909, the fourth daughter and eldest child of Percival Stuart Garling (1873-1951) and Margaret Isabella Jane McSpadden. She married, in 1936, Jack Iorweth Humphreys (1905-1989) at her parents' home 'Wanganui', Longueville, New South Wales; they had a daughter, Jennifer Karen (1937-1983). In 1927 the family home had been the venue for the celebration of the 112th anniversary of the arrival in Australia of Lilias's great-great grandfather, the solicitor and magistrate Frederick Garling Senior (1775-1848). Her great grandfather was the customs officer and marine artist, Frederick Garling Junior (1806-1873), whose son was Arthur Crawford Garling (1833-1910).\nIn the 1960s, Lilias Humphreys began her genealogical researches into the descendants of Frederick Garling Senior and their extensive connections with other families. She carried on the earlier researches of her uncle, William Mylam Nicholas Garling. She was assisted by her daughter, Jennifer, who conducted her own research on Susannah Matilda Ward, nee Baldwin, appointed by Governor Macquarie as matron and superintendent of the Female Orphan Institution. Lilias Humphreys died in 1985.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lilias-stuart-humphreys-collection-ca-1800-1987-compiled-ca-1960-1987\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Roxburgh, Rachel", "Entry ID": "AWE0775", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/roxburgh-rachel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Castle Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Author", "Summary": "Rachel Roxburgh was born in Sydney, New South Wales in 1915. She attended East Sydney Technical College and Adelaide Perry School. Afterwards she spent ten years in England and Europe, where she continued her studies at London Central and Hammersmith Art Schools. After her return to Australia she taught arts and crafts. \nRoxburgh wrote a number of books on architecture and early Australian families. Her published works include The Early Australian scene: illustrated by example of early buildings in New South Wales (1969), Thomas Potter Macqueen of Segenhoe, New South Wales (1972), Early colonial houses of New South Wales (1974), Colonial farm buildings of New South Wales (1978), Berrima Court House (1981), Throsby Park: an account of the Throsby Family in Australia 1802-1840 (1989) and Some early colonial buildings (filmstrip, 1962). She also published a number of articles on old buildings, for example those published in the Journal of Royal Australian Historical Society (New South Wales). \nRoxburgh died on 13 April 1991 in Castle Hill, New South Wales and is survived by her brother, Mr J. Roxburgh.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/http-nla-gov-au-nla-ms-ms8368\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-rachel-roxburgh-1794-1896-bulk-1960-1986-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Scott, Rose", "Entry ID": "AWE0776", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scott-rose\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Glendon, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist", "Summary": "Social reformer, Rose Scott was born at Glendon, near Singleton, NSW, on 8 October, 1847. Rose Scott was one of the key figures in the turn-of-the century movement committed to the universal suffrage and a general improvement in the condition of women. She lived at home and did not marry, she devoted her life to the women's movement.\nIn 1889 she helped form the Women's Literary Society in Sydney and it was out of this society that the Womanhood Suffrage League developed in May 1891. She wrote and debated and lectured and argued until in 1902 the Women's Suffrage Act became law in New South Wales. She lobbied for the establishment of Children's Courts for juvenile offenders, for the 'age of consent' to be raised from fourteen to sixteen for girls (Crimes (Girls' Protection) Acts 1910), and for a more comprehensive and equitable system of family maintenance to be established.\nShe opposed Federation and, in later years, conscription. She was president of a local branch of the London Peace Society, formed in 1907, and international secretary of the National Council of Women of New South Wales, formed in 1896.\nOne of the most important figures of her time she died in Sydney on 20 April 1925.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scott-rose-1847-1925\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scott-rose-1847-1925-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rose-scott-vision-and-revision-in-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-book-of-great-australian-women-thirty-six-women-who-changed-the-course-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-nsw-program-for-the-launch-of-the-centenary-stamp-issue-and-a-complete-set-of-the-issue-1996\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-further-papers-1895-1981\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-nsw-inc-further-records-1926-1927-1937-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-relating-to-national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-1895-1897\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-further-records-1895-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scott-family-manuscript-and-pictorial-material-1777-1925\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rose-scott-papers-1862-1923\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-literary-society-minute-book-15-aug-1892-aug-1893-with-annual-reports-1893-1896\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rose-scott-journal-1889-1893\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-records-1895-1976\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miles-franklin-papers-1841-1954\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miles-franklin-papers-mainly-literary-manuscripts-1900-1954\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dowell-oreilly-papers-1884-1923-with-additional-family-papers-1877-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scott-family-rose-scott-papers-1777-1925-mlmss-38-1-79\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-on-womens-suffrage-compiled-by-rose-scott-%e2%86%b5%e2%86%b5%e2%86%b5%e2%86%b5%e2%86%b5%e2%86%b5%e2%86%b5%e2%86%b5papers-on-womens-suffrage-compiled-by-rose-scott\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pamphlets-relating-to-australian-womens-suffrage\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/windeyer-family-papers-1829-1943\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collection-of-pamphlets-containing-souvenir-concert-programmes-and-australian-biographies\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wall, Annie (Winifred)", "Entry ID": "AWE0827", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wall-annie-winifred\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Medical practitioner", "Summary": "Dr Winifred Wall spent her childhood in Broken Hill and Georgetown in the mid north of South Australia. After attending bush schools she went to Gladstone and Adelaide High Schools. Wall won a scholarship to study medicine at Adelaide University (1918-1922). She then worked at the Royal Adelaide Hospital where her duties included treating returned servicemen from World War I. She married Dr Fred Wall, they had four children, and she established a private practice. During World War II she returned to the Royal Adelaide Hospital where she specialised in anesthesia. Foundation president of the Family Planning Association (South Australia), Wall was awarded Life membership of the Royal District Nursing Society, the Australian Medical Association and the British Medical Association. On 26 January 1979 Dr Wall was appointed a member of the Order of Australia for service to the community, particularly in the field of women's affairs.\n", "Events": "Appointed a Member of the Order of Australia for service to the community, particularly in the field of Women's Affairs (1979 - 1979) \nFellow of the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (1992 - 1992) \nFellow of the Faculty of Anaesthetists with the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (1955 - 1955) \nFoundation member of the Australian Society of Anaesthetists (SA) (1934 - 1934) \nHonorary anaesthetist at the Royal Adelaide Hospital (1942 - 1958) \nInitiated the establishment of the University of Adelaide Graduates Fund (1967 - 1967) \nMedical practitioner in general practice (1925 - 1955) \nMember of the Australian Medical Association (awarded Life membership) (1923 - 1923) \nMember of the British Medical Association (awarded Life membership) (1923 - 1923) \nPresident of the Family Planning Association (SA) (1970 - 1973) \nPresident of the Graduates Union at the University of Adelaide (1965 - 1967) \nPresident of the South Australian Medical Women's Society (1968 - 1970) \nPresident of the Women Graduates Association at the University of Adelaide (later AFUW SA) (1961 - 1963) \nSpecialist anaesthetist (1955 - 1972)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greater-than-their-knowing-a-glimpse-of-south-australian-women-1836-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/recording-of-reminiscences-at-lyceum-clubs-70th-anniversary-dinner-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-winifred-wall-sound-recording-interviewer-yvonne-abbott\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-winifred-wall-sound-recording-interviewer-barbara-baird\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-winifred-wall-sound-recording-interviewer-beth-m-robertson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annie-winifred-wall-summary-record\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-winifred-wall-dr-anaesthetist-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mocatta, Mildred", "Entry ID": "AWE0834", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mocatta-mildred\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Hackney, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Anaesthetist, Medical practitioner", "Summary": "Dr Mildred Mocatta, a diagnostician, conducted a practice in Adelaide.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/passion-of-a-lifetime\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greater-than-their-knowing-a-glimpse-of-south-australian-women-1836-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-mildred-mocatta-sound-recording-interviewer-stella-sobels\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-mildred-mocatta-sound-recording-interviewer-anne-geddes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-mildred-mocatta-dr-kindergarten-principal-and-artist-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Deal, Patricia", "Entry ID": "AWE0851", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/deal-patricia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Chain Valley Bay, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Servicewoman, Social worker", "Summary": "Patricia Deal was trained at the Rachel Forster Hospital at Redfern. She worked in various Repatriation Hospitals, becoming the Director of Nursing at the Repatriation General Hospital in Daw Park, Adelaide. She also served as a nurse in Vietnam as part of the Australian Army Nursing Corps and remained an active member, retiring in 1986 with the rank of Major.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nursing-icon-a-visionary-nightingale\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-patricia-deal-sound-recording-interviewer-joan-durdin\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ladkin, Marjorie Lina", "Entry ID": "AWE0854", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ladkin-marjorie-lina\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Union organiser", "Summary": "Marjorie Ladkin, n\u00e9e Soady, was born in Sydney, New South Wales. In 1933 she began training at the Sydney Hospital, and upon graduation worked for a nursing agency. She was the first full-time secretary of the Royal Australian Nursing Federation (South Australia Branch) serving in this position from 1965-1975. The successful development of the Branch is largely due to her dedication and drive and, innovations advocated by Ladkin have resulted in a better ratio of staff\/patient care. On 13 June 1983 Marjorie Ladkin was awarded an Order of the Order of Australia for service to nursing.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-marjorie-ladkin-sound-recording-interviewer-joan-durdin\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mocatta, Frances", "Entry ID": "AWE0916", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mocatta-frances\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Turramurra, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Medical practitioner", "Summary": "Dr Frances Mocatta grew up in the Blue Mountains in New South Wales. She studied medicine at the University of Sydney. A former Resident Medical Officer (RMO) at Rachel Forster Hospital, Royal Hospital for Women Paddington and Manly District Hospital, Sydney. In 1947 she married William Theyer Dean and had two daughters. She established a private practice in Meredith, Victoria and then Medindie, South Australia. Mocatta worked as a physician in allergic diseases. In 1963 she became a Medical Officer (MO) to the allergy clinic at the Repatriation Hospital.\nHer publications included papers on the treatment of patients who were hypersensitive to bee strings. Her work was written up in the International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology in 1986. Dr Frances Mocatta retired in 1991.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-frances-mocatta-sound-recording-interviewer-yvonne-abbott\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Christian, Margaret Enid", "Entry ID": "AWE0945", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/christian-margaret-enid\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Burwood, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Parkside, Unley City, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Veterinarian", "Summary": "Peg Christian was the first veterinarian to establish a private small animal practice in the Northern Territory; she practiced part-time in Alice Springs from 1948-1951. Later she helped pioneer the development of Wombaroo, a replacement milk formula for orphaned marsupials.\n", "Details": "Peg Christian grew up on a sheep property near Yass. For her, an only child, the animals, especially horses, were her friends. She became a boarder, first at Frensham and then at Abbotsleigh independent girls schools. She was nineteen and studying Veterinary Science at Sydney University when her father died and the property was sold. Although her mother strongly believed in the education of girls, she did not consider that her nineteen year old daughter could run a sheep property. She was the twelfth woman in Australia to graduate in veterinary science. After graduation and before her marriage, she worked in a small animal practice on the North Shore. When her husband took up an appointment as a government laboratory veterinarian in Alice Springs, Christian opened her own private practice in the family home. In 1952, the family moved to Adelaide and again she started her private practice in the family home. Christian is best known for her work with native animals, especially joeys, wombats and kangaroos. She learnt by trial and error because care of native animals was not included in her studies at Sydney University. She was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia on 26 January 1984. Voluntary work has always been important to Christian, from being a an air raid warden at Sydney University (during World War II), through the Country Women's Association (CWA) in Alice Springs, to the Girl Guides, the RSPCA, and Cleland Reserve in Adelaide. She retired from private practice when arthritis caused her to lose the feeling in her fingers. Peg Christian's philosophy is that humans are responsible for animals. They do not have dominion over them. She also believes strongly that if you want to change something you must become involved with it, without being too aggressive.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-peg-christian-sound-recording-interviewer-karen-george\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Shennen, Shirley Emilie", "Entry ID": "AWE0953", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shennen-shirley-emilie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Moree, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Shirley Shennen, born Wilson, was educated at Moree Intermediate High School. During World War ll she enlisted in the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force. In 1949 she married Graham Barnes. The marriage ended in divorce in 1972. Later she married Frank Shennen.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shirley-emilie-shennen-papers-1923-1991\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hoffman, Elizabeth Maud", "Entry ID": "AWE0962", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hoffman-elizabeth-maud\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cummeragunja, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Cummeragunja, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal rights activist, Public servant", "Summary": "Elizabeth Hoffman grew up at the Cummeragunja Reserve in New South Wales. She moved to Melbourne in 1971, and started to work with the Aborigines Advancement League (AAL) as Matron of the Gladys Mitchell Youth Hostel. She was elected President of the AAL Management Committee three times, and at different times was Vice President and Treasurer, until taking up employment with the League as Director in 1976. She was the Chairperson of the Aboriginal Legal Service for three years, and the Chairperson of the Aboriginal Housing Co-operative. She also worked with the National Aboriginal and Island Women's Council and the Women's Council at Echuca, and was a member of the Steering Committee of the Aboriginal Housing Board and of the local Aboriginal Land Council. She also worked as a Commissioner with the Aboriginal Development Commission. In the early 1970s, she co-founded the Elizabeth Hoffman House, Aboriginal women's refuge in Melbourne which in 1984 became Incorporated and independent of the AAL. She was one of the 250 women included in the Victorian Honour Roll of Women which was read out in Victoria's Parliament House on 7 May 2001. She was awarded a National NAIDOC Award for Lifetime Achievement in 2006 and her collection of poetry To Our Koori Sons was published in 2009.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-aboriginal-women-pathfinders-their-difficulties-and-their-achievements\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/survivors-lay-claim-to-the-past-for-their-future\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hoffman-elizabeth\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-seek-refuge\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-hoffman-house-inc\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bush-tucker-healing-plants-and-seafood\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-and-native-title-in-south-east-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Clayton, Iris", "Entry ID": "AWE0977", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clayton-iris\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Leeton, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Bega, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Community worker, Health worker, Public servant, Researcher", "Summary": "Iris Clayton was taken to the Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Aboriginal Girls in the 1950s, and from there sent to work as a servant in Canberra. At the age of 18 she was allowed to return home where she married. She returned to Canberra in 1977 to work at AIATSIS, first as a library assistant and later on the switchboard, where she stayed for a number of years. She was awarded a grant to research the Wiradjuri births, deaths and marriages, and her findings have been deposited at AIATSIS.\nFrom 1991, Clayton worked as a health worker at the Winnanga Nimmityjah Aboriginal Health Service in Canberra. She was involved in community issues and served as a council member of the ACT Cultural Council. She influenced a generation of Canberra school children by becoming a regular visitor to ACT schools, sharing her stories and explaining her culture.\nIris Clayton died on 5 July 2009 at Bega, New South Wales, after more than a decade of recurrent health problems.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-aboriginal-australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-history-society-and-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wiradjuri-of-the-rivers-and-plains\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/problems-with-aboriginal-genealogical-research\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wiradjuri-identity\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituary-iris-rose-clayton-1945-2009\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/iris-clayton-looks-at-institute-collections-and-opening-of-community-centre-in-dubbo\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-iris-clayton-and-other-staff-at-the-australian-national-university\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wiradjuri-words\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/family-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/warengesda-births-deaths-and-marriages\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interviews-with-iris-clayton\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jackomos, Merle Robertha", "Entry ID": "AWE0980", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jackomos-merle-robertha\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cummeragunja, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal rights activist, Author, Community worker", "Summary": "Merle Jackomos, of Yorta Yorta descent, grew up at Cummeragunja, New South Wales. During the famous walk-off of the Cummeragunja people who crossed into Victoria in 1939, Merle and her family were amongst those who stayed to make sure that the station was not closed and sold off by the government. She married Alick Jackomos in 1951, and became involved with the Aborigines Advancement League of Victoria. She helped found the National Aboriginal and Islander Women's Council of which she became Victorian vice-president, and the Northcote Aboriginal women's refuge. In 1972 she was elected to the Aboriginal Affairs Advisory Council. She was later appointed director of Aboriginal Hostels Ltd, and in 1981 was elected to the National Aboriginal Conference, of which she remained a member until its abolition in 1985.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-aboriginal-australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-history-society-and-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-history-of-lake-tyers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-aboriginals-in-the-news\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/living-aboriginal-history-of-victoria-stories-in-the-oral-tradition\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-history-of-lake-tyers-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/history-of-cummeragunga-and-maloga\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/museum-of-victoria-daughters-of-a-dreaming\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aborigines-advancement-league-of-victoria-group-portraits-from-the-conscience-calling-ball-1961\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/historical-images-from-victoria-1880-1984\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alick-and-merle-jackomos-wedding-day-at-st-augustins\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/life-on-an-aboriginal-reserve-cummeragunja-by-merle-robertha-jackomos-nee-morgan-1980\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Powell, Sarah Jane", "Entry ID": "AWE0989", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/powell-sarah-jane\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Collector, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Box Hill, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "Sarah Powell was State President of the Soldiers, Sailors and Airmen's Mothers' Association for 25 years and was made Life President. She was decorated with the OBE in June 1943 for her services in this organisation. She founded the Croydon Branch and attended their annual meeting on her 92nd birthday five days before she died.\n", "Details": "Sarah Jane Powell the daughter of Thomas and Sarah Skewes (the Skewes are able to trace their ancestry back to John Wesley, the founder of Methodism) was born at Collector in New South Wales. The eldest of ten children she moved with her family to Warrenheip, near Ballarat in Victoria, where her father became the school master and preacher. Here she became a teacher with the Schools Board, an organist for the local church as well as teaching singing and piano. On December 29, 1886 she married Samuel James Powell and moved to Warrnambool. The parents of six children the Powell family moved to Melbourne in 1905.\nPowell became president of the Coburg branch of the Australian Women's National League as well as being the branch delegate to the Council. During World War I, in which she was to lose a son and brother, Powell became involved with the care and welfare of soldiers invalided home from the battlefronts.\nFollowing the war she became a foundation member of the Soldiers Mothers' Association (later called Sailors', Soldiers and Airmen's Mothers' Association - SS&AMA) in 1919. Powell became State President in 1921 and was made Life President in 1926. A member of the War Memorial Committee - later known as the Shrine of Remembrance, Powell represented the Mothers' Association on the committee of the Kings Memorial. She founded the Croydon Branch of the SS&AMA. When this Branch opened a Home for widows or those separated from their husbands, one of the flatettes was named in her honour.\nIn appreciation of her community work Sarah Powell was recognised by being presented with various awards including:\n\u2022 The Order of Merit from the Returned Soldiers' League (later named Returned & Services League of Australia - RSL) for her devotion to the cause of the men who fought in the Great War in 1923.\n\u2022 The Coronation Medal at the time of the coronation of King George VI in 1937.\n\u2022 Appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire for social welfare work with the armed forces on June 2, 1943.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gibbs, Pearl Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE0998", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gibbs-pearl-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal leader, Political activist, social activist", "Summary": "Pearl Gibbs was a major figure in Aboriginal political activism from the late 1920s to the 1970s. She was involved in organising the Day of Mourning on 26 January 1938 to protest the invasion; spoke for the Committee for Aboriginal Citizen Rights; supported Northern Territory Aborigines in their conflicts with a frontier 'justice' system; called for Aboriginal representation on the New South Wales Board; set up the Dubbo branch of the Australian Aborigines' League with Bill Ferguson in 1946; became the organising secretary for a new Melbourne-based Council for Aboriginal Rights in 1953; was elected as the Aboriginal member of the Aborigines Welfare Board in 1954 and its only woman member; established the Australian Aboriginal Fellowship (with Faith Bandler) in 1956 and the first hostel for Aboriginal hospital patients and their families in Dubbo in 1960; and continued contributing to Aboriginal conferences throughout the 1970s.\n", "Details": "Pearl Gibbs grew up in the Yass and Brewarrina areas. After attending racially-segregated schools at Yass and Cowra, she worked as a maid and cook and married an English sailor named Gibbs. They later separated, leaving Pearl to raise their daughter and two sons. From the late 1920s Pearl started organising Aboriginal protests and from 1937 became a major figure in the Aboriginal political network. She was an early member of the Aborigines' Progressive Association, appearing at meetings in Sydney's Domain and drawing large crowds because a woman speaker was rare and because Pearl spoke with such fluency and passion. During the campaign for full citizen rights and an end to the Aborigines Protection Board, Pearl concentrated on women's issues: 'apprenticeships' ('employment' of Aboriginal girls as domestic servants by the Aborigines Protection Board), school and hospital segregation, health and the meagre Board rations on Aboriginal reserves. She successfully lobbied many women's organisations, including the Sydney Feminist Club, and made wider alliances with centre and left political groups than other Aboriginal activist in New South Wales at the time.\nPearl Gibbs was secretary of the Aborigines' Progressive Association from 1938 to 1940; vice-president and then secretary of the Dubbo branch of the Australian Aborigines' League in the 1940\/50s; the organising secretary for a new Council for Aboriginal Rights in 1953; the Aboriginal member of the Aboriginal Welfare Board from 1954 to 1957; and vice-president of the Australian Aboriginal Fellowship in the 1950s.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pearl-gibbs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/turning-the-tide-a-personal-history-of-the-federal-council-for-the-advancement-ofaborigines-and-torres-strait-islanders\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gibbs-pearl\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gibbs-pearl-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gibbs-pearl-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gibbs-pearl-mary-mrs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pearl-gibbs-aboriginal-patriot\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/before-its-too-late-anthropological-reflections-1950-1970-jane-c-goodale-ruth-fink-jeremy-beckett-l-r-hiatt-and-j-a-barnes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lovable-natives-and-tribal-sisters-feminism-maternalism-and-the-campaign-for-aboriginal-citizenship-in-new-south-wales-in-the-late-1930s\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pearl-gibbs-a-biographical-tribute\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/2001-eldershaw-memorial-lecture-founding-fathers-dutiful-wives-and-rebellious-daughters\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Simon, Ella", "Entry ID": "AWE1002", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/simon-ella\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Taree, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "Ella Simon went to school on Purfleet Aboriginal reserve, New South Wales, until the age of twelve. She then worked in Gloucester and Sydney, but returned to Purfleet in 1932 to nurse her sick grandmother, Kundaibark. She married Joe Simon in the mid-1930s, and they travelled around New South Wales, helping Aboriginal people. In 1957 Ella was granted her 'certificate of exemption' from the restrictions imposed by the Aborigines Welfare Board. In 1960 she formed a branch of the Country Women's Association on Purfleet reserve and became its president. She opened the Gillawarra gift shop selling Aboriginal artefacts. She improved the living conditions on Purfleet, by supplying new stoves and introducing electricity. She continued caring for Aboriginal children and the sick. In 1962 she was named Lady of Distinction by Quota and appointed a justice of the peace. She dictated her life story for the book Through My Eyes during 1976-78.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/through-my-eyes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-perspectives-resources-for-english-history-general-studies-social-sciences-women-of-the-sun\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/custodians-of-the-soil-a-history-of-aboriginal-european-relationships-in-the-manning-valley-of-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stories-of-herself-when-young-autobiographies-of-childhood-by-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-dream-of-a-shared-society-on-the-borderlines\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/something-that-was-shameful-two-aboriginal-identities-in-a-whole-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-book-of-great-australian-women-thirty-six-women-who-changed-the-course-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sports-and-community-portraits-from-the-north-coast-of-new-south-wales-photographs-reproduced-in-new-dawn-magazine\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-aussie-image-the-language-of-the-image-makers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Preston-Stanley, Millicent Fanny", "Entry ID": "AWE1021", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/preston-stanley-millicent-fanny\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Politician, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "Millicent Preston-Stanley was a politician and first female member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1925-1927. She was involved in a wide array of women's groups and issues and was President of the Feminist Club from 1919-1934 and 1952-1955. She was also Australian delegate for the British-American Co-operation Movement, 1936-1938. She married Crawford Vaughan in Sydney in 1934.\n", "Details": "Parliamentary and Local Government Career\n\nCandidate Eastern Suburbs, 1922\nElected, Eastern Suburbs, 1925\nUnsuccessful candidate, Bondi, 1927\nParty: Nationalist\n\nMillicent Preston-Stanley was a politician and feminist. She was born on 9 September 1883 in Sydney and lived there until her death in 1955. Throughout her life she was involved in a number of women's organisations, such as the Feminist Club of which she was President from 1919-34 and 1952-55.\nIn 1925 Preston-Stanley became the first female member of the NSW Legislative Assembly, representing the Eastern Suburbs. During this time she campaigned on maternal mortality, reform in child welfare, amendments to the Health Act and better housing. She held her seat until 1927.\nShe was the Australian delegate to America for the British-American Co-operation Movement in 1936 and undertook a lecture tour of America in 1937-38. In 1947 she was involved in the organisation, United Women Citizens' Movement against Socialisation formed to oppose the Chifley government's attempt to nationalise Australian banking.\nMillicent Stanley became Millicent Preston-Stanley after her father, Augustus Stanley, deserted the family and her mother (nee Preston) was granted a divorce, thereafter calling herself Preston-Stanley. A fine public speaker, she ran events for the Women's Liberal League, and was critical of the Liberals' neglect of women. After organising for political, feminist and other groups, she narrowly missed election for the multi-member seat of Eastern Suburbs in 1922. She was the first woman elected to the Legislative Assembly in 1925.\nShe dealt mercilessly with hecklers and interjections inside and outside the Legislative Assembly, continuing her campaigns on women's and children's health, welfare, housing and the care of the 'mentally defective'.\n\"I do not expect to be exalted into the Ministry, but I will say this, that any woman who gets into Parliament and does not make up her mind to control the Department of Health so far as it concerns the women and children of the State does not properly conceive her responsibilities, powers or duties\" (Parliamentary scrapbook 1922).\nAfter leaving the Legislative Assembly she campaigned for women's rights in child custody, writing a play about the notorious Polini case which was produced in 1932.\nShe married Crawford Vaughan, former premier of South Australia, in 1934. She continued organising against socialism and communism, and warning against the threat from Japan. In 1937-8 she toured the USA, lecturing on behalf of the Pan Pacific Women's Conference. During 1940-41 she was director of the Women's Australian National Service, mobilising volunteers and training women for the services.\nHer portrait, by Jerrold Nathan, hangs in NSW Parliament House, and another by Mary Edwards is in the Dixson Library, Sydney. Photos appear in the Parliamentary scrapbooks for 1922, 1927.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-millicent-preston-stanley-1883-1955\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-ordinary-lives-pioneering-women-in-australian-politics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/liberal-women-federation-to-1949\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-m-preston-stanley-1925-1950-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/feminist-club-of-new-south-wales-records-1928-1973\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Curthoys, Barbara", "Entry ID": "AWE1026", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/curthoys-barbara\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Grafton, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Manly, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist, Pacifist, Political activist, Psychologist, social activist", "Summary": "Barbara Curthoys was an important figure in the history of Communism, feminism, the peace movement and the campaign for indigenous rights in Australia. An activist in the middle of the twentieth century, she was 'one of that small band of women who fearlessly campaigned for racial and social equality and world peace at a time when it was politically risky to do so'.\n", "Details": "Born in Grafton, New South Wales, on 21 June 1924 to John Archibald and Eda McCallum (nee Lockwood).\nMoved to Sydney in 1932, parents divorced.\nEducated at Canterbury Primary School and Fort Street Girls' High School.\nJoined the Ashfield Branch of the Communist Party after finishing high school.\nJoined the Women's Australian Auxiliary Airforce (WAAAF) in 1942 as a wireless telegraphist, subsequently becoming a Medium Frequency Direction Finder.\nMarried Geoff Curthoys in 1944.\nGave birth to Ann in 1945 and Jean in 1947.\nMoved with her family to Broken Hill, New South Wales, in 1946, where she helped to establish the Happy Day Kindergarten. It still exists today.\nMoved to Newcastle, New South Wales, in 1953, where she became a full-time Communist Party of Australia Activist.\nJoined the Newcastle Branch of the Union of Australian Women in 1954. She was secretary of the Branch between 1954-1960. and was elected to the organisation's national body in 1960, 1963 and 1970. In the 1960s, she also served as secretary of the Newcastle Trades Hall Council Equal Pay and Aboriginal Advancement committees. She was also a founding member of the Newcastle Peace Forum.\nShe returned to study in the late 1960s as graduated with honours in Psychology in 1973. She became a practicing psychologist at the Stockton Hospital where she worked until 1982.\nShe was the first Australian invited to use the Comintern archives when they were opened in 1990, as reward for her loyalty to Moscow after the Communist Party of Australia split in 1970.\nReceived the Peggy Hill Peace Award in 1991 in recognition of her active commitment to world peace.\nThroughout the 1990s she wrote up the fruits of the research she completed in the Comintern archives. She also co-wrote a history of the Union of Australian Women.\nIn 1993, she and Geoff moved to Manly, a beachside suburb of Sydney, New South Wales.\nBarbara Curthoys died on September 28, 2000.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituary-barbara-curthoys-communist-activist-and-researcher\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/more-than-a-hat-and-glove-brigade-the-story-of-the-union-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barbara-curthoys-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barbara-curthoys-interviews-with-members-of-the-union-of-australian-women-1995\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Reid, Elizabeth Julia", "Entry ID": "AWE1029", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reid-elizabeth-julia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Waverley, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "The Hague, The Netherlands", "Occupations": "Feminist, Journalist", "Summary": "Elizabeth Reid became a member of the Grail in 1938 after it was established in Sydney in 1937. As a member of this Catholic lay organisation, she worked to ensure that Catholic laywomen did play a greater role in the world.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reid-elizabeth-julia-1915-1974\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-and-feminism-catholic-womens-struggles-for-self-expression\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-grail-records\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cilento, Lady Phyllis Dorothy", "Entry ID": "AWE1043", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cilento-lady-phyllis-dorothy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales", "Death Place": "Brisbane, Queensland", "Occupations": "Broadcaster, Doctor, Journalist, Print journalist, Radio Journalist, Social reformer, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "Lady Phyllis Cilento was born in Sydney on 13th March 1894 and educated in Adelaide, graduating MB, BS from the University of Adelaide. She did postgraduate work at hospitals and clinics in Malaysia, New Guinea, London, Paris and New York. Later moving to Brisbane with her husband, (doctor and medical administrator, Sir Ralph Cilento) she became a prominent member of the Queensland women's movement and highly influential in broader areas of public health. She was a medical columnist, broadcaster, journalist and author of several books. Her interests lay in nutrition, vitamin therapy, family planning and antenatal and childcare. She founded the Queensland Mothercraft Association in 1930; the Queensland branch of the Business and Professional Women's Club and was president of the Queensland Medical Women's Association (1938-1947).\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1940 - 1960)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cilento-phyllis-dorothy-1894-1987\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lady-phyllis-d-cilento-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Franklin, Stella Maria ( Marian) Sarah Miles", "Entry ID": "AWE1051", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/franklin-stella-maria-marian-sarah-miles\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Talbingo, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Drummoyne, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Writer", "Summary": "Miles Franklin's place in Australian literary history was assured when on her death in 1954, she made provision for an award for Australian literature. The Miles Franklin Award is the most prestigious for an Australian author to receive. Although she spent almost twenty-four years away from Australia, working mainly in Chicago and London, she was committed to pursuing the notion of the unique Australian perspective in literature. Despite her early success with the publication of 'My Brilliant Career' in 1901, she struggled to gain the recognition she believed she was capable of achieving. Nevertheless on her return to Australia in 1932 she entered the Sydney literary scene enthusiastically and had many of her works published.\n", "Details": "Miles Franklin, the eldest child of John Maurice Franklin and Margaret Susannah Helena, nee Lampe, was educated at home and after 1889 at Thornford Public School, when the family moved to Stillwater. They later moved to Cranebrook near Penrith in 1902. After working as a governess in 1897, Miles Franklin, completed her first novel 'My Brilliant Career' in 1899. It was published in London in 1901 after being rejected for publication in Australia. Writing was her means to independence and she left for the United States of America in 1906. She spent nine years working in Chicago for the National Women's Trade Union League with fellow Australian Alice Henry. She continued to pursue her writing career.\nShe moved to London in 1915, worked briefly at a creche run by Margaret McMillan in Deptford, as a cook, as a volunteer in Macedonia with the Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service, and as a secretary. She remained in London until 1927, but visited Australia in 1923-1924 and again in 1927. She returned to London in 1930 in search of publishers, but settled in Australia permanently in 1932 after her father's death in 1931. During this period she wrote under the pseudonym 'Brent of Bin Bin'.\nDespite the demands of her ageing mother, Miles Franklin became a major personality on the Sydney literary scene, supporting new publications and fellowships for Australian writers. She maintained her commitment to an Australian literature until her death.\nHer published works include:\nMy Brilliant career (1901)\nSome everyday folk and Dawn (Edinburgh,1909)\nThe net of circumstance ( London 1915)\nPrelude to waking\nOld Blastus of Bandicoot ( London 1931)\nBring that monkey\nAll that swagger\nMy career goes bung\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/all-that-swagger\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/childhood-at-brindabella-my-first-ten-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/my-brilliant-career\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/my-brilliant-career-my-career-goes-bung\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/old-blastus-of-bandicoot-opuscule-on-a-pioneer-tufted-with-ragged-rhymes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-diaries-of-miles-franklin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/back-to-bool-bool-a-ramiparous-novel-with-several-prominent-characters-and-a-hantle-of-others-disposed-as-the-atolls-of-oceanias-archipelagoes-by-brent-of-bin-bin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bring-the-monkey-a-light-novel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cockatoos-by-brent-of-bin-bin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/my-congenials-miles-franklin-friends-in-letters\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/yarn-spinners-a-story-in-letters-dymphna-cusack-florence-james-miles-franklin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-papers-and-books-of-miles-franklin-in-the-mitchell-library-state-library-of-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-book-of-great-australian-women-thirty-six-women-who-changed-the-course-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-devanny-romantic-revolutionary\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/laughter-not-for-a-cage-notes-on-australian-writing-with-biographical-emphasis-on-the-struggles-function-and-achievements-of-the-novel-in-three-half-centuries\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/franklin-stella-maria-sarah-miles-1879-1954\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stella-miles-franklin-a-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-nsw-program-for-the-launch-of-the-centenary-stamp-issue-and-a-complete-set-of-the-issue-1996\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-further-papers-1895-1981\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-nsw-inc-further-records-1926-1927-1937-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-relating-to-national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-1895-1897\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-further-records-1895-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-miles-franklin-1887-ca-1931-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-miles-franklin-1877-1933-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miles-franklin-papers-collected-by-bruce-sutherland-1903-1956\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miles-franklin-papers-mainly-literary-manuscripts-1900-1954\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-and-literary-papers-1887-1954-microform\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miles-franklin-the-book-of-the-waratah-cup-1902-1908-1944-1954\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/florence-james-papers-1890-1993\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-records-1895-1976\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miles-franklin-papers-1841-1954\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collection-of-pamphlets-containing-souvenir-concert-programmes-and-australian-biographies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-myrtle-rose-white-1940-1961-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1928-1994-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bryant, Val", "Entry ID": "AWE1069", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bryant-val\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bowraville, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Health worker", "Summary": "Val Bryant was the first Aboriginal person to work in the Department of the Prime Minister. She is an Aboriginal health worker with both practical and academic understandings of the health issues confronting indigenous communities. She has published extensively on the problems of substance abuse in Aboriginal communities and has established and run rehabilitation centres in Sydney and Western Australia.\n", "Details": "Val Bryant became the first Aboriginal person to work in the Prime Minister's Department in Canberra, as a receptionist-typist. She also trained as a teleprinter operator and worked for the Overseas Telecommunications Corporation, before studying at Sydney Technical College for her School Certificate examination.\nShe started working with Aboriginal Alcoholics as a field officer with the Department of Aboriginal Affairs before establishing Benelong's Haven, the first Aboriginal alcohol and drug rehabilitation centre\/hostel, in the inner Sydney suburb of Marrickville in 1974. She ran the hostel virtually single-handedly for six months before the Government gave her a grant. She has run six such centres in New South Wales and Western Australia.\nIn recognition of her services to the Aboriginal community, Val was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in 1978 and the World Healing Our Spirit Medal in 1994. She was presented with the award of the degree of Doctor of Education by the University of Newcastle.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-aboriginal-women-pathfinders-their-difficulties-and-their-achievements\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/female-alcoholism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-alcoholism-where-are-we-going-white-mans-way-or-black-mans-way\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-val-bryant-founder-of-benelongs-haven-a-half-way-house-for-aboriginal-alcoholics-in-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-quiet-revolution\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McCarthy, Wendy Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE1117", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mccarthy-wendy-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Orange, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Businesswoman, Campaigner, Company director, Consultant, Educator, Entrepreneur, Femocrat, Public speaker, Teacher", "Summary": "Wendy McCarthy is an experienced businesswoman who has assumed many major leadership roles in both the public and private sectors for nearly forty years. Her first experience as a political lobbyist came about when, newly pregnant, she and her husband joined the Childbirth Education Association (CEA) in Sydney, campaigning for (amongst other things) the rights of fathers to be present at the births of their babies. Since then, she has had three children, and been an active change agent in women's health, education, broadcasting, conservation and heritage and Australian business.\nHer senior executive and non-executive positions have included: CEO - Family Planning Association of Australia (1979-84); Member - National Women's Advisory Council (1978-81); Member - Sydney Symphony Orchestra Council; Director - Australian Multicultural Foundation. She has held executive and non-executive director roles in many of Australia's leading private and public institutions including Executive Director, Australian Federation of Family Planning Associations; Deputy Chair of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) for eight years; General Manager of Marketing and Communications, the Australian Bicentennial Authority; Chair of the National Better Health Program; Executive Director of the National Trust; Director Star City; Chair of the Australian Heritage Commission; and Chair of Symphony Australia. In 2005 she compiled ten years as Chancellor of the University of Canberra.\nIn 2013 she is Chair of Circus Oz, McGrath National Youth Mental Health Foundation and Pacific Friends of the Global Foundation. In 2010 Wendy became a Non-Executive Director to GoodStart Childcare Limited. In 2009 after 13 years of service to Plan International, she retired from her most recent role as Global Vice Chair. She is Patron of the Australian Reproductive Health Alliance.\nWendy's contribution to Australian life has been recognised in various ways. In 1989 she became an Officer of the Order of Australia for her contribution to community affairs, women's affairs and the Bicentennial celebrations and in 1996 she received an Honorary Doctorate from the University of South Australia. In April 2003 she was awarded a Centenary of Federation Medal. She was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in June 2025 for eminent service to children and youth, to health, to the arts, to business, to the community, and to women's leadership.\n", "Details": "Career Highlights\nChancellor - University of Canberra (1996-)\nChair - Plan International Australia (Director since 1996)\nChair - Symphony Australia (2000-)\nChair - McGrath Estate Agents (2000-)\nCEO - Family Planning Association of Australia (1979-84)\nMember - National Women's Advisory Council (1978-81)\nCommissioner - NSW Education Commission (1981-83)\nMember - NSW Higher Education Board (1980-83)\nGeneral Manager - Australian Bicentennial Authority (1985-89)\nDeputy Chair - Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1983-91)\nChair - National Better Health Program (1989-92)\nCEO - National Trust of Australia, NSW (1990-93)\nCEO - Price Brent (commercial legal firm) (1994)\nPresident - Chief Executive Women (1995)\nChair - Royal Hospital for Women Foundation (1995-1997)\nChair - Australian Heritage Commission (1995-98)\nChair - Clean-Up Australia Environment Foundation (1996-98)\nDirector - Star City Pty Ltd (1994-99)\nTrustee - Adelaide Festival Centre Trust 1996 -2000\nMember - Olympic Urban Design Review Panel and Olympic Public Art Committee\nMember - North Limited, Environment, Health and Safety Advisory Committee\nChair - The Look of the City Committee, Sydney City Council\nMember - EPAC Task Force report to Prime Minister on Australia's child\ncare needs to the years 2010\nMember - Independent Panel on Intractable Waste 1991-92\nChair - Advisory Committee WHO Kobe Centre 1999-2002\nMember - Australian Advertising Standards Board\nMember - Sydney Symphony Orchestra Council\nMember - Australian State of the Environment Advisory Committee\nDirector - Australian Multicultural Foundation\nExecutive Director - Corporate Good Works\nExecutive Director - McCarthy Management Pty Ltd\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dont-fence-me-in\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/profile-wendy-mccarthy\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wendy-mccarthy-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-women-and-leadership-in-a-century-of-australian-democracy-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pat-richardson-scrapbooks-relating-to-the-womens-electoral-lobby-and-womens-events-1977-2002\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pizzi, Gabrielle", "Entry ID": "AWE1139", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pizzi-gabrielle\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Art Collector, Gallery Owner", "Summary": "Gabrielle Pizzi, fanatical Collingwood Football Club supporter and granddaughter of the colourful Melbourne, Australia, identity John Wren, was one of the driving forces behind the acceptance of indigenous art in the wider community. In the early 1980s, Pizzi argued that Aboriginal art should not be trivialised as 'tribal' or 'primitive' but, instead, should be regarded as an integral part of the modern movement. She made it her life's mission to have Aboriginal art accepted as powerful contemporary art, bringing the dynamic works of artists including Ronnie Tjampitjinpa, Mick Namarari Tjapaltjarri and Emily Kam Kngwarray to world audiences by organising exhibitions in such unlikely places as Bangalore, Kiev and Jerusalem.\nPizzi began exhibiting Aboriginal art in Melbourne in the early 1980s, when there was still resistance to accepting it as a valid form of contemporary art. In 1987, she opened the Gallery Gabrielle Pizzi on Flinders Lane with an exhibition of cutting-edge Western Desert art. Unlike some later, exploitative dealers who capitalised on the boom she helped to create, Pizzi was known for her integrity. She always worked with art advisers from community art centres, ensuring that artists were paid correctly and new artists supported.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/why-gabrielle-pizzi-has-changed-her-mind-about-aboriginal-art-gabrielle-pizzi-tells-simeon-kronenberg\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-work-is-the-statement-an-interview-with-gabrielle-pizzi\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mythology-reality-contemporary-aboriginal-desert-art-from-the-gabrielle-pizzi-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Perry, Nancye Enid Kent", "Entry ID": "AWE1142", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/perry-nancye-enid-kent\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Killara, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Scientist", "Summary": "Nancye Enid Kent Perry was born in Killara on 16 December 1918. She graduated in science from Sydney University and did postgraduate entomological research work in England. Perry later concentrated on her painting, working with the Heidelberg Art Group and others.\nStudied Sydney University 1939-42; worked National Standards Laboratory, Sydney, 1943-4; postgrad. In agricultural economic entomology 1945; DSIR England 1947-50; CSIRO Melb. 1950-51; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute 1951-2; Fisheries and Game 1953-5; C'wealth Dept. of Health, Canberra and Tasmania 1955-7; married Warren Perry 16 November 1957; demonstrator in zoology for medical students at the University of Melbourne, 1958.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1937-1987-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1900-2009-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1917-1991-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nancye-perry-1989-1999-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Weber, Ivy Lavinia", "Entry ID": "AWE1148", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/weber-ivy-lavinia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Captains Flat, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Camberwell, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Political candidate, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "Ivy Lavinia Weber was the first woman to be elected to the Victorian parliament in a general election in 1937. She stood as an endorsed candidate for the Women Electors' League of Victoria for the seat of Nunawading. As an active member of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, she was encouraged to stand for parliament as an independent candidate to represent women. She was re-elected on two occasions, but resigned her state seat in 1943 to contest the federal seat of Henty as part of the League of Women Voters Women for Canberra Movement. She was unsuccessful on that occasion and in 1945 when she again stood for state parliament. She retired from politics after the second defeat.\n", "Details": "Ivy Weber was born in 1892 in New South Wales, the only girl in a family of five children. She married in 1915, but was widowed in 1917, when her husband was killed in action in World War One. She was left with a small child and moved to Melbourne to join her parents. In 1919 she married Clarence Weber, a widower with seven young children. They had three more children. Clarence Weber, a physical culturist, was principal of the Weber and Rice Health and Strength College and Ivy assisted with the administration of the College. In addition she was actively involved in the Women's Christian Temperance Union, the National Council of Women and the Australasian Women's Association. Clarence Weber died in 1930 and Ivy had to earn a living to support her large family. She worked for Berlei the corset manufacturers, lecturing women on figure control through diet and exercise.\nIn June 1937 the League of Women Electors of Victoria was formed and endorsed three candidates, including Weber to stand for the state parliament. Their manifesto was 'Mother, Child, Family, Home and Health.' She was elected to the Victorian parliament in 1937 and was re-elected in 1940 and again in 1943, but resigned to contest the federal seat of Henty as part of the League of Women Voters Women for Canberra Movement.\nWeber's political platform was built on the premise that a true democracy should provide economic security and thus alleviate distress and unemployment. In her view the state should provide free education from kindergarten to university. She proposed a systematic national health scheme as a means of raising the national health standard, advocated the removal of slum dwellings and the erection of suitable homes for families. She also wanted to implement a comprehensive scheme of national insurance.\nAs a member of parliament she lobbied successfully for female representation on government boards and espoused equal pay for teachers, but she only approved of married women working in desperate circumstances. She believed that women should be on local councils and juries and advocated a homemaker's allowance for women with families. She was an advocate for the Physical Education Course at the University of Melbourne, the first of its kind in Australia, and was one of the first members of the National Co-ordinating Council for Physical Fitness, later known as the National Fitness Council.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/worth-her-salt-women-at-work-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/double-time-women-in-victoria-150-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ivy-lavinia-weber-mla\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eleanor-glencross-and-ivy-weber-in-and-out-of-parliament\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/weber-ivy-lavinia-1892-1976\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ivy-lavinia-weber\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-parliament\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carrying-on-the-fight-women-candidates-in-victorian-parliamentary-elections\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ivy-lavinia-weber-victorian-m-l-a-1937-1943-1979-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mills, Carol Moya", "Entry ID": "AWE1154", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mills-carol-moya\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Penshurst, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Historian, Librarian", "Summary": "Carol Mills was appointed librarian at the newly-formed Canberra College of Advanced Education in 1969. Her publications include a bibliography of Northern Territory literature and numerous articles on early Australian writers, book illustrators and book history. She worked subsequently as librarian of the Charles Sturt University at Wagga, and the University of the South Pacific in Suva, where she published articles on library management and literacy in the South Pacific.\n", "Details": "\nBorn Penshurst, New South Wales on 15 September 1942 to Bob and Jean Mills (Nee Bennett).\nMoved to Cronulla in 1947 where she attended the local State primary school.\nCompleted her secondary education at Kogarah Girls High and studied for two years at Sydney University.\nWorked at the Fisher Library, University of Sydney from 1963-65.\nTravelled and worked for three years as a librarian in Europe and England.\nReturning to Australia in 1969 she became second librarian appointed to the newly-formed Canberra College of Advanced Education until 1984.\nFrom 1975-83 she completed a four-volume bibliography of literature emanating from the Northern Territory.\nGained a Bachelor of Arts degree at the Australian National University in 1977 and a Masters Degree in Librarianship from the University of London.\nThroughout the 1980s she published a series of articles in the Lu Rees Archives on early Australian writers and book illustrators.\nAs Librarian at the William Merrylees Library, Charles Sturt University at Wagga, from 1984-2000 she published a number of articles on Australian book history.\nFrom 1993-95 she was seconded to the library of the University of the South Pacific in Suva, publishing a number of articles on library management and literacy in the South Pacific region.\nShe retired to Canberra in 2000 and deposited her papers in the National Library. She has made provision for a generous bequest to that library on her death.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-carol-mills-retired-librarian-sound-recording-interviewer-ann-mari-jordens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-carol-m-mills-1951-2013-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lawson, Louisa", "Entry ID": "AWE1156", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lawson-louisa\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Guntawang, Mudgee district, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Gladesville, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Feminist, Suffragist, Women's rights activist, Writer", "Summary": "Louisa Lawson was an independent and resourceful woman who fought for women's rights during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century in Australia. Married at eighteen years of age to Niels (Peter) Larsen, later Lawson, she produced five children, one of whom died in infancy. Another child, Henry became one of Australia's most famous writers. On her move to Sydney from country New South Wales in 1883 she supported her family by doing washing, sewing and taking in boarders. In 1887 she bought the Republican and with her son Henry edited and wrote most of the newspaper's copy. In 1888 she established the Dawn, a journal devoted to women's concerns and continued publication until 1905. In May 1889 Louisa launched the campaign for female suffrage and announced the formation of the Dawn Club where women met to discuss 'every question of life, work and reform' and to gain experience in public speaking. Louisa Lawson could claim success when women in New South Wales gained the suffrage in 1902.\n", "Details": "Louisa Lawson was the second of twelve children of Henry Albury and his wife Harriet, nee Winn. She attended Mudgee National School and was asked to work as a pupil teacher but her parents required her to remain at home to assist with the care of her younger brothers and sisters. After her marriage to Norwegian born Niels Hertzberg Larsen ( Peter), she had five children between 1867 and 1877. Left alone to rear her children when her husband was away working, she earned a living in a variety of ways, such as sewing, selling dairy produce and fattening cattle.\nHer move to Sydney in 1883 signalled the end of her marriage and her launch into new ventures. She and her son Henry worked together on the Republican, which she bought in 1887. Through the pages of the Dawn she took up women's causes in particular the fight for female suffrage in New South Wales. She encountered problems with the Typographical Union as she had employed female printers, but the union refused membership to females. It attempted to force her to dismiss her printers, which she refused to do.\nShe advocated the enfranchisement of women believing that they would change evil laws and protect women and their children. On the formation of the Womanhood Suffrage League of New South Wales in 1891, Louisa Lawson was elected to its Council. Its meetings were held at the Dawn office. She was also a member of the Women's Progressive Association and campaigned for women to be appointed to public office.\nLouisa Lawson died at the Hospital for the Insane, Gladesville, on 12 August 1920.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lawson-louisa-1848-1921\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-dawn-a-journal-for-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/louisa\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dert-and-do\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-lonely-crossing-and-other-poems-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/louisa-lawson-collected-poems-with-selected-critical-commentaries\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/louisa-lawson-henry-lawsons-crusading-mother\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-book-of-great-australian-women-thirty-six-women-who-changed-the-course-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sub-series-7-1-papers-relating-to-louisa-lawson-and-henry-lawson-1859-1934\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-louisa-lawson-writer-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/louisa-lawson-poems-189-1916\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poems-4-ca-1916-by-louisa-lawson-with-newspaper-cutting\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/louisa-lawson-poems-articles-biographical-notes-criticism-1896-1927-with-autograph-letter-signed-1901\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-louisa-lawson-and-darcy-wentworth-collected-by-sir-william-dixson-6-july-1805-29-july-1912\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lawson-family-papers-18-1926\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Moysey, Annie", "Entry ID": "AWE1159", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moysey-annie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Fords Bridge, north of Bourke, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Wilcannia, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal traditional dancer, Linguist", "Summary": "Annie (\"Grannie\") Moysey, of Gunu descent, was born on the banks of the Warrego near Fords Bridge north of Bourke, New South Wales. She was reared by her grandmother, and learnt not only her grandmother's language, Gunu, but also Margany and Wangkumara. She spent most of her adult life working hard on stations along the Darling, mainly at Old Toorale. She raised her own children and grandchildren as well as a number of others. Late in her life she settled in Wilcannia. She was trained in esoteric practices as a 'clever woman', and she once saved a man's life and sight after he had been struck by lighting. She was the last person in the area who could 'corroboree' in the traditional style and she was asked to demonstrate this on important occasions. She lived to be about 100 years old. Her last days were spent sitting on the verandah of the Wilcannia hospital, smoking her pipe.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moysey-annie-1875-1976\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-aboriginal-australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-history-society-and-culture\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mafi-Williams, Lorraine", "Entry ID": "AWE1168", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mafi-williams-lorraine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Purfleet, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Byron Bay, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor, Filmmaker, Writer", "Summary": "Lorraine Mafi-Williams was an extraordinarily talented woman who ran once for parliament, as an Independent in the 1995 New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Ballina. She spent her lifetime in creative and caring activities.\n", "Details": "Parliamentary and Local Government Career\n\nCandidate, New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Ballina, 1995\nParty: Independent\n\nLorraine Mafi-Williams was born in 1940 at Purfleet, New South Wales. She was forcibly removed from her parents when young, and did not meet them again until she was 15 years old. By this time she had finished school and had been working in domestic roles for several years.\nIn 1967 she moved to Sydney and became involved with the Aboriginal Family Education Centre. She spent three years as a health worker. During the 1970s and 1980s Mafi-Williams became part of a powerful activist group in Sydney. With her cousin Mum Shirl and her niece Isabel Coe, she was instrumental in helping care for over 4,000 children of many ethnic backgrounds.\nAs well as being politically active, Mafi-Williams was culturally and creatively active. She became involved with the Aboriginal Black Theatre Art and Culture Centre in Redfern and helped found the Black Theatre in Newtown. She took courses in film-making, worked as a film production assistant, and acted in a series of films and plays, including The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith, Women of the Sun, The Timeless Land and Pig in a Poke. In 1988 she secured funding of $29,000 from the Australian Film Commission and the Aboriginal Arts Board of the Australia Council to make her own film, Eelemarni, based on the life of a warrior of her Gidabal (Bundjalung) people.\nLorraine Mafi-Williams was also a writer and storyteller. She wrote children's stories based on traditional Aboriginal stories, short stories and poems. She edited Spirit Song, an anthology of Aboriginal poetry, published in 1993.\nShe ran as an independent candidate for the state seat of Ballina in 1995. She wanted to establish a cultural sanctuary at Leavers Lake, near Suffolk Park on the north coast of New South Wales, and this brought her into conflict with others in the area.\nIn the late 1990s, her health deteriorated and she was diagnosed with diabetes. She died in February 2001.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-aboriginal-australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-history-society-and-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-of-the-sun\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mundine, Kaye", "Entry ID": "AWE1176", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mundine-kaye\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Grafton, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Administrator, Public servant", "Summary": "Kay Mundine, of Bundjalung descent, was born in 1947 in Grafton, New South Wales. In the 1960s she was employed at the State Bank of New South Wales before joining the Australian Public Service (APS). In 1975 she became editor of the magazine New Dawn (http:\/\/www.aiatsis.gov.au\/dawn.htm), published by the New South Wales Department of Youth, Ethnic and Community Affairs. In 1980 she established the first Aboriginal clerks recruitment program in the Australian Public Service.\nBetween 1984 and 1987 Mundine was, simultaneously, commissioner for the Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace, head of the Victorian section of the equal employment opportunity branch of the Australian Public Service Board, and largely responsible for the Pope's 1986 visit to Alice Springs.\nIn 1987 she was transferred to the equal employment opportunities unit in the new Public Service Commission in Canberra. She served as a commissioner on the Toomelah Inquiry and was regional director of the Queensland office of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission from 1988 to 1990. She also worked as a private consultant. In 1991 she acted as an advisor on multicultural affairs to the Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory government, and was an official visitor to the state's Corrective Services. In the same year she was also elected a regional councillor of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-aboriginal-australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-history-society-and-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Conway, Josephine", "Entry ID": "AWE1195", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/conway-josephine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Women's rights activist", "Summary": "Josephine Conway is a feminist activist who has made a difference to the lives of women living in New South Wales' Hunter Valley District for over thirty years. Best known for her long term involvement in the Right to Choose Abortion Coalition, she remains active in the Women's Electoral Lobby, the Hunter Valley Home-Birth Group, Women's Action against Global Violence, the Union of Australian Women, Jobs for Women and the Women's Action Group. In 2005, as a mark of appreciation and respect for her commitment to the promotion of women's issues, she was awarded the National Foundation For Australian Women's Edna Ryan Award for Community Activism.\n", "Details": "In 1972 Josephine Conway, a woman in her fifties, was nursing at William Lyne Hospital at Waratah, when she saw a Women's Electoral Lobby newsletter in the change-room. From this epiphanic moment on, she became an activist for women's rights, with a strong belief in the slogan, 'the personal is political'. In 1979, on returning from a trip to Canada, USA and Mexico where she observed the conditions for women, she formed the Waratah Discussion Group. When her husband died in 1979 she moved to Cook's Hill, Newcastle, Australia and opened up a Women's Electoral Lobby (WEL) office in her new home. This later became the Women's Information Service. From here she ran phone-ins on rape, women's property rights in marriage and home-birth.\nJosephine campaigned strongly for women's right to Freedom from Violence and participated in setting up the first Newcastle Women's Refuge, Jenny's Place. She also focussed on Equal Employment Rights .\nAfter joining WEL in 1972 she saw women's right to safe abortion as a major concern, a position influenced by her experience of work as a nurse. In 1982 she convened the Right to Choose Abortion Coalition and sent abortion literature around New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria. She collected hundreds of signatures, sent thousands of postcards and networked with other groups.\nIn the 1990s she set up the Josephine Conway Fund, administered by the National Foundation for Australian Women, to promote women's right to abortion. She continued her work as a committed feminist activist until her death at the age of 87.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-papers-of-josephine-conway\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Walker, Della", "Entry ID": "AWE1209", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walker-della\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ulgandahi Island, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Community worker, Health worker", "Summary": "Della Walker, of Gumbainggir descent, was born in 1932 on Ulgandahi Island, an Aboriginal reserve in the Clarence River delta near Maclean, New South Wales. She attended school on the island before her family moved to nearby Yamba, where she was employed in domestic duties at a local guesthouse. When she was 17, the family moved to the Tabulam reserve, 45 kilometres west of Casino. She married there, and worked both as a domestic aid and an assistant to her husband in his seasonal farming jobs.\nWalker became an unofficial midwife at the reserve, and subsequently became involved in a number of community activities: organisation of church services and the Djunagun dance troupe; promotion of her mother tongue, Aboriginal education, the teaching of Aboriginal Studies at regional TAFE colleges; and counselling of prisoners at the Grafton gaol. She was also a member of the Aboriginal advisory council of the College of Advanced Education in Lismore, president of the Housing Association and the local Land Council at Tabulam, a director of the Yamboora Aboriginal Corporation at Yamba, and chair of the Nungera Aboriginal Cooperative Society at Maclean.\nWalker is a craft worker, screen printer and maker of echidna-spine necklaces.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-aboriginal-australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-history-society-and-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/holding-up-the-sky-aboriginal-women-speak\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/me-and-you-the-life-story-of-della-walker-as-told-to-tina-coutts\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/north-coast-women-a-history-to-1939\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wade, Jan Louise Murray", "Entry ID": "AWE1235", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wade-jan-louise-murray\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Attorney General, Barrister, Commissioner, Lawyer, Minister, Parliamentarian, Public servant, Solicitor", "Summary": "A member of the Liberal Party of Australia, Jan Wade served as the member for Kew in the Legislative Assembly of the Parliament of the State of Victoria from 1988-99. As a Minister in the Liberal Government from 1992-99, she held the portfolios of Attorney General, Fair Trading and Women's Affairs.\nEducated at Sydney Girls' High School, Firbank Church of England Girls' Grammar School and the University of Melbourne, Jan Wade worked as a solicitor in private practice (1964-67), in the Parliamentary Counsel's office from 1970-79 and as president of the Equal Opportunity Board (1985-88) before entering parliament in 1988.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Jan Wade for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Jan Wade and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nLooking back on my life I cannot imagine a more interesting and satisfactory career. However in many ways it also illustrates some of the problems encountered by women lawyers in the period 1960 to 2000. While they are minor compared to those encountered by the pioneering women lawyers of the earlier 20th century, I have included some of my experiences in this regard for the record.\nMy own attitudes to a legal career contributed to my slow start in the profession. Although I enjoyed the challenges of legal education, I tended to perceive my future as being a wife and mother. Fate intervened at various times to tempt me forward in my career.\nI was born in 1937 in Sydney. I attended Rose Bay Public School where I was Dux of the school in 1949 and moved on to Sydney Girls' High School.\nMy father died in 1952 and our mother decided to return to her family in Melbourne resulting in new schools for my brother Michael and me. It also meant a significant down grading in accommodation and comfort as we moved into a very small flat where I shared a bedroom with my mother until I left home after I finished my articles in 1959. Looking back I believe my mother had many more grounds for complaint than I did.\nMy new school was Firbank and I was there for two years. I was lucky enough to get a Commonwealth Scholarship that not only paid my University fees but also paid a small living allowance. University had not seemed to be an option so I had no plans but I recalled my father saying that I should consider law.\nI enjoyed the Law School at Melbourne University and found subjects for both my law and arts degrees interesting and not particularly difficult. However, I did not see myself as a solicitor and did no more work than was necessary. I completed my legal studies in 1958 with a fairly average degree. I then did my articles with Weigall & Crowther.\nIn early 1960, like many of my contemporaries, I left for a couple of years in London. With nothing but a return ticket in my pocket, as required by my mother, I embarked on the ss. Orcades. Once there I found that female lawyers were not in demand but unqualified schoolteachers were paid quite well and not required to pay tax.\nI taught in a series of schools in North East London for two years. My first school in Islington (pre gentrification) was a Secondary School described as a \"sink school\" - a school that took pupils rejected by all other schools in the district. It was a girls' school but no safer for that. The girls wore extremely short navy skirts and beehive hair. I was told that the previous teacher of my class had been carried out on a stretcher. The last game of netball I ever played was a staff versus student match of extreme ferocity.\nIn co-educational schools removal of knives and other weapons was an everyday occurrence and teachers were advised never to stay on the school premises after hours and never to walk to the train station alone.\nOn entering Parliament in 1988 I realized that my teaching career had taught me quite a lot about the behaviour I was to encounter there, such as speaking notwithstanding a barrage of rude and defamatory comment and continuing to work in a threatening atmosphere.\nForgetting my return fare was already paid, I travelled home overland to South India in a Land Rover encountering a number of character building experiences such as an attack by youths when camping on the outskirts of Teheran and being saved by the Pakistani Army from possibly having my throat cut by Pathans.\nOn my return in 1963 I endeavoured to commence my legal career only to be advised by many solicitors' firms that, as I was married and could be having children, I was not a suitable employee. I regret to say, at that time, I thought their attitude was quite understandable.\nAfter short periods in the toy department at Myers and at a Secondary School in Preston, Zelman Cowan was kind enough to give me a job as a tutor in the Melbourne Law School. He was also very supportive when I had to confess after a few months that I was pregnant and agreed that I could continue until the baby was born in November and correct exam papers in hospital. While this is not unusual now, it seemed no one had previously seen an obviously pregnant woman teaching then. I continued to tutor on a part time basis the following year. I then had another two children and opened a solicitor's practice at home.\nIn 1967 I decided that academia was the way forward with working hours possibly compatible with family responsibilities. I applied successfully to be a tutor at Monash University but this did not start until February 1968 so I had a few months to wait. A friend said that the Victorian Crown Law Department was short of legal staff and may be prepared to employ a married woman on a temporary basis.\nI applied in order to test my capacity to work full time and to test my then part time babysitter's capacity to also work full time. My application, which was still on the departmental file when I became Attorney General, states that I knew that, as a married woman, I could only be employed on a temporary basis and that, as a woman, I would be paid less than a man doing the same job. I said that this was acceptable to me. It was not enough however to persuade the Crown Solicitor who responded by saying he would not employ women lawyers.\nI was told that the Chief Parliamentary Counsel took a different view. I re-applied and succeeded. John Finemore, the Chief Parliamentary Counsel, was one of the most brilliant lawyers I have met. It was at this point my life as a lawyer changed.\nI was good at drafting legislation and I loved it. For the first year I kept my options open and also tutored at Monash part time. This was the end of my half-hearted approach to the law.\nI stayed in the Parliamentary Counsels' Office for 12 years having one more child in 1970. My pregnancy caused some consternation. As I was still employed on a temporary basis I would normally have been asked to leave but the office was short staffed and I was permitted to stay but told that I should not attend Parliament, once it was obvious I was pregnant, as it might disturb the members. I took no notice and nobody complained.\nParliamentary Counsel are traditionally members of the Bar in England and that tradition continued here. I signed the Bar Roll in 1971 and was the 13th woman to do so. As John Finemore wanted us to get the best possible understanding of the way the legal system worked he encouraged us to read at the Bar. The Justice Department gave us paid leave to do so. I read with John D. Phillips. At that time you were allowed to take briefs straight away. I got briefs to write opinions from people who knew me and briefs in the Magistrates' Court and for fairly basic applications, such as adjournments, in the other Courts. Members of the Bar were very helpful in many ways. I did not have a wig or gown and had no trouble borrowing them from smaller members such as Gordon Spence. Ken Hayne who was in Chambers nearby gave me a word for word briefing on what to say in the first of a number of appearances for women seeking maintenance from their husbands.\nThe only women I saw at the Bar at that time were Joan Rosanove and Molly Kingston. I don't think they noticed me. The then Chairman of the Bar Council did notice me the first time I was at the Bar dining room for lunch and sent someone to check whether someone had smuggled in his wife.\nWhile I enjoyed being at the Bar I don't think I did as well as I could have because I had a number of things in my life like four children, some moonlighting for the Parliamentary Counsel and eventually pneumonia. Also I found that I missed the problem solving and creative law opportunities of the Parliamentary Counsels' Chambers so I returned to drafting.\nI left the Parliamentary Counsels' Office when I was appointed Commissioner for Corporate Affairs in 1979.\nInitially this new appointment to head an office with a few hundred staff proved to be a greater challenge than anyone anticipated.\n \"Woman appointed to head Corporate Affairs\" was the headline on the front page of the Age. The business community was surprised, the accountants were astonished and the stock exchange was wary but supportive. More than half my professional staff refused to work for a woman. My deputies had applied for the position. One of them locked the door between his office and mine and the other returned any request for assistance annotated \"if you're so clever do it yourself\". However, after a stand off period, we found we could work together. We brought some very successful cases in the Supreme Court. I began to enjoy every minute of running a very efficient office and contributing to the National Companies and Securities Legislation.\nIn 1984 I gave advice to the Cain government about problems with the regulation of financial institutions and the investigation of failed companies. This was not appreciated and I was removed from office. The then Attorney General Jim Kennan issued a press release stating \"the moves were part of the Government's plans to bring the Corporate Affairs Commission closer to the private sector\". It took a few years for the impact of these moves to be seen with several spectacular collapses, including the State Bank.\nI was transferred to become President of the Equal Opportunity Tribunal. While this was a demotion in public service terms, it proved to be very educational for me in areas involving discrimination on the grounds of gender, race and disability.\nIn 1987 I was approached by members of the Liberal Party to stand for pre-selection. Although I was not a member of the Party, they thought my experience would be useful after the 1988 election that they expected to win. I had not had any experience in a political party and, having been persuaded to stand, I was surprised to find that 26 people were standing for pre-selection for the seat of Kew. However within 3 months of joining the party I was sitting in Parliament, as the member for Kew, after a close win in a by-election. We did not win the 1988 election so I was introduced to life as a frontbencher in Opposition where I had various shadow portfolios.\nIn 1992 we won Government and I became the first woman to be appointed Attorney General in Australia. I was also Minister for Women and Minister for Fair Trading. I held all these portfolios until I retired at the end of 1999.\nAs Attorney General I gave the highest priority to creating a criminal justice system that would have the confidence of the public. In Opposition I had attended many public meetings where it was clear that people were disillusioned by the system and particularly by sentences for serious crime. This was not about revenge but was because they felt the impact of crime on the community was not appreciated. Victims of violent crime, especially women, considered sentences were so low that they indicated the terrible ordeals they had been through were of no concern to the justice system and that they themselves were not valued.\nLegislation I introduced with a view to restoring the confidence of the public in the justice system included:\n\n The introduction of victim impact statements;\n The abolition of unsworn evidence;\nThe creation of a new offence of intentionally infecting someone with the HIV virus;\nIncreasing sentences for serious sexual and violent offenders and for sexual offences involving children;\n Introducing indefinite sentences for offenders who are a danger to the community;\n Introducing majority verdicts in criminal cases with a view to avoiding traumatic repetition of trials for victims of sexual assault;\n Changes to the Crimes and Evidence Acts to give victims of sexual assault alternative ways of giving evidence and the installation of video and other changes in courtrooms;\nThe creation of a DNA database of offenders convicted of sexual offences;\nThe creation of a new offence of stalking;\nThe introduction of indefinite intervention orders against violent spouses;\nReform of the law relating to female genital mutilation;\n Reform of the Governor's Pleasure system to impose safeguards on the release of detainees who have been found not guilty on the ground of mental illness.\n\nI was criticized by the opposition in Parliament and by the media for almost all of these changes but to the best of my knowledge they are all still in force, although not always being interpreted as intended. I started out with high hopes but I did not succeed in restoring public confidence in the criminal justice system. This will require a major change of approach, whether voluntary or imposed, by a profession that to date does not seem to understand that there is a problem.\nAs the ability to see what legislation was required was my area of expertise and, as I had responsibility for Women and Fair Trading as well as being Attorney General, I probably hold the record for the most legislation ever introduced by one member of Parliament. This is not to say that I believe in an ever expanding Statute Book. I do not. However, I do believe that our Acts of Parliament and our Courts and tribunals should be of the highest quality and should meet the needs of all members of the community. I formed the view that the needs of some members of the community, including women, had been overlooked. I will not try the patience of readers by listing all of the changes I introduced however I will mention some, unrelated to crime, that I think illustrate this:\n\nThe appointment of a number of women to the Supreme and County Courts. There were no women judges in Victoria when I became Attorney General;\nThe creation of the Victorian Court of Appeal to provide a first class appellate system;\n A new Equal Opportunity Act extending protection to people discriminated against on the grounds of age, lawful sexual activity, personal appearance, industrial activity, personal association, pregnancy and status as a carer;\nThe amalgamation of a number of existing tribunals to create the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal which also had an overlapping jurisdiction with some aspects of the court system giving an option on forum and type of hearing for parties to a dispute;\nA new Building Act revising laws and procedures regarding building requirements with disputes being heard by the Tribunal;\nA new Estate Agents Act separating policy and administrative and judicial functions;\nA new Residential Tenancies Act covering residential property, caravan parks and rooming houses and establishing a Bond Authority to overcome problems and disputes between landlords and tenants;\nA new Fund Raising Appeals Act requiring charities, for the first time, to maintain appropriate records and to provide information to the public about expenditure.\n\nIn addition I was responsible for several pieces of legislation drafted in Victoria and to be adopted in all States such as the Consumer Credit Code, a new Co-operatives Act and a new Friendly Societies Act.\nIn the Women's portfolio the Office of Women's Affairs participated in reforms throughout government and in particular in education and health. There was a lot of work done recognizing the social and economic costs for women carers and the value of their work to the community.\nStrategies were established to assist Koori women, rural women and older women and funding was provided for a number of initiatives. The remaining tower of the Queen Victoria Hospital was refurbished and became the Queen Victoria Women's Centre\nI am not sure how many of these changes are still in place or whether they have been altered in any significant ways. It may be that there have been further improvements. I am satisfied that I did my best at the time. However, the community is always changing and things do not always work as one expects. For example, I thought the publicly available information available under the Fund Raising Act would allow the media to expose charities whose funds were being spent other than on their stated purpose. This has not happened.\nI retired from Parliament at the end of 1999 after 5 years in Opposition and 7 years in Government and then spent 3 years as a Distinguished Visiting Professor at Victoria University.\nTo assist me in writing this outline of my career I obtained some press clippings of a biographical nature from the Library of the Victorian Parliament. Links are provided to some of them and to an interview with Juliette Brodsky in 2009 for the Women Barristers' Association.\nReading the press clippings after so long was disturbing. I was reminded of how often I was described as shy, diffident, cautious, hesitant, nervous and with the 'softest of voices\". While I do not have a loud voice and I sometimes have a hesitant manner because I am careful in what I say, these comments seemed exaggerated and overly repetitive. I wondered if my portrayal in the media could be due to inadequacy on my part or an attack on a woman in a position previously always held by a man. After some thought, I now see it as a sign of success.\nPolicy is important, getting the support of your Party and the Parliament for policies is important and implementing your legislation is important. In three challenging portfolios I succeeded in these aims. In seven years I gave hundreds of speeches and attended conferences and meetings, including large public meetings, where I was questioned at length. A newspaper clipping records that, in government, only two other Cabinet Ministers and the Premier spoke more often in Parliament than I did. My performance is for others to assess but, on reflection, I do not consider I was attacked because of my gender or my personality. I think the problem was my success in putting forward and implementing policies that some in the media and elsewhere did not support. The criticism I received does not indicate that women should aim to be more like men, rather the reverse. It says success comes in many forms.\nRecently I was thanked by a Shadow Minister who said advice, I had given her at a training session for potential M.P.s, had proved to be very valuable. The advice was not to raise her voice when being shouted at in Parliament but to continue to speak at the same level and she would find the shouting would stop so the shouters could hear what was being said.\nThings have improved in ways unimaginable since my early days in the law but they have not changed enough. Women will succeed more frequently. But why is \"merit\" still raised so often in relation to women entering Parliament or obtaining senior positions? How do some not particularly outstanding men find their way into so many of these positions without \"merit\" being mentioned?\nWriting this has reminded me of many great times and many challenges. It has also reminded me of how much of my career has been assisted or informed by many lawyers, public servants and people whose careers or interests overlapped mine. Always more important to me than my career are my children and my stepdaughter and now their families. My husband who shares many of my interests has been my greatest supporter both at work and at home.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1998\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-parliamentary-handbook-prepared-by-direction-of-the-president-of-the-legislative-council-and-the-speaker-of-the-legislative-assembly\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tribunals-in-the-department-of-justice-a-principled-approach-discussion-paper\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carrying-on-the-fight-women-candidates-in-victorian-parliamentary-elections\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dyer, Mollie", "Entry ID": "AWE1246", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dyer-mollie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Barmah, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Child welfare worker, Community worker", "Summary": "Mollie Dyer, of Yorta Yorta descent, was instrumental in establishing the Victorian Aboriginal Child Care Agency (VACCA) in 1977, and became its first Program Director. She fostered 20 children from Aboriginal communities in Victoria, as well as having six of her own. She advocated for the adoption legislation in Victoria to prevent Aboriginal families unnecessarily surrendering their children and was involved with the establishment of the Secretariat of National Aboriginal and Islander Child Care (SNAICC) in the early 1980s.\nDyer received an Advance Australia medal and was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in 1979 for 'her outstanding contribution to the advancement and enrichment of Australia, its people and its way of life'.\nMollie Dyer died in 1998 after a long illness.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-black-grapevine-aboriginal-activism-and-the-stolen-generations\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-aboriginal-australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-history-society-and-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-children-back-to-origins\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burns-family-portraits\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/life-stories-of-elderly-aboriginal-people-in-victoria\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/early-scenes-from-roseby-park-and-brewarrina\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Munro, Jenny", "Entry ID": "AWE1250", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/munro-jenny\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cowra?, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Child welfare worker", "Summary": "Jenny Munro became involved with Aboriginal organisations in 1978, when she began working at the Aboriginal Children's Service as a trainee bookkeeper and then as Administrator in 1979. She was actively involved in endeavours to convince the New South Wales welfare department to change its policies and practices. She was a member of the Secretariat of National Aboriginal and Islander Child Care (SNAICC) in its early days, and one of its first chairpersons.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-black-grapevine-aboriginal-activism-and-the-stolen-generations\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Burney, Linda Jean", "Entry ID": "AWE1256", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burney-linda-jean\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Leeton, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Administrator, Educator, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A successful Aboriginal bureaucrat and activist, Linda Burney became the first Aboriginal person elected to the New South Wales (NSW) Parliament in 2003, and only the fourth Aboriginal woman elected anywhere in Australia. She was re-elected in 2007, 2011 and 2015. She held a range of Ministerial portfolios from 2007-2011. In 2016 she was serving as Deputy Leader of the Opposition.\nParliamentary and Local Government career\n\nElected, Canterbury, 2003, Party: ALP\n\n", "Details": "Linda Jean Burney, of Wiradjuri descent, grew up in Whitton, a small farming community near Leeton. One of the 'Stolen Generation' of Aboriginal children, she first met her father when she was 28 years old.\nBurney obtained her Diploma of Teaching from the then Mitchell College of Advanced Education. In 1979 she began teaching at Lethbridge Park public school in western Sydney. In the mid-1980s she became involved in the New South Wales Aboriginal Education Consultative Group (AECG) and helped set up the national body, the Australian federation of AECGs, in 1990-91. She was also instrumental in the development and implementation of the first Aboriginal education policy in Australia for the state's education department.\nIn the early 1990s Burney was, concurrently, president of the national body of AECGs, and chair of the New South Wales National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Education Policy Coordinating Committee. Her priorities have been early childhood education, mandatory Aboriginal studies in all schools, and the eradication of racism in education.\nShe has been a Member of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission National Social Justice Taskforce and an Executive Member of the Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation.\nSince her election for Canterbury 2003 she has been a member of the Parliamentary Committee for Children and Young People 2003-04 and the Legislation Review Committee 2004.\nShe has two children, son Binni and daughter Willuri.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-aboriginal-australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-history-society-and-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/linda-burney-an-interview\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/not-just-a-challenge-an-opportunity\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/keynote-address-finding-the-ground-rules\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Davis-Hurst, Patricia (Pat)", "Entry ID": "AWE1260", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/davis-hurst-patricia-pat\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Purfleet, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal leader, Health worker, Justice of the Peace", "Summary": "Pat Davis-Hurst emerged as a community leader as she informally provided the services of counsellor, community nurse, social welfare worker and corrective services liaison officer to Aboriginal people from around her district.\nIn 1975 she was appointed as an Aboriginal health worker by the New South Wales Department of Health. In 1980 she founded Taree's Gillawarra (now the Biripai) Aboriginal Health Service, and in 1983 established the Wonnai Cooperative in Taree. She was also a director of the Aboriginal Legal Service, a member of the Taree Housing Commission Board and a Justice of the Peace. She moved to the Taree Community Health Centre in 1983, where she remained until her retirement in 1990 due to ill health.\nIn 1985 Pat Davis-Hurst received the Times-Telecom Advance Australia Award for her contribution to the Purfleet-Taree community.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-aboriginal-australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-history-society-and-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sunrise-station\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Barry, Mary Kathleen", "Entry ID": "AWE1269", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barry-mary-kathleen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Forest Lodge, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Political candidate, Public speaker, Real estate agent", "Summary": "Mollie Barry's varied career as an activist, ALP member and mentor for young people exemplifies the commitment to social involvement so common among her generation. She was an ALP candidate for Coogee in 1971.\n", "Details": "Mollie Barry married Michael Oliver Barry in 1947. They had four children. She worked as a bank officer and interviewer for the Australian Bureau of Statistics Workforce Survey, Sydney, in the 1960s, after the births of her four children. She gained a real estate qualification and was the only female real estate sales representative for LJ Hooker in Sydney's eastern suburbs, 1971-73. She enrolled in an Arts degree as a mature age student, but did not complete the course.\nAn active member of the ALP with a lifetime interest in politics, she joined the South Pacific Toastmistress Club and became an accomplished public speaker. Mrs Barry noted that women gained confidence and a stronger sense of themselves as their ability to speak in public improved. She adjudicated youth debates and was a member of the Youth of the Year committee.\nOn a tour of parliament she was appalled at the low level of language and debate on the floor of parliament, and decided to stand for the ALP, against the speaker Sir Kevin Ellis, when she was approached by branch members. Her preselection for Coogee was opposed by Labor's Head Office, but she won convincingly. She was described in the Sydney Morning Herald as a \"vigorous candidate\". She lost the election but received the biggest swing to Labor in the metropolitan area.\nMrs Barry was a member of Christian Women Concerned, a multidenominational group of women working for social justice, and Labor Women's Organising Committee.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Brown, Freda Yetta", "Entry ID": "AWE1271", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brown-freda-yetta\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Journalist, Political candidate", "Summary": "A lifelong campaigner and activist, Freda Brown is a highly respected figure in the history of Australian women's organizations. She was a Communist Party of Australia candidate for Newtown in 1947 and a Senate candidate in 1949 and 1961.\n", "Details": "Daughter of Florence Mary (Munroe) and Benjamin Lewis, Freda was educated at Newtown Public School and Sydney Girls' High School.\nShe joined the Communist Party of Australia in 1936, aged 17, and later worked in her father's signwriting business. She married Wilton John Brown (later editor of The Modern Unionist ) in 1943. Their daughter (Lee Rhiannon, MLC Greens) was born in 1951.\nThe Browns lived in Melbourne during World War Two, where Freda trained as a journalist on the Radio Times and afterwards worked on trade union papers.\nAfter the war, Freda joined the New Housewives Association, ultimately becoming president of what became the Union of Australian Women. She was instrumental in successfully proposing to the United Nations that it hold International Women's Year in 1975 and she attended the Indian International Women's Year Committee meeting in February 1976 at the invitation of Indira Gandhi.\nShe worked with the Women's International Democratic Federation, and was elected President at its Congress in Berlin in 1975, a position she held to 1989.\nFreda Brown was a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Australia from 1968-72, after which she resigned from the party, having decided that the party was no longer advancing the interests of the working class.\nShe has travelled widely, visiting many countries, including Vietnam, Cambodia and Algeria. Freda has continued her activism into her eighties, and was reported to be lobbying the United Nations to establish an International Day of the Elderly.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rebel-with-plenty-of-causes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/swimming-against-the-tide-a-biography-of-freda-brown\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Brown, Noeline", "Entry ID": "AWE1272", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brown-noeline\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor, Political candidate, Producer", "Summary": "Actor and activist, Noeline Brown has been involved in social, community and political affairs all her life. She was an ALP candidate for the Southern Highlands in 1999 and 2003.\n", "Details": "Noeline Brown has been a stage and television actor for more than four decades, beginning her career in 1962. She won a Logie award in 1978 for the most popular NSW female personality and has appeared in such TV shows as The Mavis Bramston Show, My Name's McGooley, Beauty and the Beast, Blankety Blanks and Kingswood Country. On stage she has played many roles and she made a series of records with Barry Creyton. She was married in 1976, to writer\/producer Tony Sattler.\nShe was a member of the Arts and Culture Board and Patron of the Southern Highlands Regional Gallery. She has also worked with alcoholics and drug addicts at the Langton Clinic.\nShe and her husband run a production company, Wintergreen Productions, in Bowral and are developing a museum to celebrate the life of Slim Dusty, having completed the Mary Mackillop Museum for the Sisters of St. Joseph in North Sydney. Noeline also spent two years with the NSW Premier's Council for Women. She has written an autobiography, which was published in 2005.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fowler, Lilian Maud", "Entry ID": "AWE1274", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fowler-lilian-maud\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cooma, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Alderman, Lawyer, Local government councillor, Politician", "Summary": "The first woman alderman, mayor and among the first women JPs and MPs in New South Wales, Lilian Fowler was a blunt and tenacious politician, who worked on behalf of women and the underprivileged.\nLabor candidate for Newtown in 1941 (unsuccessful), 1944 (elected) and 1947 (elected). Lang Labor candidate for Newtown-Annandale in 1950. Alderman Newtown Municipal Council 1928, first woman alderman in NSW, re-elected 1935-37, 1938-40, 1941-44, 1948. Mayor 1938-39.\n", "Details": "Lilian was educated at Cooma public school, and married Albert Edward Fowler, bootmaker, on 19 April 1909.\nShe became Secretary of the Newtown-Erskineville Political Labor League. For 20 years from 1917, she was electorate manager for F.M. Burke, anti-conscriptionist Labor candidate for Newtown. Her Labor activism included being a Central Executive member of ALP 1920-21, 1923-25, and President of Labor Women's Central Organising Committee, 1926-27. She was instrumental in pressuring premier Jack Lang to institute widows' pensions and child endowment. Mrs Fowler was active in Newtown Municipal Council from 1928 - she established playgrounds and instituted a 40-hour week for council employees. From 1941 she stood against her former employer Burke, as a Lang Labor candidate. She remained critical of Labor's centralist tendencies and of bureaucratic consolidation in labour and municipal politics.\nThe Federal electorate of Fowler is named after her, as is Lilian Fowler Place, Marrickville, NSW, and Fowler Reserve in Newtown, NSW.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australian-parliaments-and-local-governments-past-and-present-a-survey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/herstory-australian-labor-women-in-federal-state-and-territory-parliaments-1925-1994\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fowler-elizabeth-lilian-maud-1886-1954\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Frank, Dorothy Graham", "Entry ID": "AWE1275", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/frank-dorothy-graham\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wingham, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Community stalwart, Farmer, Local government councillor, Political candidate", "Summary": "An indefatigable worker and a contributor to every community in which she lived, Dorothy Frank stood as an Independent candidate for Temora in 1968 and was elected Alderman of Temora Municipal Council.\n", "Details": "Dorothy Frank was born in Wingham, NSW, the 2nd daughter of Richard and Mary Jane Wallace, dairy farmers. She was educated to Intermediate examination at the Wingham District School and later at the Taree Technical College, where she studied typing and shorthand. She worked as an office worker in Wingham while studying bookkeeping and accountancy. She married Norman Austral Frank, dairy farmer, on 18 July 1944, and they had four children.\nTheir youngest daughter needed medical treatment, so the family moved to Baulkham Hills. Dorothy became the secretary for the Parramatta Veterinary Hospital and later set up her own business The Hills Secretarial and Duplicating Service. During this time she became involved in the Girl Guide Movement, the local Progress Association and the Baulkham Hills Chamber of Commerce, of which she was the inaugural secretary.\nAfter the Baulkham Hills business was sold, the Franks bought a hotel in Temora, and later a farmlet in the area. While living in Temora, Dorothy was elected to the Temora Municipal Council, the first woman alderman. When the council was amalgamated with the Narraburah Shire Council, she was again the only woman member.\nFollowing this success, Dorothy decided to run for election to the Legislative Assembly and was disappointed in the result, after travelling the electorate. In Temora she was patron of the Red Cross branch and Vice President of the local RSPCA branch.\nLater, she and her husband bought a farm in Cobram, Victoria, which they ran until 1991 when they moved back to NSW and settled in Dapto. In both Cobram and Dapto, Dorothy joined community organisations and usually held office in them.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Heggie, Maria", "Entry ID": "AWE1276", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heggie-maria\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cabramatta, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community advocate, Local government councillor, Political candidate", "Summary": "A long term local government councillor and a seasoned campaigner for her party, Maria Heggie was the Liberal party candidate for Cabramatta in 1984, 1988 and 1991. She was Alderman for Fairfield City Council in 1980-2004 and Mayor from 1987-1988.\n", "Details": "A lifelong resident of Cabramatta, Maria Heggie was elected to Fairfield City Council in 1980 and was prominent in many local campaigns such as those opposing the building of a toxic waste plant in the area, and the siting of a hotel next to the Greenfield Park High School. She was Chairperson of the Fairfield Drug Action Team in 1998 and a member of the Council's Reconciliation Strategy Committee. In 2005, she was presented with a Local Government Outstanding Service Award for 24 years of service to Fairfield Council. She is married to David, and they have two sons.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australian-parliament-and-local-government-an-updated-history-1975-1992\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Moore, Catherine", "Entry ID": "AWE1279", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moore-catherine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Political candidate, Political staffer", "Summary": "An Australian Greens activist and candidate for Monaro in 1995, 1999 and 2003, for the House of Representatives, Riverina in 2001, for the Senate in New South Wales (NSW) in 1998 and for the Tallaganda Shire Council in 1995.\n", "Details": "Catherine Moore was born in Sydney but moved to Monaro in 1981, and lives outside Braidwood, in a solar-powered earth house. She has been a member of the Greens since 1993 and is the founder of the Braidwood Greens. She has been Policy Coordinator and Convenor of the Greens 1996-7. In 2001 she produced a CD \"Greensongs\" and in 2003 she was the Greens' national membership secretary.\nShe was elected to the 1998 Constitutional Convention, and was an Australian spokesperson at the Kyoto Climate Change Convention. She has been involved in many campaigns, such as the Native Title and Reconciliation campaigns and the fight to restore water flow to the Snowy River.\nCatherine Moore is an active member of the Landcare organisation and her local Volunteer Bush Fire Brigade.\nHer election leaflet stressed the environment, public education, water policy and social justice. She has one daughter, whom she has home-schooled to HSC level.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gillett, Mary Jane", "Entry ID": "AWE1282", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gillett-mary-jane\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Clerk, Industrial officer, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Mary Gillett served as the Member for Werribee in the Legislative Assembly of the Victorian Parliament from 1996-2002 when the seat was abolished. From 2002 until 2006 she served as the Member for Tarneit. Her ministerial appointments have included Parliamentary Secretary for Volunteers, Commonwealth Games and from 2002 Parliamentary Secretary for Women's Affairs.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-parliamentary-handbook-no-8-the-55th-parliament\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carrying-on-the-fight-women-candidates-in-victorian-parliamentary-elections\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lovell, Wendy Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE1310", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lovell-wendy-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the Liberal Party of Australia, Wendy Lovell was elected as the Member for North Eastern Province in the Legislative Council of the Parliament of Victoria in 2002. She was re-elected at the November 2006 election as Member for the new Legislative Council Region of Northern Victoria. She was re-elected in November 2010 and took on the ministerial positions of Housing and Children and Early Childhood Development in the newly elected Liberal government. She was successful again at the November 2014 election, although the Liberal government was defeated. She currently holds the position of Liberal Party Whip in the Legislative Council.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-parliamentary-handbook-electronic-edition\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-parliamentary-handbook-no-8-the-55th-parliament\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carrying-on-the-fight-women-candidates-in-victorian-parliamentary-elections\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Morand, Maxine", "Entry ID": "AWE1313", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/morand-maxine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Parliamentarian, Researcher", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Maxine Morland was elected as the Member for Mount Waverley in the Legislative Assembly of the Parliament of Victoria in 2002. She was re-elected at the 2006 election, which was held on 25 November. She was appointed to Cabinet on 30 July 2007 as Minister for Children and Early Childhood Development and Minister for Women's Affairs . She left parliament in 2010 when she was defeated at the November election.\nShe was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in 2022 for significant service to the Parliament of Victoria, and to community health.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-parliamentary-handbook-electronic-edition\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-parliamentary-handbook-no-8-the-55th-parliament\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carrying-on-the-fight-women-candidates-in-victorian-parliamentary-elections\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Neville, Lisa", "Entry ID": "AWE1315", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/neville-lisa\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Research assistant", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Lisa Neville was elected as the Member for Bellarine in the Legislative Assembly of the Parliament of Victoria in 2002. She was re-elected in 2006, 2010 and 2014, when the Labor party was returned to power after its defeat at the 2010 election.\nHer ministerial portfolios have included Health ( Dec 2006- Dec 2010); Aged Care( Dec 2006-Aug 2007); Children ( Dec 2006-Aug 2007); Seniors ( Aug 2007- Dec 2010); Community Services ( Aug 2007-Dec 2010). She is currently Minister for Environment, Climate Change and Water.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-parliamentary-handbook-electronic-edition\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-parliamentary-handbook-no-8-the-55th-parliament\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carrying-on-the-fight-women-candidates-in-victorian-parliamentary-elections\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Grant, Cath", "Entry ID": "AWE1318", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/grant-cath\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist", "Summary": "Cath Grant is a multi-media artist working from a studio in Murwillumbah, northern New South Wales. She has mounted numerous exhibitions, and encourages the work of other artists by hosting collaborative projects and exhibitions in her gallery. She is representative of the thriving arts community in the northern New South Wales region.\nAs well as her own work, Cath exhibits the artwork of her three children. In 2007 she curated 'The Art of Love' exhibition at The Casuarina Convention Centre (June 22nd - August 3rd), featuring the work of over thirty local artists including two of her own children, Joshua and Thomas Worsley.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Andrews, Marie Therese", "Entry ID": "AWE1328", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/andrews-marie-therese\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Molong, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Political candidate, Trade unionist", "Summary": "Marie Andrews has been a long-term unionist and Labor representative in the Legislative Assembly. She was successfully elected as a member for Peats in 1995, 1999 and 2003. She represented the electorate of Gosford from 2007 until the 2011 election, when she retired from Parliament.\n", "Details": "Marie Andrews was educated at St Mary's College, Grafton, NSW. She became private secretary to the NSW branch secretary of the Australian Railways Union. She is a Life Member of the Australian Services Union (Clerical and Administrative Branch), and has represented the union at the NSW Labor Council, and the ACTU. In 1995 she was Deputy President of the NSW Clerical and Administrative Division of the ASU.\nElected to the Legislative Assembly in 1995, she was a member of the Parliamentary Library Committee, and the Joint Select Committees on Victim's Compensation 1999, and Threatened Species Conservation 1999. She was Deputy Chair of the Healthcare Complaints Commission, and a member of the Standing Committee for Public Works, and Joint Parliamentary Library Committee 1999-2003.\nMarie Andrews joined the ALP in 1960 and has held a range of elected positions. She is a long standing Secretary of the ALP Aboriginal Affairs Policy Committee.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/contemporary-australian-women-1996-97\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2003\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Armstrong, Patricia", "Entry ID": "AWE1331", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/armstrong-patricia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political candidate, Political staffer, Research assistant", "Summary": "A once-only candidate in the unwinnable seat of Wakehurst in 1995 for the ALP.\n", "Details": "Patricia Armstrong was born in Sydney and educated at Loretto Convent, Kirribilli, Queens Gate College, London and Seaforth Technical College. She has worked as an administrative assistant at the NSW branch of the ALP, a travel consultant at Mary Rossi Travel and research officer for Senator Kerry Sibraa.\nPatricia Armstrong was active in a range of environmental community issues, including the preservation of bushland in Beacon Hill and improvement in the condition of Narrabeen Lagoon.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Atkin, Margaret Claire", "Entry ID": "AWE1338", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/atkin-margaret-claire\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Political candidate", "Summary": "A distinguished health professional, Margaret Atkin was also recognised for her service to the Australian Labor Party. She ran as their candidate for Gordon in 1976.\n", "Details": "Born in Sydney, Margaret Hennessy grew up in Kingsford and was educated at St Vincent's College, Potts Point. She trained as a general nurse at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital 1952-56 and then did midwifery at the Royal Women's Hospital, Paddington.\nMargaret went to London in the late 1950s, worked in various English hospitals and married, in 1960, English-born Ted Atkin.\nThe Atkins returned to Australia in 1962 and settled in Wollongong until 1966, when they moved to Sydney and Margaret began working at the Mater Misericordiae Hospital in North Sydney.\nShe did further training in psychiatric nursing in the 1980s and worked at Ryde Psychiatric Hospital until her retirement in 2001. She was a Director of the Northern Area Health Service from 2002 until its disbandment in 2004.\nMargaret joined the ALP in 1974 and was awarded a McKell award for service to the party in 2003. Her campaign in Gordon in 1976 was complicated as she was working on night duty at the Mater and had five small children to care for when at home. It is remarkable then, that she outpolled the DLP sitting member, although she did not win the seat, which reverted to the Liberals.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bannon, Agnes Emily", "Entry ID": "AWE1346", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bannon-agnes-emily\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Guildford, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Music teacher, Political candidate", "Summary": "Agnes Bannon was a committed Democratic Labor Party member who ran for election three times: for Burwood in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in1973 and for Lowe in the House of Representatives in 1969 and in 1972.\n", "Details": "Agnes Bannon was the mother of two sons and two daughters. She lived most of her life in the Strathfield\/Burwood area, and had taught music there for many years when she first ran for election in 1969. She campaigned by inviting people to \"information afternoons\" at her home, which consisted of afternoon tea and a discussion of policy. She also door-knocked extensively in the Strathfield area. She was strongly in favour of state aid.\nIn 1972 the Women's Electoral Lobby ranked her responses to their questions as the second lowest of the nine candidates standing.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Barry, Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE1351", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barry-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Childcare worker, Editor, Political candidate", "Summary": "Ann Barry has taken an intense interest in politics at all levels. She ran as an Australian Democrats member in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Gordon (1995) and in the House of Representatives for Bradfield (1996) and for Throsby (1998). She also ran as an Independent for the Ku-ring-gai Council in 1995 and 2003.\n", "Details": "Ann Barry has lived and worked in the northern suburbs of Sydney all her life. She owned and ran a Child Care centre for a number of years and owned and edited the community newspaper The Ku-ring-gai Observer from 1996 to 2001. \nShe holds a Child Care Certificate and a Bush Care Certificate from TAFE, and is a committee member of the Ku-ring-gai Historical Society. Her campaigns have been the result of her passionate interest in political issues.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bate, Thelma Florence", "Entry ID": "AWE1354", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bate-thelma-florence\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Turramurra, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political candidate", "Summary": "Thelma Bate was unsuccessful in her attempts to enter State and Federal Parliament, but worked for the community and for equality regardless of gender, race or creed throughout her life. She ran as a member of the Country Party in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Dubbo, 1947 (known as Harvey), in the Senate in 1951 and 1953 for Gwydir (now known as Kirkby) and in Kirkby's 1953 by election for the House of Representatives.\n", "Details": "Thelma Florence Bate was born 3 August 1904, daughter of Olaf Olsen. She later took her stepfather's name, Sundstrom, she was educated at Fort Street Girls' High School and the University of Sydney, graduating BA 1928.\nAfter travelling abroad, she taught secondary school and in 1934 married a grazier, Richard Harvey, and went to live on his property near Ivanhoe, New South Wales. Widowed in 1946, she stood for the Country Party in the NSW Legislative Assembly seat of Dubbo in 1947 and was narrowly defeated.\nIn 1949 she married Kenneth Kirkby. She ran for the Senate in 1951 and 1953, unsuccessfully, on the Country Party ticket. She was one of two Country Party candidates for the Federal seat of Gwydir in a by election in 1953, and was again unsuccessful. She later devoted her considerable energy to various organizations including the Country Women's Association of NSW, which she represented in Toronto, Canada, 1953, at the Association of Country Women of the World. She was a member of the CWA for over 40 years, and served as secretary 1957-59, and president 1959-62. She was insistent that the Association include Aboriginal women and was an executive member of the Foundation for Aboriginal Affairs.\nShe was actively involved in establishing the International Houses at both the University of Sydney and the University of New South Wales, which housed international students in Australia on the Colombo Plan. It was for this work that she received the CBE in 1969.\nIn 1958 she married Henry Bate, known as Jeff, but the marriage ended in divorce in 1968. She had no children.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Berejiklian, Gladys", "Entry ID": "AWE1363", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/berejiklian-gladys\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Political candidate", "Summary": "Gladys Berejiklian is the first Armenian descendant to be elected to the NSW Parliament. As a member of the Liberal Party she was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly (Willoughby seat) in 2003. She was re-elected in 2007, 2011 and 2015. Her positions in 2016 included Treasurer and Minister for Industrial Relations.\n", "Details": "Gladys Berejiklian was born and raised in Sydney, where her parents had immigrated to in 1960. She attended local schools and studied the Armenian language at Saturday School held in the Willoughby Primary School.\nGladys joined the Liberal Party in 1993 and was President of NSW Young Liberals in 1995-6. She was an unsuccessful candidate for the Constitutional Convention of 1997 for the Australian Republican Movement. She has been active in Armenian community organizations in the Willoughby-Chatswood area and served a term on the Armenian National Committee of Australia. In 2000 she visited the USA as a delegate from the Australian Political Exchange Council.\nShe worked on the staff of the Liberal Senator Marise Payne.\nIn 2003 Gladys Berejiklian was elected in a close race for Willoughby after the retirement of former Liberal leader Peter Collins, and in her maiden speech, thanked those who had voted for her even though they could not pronounce her surname. She was a member of the Parliamentary Public Accounts Committee in 2003 and in 2005 held the shadow portfolios of Mental Health, Youth Affairs, Cancer and Medical Research and was Shadow Minister assisting the Leader on Ethnic Affairs.\nShe has graduated with a BA (1992) and\nGrad Dip International Studies (1996) from the University of Sydney and a M.Comm (2001) from the University of New South Wales.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Black, Veronica", "Entry ID": "AWE1370", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/black-veronica\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Student", "Summary": "Veronica Black stood as an ALP candidate in the unwinnable Legislative Assembly seat of Ballina in the New South Wales election in 1995.\n", "Details": "At the time of her candidature, Veronica Black was studying for a Bachelor of Business (Tourism) at Southern Cross University. She was extensively involved in various community organisations including Community Aid Abroad and the Australian Republican Movement. In 1995 she was the National Union of Students Liaison Officer at Southern Cross University and the immediate past President of the SRC.\nVeronica Black was also very involved in the ALP, being President of the University Labor Club and Senior Vice President of the Northern Rivers Young Labor Organisation.\nVeronica Black has worked in the trade union movement since 1995, including with the Liquor Hospitality and Miscellaneous Workers Union, the Finance Sector Union and the NSW Nurses and Midwives Association. She represents workers nationally through SafeWork Australia WHS Significant Issues Group where she has had significant input into the recognition of workplace psychosocial hazards; and internationally through the International Labor Organization, where she contributed to the Biological Hazards Convention and Recommendation adopted in 2025. She holds a Masters with Distinction in Workplace Health and Safety and has three children. \t\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Boundy, Olive", "Entry ID": "AWE1376", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/boundy-olive\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Parkes, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Nurse, Teacher", "Summary": "Olive Boundy was an activist in local government and politics. She was a member of the ALP and was a candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly (Clarence seat) in 1991. She later was elected to the Ulmarra Shire Council from 1987 and later served on the Pristine Waters Council until 2004.\n", "Details": "Olive Boundy trained as a nurse and later lectured at TAFE on women's issues and local government. She was been active in community organisations, including the Surf Life Saving movement and remedial reading programs. She also took on the role of an arbitrator in the Local Environmental Court.\nShe had one son.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/community-loses-one-of-its-champions\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Burton, Cherie Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE1385", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burton-cherie-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Paddington, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Clerk, Parliamentarian, Political staffer", "Summary": "In 1999 Cherie Burton was a successful ALP candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Kogarah. This was the start of her solid parliamentary career, culminating in her appointment as Parliamentary Secretary in 2003 and Minister for Housing and Minister assisting the Minister for Health in 2005, positions she held until 2007. She retired from the State Parliament before the 2015 election.\n", "Details": "Cherie Burton grew up in the outer western Sydney suburb of Minto on a public housing estate. She finished her education at Narrabeen High School in 1986 and went on to work as a clerk, union official for the National Union of Workers, and senior advisor to Premier Bob Carr. She was a delegate to the annual conference of the ALP from 1990.\nCherie is the patron of various local organizations, including the St George Sutherland Women's Cricket Club and the Waratah Soccer Club. She is a member of the World Society for the Protection of Animals and the Institute of Public Administration.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cammack, Eileen", "Entry ID": "AWE1391", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cammack-eileen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Penrith, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Government medical officer, Pathologist", "Summary": "Eileen Cammack was an outstanding citizen, active in local government, health and community organisations. She was a Liberal Party candidate in the Penrith elections of 1973 and 1976, and was appointed Alderman to the Penrith City Council in 1972 (to 1991) and Mayor from 1975 to 1978.\n", "Details": "Eileen Cammack was born in Sydney, the daughter of Reginald and Mary Scott-Young. She was educated at Monte Sant'Angelo College, North Sydney and the University of Sydney, from which she graduated in Science (BSc, 1936) and in Medicine (BS, MB,1940). She was a resident medical officer and senior resident medical officer at St George Hospital 1940-41, and was a Captain, in the Australian Army Medical Corps (AIF) 1941-46. She married Dr, William Cammack in 1944 and they had two sons and a daughter.\nEileen Cammack established the first pathology service in Penrith and the first pathology laboratory at Nepean District Hospital in 1948. She was honorary pathologist at Nepean Hospital from 1948 and was Government Medical officer for the Nepean District from 1961. She was elected to the Penrith City Council in 1972 and became the first woman Mayor of Penrith for three terms, 1975-78.\nShe was the patron of many local organisations, including the Nepean Historical Society, the Girl Guides Association, and the St Marys and Penrith Associations. She was commodore of the Nepean Canoe Club, foundation president of the Business and Professional Women's Club, Penrith and president (1981) and life member of the Penrith and District Chamber of Commerce.\nShe was awarded the Queen's Jubilee Silver Medal in 1977, made an OBE. 1978 and made a Paul Harris Fellow (Rotary's highest award) in 1980. The Eileen Cammack Sports Fields, Penrith, are named in her honour.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australian-parliaments-and-local-governments-past-and-present-a-survey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australian-parliament-and-local-government-an-updated-history-1975-1992\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Conlon, Patricia Anne", "Entry ID": "AWE1405", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/conlon-patricia-anne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Neutral Bay, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Teacher", "Summary": "Anne Conlon was an outstanding activist and scholar whose career was cut short by her untimely death. She was an ALP candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Mosman by election in 1972.\n", "Details": "Anne Conlon was the daughter of John and Patricia Carden. She was educated at St. Joseph's Convent Neutral Bay, and Monte Sant'Angelo College North Sydney where she was dux in 1956. She won a Teachers' College Scholarship to the University of Sydney, living at Sancta Sophia College. She graduated BA in 1961 and MA 1973. She taught at public high schools from 1961 until 1968, but spent 1964-65 on a postgraduate scholarship at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada.\nIn 1967 she married Telford Conlon, with whom she had two children. In 1968 she became research assistant to Professor John M Ward, at the University of Sydney. She was a founding member of the NSW Women's Electoral Lobby, and in 1973 was a convenor for its first national conference in Canberra. For WEL, she wrote a submission to the Henderson Commission into Poverty, and with Edna Ryan, to the National Wage Case of 1974. This was later expanded into Gentle Invaders: Australian Women at Work, published in 1975. She was one of the few women in WEL who belonged to the ALP, and was an active member of the Mosman branch. She contested the 1972 Mosman by election as a Labor candidate.\nIn 1976 she was appointed a lecturer at the Trade Union Training Authority, and in 1977 she became a founding member of the NSW Women's Advisory Council. From 1978, she worked as a public servant on women's issues, including amendments to the NSW Anti-Discrimination Act of 1977. The NSW Women's Advisory Council holds an annual lecture in memory of Anne Conlon.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/conlon-patricia-anne-1939-1979\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Crane, Beverley", "Entry ID": "AWE1410", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/crane-beverley\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Librarian", "Summary": "Beverley Crane was a once only candidate for Parliament who ran for the ALP in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Vaucluse in 1988.\n", "Details": "Beverley was educated at Sydney Girls' High School and the University of New South Wales. She completed a BA and Dip.Lib. and has worked in libraries in both the public and private sectors. She is married and has one daughter.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "D'Amore, Angela", "Entry ID": "AWE1413", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/damore-angela\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Unionist", "Summary": "Angela D'Amore was a Union official and a dedicated party worker before her election to Parliament as the ALP candidate for Drummoyne in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly (2003). She served in the Parliament from 2003-2011.\n", "Details": "Angela D'Amore is the daughter of Salvatore and Pina D'Amore who migrated from Graniti in Sicily, Italy in 1964. Her father worked as a subcontractor in the building industry, and her mother became an outworker in the clothing industry.\nAngela was educated at Bethlehem College, Ashfield and the University of Sydney and went on to become a Union officer for the Municipal Employees Union and the NSW Nurses' Association. She joined the ALP at the age of 21 and is a committed trade unionist. Angela D'Amore is married to Richard\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Doust, Adele", "Entry ID": "AWE1425", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/doust-adele\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Seven Hills, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Human resources officer", "Summary": "Adele Doust is a committed environmentalist, whose career has continued to centre on environmental management. She was an Australian Greens candidate in the House of Representatives for Macquarie (1998), in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for the Blue Mountains (1999) and for the Blue Mountains City Council in 1999.\n", "Details": "Adele Doust was born and went to school in the western suburbs of Sydney. She completed a Bachelor of Arts degree majoring in Sociology at the University of New England and a Grad.Cert. Environment Management from the University of NSW.\nFrom 1999 to 2001 she worked on the staff of Ian Cohen, MLC and as a as a Human Resources Co-ordinator. By 2005 she was the Executive Officer of the Resource Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies at the Australian National University. At the same time she was completing a Masters degree in Management at the Australian National University.\nIn her 1999 campaign, Adele Doust deplored the race between the major parties to espouse the harshest penalties for crime, and stressed the Greens policy of early intervention programs as a more effective way of dealing with the problem.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dover, Sally", "Entry ID": "AWE1426", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dover-sally\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Waverley, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Church worker, Councillor", "Summary": "Sally Dover is a practised campaigner who has run campaigns for three parties in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Port Stephens: Call to Australia candidate in 1995, Christian Democrat Party candidate in 1999 and a Liberal Party candidate in 2003. Sally also ran for the Port Stephens Council, she missed out in 1995, but was elected in 2004 and served on the Council until 2017 including six years as Deputy Mayor.\n", "Details": "Sally Dover grew up in Coogee, the third of five daughters. She attended Coogee Public School and Dover Heights Home Science High School where she did the Leaving Certificate in 1956. She married in 1960, and has four children. She and her husband moved to the Sutherland Shire in 1966 where they ran a number of businesses over the succeeding 30 years. They moved to Port Stephens in 1990 and ran a charter yacht business until 1997.\nSally was elected to the Port Stephens Council in 2004 and was a member of many committees including Mambo Wetlands, Hunter and New England Health, Parks and Halls Committees. She served on the Council till 2017 including six years as Deputy Mayor.\nSally is a committed Christian and is involved in the women's ministry of her church. For many years, she was the co-ordinator for How to Drug Proof Your Kids and the Women's Information and Counselling Service in Nelson Bay.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ferrara, Margaret Louise", "Entry ID": "AWE1438", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ferrara-margaret-louise\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Medical researcher, Veterinary scientist", "Summary": "Margaret Ferrara is a high achieving scientist who ran for election only once. She was an Australian Democrats candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Baulkham Hills in 1999.\n", "Details": "Margaret Ferrara was born in Sydney and educated at Hornsby Girls' High School and St George Girls' High School. She graduated B.V.Sc. From Sydney University in 1975 and set up in private practice at Campsie. After 10 years she sold her practice in order to spend time with her two daughters and pursue her Ph.D. study.\nIn 1990, she left veterinary science for medical research, specifically a collaborative project between Westmead Hospital and Adelaide Women's and Children's Hospital. When the research grant ended, she went to work for a large multinational veterinary vaccine company.\nMargaret has many interests outside politics. She has successfully bred and showed dogs, writes poetry and paints.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ficarra, Marie Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE1439", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ficarra-marie-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Councillor, Parliamentarian, Politician, Scientist", "Summary": "Marie Ficarra has had extensive and successful careers in business and politics. She was a member of the Hurstville City Council from 1980-1995, which included stints as Deputy Mayor (1983-84) and Mayor (1990-1991). As a Liberal Party candidate, Marie was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for George's River in 1995, but failed to gain re-election in 1999. In March 2007, she was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Council. She became Shadow Parliamentary Secretary for Citizenship and was appointed to the Social Issues Standing Committee and General Purpose Committee Number 2. She left Parliament in 2015, after serving as Parliamentary secretary from 2011-2014. In April 2014 she stood down from parliament as she was accused of soliciting donations for the Liberal Party in contravention of NSW election campaign funding laws. She denied the claims. Marie was the first female member of the Liberal Party to serve in both Houses of the New South Wales Parliament.\n", "Details": "Educated at Beverly Hills Girls High School, Marie was awarded her Bachelor of Science (Honours) by the University of Sydney in 1976. She tutored in Histology and Physiology at the University from 1976-1984, before working as the NSW Sales Manager of Hoechst Australia (pharmaceuticals) from 1984-1995. In December 2004 she was General Manager of Cytyc Australia Pty Ltd. Marie is a Patron of many local community organizations and a former President of the Mortdale District Progress Committee (1980-1992).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Foot, Rosemary Irene", "Entry ID": "AWE1444", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/foot-rosemary-irene\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Director, Politician", "Summary": "Rosemary Foot is an outstanding woman, who became the first woman to hold a leadership position in the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales: she was elected to the seat of Vaucluse in 1978 and re-elected in 1981 and 1984. She was appointed an AO in 1999 for her services to the community.\n", "Details": "Rosemary Foot was born in Sydney and grew up in the country. She was educated at Frensham School, Mittagong and the University of Sydney (BA), where she lived at Women's College. She graduated in 1959, having been a director of the Women's Union 1954-55.\nFrom 1972 she has been a company director and investor. She entered Parliament in 1978 and was in the Shadow Ministry two years later. Between 1980 and her retirement in 1986 she held shadow portfolios in Employment, Consumer Affairs, Women's Affairs, Youth and Community Services. She became Deputy Leader of the Parliamentary Liberal party in 1983, then the most senior position ever held by a woman in the Legislative Assembly of NSW. After her retirement from politics she worked in England as a management consultant 1986-88.\nShe has held executive positions on numerous organizations including NSW Association for Mental Health, Sydney Home Nursing Service, Australia Council, Law Foundation, Australian Institute of Political Science, NSW Tourism Commission, National Trust Conservation Fund Advisory Board, Eastern Sydney Area Health Service, Royal Hospital for Women Foundation, Library Council of NSW, CARE Australia and the Australian Heritage Commission. She has been a director of Art\/Omni (New York) since 1992.\nRosemary Foot married R. P. Foot in 1960, (diss. 1972) and Bernard A. J. Arens (dec.2000). She has two daughters. Her grandfather was a Minister in the Carruthers and Wade governments.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-register-the-womens-college-within-the-university-of-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pat-richardson-scrapbooks-relating-to-the-womens-electoral-lobby-and-womens-events-1977-2002\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Frewin, Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE1448", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/frewin-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist", "Summary": "A passionate activist for women, Elizabeth (Bessie) Frewin was one of the earliest women candidates for all levels of government. She was an ALP candidate in the House of Representatives for Warringah in 1934 and 1940 and for the North Sydney Council in 1938, 1941 and 1948. Bessie was also a Lang Labor candidate in the 1947 elections to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Bondi.\n", "Details": "Bessie Frewin was born in Newcastle in 1892, the sixth child in a family of nine. She left school at 13 and went into domestic service. Her interest in politics and social justice began then and continued throughout her life.\nShe married George Henry Gibbons Frewin on 17 December 1919, in St Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney, and they had two daughters and two sons. They owned and ran a Ham and Beef shop in Lavender Bay until the land was resumed for the building of the Harbour Bridge. Later, they lived at Cammeray.\nIn her election pamphlet for the Council Election of 1948, Bessie Frewin stressed her long held beliefs in education, the abolition of slums, the provision of more parks and playgrounds and the preservation of the harbour waterfront for public use.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gadiel, Tanya Rachelle", "Entry ID": "AWE1449", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gadiel-tanya-rachelle\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cessnock, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Politician", "Summary": "An ALP candidate, Tanya Rachelle Gadiel was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Parramatta in 2003. She was re-elected in 2007, but retired before the 2011 election. She served as Deputy Speaker in the Christina Keneally Labor Government.\n", "Details": "Tanya Gadiel was educated at public schools including Cessnock High School, and was the first person in her family to travel overseas or go to university (BA, LLB). She was a Rotary exchange student to South Africa.\n\"Her career history includes: Industrial Officer Australian Workers' Union NSW branch Organiser Communications Electrical and Plumbing Union (Postal and Telecommunications), Policy advisor and chief of staff to Michael Costa Minister for Police, Elected member for Parramatta 2003, Member Committee on Health Care Complaints Commission.\nTanya married Michael Gadiel and had one daughter.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Galagher, Roberta", "Entry ID": "AWE1450", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/galagher-roberta\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political candidate", "Summary": "Roberta Galagher was a stalwart Liberal Party member from its formation and ran as their candidate in the 1947, 1950, 1953 and 1956 elections to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for King. Prior to this she was an Independent candidate in the House of Representatives for Robertson in 1943.\n", "Details": "Roberta Galagher was Chair of the NSW Division of the Liberal Party at the time of her death. She had been a member of its State Council from 1945, and had been a member of its Federal Executive and Council and a former Chair of its Federal Women's Committee.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Harrison, Gabrielle Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE1464", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/harrison-gabrielle-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Politician", "Summary": "Gabrielle Harris was a successful politician whose career was surprisingly short. An ALP candidate, she was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Parramatta in the 1994 bi-election. She was re-elected in 1995 and 1999 and served as the Minister for Sport and Recreation during this time. She retired from all political work in 2003.\n", "Details": "Gabrielle Harrison was born in Darlinghurst and grew up in Pennant Hills. She is a graduate from Macquarie University (BA) and was Chairperson of the Macquarie University Students Council.\nHarrison joined the ALP in 1983 and was active at a local level as an executive member of the Young Labor Organisation. In 1985 she married Andrew Ziolkowski (deceased 12 April 1994) and the pair had one son, Tristan.\nHarrison replaced her husband as the Member for Parramatta following his early death, and served in this post until 2003.\nShe is now married to Ron Bonham.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Appleby, Kim", "Entry ID": "AWE1473", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/appleby-kim\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Auburn, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Office Manager", "Summary": "Kim Appleby is a successful local councillor, having been elected, to the Auburn Council from 1999 to 2003. She was however unsuccessful in her one attempt to enter State parliament. She was an Independent in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Auburn by-election of 2001.\n", "Details": "Kim Appleby was born in Auburn and educated at secondary level at St John's High School, later part of Trinity Catholic College. She was a councillor on Auburn Council at the time of her campaign for the state seat of Auburn, having been elected in 1999. She ran chiefly to indicate to the government that the area had been neglected. She was concerned about rising crime rates and the condition of Auburn Hospital.\nKim Appleby was active in many community groups in the area including the Auburn Community Drug Action Team. She was also the prime mover in the establishment of a Heritage Working party for Auburn Council\nIn 2005 she was involved in tertiary study, completing a Diploma of Business Management.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Boyd, Felicity", "Entry ID": "AWE1491", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/boyd-felicity\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Social worker", "Summary": "Felicity Boyd was an active member of the Australian Democrats. She stood for them in three elections for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Davidson in 1991 and for Port Stephens in 1999 and 2003.\n", "Details": "Felicity Boyd was born in Sydney and went to school at Hastings-on-Hudson High School, New York. She attended Briarcliff College, New York and the University of Sydney (Graduate Diploma in Social Studies 1958)), living at the Women's College.\nAfter graduation, she worked as a social worker for the NSW Society of Crippled Children and as a market research interviewer and analyst. She was social worker at St Joseph's Hospital, Auburn, 1977-82 and from 1982 to 1987 at the Spastic Centre of NSW. She did locum work at various hospitals and at the Office of the Public Guardian, 1988-1995 and 1995-2002 she was a court visitor. Felicity Boyd married Ian Boyd in 1961 and they have three children.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-register-the-womens-college-within-the-university-of-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Chikarovski, Kerry Anne", "Entry ID": "AWE1517", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/chikarovski-kerry-anne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Parliamentarian, Politician, Solicitor", "Summary": "Kerry Chikarovski is the only woman ever to have held the leadership of the Opposition in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. After her retirement from politics, she published her autobiography, Chika, in 2004. Since 2003 she has been Director, Infrastructure and Planning Australia Pty Ltd.\n", "Details": "Kerry Chikarovski was born in Sydney in 1956, the daughter of Greg and Jill Bartels. She was educated at the United Nations International School, Our Lady of Dolours, Chatswood, Monte Sant' Angelo, North Sydney and the University of Sydney (BEc LLB). She was President of the Sydney University Law Society 1978-1979 and a Director of the University of Sydney Union 1977-1978.\nAfter graduation, she worked as a solicitor in private practice 1980-1985 and as a Solicitor and Instructor at the College of Law, 1988-1991. She married Chris Chikarovski in 1979 (marriage dissolved) and has two children.\nKerry Chikarovski ran unsuccessfully in the seat of Cabramatta in 1981, but won preselection for the Liberal Party for the safe seat of Lane Cove in 1991 on the retirement of the Attorney General, John Dowd, later Justice Dowd. She held the seat until 2003, when she resigned from Parliament.\nKerry Chikarovski is the only woman ever to have held the Leadership of the Opposition in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. After her retirement from politics, she published her autobiography, Chika, in 2004. Since 2003 she had been Director, Infrastructure and Planning Australia Pty Ltd.\nHer parliamentary career is as follows:\n\nMinister for Consumer Affairs and Assistant minister for Education 1992-1993\nMinister for Industrial Relations and Employment 1993-1995\nMinister for the Status of Women 1993-1995\nDeputy Leader of the Liberal Party 1994-1995\nShadow Minister for the Environment 1997-1998\nShadow Minister for the Arts and Women 1999-2002\nShadow Minister for Infrastructure and Major Projects 2002-2003\nLeader of the Opposition 1999-2002\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cohen, Anne Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE1524", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cohen-anne-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Inverell, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Anne Margaret Cohen, a Liberal Party candidate, was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Minchinbury in 1988 and to the Badgerys Creek Assembly seat in 1991. She failed to gain re-election to the latter in 1995.\n", "Details": "Anne Cohen had been a teacher, public servant, editor and the owner\/operator of a small business before she ran for parliament. She was first elected to the New South Wales Legislative Council for the seat of Minchinbury in March 1988 and had a remarkably swift rise to the Ministries of Nick Greiner, and later John Fahey. She was Chief Secretary, Minister for Administrative Services 1991-95, and Minister assisting the Premier on Status of Women 1992-3. When the redistribution abolished her seat, she ran for and won the seat of Badgerys Creek 1991-95. She was Chairman of the Parliamentary Road Safety Committee Staysafe in 1989.\nShe is married to Richard and they have two children.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Davis, Margaret Alayne Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE1534", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/davis-margaret-alayne-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Gilgandra, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Erina, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Pharmacist", "Summary": "Margaret Alayne Elizabeth Davis was an early Liberal member of the Legislative Council of NSW. In 1962 (-1963) she was elected to the Bankstown Municipal Council, and in 1966 was indirectly elected to the Legislative Council. She resigned from that position in 1978 to run for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Waverley. She did not gain election.\n", "Details": "Margaret Davis was married, the mother of three young children, and living in Chester Hill, when she won Liberal Party preselection for the Legislative Council against 41 other candidates.\nIn 1978, she resigned from the Legislative Council and was preselected for Waverley, defeating five others. She was then living in Rose Bay. She needed a 7% swing and failed to get it. She is unusual in giving up an upper house seat and then failing to win the lower house seat she was preselected for.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dombkins, Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE1538", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dombkins-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Management consultant, Teacher", "Summary": "Margaret Dombkins is a community activist and an outstanding scholar. She ran for election as a Liberal Party candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Kogarah in 1995 and then as an Independent in the Kogarah Municipal Council elections of 1999.\n", "Details": "Margaret Dombkins completed a B.Ed., Grad. Dip Commerce\/Management and a M.A at Charles Sturt University. She started her professional life teaching primary school students in the NSW Department of Education. When her youngest child went to school, she returned to study and achieved outstanding results. She won an Australian Post Graduate Research Scholarship to complete her doctorate, for which her thesis was \"The Relationship of Strategy to Newspaper Organisation Success\" in the Graduate School of Journalism and Creative Writing, University of Wollongong.\nMargaret Dombkins was encouraged by her family to respond to the Liberal Party recruitment and training scheme in 1994 and subsequently ran a very successful campaign in 1995, taking the sitting member to preferences and achieving a 1.5% swing to the Liberals, the only positive swing in an election which saw the Liberal government defeated.\nAlthough she had run as the Liberal Party candidate for Kogarah in 1995, Margaret Dombkins was so opposed to high rise developments in the electorate, that in 1999, she issued a personal letter urging electors to vote for the ALP candidate, Cherie Burton, who was successful after the distribution of preferences. In 1999 also, she ran for election to the Kogarah Municipal Council, being narrowly defeated.\nMargaret Dombkins subsequently changed her political allegiance and joined the ALP. In 2005 she is the Chair of the ALP Arts, Cultural Heritage and Community Development Policy Committee.\nShe is married to David Dombkins, the President of the Institute of Project Management in 2005, and they have three children, all completing their university studies.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dwyer, Catherine Winifred (Kate)", "Entry ID": "AWE1542", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dwyer-catherine-winifred-kate\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tambaroora, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "DarlinghurstDarlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Teacher", "Summary": "Catherine Winifred (Kate) Dwyer was one of the most prominent women in New South Wales in the early twentieth century. An avid Labor activist, Dwyer stood for election for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Balmain in 1925.\n", "Details": "Catherine (Kate) Dwyer was born on 13 June 1861 at Tambaroora, New South Wales, the second daughter of Joseph and Ann Golding. She was educated at Hill End Public School and became a pupil teacher in 1880, holding positions in country schools until 1887.\nShe married another teacher, Michael Dwyer, and in 1894 they moved to Sydney, where she became prominent in the Womanhood Suffrage League of New South Wales and campaigned for the vote for women. She co-founded the Women's Progressive Association in 1901 and, with her sisters Annie and Belle Golding, worked for the rights of women in all spheres. She was a fine public speaker and a prolific writer on questions of interest to women. She was the first president of the Women's Organising Committee of the Political Labor League from 1904, and a member of the State Labor Executive in1905.\nKate Dwyer worked tirelessly to improve the working and living conditions for women and for a minimum female wage. In 1911 she assisted A. B. Piddington on the royal commission into female and juvenile labour and from 1911-13 she sat on the royal commission of enquiry into food supplies. She represented the Women Workers Union (which she had helped to form) on Wages Boards and in the 1920s she was on conciliation committees. She opposed conscription in 1916 and 1917.\nKate Dwyer was a fellow of the Senate of the University of Sydney from 1916 to 1924, and from 1910 was a member, later vice president of the Benevolent Society of New South Wales. In 1921 she was one of the first women to be appointed a justice of the peace. She was on the boards of two hospitals for women and children, and a trustee of the King George V and Queen Mary Jubilee Fund for Maternal and Infant Welfare. She was a life long member of the Labor Party.\nKate and Michael Dwyer had three sons and two daughters.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dwyer-catherine-winifred-kate-1861-1949\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/suffrage-group-1902\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Featherstone, Julia Lesley", "Entry ID": "AWE1549", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/featherstone-julia-lesley\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Grafton, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Media artist, Photographer, Surfer, Teacher", "Summary": "Julia Featherstone is a multitalented woman, whose two election campaigns were part of a life filled with activity and creativity. She was an Australia Party candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Bligh in 1973 and to the House of Representatives for Wentworth in 1974.\n", "Details": "Julia Featherstone was born in Grafton and educated at Coffs Harbour High School, and at the University of Sydney (BA. Dip Ed), where she lived at the Women's College, the University of Adelaide (M Urban and Regional Planning) and at UTS (Grad Dip Communications).\nHer first job was as a secondary school teacher, originally teaching Economics and Geography and later teaching TV production to talented children at Sydney Girls High School. Then, she worked as a video producer\/director for the NSW Correspondence School Media Department making educational videos (1984-1991). From 1979 to 1981 she was a staff photographer at the Sydney Morning Herald, the only woman employed as a photographer at the time. She contributed all the photographs to Don Dunstan's Australia (Rigby,1977-78), a book written by the former Premier of South Australia. Julia Featherstone has contributed to many group photographic exhibitions and had one solo exhibition. She was a finalist in the Olive Cotton Award for Photographic Portraiture in 2005 and 2007, and second in the University of New South Wales Film awards in 2007 for her film Fanny Burney.\nShe was second in the first Australian Women's Surfboard Riding title held at Bondi in 1963.\nShe married Alasdair Macfarlane in 1987 and they have two children, a boy and a girl.\nJulia Featherstone returned to full time study and completed a Master of Fine Arts degree (University of New South Wales, Art & Design) in 2014. Her research topic was 'Beneath Horizons: Australian Desert Landscape'. She has participated in many group exhibitions and two solo exhibitions.\n", "Events": "Beneath Horizons: Australian Desert Landscape, MFA exam exhibition, Kudos Gallery, Paddington, Sydney (2014 - 2014) \nUrban Shadows, Adelaide Resource Centre, South Australia (1977 - 1977)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Forsythe, Patricia", "Entry ID": "AWE1555", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/forsythe-patricia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Teacher", "Summary": "Patricia Forsythe was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1991 until 2006. A member of the Liberal Party, she first ran for parliament in 1984 in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Newcastle. She didn't run again until 1991 and was elected to the Legislative Council of New South Wales. She was re-elected in 1999. She resigned from parliament on 22 September 2006 to take up the position of Executive Director of the New South Wales Business Chamber.\n", "Details": "Patricia Forsythe was born in Newcastle in 1952, the daughter of jack and Peg Wingrove. She was educated at the Hunter Girls High School and the University of Newcastle, from which she graduated with BA, DipEd She taught in secondary schools from 1974 to 1978 and from 1983 to 1986. She worked as Executive officer for the Australian Soft Drink Association 1987-1988 and for the minister for Local Government and Planning 1988-1991.\nShe was elected to the Legislative Council of New South Wales in 1991 and again in 1999.\nPatricia Forsythe joined the Liberal Party as a schoolgirl in 1968, and held many positions in the organization.\nShe is married to David Forsythe and they have two children.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/contemporary-australian-women-1996-97\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fuller-Quinn, Barbara Grace", "Entry ID": "AWE1558", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fuller-quinn-barbara-grace\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bondi, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Bondi, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Councillor, Peace activist", "Summary": "A life-time activist for Peace, Barbara (Babs) Fuller-Quinn has been a political and local government figure of distinction: She was elected to the Waverley Council as Alderman from 1977-83 and stood as an ALP candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Vaucluse in 1976 and 1978.\nBarbara Fuller-Quinn passed away in May 2020. When she died her family asked that in lieu of flowers, donations be made to Aboriginal Medical Service Redfern.\n", "Details": "Babs Fuller-Quinn was educated at St Catherine's and Kambala Schools. She married, Leo Fuller-Quinn, an advertising executive, and they have 4 children.\nElected to Waverley Council in 1977, she was Chairman of the Works Committee. She remains a regular attendee at her local precinct committee. She was also active in the local area, being President of Waverley Action Youth Services, and a member of the Waverley Creative Leisure and Hobbies Centre. She was a member of the Advisory Board of the Centennial Park Trust from 1980.\nShe was appointed Consumer representative, Builders' Licensing Board c.1980 - 1986.\nBabs Fuller-Quinn joined the ALP in 1973 and was an office holder at branch, state and federal electorate council levels, as well as being a delegate to the Labor Women's Conference.\nBarbara is best known for her service to the Peace movement, serving in various executive positions in the Sydney Peace Committee, and the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. With others, she was instrumental in establishing the Sydney Peace and Justice Coalition, which grew out of the Walk against the War Coalition in 2002. She has also contributed extensively to the movement for Reconciliation, and is Secretary of the Eastern Suburbs Organisation for Reconciling Australia (ESORA) and on the New South Wales Council of Reconciliation Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gander, Gladys Claire", "Entry ID": "AWE1560", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gander-gladys-claire\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Mudgee, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Bankstown, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political candidate", "Summary": "Gladys Gander was a once only candidate for election to Parliament: a One Nation Party candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Newcastle in 2003.\n", "Details": "Gladys Gander was 73 and retired from employment when she ran for election for the seat of Newcastle in 2003. She gave her address as Bankstown, a suburb of Sydney, so her candidature in Newcastle was intended to bolster the vote of her party leader, Pauline Hanson, in her bid for a seat in the Legislative Council of New South Wales. Although she was in first position on the ballot paper, she won only 2.4% of the votes cast.\nHer husband, Trevor Gander, aged 74, also ran for the One Nation Party, in the adjoining seat of Lake Macquarie.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Grusovin, Deirdre Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE1587", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/grusovin-deirdre-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Librarian, Parliamentarian, Politician", "Summary": "Deirdre Grusovin was a member of the New South Wales parliament for twenty five years. Initially she was elected to the NSW Legislative Council (1978) and remained in office until 1990. During this time Deirdre was appointed Minister for Consumer Affairs and Assistant Minister for Health 1986-88 and Minister for Small Business 1987-88. In 1990 she ran in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly Heffron by election and was again successful. She was re-elected in 1991, 1995 and 1999, retiring in 2003.\n", "Details": "Deirdre Grusovin was born in Sydney in 1938 and educated at the Lady of the Sacred Heart College, Kensington. She worked as a Librarian for the Randwick Municipal Council from 1957 to 1962. She married Walter Grusovin in 1962 (he died September 2004) and they have seven children, three daughters and four sons. From 1962 until her election to the Legislative Council of New South Wales, in 1978, she managed the family pharmacy business.\nDeirdre Grusovin served twelve years in the Legislative Council, holding the positions of Minister for Consumer Affairs and Assistant Minister for Health, and Minister for Small Business in the Unsworth Ministry. She became Deputy Leader of the Government in the Legislative Council in July 1986 and then Deputy Leader of the Opposition from March 1988 to 1990 when she resigned from the Legislative Council to contest the seat of Heffron.\nDeirdre Grusovin is the sister of Laurence Brereton, her predecessor in the seat of Heffron and later MHR for Kingsford-Smith. She was elected to the Legislative Assembly in June 1990 and held the seat until her retirement in March 2003.\nShe joined the ALP 1957 and was assistant secretary of NSW Youth Council of the party from 1959 to 1961. She was a member of the Administrative Committee of the ALP in 1985 and was a delegate from New South Wales to the Australian Labor Party National Conference in 1986. She was the first woman Chairman of St Margaret's Hospital Advisory Board.\n", "Events": "For significant service to the Parliament and the community of New South Wales, to education administration, and to social welfare. (2016 - 2016)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/herstory-australian-labor-women-in-federal-state-and-territory-parliaments-1925-1994\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Knight, Janice", "Entry ID": "AWE1631", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/knight-janice\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Quirindi, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Teacher", "Summary": "Janice Knight ran for election only once. That was in 1991 as an ALP candidate for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Northern Tablelands.\n", "Details": "Raised in Coonamble district of NSW, Janice Knight undertook a Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of New England and started teaching at Wiley Park Girls' High School. Active in her community, she was elected secretary of New England Rugby Union in 1973. She joined the ALP in 1989 and was a delegate to the Country Conference.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Loew, Joan Kathleen", "Entry ID": "AWE1655", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/loew-joan-kathleen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Councillor, Mayor", "Summary": "Joan Loew was a well known councillor for the Hurstville City Council (1974-1987). During her time with the council, Joan was appointed Deputy Mayor in 1977, 1978 and 1983, and then Mayor from 1984 to1987. She was however unsuccessful all three times she ran for parliament:\nLiberal candidate, New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Rockdale, 1978.\nLiberal candidate, New South Wales Senate, 1980.\nIndependent candidate, New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Hurstville, 1988.\nJoan Loew was married to Fred Loew, with whom she had one son and four daughters.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australian-parliament-and-local-government-an-updated-history-1975-1992\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Meagher, Reba Paige", "Entry ID": "AWE1680", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/meagher-reba-paige\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Caringbah, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Reba Meagher has been a Minister in the Carr and Iemma Labor governments of New South Wales. She was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Cabramatta in the 1994 by election. She gained re-election in 1995, 1999, 2003 and 2007. During this time Reba was appointed Minister for Fair Trading, and Minister assisting the Minister for Commerce (2003-2005) and Minister for Youth and Minister for Community Services in 2005. She retired from the New South Wales Parliament on 17 September 2008.\n", "Details": "Reba Meagher was educated at Endeavour High School, and the University of Sydney, graduating BA in 1989 and M Labour Law and Relations, 1992.\nFrom 1990 to 1992 she worked as electorate officer to Paul Elliot MHR, and then as an Industrial officer for the Transport Workers Union from 1993 to 1994. She was President of NSW Young Labor 1992-1994, delegate to NSW Labor Council for Transport Workers Union 1993-1995 and delegate to ACTU Congress 1994.\nReba was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1994 for the seat of Cabramatta, at the by election following the murder of the sitting member, John Newman. She has held the seat at each election since then. Before being elected to the Ministry she was Parliamentary Secretary assisting Minister for Transport from 1999 to 2002.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Morris, Marie Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE1686", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/morris-marie-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political candidate", "Summary": "Marie Morris ran for election to parliament twice, both times as an Australia Party candidate. She stood for election to the House of Representatives seat of Phillip in 1975 and for the seat of Maroubra in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1976.\n", "Details": "At the time of her candidacy, Marie Morris had been a resident of the Phillip Electorate for 11 years and was concerned that the quality of life in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney was deteriorating. She was married with three children.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Perry, Barbara Mazzel Anne", "Entry ID": "AWE1714", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/perry-barbara-mazzel-anne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Barbara Perry was a successful candidate, who was elected the first time she ran for Parliament as an ALP candidate in the 2001 by-election for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Auburn. Barbara was re-elected in 2003, 2007 and 2011. She left Parliament in March 2015 after serving as a minister in previous Labor Governments. Prior to entering state politics she was a Councillor with the Auburn Council (1995-2003).\n", "Details": "Barbara Perry is the daughter of Ralph and Susan Abood, migrants from Lebanon. She is married to Michael Perry, and they have two sons. She was educated by the Sisters of Charity and the Marist Brothers. She graduated in law from the University of Sydney and worked at the Legal Aid Commission from 1990 - mostly in Family Law.\nBarbara Perry was the first woman of Lebanese origin to be elected to Legislative Assembly.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Petersen, Mairi Isabel Wilson", "Entry ID": "AWE1717", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/petersen-mairi-isabel-wilson\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Maclean, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Teacher", "Summary": "Mairi Petersen is widely known and respected in the labor movement, particularly in Illawarra. She stood as an ALP candidate in the following elections:\nNew South Wales Legislative Assembly for Bligh in 1976.\nHouse of Representatives for Wentworth in 1975.\nCity of Shellharbour Council in 1995.\n", "Details": "Mairi Petersen was born in Maclean on the north coast of New South Wales and completed her Primary Teacher's Certificate at Newcastle Teachers' College. Her first appointment was to Kellyville Primary School in the north west of Sydney. Subsequently she taught at Forest Lodge, Darlinghurst, Fort Street, Clovelly and Glenmore road, Paddington in the inner suburbs. Later she moved to the Illawarra area and taught at Mount Warrigal, Albion Park Rail and Shellharbour primary schools. Mairi Petersen married (1) Robert Gould (marriage dissolved) with whom she had a daughter, Natalie, and (2) George Petersen, MLA for Illawarra 1968-1988 (died 28 March 2000).\nTogether the Petersen's ran an environmental radio programme on the community radio station 2 VOX-FM for eight years. Mairi Petersen has travelled widely, particularly to third world countries, and was a member of the Cuba Work Brigade. She has been an active member of Amnesty International for many years and has taken part in many other community activities. She and George Petersen were long time members of the Illawarra Folk Club and Mairi has sung with the Trade Union Choir.\nShe is active in the Illawarra section of the Australian Society for the Study of Labor History, and has been a member of the Council for Civil Liberties for many years.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Harben, Susan", "Entry ID": "AWE1833", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/harben-susan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Balranald, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Manager", "Summary": "Susan Harben was a prominent figure in the Gay and Lesbian community. She ran for election as an ALP candidate for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Bligh in 1995.\n", "Details": "Susan Harben was born in Balranald in country NSW and educated in Wagga at the Riverina CAE (Dip.Tchg.), now Charles Sturt University, and the University of NSW (BA). She was the Equal Opportunity Co-ordinator for the NSW Department of Education from 1983 to 1987. From 1987 to 1993 she was the Co-ordinator, Policy and Research and later Manager, Corporate Services at the Legal Aid Commission of NSW.\nSusan was involved in the Parents and Citizens Association at her son's school and was President of the Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras for two years. She has also worked for AIDS and other charity organisations. The ALP hoped that her high profile with the Gay and Lesbian community would unseat Clover Moore, the independent sitting member.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Henderson, Meredith", "Entry ID": "AWE1840", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/henderson-meredith\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Fire Research Officer", "Summary": "Meredith Henderson only ran for election once, but she continues to promote the protection of the environment. She represented the Australian Greens in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Wollongong in 2003.\n", "Details": "Meredith Henderson grew up and was educated in Wollongong where she completed a B.Sc.(Hons). Her doctorate study (PhD) at the Victoria University was the impact of fire on threatened Victorian grasslands. She had previously qualified as a fire fighter with the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service.\nAt the time of her campaign, she was working in Hurstville, though living in Fairy Meadow in the Illawarra, so transport inadequacies featured in her campaign statements.\nMeredith was active in campaigns to protect threatened species in the area and to protect Jervis Bay from nuclear-powered warships.\nIn 2003, after the election, she moved to Adelaide to take up a permanent position with the South Australian government, as Senior Fire Research Officer in the Department of Environment and Heritage.\nIn 2004, Meredith was involved in the organization of the Ecology Society Conference.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hodgkinson, Katrina Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE1844", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hodgkinson-katrina-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Yass, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Parliamentarian, Teacher", "Summary": "Katrina Ann Hodgkinson was a National candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly by-election for Southern Highlands in 1996. In 1999 and then again in 2003 she was successfully elected to the Burrinjuck seat in the NSW Legislative Assembly. She was re-elected in 2007 and 2011. She was appointed Minister for Primary Industries in 2011, the first woman to hold that position in New South Wales. An electoral redistribution before the 2015 election meant that she stood for and won the new seat of Cootamundra. She resigned from Parliament in 2017. At the 2019 federal election she contested, unsuccessfully, the seat of Gilmore in New South Wales.\nAfter leaving Parliament she was the National Director of Government and Regulatory Affairs at Australia's Academic and Research Network, was on the Board of the Australian Rail Track Corporation for several years, and served on other boards in sectors ranging from mining to philanthropy, property, and small business.\nA complete record of her parliamentary service can be found on the New South Wales Parliament site (see link below).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-hon-katrina-ann-hodgkinson-mp\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Husted, Veronica", "Entry ID": "AWE1849", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/husted-veronica\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Riverina district, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Public servant, School assistant, Unionist", "Summary": "A trade union and ALP stalwart, Veronica Husted contested the following elections:\nHouse of Representatives, Dundas, 1987\nNew South Wales Legislative Assembly, South Coast 1991\nNew South Wales Legislative Assembly, South Coast 1995\n", "Details": "Veronica Husted was born and grew up in the southern Riverina area of NSW and was educated at Finley High School, Veronica worked in clerical positions. She was an organiser with the Federated Clerks Union NSW from 1981-85, and trained in labour law. She joined the Department of Industrial Relations and Employment, and worked as a Women's Employment officer (1987). In 1991 she was a school assistant in the Vincentia High School Library.\nIn 1995, she was President of the Bay Basin Community Resources, Chairperson of Illawarra Skills Development, member of the Shoalhaven OLMA Committee, Shoalhaven Transport Action Group, Women on the Frontline and the Jervis Bay Protection Committee.\nVeronica was Vice President of the Shoalhaven Group of Unions and Chairperson of her union workplace group. Veronica joined the Auburn branch of the ALP in 1982 and she has held a variety of positions, including branch secretary, FEC and SEC delegate.\nVeronica and her husband Erhard have five grown up children.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Isaksen, Dorothy May", "Entry ID": "AWE1855", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/isaksen-dorothy-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Dorothy Isaksen joined the ALP 1954 and was on the ALP Youth Council Executive from 1957 to 1958. She became the first woman organiser of the NSW ALP and was on the party's Central Executive 1970-71, and the Administration Committee 1976-79. She was President of the Labor Women's Committee 1973-79 and was President, then Secretary of the National Labor Women's Committee 1975-79. She ran for Wakehust in 1968 and was then elected to the New South Wales Legislative Council for the balance of the term of the Hon. Deirdre Grusovin. She was re-elected in 1990. From April 1995 to the end of her term in 1999, she was Government whip in the Legislative Council. She was a member of the Board of the Royal North Shore Hospital 1977-1986 and was Deputy Chairperson of the New South Wales Women's Advisory Council 1976-78. Isaksen was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the 2018 Australia Day Honours, for 'significant service to the Parliament of New South Wales, as an advocate for gender equality in politics, as a mentor, and to the community'.\nDorothy Isaksen was married to Neville (died 24 June 2002) and they had two daughters.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/herstory-australian-labor-women-in-federal-state-and-territory-parliaments-1925-1994\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jones, Danielle", "Entry ID": "AWE1862", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jones-danielle\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Caf\u221a\u00a9 owner", "Summary": "Danielle Jones only ran once for election - that was in the 2003 New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Kiama. She still continues her interest and work in politics. In 2005 she was on the electorate staff of Joanna Gash, MHR. At the time of her campaign in 2003, she was studying Financial administration\/Law, while running her Falls Caf\u00e9 at Fitzroy Falls. She had previously managed Ranelagh House Guest House at Robertson for 10 years. Danielle Jones was educated at St Catherine's College, Waverley and Frensham School, Mittagong. She holds an advertising\/marketing diploma and a marketing certificate.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Judge, Dianne Virginia", "Entry ID": "AWE1863", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judge-dianne-virginia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cooma, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Councillor, Mayor, Parliamentarian, Teacher", "Summary": "Virginia Judge was a successful local and state ALP politician and was the first woman to be elected for the seat of Strathfield in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 2003. She was re-elected in 2007, but was defeated at the 2011 election.\nShe was a Councillor with the Strathfield Municipal Council from 1995-2004 and Mayor from 2001-03.\n", "Details": "Virginia Judge was born in Cooma, where her father worked as a surveyor on the Snowy Mountain Scheme. She was educated in Canberra, graduating with a B.Ed. With a double music major from the Canberra School of Music.\nAfter graduation Virginia worked as a teacher in primary and secondary schools in Sydney and Canberra, and taught at the Evondale Special School in Croydon for students with intellectual disabilities. She also worked as an Australian volunteer abroad for the Overseas Service Bureau in Tonga and later in the Solomon Islands and Fiji.\nBack in Sydney, Virginia worked in real estate, qualifying for her real estate licence. She was also studying Law part-time at Macquarie University prior to her election to the Legislative Assembly.\nShe is married and has three daughters.\nVirginia Judge is the first woman to be elected for Strathfield.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kernohan, Elizabeth (Liz) Anne", "Entry ID": "AWE1868", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kernohan-elizabeth-liz-anne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educator, Parliamentarian, Politician", "Summary": "Liz Kernohan represented the people of Camden on Camden council and in the New South Wales Parliament for more than 30 years. She was first elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Camden in 1991 when she stood as a Liberal Party candidate. Elizabeth gained re-election in 1995 and 1999. She was first appointed a Councillor of the Camden Municipal Council in March 1973 and was re-elected from 1974 -1991 and again in 2004. Liz Kernohan was also Deputy Mayor in 1974-1977 and 1981-1984, and Mayor in 1980 and 1985-1991. She died in October 2004.\n", "Details": "Educated SCEGGS Darlinghurst, Leaving Certificate 1955\n1960 Bachelor of Science (BSc), agriculture, University of Sydney\n1960 - 1962 Research Assistant, then Demonstrator in the Dairy Research Unit, University of Sydney Farms, Camden\n1963 Qualified as a technical teacher, New South Wales Department of Technical Education\n1963 - 1964 Full-time teacher of Agriculture, School of Rural Studies, New South Wales Department of Teaching and Education\n1965 - 1966 Professional Officer, University of Sydney Farms, Camden\n1966 Senior Tutor of Dairying, University of Sydney Farms, Camden\n1968 - 1969 Acting Officer in Charge of the Dairy Research Unit, University of Sydney Farms, Camden\n1970 Master of Science (MSc), Agriculture, University of Sydney\n1975 - 1978 Lecturer in Animal Husbandry, University of Sydney Farms, Camden\n1975 - 1982 Warden of Nepean Hall, University of Sydney Farms, Camden\n1978 Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), University of Sydney\n1978 - 1982 Assistant Director, University of Sydney Farms, Camden\n1982 - 1991 Director, University of Sydney Farms, Camden\n1991 - 2003 Member of the Legislative Assembly for Camden, New South Wales\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/contemporary-australian-women-1996-97\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australian-parliaments-and-local-governments-past-and-present-a-survey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Klugman, Kristine Kay", "Entry ID": "AWE1872", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/klugman-kristine-kay\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Historian, Nurse, Researcher, Writer", "Summary": "Kris Klugman was a one-time candidate (New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Northcott, 1978), and has contributed to public and cultural life as a board member on numerous cultural and other institutions, as well as being a published economic historian. In 1987 she was appointed an OAM for service to education and to the social welfare of the community.\nIn 2003, and with her long time partner, Bill Rowlings, she co-founded and became inaugural President of Civil Liberties Australia, a national organisation started in Canberra ACT but with later strong local representation in Tasmania, WA, and NT particularly where earlier local civil liberties groups had collapsed. She and Rowlings co-authored an online history, Civil Liberties in Australia, published progressively in 2018-20 on the website www.cla.asn.au. Kris regards her work for civil liberties as the most important in her lifetime.\n", "Details": "Kristine Kay Klugman attended The Friends' School, Hobart, as her mother (Eileen Geddes Barnard, nee Laverty) was the Quaker school's librarian. Kris qualified as a trained nurse at Royal Hobart Hospital, then volunteered at a Quaker refugee aid project on Ping Chau island in Hong Kong for half a year, before completing midwifery at Crown St Women's Hospital in Sydney in 1963. She married Dr Richard Klugman (later MHR Prospect 1969-1990), and was herself a one-time unsuccessful candidate (NSW Legislative Assembly, Northcott, 1978), both seats near their Parramatta home.\nThey had three daughters, including Dr Jeni Klugman, who also ran for the NSW Legislative Assembly, Julie Klugman who managed Australian aid projects in eastern Indonesia for decades, and Kathy Klugman, whose DFAT service included High Commissioner to Sri Lanka and the Maldives. The marriage ended in divorce.\nWhen her daughters were very young, she attended Macquarie University and completed a BA in History and an MA in Community Studies, during which she undertook a community health study of western Sydney. At Macquarie U, she and a fellow student, John Faulkner (Senator NSW 1989 -2015, Special Minister of State, Minister of Defence), jointly founded the Macquarie University Labor Club.\nKris is a published economic historian (three-volume History of Burns Philp, the Australian Pacific trading company, co-authored with Prof Ken Buckley of Sydney University in the early 1980s), and has contributed widely and diversely to public and cultural life.\nFor example, she was appointed to The Australian Museum Trust 1978, and became Deputy President in 1984 and the first-ever female President 1984-88. She served on the NSW Legal Aid Commission and was a researcher for the NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research. In 1982, she was appointed for five years to the first female board member and Deputy President of the NSW Board of Fire Commissioners (the NSW Fire Brigades), where she successfully introduced female firefighters, promotion by merit rather than seniority, and improved education study options for firefighters. She enabled the subsequent permanent home of the NSW Fire Brigade Museum at Penrith by negotiating with the NSW Government for the land. In 1987 she was awarded national honours, an OAM for service to education and to the social welfare of the community.\nKris was a member of the Interim Council which scoped and planned the Australian National Maritime Museum in Sydney in the late-1980s for its opening in 1991. She lived in Melbourne for five years in the early 1990s, and undertook research for CIRCIT, a state-funded communications, telecommunications and IT body. After moving to a 15ha property near Tarago NSW in the mid-1990s, she undertook a PhD in Political Studies at the ANU in Canberra. In 2004-5 she co-curated with her then long-time partner Bill Rowlings (1945 - ) a Rotary Australia exhibition entitled A World without Polio at the National Museum of Australia in Canberra, which also travelled to Sydney, Brisbane Melbourne and Perth.\nAlso with him, in 2003 she co-founded and became inaugural President of Civil Liberties Australia, a national organisation started in Canberra ACT but with later strong local representation in Tasmania, WA, and NT particularly where earlier local civil liberties groups had collapsed. She and Rowlings co-authored an online history, Civil Liberties in Australia, published progressively in 2018-20 on the website www.cla.asn.au Kris regards her work for civil liberties as the most important in her lifetime.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lane, Maureen", "Entry ID": "AWE1875", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lane-maureen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse", "Summary": "Maureen Lane is an outstanding health worker and an active local politician. As a member of the ALP since 1976, she was their candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Ballina in 1991. That same year she was elected a Councillor of the Ballina Shire Council (1991-1992).\n", "Details": "Maureen was educated at Narrabeen Girls High School and completed her nursing training at the Royal North Shore Hospital in 1973. She was appointed the first community nurse in the North Coast Health Region in 1974. She also practised as a registered midwife and is a registered Diagnostic Audiometrist. In 1988 she received a Bicentennial award for her contribution to health care. She is married and has two children.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australian-parliament-and-local-government-an-updated-history-1975-1992\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Laurence, Kylie Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE1878", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/laurence-kylie-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political candidate, Secretary", "Summary": "Kylie Laurence was appointed New South Wales State Coordinator for the Family First Party in 2005.\n", "Details": "Kylie Laurence was educated at Calvary Chapel Christian Community School and the Regents Park Christian Community High School in Sydney. She left school at the end of Year 10 and enrolled at the Metropolitan Business College. She completed an Advanced Certificate in Business and Secretarial Administration from the MBC, and worked for some years as a legal secretary. She holds a Certificate in Public Relations from the Sydney Institute of Technology.\nA committed Christian, Laurence believes strongly in the importance of the family as the basic unit of society. She was twenty years old when she first ran for election in 1998 and was soon employed by the Christian Democratic Party as Party Administrator. On its behalf she contested elections for the House of Representatives, Blaxland, 1998; the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Bankstown, 1999; and the House of Representatives, Reid, 2004.\nIn 2005, Laurence resigned as Party Administrator for the CDP to become NSW State Coordinator for the Family First Party.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lawrence-Rowe, Cheryl", "Entry ID": "AWE1881", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lawrence-rowe-cheryl\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bowral, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Teacher", "Summary": "Cheryl Lawrence-Rowe was a once only candidate (ALP) in an unwinnable seat (New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Lane Cove, 1995). She was born in Bowral but grew up on the North Shore of Sydney. She was educated at St Kevin's Eastwood Primary School, Brigidine College, St Ives and Monte Sant'Angelo College North Sydney. Cheryl Lawrence-Rowe graduated from the University of Sydney with a BA. From 1986 she taught Modern History at Monte Sant' Angelo, where she was the Secretary of the Independent Teachers Association branch.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lewis, Leellen", "Entry ID": "AWE1887", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lewis-leellen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Welfare worker", "Summary": "Leellen Lewis was a once only candidate who represented the ALP in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Myall Lakes in 1995.\n", "Details": "Born in Sydney, Leellen Lewis was educated at St Patrick's College, Campbelltown. After leaving school she did various courses in welfare work and human resource development. At the time of her campaign, she was employed at Workplace Employment Services, Taree, assisting young people to obtain employment.\nShe was a member of the Taree City Council's Youth Advisory Committee and the Forster branch of the St. Vincent de Paul Society.\nLeellen was a member of the Australian Services Union .\nShe is the mother of one son.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Manuel, Jean Maree", "Entry ID": "AWE1898", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/manuel-jean-maree\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Carlton, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Teacher, Volunteer", "Summary": "Jean Manuel was a dedicated local activist in southern Sydney, with a wide range of voluntary and community interests. She was a Councillor on the Sutherland Shire council from 1965-80, including stints as the Deputy Shire President from 1968-71 and 1977-78 and Shire President from 1978-79. Jean was less successful in state politics, having been an unsuccessful Independent candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Woronora in 1973 and for Sutherland in 1988.\n", "Details": "Educated Belmore North PS, NSW, St Joseph's School, Belmore NSW, Burwood HS NSW\nMarried Kenneth Manuel, 1946, two daughters and one son.\nVoluntary Red Cross worker, 1939-45, 1945-47.\nInfants teacher, St Joseph's School Oyster Bay 1955-63.\nFirst woman councillor, deputy shire president and shire president in her long career with Sutherland Shire 1965-80.\nAustralian Local Government Women's Association office holder, records officer and historian, life member from 1970.\nMBE 1977.\nPatron of many organizations in Sutherland Shire, including Amelie House Women's Refuge 1978-80.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australian-parliaments-and-local-governments-past-and-present-a-survey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Marland, Valerie Hope", "Entry ID": "AWE1899", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marland-valerie-hope\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Curlewis, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Accountant", "Summary": "An active local councillor and small businesswoman, well known in her electorate. Valerie Marland was Alderman of Queanbeyan City Council from 1966-1995 and Councillor on the Southern Tablelands County Council from 1967 -. She was also a Liberal party candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Monaro in 1976.\n", "Details": "Valerie Marland was educated at Gulgong Public School, Bowral Public School and Bowral High School NSW, and Fort Street Girls' High School, Sydney NSW.\n At the time of her campaign she was a Senior Vice President of the Australian Local Government Women's Association, and was elected the first President of the Local Government Association in 1984.\nShe was active in business, local government and community organisations in Queanbeyan NSW. In 1976 Valerie Marland was appointed a MBE.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australian-parliaments-and-local-governments-past-and-present-a-survey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Matthews, May (Susan Mary)", "Entry ID": "AWE1901", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/matthews-may-susan-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Glen Innes, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Child welfare worker, Political candidate, Public servant, Welfare worker, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "May Matthews was a prominent figure in the labor movement over a generation. She represented Federal Labor in the 1932 elections for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Ryde.\n", "Details": "May Matthews worked as an Inspector in the Child Welfare Department, and as a Migration Officer in the United Kingdom.in which capacity she accompanied 80 girls sent to Australia under the migration scheme.\nIn 1927 May Matthews visited America as an official of the Industrial Mission to investigate conditions in manufacturing industries, especially women's conditions. She represented New South Wales at many Labour conferences in Australia and went to London to a women's conference in 1924. She was associated with Dr Arthur in many charitable appeals. She was closely associated with W. A. Holman and opposed to J. T. Lang, and she took a leading role in the Australian Labor movement for more than 30 years\nMay Matthews was awarded a King's Jubilee Medal 1935. Her obituary in the Sydney Morning Herald reported that her funeral was attended by representatives of many of the organizations of which she had been a member, including the League of Nations Union, the National Council of Women , the Good Film League and the Housewives Association.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McGee, Therese Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE1908", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcgee-therese-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Medical practitioner, Political candidate", "Summary": "A once only candidate, who went on to successfully follow her profession. Therese McGee stood as an ALP candidate in the 1981 New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Northcott.\n", "Details": "Educated at Loreto College, Normanhurst, Terry went on to the University of Sydney where she graduated with first class honours in Medicine (MBBS). She did her residency at Concord Repatriation Hospital then worked with the Aboriginal Medical Service in western New South Wales and with the Workers' Health Centre at Lidcombe. She worked for some years in Zimbabwe, where she indulged in her love for obstetrics. On her return to Australia she completed her specialist training and became of member of the Royal Australian College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.\nTerry McGee was an office holder in the ALP at local and state electorate level, and was Vice President of Young Labor. She was also an elected delegate to the Labor Annual Conference and the Labor Women's Committee.\nBy 2003, she was on the staff of the Adolescent Health\/ Medicine at the Children's Hospital Westmead and working as an obstetrician and gynaecologist. A serious hearing problem and the subsequent search for hearing improvement has meant that by 2005 she was working part time in her specialty. She is the author of a novel based on her experiences, Misconceptions: a novel of birth, death and what happens in between, published in 2003 by Pan Macmillan.\nTerry McGee is a member of the Doctors' Reform Society. In July 2005 she was appointed to the Federal Government Committee charged with making an independent review of Assisted Reproduction Technologies.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McKay, Sonya", "Entry ID": "AWE1910", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mckay-sonya\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bass Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Environmentalist, Lawyer, Political candidate", "Summary": "An active and committed environmentalist, Sonya McKay represented the Australian Greens in the House of Representatives election for Blaxland in 2001 and at the New South Wales Legislative Assembly election for East Hills in 2003. She conducted her campaign on the local issues of opposition to the Holsworthy airport proposal, opposition to the privatisation and expansion of Bankstown airport and prevention of overdevelopment of the electorate area. Sonya McKay was also a strong advocate of increased funding for health and public education. At the time of her campaign for East Hills she was enrolled in a Master of Environmental Law degree at the University of Sydney (B.A., LL.B). Sonya McKay was born and educated in the western suburbs of Sydney.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Meers, Heather", "Entry ID": "AWE1915", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/meers-heather\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Waverley, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Librarian, Teacher", "Summary": "Heather Meers was born and bred in Waverley and taught at Dover Heights High School before her marriage to John Meers, with whom she has two children. She later worked as a primary school teacher\/librarian and was active in local community groups. At the time of her campaigns, she was the Secretary of the management committee of a local neighbourhood centre, where she conducted a conversation group for migrants. In 1984 and 1988 she stood as an Australian Democrats candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Waverley. Her election leaflet committed her to fight for cleaner beaches, reduction of public housing waiting lists, improved psychiatric care for the mentally ill and more community and youth centres.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Melville, Gertrude Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE1918", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/melville-gertrude-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Housewife, Politician", "Summary": "A tireless worker for the rights of women, children and 'the little people', Gertrude Melville became known as the 'grand old lady of the Labor Party'. She was their candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly Elections for the Eastern Suburbs in 1925 and for Hurstville in 1932 (Federal Labor party). Gertrude Melville was finally elected to parliament as a Member Legislative Council in 1952 to 1958. Prior to her attempts to enter parliament, she was Alderman in the Cabramatta-Canley Vale Municipal Council from 1944 to 1948, including a period as Mayor (1945-48).\n", "Details": "Gertrude Melville was educated at St Peter's Convent Surry Hills, Sydney. She married Arthur Melville, in Sydney on 2 December 1903 and they had five sons. She died in 1959. Her portrait by Miriam MacRae is held by the NSW Legislative Council.\nGertrude joined the Labor Party in 1904 and was a member of Central Executive 1922-26, and 1950-52. She was president of ALP Central Women's Organising Committee 1947-52. Child endowment in NSW is said to have originated from a motion she moved at her local branch, Randwick, in 1918. She ran unsuccessfully against Millicent Preston Stanley [please link] in 1925. Gertrude Melville joined Federal Labor after the Lang split and campaigned against Lang in 1932 election. She said that Lang's withholding of the payment of child endowment and widows' pensions made her decide to contest the seat of Hurstville in 1932. Later she opposed the industrial groups in the Labor upheavals of the 1950s.\nShe was elected by both houses to fill a casual vacancy in the Legislative Council in 1952, under the reconstructed constitution (1934-78). She served one term. In 1958 she was involved in a public controversy about police corruption.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/herstory-australian-labor-women-in-federal-state-and-territory-parliaments-1925-1994\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australian-parliaments-and-local-governments-past-and-present-a-survey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/melville-gertrude-mary-1884-1959\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Moore, Clover", "Entry ID": "AWE1924", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moore-clover\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Mayor, Politician, Teacher", "Summary": "An indefatigable and very successful campaigner, Clover Moore was Alderman of the South Sydney City Council from 1980 to 1981 and Alderman of the Council of the City of Sydney 1981-87. She was elected Lord Mayor of Sydney in 2003. Clover was also elected as an Independent to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Bligh in 1988, 1991, 1995, 1999 and 2003. In 2007 she was elected to the new seat of Sydney and relinquished it in 2012.\nIn the 1990s Clover Moore held the balance of power in the Legislative Assembly, with two other independents. She is renowned for her hard work and her community attachments. She continues to hold the position of Lord Mayor of Sydney.\n", "Details": "Clover Moore was born in Sydney, one of three daughters of Kathleen and Francis Collins. She was educated at Loreto College, Kirribilli and Elm Court Dominican Convent, Moss Vale. She matriculated to Sydney University, where she studied arts (BA Dip. Ed.) and lived at Sancta Sophia College. After graduation she began work as English\/History teacher at Fort Street High School and then lived and taught in London and Europe for several years. She married Peter Moore, an architect, in 1972 and they have two children, Sophie and Tom.\nThe Moores returned to Australia in 1975, and in 1980 she won a seat on South Sydney Council. She has been in public office ever since, serving on the City of Sydney Council and in the Legislative Assembly, to which she was elected for Bligh in 1988. From 2003 she was both Lord Mayor of Sydney and the MLA for Bligh, and from 2007 MLA for Sydney until 2012. She continues to hold the position of Lord Mayor of Sydney.\nClover Moore was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 2023 for distinguished service to local government, to the people and Parliament of NSW, and to the community of Sydney.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clover-moore-further-papers-1976-1994\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clover-moore-papers-1982-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clover-moore-further-papers-1980-2009-being-bligh-sydney-electorate-office-archives\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clover-moore-further-papers-1988-2012-being-bligh-sydney-electorate-office-archives\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Morthorpe, Lee", "Entry ID": "AWE1926", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/morthorpe-lee\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Gundagai, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Fencer, Housewife", "Summary": "A once only candidate in an unwinnable seat, Lee Morthorpe stood for the ALP in the 1995 elections for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Davidson. She was born in Gundagai in country NSW and educated at Gundagai High School, the Australian National University (BA) and Charles Sturt University (DipEd). While at university, Lee was involved in student politics and was a member of the ANU Student Representative Council in 1988. She represented the ACT at the national Fencing Championships in 1988.\nLee joined the ALP in 1993 and has held office in her local branch. She is married to an officer of the RAN, and has two children.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mundey, Judith Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE1928", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mundey-judith-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Communist, Lawyer", "Summary": "An activist, particularly in regard to women's issues, Judith Mundey represented the Communist Party of Australia in the 1967 and 1968 elections for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Phillip and in the 1980 House of Representatives election for Sydney. She became the first woman President of the Communist Party of Australia 1979-82, having been Secretary of the Sydney District Committee of the party 1973-79. She was also one of a group of women who established the Women's Liberation Movement in Australia in 1969.\nJudy Mundey was born in Sydney and educated at Eastlakes and Mascot Public Schools, and at St George Girls' High School. She later completed an Arts degree and a Law degree at Macquarie University. In 1965 she married Jack Mundey, of BLF and Green Bans fame, and they had one son.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Nettle, Kerry Michelle", "Entry ID": "AWE1932", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nettle-kerry-michelle\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Politician", "Summary": "A Greens senator and environmental activist, Kerry Nettle first attempted to enter politics in 1999 when she contested the New South Wales Legislative Assembly election for Miranda. In 2001 she was elected as Senator for New South Wales, taking her seat on 1 July 2002. She is an active member of a great many Senate committees and is a member of the Senate Select Committee on the Administration of Indigenous Affairs since 2004.\n", "Details": "Within the Greens party, Kerry Nettle has been a delegate to the State Council and the National Council from 1999 and was a delegate from Australia to the Greens Global Conference in 2001.\nKerry Nettle has spent most of her adult life in the cause of improving the environment. She completed a B.Sc. (Hons) at the University of New South wales and was their Student Guild Environment officer in 1996. She became Co-ordinator of the Public Transport Conference 1997-98 and was the Greens office co-ordinator in 1998-9, when she ran for the seat of Miranda. In 1999-2000 she worked as a youth worker and co-ordinated the campaign Stop the Women's Jail.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Nori, Sandra Christine", "Entry ID": "AWE1939", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nori-sandra-christine-2\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Politician", "Summary": "Sandra Nori, a member of the Australian Labor Party, was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the Member for McKell in 1988. That seat was abolished in 1991 and she won the newly established seat of Port Jackson in 1991 and was re-elected in 1991, 1995, 1999 and 2003. She held the ministerial portfolios for Tourism and Small Business 1999-2003; for Women 2002-2007; Sport and Recreation 2003-2007.\nShe retired from the New South Wales Parliament in 2007.\n", "Details": "Sandra Nori was born in Newcastle, of Italian parents. She was educated at Petersham Girls High School and the University of Sydney (B.Ec.).\nShe worked as co-ordinator, South Sydney Women's Health Centre 1976-78, Health worker, Leichhardt Community Health Centre 1981-2, and Research Officer to Peter Baldwin, MHR, 1983-4. She was a member of the NSW Social Security Appeals Tribunal 1987-88.\nShe married John Faulkner, and they had two children, Bonnie and Lachlan. The marriage ended in divorce.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Oakman, Patricia", "Entry ID": "AWE1940", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oakman-patricia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Councillor", "Summary": "A community activist, Patricia Oakman was an ALP candidate in the 1973 elections for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Clarence. She had better luck in local politics being elected to the Bellingen Shire Council in 1969. She held the position of Shire President from 1971-73 and 1976-80.\n", "Details": "Patricia Oakman was born in Coffs Harbour and educated at Urunga Public School and the Paddington Domestic Science School.\nShe was first elected to the Bellingen Shire Council in 1969 and became the first woman to be a shire president in 1971.\nPatricia Oakman became the first woman director on the executive of the Hospital Contribution Fund of Australia in 1970, and the first woman president of the Hospital Association of NSW 1973-75, 1981.She was a director of the Bellingen Hospital Board from 1965, treasurer 1969-79, chair 1980. She was a member of the Sydney Farm Produce Marketing Authority in 1978.\nPatricia Oakman received the Queen's Jubilee Medal in 1977 and was awarded an A.M. in 1978. She is married to William John Oakman (died July 2005)\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ponting, Meg", "Entry ID": "AWE1966", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ponting-meg\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Public servant", "Summary": "Meg Ponting ran for parliament motivated by her determination to protect her community. As an Independent she contested the 1988 New South Wales Legislative Assembly election for McKell. Following her move to live in the Rocks area of Sydney, she and others were outraged by the Department of Housing issuing eviction notices to long term residents of the area and Meg Ponting agreed to run, one of 5 independents, as a nuisance candidate in order to highlight the situation.\nMeg Ponting was born in Sydney and educated to Intermediate Certificate level in public schools. She worked as a Public Servant in the Maritime Services Board. She married B. G. Ponting and they had three children. She lived in The Rocks till her death in 2010.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Quirk, Mary Lilly May", "Entry ID": "AWE1971", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/quirk-mary-lilly-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Coonamble, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Politician", "Summary": "Mary Quirk was the first Labor woman elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, and was an assiduous local member until deselected in 1950. She was first elected in 1939 during the Balmain by election and was re-elected in 1941, 1944 and 1947. In 1950 Mary contested the seat again, this time as an Independent, but failed.\n", "Details": "Mary Quirk was educated at Rozelle Superior Public School. She worked as a domestic servant, until she married John Kelly on 28 September 1898, in Balmain, Sydney. They had a son and three daughters before he died in 1926. She then worked as a shop assistant and joined the Shop Assistants' Union of NSW.\nOn 9 February 1927 she married John Quirk, Labor MLA for Rozelle (1917-20, 1927-30) and Balmain (1920-27 and 1930-38). After he died in 1938, she was elected at the by election for Balmain in 1939. She and John Quirk were strong supporters of Lang. She was the first Labor woman and the second woman to be elected to the Legislative Assembly, and the galleries were filled with women on the day she was sworn in. She was especially concerned with the interests of housewives and industrial workers.\nShe lost preselection after two contested ballots in 1950 and was defeated by the official ALP candidate when she stood as an independent in June 1950. She became a director of the Sunshine Home for children. When she died, the premier James McGirr said that she had 'added a special dignity to our Parliament'.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/herstory-australian-labor-women-in-federal-state-and-territory-parliaments-1925-1994\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/quirk-mary-lilly-may-1880-1952\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rankin, Genevieve", "Entry ID": "AWE1973", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rankin-genevieve\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Lecturer, Social worker", "Summary": "Genevieve Rankin's commitment to social justice, peace and the environment has directed her career in local government, education and community activism. She first ran for parliament in 1991 as an ALP candidate for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Sutherland. She re-contested the seat in 1995, but again failed. However Genevieve Rankin was successfully elected to the Sutherland Shire Council in 1991-2004 and was appointed Mayor from 1994-95.\n", "Details": "Genevieve Rankin grew up in the St George area of Sydney. She worked as a policy officer at the Australian Council of Social Service, and coordinator of Crossroads Community Care Centre at Miranda.\nIn 1995 she was a lecturer at the University of Western Sydney in Political economy, community work and industrial relations. She was the first President of the NSW Welfare Workers Union and President of the Milperra Branch of the Lecturers' Association of the NSW Teachers' Federation. Genevieve has been active in her community, in school, community, peace and environmental groups.\nA long time member of the ALP, she has held a variety of positions at branch, FEC and SEC level.\nAs Mayor of Sutherland Shire Council, and later as a private citizen, Ms Rankin was active in opposing the new nuclear reactor at Lucas Heights, Sydney.\nShe is married to Des, and they have two children.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ratcliffe, Margaret Anne", "Entry ID": "AWE1974", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ratcliffe-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Physiotherapist", "Summary": "Margaret Ratcliffe was a committed Christian activist. She first stood for election in 1995 as a Call to Australia party candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Gordon. This was followed by two attempts at obtaining the seat of Bradfield in the House of Representatives in 1996 and 1998. The following year she changed political allegiance and contested the seat of Denison on behalf of the Christian Democrat Party.\n", "Details": "Margaret Ratcliffe was born in Sydney and educated at the Presbyterian Ladies' College and the University of Sydney. She practised her profession of physiotherapy in Lane Cove for 38 years. She married in 1957 and had three sons. She was a member of the Sydney Philharmonic Choir.\nMargaret Ratcliffe lived on the North Shore all her life, and although previously a Liberal Party member, by 1995, had joined the Christian Democratic Party because of her concern about youth unemployment and lack of strong moral leadership. Her Christian activities included Sunday School teaching and scripture teaching in public schools.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Resch, Victoria", "Entry ID": "AWE1977", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/resch-victoria\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Psychologist", "Summary": "Victoria Resch ran for election once only, and is a successful professional. In 1991, she was encouraged by Richard Jones, MLC and Elisabeth Kirkby, MLC to stand in Vaucluse (New South Wales Legislative Assembly) for the Democrats in order to maximise the vote for the upper house. She was interviewed on the Ray Martin Show and appeared in a large \"Meet the Democrats\" meeting within days of nominating. Victoria Resch was born in Sydney, educated at Abbotsleigh School, Wahroonga and at the Universities of NSW (B.A. (Hons)) and Macquarie. In her youth she played a number of roles on television and through this, knew Elisabeth Kirkby. She has been a psychologist in private practice in the eastern suburbs of Sydney for more than twenty years and has one daughter.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Robertson, Christine Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE1981", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/robertson-christine-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Politician", "Summary": "A distinguished public health worker and country Labor activist, Christine Robertson maintained her interest in social justice and health care in the NSW Legislative Council. As an ALP candidate she contested the following elections:\nNew South Wales Legislative Assembly, Tamworth, 1988, 1991, 1995\nNSW Legislative Council, 1999\nNSW Legislative Council 2003 - elected.\nChristine's political appointments included:\nTemporary Chairman of Committees;\nChairman, Standing Committee on Law and Justice; Member, Standing Committee on State Development; and Member, Committee on the Health Care Complaints Commission. She retired in 2011.\n", "Details": "Christine Robertson was born in Wollongong and educated in country schools. She trained at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital 1966-69 and has worked as nurse at Royal Prince Alfred, Royal North Shore, South Sydney, St Vincent's and Tamworth Base hospitals 1969-1986.\nShe was Health Education Officer, New England Area Health Service, 1986-97; Manager Population Health, New England Health Service, 1997-98; Director, Population Health & Planning, and Research Institute, New England Area Health Service, 1998-2003. In 1990 she completed a B.Health Science.\nChristine Robertson has been active in ALP from 1980, and has been a delegate to State and National Conferences. After her election to the Legislative Council of New South Wales, she was appointed its representative on the Council of the University of New England.\nShe married Richard Robertson in 1968 and they have two sons, Abe and James.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Solomon, Noreen", "Entry ID": "AWE2010", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/solomon-noreen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Hay, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Researcher", "Summary": "Noreen Solomon has been an ALP party stalwart contesting the unwinnable seats of Cook in the 1993 House of Representatives election and Cronulla in the 1995 New South Wales Legislative Assembly election. She worked as an adviser to two Federal Ministers, and in 1995 was on the staff of Robert Tickner, M.H.R.., Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs. She has held executive positions at all levels of the ALP including the local branch and federal and state electorate councils.\nNoreen had been active in her local area in Parents and Citizens Associations, as co-ordinator of the Cook\/Hughes Women's Electoral Lobby and as the first woman member of Cronulla Rotary. She played netball for a local team and was a delegate to the Sutherland Shire Netball Association. Noreen Solomon was born in Hay, completed her education at Gymea, a southern suburb of Sydney and is married and has two sons.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Stepkovitch, Betty Margaret May", "Entry ID": "AWE2015", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stepkovitch-betty-margaret-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Narrabri, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Pharmacist", "Summary": "Betty Stepkovitch was twice unsuccessful for the Democratic Labor Party, contesting the New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Coogee in 1971 and 1973. In 1971 she directed her preferences to Kevin Ellis, who won the seat. Betty Stepkovitch was married to John Stepkovitch, a prison officer and they have five children, and two foster children. She trained as a pharmacist before marriage.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Stone, Lorna", "Entry ID": "AWE2016", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stone-lorna\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Teacher", "Summary": "Lorna Stone was a successful Liberal Party candidate with a long history of community activity. In 1991 she was elected to the Sutherland Shire Council, remaining there until 1995 and then in 1997 she was elected to the seat of Sutherland in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly by-election. In 1999 Lorna ran for the Assembly seat of Heathcote but was not elected. She joined the Liberal Party in 1974 and has held many offices at every level of the Party.\n", "Details": "Lorna Stone has a Teachers Certificate from Sydney Teachers College and a Diploma Training of Deaf from Sydney CAE. She has worked as a teacher in the NSW Department of Education and has also been a Director of family companies and the HCF.\nShe is the Patron of various local community groups and was President of the Sutherland Family Network 1996-98. She was President\/Secretary of the Highfield Committee of Sutherland Hospital 1984-98 and has been Chairperson of the Southern Sydney Health Service. She is married to Keith Stone and they have a daughter and three sons. She has lived in the Sutherland Shire for over 30 years.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Street, Dianne", "Entry ID": "AWE2017", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/street-dianne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Public relations professional, Tour operator, Travel consultant", "Summary": "Dianne Street was a candidate for parliament only once - representing the Liberal Party in the 1981 elections for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Balmain. She joined the Liberal Party in 1975 and when she ran for election, she candidly admitted that she did not have any hope of winning. She ran on a campaign of environmental reform. At that time she told the Sydney Morning Herald that she had been through a handful of pre-selection attempts and would keep going until she won a seat. In the event it was her only candidature. She was however more successful in local politics being elected Alderman of the Willoughby Council from 1977 to 1980. She was married in 1954 to John Street, an accountant, and later married Bruce Horsley. She died in early 2025.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sutton, Julie", "Entry ID": "AWE2020", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sutton-julie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Marriage celebrant, Mayor, Teacher", "Summary": "Julie Sutton was a dedicated teacher of modern languages, whose service to local government and the ALP has spanned several decades. She was first elected to the Warringah Council in 1980 and was re-elected several times until 2003, then again in 2008. Julie became the first woman Mayor of Warringah in 1995 and served as Deputy Mayor for five terms. Unfortunately she could not match this success at the state level and failed to gain election to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Davidson in 1981, 1984 and 1988.\n", "Details": "Julie Sutton joined the ALP in 1969, and held various offices at both branch and electorate council levels. Her career in local government as a Councillor of Warringah Council was distinguished, and she was an energetic member of many Council committees.\nJulie was educated at Newcastle Girls High School and the Universities of Newcastle, New England and Macquarie completing a Master of Arts (Honours) and Diploma of Education. She taught French, German and English at Raymond Terrace, Newcastle Girls' and the Forrest High Schools. She was highly respected at Forrest High School where she taught for more than 15 years. She married (later dissolved) and had 3 sons.\nShe was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) in January 2022.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Taperell, Kathleen Joan", "Entry ID": "AWE2022", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/taperell-kathleen-joan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist, Public servant, Teacher", "Summary": "Kathleen Taperell ran only once for parliament (ALP candidate, New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Nepean, 1973) and went on to become a leading feminist and a senior public servant. From 1990, she has been Senior Adviser to the Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs and Assistant Secretary in the Department. Her papers are deposited in the National Library of Australia.\n", "Details": "Kathleen Taperell was born in Sydney and educated at Eastwood Public School, and Our Lady of Mercy College Parramatta. She completed a BA at the University of Sydney (1959), and a Dip Ed at the University of New England (1969). She married John Tucker, with whom she had two sons. She was known as Kathleen Tucker when she ran for the NSW seat of Nepean in 1973. She later returned to using her own name of Taperell.\nShe taught in NSW secondary schools 1967-72 and then became electorate Secretary to MHR John Kerin in 1973. From 1974 she was a public servant, on the staff of the Royal Commission on Australian Government Administration, the Public Service Board (Equal Opportunity Section) and from 1977 she was senior adviser at the Office of Women's Affairs, Canberra. From 1978 to 1983 She was Director of the Office of Women's Affairs (later Office of the Status of Women). She published Sexism in Public Service: the employment of women in Australian government administration with C. Fox and M. Roberts, in 1975.\nShe has been Convenor of the Women's Film Fund Advisory Panel, 1978-83. She represented Australia on the Preparatory Committee for the World Conference of the UN Decade for Women 1978-1980 and was a member of the Australian delegation to it in 1980. She was a member of the Australian delegation to the OECD High Level Conference on Women's employment in 1980.\nIn 1984 she moved to the Department of Foreign Affairs where she worked on human rights questions, and in 1986 she joined the Department of the Special Minister of State. She was Assistant Secretary, Prime Minister's Department 1986-90.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-papers-of-kathleen-taperell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-studies-tenth-anniversary-at-anu-dr-dorothy-broom-dr-jill-matthews-dr-susan-magarey-ms-wang-ying-ms-wu-lintao-ms-xu-xuehai-ms-liu-maoshu-ms-lian-lijuan-kathleen-taperell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kathleen-taperell-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-kathleen-taperell-1973-1992-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Timbrell, Jane Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE2025", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/timbrell-jane-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Union organiser, Unionist", "Summary": "Jane Timbrell was a Labor candidate in the NSW state election, in Strathfield, in 1995 and again in a by-election in Strathfield in 1996. She was unsuccessful both times.\nShe enjoyed success at a local government level and was the first Labor woman elected to the Ashfield Municipal Council in 1991-95. She worked as in Industrial Officer for the New South Wales Public Service Association from 1982, serving as the association's Women's Officer between 1996-2002.\n", "Events": "Active trade unionist in the Federated Miscellaneous Workers' Union (FMWU) (SA Branch) representing the photographic industry. (1976 - 1981) \nAlderman\/Councillor on Ashfield Municipal Council (first Labor woman elected to Ashfield Council) (1991 - 1995) \nDelegate of S UT&LC to ACTU Women's Committee (1979 - 1980) \nDelegate to the South Australian United Trades and Labor Council (SAUT&LC) (1977 - 1981) \nDeputy Mayor, 1992-1993.(First Woman) (1992 - 1993) \nEmployed as an Industrial Officer with the NSW Public Service Association (1981 - 2003) \nMember of the management committee of the SA Working Women's Centre (1979 - 1981) \nMember of the SA Working Women's Charter Standing Committee (1978 - 1981)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australian-parliament-and-local-government-an-updated-history-1975-1992\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Tuckwell, Joyce", "Entry ID": "AWE2028", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tuckwell-joyce\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Chatswood, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Secretary", "Summary": "Joyce Tuckwell was a once only candidate who represented the ALP in the 1984 election for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Eastwood. She joined the ALP in 1974, becoming Secretary of her local branch and a delegate to state and federal electorate councils and the ALP annual conference. She was the ALP campaign director for Bennelong in 1983. Joyce Tuckwell was educated at Cremorne Girls' High School and worked as a secretary and was a Director of 2 RRR, Regional radio Ryde.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Voltz, Lynda", "Entry ID": "AWE2031", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/voltz-lynda\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Hornsby, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Army officer (former), Counsellor, Political staffer, Rugby player, Soccer player", "Summary": "Lynda Voltz was a political staffer who ran for election as an ALP candidate, New South Wales Legislative Assembly, North Shore, in 1995. In that year she was employed as an electoral officer for Senator John Faulkner, and had worked previously for Peter Baldwin M.H.R. In 2007 she was elected to the Legislative Council of the NSW Parliament. She was re-elected in 2015.\n", "Details": "Lynda Voltz was educated at Birrong Girls High School and spent six years in the Australian Regular Army. She was a Clinic Counsellor for 3 years and a keen sportsperson, who played competitive Women's Soccer and Women's Rugby Union.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Walker, Virginia Clare", "Entry ID": "AWE2035", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walker-virginia-clare\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Waverley, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Administrator", "Summary": "Virginia Walker had a life long passion for social justice and worked through many organisations to achieve it. As an Australia Party candidate she contested the elections for the House of Representatives seat of Phillip in 1972 and 1974 and for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Waverley in 1973. She joined the Australian Labor Party in 1976 and stood unsuccessfully for the Woollahra Municipal Council in 1980 and 1983. In May 2000 she was awarded the McKell Inaugural Award for services to the ALP and in 2014 a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM).\n", "Details": "Virginia Walker was born in Sydney and educated at Ascham, Sydney, and New England Girls School, Armidale, NSW. After some years of work she became a mature age student at East Sydney Technical College and the Universities of NSW and Sydney, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1980 and a Diploma in Criminology 1985.\nVirginia worked at clerical jobs in Sydney 1955-60, London 1960-63, and Sydney 1963-72, before moving into administration in the NSW Public Service, working with the Department of Housing, the Parole Board and the Department of Corrective Services. She was appointed in 1982 to the Board of the Langton Centre, a drug and alcohol treatment and education body, and later became treasurer and vice-president.\nShe was active in abortion reform, penal reform, and the environment movement from her return to Australia in 1963. She was a member of the Women's Electoral Lobby from its foundation in 1972 until 1976, a member of the NSW Council for Civil Liberties and a member of the Australia Cuba Friendship Society 1984-91.\nSince her retirement in 1998 Virginia Walker volunteered as a teacher's aide at Forest Lodge Public School, and at the University of NSW Alumni Association. She was a co-founder of, and volunteer worker for, the Bridge for Asylum Seekers Foundation which raised millions of dollars to support asylum seekers waiting for determination of their claims for asylum. Members also assisted asylum seekers at court and in detention centres.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Anderson, Kathleen Harris", "Entry ID": "AWE2063", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anderson-kathleen-harris\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Canowindra, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Kathleen Anderson was an ALP Member of the New South Wales Legislative Council between 23\/4\/1973 - 28\/8\/1981 (8 years 4 months 6 days). During that time she served as the Government Whip, between 1\/10\/1976 - 28\/8\/1981 (4 years 10 months) 28 days) She was first elected in 1973 and then re-elected in 1978.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Green, Catherine Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE2064", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/green-catherine-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Curban, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Homemaker, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Catherine Green was an ALP stalwart who served on the New South Wales Legislative Council for less than a year, between 1931 and 1932.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kite, Delcia Ivy", "Entry ID": "AWE2065", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kite-delcia-ivy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Homemaker, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Delcia Kite was a long-time member of the Australian Labor party. She served on the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1976 - 1995. She was a Member of the indirectly elected Council 1934 - 1978. Date of Election 27 November 1975.\nShe was a Member of the directly elected Legislative Council. Dates of Elections 27 November 1975 and 24 March 1984.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lloyd, Florence Violet", "Entry ID": "AWE2067", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lloyd-florence-violet\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Walcha, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Interior decorator, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Florence Lloyd was a member of the Liberal Party. She was a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1973-1981. She was a Member of the indirectly elected Council 1934 - 1978. Date of Election 5 April 1973. A Member on reconstitution 6 November 1978. Florence Lloyd was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1982.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Walker, Judith Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE2069", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walker-judith-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Summer Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Umina, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Accountant, Parliamentarian, Union secretary", "Summary": "Judith Walker, a member of the Australian Labor Party, was a Member of the directly elected Legislative Council. Date of Election 5 December 1984. She was a member from 1984-1995. Elected for balance of term of service of Hon. J.J Morris, resigned. Granted retention of title of \"Honourable\" for life.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jakins, Judith Helen", "Entry ID": "AWE2070", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jakins-judith-helen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bourke, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Goondiwindi, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Farmer, Mothercraft nurse, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Judy Jakins was a member of the National Party. She was a Member of the directly elected Legislative Council from 24 March 1984 until 1991. She was the first woman elected to represent the National Party in New South Wales when she entered Parliament in 1984. She was an Alderman of Dubbo City Council 1991 - 1995.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bignold, Marie May", "Entry ID": "AWE2071", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bignold-marie-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kiama, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Marie Bignold was a member of the Call To Australia Group (CTA). She was a member of the directly elected Legislative Council from 1984-1991; she was elected on 5 December 1984. Bignold was the first woman lawyer to take a seat in the Legislative Council.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fisher, Marie Claire", "Entry ID": "AWE2072", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fisher-marie-claire\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Lismore, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Teacher", "Summary": "Marie Fisher was a member of the Australian Labor Party. She was a Member of the directly elected New South Wales Legislative Council from 1978-1988. Date of Election 7 October 1978.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Press, Anne Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE2074", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/press-anne-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Condobolin, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Teacher", "Summary": "Anne Press had a parliamentary career that spanned two decades and the opposite ends of the political spectrum. Initially elected in 1959 as an ALP councillor, Press was soon expelled (in 1959) from the party following her vote against party lines when she voted against the Legislative Council Abolition Bill. She then became a member of the Independent Labour Group, to which she belonged for eight years. She joined the Liberal party in 1967, and was successfully re-elected to the council as their candidate in 1970. She retired from parliament in 1978.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rygate, Amelia Elizabeth Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE2076", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rygate-amelia-elizabeth-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Canowindra, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canowindra", "Occupations": "Homemaker, Horse breeder, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Amelia Rygate was an ALP Member of the New South Wales (NSW) Legislative Council between 7\/9\/1961 - 5\/11\/1978 (17 years 1 months 30 days). She was elected in 1961 and then re-elected in 1966. She retired from Parliament in 1978.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Chadwick, Virginia Anne", "Entry ID": "AWE2077", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/chadwick-virginia-anne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Toronto, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Parliamentarian, Teacher", "Summary": "Virginia Chadwick was a member of the Liberal Party. She was a member of the directly elected Legislative Council. Dates of Election 7 October 1978 and 19 March 1988.\nParliamentary career highlights:\nMinister for Family and Community Services, 1988-1990\nMinister for School Education and Youth Affairs, 1990-1992\nMinister for Education and Youth Affairs and Minister for Employment and Training, 1992-93\nMinister for Education, Training and Youth Affairs, Minister for Tourism and Minister Assisting the Premier, 1993-1995\nOpposition Whip, 1984-1988\nVirginia Chadwick was the President of the Legislative Council 1998-1999. She was the first woman Opposition Whip and woman to gain ministerial appointment in a Liberal Government. She retired from politics on 5 March 1999 and was later granted the retention of title of \"Honourable\" for life.\nOn 1 July 1999 the Commonwealth Minister for Environment and Heritage, Robert Hill, appointed Ms Chadwick to a five-year term (later extended) as Chairperson and Chief Executive Officer of the Great Barrier Marine Park Authority, a position she held until November 2007.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Webster, Ellen", "Entry ID": "AWE2078", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/webster-ellen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tenterfield, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Ellen Webster was an ALP Member of the New South Wales Legislative Council between 26\/11\/1931 - 22\/4\/1934 (2 years 4 months 28 days), She was appointed by Premier Jack Lang.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/webster-ellen-1877-1965\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Griffin, Kayee Frances", "Entry ID": "AWE2082", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/griffin-kayee-frances\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Local government councillor, Mayor, Parliamentarian, Union organiser", "Summary": "Kayee Griffin was elected to the NSW Legislative Council on 22 March 2003 representing the Australian Labor Party. Before her election to the State Parliament, she served as a Canterbury Municipal Councillor from 1991-2003 and was mayor in 1995.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fazio, Amanda Ruth", "Entry ID": "AWE2085", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fazio-amanda-ruth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Amanda Fazio was elected to the NSW Legislative Council on 30 August 2000 and served until 2015. She was president of the Legislative Council from 2009-2011, and was an active member of the Australian Labor Party from 1977.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rhiannon, Lee", "Entry ID": "AWE2086", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rhiannon-lee\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Lee Rhiannon was elected to the NSW Legislative Council on 27 March 1999 and served in that capacity until 2010, when she was elected to the Senate in the Parliament of Australia representing the state of new South Wales. She is a member of the Greens.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Burgmann, Meredith Anne", "Entry ID": "AWE2090", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burgmann-meredith-anne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Beecroft, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Meredith Burgmann was elected to the NSW Legislative Council on 25 May 1991. She was President of the NSW Legislative Council from 1999-2007 and a member of the Australian Labor Party.\n", "Events": "For significant service to the people and Parliament of New South Wales. (2020 - 2020)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/meredith-burgmann-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Nile, Elaine Blanche", "Entry ID": "AWE2092", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nile-elaine-blanche\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Waterloo, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Elaine Nile was a Member of the NSW Legislative Council from 19 March 1988 to 27 August 2002. She was a member of the Call to Australia Group.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/politician-fought-for-return-to-traditional-moral-values\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Goldsmith, Marlene Mary Herbert", "Entry ID": "AWE2093", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/goldsmith-marlene-mary-herbert\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Gunnedah, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Teacher", "Summary": "Marlene Goldsmith was a Member of the NSW Legislative Council from 19 March 1988 to 5 March 1999. She was a member of the Liberal Party.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fardell, Dawn Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE2094", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fardell-dawn-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Local government councillor, Parliamentarian, Politician", "Summary": "Dawn Fardell was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 2004 at a by-election as the independent member for Dubbo. She was re-elected in 2007, but was defeated at the 2011 election.\nBefore entering parliament, she served as a Dubbo City Councillor from 1999-2005.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Brown, Olive", "Entry ID": "AWE2097", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brown-olive\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Grafton, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Health worker", "Summary": "A founder of the Winnunga Nimmityjah Aboriginal Health Service, Olive Brown was central in the fight to improve Aboriginal health services generally in the Canberra region.\n", "Details": "An inspirational figure and tireless promoter of community services, Olive Brown was a central combatant in the fight to improve Aboriginal health services in the Canberra region.\nWhile most widely recognised in Canberra as the founder of the Winnunga Nimmityjah Aboriginal Health Service, Olive Brown had a varied, rich life before arriving in the capital in 1987. After training as a teacher's aid at Sydney University, Brown worked for the Rural Bank. Utilising her natural beauty and iconic Australian looks, Brown also modelled for the Australian Wool Board and David Jones in the 1960s. She starred as part of a 'bunch of Australian beauties - blondes and brunettes, out-doorsy or sophisticated, of European or indigenous stock' in a 1969 feature called 'Beautiful Australians' in Vogue magazine.\nWinnunga Nimmityjah, which means strong health in the Wiradjuri language, was established in 1988 by a group of local Ngunnawal people, the Traditional Owners of the lands that form the ACT. Inspired by the influx of people from across the nation around the time of the opening of the new Parliament House in May 1988 and the Queen's visit, Olive Brown recognised the need to set up a temporary medical service at the Tent Embassy site and enlisted the support of Dr Sally Creasey, Carolyn Patterson (registered nurse\/midwife), Margaret McCleod and other volunteers to assist. Thus Winnunga was created.\nFrom this transient beginning, formed by the movement of people, Winnunga became a permanent entity, taking up residence in the back rooms of Shortcuts, a youth support centre in the city. From 1989 to 1990, Winnunga ran a clinic twice a week (Tuesday and Thursday mornings) and on Saturday mornings. The current Winnunga Medical Director, Peter Sharp, began work at Winnunga in 1989. Other staff worked as volunteers. The then ACT Minister for Health, Wayne Berry, was shocked by its accommodation in a visit to the service in 1989. In 1990 he was able to provide a small amount of funding.\nBy January 1990 the service began full-time operations. In 1991 the clinic was operating out of the Griffin Centre, from 1998-2004 in Ainslie and is today located in Boolimba Crescent, Narrabundah. While the centre has struggled to gain adequate funding and resources, and to keep up with an increasing demand for its services, it has persevered despite the challenges.\nOlive Brown's vision of a community empowered to know and own information about itself, therefore enabling self-determined planning and decision making is central to Winnunga's fabric and drive. In Chief Investigator Michele Moloney's dedication to \"'Bumpa Shooters' A study of the smoking habits among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community of the ACT region\", she noted Brown's conviction that health care needed to be reintroduced as a process in Aboriginal people's lifestyles: 'That not only do we need to have access to Aboriginal services, but we also need to be at the forefront of identifying the issues and developing the processes which will ensure wellness and holistic health.' It was this fundamental component which she saw as Aboriginal people's right to self-reliance and self determination at community, family and individual levels.\nOlive Brown's frenetic activity as adviser, helper and friend drove her to help set up the Aboriginal Children's Service, the Murralingabung Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Drug and Alcohol Organisation, and be active as a member of the executive of the Diocesan Pastoral Council of the Catholic Archdiocese of Canberra and Goulburn for two years, and a member of the Council for four.\nHer active commitment to the ACT Aboriginal community and beyond continued until the end of her life. As her sister Kaye Mundine noted in her obituary, it said a lot about the pace and nature at which Olive Brown lived her life that it ended while meeting with friends early on a Sunday morning, 31 January 1993.\nThis entry was prepared in 2006 by Roslyn Russell and Barbara Lemon, Museum Services, and funded by the ACT Heritage Unit.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/winnunga-nimmityjah-aboriginal-health-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "House, Matilda", "Entry ID": "AWE2101", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/house-matilda\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cowra, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Administrator, Artist", "Summary": "A Ngambri-Ngunnawal elder, Matilda House has a long-established connection to Canberra and its surrounding regions as one of the traditional custodians of the land.\n", "Details": "Born near Cowra on Erambie Aboriginal Reserve, House grew up in her grandfather's house on Hollywood Aboriginal Reserve in Yass. She was one of ten children. The Ngambri-Ngannawal family group has been formally recognised by the ACT Government as having historical connections to the Canberra region and surrounds, particularly the region around Namadgi National Park. Black Harry Williams, also known as Ngoobra, House's great-grandfather, and Harry Williams her grandfather, both identified as Ngambri. [1]\nWhile living with her grandfather as a child, she visited the region frequently and listened to his many stories about their ancestral history and country. Where others see Canberra as the nation's capital, descendants such as House see Ngunnawal country, with Parliament House built in their 'mother's womb'. [2] House returned to her ancestral country permanently in 1963 and has been actively involved in Indigenous Affairs in the Canberra region since 1967.\nMatilda House is the Chair of the Ngunnawal Local Aboriginal Land Council in Queanbeyan and the Joint Chair of the Interim Namadgi National Park Committee. As chair of many other Canberra and Queanbeyan Indigenous committees and organisations, and in her role as a Ngunnawal representative performing numerous welcoming ceremonies, House is vitally active within the community.\nHouse's long association with Aboriginal justice concerns began when she helped to establish the Aboriginal Legal Service in the 1980s, and has continued more recently through her membership of the Aboriginal Justice Advisory Committee. [3] Serving on the first ACT Heritage Council, delivering the welcome at 1997's 'Sea of Hands', contributing to the 'Bringing Them Home' report into the Stolen Generations, acting as an ACT honorary ambassador or as one of the original protestors who established the Tent Embassy in 1972, Matilda House is tirelessly involved.\nWhile running for regional council in 2002, House told the Canberra Times that her main interests were Aboriginal history and traditions, and her long term goal was to improve the relationship between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and the wider community: 'I believe it is possible to work together to respect this land of ours and to achieve justice, equity and unity for all Australians, and that's a journey I'd like to tell my great-grandchildren about in the years to come.' [4]\nIt seems House's goal has proved both abundantly fruitful and successful. Commenting at a ceremony naming Matilda House the 2006 Canberra Citizen of the Year, Chief Minister Jon Stanhope noted 'It is hard to think of any organisation involving Indigenous interests with which she has not been involved at some time'.\nBeing awarded the highest recognition that can be bestowed by the Territory upon one of its own is an active testament to House's tremendous impact on Canberra's social, heritage, justice and environment landscape. After receiving a standing ovation from a 400 strong crowd, House, dressed in traditional possum skins, thanked her family, community and ancestors, adding Canberra was the best city in the world. [5]\nIn 2008 she performed the first 'Welcome to Country' at the opening of the Federal Parliament in Canberra and has continued to perform this role at other official functions.\nIn 2012 she addressed the protesters at the fortieth anniversary of the Aboriginal Tent Embassy in Canberra, and looked forward to the time when the embassy could perform a more educational role.\nStory-telling is a tradition close to House's heart: she believes that, as an elder, she has a responsibility to tell the stories of her people and thereby pass on community identity and heritage to her descendants. Five picture books under the banner 'Tales of Ngambri History' address this desire. Written and illustrated by five local Indigenous families (House, her son Paul and grandchildren Leah, Ruby and Reuben included), the books were distributed throughout the ACT's public primary schools. House firmly believes 'you must have stories of your country. If you don't, you don't belong, no matter where you come from.' [6]\nMatilda House has four children and many grandchildren and she enjoys telling them about their ancestors and country through such stories, and also through painting. Just another dimension of House's passion and output, her paintings are exhibited, and one hangs in the ACT Legislative Assembly.\nThis entry was prepared in 2006 by Roslyn Russell and Barbara Lemon, Museum Services, and funded by the ACT Heritage Unit.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/strong-lines-new-directions-an-exhibition-of-prints-by-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-artists-living-and-working-in-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Job, Peg", "Entry ID": "AWE2107", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/job-peg\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Braidwood, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Editor, Writer", "Summary": "As a writer and editor, Peg Job contributed to a number of Australian newspapers and magazines. She published on subjects ranging from human rights to travel and literary criticism, and produced short stories, poetry and one novel, The Dying.\n", "Details": "From Latin America to Braidwood via Narrabundah and from writer and editor to marriage celebrant, in Peg Job's life of variety her commitment to community has remained a constant. Graduating from the University of New South Wales in 1989 with a PhD in Latin American literature, Job was so struck by the kind welcome she received from her Narrabundah neighbours on her arrival in the suburb in 1990 she paid tribute to it in 'In Praise of Narrabundah', a short story in the 1992 collection Stories of the Inner South.[1]\nWorking to earn enough money during this period - as a columnist for the Canberra Times, a freelance reviewer and an adult-education coordinator - Peg Job's true needs were to read, think and write: 'A good book - which in my case is most commonly a novel - is a way of grappling with the meaning in life, with the essence of being human. What could be a more important responsibility for a thoughtful citizen than pursuing these questions?'.[2]\nAs a contributor to numerous Australian newspapers and magazines, she has published in a number of genres: literary criticism, human rights, travel writing, a novel The Dying, short stories, and has even tried her hand at poetry written in Spanish. Her love of literature and a move to Braidwood, 109 kilometres east of Canberra, was manifested in the opening of 'Peg's Books' on Monkittee Street in 1997. While 'Peg's Books' suffered an early demise due to the introduction of GST on books in 2000, Job's involvement with books and writing has continued.\nAs Editor with the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia (ASSA) Peg Job currently produces their journal Dialogue and various Academy publications. The Academy is an autonomous, non-governmental organisation devoted to the advancement of knowledge and research in the social sciences.\nPeg Job's commitment to social and community betterment is demonstrated by her endorsement of the Wellbeing Manifesto that takes as its starting point the belief that governments in Australia should be devoted to improving our individual and social wellbeing.\nAs an inhabitant of Braidwood, a township which has been classified by the National Trust in its entirety, Peg Job is well able to exercise her passion for creating inclusive and active communities. Activities such as belonging to the a capella group Madrigala, and acting as a qualified civil marriage celebrant enable her to embrace the communion of life and love in a rural township.\nThis entry was prepared in 2006 by Roslyn Russell and Barbara Lemon, Museum Services, and funded by the ACT Heritage Unit.\nPeg Job passed away in 2017.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-dying\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-redress-press-book-files-1976-1996-including-correspondence-contracts-readers-reports-reviews-and-photographs\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Halligan, Marion Mildred", "Entry ID": "AWE2113", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/halligan-marion-mildred\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Author", "Summary": "Marion Halligan was an acclaimed author of novels, short stories, reviews, essays and gastronomic writing.\n(This entry is sponsored by generous donation from Christine Foley.)\n", "Details": "Marion Halligan was born and educated in Newcastle, New South Wales, and worked as a school teacher and freelance journalist before becoming a prolific writer in her forties. She moved to Canberra in the 1960s and her first published short story appeared in the Australian Women's Weekly in 1969. She married Graham Halligan and they had two children, Lucy and James.\nHer fiction books include: Self Possession (1987), The Living Hothouse (1988), The Hanged Man in the Garden (1989), Spider Cup (1990), Lovers' Knots: A Hundred-Year Novel (1992), The Worry Box (1993), Wishbone (1994), The Midwife's Daughters (1997), The Golden Dress (1998), The Fog Garden: A Novel (2001), The Point (2003), The Apricot Colonel (2006), Murder on the Apricot Coast (2008), Valley of Grace (2009), and Goodbye Sweetheart (2015).\nHalligan has published numerous short stories, including those in her Collected Stories (1997) and Shooting the Fox (2011), in Best Australian Stories 2003, and those in Out of the Picture (1995), commissioned by the National Library of Australia and structured around works in the library's Pictorial Collection. Her food and travel writing includes Eat My Words (1990), Cockles of the Heart (1996) and Taste of Memory (2004). She co-authored Those Women Who Go to Hotels with Lucy Frost in 1997.\nHer work is inspired by personal experiences and the places in which she has lived. Her novel The Fog Garden draws on the experience of losing her husband to cancer and Words for Lucy (2022) is about her daughter's death in 2004.\nShe contributed writing on life in the 1970s for a Canberra Museum and Gallery exhibition, and also developed a play, Elastics (performed in 1987). She has curated a permanent exhibition for Newcastle Regional Museum, How shall we live?, and has written a series of restaurant performances entitled Gastronomica for the Melbourne Festival.\nShe was a member of Seven Writers - a group of seven Canberra-based writers whose work vividly portrayed life 'beneath the surface of Canberra' - and as part of this collective she contributed to Canberra Tales (1988), later reissued as The Division of Love (1996), an anthology of short stories about life in Canberra. The work received an ACT Bicentennial Award.\nA chronology of Halligan's other awards includes:\nPatricia Hackett Prize (1985)\nH.M. Butterley-F. Earle Hooper Memorial Award (1986)\nABC Bicentennial Literary Awards (finalist 1988)\nSteele Rudd Award (1989)\nGeraldine Pascall Prize for Critical Writing (1990)\nNBC Banjo Award for Fiction (shortlisted 1990)\nPrize for Gastronomic Writing (1991)\nAge Book of the Year Award (1992) & Age Book of the Year Award, Imaginative Writing Prize (1992)\nACT Book of the Year Award (1993)\nNBC Banjo Award for Fiction (shortlisted 1993)\nNita Kibble Literary Award (1994, shortlisted 2002)\nNewcastle University Newton John Award, for creative and innovative work (1994)\nACT Book Reviewer of the Year (1997 joint with Sara Dowse)\nAge Book of the Year Award, Fiction Prize (shortlisted 1998)\nMiles Franklin Award (shortlisted 1999)\nThe IMPAC Dublin Award (shortlisted 1999)\nQueensland Premier's Literary Award (shortlisted 2002)\nCommonwealth Writers Prize, Best Book Sth East Asia and South Pacific (shortlisted 2004)\nACT Book of the Year Award (2004) for The Point\nACT Book of the Year Award (2010) for Valley of Grace\nACT Book of the Year (shortlisted 2023) for Words for Lucy\nHalligan was Writer-in-Residence at Charles Sturt University in 1990 and a prolific writer of literature reviews and essays published in numerous major Australian newspapers and journals. She was chairperson of the Literature Board of the Australia Council (1992-1995) and has been chairperson of the Australian Word Festival.\nIn June 2006, Halligan was awarded with an AM - General Division, 'for service to literature as an author, to the promotion of Australian writers and to support for literary events and professional organisations.' The ACT Writers Centre was renamed Marion in 2022 in joint honour of Halligan and Marion Mahony Griffin.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-fog-garden-a-novel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-division-of-love-stories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-apricot-colonel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cockles-of-the-heart\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collected-stories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eat-my-words\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-golden-dress\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-hanged-man-in-the-garden\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-living-hothouse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lovers-knots-a-hundred-year-novel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/out-of-the-picture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/self-possession\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/spidercup\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-taste-of-memory\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wishbone\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-worry-box\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-marion-halligan-circa-1970-circa-2003-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oral-history-interview-with-marion-halligan-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-seven-writers-group-between-1986-and-approximately-2000\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-curtis-brown-australia-pty-ltd-1962-2002-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dale-spender-papers-1972-1995\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Horsfield, Dorothy", "Entry ID": "AWE2114", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/horsfield-dorothy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Journalist, Poet", "Summary": "Dorothy Horsfield worked as a journalist in Australia and overseas. Her published novels include Dream Run (1992) and Venom (2006)\n(This entry was sponsored by a generous donation from Christine Foley.)\n", "Details": "Dorothy Horsfield studied English and Philosophy at the University of Sydney. She worked in Papua New Guinea as an information officer and as an anthropologist's research assistant in Zimbabwe. She also worked for the ABC in London, where she met well-known political journalist Paul Lyneham, whom she married. The couple had three children.\nHorsfield worked as a journalist with ABC radio and television, Channel 7, the Sydney Morning Herald, The Australian, the National Times and the Canberra Times, as far afield as London, Berlin and Afghanistan. She ran a media company, and also worked as a novelist, reviewer, short story writer and poet. She was published in newspapers and literary magazines.\nHorsfield's published novels include Dream Run (1992) and Venom (2006) - a tale of politics set in Canberra and its surrounds. She also edited Paul Lyneham: A Memoir (2002).\nShe was a member of Seven Writers - a group of seven Canberra-based writers whose work vividly portrayed life 'beneath the surface of Canberra' - and as part of this collective she contributed to Canberra Tales (1988), republished as The Division of Love in 1996, an anthology of short stories about life in Canberra. The work received an ACT Bicentennial Award.\nAfter the death of her husband in 2000 from lung cancer, Horsfield fronted a national media campaign in 2002 to raise public awareness of the need for early diagnosis of lung disease. She published articles about her visit to Afghanistan through the Rotary Club of Canberra, and became an adviser to UNIFEM Australia (the United Nations Development Fund for Women) in 2003.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dream-run\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/venom\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-division-of-love-stories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-seven-writers-group-between-1986-and-approximately-2000\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dorothy-horsfield-1986-2003-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cunningham, Catherine", "Entry ID": "AWE2156", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cunningham-catherine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Randwick, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Surry Hills, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Typist", "Summary": "Catherine Cunningham ran for the seat of Coogee, Sydney, in 1948. Her campaign was unsuccessful, but she continued to take a strong interest in politics at local, state and federal levels.\n", "Details": "Catherine Crosby was in charge of the typing pool at the Government Printing Office before she married Lucien Cunningham in 1927 at Randwick. The pair had two sons, John and Tony.\nLucien Cunningham was a member for Coogee from 1941 until his death in 1948. That same year, Catherine stood for the seat of Coogee herself, representing the ALP in the by-election. It was a bitter preselection with at least two other candidates vying for the position. Two further contenders, Harry Jensen and Lou Walsh, withdrew from the ballot, but ultimately Catherine was unsuccessful. The seat was won by Kevin Ellis (Lib).\nFollowing John's expulsion from the Labor Party, Catherine and her son began to actively support the DLP. Eventually, John ran for the DLP at both federal and state levels. Coogee was one of the Sydney areas in which the ALP split resonated with particular strength, and the Cunningham family were prominent figures in that dispute.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fairfax, Mary Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE2165", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fairfax-mary-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Woollahra, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Philanthropist", "Summary": "Only daughter of Sydney newspaper proprietor Sir James Reading Fairfax, Mary Elizabeth played an active part in Sydney society, lending her support to numerous charitable and women's organisations from the RSPCA to the YWCA.\n", "Details": "Born in Sydney to Lucy (n\u00e9e Armstrong) and (Sir) James Reading Fairfax, newspaper proprietor, Mary Elizabeth was the eldest of seven children and the only girl. From 1877 the family lived at Ginahgulla, with the exception of two years abroad, and from 1884 they spent the summer months at their country house in Moss Vale. Mary was educated at home.\nMary Fairfax never married and had no children. Known as Miss Mary from childhood, she became 'the quintessential maiden aunt' according to Caroline Simpson in the Australian Dictionary of Biography. Fairfax was, says Simpson, 'among the last of the great Victorians'. She was a foundation member of the executive of the Queen's Jubilee Fund in 1887, and was councillor of the University of Sydney's Women's College from 1893 until her death. She was associated with the RSPCA, the YWCA, the Kindergarten Union, and District Nursing Association (Sydney) and the Bush Book Club. She was a State council-member of the Girl Guides' Association. During both world wars Mary worked for the Australian Comforts Fund and the British (Australian) Red Cross Society. She joined the Victoria League in England and was a founder of its New South Wales branch in 1917. Mary was president of the Society of Arts and Crafts of New South Wales from 1912-19, and was a foundation member of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra Ladies' Committee in 1936.\nIn 1925, Lucy Fairfax passed away and Mary inherited the properties at Ginahgulla and Moss Vale, as well as 2,196 shares in John Fairfax & Sons Ltd, publishers of the Sydney Morning Herald. She took a keen interest in the paper and visited its offices regularly. She was known for her hospitality at Ginahgulla where she entertained leading society figures. During wartime her dining room was used to billet servicewomen.\nMary's 'spontaneous generosity' leads Simpson to surmise that 'the full measure of her philanthropy will never be calculated'. On her death, most of her \u00a3428,278 estate went to the Fairfax family, along with bequests to charities and employees, including \u00a31,000 for the Women's College.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fairfax-mary-elizabeth-1858-1945\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-activism-and-altruism-in-australian-womens-philanthropy-1880-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-houses-and-people-of-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-history-of-the-womens-college-within-the-university-of-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-women-philanthropists-in-australian-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fairfax-family-papers-1804-1948\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sir-james-reading-fairfax-papers-1871-1882-1883\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ramaciotti, Vera", "Entry ID": "AWE2167", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ramaciotti-vera\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Summer Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Philanthropist", "Summary": "In 1970, The Australian Women's Weekly published an article entitled 'The Quiet Millionairess'. It was this same year that Vera Ramaciotti established the Clive and Vera Ramaciotti Foundation in memory of her brother - who died three years previously - and herself, with $6.7 million in proceeds arising from the sale of the Theatre Royal in Sydney, left to the siblings by their father Gustavo. The magazine claimed that Vera was 'Australia's least-known millionairess' and 'possibly the most private woman in Australia', adding that she 'physically shrinks from seeing her name in print'.\n", "Details": "Vera was born to Gustavo Ramaciotti and Ada (n\u00e9e Wilson). Gustavo had migrated to Queensland from Italy with his parents. He worked as a legal clerk with William Knox Darcy ('the Mount Morgan millionaire'), then went to Sydney to work for law firm E.P. Simpson and Co, with whom he stayed for 25 years. He served as a major-general in the army in WWI, and became Inspector-General of Administration in the Australian Defence Department in 1917. Ramaciotti bought shares in the J.C. Williamson theatrical empire and acquired the historic Theatre Royal, in Sydney, around 1913. He died from a heart attack in 1927, aged 66.\nVera Ramaciotti was educated at the Sydney Church of England Girls' Grammar School, where she boarded. The Women's Weekly wrote that 'Miss Ramaciotti's girlhood was spent in rather upper-British-class, genteel fashion', and pointed out with some astonishment that she owned no car, and always travelled by boat, never by aeroplane. Her first trip abroad was in 1911 for King George V's coronation.\nVera told the magazine: 'I'll take a very keen interest in the Foundation, but I'll have nothing at all to do with its administration'. The multi-million dollar gift was handed to Perpetual Trustees, with a stipulation that $4 million go to benefit NSW specifically, and $2 million for Australia-wide projects, with most of the money to be directed toward medical education and research. Vera's appointment as a governor of Sydney Hospital influenced her choice, as did a request that she subscribe to the Walter and Eliza Hall Foundation - she explained to The Australian in 1970, 'I thought I'd have one of my own, rather than give it to somebody else's. Melbourne doesn't mean very much to me\u2026 I was born and raised in NSW, I live in Sydney, and I prefer it'.\nVera Ramaciotti made a rare public appearance in 1970 to sign papers in the office of Perpetual Trustees for the benefit of photographers. Since then, the Clive and Vera Ramaciotti Foundation has contributed over $38 million to more than 3,000 biomedical research projects.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-activism-and-altruism-in-australian-womens-philanthropy-1880-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-women-philanthropists-in-australian-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wicks, Tory Marcella", "Entry ID": "AWE2176", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wicks-tory-marcella\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Waverley, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Hockey player, Sports administrator", "Summary": "Tory Wicks was a hockey player, coach and administrator whose commitment to the sport extended over fifty years and did not diminish upon her retirement. A fit and reliable player on and off the field (she played full back) she once declared, 'I know of no better passport around the world than a hockey stick'.\n", "Events": "Captained the Australian team on their first international tour (1930 - 1930) \nMember of the New South Wales Women's Hockey team (1923 - 1935) \nMember of the All Australia Women's Hockey Team (1925 - 1935) \nElected secretary of the International Federation of Women's Hockey Associations (1953 - 1953) \nActive in Hockey administration (1935 - 1956) \nInducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame (1990 - 1990)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wicks-tory-marcella-1900-1977\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-the-new-south-wales-womens-hockey-association-1908-1983\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kirkby, Norma Emmeline", "Entry ID": "AWE2180", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kirkby-norma-emmeline\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Moree, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Moree", "Occupations": "Cattle Farmer, Charity worker", "Summary": "Norma Kirkby was 105 years old when she died. With her husband, Gordon, she built up the Success Poll Hereford Stud and Reno Poll Merino Stud. She supported numerous charitable organisations in the Moree district for over fifty years.\n", "Details": "Born to Arthur and Annie Louise Eather, Norma was the eldest of five children including Athol (who died at Gallipoli), Eugene, Arthur and Ella. She was educated in Moree before studying at Sydney's Conservatorium of Music. Norma married Gordon Kirkby, son of a local grazing family, in 1924 and the couple settled at 'Success' on the Goondiwindi Road. They were to have three children: Merle, Fred and Mary.\nBy 1935 the family had moved to 'Wilga' on the edge of Moree. Here Norma began creating a magnificent garden, and entertained guests ranging from World War II evacuees from Hong Kong to Rotary exchange students, governors-general and state governors.\nWhile running the Hereford and Merino Studs with her husband, Norma became involved with numerous charitable organisations including the Country Women's Association, Inner Wheel, Torchbearers for Legacy, the Royal Blind Society, the Australian Red Cross, Moree Hospital Ladies Auxiliary, Moree Girl Guides Association, the Handicapped Children's Association and Far West Children's Health Scheme. She used her musical talent to accompany silent movies at the Moree picture theatre, and played the organ in the Anglican Church. A passionate rugby union supporter, Norma was also president of the Moree Golf Associates.\nGordon Kirkby died in 1973. The following year, Norma was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire. Gordon had received his own MBE in 1966.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Evatt, Elizabeth Andreas", "Entry ID": "AWE2184", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/evatt-elizabeth-andreas\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Commissioner, Judge, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Elizabeth Evatt was the first Chief Justice of the Family Court of Australia and the first woman to preside in an Australian Federal Court.\nIn August 2020, a specialist domestic violence resource was established and named in her honour. The Evatt List, operating in the Federal Circuit Court of Australia across selected registries, will identify high-risk cases, enabling them to be fast-tracked with appropriate security arrangements in place.\n", "Details": "Elizabeth Evatt studied Law at the University of Sydney and at Harvard Law School. A Barrister-at-law at Inner Temple and the New South Wales Bar, her legal career began in England where she was a barrister and editor of the International and Comparative Law Quarterly. In 1968 she was invited to join Lord Scarman at the English Law Commission where she worked for five years.\nEvatt was Deputy President of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission from 1973-76, before becoming the first Chief Justice of the Family Court of Australia (1976-1988). From 1988-1993 she was president of the Australian Law Reform Commission, and Chancellor of the University of Newcastle from 1988-1994.\nBetween 1984-1992, Evatt was a member of the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, serving as Chair of the Committee from 1989-1991. She was a member of the United Nations Human Rights Committee from 1993-2000, and was a part time Commissioner of the Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission from 1995-1998.\nEvatt is currently a judge of the World Bank Administrative Tribunal; a Visiting Professor at the University of New South Wales; and Chair of the Board of the Public Interest Advocacy Centre in Sydney. She has for many years been a member of the Australian section of the International Commission of Jurists, and was elected as a Commissioner in April 2003. A niece of former Labor leader Dr H. V. Evatt, Elizabeth Evatt is a Life Member of the Evatt Foundation, and served as Vice-President from 1982-1987.\n", "Events": "The Evatt List named in her honour, as a means of identifying and prioritising cases in Family Circuit Court Registries where family violence is a risk factor. (2020 - 2020) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-evatt\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pioneering-women-at-the-nsw-bar-1921-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/recollections\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-guide-to-family-law-questions-and-answers-to-help-you-make-the-right-decisions\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/final-report-royal-commission-on-human-relationships\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/royal-commission-on-human-relationships-official-transcript-of-proceedings\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-implementation-the-cutting-edge-of-international-human-rights-law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/review-of-the-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-heritage-protection-act-1984\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-status-of-women-in-asia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/valuing-womens-work-women-equality-and-family-law-reform\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/genital-mutilation-a-health-and-human-rights-issue\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/born-in-hope-the-early-years-of-the-family-court-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-evatt-interviewed-by-daniel-connell-in-the-law-in-australian-society-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-evatt-address-at-the-national-press-club-on-24-september-1980-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/working-papers-of-justice-elizabeth-evatt-chronological-series\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-relating-to-family-law-matters-single-number-series\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-created-by-justice-elizabeth-evatt-as-chairman-of-the-royal-commission-into-human-relationships-single-number-series\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/files-created-by-justice-elizabeth-evatt-as-chancellor-of-newcastle-university-single-number-series\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/files-created-by-justice-elizabeth-evatt-as-president-of-the-australian-law-reform-commission-single-number-series\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-correspondence-files-single-number-series\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/addresses-given-by-justice-elizabeth-evatt-single-number-series\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/files-created-by-justice-alastair-bothwick-nicholson-as-chief-justice-of-the-family-court-of-australia-single-number-series\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-craig-mcgregor-1961-2005-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pat-richardson-scrapbooks-relating-to-the-womens-electoral-lobby-and-womens-events-1977-2002\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Caird, Maureen", "Entry ID": "AWE2187", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/caird-maureen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cumberland, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Track and Field Athlete", "Summary": "In Mexico in 1968, at the age of 17 years and 19 days, Maureen Caird created a record that could never be broken when she became the youngest Olympic track and field winner. Her event, the 80 meters hurdles, was increased to 100 meters at the next Olympic Games. As junior in 1969, she set two world records over the new hurdling distance of 200 meters.\nCaird was an outstanding junior athlete and although she is best remembered for her hurdling, she was also a junior champion pentathlete (1967) and long jumper (1968).\nCaird retired prematurely in 1972 when recurring stomach pains she experienced were diagnosed as cancer.\n", "Events": "Athletics - 80m Hurdles (1968 - 1968)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-companion-to-australian-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dennis, Clare", "Entry ID": "AWE2190", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dennis-clare\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Burwood, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Olympian, Swimmer", "Summary": "Clare Dennis dominated breast-stroke swimming from 1931 to 1935, becoming the first Australian woman to win a gold medal in the British Empire Games in 1934. An outstanding junior swimmer, she broke the world record at 15 years of age in the 220 yards breast-stroke, ensuring her selection in the team to represent Australia at the 1932 Olympic Games in Los Angeles. She was the youngest member of the team, but still came home with the gold medal in her event - the first female Olympic Champion since Fanny Durack in 1912 and the last Australian swimmer, male or female to win Olympic Gold until 1956. She was the youngest Australian to win Olympic Gold until Shane Gould in 1972. She was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1985.\n", "Events": "Swimming - 200m Backstroke (1932 - 1932) \nSwimming - 200y Breaststroke (1934 - 1934)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-companion-to-australian-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dennis-clara-clare-1916-1971\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Crisp, Jessica", "Entry ID": "AWE2200", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/crisp-jessica\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Sailboarder", "Summary": "Jessica Crisp was a pioneer in the sport of sailboarding. In 1986, two years after the Olympic debut of the sport, she won the first of two consecutive world youth titles.\nIn 1986 and 1989 she was crowned world windsurfing champion. In 1993 she became the first Australian, male or female, to win the highly competitive World Cup Sailboarding series. She repeated the feat in 1994.\n", "Events": "Crisp won the title two years in a row. (1993 - 1994)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/olympic-athletes-jessica-crisp\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessica-crisp-file\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hartigan, Joan", "Entry ID": "AWE2202", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hartigan-joan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Tennis player", "Summary": "Joan Hartigan was Australia's number one ranked women's singles tennis player between 1933-36 and was, quite possibly, the first Australian woman to make her mark internationally when she made self funded tours of Europe in 1934 and 1935. She won three Australian Open singles titles (1933-34, 1936) and reached the semi finals at Wimbledon twice, in 1934 (losing to Helen Jacobs) and 1935 (she lost to the legendary Helen Wills Moody.) She remained near the top of Australian women's tennis until the war years, achieving a ranking of eighth after her efforts at Wimbledon. Tall and athletic, Hartigan was renowned for her power game, rather than as s serve and volley player.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-companion-to-australian-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-lyle-and-joan-hartigan-left\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joan-hartigan\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lock, Jane Melinda", "Entry ID": "AWE2203", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lock-jane-melinda\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Golfer", "Summary": "Jane Lock was born in Sydney but grew up in Melbourne where she learned to play golf. By the age of 16 she had a single figure handicap, at 17 she won the first of three successive Australian junior championships and in 1975, she achieved the double, winning both the Australian senior and junior championships.\nJane Lock represented Australia more than thirty times and set course records in six countries. She turned professional in 1980 and played on the American circuit.\n", "Events": "Winner Women's Australian Junior Amateur Championship (1973 - 1975) \nAwarded MBE for Services to Sport and Golf (1975 - 1975) \nAustralian Amateur Champion (1975 - 1976) \nNew Zaaland Open Champion (1975 - 1976) \nAustralian Amateur Champion (1979 - 1979) \nWinner Australian LPGA Championship (1981 - 1981) \nTurned professional and tackled the lucrative USLPGA Tour. Played for 5 years. (1981 - 1981) \nCanadian Amateur Champion (1981 - 1981)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jane-lock-interviewed-by-marnie-haig-muir-for-the-sport-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Collison, Jeanne", "Entry ID": "AWE2211", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collison-jeanne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Mosman, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Anaesthetist, Medical researcher, Surgeon", "Summary": "At the age of 27, Jeanne Collison was responsible for developing the first Australian heart-lung machine and leading a team of seven male doctors through the first successful open-heart surgery in the southern hemisphere.\n", "Details": "The daughter of Albert Collison, a master builder, and his wife Beatrice, Jeanne was born in Mosman and educated there at Killarney School. She later attended the Sydney Church of England Girls Grammar School (SCEGGS) in Darlinghurst, where - according to Tony Stephens, who wrote Collison's obituary in the Sydney Morning Herald - 'the headmistress advised her not to bother with medicine because she would never make the grade'.\nAt the age of sixteen, Collison was playing the pipe organ at North Sydney Baptist Church where she met her future husband Neville York, then a twenty-year-old World War II RAAF pilot. Collison graduated with honours from Sydney University in 1952. York, too, became a student of medicine and the two were married in 1955.\nAccording to Stephens, the death of young children from heart failure drove Collison to become a pioneer in heart bypass anaesthesia in Australia. In 1952, with Helen Windon, she became the first female trainee anaesthetist at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney. She joined the cardiac research team at the Baker Institute in Melbourne in 1956, and the following year, built the first heart-lung machine at Melbourne's Alfred Hospital using PVC tubing and other materials after a colleague sent from the United States a rough sketch of an American design on airmail paper.\nIn 1957, Collison returned to Sydney where she established a cardiopulmonary bypass department at the Royal Prince Alfred. Twenty years later she established another at Westmead. In midlife she obtained her pilot's licence, flying with her husband and her son, Simon. Stephens tells us that Collison and York's marriage was 'a 50-year personal and professional partnership of immense happiness, marred only by the accidental death of their only child, Simon, at 18'.\nJeanne Collison passed away in 2006, just eight days after she was awarded the Order of Australia at Government House.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Akhurst, Daphne Jessie", "Entry ID": "AWE2212", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/akhurst-daphne-jessie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ashfield, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Burwood, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Tennis player", "Summary": "A promising pianist in her school days, Daphne Akhurst attended the State Conservatorium of Music in New South Wales, becoming a music teacher and performer. While studying, she became an enthusiastic tennis player, winning the schoolgirls' singles championship in 1917-20. In 1923 she won the County of Cumberland ladies' singles, and two years later, the Australasian championships. She went on to win the Australasian championships a further four times. Akhurst travelled to the United Kingdom, where she competed at Wimbledon, reaching the singles and doubles semi-finals and the mixed doubles final (with Jack Crawford). Akhurst out-performed all of the Australian men in the competition and was ranked third in the world by Ayres' Almanac.\nAkhurst married Royston Stuckey Cozens, a tobacco manufacturer, in 1930, and retired from serious competition in 1931. The pair had one son. Akhurst died of an ectopic pregnancy in 1933.\nThe trophy for the women's singles winner at the Australian Tennis Open is named in her honour.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Australian Tennis Hall of Fame (2006 - 2006)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-companion-to-australian-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/akhurst-daphne-jessie-1903-1933\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hamilton, Marie Montgomerie", "Entry ID": "AWE2213", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hamilton-marie-montgomerie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Doctor, Hockey player, Sports administrator", "Summary": "Marie Hamilton was educated at Presbyterian Ladies' College, where she was dux, and later, coach of the school hockey team. She was treasurer of the New South Wales Women's Hockey Association from 1914 to 1916, and for twenty-one consecutive terms from 1928 to 1948.\nHamilton's fianc\u00e9 was killed at Lone Pine, Gallipoli. In 1918 she become a student of medicine at the University of Sydney, living at the Women's College, and in 1920 captained the university hockey team. Between 1932-1934 and 1945-1954, Hamilton chaired the All Australia Women's Hockey Association. From 1926 she was assistant medical officer in the Department of Public Health. With Dr Elsie Dalyell she worked on the treatment of venereal disease in women and established a venereal disease clinic at the Rachel Forster Hospital. From 1934 she worked in private practice as a pathologist.\nHamilton's enthusiasm for hockey was ongoing, and she travelled with women's hockey teams overseas. She was made a life member of the State and the All-Australia women's hockey associations.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rachel-forster-hospital-the-first-fifty-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hamilton-marie-montgomerie-1891-1955\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hopman, Eleanor", "Entry ID": "AWE2214", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hopman-eleanor\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Coogee, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Sports administrator, Tennis player", "Summary": "Born Eleanor Hall, Hopman was born at Coogee, New South Wales, and educated at Claremont College, Randwick. As a student she excelled at tennis and music, obtaining her licentiate and teaching diploma at the Royal College of Music, London, but ultimately chose a tennis career. In 1930, Harry Hopman spotted Eleanor and partnered her in the Australian senior mixed doubles, which they won. That year and in 1933, she also won the women's doubles title.\nEleanor and Harry were married in March 1934. The pair moved to Melbourne and Eleanor became captain of the Victorian interstate team. In 1935, they reached the mixed doubles finals for Wimbledon. In 1936 and 1937 they won the Australian mixed doubles. Eleanor won the Victorian singles in 1938, and the South Australian singles the following year, raising her national ranking to equal first with Emily Westacott.\nAt the end of her playing career, Eleanor Hopman became a tennis administrator, elected as the first woman councillor of the Lawn Tennis Association of Victoria in 1947. In 1950 she managed Victoria's Wilson Cup team.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hopman-eleanor-mary-1909-1968\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jones, Nina Eva Vida", "Entry ID": "AWE2215", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jones-nina-eva-vida\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ultimo, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Darling Point Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Motor Racing Driver", "Summary": "The seventh child of William Henry Harris, gentleman, and Susan Mary (n\u00e9e Clarke), Vida Jones was educated at home. She married John Alexander Stammers Jones, a keen sportsman with a talent for cycling and horseriding, in Darlinghurst, Sydney, in April 1910. At their home in Lithgow, Vida Jones began driving, and in 1923 toured northern New South Wales and Queensland. She participated in a number of events organized by the Royal Automobile Club of Australia (R.A.C.A.), and in 1925-26 drove her Crossley at an average of 78 miles (125 km) per hour to win the 'Weekender Trophy', one of several events along the new Maroubra Speedway. She won a gold medal in a 24-hour event in 1927 - one of few women to do so.\nIn 1929, Vida Jones drove the family's new Alfa Romeo in the Sydney Bicycle and Motor Club's hill climb at Prospect, and the R.A.C.A. Kurrajong hill climb, gaining the fastest time in both events. The following year, she beat sixty-seven male rivals in the Light Car Club's acceleration test on Bondi Promenade, making 18.4 seconds for the quarter mile.\nVida Jones gave up competitive driving after her husband died of cancer in 1933. She died thirty-three years later at her home in Darling Point.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jones-nina-eva-vida-1882-1966\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kellermann, Annette Marie Sarah", "Entry ID": "AWE2216", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kellermann-annette-marie-sarah\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Southport, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor, Aquatic performer, Author, Diver, Swimmer", "Summary": "Born in 1886 in Marrickville, Sydney, Annette Kellerman was a New South Wales swimming champion who left for England aged 18 to help her cash-strapped family. In Europe, she built a name for herself in long distance swimming and exotic swimming and diving demonstrations. By 1906 she had moved to vaudeville theatre in America as 'Australia's Mermaid' and quickly progressed to the big screen. Kellerman enjoyed tremendous success as a silent movie star in mythological underwater films, including Neptune's Daughter.\n", "Details": "The daughter of musical parents, Frederick William Kellermann and Alice Ellen (n\u00e9e Charbonnet), Annette's swimming career began at the age of six. Compelled to wear steel braces due to a weakness in the legs, she learned to swim as a way of gaining strength. By her early teens her legs were functioning normally, and she began to swim competitively. She won the 100 yards and mile championships of New South Wales in 1902 with record times of 1 minute, 22 seconds and 33 minutes, 49 seconds respectively.\nWhen the family moved to Melbourne, Kellermann combined her passion for swimming with her theatrical ability, performing a mermaid act at Princes Court entertainment centre and appearing twice a day with fish in a glass tank at the Exhibition Aquarium. She completed a long-distance swim in the Yarra and several exhibitions throughout Australia, acclaimed as the holder of all world records for ladies' swimming. In 1905 she visited England with her father, swimming the Thames from Putney bridge to Blackwall pier in 3 hours, 54 minutes. Sponsored by the Daily Mirror she attempted to swim the English Channel but was unsuccessful. In France, she was placed third in a seven-mile race down the Seine. The following year she completed a twenty-two mile race down the Danube, and made a second unsuccessful attempt to swim the Channel.\nAccording to G.P. Walsh (Australian Dictionary of Biography), Kellerman's one-piece swimsuit made by stitching black stockings into a boy's costume caused somewhat of a sensation in her early career. She was arrested on a Boston beach for wearing a brief one-piece swimsuit in 1907. Ironically, the publicity 'helped to relax laws relating to women's swimwear' and Kellermann 'regarded her part in emancipating women from the neck-to-knee costume as her greatest achievement'.\nKellermann gave up her swimming career to take up acting in earnest. She performed at leading theatres in Europe, the U.S.A., the U.K. and Australia. Many of her performances incorporated diving stunts which she did herself. In 1912 she married her manager, American-born James Raymond Louis Sullivan. During World War II she lived in Queensland, working for the Red Cross and entertaining troops. She and her husband came to live in Australia permanently in 1970. Kellermann had no children of her own, but produced a book of children's stories, Fairy Tales of the South Seas, in 1926.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fairy-tales-of-the-south-seas-and-other-stories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-book-of-great-australian-women-thirty-six-women-who-changed-the-course-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kellermann-annette-marie-sarah-1886-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Moulds, Constance", "Entry ID": "AWE2220", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moulds-constance\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Rylstone, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Blackheath, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Trotting trainer", "Summary": "From Rylstone, New South Wales, Constance Moulds moved with her parents to Rouse Hill in 1908. There, eleven years later, she married George Francis Moulds. She gave birth to a son, Lawrence, in 1923.\nAt Riverstone, her home, Constance began to train trotters full time. She and George bought their own trotter, 'Tiny Loche', who won her first three starts and became a valuable breeding mare. In 1924, Constance became the only woman to be granted a trainer-driver licence by the New South Wales Trotting Club. She came second in a race meeting that year; but a fortnight later, having weighed in for her next race, was told that she could not compete as 'men might be inhibited by chivalry from protesting against interference by women drivers' (Greg Brown, ADB).\nIn 1932, George Moulds was killed while driving 'Charming Ribbons'. Constance continued training, often forced to enter her horses in competition under the name of her son, Lawrie Moulds, who was by then a premier reinsman.\nConstance Moulds was buried at Rouse Hill in 1972.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moulds-constance-1897-1972\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Peden, Margaret Elizabeth Maynard", "Entry ID": "AWE2221", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/peden-margaret-elizabeth-maynard\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney", "Occupations": "Cricketer, Sports administrator, Teacher", "Summary": "Margaret Peden completed a Bachelor of Arts (1926) and Diploma of Education (1928) at the University of Sydney, where she co-founded the women's cricket club and served as president of the women undergraduates' association. While working as sports mistress at Redlands School (1928-34), Peden helped to rebuild the New South Wales Women's Cricket Association, serving as honorary secretary from 1928 to 1944. She captained every New South Wales women's cricket team until 1938, with the exception of the 1930 team - that year she co-founded the Australian Women's Cricket Council. She was secretary of the New South Wales Women's Amateur Sports Council in 1932-37, and later vice-president.\nIt was Margaret Peden who organised in 1934 the first tour to Australia by an English women's cricket team and, with her sister Barbara, set up Australia's first indoor coaching centre in Sydney. Peden was appointed captain of the Australian team that year, and again in 1937. In 1950 she became an honorary life member of the Women's Cricket Association, England.\nIn 1935, Peden married Maurice Ranald Emanuel. She gave birth to a son in 1938.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/newtown-tarts-a-history-of-the-sydney-university-womens-sports-association-1910-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/peden-margaret-elizabeth-maynard-1905-1981\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Smith, Christine Idris", "Entry ID": "AWE2223", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/smith-christine-idris\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cooma, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Interior decorator, Skier", "Summary": "An only child, Christine Smith was educated at St Patrick's Brigidine convent school, Cooma, and Sydney Church of England Grammar School for Girls, Moss Vale. Living at Berridale, near the snowfields, she learned to ski while still young and by 1962, was competing for Australia in the Commonwealth Winter Games in Switzerland. Two years later she was a member of the Australian team at the Winter Olympic Games in Innsbruck, Austria, and competed at the Australian National Alpine Ski Championships and the Thredbo Cup. She competed in the World Ski Championships in Chile in 1966, and was pre-selected for the 1968 Olympic Games at Grenoble, France, but the team was downsized and she did not compete.\nFor some years Smith taught skiing at Thredbo and other venues before establishing in 1974 an interior design business, Christine Smith Interiors Pty Ltd, specialising in bathroom accessories. In 1977 she married Wayne Arthur Garland, an advertising executive.\nSmith's business was not successful, and in 1979 she committed suicide in a motel at Crows Nest. She was buried at Berridale.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/smith-christine-idris-1946-1979\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dive, Mollie", "Entry ID": "AWE2224", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dive-mollie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Cricketer, Hockey player, Scientist, Sportswoman", "Summary": "When Mollie Dive was a Sydney schoolgirl, a teacher one day told her 'Mollie, you spend too much time on the oval.' Mollie's reply was a straightforward declaration of love for an activity that would remain a life-long passion. 'I love sport,' she said. 'I just can't help myself.'\nAn all-round sportswoman (she tried her hand at netball, squash, golf, tennis and lawn bowls) Mollie was known for her excellence on the cricket oval and the hockey field. She stayed involved with these sports as a coach and administrator long after her playing days were over. She was a New South Wales and Australian selector, President of the New South Wales Women's Cricket Association and a member of the executive of the Australian Women's Cricket Association. She was associated with the Sydney University Women's Sports Association for fifty years\nHer achievements and contribution to sport were recognised in 1987 when, as well as being awarded an Order of Australia medal for her services to sport, she was honoured by the naming of a grandstand after her at North Sydney Oval, a ground at which she never played!\nMollie played cricket with her family at home (her father played once for the New South Wales state team) but it was not a game she played formally until she went to Sydney University in 1932. She left university with Blues in cricket and hockey, a science degree and a cricketing reputation that eventually saw her obtain employment at the CSIRO, where she worked for most of her life, and captaincy of the Australian team that had the first ever Ashes win over England in 1948-49.\n", "Events": "Made the New South Wales State Hockey team (1933 - 1933) \nAwarded University Blues in Cricket and Hockey (1933 - 1933) \nAppointed captain of the New South Wales Cricket Team (1938 - 1938) \nMade the New South Wales State Hockey team (1946 - 1949) \nMade the New South Wales State Cricket Team almost continually during this period (1933 - 1951) \nCaptained the Australian Test Team (1948 - 1951) \nAwarded an Order of Australia Medal (1987 - 1987) \nThe Grandstand at the North Sydney Oval was named the Mollie Dive Stand in her honour (1987 - 1987)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wicket-women-cricket-and-women-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/newtown-tarts-a-history-of-the-sydney-university-womens-sports-association-1910-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-the-sydney-university-womens-sports-association\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wray, Leonora", "Entry ID": "AWE2229", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wray-leonora\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "East Maitland, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Golfer, Sports administrator", "Summary": "Leonora Wray became an associate member of the Australian Golf Club, and a council member of the New South Wales Ladies' Golf Union (NSW L.G.U.), in 1904. She won the State ladies' amateur championship every year from 1906 to 1908, and the Australian title in both 1907 and 1908, before a diagnosis of typhoid fever in 1909 took her away from the game for a decade. She made an impressive come-back in 1929, winning the national title and the mixed foursomes championship (with F.G. Murdoch). The following year she won the New South Wales championship, before winning the western open in 1931, and the northern open in 1931-32. Between 1907 and 1938, Wray was champion woman player of the Australian Golf Club ten times; and between 1924 and 1933, she was champion of the Royal Sydney Golf Club five times. She attended the inaugural meeting of the Australian Ladies' Golf Union (A.L.G.U.) in 1921, serving as its secretary until 1923, and later, in 1954-59, as its president.\nWray's administrative skills were drawn upon frequently. She was captain-manager of the Tasman Cup touring team in 1937, and manager of the women's team touring Great Britain in 1950. As well as president of the A.L.G.U., she was president of the NSW L.G.U. in 1957-65, and associates' president of the Australian Golf Club.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-green-to-gold-the-first-fifty-years-of-the-australian-ladies-golf-union\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wray-leonora-1886-1979\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-the-victorian-ladies-golf-union\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Letham, Isabel", "Entry ID": "AWE2231", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letham-isabel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Chatswood, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Harbord, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Surfboard Rider, Swimming Instructor", "Summary": "Isabel Letham is renowned throughout the surfing world as 'the first Australian to ride a surfboard', although she disputed this, preferring to describe herself as an early Australian female surfer who experimented with riding a board in the Hawaiian tradition. She did this in 1915 at the age of fifteen when the visiting Hawaiian surfer, Duke Kahanamoku, who was giving a surfboard riding exhibition at Sydney's Freshwater Beach, invited her to ride tandem with him. Since then, her name has become legendary within the surfing world. She has been a source of inspiration for subsequent women surfers; Australian world champion, Pam Burridge, even named her first daughter Isabel in her honour.\nLetham is less well known for the important role she played in teaching swimming to hundreds of young people in Australia and in the United States. In the 1920s she lived in San Francisco where she first taught swimming at the University of California and was eventually appointed to the position of Director of Swimming to the City of San Francisco in 1924. She returned to Australia to live in 1929, where she continued to teach swimming at Freshwater and Manly for many years. Letham was also important for introducing water ballet to Australia.\n", "Details": "He paddled on to this green wave and, when I looked down it, I was scared out of my wits. It was like looking over a cliff. After I'd screamed \"oh no, no!\" a couple of times, he said: \"Oh, Yes, yes!\" He took me by the scruff of the neck and yanked me on to my feet. Off we went, down the wave.'\nThis is how Isabel Letham remembered the moment that would ultimately make her an icon of Australian women's surfing history. In January 1915, Duke Kahanamoku - 'The Big Kahuna' - the man generally regarded as the inventor of modern surfing, visited Sydney's Freshwater Beach to conduct an exhibition of the new sport. The event attracted an enormous crowd, with fifteen year old schoolgirl Isabel Letham amongst their number. After three hours of entertaining the audience on his own, the Duke called for a volunteer to help him demonstrate tandem surfing. Isabel was chosen and, as a result, she goes down in history, not as the first Australian surfer to ride Hawaiian style - a common misconception that she never promulgated herself - but as an early Australian female surfer who experimented with riding a surfboard in the Hawaiian style.\nWhether or not she was the first, or one of the first, it is indisputable that Isabel Letham had a long term impact on the surfing world. She was an inspiration to young Australian women, like Pam Burridge, who dared to break into to the masculine world of professional surfing in the 1970s and 80s. When Burridge won the inaugural women's surfing championship in May 1980, Isabel, at age 80, was present to see her claim victory. 'I should be home with my knitting,' she said, 'but I've waited 65 years for this.' Burridge honoured Letham by naming her first daughter Isabel; the Australian Surfing Hall of Fame honoured her with induction in 1993. If you surf in Australia, then you should know something about Isabel Letham.\nBut who could have guessed what the immediate impact of catching those waves would be on Isabel's life? Isabel was already known locally as a sports mad tomboy and a bit of a dare devil, particularly in the water. She loved aquaplaning, body surfing, stunt swimming and diving, and, after the Duke's visit, Hawaiian surfing. She had a feisty, forthright personality that had been influenced by the feminist thinking of her mother and the various like-minded women who came regularly to meet at their house. And to top it all off, she was gorgeous.\nSo when someone suggested to Isabel that she might be able to make it in the movies, she decided to take the chance. After all, the afternoon surfing with the Duke had given her an international profile. The Los Angeles Record, for instance, described her as 'A Sydney Sea Gull' and 'Diana of the Waves'; she was the world's greatest stunt swimmer who 'became proficient at aqua-planning while dodging sharks in Sydney harbor'. The Hawaiian Star Bulletin claimed that 'As far as features go, Miss Lethem is the prettiest swimmer to come out of Australia. As for diving, she is another Annette Kellerman.' In a world where the popular press and movie houses were constantly on the look out for the next celebrity, Isabel had as much chance as the next lively young thing. The choice between taking on a year as a sport instructor in a Sydney girls' school or trying her luck in Hollywood, especially when her father was bankrolling the second option, was an easy one for Isabel to make. She left for the United States in 1918.\nBy all accounts, the journey across the Pacific and through the United States was marvellous fun. Isabel hobnobbed it with movie stars and directors and met members of the Russian aristocracy who were down to their last fur coat after fleeing the revolution. She travelled into Native American Territory and flirted with journalists and soldiers returning from the war in Europe. She didn't skimp on anything; she enjoyed being a young, modern woman, on her own, away from Australia. So certain was she that she would stay in America, she took our United States citizenship. She loved her life and loved where she was living.\nUnfortunately, none of this 'networking' translated into serious work and her father, becoming impatient with her living it up without any return on his investment, decided he would no longer finance her trip. To make matters worse, she began to find life in Los Angeles less than perfect. As one report would have it, 'She found that distance had lent enchantment to many aspects of Hollywood.' So Isabel travelled north to San Francisco, which she liked better and where she had friends, and did what she had done as a young girl growing up in Sydney. She took to the water.\nReflecting on her life when she was in her eighties, Isabel observed that a key difference between the United States and Australia in the period between the wars was that 'the opportunities in the United States were high for women'. Given the way Letham's career developed in San Francisco during the 1920s, it is hardly surprising she came to that view. After first resorting to hairdressing to pay the rent, which she hated, she convinced the staff at the University of California at Berkeley to appoint her as an assistant teacher of swimming in 1923. She also taught swimming for the San Francisco playground commission during the summer of 1924. When the position of Director of Swimming for the City of San Francisco came up, she was immediately appointed to it. The results she was getting with her innovative, 'scientific' teaching methods had become common knowledge at Berkeley and amongst the parents of children who learned from her during the summer.\nOne of her first initiatives as director of swimming was to establish a club system, like that which existed in Australia, and a regular season of competition. Once this was up and running, she organized, in 1926, San Francisco's first women's competition; an invitational that involved local and national champions. The press were amazed by the speed with which she had improved the swimming of ordinary folk and elite sportspeople alike, and were certain that she had been 'instrumental in starting several of the present day champs on their careers'. Arguably, an Australian woman can claim some responsibility for the system that produces the champion swimmers of the United States today!\nShe tried to teach them a thing or two about surf life-saving. In the 1920s, swimmers were so ill equipped to handle the California surf, and the surf life saving methods so inefficient, police actively discouraged people from swimming on the beaches because they could not guarantee their safety. Letham wanted to introduce Australian methods to the beaches of San Francisco and, in preparation for the task, applied for membership of her 'local' club, the Manly Surf Club, believing that she would carry more authority with the people of San Francisco, especially the police, if she could claim that qualification.\nHer application was knocked back because she was a woman which meant, according to the president of the club, whose reasoning was a reflection of the prevailing views of women in surf-lifesaving up until the 1980s, 'she would not be able to handle the conditions in rough seas'. He argued this, despite the fact that Isabel had helped struggling swimmers in pools and in the surf for many years. Under the headline 'SEX BAN ON GIRL LIFE-SAVER, SO AUSTRALIA LOSES ADVERTISEMENT', the journalist for the San Francisco Daily News registered his disappointment. 'Although she has saved many lives she is not eligible for membership in a surf live-saving club on account of her sex,' he complained. 'In refusing Miss Letham the privileges of membership of the Manly Surf Club, the association, it is felt by beach-men generally, is losing an excellent opportunity of broadcasting Australian life-saving methods,' the report continued. No doubt this was one occasion where Isabel believed that relative to Australia, the United States was a land of opportunity for women!\nLetham returned to Australia for a short visit in 1926 to a fair degree of press interest and a wealth of experience in sports administration she had gained whilst overseas. What she saw did not impress her much, and her public criticism may not have gone down particularly well with city developers here. She had a lot to say about the state of Melbourne's playgrounds and beaches, with which she was very disappointed. After swimming at St Kilda Beach she observed that 'There isn't a beach in California to equal those of Melbourne but civic enterprise has given California some of the finest bathing pools in the world.' Joking, she told observers that she would 'like to take St Kilda beach back to America with her when she returns. They would make SOME pool out of it,' she declared. She was similarly unimpressed by the lack of foreshore development around Brighton Beach.\nIn 1929, Isabel Letham returned to Sydney permanently. After hurting her back (she fell down an open manhole in the middle of a street), she was fearful of how an injured woman who relied on being physical for employment might survive without family, as the effects of the stock market crash began to be felt in the United States. She taught swimming at the Manly pool and wrote articles about swimming for the Manly Daily News. Years of getting into the pool with her students, rather than bellowing instructions from the edge, began to take their toll on her health. She suffered terrible rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatic fever. Between bouts of illness, however, she continued to teach. She was especially busy during World War 2, claiming that parents wanted their children to know how to swim 'in case the Japanese came'.\nShe also found a ready market for students to learn water ballet, which she had first seen performed the way she taught it in the United States. She opened the Freshwater Water Ballet school in the late 1940s. It could therefore be said that Isabel Letham was responsible for bringing synchronized swimming to Australia. She is definitely responsible for safety and security in the water of hundreds of people who grew up around Freshwater and the Manly and Curl Curl Swimming Pools. Throughout the 1930s, 40s and 50s, there would be few people learning to swim in those areas that didn't come in contact with her. As she herself said, 'Swimming instruction gave me the opportunity to meet all sorts of people in all sorts of places.'\nShe never had the opportunity to meet a husband, although, she hastened to add, that was not through want of suitors. The practicalities of wanting a career between the wars, and being an only child, intervened. She was too busy when she was young and then, when she was less busy her mother got ill and she needed to care for her. Before she know it, 'The time just went by'. She added, however, that, it wasn't only practical considerations that kept her single. 'I was always looking for something I never found,' she said in her eighties, 'although I had some very interesting friendships'. Many of these friends remained close as she lived out her later years.\nSurfing made Isabel Letham famous, and the ceremony she requested on the beach at Freshwater after she died in 1995 shows how important the surf was to her own sense of identity. Those 'interesting friends' who could, joined members of the local Freshwater community as they gathered for a ceremony at the beach, and her ashes were scattered in the midst of a circle of board-riders formed out the back of the surf-break. Those who attended claimed that at that time, the memories of the past and of the surfing history of Australia were rekindled.\nBut focusing on those four waves surfed with a man, even if it was someone as charming, skilled and intelligent as 'The Duke', has meant we have forgotten the extraordinary things that Isabel did as a single woman across two continents. Teaching the people of the city of San Francisco and the northern beaches of Sydney how to swim are no mean feats at all! Establishing a program to encourage the young women of California to swim competitively was a complex administrative task that continued to bear fruit well after she left the United States. It's sad to think, especially in the Year of the Surf Lifesaver, that the Manly Surf Club frustrated her efforts to make the beaches safe for the swimmers of San Francisco by not allowing her to officially import proven ideas and techniques from Australia. No doubt, were she alive today, Letham would be delighted with the international success of women like Carla Gilbert and Emma Snowsill, women for whom active and official participation in the surf lifesaving movement is central to the development of their sporting careers. Watching Snowsill's victory in the Commonwealth Games Triathlon in Melbourne last year; now that would have been something worth leaving the knitting for!\n", "Events": "Appointed as assistant coach at the University of California at Berkeley (1923 - 1923) \nAppointed the Director of Swimming for the City of San Francisco (1924 - 1924) \nIsabel Letham tandem surfs with Duke Kahanamoku at Freshwater Beach (1915 - 1915) \nOrganises the first Women's Swimming Competition to be held in San Francisco (1926 - 1926)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pam-burridge\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/net-surfing-gets-one-for-the-girls\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/isabel-letham-collection\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Burridge, Pam", "Entry ID": "AWE2232", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burridge-pam\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Surfboard Rider", "Summary": "Pam Burridge was born in Sydney into a sport loving family who were active in the surf living saving movement at Sydney's Bondi Beach. Her mother and sister, Donella, loved to swim, her father was an accomplished distance runner but Pam loved surfing. She was given her first (homemade) surfboard in 1975 at the age of ten, entered her first competition (which she won) in 1977 at the age of twelve, won her first New South Wales State Championship in 1979 aged fourteen and was national champion the following year when she was only fifteen.\nAt this point, Pam was deemed a professional by virtue of the fact that she had been invited to surf in the elite Hawaiian North Shore events; the strict rules of the governing amateur body offered no leeway. So Pam went on the international circuit when she was sixteen and by the age of seventeen had earned her first of six runner-up finishes in the world championships. She eventually broke through in 1990, winning the world championship by what was then a record margin and becoming the first Australian woman to do so.\nThe consistency of Pam's performance throughout the years prior to her claiming the title are even more remarkable when one considers what she overcame to achieve them. She spent the better part of the 1980s battling one personal crisis after the next, crises which can, arguably, be attributed to the unique challenges that confronted young women who dared enter the macho world of 1980s surf riding. She faced plummeting self confidence, which led to drug and alcohol abuse and an eating disorder. The fact that she was able to maintain an overall ranking of number two in the world throughout the 1980s, despite never being 'at her best' is testament to her extraordinary talent.\nBurridge retired from competition in 1993 made a brief comeback in 1996, retiring again in 1999, ranked eighth in the world. Whilst the result was not one for the record books, Pam was nevertheless satisfied with the result; it proved that she still has it in her to match it with the best in the new world of women's surfing.\n", "Events": "Winner New South Wales Women's Surf Riding Championship (1979 - 1981) \nWinner Australian Women's Surf Riding Championships (1980 - 1981) \nWinner World Surf Riding Championships (1990 - 1990) \nInducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame (1995 - 1995) \nInducted into the Australian Surfing Hall of Fame (1997 - 1997)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pam-burridge\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/isabel-letham-collection\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Robinson, Edith", "Entry ID": "AWE2234", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/robinson-edith\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Track and Field Athlete", "Summary": "Edith 'Edie' Robinson made Australian Olympic history in Amsterdam in 1928 when she became Australia's first female Olympic track and field athlete. She took up running at the age of 14 (she ran for the St George Athletic Club in Sydney, New South Wales.) Selected to compete in the 100 meters, she did not make the final, but did run a personal best time in the semifinal, which she finished in third place. Robinson also ran in the 800 meters, but did not complete the race. Given that she had never trained for the event before, let alone competed in it, the fact that she made the 600 meter mark before withdrawing was an extraordinary effort.\nEdith was a very popular member of the small team that travelled to Amsterdam, and because she had a background in dressmaking, she was popular and much in demand by male athletes who needed badges sown to their shorts!\nShe officially opened the Olympic athletes village in Homebush, Sydney on September 2, 2000.\n", "Details": "Considering what the athletes had to endure in the lead up to the games, Edith Robinson's effort in 1928, by anyone's standards, was extraordinary. The Australian team travelled by ship for six weeks to get to Amsterdam and during this time, most of the team put on weight. \"We couldn't train, we couldn't even walk on the first class deck,' Robinson reported in later years. 'We weren't even allowed to use the tiny canvas pool on board.' The situation did not improve much once they arrived. The accommodation was more than twenty miles distant from where they could train, and training 'sessions' could last anything up to twelve hours once travel time was included. The Australians were also quite unhappy with the greasy, inappropriate meals they were served. According to Robinson, their best meals were often those prepared by women team members after they had arrived back late from training.\nRobinson was also involved in an event that was so controversial, it was banned from the Olympics for the next thirty-two years. Despite never having trained for the event, let alone competed in it, Edith ran in the 800 meters, after her male team-mates encouraged her to enter. She pulled out, exhausted, at the 600 meter mark. Other women were similarly challenged, but this is hardly surprising; the 800 meters is one of the most strenuous events in track and field. Nevertheless, the sight of these physically drained women was too much for some Olympic officials. So adverse was the publicity in the press about the matter that no race longer than 200 meters was run by women at the Olympics until 1960. The fact that photographs that accompanied some of the more sensational press coverage of the event were actually of women completing heats of the 100 meters only serves to highlight the extent to which public understandings of feminine behaviour impacted upon female athletes ability to perform at their best.\n", "Events": "Edith Robinson participated in the Amsterdam Olympic Games (1928 - 1928)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-proper-spectacle-women-olympians-1900-1936\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-sport-through-time-the-history-of-sport-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-800-metres-running-too-female-to-run-too-good-to-stop\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eileen-wearne-photographs-and-papers-mainly-concerning-the-1932-los-angeles-olympic-games\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wearne, Eileen", "Entry ID": "AWE2235", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wearne-eileen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Enfield, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Olympian, Track and Field Athlete", "Summary": "Eileen Wearne became the second woman to represent Australia in athletics at the Olympic Games when she competed in the 100 meter sprint at Los Angeles in 1932. Unfortunately, she did not compete at her best in Los Angeles; she finished fourth in her heat in the time of 12.5 seconds which meant that she did not make the finals. On her return to Sydney, however, she continued to compete and won state and Australian titles throughout the 1930s. She and the first woman to represent Australia in athletics at the Olympic Games, Edith Robinson, enjoyed a healthy rivalry. In 1938, she represented Australia at the British Empire Games where she won a gold medal in the 4 X 100 yard relay and a bronze medal in the 200 meter sprint.\nAn extremely attractive young woman, so much so that, whilst in Los Angeles, she caught the eye of the U.S. media. In an article entitled 'Future Weissmullers, Beautiful Amazons Keenly watched by Scurrying Studio Scouts', a journalist noted that 'scouts from the picture camps have been roving the practice fields ever since the first boatload of athletes was unloaded.' One of those at training who they noticed was 'Eileen Wearne of Australia' who had ' a beautiful figure, a great deal of poise and a nice voice.' Wearne's looks, according to her teammates, were ' proof that athletic competition does not detract from the beauty or femininity of women.'\nWearne retired from athletics in 1940 but remained involved in the Olympic movement. She was an active member of the New South Wales Olympian Club and loved attending reunion lunches.\n", "Events": "Athletics - 440y Medley Relay (1938 - 1938) \nCompeted at Los Angeles (1932 - 1932) \nSet the national record of 11.2 seconds over 100 yards (1932 - 1932) \nWinner of the first triathlon championship in New South Wales (1931 - 1931)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eileen-wearne-photographs-and-papers-mainly-concerning-the-1932-los-angeles-olympic-games\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sargeant, Anne", "Entry ID": "AWE2243", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sargeant-anne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Broadcaster, Netball Player, Public speaker", "Summary": "When Anne Sargeant was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1987, she was only the third netballer to be accorded the honour. For the woman who began her netball career at the age of seven playing with the Forest Club in New South Wales, 'there was not greater honour\u2026To be considered an all-time sporting great and to be counted alongside people you have admired and looked up to all your life is the greatest accolade.'\nSargeant thoroughly deserved the accolade. From the age of 10, Sargeant represented her district, Manly-Warringah in New South Wales, where she captain\/coached the team to six NSW titles in six years. She played for the NSW Open team from 1978, and was captain from 1982 until 1988, during which time the team won the national championships in 1984, 1985, 1987 and 1988.\nA top rated player, in 1978 Sargeant was selected in the NSW and Australian teams, touring England with the undefeated national squad.\nSargeant played in three World Championships, the last two as captain. In 1979 she helped Australia to equal first place with New Zealand in Trinidad and Tobago, and in 1983 Australia defeated New Zealand in Singapore. 1987, in Glasgow, Scotland, Australia finished third behind New Zealand and Trinidad & Tobago.\nSargeant played in the Tri-Test series against England and Trinidad and Tobago in 1981, and in 1986 led the team in another Tri-Test series against Jamaica and New Zealand.\nAmong many highlights of Anne's career was a tour of Wales in 1985 when she captained an undefeated Australian side and posted a career personal best of three consecutive 100% shooting games. In that year, she was named the New South Wales Sportswoman of the Year. She was inducted into the NSW Hall of Champions in 1988 and awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia that same year for her service to netball.\nAfter she finished playing and coaching, Sargeant continued to promote the sport as a writer and media commentator. Her talents as a public speaker are well known and recognised when she was awarded the 1992 Communicator of the Year Award by the Public Relations Institute of Australia.\nIn 2004, Anne Sargeant was named Sydney's Greatest Ever Netballer.\n", "Events": "Anne Sargeant Commentated Netball for the Australian Broadcasting Commission (1988 - 2006) \nAwarded Order of Australia Medal (1988 - 1988) \nCaptain of the All Australia Netball Team (1983 - 1983) \nDunlop Footwear Netball Player of the Year (1980 - 1981) \nInducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame (1987 - 1987) \nJet Cat (Sydney Ferries) named after Anne Sargeant (1998 - 1998) \nMember of the All Australia Netball Team (1978 - 1988) \nMember of the World Champion Team (1979 - 1979) \nMember of the World Champion Team (1983 - 1983) \nNamed Sydney's Greatest Ever Netballer (2004 - 2004) \nNew South Wales Sportswoman of the Year (1985 - 1985) \nRecipient, Netball Australia Service Award (1998 - 1998)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1929-1989-60-years-of-netball-in-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/netball-australia-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Clark, Anne Evelyn", "Entry ID": "AWE2244", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clark-anne-evelyn\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Waterloo, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Singapore", "Occupations": "Netball Coach, Netball Player, Netball Umpire, Sports administrator", "Summary": "Anne Clark was a foundation member of the New South Wales Women's Basket Ball Association (NSWWBAA) in 1929, remaining an active member until her death in 1983. An all-round sportswoman, Anne participated in basket ball, hockey, physical culture from an early age, as a member of the City Girls' Amateur Sports Association (the predecessor organisation to the NSWWBAA), which she joined in 1924. Her membership led to a lifelong association with the development of women's basket ball (now netball) at local, state and national levels. Throughout her long career in netball, she held a range of executive positions on the board of the New South Wales Association (including the presidency for twenty-nine years) and the All Australia Netball Association. She received an All Australia Service Award in 1964.\nIn 1976, the Anne Clark Service Award was introduced in her honour. The award recognises individuals who have given at least ten years of outstanding service to netball in N.S.W. In 1983, the NSW State Netball Centre was named after her, in her honour.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1929-1989-60-years-of-netball-in-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/little-anne-a-biography-of-anne-clarke-b-e-m\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/netball-australia-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "O'Donell, Phyllis", "Entry ID": "AWE2245", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/odonell-phyllis\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Pottsville, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Surfboard Rider", "Summary": "In 1964, at the age of twenty-seven, Phyllis O'Donnell won the first ever world championship in women's surfing. For her efforts, apart from the glory, she won $250, a surfboard and numerous packets of cigarettes.\nWhen she entered the sport, it was dominated by men, some of whom, she recalls, would take aim at her while she was paddling out to catch waves. She was delighted how far the sport has come and how the position of women in it has improved. 'The girls, especially on the pro circuit, are absolutely fantastic.'\nThe Ma Bendall\/Phyllis O'Donnell Memorial Interclub Contest with other women's clubs is competed for once a year.\n", "Events": "Phyllis O'Donnell won the inaugural women's World Championship Surfing Title at Manly Beach (1964 - 1964)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/surfing-into-the-olympics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-tribute-to-phyllis-odonell-1937-2024\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Beachley, Layne Collette", "Entry ID": "AWE2246", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beachley-layne-collette\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Surfboard Rider", "Summary": "Layne Beachely is a professional surfer from Manly in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. In 2007 she is regarded as the best female professional surfer in history, having won the World Championship an unprecedented seven times.\n", "Details": "As a girl, Layne Beachley loved competitive sport, which no doubt assisted her to make a remarkable rise through the surfing rank. At the age of 16 she became professional, by the age of 20 she already ranked sixth in the world. Then in 1993 and 1996 she suffered from two episodes of chronic fatigue, which threatened to end her surfing career altogether. All but wiped out by this mental, physical and emotional challenge, Layne beat depression to stay focused on her ultimate goal - to be World Champion. She achieved this goal in 1998 when she won the first of six consecutive World Surfing Titles, going on to rewrite history with the greatest number of consecutive World Championship victories recorded by anyone, male or female.\nIn 2003 Layne created the Aim for the Stars Foundation to support and promote the academic, sporting, community and cultural dreams of young women. She has also served on the board of international surfing's governing body, The Association of Surfing Professionals, in an effort to promote women's interests as the sport develops and grows.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Saxby, Kerry", "Entry ID": "AWE2247", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/saxby-kerry\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Young, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Race walker, Track and Field Athlete", "Summary": "Kerry Saxby became the most prolific world-record breaker in athletic history in Melbourne in February 1991 when she set a new record of 11 minutes 51.26 seconds in the 3 kilometer walk event. This took her number of world bests to thirty, which was one better than the previous mark, created by the distance runner Paavo Nurmi. Her world records have been established across a range of distances and venues, sometimes at mixed competitions. Saxby regularly trained with and competed against men and believes this contributed to her success. In the decade of competition when she was at her peak, she never finished outside the top five, and was only disqualified for losing foot contact with the track once.\nSaxby's sporting achievements include representing Australia 24 times in major international competitions. She won 13 individual international medals, won a record 27 Australian National Championships, set 32 world records or world bests, and at 38 years of age she was the oldest athlete to win a medal at world level in 1999. She retired from competition in 2001, but not before achieving a very creditable 7th place in the 20 kilometer walk at the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000. In 2006, the Australian Institute of Sport selected her as one of their twenty-five 'Best of the Best'.\n", "Details": "Kerry Saxby was born in young NSW in 1961 and moved to Ballina in northern New South Wales when she was thirteen. Initially a swimmer and middle distance running, Kerry changed to walking in 1981 competing with the Ballina Athletic Club. She won a scholarship to the Australian Institute of Sport in 1986 and was a scholarship holder until September 2001 when she retired from athletics.\nSaxby has lived in Canberra since 1986, when she first moved there. She married Ray Junna, an assistant coach for soccer at the Australian Institute of Sport.\nSince her retirement, Kerry has coached junior walkers in the Australian Capital Territory. In 2004 she became a director of the Bendigo Bank in Canberra.\n", "Events": "Athletics - 10km Road Walk (1990 - 1990) \nAthletics - 10km Walk (1994 - 1994) \nSet the world record of 20:03.00 for the 5000 meter race work. The record still stands (2007) (1996 - 1996)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-companion-to-australian-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kerry-saxby-file\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mathews, Marlene Judith", "Entry ID": "AWE2268", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mathews-marlene-judith\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Athletics coach, Olympian, Sports administrator, Track and Field Athlete", "Summary": "Described as 'one of our greatest and unluckiest' athletes, Marlene Mathews set a world record of 10.3 seconds for the 100 yard sprint in 1958. Her best times for the 100 metres and 200 metres, set over forty years ago, would have won both titles at the 2005 Australian Athletics Championships were they repeated.\nHaving missed selection for the 1952 Olympic Games due to a leg injury, Mathews was selected for the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Canada, only to be forced to withdraw from sprint events due to injury once again. Two years later, she was able to compete at the Olympic Games in Melbourne and won bronze in the 100 metres and 200 metres behind Australia's Betty Cuthbert and Germany's Christa Stubnick - though many expected her to win. Disappointingly, Mathews was not selected for the 4x100m relay team that year. The team, comprising Shirley Strickland, Norma Croker, Fleur Mellor and Betty Cuthbert, won gold. At a post-Olympics meeting, Mathews was part of a relay team that broke world records for both the 4\u00d7220 yards and 4\u00d7200 metres.\nIn 1957, Mathews set the inaugural world record times for the 440 yards and 400 metres. The following year she set her world record of 10.3 seconds for the 100 yards sprint (breaking the 10.4 second record held jointly by Betty Cuthbert and Marjorie Jackson) and of 23.4 seconds for the 220 yards (breaking Cuthbert's 23.5 second record). She is reputed to have run a 'wind-assisted 10.1 seconds' in the 100 yards at the Australian titles. Mathews went on to win the 100 yards and 220 yards at the British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Wales in 1958. She ran in the relay team that won silver in the 4\u00d7110 yards relay. After making the semi-finals in the 100 metres at the Olympic Games in Rome in 1960, Mathews retired from competition and took up an administrative role. She was an Assistant Manager of the Australian Olympic Team at the Olympics in Munich in 1972.\nMarlene Mathews became a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in 1979 for her services to athletics, and an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 1999. A Trustee of the Sydney Cricket Ground, she is recognised in its Walk of Honour. Mathews was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1985.\n", "Details": "Born in Sydney, New South Wales, in 1934, Marlene Mathews was a prodigiously talented junior athlete who went on to become one of Australia's best, but most unlucky, sprinters. Developing as an athlete throughout the 1940s, she ran against such stars as Marjorie Jackson and Shirley Strickland. She was a serious contender for Olympic team selection in 1952 at the age of eighteen after some impressive racing during the 1950-51 season, including coming second in the 100y at the New South Wales Championships, behind Marjorie Jackson but ahead of Shirley Strickland. She followed this up by setting a junior record for the race in March 1951, a feat that saw her place on the team virtually guaranteed. Unfortunately, she suffered a severe muscle tear injury at the beginning of the 1951-52 season which ruled her out of competition and prevented her from regaining top form for another three years. Bad luck struck again in 1954 at the Empire Games in Vancouver when she badly pulled a muscle in her heat of the 100y. She withdrew from all competition, running in the relay team which was regarded as an unbeatable gold medal favourite.\nDespite this series of disappointments, Mathews was determined to get fit enough to compete at the Melbourne Olympics in 1956. Reigning Olympic and Empire Games champion Marjorie Jackson had now retired, and Mathews was regarded as her successor; her window of opportunity was about to open. Everything seemed to be going to plan throughout 1955-56. She was running fast times, even equalling Jackson's 220y world record time of 24.0 in March 1956; it all appeared to be an excellent lead up to the Olympic Games. Despite this, she performed well below expectation at the 1956 National Championships held in Brisbane. She came third in the 100y, behind Wendy Hayes and veteran Shirley Strickland and second in the 220y behind a new rival, Betty Cuthbert. Admittedly, the conditions in Brisbane did not suit Mathews; it was rainy and slippery, and even ay the best of times she much preferred to run on a hard track. But from that point until the Olympics, it seemed like she was always playing catch up to the rising talent of Cuthbert.\nThis time she made it to an international competition without suffering debilitating injury. She was fit, firing and, after winning her semi-final, favourite to win the 100m. In her own words, 'she felt better than she had felt in a long time'. Inexplicably, she fluffed the start in the final - nerves got the better of her and unfortunately she chose that particular time to fail in, what she called her 'application to the task'. 'The gun went, and I just saw bottoms in front of me go off before it had actually registered that the gun had gone off.' She managed to make up the ground she let slip away in the first fifty meters in the second fifty and run third. Her disappointment was compounded when she ran third in the 200m. Cuthbert won both events, while Germany's Christa Stubnik ran second. In retrospect, Mathews now realises that not winning made a better person of her. It helped her to realise that 'unless you really apply yourself, it's not going to fall into place.' She said that 'after that my whole attitude changed'. She never got beaten in the 100m by Betty Cuthbert again.\nMathews thought her disappointment at the Melbourne Olympics was over once she had finished her individual events, because, barring a poor baton change, her chances of gold in the 4 x100m relay were extremely high. Sadly, the worst was yet to come. To this day, Mathews does not know why she was not selected to run in the relay, although she does know that not being selected was the 'most bitter pill I ever had to swallow'. Fleur Mellor didn't make the final of the 100y at the Australian Championships in March or the Australian Olympic trials in October, but she was selected to run instead of Mathews. The decision was controversial, no official explanation was offered at the time, but those who made it considered themselves vindicated when the team, comprising Mellor, Betty Cuthbert, Shirley Strickland and Queenslander Norma Croker won the gold in world record time. At the time, there were rumours that in some quarters, Mathews had developed a reputation as a poor relay runner. Given that she had more top level relay running experience than most other Australian women sprinters, this seems an unlikely explanation. Perhaps there is something in the story that Fleur Mellor had been personally mentored by one of the officials who made the decision, Nell Gould. Whatever the reason, Mathews was deeply cut by the decision.\nI stood up in that stand watching the race, tears were pouring down my face, and I was actually wishing the English girls would win it. I'd never felt so cheated in all my life. What hurts is that except for Shirley Strickland and Betty Cuthbert, the other two girls became Olympic gold medallists, and they'd never done anything else. All they did was run in that relay. It still hurts deep down.\nAfter the Olympics, Mathews hit some of the best form of her life. She won at the National Championships, creating world records in the 400m and 440y events in 1957, and the 110y and 220y events in 1958. In 1960, she seemed primed for a good Olympic campaign in Rome, proving herself fit after suffering another soft tissue injury early in the year. It was not a great time for the Australian women's track and field team. Mathews later said that it was the first time they realised how disadvantaged they were geographically in terms of their training. Coming from the Australian winter to a Roman summer was an enormous shock to the system, and the lack of top line competition to race against in the lead up left them underprepared. 'Betty and I thought we were running reasonably well until we got over there,' she says, 'We hadn't had that top class international racing competition to really finish us off.' Her performance in exhibition events in the months afterwards, in England and in Africa suggests that she might have a point; 'the more they ran, the better they got', including running second to the Olympic Champion, Wilma Rudolph in London.\nMathews finished her running career a winner, running in Africa in 1961 as part of the celebrations for Nigerian independence and winning the 100m. Married for four years, she decided that it was a good time to hang up her shoes and start a family. She had three boys in quick succession and moved into a new suburban development in Sydney's 'Hills' area. There were no athletics clubs in the area, so she started her own. This inevitably brought her back into the fold of athletics at a state level. In 1965, she returned to the new South Wales Amateur Athletics Association (NSWAAA) as an official starter; two years later she became an executive member of the NSWAAA.\nAt the same time, through the club she had formed, she started to try her hand at coaching and sports teaching. Mathews loved being a runner, but focusing on her track career in the 1950s had come at the expense of her education. Around the time she was training for the 1952 Olympics, family friends encouraged her parents allow her to leave school and concentrate on her athletics training. 'She'll get more education if she's fortunate enough to travel the world with athletics then she would staying here and doing her leaving', they advised. So she left school at the end of fifth year, didn't get her leaving certificate and, as it turned out, didn't get to go to Helsinki. At the time, this didn't worry her, but later in life she realised she was envious of her friends who had gone on to teachers college to become physical education teachers. She desperately wanted teach sport and encourage young athletes, but without formal qualifications, her options were limited.\nHer chance came in 1968 when a local catholic school offered her the position of sports mistress while the regular teacher was on leave. A number of the girls from the school were members of her athletics club and she had developed a good reputation for her coaching and teaching amongst the parents in the area. Plus, she freely acknowledges that her name still carried some kudos. The position at the school offered her a foot in the door to a new career, Sadly, that particular teaching experience didn't quite live up to her expectations. Neither the students or staff took an interest in the classes, or in physical fitness in general. It was an uphill battle just trying to get them to participate. But the experience did teach her a lot about girls' attitudes to sport and fitness. These insights would be developed the longer she stayed involved in coaching. In time, her understanding of the NSWAAA administrative structure combined with her understanding of how an athlete's mind works saw her being offered a position in 1972 as the Assistant Manager (Women) of the Australian Team at the Munich Olympic games. In 1973 she was offered a position as Athletics Coach with the Rothmans Sports Foundation, a position that involved taking on responsibility for the newly formed Australian Track and Field Coaches Association.\nThe significance of her breaking into these roles, at this time, cannot be underestimated. Sports management and coaching remain male dominated areas of the sports industry, although numbers have improved since Mathews started out. It's very important for women to be present she says; there are simply some things that young girls starting out would not feel comfortable talking about with male coaches, the obvious thing being the impact of her menstrual cycle on her track performance. But there are also attitudinal differences that a female coach can bring to the table. Dawn Fraser, for instance, believed that some of her problems arose when she was competing because all the officials were men who expected the young female swimmers in their charge to be totally submissive while allowing a different standard of behaviour from the men. Yet top class athletes by definition are not 'wired' to submit. In Mathews terms, they need more that a will to win, they need a killer instinct. Sometimes the same drive that took them to the top in their sport also produced wilful behaviour, behaviour that was regarded as masculine, and therefore inappropriate in women, in the eyes of officials. Mathews argues that women have to be involved at this level, in order to educate men and show the range of behaviours and achievements that women athletes, even the 'bolshy' ones, are capable of.\nIn an ideal world, then, there would be many more female coaches and involved in all forms of sport, not just athletics. In theory, there are no workplace barriers to their involvement; indeed, the obstacles confronting women who want to be officials and coaches are more likely to be found in the home. Mathews experience of professional coaching is that it is a 'full-time job, seven days a week'. There are schedules to be drawn, research to be done into the latest techniques, consultations with doctors and parents, paperwork to complete; the task list goes on. Then, of course, there are the daily coaching sessions to run. Most women with families can't spend six nights a week down at the track, unless they have exceptionally supportive husbands and organisational structures to support them. 'I used to race home from work, throw the dinner on the table and go down to the track,' says Mathews, 'There was no life with my family, and in the end there was no life for me either.' Eventually, the life took its toll on her marriage. Her first husband, although very helpful in terms of caring for the children while she was at work, came to resent the time she spent away from her family. 'Travelling and things like that broadened my outlook on life,' she said, but her husband became increasingly threatened by this person who did not conform to his expectations of what a wife and mother should be.\nMathews could not stay at home; she was riddled with guilt on occasions because this meant leaving her family for long stretches of time, and she was sad that her husband came to hate the public recognition she received through her continued involvement in sport. Ultimately, however, she believed that if she hadn't coached and worked in the sport she loved, she would have been a dreadfully unhappy person. She could have 'submitted' and given into the expectation that she would be a stay at home wife and mother, but when it became clear to her that this would only make her family situation worse, not better, she stopped feeling guilty. 'I was given a talent, I made the most of my talent, why should I have to apologise for it?' she asks. Very few male track and field athletes or coaches would have even thought to ask that question in the first place.\nMathews is to be admired not only for her exceptional talent as an athlete, but for her bravery in moving into a field where being a man was virtually a prerequisite to success and, when challenged, unapologetically defending her right to be there, and not in the kitchen.\n", "Events": "Appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) 'for service to the sport of athletics' (1979 - 1979) \nAppointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) 'for service to athletics and sports administration, particularly through the Australian Track and Field Coaches Association, and to the community' (1999 - 1999) \nAthletics - 100m and 100m events (1956 - 1956) \nAthletics - 100y and 220y (1958 - 1958) \nAwarded an Australian Sports Medal for 'services to the Olympic Movement - Administrator - QLD Olympic Icon' (2001 - 2001) \nCompeted in Rome (1960 - 1960)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lithe-teenager-our-first-gold-medallist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-sporting-nation-celebrating-australias-sporting-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/winning-women-challenging-the-norms-in-australian-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/athletics-gold-track-and-field-athletics-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marlene-mathews-interviewed-by-neil-bennetts-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marlene-mathews-aust-winning-heat-of-100-m-w-in-11-5-sec-equalling-the-olympic-record-melbourne-1956-olympic-games-transparency-gerard-sellars\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/princess-alexandra-greets-australian-athletes-picture-australian-news-information-bureau-photograph-by-john-tanner\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mitchell, Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE2270", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mitchell-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Cricketer, Sports administrator, Sportswoman", "Summary": "Ann Mitchell has been associated with women's cricket as a player (state and national level), manager, coach, journalist, and administrator for nearly fifty years. She contributes regularly to cricket journals and has provided commentary for Sydney radio and ABC television.\nShe has also had a long association with women's university sport, once again as a player and administrator. Most recently, as Executive Director of Sydney University Women's Sport and Deputy Director Sydney University Sport, Mitchell has made a significant contribution to the status of women in sport, particularly by promoting gender equity in university sport. Over her lengthy career as a volunteer and employee in the sport industry, she has been instrumental in developing opportunities for women in university sports as well as non-playing roles including administration, coaching and sports medicine.\nThrough her representation on numerous sports boards including Women's Cricket Australia, International Women's Cricket Council and Australian University Sport, Ms Mitchell has raised the profile of women's sport in the community.\nIn April 2010, Mitchell was made an Honorary Fellow of Sydney University in the Faculty of Education and Social Work, in recognition of her 'extraordinary contribution to the University, to cricket and to Australian women's sport for nearly five decades.'\n", "Details": "Ann Mitchell first played cricket with the Sydney University club in 1962. After working as manager of the New South Wales junior and senior cricket sides, she became manager of the Australian team in 1977. Mitchell has served on the board of Australian University Sport and was president of the International Women's Cricket Council for six years. She served as president of the Australian Women's Cricket Council from 1988, and is a now life member of Women's Cricket Australia.\nIn 2005, Mitchell was awarded the Margaret Pewtress Memorial category of the 2005 Ausport Awards for developing and promoting opportunities for women in sport. She was praised for having 'made a significant contribution to the status of women in sport, particularly by promoting gender equity in university sport'. In August 2006, as Co-ordinator of the Women in Sport Media Group, Mitchell played an active role in the Inquiry into women in sport and recreation in Australia. Today, Sydney University offers the Ann Mitchell award for Most Outstanding Performance at Australian University Games or Australian University Championships. Mitchell was awarded the OAM in 1990.\nShe was executive director of Sydney University Women's Sport Association in 2002 when members agreed to combine with the men at the Sydney University Sports Union to create a new body called Sydney University Sport. About this move, she said, 'some members may have had regrets [about the decision] but combining resources was seen as the best way forward.'\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-sport-underpaid-underrated-and-under-the-radar\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-deserve-sporting-chance-ellis\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-companion-to-australian-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/honorary-awardshonorary-awards-helen-ann-mitchell-oam\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ann-mitchell-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-for-the-sport-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Roche, Dorothy", "Entry ID": "AWE2277", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/roche-dorothy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Bateau Bay, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Lawn Bowler", "Summary": "Dorothy Roche became Australia's oldest gold medal winner when she competed in the women's fours at the Auckland Commonwealth Games at the age of 61 years and 10 months.\n", "Details": "Dorothy Roche took up competitive lawn bowls in 1975 when she was nearly fifty years of age. In 1979, she won the Champion of Champions (singles) competition and the Alpha Romeo Sport-Star of the Year. In 1984 she played a round-robin match with Merle Richardson against the leading male players, beating world champion David Bryant. Throughout her career, Roche won a State-level game every year. In 1988 she was captain of the gold medal-winning team at the Melbourne World Championships. Two years later she competed in the women's fours in Bowls at the 1990 Auckland Commonwealth Games and won gold, becoming Australia's oldest gold medal winner. That year, Roche was granted the 'Freedom of the City of Paramatta' and was awarded the OAM for services to lawn bowls.\n", "Events": "Lawn Bowls - Fours (1990 - 1990)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-companion-to-australian-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Steggall, Zali", "Entry ID": "AWE2284", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/steggall-zali\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Skier", "Summary": "Zali Steggall was the first Australian to win an individual medal in the Winter Olympic Games.\n", "Details": "Skiing from the age of five, Zali Steggall represented Australia at the Winter Olympic Games in Albertville in 1992, aged seventeen. She went on to compete at Lillehammer (1994), Nagano (1998), and finally Salt Lake City (2002) where she announced her retirement.\nIn 1997 at Park City, USA, Steggall became the first Australian woman to win a World Cup alpine event. The following year, in Nagano, Japan, she became the first Australian to win an individual Olympic medal, taking bronze in the slalom. She went on to win the World Championship skiing title in Vail, Colorado, in 1999. Steggall went to the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City having finished in the top ten at World Cup level eleven times, twice on the podium.\nZali Steggall won the Australian Skier of the Year award for 1999. Chosen from 53 other nominations, she was inducted as a member of the Sport Australia Hall of Fame, only the second skier to receive the honour. In January 2007, Steggall was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for service to alpine skiing, and to the community through support of a range of charitable groups.\n", "Events": "Slalom Skiing (1998 - 1998)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/thats-it-for-snow-zalis-going-to-wriggle-her-toes-in-the-sand\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-zali-steggall-sportsman-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Thomas, Petria Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE2285", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/thomas-petria-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Lismore, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Olympian, Swimmer", "Summary": "Over the course of her swimming career, despite recurrent illness and injury, Petria Thomas won 3 Olympic Gold Medals, 3 World Championships, 9 Commonwealth Games Gold Medals, 13 Australian Championships, and 3 Pan Pacific Gold Medals. Her tally of eight Olympic medals (three gold, four silver, one bronze) is the best ever for an Australian woman, equal with Dawn Fraser and Susie O'Neill. Thomas was inducted into the Australian Institute of Sport Swimming Hall of Fame in 1996, and was crowned the AIS Athlete of the Year in 2001 and 2002. She currently resides in Belconnen, Canberra, with her husband Julian Jones.\n", "Details": "Petria Thomas was raised in Mullumbimby, northern New South Wales, where she and her sister Stacey played sport from an early age. The warm climate was conducive to outdoor activity, and the girls took part in running, tennis and netball. Petria spent summer weekends with the Nippers at the Brunswick Heads Surf Lifesaving Club. Her parents, Denise and Alan Thomas, didn't play sport but supported their girls - particularly Denise, who drove them endless kilometres to local clubs and events. Petria's grandmother, 'Nana Thomas', had been a great skier and tennis player in her time, talented enough to beat her male counterparts. The Thomas family lived close to the beach and Petria began swimming at an early age, keen to keep up with her older sister. She was having formal lessons at the age of five and by 1982, aged seven, she was good enough to compete in the New South Wales State Titles. Watching the Olympic Games at Los Angeles in 1984, her own Olympic dream was born.\nPetria Thomas' talent was obvious, and she began training at Ballina with Stan Tilley, who specialised in coaching her pet stroke - butterfly. A visit to Ballina by Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) coach Jim Fowlie led to the offer of a place at the AIS in Canberra in 1992. Thomas opted to continue her schooling full time despite the rigours of her training at the Institute. Living on a 'B scholarship', meaning that a portion of her expenses had to be covered by her family, Thomas was determined to swim for her country at an international event - this would ensure an upgrade to the all-inclusive 'A scholarship'. She achieved the upgrade in just three months, qualifying in March 1993 for the Pan Pacific Swimming Tournament in Kobe, Japan. Thomas came home from the Tournament with bronze. She won gold at The Age National Championships the same year.\nTraining at the AIS was gruelling for a full time student. Thomas would rise at 5 am and train at the gym or the pool for a couple of hours before school. After school she returned for more training before going to the study hall for her schoolwork. Away from her family, the reclusive Thomas began a long struggle with depression at the AIS. She felt immense pressure to perform and lacked social confidence. Making friends was difficult. Triggered by the suicide attempt of another swimmer, she approached sports psychologist Clark Perry for help.\nIn addition to what would become severe depression, Thomas was set back by multiple serious injuries. The first of these manifested itself a couple of months before trials for the 1994 Commonwealth Games, when Thomas dislocated her shoulder. She qualified for the Games nonetheless, but shortly afterwards took an overdose of paracetamol. Lacking the confidence to express her sorrow in words, she felt this action might convey the depth of her misery to others. Denise Thomas flew to Canberra to be with her daughter and before long the redoubtable Petria had recommenced training. At the Games in Canada, she beat her friend and rival Susie O'Neill by three hundredths of a second to win the 100m butterfly. The victory was sweet, but Thomas remembers 'it was a very short high, and then I came back down to earth with a thump'.\nIn 1995 Thomas' depression worsened, particularly after a European World Cup training trip in which squad members spent six weeks training in the middle of the European winter, before altitude training at Sierra Nevada. Over the 21 days at this high altitude, Thomas swam 220.5 kilometres with just one day off to go skiing. In the meantime, her relationship with coach Jim Fowlie - whose sense of authority and tough style didn't sit well with her - was deteriorating. On returning, Fowlie gave psychologist Clark Perry and medical professional Warren McDonald responsibility for Thomas' development. She was also being assisted by physio Peter Blanch. The trio became known as 'Team Petria'. Thomas moved out of the AIS residences to live in a share house with other AIS athletes in McKellar, Canberra.\nThomas swam well at the National Swim Titles and qualified for the Pan Pacific's squad, but her depression continued and she was checked into the Woden Valley Hospital's Psychiatric Unit to be monitored and looked after. She attended group sessions there through to May 1995. By July she was attending altitude training for the upcoming Pan Pacifics. This time the squad visited the Grand Canyon and Thomas was delighted with the trip. She was swimming well, but missed out on a medal in the final event. After the years of struggle and mixed results, Don Talbot - Head of Swimming at AIS - decided that Thomas would have to throw in the towel. He instructed Fowlie to tell her that her scholarship was over and she had to go home. Distraught, Thomas went to see Clark Perry who rang Talbot and told him the full history of her depression. Talbot softened and allowed Thomas to stay, but she would be coached by Gennadi Touretski, the head coach at the AIS, instead of Fowlie.\nDetermined to show what she was capable of, Thomas trained hard under Touretski. In February 1996, at World Cup swim meets in both Germany and Italy, she won gold medals in the 100m butterfly. She gained entry to the Atlanta Games after swimming the 200m butterfly at the National Trials. Thomas' coach Touretski could not be with her at the Games after a violent incident on an aeroplane left him with a fine of US$10,000 and a jail term that barred him entry to the United States. Mark Regan was sent to coach Thomas. Back in Mullumbimby, the manager of the local IGA store had organised a fundraiser so that Denise Thomas could watch her daughter at the Games, along with sister Stacey.\nSusie O'Neill and Petria Thomas were both set to race in the 200m butterfly final, against Ireland's Michelle Smith de Bruin. Smith de Bruin, who had been achieving seemingly impossible results for a formerly average swimmer, was convicted some time later of tampering with a urine sample for a drugs test by FINA. Both O'Neill and Thomas beat her to the wall in Atlanta, winning gold and silver respectively.\nShortly afterward, it was recommended that Thomas - a flexible girl, predisposed to injury - undergo surgery to tighten the ligaments in her right shoulder. This would be a potentially career-ending operation, as no swimmer had managed to return to the pool after shoulder surgery. Thomas was determined. She wore an immobilising brace for six weeks and couldn't compete for a year, but began training as best she could. In the summer of 1997, she was teamed up with strength and conditioning coaches Harry Wardle and Julian Jones. Thomas and Jones, coach and former weightlifter, struck up a strong rapport and before long were romantically involved. The relationship boosted Thomas' confidence, bringing her the kind of happiness she had not known for many years. She poured her energy into retraining in the pool, learning her stroke and technique all over again.\nBy the National Championships at the end of 1997 Thomas was swimming brilliantly, shaving a couple of tenths of a second off her personal best. At the National Titles she came second in the 100m and 200m butterfly to qualify for the World Championships in Perth. There, in the heats, she swam her fastest ever time in the 100m butterfly, hitting the wall at 58.99 seconds and breaking the Commonwealth record. In the final, American Jenny Thompson won the gold but Thomas won bronze with another personal best of 58.97. She won silver in the 200m butterfly final behind O'Neill. At the Commonwealth Games in Canada, Thomas finally beat O'Neill to claim gold in the 100m butterfly.\nBy January 1999, Thomas' left shoulder was playing up. Swimming in a heat of the 50m 'fly at a World Cup meet in Germany, she hit the wall at the 25m mark to do her turn and couldn't move. The left shoulder had popped out of its joint. A second shoulder reconstruction was deemed necessary. The surgery was followed by excruciating pain. The severe discomfort lasted for eighteen months. Nonetheless, Thomas had begun training the moment her brace came off, and in January 2000 was swimming again. The Trials for the Sydney Olympic Games began in May. In the heats, Thomas swam the 100m butterfly in 58.05 seconds - a new Commonwealth record. She was selected for the Australian team in this event, as well as the 200m butterfly and freestyle and medley relays.\nA week before the Sydney Games, Julian Jones proposed to Thomas. The pair would be married in the gardens of Parliament House in Canberra on 15 December 2001.\nThomas - perhaps affected by the hype surrounding the Games at home - was disappointed with her performance in Sydney. She came fourth in the 100m butterfly. She took bronze in the 200m butterfly (with a personal best time); and a silver each in the 4x200m freestyle relay and the 4x100m medley relay. She considered retirement, but felt she hadn't swum her best race yet. She decided to aim for the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester and try to defend her 100m butterfly title.\nIn the meantime, the FINA World Championships in Fukuoka, Japan, were fast approaching. There, Thomas broke the Championship record in the heat of the 200m butterfly. She won gold in the final, setting another championship record with a time of 2:06.73. This individual event was followed by the 4x200m freestyle relay. Thomas was teamed up with Giaan Rooney, Elka Graham and Linda Mackenzie. By the time Thomas was swimming the third leg, the team were already on world-record pace. They cheered Rooney home and as she hit the wall, winning the race, the other three jumped into the pool. The timing was devastating - the last swimmer in the last team was under a second away from touching the wall when the girls hit the water, and they were disqualified. The media went wild and criticism was rife. Being the oldest member of the team and the first to jump, Thomas was given the blame.\nPushing aside this criticism and the crushing disappointment, Thomas went on to win gold in the 100m butterfly final in a time of 58.27 seconds, making her a two time world champion. Two days later she became a three time world champion when she won gold with Dyana Calub, Liesel Jones and Sarah Ryan in the 4x100m medley relay.\nAt the Goodwill Games in Brisbane, not long after the championships, Thomas suffered another injury, snapping three major ligaments in her right ankle. After an ankle reconstruction, her pain was compounded when an ultrasound revealed that she had three blood clots in her leg, one of which was 13 cm long. Again, Thomas pushed aside her injuries to compete. Her sights were set on the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, where she was listed to swim in seven events and hoped to become the first female swimmer to win three consecutive gold medals at three different Commonwealth Games in the same event (100m butterfly).\nThomas swam like a true champion. Tying with Elka Graham, she took the bronze in the 200m freestyle final. She won gold in the 50m butterfly. She took silver in the 4x200m freestyle relay. She won gold in the 100m butterfly, defending her title. She also won gold in the 4x100m freestyle relay, the 200m butterfly, and the 4x100m medley relay. All up, Thomas returned home with a haul of five gold medals, one silver and a bronze.\nStill, though, Thomas felt she had not swum her best race and decided to train for Athens. She suffered a number of setbacks in the process. Experiencing agonising pains in her stomach and abdomen, Thomas was diagnosed with a severe case of endometriosis. Many of the treatments for the condition were unavailable to her because they contained substances banned by FINA. Later, in the test race for a car rally at the Melbourne Grand Prix, Thomas collided with a Mini Cooper driven by model Megan Gale. The impact dislocated her right shoulder (she continued with the competition regardless and came fifth overall, the first woman across the line). Though this incident was not responsible for it, Thomas had to undergo her third shoulder reconstruction in 2003. In 2002, Mark Regan had announced his departure from the AIS and Thomas was given a new coach, Glenn Beringen. Fortunately, Thomas enjoyed a terrific working relationship with Beringen and what might have been a badly-timed interruption was a serendipitous change.\nThomas went through rehab once more, making it to the Olympic trials in March 2004 where she smashed records and made the team. In Athens, Thomas hit her straps. With Libby Lenton, Jodie Henry and Alice Mills she won gold in the 4x100m freestyle relay with a new world record of 3:35.94. She went on to win gold in the 100m butterfly, beating Dutch star Inge de Bruijn, and silver in the 200m butterfly behind Polish Otylia Jedrzejczak. Finally, Thomas, Giaan Rooney, Liesel Jones and Jodie Henry won gold in the 4x100m medley relay in world record time. In this last relay, Thomas swam the fastest split in history. AOC historian Harry Gordon writes that:\nMany believe her last event, the 4 x 100m medley relay, was her finest. When she dived in for her butterfly leg the Australian team was a body length behind the US, with the renowned Jenny Thompson out in front. Thomas swam the fastest 'fly relay split ever, gave anchor swimmer Henry a lead, and the Australians won in world record time. Hers was truly a champion's farewell.\nThomas's contribution to sport was recognised by the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra by being inducted into the Swimming Hall of Fame in 1996, being named the AIS Athlete of the Year in 2001 and 2002, the 'Best of the Best' inductee in 2006 and the Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductee 2007. In 2022 she was the inaugural inductee in the University of Canberra's Sport Walk of Fame and granted the Australian Institute of Sport Leadership Award. In 2022 she was manager of the Swimming Australia National Training centre at the AIS and served as Chef de Mission in the Commonwealth Games in Birmingham, England. The public swimming pool in Mullumbimby, New South Wales, is named after her.\n", "Events": "Swimming - 100m Butterfly, 4 x 100m Medley Relay (1998 - 1998) \nSwimming - 100m Butterfly, Member of the 4 x 100m Freestyle Relay Team, Member of the 4 x 100m Medley Relay Team (2004 - 2004) \nSwimming - 100m Butterfly; 4 x 100m Medley Relay (1994 - 1994) \nSwimming - 200m Butterfly (1996 - 1996) \nSwimming - 200m Butterfly (2000 - 2000) \nSwimming - 200m Butterfly (2004 - 2004) \nSwimming - 4 x 200m Freestyle Relay Team, 4 x 100m Medley Relay Team (2000 - 2000) \nSwimming - 50m, 100m, 200m Butterfly, 4 x 100m Freestyle Relay, 4 x 100m Medley Relay (2002 - 2002)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/petria-thomas-swimming-against-the-tide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-at-the-games\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Durack, Sarah (Fanny)", "Entry ID": "AWE2288", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/durack-sarah-fanny-2\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Stanmore, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Swimmer, Swimming Coach", "Summary": "Sarah (Fanny) Durack battled local swimming authorities to become the first Australian woman to compete at the Olympic Games. In 1912, at Stockholm, she won the gold medal in the 100 meters freestyle event, beating her compatriot and training partner, Wilhelmina (Mina) Wylie. She went on to break numerous world records until she retired from competitive swimming in 1921.\n", "Details": "From the moment she decided she wanted to be an Olympian, Sarah (Fanny) Durack, set herself on a collision course with sporting authorities and prominent Australian feminists. Born in October 1889 to working class parents in Sydney, New South Wales, Fanny learned to swim at the Coogee Baths and became very good, very quickly in the only stroke for which there was women's competition, the breast stroke. In 1902, at the age of 11, she swam in the 100 yard event at the New South Wales Ladies Championships, a race that was won by another early icon of Australian women's swimming, Annette Kellerman. Fanny finished last, but that would not be a position she held for very long. Over the next few years she became the best swimmer in the country. Eventually, at the 1912 Olympic Games, she proved she was the best swimmer in the world. Given that women could not swim in mixed company in Australia, let alone compete at the Olympic Games when she determined that she was going to be an Olympic Gold Medalist, her achievement was trailblazing by any definition of the term. What is, perhaps, most interesting about the story of Fanny's struggle, is that in Australia it was chiefly women who opposed her along the way.\nThere are three key themes in the story of Fanny Durack's success, and they all converge in a general discussion of changing public attitudes to women athletes performing in the public arena. The first and most simple theme relates to Fanny's personal drive to be the best swimmer she could be. She loved to swim, she was strong and she excelled at it. She had a good friend, Wilhelmina (Mina) Wylie, whose father owned the Coogee baths, as a training partner, and he encouraged them to be innovators in their swimming. They perfected the stroke that would become known as the 'Australian Crawl' (now commonly known as freestyle). Furthermore, after the restrictions on mixed public bathing were relaxed a little, she and Mina challenged themselves by training with the top men of the day. Fanny and Mina were young women who, by the time they were twenty, had begun to feel that they had done all they could do at home in their sport. They were ready for the next challenge to compete overseas. Fanny was setting unofficial world records in any number of events at home; she wanted them to be officially recognised in an international arena. The fact that she was encouraged along this path by some important men in the swimming world, as well as members of the general public, suggests that, accompanying the success of women's struggle for the right to vote, there had been some baby steps along the road to public acceptance of a woman's right to pursue her private dreams (albeit in social contexts that were severely circumscribed by men), particularly if the attainment of those dreams reflected well in the eyes of the world upon the image of an emerging nation.\nThe second theme that connects with Fanny's story is that which describes the forces in Australia that were emphatically opposed to her pursuing her Olympic Dream. Mixed bathing was a controversial subject in Australia in the early twentieth century. There is no doubt that by this time, the health and fitness benefits of bathing to men and women were recognised by the majority of Australians. In a nation surrounded by water, it made good sense for people to be confident in it, even women. Indeed, ladies' swimming associations were established to permit women to compete against each other. Leading feminists of the time encouraged women to keep fit and healthy by establishing club swimming meets and learn to swim sessions. Rose Scott, for instance, one of the most important feminist leaders in Australia at the turn of the century, was president of the New South Wales Ladies' Amateur Swimming Association (NSWLASA), an organization that promoted women's involvement in club swimming.\nScott and many of her contemporaries, however, were firmly opposed to mixed bathing. Not only did she disapprove of men and women in the same pool at the same time, she disapproved of men watching women while they competed, even if they were fathers and brothers of the competitors. Scott's opposition stemmed from her total lack of faith in the ability of men to control their sexual urges, a lack of faith built on a career in feminist activities that had seen the damage done to women by sexual predators. She had absolutely no doubt that men bathing with women and watching them in their costumes would put women in the community at large in grave sexual danger. Her opposition to mixed bathing was motivated by an immediate concern for the modesty of the swimmers. 'A girl who is in the habit of exposing herself at public swimming carnivals is likely to have her modesty hopelessly blighted,' she told members of her association. It was also motivated by a concern for all the women who didn't swim, but who could become the innocent victims of the unrestrained sexual impulses stirred up in the men who watched female swimmers. 'I am afraid that the rescission of the rule [preventing mixed audiences] will lead to a loss of respect for the girls and the increasing boldness of the men', she told newspaper reporters in 1912. Not all women's groups endorsed this view; nor did the Mayor of Randwick, the municipality where Wylie's baths were located and therefore, the Mayor who permitted mixed bathing there so that Fanny and Mina could train with the men. In his view 'swimming was the sport of the future' and on that all should enjoy. Furthermore, he noted that the female body had 'inspired great painters and sculptors and was not a matter for shame or seclusion'. To a large extent, Fanny had grassroots community support. Nevertheless, if one is fighting a powerful international sporting organisation for the right to compete under their jurisdiction, it helps to have the support of your representative organisation at home. The NSWLASA were totally unsupportive of Fanny's campaign to compete at the Olympic Games. In the view of some, it was right and proper that they should remain so 'the fabric of society' was at stake here, according to the Catholic Archbishop of Sydney, all because a couple of girls wanted to prove they were the best swimmers in the world.\nThe third important thread in the story relates to the international context; that of the Olympic movement itself. By definition, competing at the Olympics would mean competing in a sporting activity at a mixed event. At the turn of the century, there was still firm opposition to this happening. This was partially because Baron Pierre de Courbertin's vision of the modern Olympics, which he revived in 1896, was a white, masculine one. It was shaped by his interest in the Ancient Greeks and their admiration for white, masculine, athletic bodies. Brought up in France, where women's sport was virtually non-existent, he saw no place for women at the Olympics except as spectators. The Olympics, in his words should be 'the solemn and periodic exaltation of male athleticism with internationalism as a base, loyalty as a means, art for its setting, and female applause as its reward'. Furthermore, in accordance with contemporary understandings of femininity, 'real' women were not 'Amazons' and athletic exertion would only harm them and impact upon their ability to be wives and mothers, a view that medical science and many men and women of the time endorsed. Matters of the impropriety of mixed activity didn't even enter into the equation in the early days of the Olympics. Even if it could be arrange that events were segregated, women shouldn't be there, for the sake of their own health.\nOver time women athletes chipped away at the rationale that justified their exclusion. In 1904, at St Louis in the United States, female archers wearing long skirts and blouses were allowed to compete; in London in 1908 women who participated in seemingly demure sports, such as gymnasts, figure skaters and tennis players were permitted to compete, providing they were well chaperoned. Durack herself would have been ready to compete in 1908, but there was still enormous opposition to the prospect of women swimmers competing. What they wore was too revealing; what they did was too 'un-feminine'.\nHowever, just as public opinion in Australia was coming around to support the right of women swimmers at all levels to appear in public in mixed settings, so too was the international sporting community divided over the issue of allowing women to compete at the Olympics. The International Olympic Committee itself was divided over the matter, and in the lead up to the 1912 games in Stockholm, de Courbertin lost his fight to keep women swimmers excluded. In an historic decision, the committee voted in favour of staging two women's races and a diving event, thus opening the way for Australian, American and European women to compete against each other.\nThe stage was set for Durack to realise her dream. Based on her recent performances, she would have, arguably, been one of the first people to be selected for the team, let alone the first women. Unfortunately, this was not to be the case. When the team was announced, Fanny Durack was not amongst the names read out; apparently the selection committee could not afford to send female competitors. They also fell back on the arguments pushed by Rose Scott and the NSWLASA to explain her omission; that in Australia, the public believed that competitive swimming for women should remain a segregated affair. Durack, Wylie and their supporters, of course, disputed this point of view strenuously, but not a single men's organisation took up their course. Even though the international structures were in place to allow women swimmers to compete, key Australian organizations stood in the way of the world's best female swimmer doing so.\nThe Australian Olympic Committee and the NSWLASA badly misread public opinion; Durack's exclusion was seen as a national scandal. Women's clubs organised rallies, petitions and funds, while the press gave the affair plenty of prominence in the editorial and commentary pages. Unsolicited donations poured in from the public, determined to see that a lack of funding could not be used as an excuse. The sporting and theatre entrepreneur, Hugh McIntosh was encouraged by his wife to co-ordinate the fundraising effort. The NSWLASA and Rose Scott, in particular, became targets of ridicule, until the association relented and endorsed their champion swimmer, making it possible for her to go. Scott did not agree with the decision and immediately resigned her post as President, maintaining to the end that she thought it was 'disgusting that men should be allowed to attend. We cannot have too much modesty, refinement or delicacy in the relations between men and women\u2026this new decision will have a very vulgar effect on the girls, and the community generally.'\nGiven that the money was there, the NSWLASA decision removed the final obstacle to Fanny's participation. She sailed for London and then onto Stockholm where Fanny Durack went on to become one of two Australian gold medalists by winning the 100 meters freestyle. She swam in an unmarked pool, with no lane ropes and water so murky that the bottom of the pool was not visible. She also swam in the company of Mina Wylie, who won the silver medal. The Australian Olympic Committee made a last minute decision to send both her and her father to be official coach. Along with Fanny's sister, who went along as chaperone, they comprised the first ever Australian Olympic Ladies Swimming team.\nFanny and Mina arrived back to great fanfare and celebration - Fanny was a national heroine, who had achieved her personal goals while paving the way for the host of champion Australian women swimmers to follow. Following her Olympic success, she toured the United States and did more to promote swimming than any woman with the possible exception of her Australian countryman Annette Kellerman. On a U.S. tour in 1912, Miss Durack got newspaper billing as \"holding all championships for deep diving and for staying under water continuously.\" Between 1912 and 1918 she broke 12 world records.\nBy the time she stopped touring, the controversies surrounding her entry into the pool seemed old-fashioned. The fabric of society hadn't frayed too badly and women athletes went on to be wives and mothers. There were still fights to be fought, however. Just as she was leaving, the problems of defining who was an amateur and what constituted professionalism in sport were creating divisions in the swimming world, and Fanny herself was at the sharp end of some of the arguments. Durack retired from swimming in 1921 when she married Bernard Gately at St Mary's Cathedral in Sydney. She went on to coach juniors, and she became an executive member of the organisation that once made life so difficult for her, the New South Wales Women's (no longer Ladies'!) Amateur Swimming Association. She died in 1956.\nFanny was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1967. According to her citation, she 'not only took on all comers the world over, but beat all comers the world over for 8 years in the formative years of women's swimming. She did more than any other swimmer to make the term \"Australian Crawl\" a definition which survives until this day'. Sarah 'Fanny' Durack is an Australian sporting legend and an icon of Australian swimming. She is also an extraordinary role model for anyone with a dream.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001) \nSwimming - 100m Freestyle (1912 - 1912)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/durack-sarah-fanny-1889-1956\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/two-much-boldness-and-rudeness-australias-first-olympic-ladies-swimming-team\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-at-the-games\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-book-of-great-australian-women-thirty-six-women-who-changed-the-course-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kimble, Ronda", "Entry ID": "AWE2290", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kimble-ronda\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Randwick, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Netball Coach, Netball Player, Sports administrator, Umpire", "Summary": "Ronda Kimble was a netball player who advanced through the ranks to become an All Australian netball umpire. She has been involved in the game of netball for nearly forty years, as a player, coach, umpire, administrator and archivist.\n", "Details": "One Saturday morning in 1996, Ronda Kimble woke up and said to her husband, 'I think I am cured'. Twelve months earlier, she had retired from netball umpiring in an official capacity, an act that literally involved changing the habits of a life time. For close to forty years, Ronda's Saturdays had been given over to the game she had played, coached and umpired (often all on the same day) from the time she was twelve years old. Netball fixtures even determined when she got married; he wedding day was the first free Saturday after the 1967 season had finished. It's hardly surprising, therefore, that her 'convalescence' after retirement was lengthy and sometimes painful. Ronda had dedicated much of her life to netball, although she would argue that what she gave was nothing compared to what she had received.\nApart from the sheer enjoyment of running around on a court, either wearing a bib or with a whistle in her mouth, Ronda loved Netball because, through it, she established friendships, networks and skills that have given her a lifetime of fulfillment. Her story reminds us of the important role that women played in the development of communities through sport, as well as the development of community sport. It is also a story of the important role that community sport can play in the development of women as individuals and leaders.\nRonda Sewell was born in Randwick in 1946 to working class parents, neither of whom was particularly interested in sport. She had one younger brother who was similarly disinterested. She was, however, part of the 'Olympic' generation of children who grew up with female athletes as role models. Always an active child who loved running around in the street and the playground, the 1956 Olympic Games captured her imagination. She loved listening to the radio broadcasts and kept a scrapbook to record the events. She ran her own 'School Olympics', organising her classmates into running races in the playground at lunchtime. When house sports were held, Ronda, a house captain, issued all the members of her house with coloured streamers to wave as they cheered their teammates on. Ronda started her voluntary career in sports administration at an early age!\nBy the time she started high school, Ronda was living in Sydney's Sutherland Shire in a suburb called Miranda. As a first year student at Port Hacking High School, she had to pick a sport that she would play for her house. A friend told her to pick netball (then called basketball) because not many people played it. The benefit of this was that, even though she was new to the school, she would probably get a better chance of playing regularly than if she put down one of the more popular sports as her first choice. She had never played it before, had no idea what the rules were, but it didn't matter. The game agreed with her and she was hooked. Unfortunately, she didn't get a chance to play interschool netball until her last year at high school, not because she wasn't good enough, but because the administrative structures were not in place to support schoolgirl netball until then. This was a common problem for girls growing up in developing suburbs in the 1950s and 60s, and who attended state high schools in these areas.\nShe was, however, able to play competitive netball outside school and this she did for nearly ten years with her local club, the Miranda Magpies. The Magpies were a large sporting club with a focus on men's soccer, but at roughly the same time that Ronda was becoming interested in the game, they established a netball club. Ronda signed up as soon as she had the chance; it was close to home so she didn't need to rely on her parents for transport and it was cheap (important, because the cost of membership came out of her pocket money.) Furthermore, her involvement in Saturday sport meant that she no longer had to help with the weekly shopping, a much loathed chore indeed! For the next decade, Ronda played, coached (she started this when she was fourteen) and umpired (at around thirteen) for the Miranda Magpies Basketball Club. She served on the executive of the Sutherland Shire Netball Association, to which the Magpies belonged, and became umpires convener.\nAll the while, she developed her coaching skills to the point where she was successfully coaching a representative team for Sutherland. Despite the fact that she had never been coached herself and that there were no official coaching manuals for her to refer to, Ronda was a very successful in the job. On reflection, she thinks this may be because she always had the skills to be a very good teacher; she just never had access to the tertiary education that would have made her qualified to be one in the classroom. Coaching was teaching and for her to be successful she needed to apply the same skills - knowledge of and enthusiasm for the 'subject', good planning, excellent communication and, very importantly, a sense of fun. Perhaps these same qualities also combined to make Ronda a good umpire. Very early in her career, after spending the whole day on the same court, umpiring at a carnival in which a young team she coached was participating, another umpire asked her what grade 'badge' she had, meaning, what level of qualification. That day marked the beginning of her quest for an All Australian Umpiring Badge, an honour she eventually received in 1991.\nRonda also became a highly competent administrator, establishing relationships and networks with people who mentored her, teaching her, essentially how to run a sporting club. Fixturing, enlisting volunteers, fund-raising, communication with members, these were all very time consuming tasks in the era before the internet, email and mobile phones. While serving on the executive of the Sutherland Shire Association, she watched and observed how the senior operators did things. She was invited to represent the association at state seminars and meetings - these occasions also gave her more opportunity to listen, learn and develop administrative skills. When she got married in 1967, people thought she would pull back on her involvement in the sport; this was not the case. If anything, Ronda's career as a netball all-rounder was just starting to take off. Her husband recognised how important netball was to Ronda (he would have had to be blind not to!) and was not the type to suggest she should cut back. Besides, he had sporting interests of his own. On Saturdays, the Kimbles went their separate ways, meeting up for dinner in the evening.\nRonda endured (very unhappily) an enforced six month break from netball in 1969 when she and he husband moved to Greystanes, a new housing development in Sydney's western suburbs. There was no established netball competition there, so she and the other new families had to make their own. Responding to an advertisement from the local school she found in her letterbox, she and three other people met to form a committee with the aim of establishing a team. Within six months, they fielded a senior team. As the area developed and more families moved in, the number of teams for juniors and seniors grew accordingly. Once again, Ronda was involved in a club and representative association (Parramatta\/Auburn) at all levels, one with which she remained involved until her retirement in 1995. From the roneoed newsletters produced on the 'gestetener' at home every week, to the chook raffles on training nights, the fundraising progressive dinners (pity the soul who volunteered to do dessert because they were always the last to get to sleep), the reams of paper used to complete the fixtures, the phone calls to team managers\u2026Ronda was everywhere in that club, enjoying every minute of it (well maybe almost every minute) and making sure that the netballers of the Greystanes area never had to endure the agony of a six month lay off, like she did. Little surprise she was made a life member of the club (as she was of her first club, the Miranda Magpies).\nLittle surprise, as well, that the administrative skills she developed as a volunteer eventually qualified her for paid employment in sports administration. In 1981, Ronda saw an advertisement in the newspaper for a position as an administrator at the New South Wales Gymnastics Association. The position called for someone who could organise competitions, teams, newsletters; in short, someone who could do all the things she had been doing in a voluntary capacity for years. Her application was successful, and she remained in the position for six years. From there she moved to a position as executive officer for the New South Wales Netball Association and then, finally to her current (2007) position at Netball Australia. She has enjoyed many different office management positions within the organisation, including membership of the finance committee during the 1991 world championship series in Sydney. She is now the official archivist and has developed a record-keeping system that should be the envy of any sporting organisation comparable in size and complexity to that of Netball Australia.\nIn fifty years of involvement with the sport in some capacity, Ronda has seen continuity alongside significant change. At a personal level, the fact that netball was 'always there' was a reassurance to her, as it was to other women, when everything else seemed to be changing. When she was feeling isolated and all at sea after having a baby, morning netball competitions provided her with a welcome respite. Ronda says the courts in the 1960s and 70s were surrounded by babies in bassinets as women in the suburbs used community sport to connect and keep themselves sane. When her mother died, Ronda found the regular connection with friends through netball an enormous comfort. If she felt stressed or angry, netball was always good therapy; an hour on the court 'ran it out' of her. The constancy of the netball season provided stability when other things seemed out of control.\nThere were personal changes, too. Netball provided an important outlet for self expression and growth, in an era when sexual politics at the domestic level were being redefined to acknowledge that women had rights as individuals, not only as wives and mothers. As Ronda put it, quite simply, 'playing netball, well it was something you could do for yourself.' She was always meeting new people and learning new skills through her involvement in the sport and, as mentioned, she used these opportunities to develop her own professional skills at the same time as she worked hard to provide a service to the local community. Netball gave her the opportunity for personal growth. Some women, however, had to fight tooth and nail for this opportunity. Their husbands resented the time they took away from home 'to do something for themselves.' According to Ronda, there was one woman who always turned up late to evening games because her husband would insist upon the house being spotless before she left it. Each week, just when she thought she had everything covered, he would invent some new task that needed to be completed before she could leave the house. The simple of act of playing a weekly game of netball represented a challenge to his domestic authority.\nPerhaps the sexual politics associated with playing sport explain why some other organisational changes have been difficult. Ronda sat through many an executive and general meeting at a local and state level in the 1980s and 90s where arguments about the involvement of men in the administration of netball were heated and divisive. In an era where access to skills, funds and volunteers were scarce but crucial to the survival of clubs at a local level, there were many women, Ronda included, who believed that if men of goodwill wanted to be involved, as players, coaches, umpires and administrators, then the structures should be put in place to permit this. As she put it bluntly, 'We needed men because we started having trouble getting volunteers'. As more and more women worked full time, and with the advent of Saturday trading plus the fact that more people were playing the sport, the pool of volunteers, the people who made the competitions function, was becoming shallower. Furthermore, as Ronda pointed out, men participated in business networks that women still didn't move in. 'We could get the bread and sauce for the sausage sizzle, they could get the building supplies and electrical contractors to install the court lights'.\nMany women whose experience was, quite reasonably, coloured by old struggles with men over the resourcing of women's sport, were defensive and suspicious about the motives of men who wanted to be involved. Would they try to 'take over'? Do they believe we are so incompetent that we can't do it on our own? Ronda's view was that, at a community level, cooperation between men and women was necessary to see the sport develop and grow. Recently, this cooperation at a grassroots level has been formalised at a corporate level, with Netball Australia and the Australian Football League in 2006 agreeing that by strengthening the links between the two organisations, the two organisations will be strengthened. It is a sign of the times that in 2006 the leadership of Netball Australia, rather than feel threatened by linkages with men's sporting organizations, entered into partnership with them, so that both sports can benefit. In a bittersweet twist, though, this new, mature, partnership will spell the end of Ronda's formal relationship with Netball Australia. The office will be moving to Melbourne, meaning that the Sydneysider will give over to someone else the task of organising the archives. She will maintain an interest in the sport, no matter what.\nRonda Kimble had her moments in sport at an elite level (as an All Australian netball umpire) but her most remarkable achievements have been at the community level, as her life membership at two local clubs attests to. Who knows what would have happened if, all those years ago, Ronda had chosen to play hockey rather than netball? One thing is for sure; hockey was the loser in the deal!\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Allen, Sandra", "Entry ID": "AWE2295", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/allen-sandra\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Softball Player", "Events": "Member of the Softball Team (2000 - 2000) \nMember of the Softball Team (2004 - 2004)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Balogh, Suzanne", "Entry ID": "AWE2300", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/balogh-suzanne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Olympian, Shooting champion", "Events": "Services to Sport (2005 - 2005) \nShooting - Trap (2004 - 2004) \nShooting - Trap Pairs (2006 - 2006)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Batkovic, Suzy", "Entry ID": "AWE2301", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/batkovic-suzy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Basketball Player, Olympian", "Events": "Member of the Opals, the Australian Women's Basketball Team (2004 - 2004)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McQuillan, Rachel", "Entry ID": "AWE2310", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcquillan-rachel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Tennis player", "Events": "Women's Doubles (With Nicole Bradtke) (1992 - 1992)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wylie, Wilhelmina", "Entry ID": "AWE2313", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wylie-wilhelmina\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Randwick, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Swimmer", "Events": "Swimming - 100m freestyle (1912 - 1912)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Woods, Taryn Nadine", "Entry ID": "AWE2316", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/woods-taryn-nadine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Water Polo Player", "Events": "Awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia 'for service to sport as a gold medallist at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games' (2001 - 2001) \nAwarded and Australian Sports Medal (2001 - 2001) \nMember of the Australian Women's Water Polo Team (2000 - 2000)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Whitfield, Beverley Joy", "Entry ID": "AWE2321", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whitfield-beverley-joy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Shellharbour, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Thirroul, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Olympian, Swimmer", "Events": "Swimming - 100m and 200m Breaststroke, 4 x 100m Medley Relay (1970 - 1970) \nSwimming - 100m Breaststroke (1972 - 1972) \nSwimming - 200m Breaststroke (1972 - 1972)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Weekes, Elizabeth Jane", "Entry ID": "AWE2325", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/weekes-elizabeth-jane\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Water Polo Player", "Events": "Awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) 'for service to sport as a gold medallist at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games' (2001 - 2001) \nAwarded an Australian Sports Medal (2001 - 2001) \nMember of the Australian Women's Water Polo Team (2000 - 2000)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Watson, Deborah", "Entry ID": "AWE2328", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/watson-deborah\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Water Polo Player", "Events": "Member of the Australian Women's Water Polo team (2000 - 2000)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ward, Natalie", "Entry ID": "AWE2329", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ward-natalie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Softball Player", "Summary": "Natalie Ward is one of only three women to win an Olympic medal and four games; the other two being softball teammates Tanya Harding and Lenaie Roche. She began her international career as a teenager, joining her sister Linda on the national team. She went on to become the first woman to play more than 400 games for Australia, and served as captain of the team. Ward regards the silver medal won in Athens as her proudest moment in sport.\n", "Events": "Member of the Australian Softball Team (1996 - 1996) \nMember of the Australian Softball Team (2000 - 2000) \nMember of the Australian Softball Team (2004 - 2004) \nMember of the Australian Softball Team (2008 - 2008)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-at-the-games\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Vassella, Marilyn", "Entry ID": "AWE2331", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vassella-marilyn\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Track and Field Athlete", "Events": "Athletics - 200m Sprint event (1964 - 1964)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Van Lint, Jacinta", "Entry ID": "AWE2332", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/van-lint-jacinta\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Albury, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Swimmer", "Events": "Swimming - Member of the 4 x 200m freestyle relay team (2000 - 2000)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Carruthers, Lisa", "Entry ID": "AWE2349", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carruthers-lisa\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Hockey player, Olympian", "Events": "Member of the Hockeyroos (1992 - 1992) \nMember of the Hockeyroos (1996 - 1996) \nMember of the Hockeyroos (2000 - 2000)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Richardson, Julie", "Entry ID": "AWE2369", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/richardson-julie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Taree, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Hockey player, Olympian", "Events": "Member of the Hockeyroos (2000 - 2000)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Tooth, Liane", "Entry ID": "AWE2372", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tooth-liane\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Hockey player, Olympian", "Events": "Member of the Hockeyroos (1984 - 1984) \nMember of the Hockeyroos (1988 - 1988) \nMember of the Hockeyroos (1992 - 1992) \nMember of the Hockeyroos (1996 - 1996)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jackson, Lauren", "Entry ID": "AWE2380", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jackson-lauren\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Albury, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Basketball Player, Olympian", "Summary": "Lauren Jackson is widely regarded as Australia's greatest female basketball player ever. She has led the nation's team, the Opals, to three silver medals at successive Olympic Games in Sydney (2000), Athens (2004) and Beijing (2008) and a much cherished bronze in London in 2012. She was chosen to carry flag for the Australian Olympic team in London in 2012, which was, she says, 'the proudest moment of my sporting career'.\n", "Details": "Lauren Jackson is widely regarded as Australia's greatest female basketball player ever. She has led the nation's team, the Opals, to three silver medals at successive Olympic Games in Sydney (2000), Athens (2004) and Beijing (2008) and a much cherished bronze in London in 2012. She was chosen to carry flag for the Australian Olympic team in London in 2012, which was, she says, 'the proudest moment of my sporting career'.\nBorn in Albury, New South Wales, in 1981, Lauren Jackson says that at the age of four she had already hatched the plan that would take her to representing the Australia at the Olympics. While there is no doubt she had the genetic pedigree and family support to make the plan a reality (both her mother and father had represented Australia in basketball) it was her mental strength and determination combined with a deep love of the game that made the difference. By the time she was in Year 7 she knew she loved the game enough to want to leave home and attend the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). In 1997 at the age of 16 Jackson was awarded a scholarship to in 1997. In 1998, she led the AIS side that won the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL) championship. In 2000, she was playing for the national team, the Opals, at the Olympic Games in Sydney.\nFor the self-confessed homebody, the pathway early in her career was not always an easy one; she missed her home and family keenly. She also had a little bit of a chip on her shoulder about always being the youngest member in the team, that might have made her more aggressive at times than she needed to be. But the influence of her teammates helped her to settle in and to settle down. 'The team back then was full of beautiful souls,' she says. She was lucky to have 'good hearted people like Rachel Sporn, and Sandy Bondello around her. Strong personalities like Michelle Timms and Robyn Maher were also very important to her development as well. Robin Maher, in particular was very strong willed and challenged her to be the best she could be. 'My early days and the support I received from my teammates made my early years very, very special.'\nJackson joined the AIS in the same year that the U.S. Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) began competition (1997) so she knew that if she worked hard and the breaks fell her way, there was a professional pathway for her. She made herself available for the WNBA draft in 2001 and was an automatic first choice for Seattle Storm. She has been named as winner of the WNBA's Most Valuable Player award for the Storm three times (2003, 2007 and 2010) and has helped them to victory in the national Championships in 2004 and 2010. She has also played in Spanish and Russian leagues throughout the course of her career, while remaining committed to the national team, always making herself available (when fit) for Olympic Games and World Championships. While never being able to claim the ultimate prize at the Olympic Games, in 2006 Jackson led the Opals to victory over Russia for the 2006 World Championship crown.\nIn 2012 Jackson become the youngest person ever to score 6000 points in the WNBA, needing 32 games fewer than any others who have achieved the milestone. She claims that although she is proud of the achievement, it's probably more meaningful to people other than herself, after all she was younger than most when she started playing. Christina Keneally, the CEO of Basketball Australia, thinks Jackson is selling her achievements short. 'She's the greatest player in the American league and the fact that she wants to play in Australia speaks volumes about her commitment to her country. It's a great show of leadership'.\nKeneally was referring to Jackson's decision to return to play for the Canberra Capitals in 2009 when discussing this commitment. Jackson returned to Australia to play out the 2009\/10 season, a season that saw the Capitals win the National WNBL title and Jackson announced the Grand Final MVP. It was a very meaningful victory, one that she has not been able to replicate since, due to commitments overseas and frustrating injury problems. In an interview conducted in 2012, Jackson expressed her frustration: 'Canberra has been my second home since she was 15. I want to be part of the community and help the team. I am looking forward to playing for a team I love in a city I love.'\nJackson admits that there have been sacrifices along the way, particularly in the area of her personal life. 'True love and a family' are hard to establish and sustain if you are a professional sportswoman playing a global sport. Thus far, she has chosen basketball over her personal life, but she has no regrets and believes there will still be time for her to pay attention to what she has missed out on, personally.\nAlthough hardly preparing to throw in the towel yet, Jackson is preparing for life after sport. Whilst on the playing circuit, she began a gender studies degree and found that the content just clicked with her, as she began working through how feminism informs her own decisions and how she can make a difference in life after basketball. She discovered that she wants to assist women suffering from domestic and sexual violence and is now a patron of the New South Wales Rape Crisis Centre. She wants to play a part in empowering women who need to make the decision to leave violent and abusive relationships, and hopes that associating her name with the organisation is an early, first step in that process.\nLauren Jackson is arguably Australia's greatest ever basketballer, although she would never accept the title without sharing the spoils with those who have supported her, especially her parents. 'My mother gave up a lot for me,' she says. 'She was a real pioneer in the game as well.' In her view, her central role in putting Australian basketball on the map globally would not have been visible without the talented players who have already surrounded her and nurtured her. To achieve any success, as an individual and as a leader, she says, 'you have to have great people around you'.\n", "Events": "Member of the Opals, the Australian Women's Basketball Team (2000 - 2000) \nMember of the Opals, the Australian Women's Basketball Team (2004 - 2004) \nMember of the Opals, the Australian Women's Basketball Team (2008 - 2008) \nMember of the Opals, the Australian Women's Basketball Team (2012 - 2012)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-at-the-games\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/angela-pulvirenti-interviews-australian-opal-lauren-jackson-about-her-life-in-basketball-and-her-experiences-in-and-out-of-competition\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lauren-jackson\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Poto, Alicia", "Entry ID": "AWE2383", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poto-alicia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Basketball Player, Olympian", "Events": "Member of the Opals, the Australian Women's Basketball Team (2004 - 2004)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Castle, Naomi", "Entry ID": "AWE2390", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/castle-naomi\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Water Polo Player", "Events": "Competed at Athens (2004 - 2004) \nMember of the Australian Women's Water Polo Team (2000 - 2000)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hankin, Simone", "Entry ID": "AWE2392", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hankin-simone\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Water Polo Player", "Events": "Member of the Australian Women's Water Polo Team (2000 - 2000)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Higgins, Yvette", "Entry ID": "AWE2393", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/higgins-yvette\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Water Polo Player", "Events": "Member of the Australian Women's Water Polo Team (2000 - 2000)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mayer, Bronwyn", "Entry ID": "AWE2396", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mayer-bronwyn\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Water Polo Player", "Events": "Member of the Australian Women's Water Polo Team (2000 - 2000)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mills, Melissa", "Entry ID": "AWE2398", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mills-melissa\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Water Polo Player", "Events": "Member of the Australian Women's Water Polo Team (2000 - 2000)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Titcume, Natalie", "Entry ID": "AWE2399", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/titcume-natalie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Softball Player", "Events": "Member of the Softball Team (2000 - 2000) \nMember of the Softball Team (2004 - 2004)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Brown, Dyana", "Entry ID": "AWE2405", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brown-dyana\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bourke, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Olympian, Swimmer", "Events": "Swimming - 50m Backstroke, 4 x 100m Medley Relay (2002 - 2002) \nSwimming - Member of the 4 x 100m Medley Relay Team (2000 - 2000)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cooper, Kim", "Entry ID": "AWE2407", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cooper-kim\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Softball Player", "Events": "Member of the Softball Team (1996 - 1996)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Crawford, Fiona", "Entry ID": "AWE2408", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/crawford-fiona\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Softball Player", "Events": "Member of the Softball Team (2000 - 2000) \nMember of the Softball Team (2004 - 2004)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mosley, Tracey", "Entry ID": "AWE2422", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mosley-tracey\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Softball Player", "Events": "Member of the Softball Team (2004 - 2004)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Porter, Stacey", "Entry ID": "AWE2424", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/porter-stacey\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Softball Player", "Events": "Member of the Softball Team (2004 - 2004)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Roche, Melanie", "Entry ID": "AWE2426", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/roche-melanie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Softball Player", "Summary": "A Softball pitcher, Melanie Roche's ability to frustrate hitters and limit scoring made her one of the most feared players in international competition. She was trusted with pitching duties in many of Australia's finest wins. Roche has also enjoyed an excellent professional career with teams in Europe and Asia.\n", "Events": "Member of the Softball Team (1996 - 1996) \nMember of the Softball Team (2000 - 2000) \nMember of the Softball Team (2004 - 2004) \nMember of the Softball Team (2008 - 2008)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-at-the-games\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Carrigan, Sara", "Entry ID": "AWE2428", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carrigan-sara\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Gunnedah, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Cyclist, Olympian", "Events": "Cycling (Track) - Individual (2004 - 2004)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Crapp, Lorraine", "Entry ID": "AWE2432", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/crapp-lorraine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Olympian, Swimmer", "Events": "Swimming - 100m Freestyle (1956 - 1956) \nSwimming - 110y Freestyle; 440y Freestyle (1954 - 1954) \nSwimming - 400m Freestyle and 4 x100m Freestyle Relay (1956 - 1956) \nSwimming - Member of the 4 x 100m Freestyle relay team (1960 - 1960) \nSwimming - Member of the 4 x 110y Freestyle Relay Team (1958 - 1958)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-at-the-games\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Currey, Louise", "Entry ID": "AWE2433", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/currey-louise\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Port Kembla, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Track and Field Athlete", "Events": "Athletics - Javelin Throw (1996 - 1996) \nCompeted in Barcelona and Sydney (1992 - 2000)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Everuss, Ruth", "Entry ID": "AWE2438", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/everuss-ruth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Swimmer", "Events": "Swimming - 4 x 100m Freestyle Relay (1960 - 1960) \nSwimming - 4 x 110y Freestyle Relay (1962 - 1962)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ferguson, June Elaine", "Entry ID": "AWE2440", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ferguson-june-elaine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Track and Field Athlete", "Events": "Athletics - 4 x100m relay (1948 - 1948)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/junes-great-feats\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Graham, Elka", "Entry ID": "AWE2446", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/graham-elka\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Swimmer", "Events": "Competed in Athens (2004 - 2004) \nSwimming - 4 x 200m Freestyle Relay (2000 - 2000)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hanson, Brooke", "Entry ID": "AWE2449", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hanson-brooke\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Swimmer", "Events": "Swimming - 100m Breaststroke (2004 - 2004) \nSwimming - 4 x 100m Medley Relay (2004 - 2004)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Johnson, Emma", "Entry ID": "AWE2453", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/johnson-emma\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Swimmer", "Events": "Swimming - 4 x 200m Freestyle Relay (1996 - 1996)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jones, Michellie", "Entry ID": "AWE2457", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jones-michellie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Fairfield, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Triathlete", "Summary": "In 2017, Michellie Jones was made a Member in the General Division of the Order of Australia 'for significant service to athletes who are blind or have low vision, as a gold medallist at the Rio 2016 Paralympic Games, where she served as a guide to para-triathlete Katie Kelly, and to sport as a triathlete'.\n", "Events": "Triathlon (2000 - 2000)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Saville, Jane", "Entry ID": "AWE2464", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/saville-jane\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Olympian, Race walker", "Events": "Athletics - 10 km Road Walk (1998 - 1998) \nAthletics - 20k Walk (2002 - 2002) \nAthletics - 20k Walk (2006 - 2006) \nAthletics - 20km Road Walk (2004 - 2004) \nCompeted in Atlanta and Sydney (1996 - 2000)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Murphy, Janice Gabrielle", "Entry ID": "AWE2477", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/murphy-janice-gabrielle\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Swimmer", "Events": "For service to swimming, particularly as a coach (posthumous) (2019 - 2019) \nSwimming - 4 x 100m Freestyle (1964 - 1964)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Morgan-Beavis, Sandra", "Entry ID": "AWE2478", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/morgan-beavis-sandra\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Swimmer", "Events": "Swimming - 4 x 100m Freestyle (1956 - 1956) \nSwimming - 4 x 100m Freestyle (1960 - 1960)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Moras-Stephenson, Karen", "Entry ID": "AWE2479", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moras-stephenson-karen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ryde, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Olympian, Swimmer", "Events": "Competed in Munich (1972 - 1972) \nSwimming - 200m, 400m and 800m Freestyle (1970 - 1970) \nSwimming - 400m Freestyle (1968 - 1968)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Messenger, Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE2482", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/messenger-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Swimmer", "Events": "Swimming - 4 x 100m Freestyle Relay (1956 - 1956)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Marcks, Megan", "Entry ID": "AWE2488", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marcks-megan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Rower", "Events": "Competed in Barcelona (1992 - 1992) \nRowing - Pairs (1996 - 1996)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Manuel, Rebecca", "Entry ID": "AWE2489", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/manuel-rebecca\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Diver, Olympian", "Events": "Diving - Synchronised Diving 10m Platform (2000 - 2000)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lee, Virginia", "Entry ID": "AWE2497", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lee-virginia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Rower", "Events": "Competed in Sydney (2000 - 2000) \nRowing - Lightweight Double Scull (1996 - 1996)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sosimenko, Deborah (Debbie)", "Entry ID": "AWE2503", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sosimenko-deborah-debbie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Track and Field Athlete", "Events": "Athletics - Hammer Throw (1998 - 1998)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Coleman, Jean Victory", "Entry ID": "AWE2516", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/coleman-jean\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Boggabri, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Springwood, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Nurse, Track and Field Athlete", "Events": "Athletics - 440y Medley Relay; 660y Medley Relay (1938 - 1938)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hook, Lurline Elsie", "Entry ID": "AWE2523", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hook-lurline-elsie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Hay, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Ballina, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Diver", "Events": "Diving - Platform (1938 - 1938)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/diver-lurline-hook-diving-backwards-off-a-diving-board-into-the-water-new-south-wales-ca-1930s-picture\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sams, Jess", "Entry ID": "AWE2533", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sams-jess\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Milton, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Fishing Champion", "Summary": "In 1938 Jess Sams won a nationwide fishing contest for heaviest catch with a 330lb striped marlin.\n", "Details": "Daughter of Dan and Mary Ann Millard, pioneers of the Ulladulla region, Jess Sams moved to Sydney as a young woman to work as a seamstress and milliner. She married Captain Archie Sams in 1926, and was an active member of the Ulladulla Ambulance Service, the Country Women's Association and the Hospital ladies' ancillary.\nIn 1938 she took part in a nationwide fishing contest as part of Australia's 150th celebrations, sailing in a 30 foot double-ended carvel fishing launch with two brothers, Michael and Salvatore Puglisi. Over 580 anglers entered the competition to win a series of valuable trophies. Sams and the Puglisi brothers were aiming for the \u00a3500 trophy for the heaviest catch. On 27 February 1938 found herself hanging on with all of her might to a stout split cane rod, eventually pulling in an enormous striped marlin.\nBack at the Ulladulla wharf consternation ensued as it was discovered that there was no provision in the rules for women anglers to win the competition's major trophy. Officials in Sydney soon backed down after angry phone calls from the townspeople. Working on the telephone exchange, Sams' niece overheard discussions implying that the fish would be disqualified as it had not been weighed on the official scales. Sams and her husband responded by driving straight to Jervis Bay, arriving at 4am for a weigh-in. The fish turned the scales at 330 lbs - standing today as the Australian 130lb line class women's record for a striped marlin.\nA supporter of Game Fishing, Sams' donated her trophy to the Australian Fishing Museum. Today the annual Game Fishing Tournament is held at Ulladulla and named in Sams' honour.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bainbridge, Beverley", "Entry ID": "AWE2544", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bainbridge-beverley\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Swimmer", "Events": "Swimming - 110y Butterfly (1958 - 1958)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McGill, Linda", "Entry ID": "AWE2552", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcgill-linda\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Swimmer", "Summary": "Linda McGill was one of the Olympic stars banned by the amateur swimming authorities as punishment for alleged misbehaviour in 1964 at the Tokyo Olympic Games. Five months after being suspended, she became the first Australian to swim the English Channel. In 1967, she set a women's record for the swim of 9 hours 59 minutes and 57 seconds, a time that came very close to beating the men's record (9 hours and 35 minutes) as well. Three months later, she became the first person to swim across Port Phillip Bay in Victoria, Australia. She swam the twenty-five miles from Portarlington to Frankston in 13 hours.\n", "Events": "Broke the women's record for the English Channel Swim (1967 - 1967) \nFirst Australian to swim across Port Phillip Bay (1968 - 1968) \nFirst Australian to swim the English Channel (1965 - 1965) \nSwimming - 4 x 110y Medley Relay (1962 - 1962)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-sport-through-time-the-history-of-sport-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/linda-mcgill-collection\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Windsor, Anna Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE2614", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/windsor-anna-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Swimmer", "Events": "Swimming - 4 x 100m Freestyle Relay (1998 - 1998) \nSwimming - 4 x 200m Freestyle Relay (1994 - 1994)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McCann, Kerryn", "Entry ID": "AWE2631", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mccann-kerryn\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bulli, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Track and Field Athlete", "Summary": "Kerryn McCann won Commonwealth gold medals in the marathon at Melbourne in 2006 and Manchester in 2002. Her win in the 2006 games was extremely exciting with the lead changing six times in the final two kilometres of the race, before McCann pulled clear in the final two hundred metres around the athletics track inside the Melbourne Cricket Ground. McCann described the race as \"probably the greatest victory I've ever had, or the greatest race I've ever run'.\nIn August 2007, McCann was diagnosed with breast cancer and passed away in December of 2008.\n", "Events": "Athletics - Marathon (2002 - 2002) \nAthletics - Marathon (2006 - 2006)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mccann-wins-marathon\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marathon-runner-mccann-dies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kerryn-mccann-obituary\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wood, Oenone Lee", "Entry ID": "AWE2655", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wood-oenone-lee\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Cyclist", "Events": "Cycling (Road) - Time Trial (2006 - 2006)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Smith, Marjorie Irene", "Entry ID": "AWE2704", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/smith-marjorie-irene\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Drummoyne, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "North Curl Curl, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Sportswoman, Swimmer, Swimming Coach", "Summary": "Marjorie Smith is an icon of the swimming world and greatly admired for her dedication to the community and particularly children and young people. She was the first woman to surf at Dee Why beach, Australia, and was the heart and soul of the Dee Why Ladies' Amateur Swimming Club for many years. Over a 70 year period she taught hundreds of thousands of children how to swim on a voluntary basis across New South Wales. In honour of her many years devoted service to the community she was awarded the Order of Australia (OAM) in 1991. She was awarded Life Membership of the Dee Why Ladies' Amateur Swimming Club (the oldest ladies swimming club in Australia) in 1961, Warringah Amateur Swimming Association in 1980, the New South Wales Swimming Association's Merit Service Award in 1985, the Australian Union of Old Swimmers Life Membership in 1976 and Dee Why Beach Netball Club in 1980.\n", "Details": "Marjorie Smith OAM (n\u00e9e Shade) was a much loved figure in the Manly Warringah area on Sydney's northern beaches after devoting all her life to others, particularly children. An icon of the swimming world, Marj was born in Drummoyne in 1911. She soon developed a love of swimming and surfing that dominated her life until her passing in 1996.\nMarjorie's family had a weekender at Dee Why on the northern beaches. She was the first woman to surf on Dee Why beach and was also a great body surfer. The 80 Years On: Dee Why Ladies' Amateur Swimming Club history book states that 'even though young ladies were not permitted to join the Surf Club her ability in the surf was the envy of many of the local lads'.\nIn 1922 she swam in one of the first ever invitational races of the Dee Why Ladies' Amateur Swimming Club, which is the oldest ladies swimming club in Australia. She would later become the heart and soul of the club, serving on its Management Committee from 1950 to 1996 and 18 years as the Club's Honorary Secretary. She was awarded Life Membership of the Dee Why Ladies' Amateur Swimming Club in 1961.\nFor over 70 years Marj taught hundreds of thousands of children on a voluntary basis how to swim. Marj taught kids at Dee Why rock pool and also went into schools across New South Wales and to remote country areas teaching swimming for free. As a qualified swimming referee, Marj officiated at the National Championships, State Championships and various other championship events and school carnivals. She had a particular love of children and also assisted with the Disabled Games.\nMarj was a driving force behind the administration of swimming in New South Wales. She helped bring together the New South Wales Men's' Amateur Swimming Association with the New South Wales Women's' Amateur Swimming Association in 1964, worked in the Association's Office and served as an official for many years. In 1985 she was awarded the New South Wales Swimming Association's Service Merit Award in recognition of her outstanding service.\nIn 1965, she was a foundation member of the Warringah Amateur Swimming Association and served on its Executive Committee for many years including as Honorary Secretary, Vice President and as a member of its Technical Committee. For many years she campaigned for an Olympic indoor pool to be built on the northern beaches. In 1979 the Warringah Aquatic Centre was finally opened while Marj was the association's Honorary Secretary. She was awarded Life Membership of the Warringah Amateur Swimming Association in 1980. In 1985 she was awarded the Warringah Shire Council Outstanding Community Service Award.\nShe was awarded Life Membership of the Australian Union of Old Swimmers in 1976 and awarded the Natatorial Award in 1991. Also in 1991, she was awarded the Order of Australia (OAM) for her outstanding service to swimming.\nHer generosity of spirit is greatly remembered, she would always provide a helping hand to anyone. During World War II, she was an integral part of the community, supporting local families whose loved ones were at war. This was no mean feat as her own husband was at war and she was raising three young daughters.\nMarj was the foundation President of the Dee Why Beach Netball Club in 1975, serving for over 20 years on its Executive Committee. In 1980 she was awarded Life Membership.\nTestimonials\nFrom letters supporting Marjorie Smith's nomination for an Award in the Order of Australia:\nSenator the Honourable Kerry Sibraa, President of the Australian Senate, 7 May 1990\n'Mrs Smith is a wonderful woman. Mrs Smith always gave her time freely and willingly and has been outstanding in her dedication to the betterment of swimming.'\nJJ Seddon, Executive Director, New South Wales Swimming Association, 23 August 1989\n'She is a highly regarded member of this Association with years of active and arduous service to the community in Learn to Swim Free and in supporting the youth of the community.'\nMrs Joan Somerville, Past President Warringah Amateur Swimming Association, 1989\n'Many have benefited by her years of service and the hours so willingly given could never be evaluated.'\nMrs Sunny Bidner, Life Member, Warringah Amateur Swimming Association, 1989\n'Marj's attitude & wonderful sense of humour plus her dedication & commitment to swimming endear her to all who know her & her cheery presence has enlivened many a carnival. She has given unselfishly of her time & expertise for many, many years & this honour would be a fitting gesture to wonderful lady.'\nFor the 80th Anniversary of Dee Why Ladies' Amateur Swimming Club, past members and present were asked to write about their most precious recollections:\nMyee Foster (nee Steele), Australian representative to the British Empire Games and Australian Champion\n'I used to watch a lady swimming, and tried to cop how she breathed at the side! The lady turned out to be champion swimmer, Marjorie Smith (n\u00e9e Shade) who later became a stalwart of the Dee Why Ladies' Amateur Swimming Club for many years.'\nLisa Forrest, Australian representative to the Olympics, World Championships and Australian Champion\n'But it's people that make any organization - and we had some of the greatest. Of course it was led by our indomitable Mrs Smith'\nThis entry was provided by Vincent De Luca OAM.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/80-years-on-dee-why-ladies-amateur-swimming-club-1922-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Roxon, Nicola Louise", "Entry ID": "AWE2726", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/roxon-nicola-louise\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Attorney General, Lawyer, Minister, Parliamentarian, Union organiser", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Nicola Roxon was elected to the House of Representatives for Gellibrand, Victoria, in 1998, and was re-elected in 2001, 2004, 2007 and 2010. She became Shadow Minister for Health in 2006 and on the election of the Labor Government in November 2007, she became the Minister for Health and Ageing.\nShe continued to hold that portfolio in the Gillard Labor Government until she was appointed Attorney-General on December 14, 2011; the first woman to hold the position in the Australian parliament. She resigned from the portfolio in February 2013 and retired from parliament on 5 August 2013.\nA complete record of her parliamentary service, including links to her first and valedictory speeches, can be found in the Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia (see below).\n", "Details": "Roxon was born in Sydney, New South Wales. She is the second of three daughters and the niece of the late Australian journalist and Sydney Push member Lillian Roxon. Her paternal grandparents were Jewish and migrated from Poland to Australia in 1937. Anglicising the family name from Ropschitz to Roxon, her grandfather worked as a GP in Gympie and Brisbane, Queensland. Her mother Lesley trained as a pharmacist, while her father Jack was a microbiologist. He was a strong influence in her life and she was devastated by his death from cancer when she was 10 years old.\nRoxon was educated at the Methodist Ladies' College in the suburb of Kew in Melbourne, Victoria. She completed a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Laws (Hons) from the University of Melbourne before working as Judge's Associate for the Hon. Justice Mary Gaudron in the High Court of Australia. She was a Union organiser for the National Union of Workers, and an Industrial Lawyer with Maurice Blackburn and Co. until 1998, when she was elected to the House of Representatives.\nA member of the Opposition Shadow Ministry from 2001, Roxon has served as Shadow Minister for Children and Youth; Shadow Minister for Population and Immigration; Shadow Attorney-General, and Assisting the Leader on the Status of Women; and Shadow Minister for Health. She has been a member of House of Representatives Standing Committees on Industry, Science and Resources; and Legal and Constitutional Affairs; and served on the Joint Select Committee on the Republic Referendum in 1999. In 2003, Roxon was a member of the Parliamentary Delegation to Syria, Lebanon and Israel.\nShe was Minister for Health and Ageing in the Rudd Government (2007-2011) and was appointed Attorney General in the Gillard Government of 2011-2013.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2014 - 2014)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nicola-roxons-valedictory-speech-in-full\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/at-home-with-nicola-roxon\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/goodbye-to-all-that-why-i-resigned\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/roxon-the-hon-nicola-louise\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Armstrong, Sarah", "Entry ID": "AWE2749", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/armstrong-sarah\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Print journalist, Radio Journalist, Television Journalist, Writer", "Summary": "Sarah Armstrong received a Walkley Award in 1993 for Best Application of the Print Medium to Journalism (Radio Section) for her story 'Diggers Depart', aired on ABC Radio's The World Today.\n", "Events": "Best Application of the Print Medium to Journalism, 'Diggers Depart', Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1993 - 1993)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bower, Helen Rosalie (Ros)", "Entry ID": "AWE2752", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bower-helen-rosalie-ros\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Coonabarabran, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "South Yarra, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Consultant, Journalist, Print journalist, Television Journalist", "Summary": "Freelance journalist Ros Bower wrote for the Sun, the Argus, and Woman's Day. She worked in television production and was employed as a consultant by the Australian Council for the Arts.\n", "Details": "Ros Bower worked as a cadet reporter for the Sun newspaper before moving to Melbourne to take up a position as journalist for the Australian Red Cross Society, and from 1948, the Argus. She worked as a freelance journalist in London in 1955 before returning to Melbourne, where she wrote for Woman's Day. She produced HSV-7's television panel show, Tell the Truth, in the decade from 1957.\nFrom 1969, Bower was employed by the Australian Council for the Arts, where she drafted papers on education and the arts. In 1970 she published a paper in her own right, entitled Women in Australian Society, which contributed to debates around equal pay and equal opportunity for women. In the early 1970s, Bower assisted with the establishment of the community arts and regional development committee of the Australia Council. The committee became the community arts board in 1978, with Bower as its first director.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1945 - 1970)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bower-helen-rosalie-ros-1923-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Clift, Charmian", "Entry ID": "AWE2755", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clift-charmian\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kiama, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Journalist, Print journalist", "Summary": "Journalist Charmian Clift wrote a popular weekly column for the Sydney Morning Herald and Melbourne Herald from 1964 to 1969. She is the author of several novels including Mermaid Singing (1956), Peel me a Lotus (1959), Walk to the Paradise Gardens (1960), and Honour's Mimic (1964).\n", "Details": "Raised in regional New South Wales, Charmian Clift moved to Sydney in 1941 after winning the New South Wales title in Pix magazine's Beach Girl Quest. In 1943 she enlisted in the Australian Women's Army Service, and served with the 15th Australian Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, before moving to Melbourne to take up the position of orderly officer at Land Headquarters. There she edited an army magazine and published a number of short stories.\nClift joined the Argus in 1946, where she met war correspondent George Henry Johnston. Johnston was a married man, but the pair moved to Sydney and were married in 1947, following his divorce. They had a son and a daughter. The family moved to London in 1951 and later, in 1954, to the Greek island of Kalimnos. Between 1956 and 1964, Clift wrote several novels to great acclaim in Britain and the United States of America.\nIn 1964, Clift returned to Sydney with her family and began a weekly column for the Sydney Morning Herald and the Melbourne Herald. The topical column became immensely popular, and she continued to meet her weekly deadline until her untimely death in July 1969. Depressed and under enormous strain, Clift took an overdose of sleeping tablets.\nA collection of Clift's essays, The World of Charmian Clift, was published posthumously by her husband and illustrated by her son. Trouble in Lotus Land (1990) and Being Alone with Oneself (1991) were also published posthumously.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1940 - 1969)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shameless-scribblers-australian-womens-journalism-1880-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mermaid-singing\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/honours-mimic\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/being-alone-with-oneself\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/peel-me-a-lotus\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walk-to-the-paradise-gardens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-world-of-charmian-clift\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-life-and-myth-of-charmian-clift\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-sponge-divers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/high-valley\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-big-chariot\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/images-in-aspic\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clift-charmian-1923-1969\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Adams, Glenda Emilie", "Entry ID": "AWE2767", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/adams-glenda-emilie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ryde, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "East Redfern, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Author, Novelist, Teacher", "Summary": "Glenda Adams was a Sydney-born and educated novelist and short-story writer. She studied journalism at Columbia University in New York, where she subsequently taught creative writing. During the 1980s she was writer-in-residence at a number of Australian universities before returning to Australia in 1990 to teach creative writing at the University of Technology, Sydney. Her MA writing program there became the model for successful postgraduate writing programs across Australia. Her novels Dancing on Coral (1987) and Longleg (1990) won a number of major Australian literary prizes. She died in Sydney in 2007.\n", "Details": "Glenda Emilie Adams was born at Ryde, NSW, daughter of Elvie and Leonard Felton. Educated at Fort Street Primary School and Sydney Girl's High, she became the first B.A. Honours graduate from the University of Sydney's newly-established Department of Indonesian and Malayan Studies in 1962. After two years travelling in Indonesia as a graduate student on a small scholarship, she returned to the University of Sydney to teach Indonesian. In 1964 she studied journalism at Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism, New York, graduating with a Masters degree in 1965. She subsequently worked as an Associate Director of the Teachers and Writers Collaborative, New York, a non profit organization that sent writers into New York City public schools to work with teachers to help improve children's writing skills through creative work. She also became a news writer on the radio desk at Associated Press, New York, Press Officer at the United Nations, a freelance writer and editor in Brussels and New York, and from 1976 taught part-time fiction writing workshops at Columbia University, New York City, Sarah Lawrence College, Bronxville, NY and at Brooklyn College, City University of New York.\nGlenda married Californian political scientist, Gordon Adams, in 1967. They subsequently divorced. Her first short story collection, Lies and Stories, was published in 1976 and her first novel, Games of the Strong, in 1982. In the 1980s she made periodic visits to Australia during which she was writer-in-residence at the University of Adelaide (1980), the University of Western Australia (1980), Macquarie University, Sydney, (1981 and 1988) and the University of Western Sydney (1988). She returned to live in Sydney in 1990 to teach fiction writing full time at the University of Technology, Sydney, where her MA writing program became the model for successful postgraduate writing programs across Australia. She established the first Australian Association of Writing Programs conference in 1996 and was a member of the Australian Society of Authors and the Australian Writers Guild. Her publications include short stories, novels and plays, and she has also written for television.\nGlenda Adams received a number of Australia Council Grants and a Literature Board Fellowship in 1994. She won the Miles Franklin Award and a NSW State Premier's Award in 1987 for her novel Dancing on Coral, and the Age Book of the Year Award and the National Book Council Award for fiction for her 1990 novel Longleg. In 1998 her first play, The Monkey Trap, was commissioned and performed in Sydney at the Griffin Theatre.\nAdams retired as Associate Professor at the UTS in 2003 to devote herself to writing. She died in Sydney on 11 July 2007 and is survived by her daughter Caitlin.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/glenda-adams-manuscript-collection-1965-1998\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portraits-of-glenda-adams-1990-picture-alec-bolton\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/glenda-adams-author-of-dancing-on-coral-guest-speaker-at-literary-luncheon\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-glenda-adams-1982-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-glenda-adams-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-drusilla-modjeska-1959-2006-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/5775-brisbane-writers-centre-records-1995-2000\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-rosemary-dobson-1923-2004-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carmel-bird-manuscript-collection-1983-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hmss-0131-word-festival-canberra-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-peter-porter-circa-1947-2010-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cottrell, Ida Dorothy Ottley", "Entry ID": "AWE2768", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cottrell-ida-dorothy-ottley\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Picton, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Florida, United States", "Occupations": "Author, Journalist, Print journalist", "Summary": "Dorothy Cottrell moved from New South Wales to Ballarat, Victoria, with her parents while still an infant. She contracted infantile paralysis and was confined to a wheelchair from the age of 5. Cottrell's parents separated and she was raised by her grandmother, her aunt and her uncles, in various parts of New South Wales. She was educated by governesses and attended the Royal Art Society of New South Wales.\nFrom 1920, Cottrell lived at Ularunda, Queensland, where she was active in hunting, swimming, rowing and driving. In 1922 she married Walter Mackenzie Cottrell, and the newlyweds eloped to Dunk Island. They later moved to Sydney and travelled around New South Wales before returning to Ularunda, where Dorothy began to write fiction. Her novel The Singing Gold was published in London and Boston in 1929 after appearing as a serial in the American Ladies' Home Journal and later, the Sydney Mail and the English Women's Journal.\nThe Cottrell's moved to California in 1928, and two years later Dorothy published Earth Battle. In 1942 they moved to Florida, where Dorothy worked as a journalist and writer of short stories. In 1953 she published The Silent Reefs - the story was serialised in the Saturday Evening Post and made into a film.\nDorothy died of heart disease in June 1957, survived by her husband and adopted son.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1940 - 1950)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cottrell-ida-dorothy-ottley-1902-1957\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dorothy-cottrell-1929-1970-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fenston, Esm\u00e9", "Entry ID": "AWE2785", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fenston-esme\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Editor, Journalist, Print journalist", "Summary": "Esm\u00e9 Fenston served for 22 years as editor of the Australian Women's Weekly. She was appointed O.B.E. for services to journalism in 1967.\n", "Details": "Esm\u00e9 Fenston was educated at Sydney Girls' High School before taking a job as a reporter for Triad magazine at the age of 17. From there she began work on the women's pages of the Daily Guardian and Daily Telegraph Pictorial. In 1930, she was married to Jack Fenston, who became circulation manager of the Land newspaper. She was soon editing the women's pages of the Land, and in 1933 joined the staff of the Sydney Mail, becoming social editor.\nIn 1938, Fenston was seduced by a lucrative offer from the Australian Women's Weekly, switching from the Fairfax to the Packer media empire. She became sub-editor of the magazine, and in 1950, succeeded Alice Jackson as editor. The magazine was already enjoying a circulation of 750,000. Fenston had an excellent feel for its readership, and aimed to reflect public taste rather than lead it. In the 1960s, issues on controversial subjects such as the contraceptive pill and women's knowledge of sex attracted 800,000 readers. Fenston worked very closely with Frank Packer, who admired her judgement. In later years he bought a car and a large home for the Fenston's near the Lane Cove River, closer to the Weekly office, and funded a trip to England.\nEsm\u00e9 Fenston was appointed O.B.E. for services to journalism in 1967. She died in 1972 after 22 successful years as editor of the Australian Women's Weekly.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fenston-esme-ezzie-1908-1972\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Riggs, Shirley Patricia (Pat)", "Entry ID": "AWE2834", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/riggs-shirley-patricia-pat\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Neutral Bay, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Councillor, Editor, Journalist, Print journalist", "Summary": "Patricia Riggs became a cadet journalist on the Macleay Argus at the age of thirty-five. She went on to win two Walkley awards for provincial journalism and eventually became editor of the newspaper. She was a fighter for Aboriginal advancement long before the cause was a popular one.\nAfter retiring as editor, she became a Shire Councillor in 1983, a position she held until 1991.\n", "Details": "In 1985 Pat Riggs, former journalist for and editor of Kempsey's daily newspaper, The McLeay Argus, praised the work of the team she used to manage, and the efforts of the regional press in general, bemoaning their lack of recognition by their city colleagues. 'I would say,' she wrote in response to questions from an historian researching the history of the Walkley Awards;\n'that this community has been given better information on national stories occurring in its boundaries than any emanating from the metropolitan press. Rural press -responsible rural press - does not engage in top-of-the-head slovenliness. If the editorial team is strong, innovative, co-operative, loyal, honest, self-critical and industrious, rural journalism is a daily challenge to excellence (provided management keeps its interfering claws to itself). In fact, it puzzles me that, when it comes to assessing the role of the country journalist, his peers (read AJA) rate him nil on the Richter scale.'\nPat Riggs was a firm believer in the importance of a strong rural press that was not only relevant to the local communities it serviced but vital to the task of keeping the metropolitan dailies honest and accountable to regional interests. She spent her whole career as a journalist committed to these tasks, never leaving the regional paper she started on. This was not through want of offers; after she won her second Walkley Award for feature writing in a provincial newspaper in 1966 (she won the same award the previous year) the metropolitan papers showed a lot of interest. Pat, however, turned them down, believing, no doubt with some justification, that to accept would be to confine herself to the women's pages, or writing social notes. Men still got the meaty work in the city news rooms. She was happy to stay where she thought the work was more interesting and where she could have a greater impact. Two Prodi Awards for regional journalism (1968 and 1970) and a Rural Press Award (1980) later, along with the numerous awards the paper won when she was editor, and community recognition as the Kempsey Citizen of the Year in 1981, her retirement year, would suggest that her impact was profound.\nBorn in Sydney in 1921, Pat Riggs was a latecomer to journalism, having had a host of work experience locally, interstate and abroad before starting at the Argus at the age of 34 in 1955. Upon completing secondary school she received secretarial training and used these qualifications to get work at the Kempsey radio station 2KM. After working there for two years, in 1941 she moved to Sydney and worked in the publicity department of the American Film Company, United Artists. When Japan bombed Pearl Harbour, Pat put her age up and enlisted in the Australian Women's Army Service. By May 1942, Corporal Riggs was editing the fortnightly paper for army women 'The Weekly Whine' and the monthly army production 'Off Parade'. In August 1944 Lieutenant Riggs was appointed second in command of the army propaganda unit Number 1 Broadcasting Control Unit. As well as managing administrative duties in the unit, Pat was in charge of the women's section, which meant she collected suitable script material, conducted interviews, and wrote, edited and cast the dramatic plays for broadcast. She even acted in and narrated some of the productions. As well as infecting her with the journalism bug, her work in this unit cemented her reputation as a good media performer. After she was demobilised in 1946, she worked on radio in Perth for roughly three years, before returning to Kempsey en route to a two year working holiday in Britain and Continental Europe. Pat returned to Australia in 1953 and took over the running of a newsagency in Bowraville that was owned by her father. When this was sold she had a short stint at factory work before successfully applying for the job of looking after the women's section of the Argus in Kempsey. At 34 years of age, she was the oldest cadet on record. She rose through the ranks to become editor, retiring from this post in 1981 at the age of 60. She continued her association with the paper through a weekly column which ran well into the 1990s. Pat Riggs was nothing if not dedicated to her local paper and community.\nPat appeared to compensate for her late arrival to journalism with an almost obsessive dedication to the task at hand, an obsessiveness that she demanded, some might say unreasonably, from all those who worked with her. Her words of advice to students at Mitchell College are suggestive of the expectations she had for those around her:\n'Journalism is a laborious business, one that should be reserved only for those who regard it as a vocation. Every line of your copy, every word, sub-heading and heading and every minute spent preparing the product from the raw material should be handled with anxious loving care, for journalism is a craft and those who practice it must love it beyond all else, even a personal life.'\nNot everyone was prepared to forego everything for journalism, and according to one former colleague, Pat could be very hard on those who weren't; she was capable of reducing staff to tears with a single lash of her tongue. She was very competitive and would stop for no-one when on the scent of a story, a quality admired by editors. (She is said to have pushed a male reporter out of a helicopter just before take-off in order to get a view of flood waters one year.) She would weigh up all the available evidence before formulating her views but once they were established, she was unmovable, a characteristic that made her very unpopular with some of her readers and colleagues and nearly saw her lose her job one year. (She decided not to quit because she couldn't imagine life without work at the Argus.) She was quick tempered, did not suffer fools, could be extremely cruel to lesser intellects than her own, was an incredibly hard task master and could be incredibly difficult to get on with. Those who crossed her might well have said that those were her good qualities!\nHaving said that, Pat was also very loyal to those friends and family in her corner and she was generous to a fault to those in need. She had a wicked sense of humour, no better illustrated than by the April Fools Day joke she played (with the help of editorial staff and local radio station 2KM) on April 1, 1969. At the height of Cold War tensions, Pat wrote a story about the arrival of the ten vessels from the Russian merchant fleet taking refuge at Trial Bay, on the coast near Kempsey. Two hundred of the crew of the ship the Joker had jumped overboard, fearful that Australian authorities would shoot them as spies. Sailors from the pride of the fleet, the Looflirpa, planned to do the same. The story was accompanied by a doctored photograph that featured pictures of Titanic, the Bounty and other highly recognisable vessels crammed into Trial Bay. Unfortunately for Pat, the trick worked a too well. Concerned citizens from around the district rushed to the scene, with clothes, blankets and food, to provide comfort to the deserters, only to find themselves duped. Representatives of the Salvation Army were particularly peeved to have spent the cost of a taxi fare and demanded reimbursement from the paper. Pat was forced to lay low for a while, but the story made news around the world and was reported in Poland and several South American countries.\nPat's fanaticism may have made her difficult at times but it also produced some excellent journalism. She was the first person to win successive Walkley Awards for provincial news feature writing and, at the time, the only woman to have ever won two awards. Her winning stories 'The world seeks space-age minerals from the Macley' in 1965, and reports on flood mitigation work being undertaken in the region in 1966, focused attention on the problem of balancing environmental issues against the needs of employment in regional Australia, well before these concerns were on the national agenda. Sandmining in the area, for minerals such as rutile and zircon (used in materials developed for spaceflight) would bring extraordinary economic benefit to the community - but at what environmental impact? In a thoroughly researched article, Riggs made the needs of the space-age relevant to the local community. Pat herself said that the 'story became the first comprehensive account of beach-mining, and certainly demolished insularity in this neck of the woods.' As an editor, she continued the task of providing reliable information to the local community. The citation accompanying the 1981 Rural Bank award for leadership and involvement in community affairs claimed that 'The McLeay Argus illustrates how responsible and vocal journalism can focus attention on important issues, enabling free and reasonable debate to educate the community in the opportunities available to settle a dispute or solve a problem'.\nPat was not only a journalist who could 'do' she was one who could teach. She excelled as a trainer, a fact attested to by her peers and trainees alike. When she retired the president of the northern branch of the Australian Journalists' Association remarked that 'if all journalists were as well trained as those trained by Pat Riggs the news industry would have few problems.' Cadets who came under her tutelage were in demand and she was happy to see them leave the nest, a fact that frustrated her superiors who wanted to get value from them before they left! Tony Vermeer, now editor in chief of AAP was the final cadet she trained before retirement. 'She managed to imbue in the people who went through under her all the best qualities of journalism. She persuaded them to her view that it was a noble profession. She also really believed that the best journalism was practiced at a community level. A journalist or media outlet had to respond and live and breathe in its own community. \u2026I will remember her very fondly; she was a great influence on my career.'\nPat's journalism and personal life reveals a confusing blend of opinions and attitudes. She couldn't abide by girly-girls and secretaries, held generally conservative political views but firmly believed in a woman's right to choose when it came to abortion rights and refused to be silent about domestic violence issues. She never used the label feminist to describe herself, but she lamented that women did not play a bigger role in public life, particularly at a local government level. She was deeply concerned about the state of the local environment but had no time for environmentalists and other 'trendies'. She liked men (was engaged three times but never married) but when it came to their workplace stamina, she thought they were wimps. One thing upon which she was consistently staunch was her attitude to local Aboriginal people, who always knew that they would get a fair hearing from her, as a journalist and local councillor. She used the pages to fight for aboriginal advancement and resigned from the international women's organisation Quota for several years when admission was refused to a respected Aboriginal friend.\nPerhaps it was because Pat had always worked so hard that she didn't recognise the signs of her own mortality. Early in March 1998, after taking a walk around the coastal village of Crescent Head, where she lived, she complained that she felt a bit tired. Within days she was in hospital, having been diagnosed with aggressive leukaemia. She died within a week of being first diagnosed, on March 12th 1998. The shock of losing her was enormous to her family, a brother, twin sister and their respective families, and friends. The community mourned a person who would be happily remembered as 'a person who comforted the afflicted and afflicted the comfortable'. A perpetual award for the best cadet journalist in the region is named in her honour.\n", "Events": "Best Provincial Newspaper Story, Macleay Argus, Kempsey (1965 - 1965) \nBest Provincial Newspaper Story, Macleay Argus, Kempsey (1966 - 1966)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituaries-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-walkley-awards-australias-best-journalists-in-action\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-patricia-riggs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/london-and-american-letters-womens-session-scripts\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-broadcast-scripts-incorporating-scripts-for-the-womens-session\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/broadcasting-general-australian-broadcasting-control-unit-the-service-womens-half-hour\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Keavney, Kay", "Entry ID": "AWE2864", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/keavney-kay\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Drummoyne, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Print journalist, Writer", "Summary": "Born in Sydney, Kay Keavney completed a Bachelor of Arts at the University of Sydney before being employed by the ABC. She was both the youngest person and the first woman to be hired as a scriptwriter by the national broadcaster. In the late 1940s she wrote serials and plays for various networks and production companies but unfortunately most of the scripts of these shows were not preserved. Keavney also adapted many plays for the Macquarie Radio Theatre, and books for the Library of the Air. She won two Walkley Awards for articles published in the Australian Women's Weekly and was a regular columnist for that magazine.\n", "Events": "Best Story Published in an Australian Magazine, The Australian Women's Weekly (1968 - 1968) \nBest Story Published in an Australian Magazine, The Australian Women's Weekly (1970 - 1970)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/austlit-the-australian-literature-resource\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Masters, Olga", "Entry ID": "AWE2883", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/masters-olga\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Pambula, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Print journalist, Writer", "Summary": "Olga Masters began work as a journalist aged fifteen. Her passion was for human interest stories over and above the drama of front page news. Over the course of her thirty-year career in journalism, Masters also produced three novels, several unpublished plays, and two collections of short fiction. She won nine prizes for her short fiction including the prestigious award of the South Pacific Association for the Study of Language and Literature, shared with Elizabeth Jolley. Masters' first collection of stories, The Home Girls, was published in 1982 when she was 63 years old, and won a National Book Council award.\n", "Details": "Olga Masters was raised on the southern coast of New South Wales, between Bega and Moruya. She left school early to help at home, and took on a cadetship with the Cobargo Chronicle. In 1937 she moved to Sydney, where she worked as a shorthand typist and copywriter in advertising for radio. She married schoolteacher Charles Masters in 1940, and, while raising her seven children, lived in a number of small towns in New South Wales. In Lismore she worked as district correspondent for the Northern Star. In the mid-1960s, Masters returned to Sydney. With her children grown, she recommenced her journalistic work in earnest, writing for the St George and Southerland Shire Leader (1966-1969), Liverpool-Fairfield Champion (1968-1971), Land (1969-1971), Manly Daily (1971-1977, then 1979-1983), and Sydney Morning Herald (1984-1986). In 1983, she received a grant from the Literature Board of the Australia Council which allowed her to venture further into fiction writing in the last years of her life.\nMasters was fascinated by the study of human nature and derived most enjoyment from writing about people and organisations: weddings, births, deaths, fundraising events, sports days, community groups, concerts. Her biographer, Deirdre Coleman, notes that Masters lived through a time of dramatic change in the structure and dynamic of the Australian family: 'the lives of women past and present, within the home and outside it, form the principal subject matter of much of her journalism and fiction'.\nAt the Herald, Masters was employed to write the regular 'Style' column for women. Here she broadened her scope, discussing everything from writing, reading, art, housekeeping, fashion, etiquette, domestic economy and family dynamics, to the role of women in wartime. Masters used the column to observe, to reflect, and to provoke. With her trademark irony and dry humour she produced a number of pieces on the unjust lot of women including 'Never fear, housewives - he's here', and 'Don't forget, mothers are human beings too': 'If you read every book on child bearing and rearing from any that came out with the First Fleet through Doctor Spock to the new ones like Making Love After Birth', wrote Masters in September 1985, 'nowhere will you find it stated that part of a woman's brain comes away with the afterbirth'. In her August 1985 column, 'War gave women a first taste of liberation', Masters noted: 'It is true that war shapes our lives. Perhaps truer to say it reshapes them. Truer perhaps of women than men'. She reflected on the change in women since the Second World War:\nNot only were we [women] na\u00efve by today's standards, but downright ignorant. Jogging was something we did when the butcher was selling sausages without asking for meat coupons. Heroin would have sounded like the name of a bird. We never knew of a child dying of cancer. The pill was taken for constipation. Gay was the way we felt most of the time, even while twenty-two thousand Australian men and women were prisoners of the Japanese.\nOlga Masters' reporting displayed a sympathy with the thoughts and feelings of ordinary people. According to her son, Chris Masters, her career began 'not when her first book was published, but when she started taking an interest in her neighbours'. She died in 1986, aged 67.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1934 - 1986)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/olga-masters-reporting-home-her-writings-as-a-journalist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Williamson, Ada Jean Hounsell (Jean)", "Entry ID": "AWE2886", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/williamson-ada-jean-hounsell-jean\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Belmont, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Ashfield, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist", "Summary": "Jean Williamson was a journalist who succeeded Florence Baverstock as social editor of the Sydney Morning Herald in 1918. In 1933 she moved to the Women's Weekly and by 1934, she edited a page entitled 'New Books'. She recalled: 'I didn't like it at first but there came an upsurge of excitement when country women began writing such intimate letters saying how The Weekly enriched their lives-revealing unconsciously their loneliness. I began to think of the shortage of lighter-type reading matter in my family home in the country and my ideas changed'.\nIn 1936 she went to the revamped Daily Telegraph where she was appointed as one of its 'Ten Brilliant Editors'. She was one of the best-known women journalists at the time, one who combined 'a rare understanding of women's interests with a polished newspaper technique'.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/christina-stead-tells-of-her-latest-book\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/williamson-ada-jean-hounsell-1891-1977\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Parker, Kirstie", "Entry ID": "AWE2891", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/parker-kirstie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Editor, Journalist, Print journalist, Radio Journalist", "Summary": "Kirstie Parker is a Yuwallarai woman from New South Wales with more than twenty years experience in journalism and communications, which has included stints on ABC Radio, the West Australian newspaper and a weekly regional newspaper in far north Queensland.\nAs well as working for media outlets, she has:\n\nbeen Media and Communications Manager at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS) in Canberra\nrun the Australian Indigenous Leadership Centre (AILC)\nbeen the Director of the National Aboriginal Cultural Institute - Tandanya in Adelaide\nbeen the Director of Public Affairs for ATSIC\nbeen the media adviser to a Federal Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs\n\nSince July 2006, she has been the Editor of the national Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander newspaper, the Koori Mail.\n", "Events": "For contributions to the Indigenous community and Australian Life (2003 - 2003)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/on-the-record-with-kirstie-parker\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Tom, Emma", "Entry ID": "AWE2896", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tom-emma\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Fairfield, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Print journalist", "Summary": "Emma Tom was born in Victoria but grew up in Sydney and the northern New South Wales town of Lismore. After finishing high school, she worked as a cadet reporter for a Lismore newspaper, then moved to Sydney to work for the Sydney Morning Herald. After eight years at the Sydney Morning Herald she became a regular columnist for the Australian. Tom's columns focus on women's issues, particularly sexual issues, with language that tests the limits of a broadsheet's tolerance. This has led to criticism from other journalists, but, nevertheless, her journalism has attracted several awards.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1990 - )", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/austlit-the-australian-literature-resource\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wildman, Alexina Maude", "Entry ID": "AWE2909", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wildman-alexina-maude\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Paddington, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Waverley, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Print journalist, Satirist", "Summary": "Alexina Wildman spent all of her short but successful career in journalism working as a columnist on the Bulletin. Her weekly column, written under the pseudonym of 'Sappho Smith' and headed by a Phil May cartoon, appeared from 28 April 1888 to 22 August 1896. It was Sydney's first gossip column: an acerbic, heavily satirical and bitingly funny account of society's comings and goings in the form of a letter from the fictitious Sappho to her 'dear Moorabinda'. The segment became one of the most popular in the Bulletin and appeared without interruption for over eight years, ending only with the premature death of its author. Wildman died of nephritis in November 1896, aged 29.\nOften referred to as 'the incomparable Ina Wildman', she was celebrated by her colleagues as a brilliant writer and a good comrade. Her brief, bright career was an encouragement to many women journalists.\n", "Details": "Alexina Wildman was the eleventh child of English parents Edwin Wildman, clerk, and Elizabeth (nee Stevens). She began writing as a schoolgirl, and regularly contributed poetry and prose to the Bulletin. In April 1888, at the age of 19, the precocious Wildman began to write her weekly column for the journal.\nSappho's first letter, published 28 April 1888, ranged in subject matter from Lord and Lady Carington's Norfolk Island visit, to the very wealthy Sydney family who had appropriated an ancient coat of arms, the rightful owner of which was 'considerably astonished and highly exasperated in a well-bred way at what he considered a piece of consummate impertinence'. As part of her commentary on the latest in women's fashion, she noted that 'the regime terrible of the d\u00e9collet\u00e9 toilette is likely to continue, the next fashion for full evening dress being the old-fashioned Bertha, and that reveals more bony back - scraggy 'salt-cellars' - and pipe-stem arms than the present style. A woman in a Bertha looks like cold fowl - it gives quite a 'garnished' effect to feminine loveliness'. She ended the letter with 'a medley made up of all sorts of things that are running through my head': the marriage of a Sydney literary man 'of faintly poetic and dramatic tendencies' to the daughter of a newspaper proprietor; the preference of 'all the Melbourne girls who have hair' to wear it loose, copying Lady Loch's daughters; the popularity of opaline as a tint; the opening of a butter shop in London by the Duchess of Hamilton, and the frightening possibility of the ladies of Potts Point following suit by running colonial wine stores ('if so, some of the leaders of fashion will be by no means maladroit at bottle-opening'); and the new fad for taking tea, not from a teapot but from perforated silver balls filled with tea leaves and 'attached to a chain like an infinitesimal dog-fastener'.\nThe following month, Sappho was offering fresh gossip ('I hear that a resplendent youth with much money and possessed of an ancestral hall on the confines of Woolloomooloo, has gone and married a nymph of the pavement'), and commentary on social events, past and future. She noted that the annual St. Vincent's Hospital ball would be held on June 13th: 'To dance anyhow is to do well, but to dance in aid of human suffering is to do better, therefore I always go'. She recounted a visit to the theatre:\nIf the theory that whenever one gets into a 'wax' an unseen influence snips ten years off one's life is true, your own Sappho hasn't much longer to meander across this paper, for the other night I got into quite a rage at the theatre (I won't use a more distinguishing adjective!) and over what do you think? Why our national nuisance, the tyro in music of the sex that does its hair up. I was unfortunate enough to be placed immediately behind one of these. In her bony, ungloved left hand she carried the vocal score - with her bony right forefinger she one, two there'd, one, two there'd in time to the orchestra till I thought I'd either go mad or stab her with a hairpin\u2026 I'm perfectly positive that that woman (she's by no means singular, though!) has no more real harmony in her soul than has a tram-motor!\nSappho's most vicious remarks were often directed toward women, and those involved in the suffrage movement bore the brunt of her jokes more than once. She aimed fire at those 'lady writers' in the newspapers who sent word to England that the colony required more governesses ('we are squeaking out for feminine manual labour if we are squeaking at all, but we don't want any more semi-educated beings called \"nursery governesses\"'); also, those women who followed the trend to have risqu\u00e9 posture-photographs taken (the images, she said, adorned the walls of galleries where 'strangers steal in and ogle the revealed charms or scrag of Adeline de Toorak or Maude de Potts Point'); and she particularly disdained women who refused to eat for the sake of appearances:\nAnd now that balls are to be once more set a-rolling, I would warn those girls who think to captivate men by the display of an appetite the size of a sickly butterfly's, that the average man doesn't approve of a girl who takes a spoonful of jelly and a sip of liquid and is ready to be taken back to the ball-room again. No, they don't. The men want time to refresh themselves, too. They like a girl who negotiates something tangible with a knife and fork, and gives them time to surround a due and proper amount of cold fowl and champagne. Speaking of ball suppers: At a Wagga hop the other week one of the M.C.'s attacked a calves foot jelly with a knife and fork, after he had copiously peppered and salted it! What do you think of that, now? That Wagga man almost outdoes the Frenchman whom I once saw mix rhubarb with mashed potatoes.\nSuffragists and so-called 'new women' were frequently in her sights. She warned them, for instance, against the dangers of bike riding, because it advertised how women were configured below the waste:\nEven if it doesn't hurt the woman herself it checks the possible innocence of hobbledehoys here and there who might think that women tapered off into mermaid's tails if they did not seek to violently prove the contrary. If the New Woman could only be got to see it, one of the Old Woman's very strongest points was that she (in the Queen of Sheba sense) had no legs! The New Woman should think hard ere she finally decides to let the world know that she is supported on forks.\nSappho was, of course, equally capable of satirizing men. A letter on May 19, 1888, read:\nThe hunting season was opened last Saturday by the members of the Sydney Hunt Club, the run commencing at Ermington and finishing at Ryde. One equestrienne and nine equestrians showed up, and only one accident occurred, and it didn't happen to the lady (Miss Smith) but to Mr Simpson, a visitor, who was in such a hurry to negotiate a rather stiff fence that he went over ahead of his horse and left that animal with a pained expression on its face on the wrong side. The Club intend proceeding to Bathurst at an early date to hunt a real live stag which they are carefully tending up there to allow of its being chased as soon as possible. The Sydney H. Club want to give the Western sportsmen the joy of a day with the hounds as a slight return for the quarry. Bathurst 'sports' ought to be good riders, for it has just struck me that if they are genuine Bathurst burrs they should be able to stick to anything.\nShe followed this in June, with:\nEverybody is asking why men don't marry. Not being a man, I can't answer this knotty question, but I think the reason why the girls who went to a certain suburban Amateur Athletic Club's sports on the 19th isn't don't marry is because they aren't brave enough to link themselves to so invalid and declining a generation. When these noble athletics stripped for the fray, a sorry scene of pipe-stem legs, 'champagne' shoulders, faces pale as pie-crust, and hollow coughs, prefaced most of the events. A man requires muscle to be married. If you don't think so, ask a certain newspaper-man who took his wife to a recent ball. At this whirl of gladness a total stranger of the sex that shaves behaved to Mrs. Newspaper Man in a manner which failed to meet the approbation of her hubby, who, having inveigled the clownish one by soft words and gentle wiles into a private room, then and there administered what has been described to me as 'a grandfather of a licking'.\nThe Sappho Smith column often ran to a full page of the Bulletin, and kept its sassy style right through to the end. A letter on 8 August 1896 recounted a display of diamonds at the Masonic ball that was 'simply paralysing. One lady in ruby plush must have been worth half Coolgardie, if all her stones were genuine; and a prominent bookie's wife, in pink silk, sported a really glorious diamond necklace - every stone in it an eloquent sermon to punters'. The final letter was published on 22 August that year. There was no mention of it being Sappho's last gasp, and there was no note to readers the following week. Wildman and her Sappho Smith simply disappeared.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1888 - 1896)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wildman-alexina-maude-1867-1896\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pen-portraits-women-writers-and-journalists-in-nineteenth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-journalistic-javelin-an-illustrated-history-of-the-bulletin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dowell-oreilly-papers-1884-1923-with-additional-family-papers-1877-1944\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McKay, Jodi Leyanne", "Entry ID": "AWE2959", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mckay-jodi-leyanne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Gloucester, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Jodi McKay stood as the candidate for the Australian Labor Party in the seat of Newcastle in the Legislative Assembly at the New South Wales state election, which was held on 24 March 2007 and was successful. She held a number of ministerial portfolios from 2007-2011, but was defeated at the 2011 election when the Labor Government was defeated as well. She returned to parliament in 2015 as the Member for Strathfield.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ms-jodi-leyanne-mckay-mpa-syd-gaicd-mp\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dally-Watkins, June", "Entry ID": "AWE3016", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dally-watkins-june\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Watson's Creek, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Political candidate", "Summary": "June Dally-Watkins stood as a candidate for the Christian Democratic Party (Fred Nile Group) in the Legislative Council at the New South Wales state election, which was held on 24 March 2007.\n A former fashion model, she is the owner of the June Dally-Watkins School of Professional and Personal Development, a business she has run since 1950.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Littlejohn, Emma Linda Palmer", "Entry ID": "AWE3090", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/littlejohn-emma-linda-palmer\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Double Bay, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Paddington, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist, Journalist, Radio Broadcaster, Radio Journalist, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "Linda Littlejohn was an ardent feminist who developed an international profile. A daughter of privilege, she began moving in philanthropic circles early, as a member of the Ascham School Old Girls' Union. A well respected figure in the New South Wales women's movement, in 1926 she became an executive-member of the National Council of Women of New South Wales and the Feminist Club. Two years later she launched the League of Women Voters to support female candidates for public office and to press for feminist reforms.\nLittlejohn broadcast for the British Broadcasting Corporation and for 2UW and 2UE in Sydney. She reported for the Australian Women's Weekly on the campaigns of the United Associations and the Australian Federation of Women Voters. She belonged to the New South Wales Institute of Journalists (1933-41) and the Business and Professional Women's club of Sydney. In her novel Life and Lucille (1933) she dramatized the need for women in parliament, divorce reform and the introduction of adequate training to enable women to be economically independent of their fathers and husbands.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1910 - 1920)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/littlejohn-emma-linda-palmer-1883-1949\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/50-years-of-feminist-achievement-a-history-of-the-united-associations-of-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ascham-charivari\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-nsw-program-for-the-launch-of-the-centenary-stamp-issue-and-a-complete-set-of-the-issue-1996\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-further-papers-1895-1981\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-nsw-inc-further-records-1926-1927-1937-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-relating-to-national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-1895-1897\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-further-records-1895-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-records-1895-1976\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/feminist-club-of-new-south-wales-records-1928-1973\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/united-association-of-women-further-records-1930-1978\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-jessie-street-circa-1914-1968-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Holmes, Pat", "Entry ID": "AWE3123", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/holmes-pat\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Photo Journalist, Photographer", "Summary": "Pat Holmes is widely recognised as the first woman to have worked as a full-time photojournalist on an Australian newspaper. Initially working as a studio portrait photographer in Sydney, Holmes took a position as press photographer for The Sun during WW2. In 1946, Holmes produced the iconic photograph New Year's Eve, Kings Cross.\n", "Details": "Pat Holmes is widely recognised as the first woman to have worked as a full-time photojournalist on an Australian newspaper.\nShe was born on 17 March 1915, in Sydney, NSW. She received her first Box Brownie camera at the age of ten and developed an interest in photography while attending Frensham School in Mittagong (Wilfred West School), where the headmistress encouraged the girls to pursue careers rather than viewing marriage as their only option.\nHolmes taught herself darkroom skills by following the instructions given on the packets of darkroom developer chemicals and using the school's darkroom. She was still at school when she first met the photographer Harold Cazneaux, who had been employed by the school's board to prepare a book entitled The Frensham Book, a pictorial record of the school's environment. She helped him carry his equipment during his stay in Mittagong and was greatly influenced by him to become a photographer. In 1931 she left school and began an apprenticeship with Cazneaux at his studio in Roseville, even though her parents wanted her to become a kindergarten teacher. Apparently she approached Cazneaux and asked him to 'rescue her' by taking her on (Hall 101). She worked in his studio for two years.\nHolmes travelled to England in 1937 as a member of the first Australian Women's Cricket team, where she played three test matches. The team returned to Australia soon after, but she elected to stay on in England, working at a variety of photography studios. She was mainly doing retouching but she was more interested in darkroom work. She eventually found a darkroom position in a London studio and remained there for eighteen months before returning to Australia. Work was difficult to come by in Sydney but she eventually secured a position, working for Monte Luke at his Castlereagh Street Studio in 1940. One year later she established her own portrait business, working from a darkroom she had established at home, becoming quite skilled at photographing children.\nIn 1943 Holmes took a job as a press photographer for The Sun. It was a position that offered her a variety of work and she continued to work there until 1948. One of her iconic photographs was taken at this time: New Year's Eve, Kings Cross, 1946. The image captured the exuberance and excitement of a group of young women gathering to celebrate New Year's Eve. She left The Sun, in 1948, just before her marriage to a Mr Stuart. She went onto have three children and six grandchildren.\nInterviewed many years later Holmes recalled her time as a female press photographer: 'I was a little hesitant at first when I went out on jobs, but I soon realised that I had to take the initiative. It was mainly the very young and older men that I worked with during the war years. Half the staff was in uniform. It was strange with all the young men away. Then the men came back and life settled down. I missed newspaper work at first when I left in 1948. It had been exciting. Life was flat without the variety. But then I became involved with my family when I married soon after leaving The Sun. That has been a wonderful time too' (Christine Gillespie, Interview; cited in Hall 269).\nPat Holmes died on 25 October 1992.\nCollections\nNational Gallery of Australia\nContent added for The Women's Pages research project, last modified 16 September 2013\nHolmes was educated at Frensham, later the Winifred West School, where she was encouraged by West to pursue a career in photography. There, in the late 1920s, she met photographer Harold Cazneaux, who was compiling a pictorial record of the school environment (The Frensham Book). When Holmes left school in 1931, she approached Cazneaux to teach her photography, and she worked in his Roseville studio for two years.\nIn 1937, Holmes became a member of the first Australian Women's Cricket team to tour England. A keen sportswoman, she scored 176 runs in the three tests played. She remained in England until 1939, working in a London printing studio. On her return to Australia, Holmes continued working on her own commissions at home. She searched for employment in Sydney photographic studios for a year before finding work with Monte Luke in Castlereagh Street. In 1943 she was offered a job by Associated Press, and joined the staff of The Sun as a press photographer. She left the paper in 1948, shortly before she married.\nHolmes died in Sydney in 1992, survived by three children and six grandchildren.\n", "Events": "Pat Holmes' work featured in Australian Women Photographers 1840-1950 (1981 - 1981) \nPat Holmes' work featured in Shades of Light (1988 - 1988)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/crowded-days-ahead\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pat-holmes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lessons-of-tour-will-benefit-s-a\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pat-holmes-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/photographs-show-how-image-of-australian-woman-has-changed-in-150-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heritage-the-national-womens-art-book-500-works-by-500-australian-women-artists-from-colonial-times-to-1955\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Nairn, Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE3126", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nairn-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Armidale?, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Hockey Coach, Hockey player, Sports administrator", "Summary": "Affectionately known as \"Mrs. Hockey,\" Mary Nairn was responsible for bringing hockey to the Redcliffe district of Brisbane in the early 1930s. She was an elite player and was known to be one of the best full backs in Queensland.\nIt is, however, as a coach that she really excelled. As a testament to her coaching ability, Mary made history by becoming the first woman in Australia to coach an A grade men's team, a number of whom went on to represent Australia. Her coaching skills also extended interstate; she coached the Queensland women's team in 1955 and also acted as a selector for interstate teams.\nIn 1959 Mary was honoured with the opening of the Mary Nairn gates at the entrance to the Redcliffe hockey fields and in 1971 was named \"Woman of the Year\" by the Quota Club for her outstanding work with Redcliffe's youth. At the Redcliffe Hockey Club's fiftieth anniversary celebrations in 1982, as a testament to her hard work and passion for the game, Mary, also known as the \"Queen of Peninsula hockey,\" received a standing ovation. At the time of her death in 1989 the Redcliffe hockey club, which she had been instrumental in establishing, had grown from one women's team in 1932 to 19 men's, women's and junior teams.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Nicholson, Vivienne Estelle", "Entry ID": "AWE3142", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nicholson-vivienne-estelle\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Windsor, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political activist, Political candidate", "Summary": "Vivienne Nicholson stood as an Independent candidate in the Legislative Assembly seat of Mornington at the Victorian state election, which was held on 18 September 1999.\n", "Details": "Vivienne Nicholson moved with her family from Windsor, New South Wales to Melbourne in 1948. She was educated at Burwood State School and Canterbury Girls' High School. She was employed as a secretary before and for a period after her marriage to John Nicholson in 1973. They had two children. She lived in the Frankston- Mornington region from 1973 until her move in 2003 to Toora North in South Gippsland. As a mature aged student she completed her tertiary education at Monash University with a Bachelor of Economics, and Masters Degree in Australian Studies.\nIn the 1990s she became involved in an unsuccessful community campaign to prevent a shopping centre development in Mornington. She was a member of the Save Mornington Alliance (SMA). This activism lead her to stand for the Victorian Parliament at the 1999 election.\nIn 2009 she completed a Ph D at the University of Melbourne on the role of the SMA in the attempt to prevent the building of the shopping centre.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/grassroots-activism-cost-or-benefit\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carrying-on-the-fight-women-candidates-in-victorian-parliamentary-elections\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Downing, Jean Olive", "Entry ID": "AWE3506", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/downing-jean-olive\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Local government councillor, Political candidate, Social worker", "Summary": "Jean Downing stood as a candidate for the Australian Labor Party in the Legislative Assembly seat of Doncaster at the Victorian state election, which was held on 5 May 1979. She was also a candidate in the 1977 Federal election for the seat of Diamond Valley. In 1978 she was elected as a councillor to the Eltham Shire Council and served a three year term.\nDowning embarked on her political career after having made a significant and enduring contribution to the discipline of Social Work at the University of Melbourne. over many decades. In 2016 she was awarded the University of Melbourne's Hyslop Medal, an award that recognises alumni or staff whose outstanding contributions have been integral to the success of social work at the University.\n", "Details": "Jean Downing was educated at public primary schools in New South Wales and Victoria before completing her secondary education at Presbyterian Ladies' College (PLC) in Melbourne in 1939. In 1946 she completed her tertiary education at the University of Melbourne with a Bachelor of Arts and Diploma of Social Studies. She was the first appointee as a Social Worker to the Children's Court Psychiatric clinic in Melbourne.\nIn 1947 she married Arthur Howard Norman and had five sons and two daughters, including two sets of twins. After Howard Norman's death in 1959 she assumed responsibility for managing the family firm, Norman Bros. Pty Ltd until 1978.\nIn 1965 she married Richard Ivan Downing Professor of Economics at the University of Melbourne. They had a daughter.\nAfter 1976 she returned to Social Work with appointments at the Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, the International Social Service, the Austin Hospital and the Department of Social Security.\nIn 1978 she was elected to the Eltham Shire Council and served a three year term.\nHer voluntary appointments included serving on the Councils of the University of Melbourne, (1983-87) PLC, Coburg State College, College of the Arts, Eltham High School, Equal Opportunity Advisory (1983) and the Board of Social Studies at the University of Melbourne.\nShe is a member of the Lyceum Club and the Catalysts.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carrying-on-the-fight-women-candidates-in-victorian-parliamentary-elections\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1988\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-downing-interviewed-by-susan-marsden-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jackson, Alice Mabel", "Entry ID": "AWE3521", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jackson-alice-mabel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ulmarra, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Editor, Journalist, Print journalist, Teacher", "Summary": "Alice Jackson was a journalist and editor who was on the staff of the Australian Women's Weekly from its inception in 1933. Prior to working for the AWW, she enjoyed stints on Smith's Weekly and the Sydney Daily Telegraph. She was formally appointed editor of the AWW in 1939 - the first woman editor of the magazine which, by then, had an all female hierarchy. She is credited with establishing the national distribution system that made the AWW so attractive to advertisers.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1920 - 1950)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jackson-alice-mabel-1887-1974\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Abbott, Gertrude", "Entry ID": "AWE3657", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/abbott-gertrude\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Strawberry Hills, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Matron, Social worker", "Summary": "Born in Sydney in 1846, Mary Jane O'Brien moved with her family to South Australia when she was two years old. In February 1868, taking the name Sister Ignatius of Jesus, she entered the Order of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart, the Catholic order founded at Penola two years earlier by Mary MacKillop and Julian Tenison-Woods.\nCaught up in a scandal which enveloped the order, but in which she was subsequently proven to be blameless, Sister Ignatius left the order in July 1872, only four months after she had taken final vows, and returned to Sydney. There she became known as Mrs Gertrude or 'Mother' Abbott.\nShe leased a house in the Sydney suburb of Surrey Hills and gathered about her a group of pious women. They lived by dressmaking and adopted the rule of contemplative congregation, hoping that the Roman Catholic Church would give the group the status of a religious order. After Tenison-Woods's death in her care in 1889, she inherited his estate of \u00a3609.\nIt is reputed that in 1893 Mrs Abbott took in and cared for a pregnant girl brought to her by a policeman, an event that led to her establishing the St Margaret's Maternity Home at 561 Elizabeth Street, in the area known as Strawberry Hills. She ran what would become St Margaret's Hospital for Women, the third largest obstetric hospital in Sydney, for the next forty years.\nUpon her death in 1934, she passed the Hospital into the hands of the Sisters of St Joseph.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/abbott-gertrude-1846-1934\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/st-margarets-hospital-darlinghurst-n-s-w-records-1894-1998\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-gertrude-abbott-social-worker-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ardill Brice, Kate Louisa", "Entry ID": "AWE3661", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ardill-brice-kate-louisa\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Chippendale, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Gynaecologist", "Summary": "Kate Ardill (nee Brice) was the first woman in New South Wales to serve as chair of the St John's Ambulance Brigade. A graduate in medicine from the University of Sydney in 1913, she lectured for the association in 1913 and joined the St John Ambulance Brigade in 1920. She was later on the association's executive committee from 1938, was deputy chair in 1947-48 before serving as chair in 1950-55.\nAfter graduating in 1913, Kate did a year's residency at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital before being appointed honorary anaesthetist and out-patients' medical officer at South Sydney Women's Hospital. On the outbreak of World War I she sought in vain to enlist, proceeded to England and, under direction of the British Red Cross Society, went to a Belgian hospital, and afterwards with the British Army to Napbury, the Dover military hospital, and the Citadel hospital, Cairo.\nIn 1920 she resumed her hospital appointment, which continued until 1950, and set up a practice in gynaecology in Macquarie Street, providing a regular free clinic for servicemen's wives and children.\nAwarded an OBE in 1941, she was admitted to the Order of St John of Jerusalem as a serving sister in 1938, and then created dame of grace of the order in 1952. In Britain in 1952 she studied methods of treatment for atomic blast.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ardill-katie-louisa-1886-1955\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Baker, Mary Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE3662", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/baker-mary-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Berrico outstation, Gloucester, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Mudgee, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Bushranger", "Summary": "Mary Ann Baker was the daughter of Charlotte, an Aboriginal woman, and James Bugg, a convict shepherd. It was Baker who helped the notorious Captain Thunderbolt (Fred Ward) to escape imprisonment on Cockatoo Island, and who accompanied him in his outlaw life in northern New South Wales.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Baynton, Barbara", "Entry ID": "AWE3664", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/baynton-barbara\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Scone, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Writer", "Summary": "Barbara Baynton was one of the first Australian short story writers to receive literary recognition abroad. She drew inspiration from her early existence in the harsh Australian bush.\nBaynton published Bush Studies in 1902; Human Toll in 1907; and Cobbers in 1917.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/baynton-barbara-jane-1857-1929\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-barbara-baynton-1907-1973-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Campbell, Persia Gwendolen Crawford", "Entry ID": "AWE3672", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/campbell-persia-gwendolen-crawford\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Nerrigundah, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Flushing, New York, United States of America", "Occupations": "Academic, Economist", "Summary": "In 1930, Persia Campbell was awarded a Rockefeller fellowship to Harvard University to study the effects of American agricultural policy on rural standards of living. She published American Agricultural Policy in 1933. She took American citizenship in 1936. In 1940, Campbell joined the Economics Department at the City of New York University, and became professor of economics. She was leader of the American delegation to the Pan-Pacific Conference in Canberra in 1961, and in this capacity, assisted in the successful establishment of an Australian Consumers' Association.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/campbell-persia-gwendoline-crawford-1898-1974\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cashman, Ellen Imelda (Mel)", "Entry ID": "AWE3673", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cashman-ellen-imelda-mel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Gladesville, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Union organiser", "Summary": "Mel Cashman joined the Women and Girls' Printing Trades Union at the cost of her job, but became union president in 1914. In 1917 the union amalgamated with the men's union to become the Printing Industry Employees' Union of Australia. Cashman was organising secretary of the Women and Girls' Section. Cashman resigned from the union in 1940 and became a Commonwealth arbitration inspector.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cashman-ellen-imelda-mel-1891-1983\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dark, Eleanor", "Entry ID": "AWE3679", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dark-eleanor\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Burwood, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Novelist", "Summary": "Eleanor Dark wrote for the Australian Women's Mirror and the Bulletin under the pseudonym of 'P.O'R': Pixie O'Reilly or Patricia O'Rane. Under her married name, she published Slow Dawning (1932), Prelude to Christopher (1934), Return to Coolami (1936), Sun Across the Sky (1937), Waterway (1938), The Timeless Land (1941), The Little Company (1945), Storm of Time (1948) and No Barrier (1953).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eleanor-dark-retrospective\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-barrier\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lantana-lane\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-little-company\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prelude-to-christopher\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/return-to-coolami\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/slow-dawning\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/storm-of-time\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sun-across-the-sky\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-timeless-land\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/waterway\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dark-eleanor-1901-1985-2\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-eleanor-dark-1910-1974-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-hazel-de-berg-1959-1963-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collection-of-pamphlets-containing-souvenir-concert-programmes-and-australian-biographies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eleanor-dark-papers-1849-1980\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "de Lissa, Lillian Daphne", "Entry ID": "AWE3682", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/de-lissa-lillian-daphne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Dorking, Surrey, United Kingdom", "Occupations": "Educator", "Summary": "Lillian de Lissa was the director of the first Adelaide free kindergarten in Franklin Street. In 1917 she became foundation principal of Gipsy Hill College in Surrey. She was also a founder of the Nursery School Association of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/de-lissa-lillian-daphne-1885-1967\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Farrar, Phoebe", "Entry ID": "AWE3686", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/farrar-phoebe\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Yass, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Darwin, Northern Teritory, Australia", "Occupations": "Stockwoman", "Summary": "As a young woman, Phoebe worked with the Farrar family on various properties across New South Wales, Queensland, and the Northern Territory. She married Bob Farrar, and lived with him and their children at 'Nutwood Downs' in the Northern Territory. There she worked as a stockwoman, breaking horses and mustering cattle in the wild country. She continued working and riding until she was hospitalised at the age of 86.\nThis is a summary of an article written by Lenore Coltheart in\u00a0200 Australian Women, edited by Heather Radi, Redress Press, 1988\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/farrar-phoebe-elizabeth-1868-1960\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Guthrie, Bessie Jean Thompson", "Entry ID": "AWE3694", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guthrie-bessie-jean-thompson\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Glebe, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Designer, Feminist, Publisher", "Summary": "In 1939, Bessie Guthrie established Viking Press, publishing anti-war material and poetry, mainly by women. She completed the artwork and block designs herself. During wartime, she worked as a publicity officer for the YWCA, overseeing press and radio news reports. Guthrie became a champion for young women in need. She joined the Women's Liberation movement from 1970, and became a founder of Elsie Women's Refuge. She was a committed feminist for the whole of her life.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guthrie-bessie-jean-thompson-1915-1977\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/creating-a-space-the-life-of-bessie-guthrie\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elsie-womens-refuge-records-ca-1974-2014\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hassall, Eliza Marsden", "Entry ID": "AWE3698", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hassall-eliza-marsden\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cobbitty, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Coogee, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Missionary", "Summary": "Eliza Hassall founded the first Australian Scripture Union in 1880. In 1892, she offered her home at Ashfield as a training home for women missionaries under the Church Missionary Society. The Marsden Training Home was officially opened in 1893 with Hassall as superintendent.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Helmrich, Dorothy Jane Adele", "Entry ID": "AWE3699", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/helmrich-dorothy-jane-adele\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Woollahra, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Arts administrator, Founder, Singer", "Summary": "Dorothy Helmrich founded the Australian Council for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts (CEMA) in 1943. CEMA became the Arts Council of Australia, and Helmrich served as president.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/on-wings-of-song-dorothy-helmrich-and-the-arts-council\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Holman, Mary (May) Alice", "Entry ID": "AWE3701", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/holman-mary-may-alice\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "May Holman was the first Labor Party woman parliamentarian in Australia. Representing the Legislative Assembly seat of Forrest, she was also the first Labor woman MP to serve more than ten years in parliament.\n", "Details": "May Holman was the eldest of nine children of John Barkell Holman, miner, and Katherine Mary Holman (nee Rowe). The family lived at Broken Hill, New South Wales, before moving to Cue in Western Australia. May was educated at the Sacred Heart Convent in Perth. On leaving school, she found employment at the Perth Trades Hall and the Westralian Worker. In 1914 she married Peter Joseph Gardiner, a Labor Party member for the State parliament, but the marriage could not withstand their varied professional commitments and ended in divorce in 1920.\nHolman's mother was an active member of Labor women's organisations in Perth. Her father was a Labor politician and member of the Timber Workers' Union. After his death in 1925, May Holman became secretary of the Union and won preselection for her father's seat, Forrest, where timber was the dominant industry. She was instrumental in formulating the Timber Industries Regulation Act in 1926. Holman retained her seat through four elections. She was president of the Labor Women's Central Executive from 1927; secretary of the Parliamentary Labor Party from 1933; and member of the royal commission into sanitation and slum clearance in Perth in 1938.\nMay Holman was involved in a car accident on 17 May 1939, the eve of the 1939 election. She died three days later on 20 May 1939. She was buried in Karrakatta cemetery.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-holmans-death\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-on-various-australian-women-19-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/holman-family-papers-1893-1965-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-sheila-moiler-nee-holman-sound-recording-interviewed-by-jennie-carter\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hutchinson, Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE3702", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hutchinson-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Hobart, Tasmania, Australia", "Occupations": "Prison matron", "Summary": "The daughter of missionaries Francis and Rebecca Oakes, Mary Hutchinson attempted to establish a Christian mission in Tonga with her husband John Hutchinson, but the pair were forced to retreat. In 1832, John Hutchinson was appointed superintendent of the Female House of Correction (the female factory), with his wife as matron. Of their twelve children, six died in infancy. John Hutchinson's recurring illness meant that Mary was often charged with running the institution. On her husband's retirement, she became matron-in-charge of the smaller 'factory' at Launceston. She retired in 1854.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hutchison-ruby-florence-1892-1974\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-hutchinson-and-the-female-factories-of-early-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jenner, Dorothy Gordon (Andrea)", "Entry ID": "AWE3704", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jenner-dorothy-gordon-andrea\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Narrabri, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Kings Cross, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor, Artistic director, Journalist, Scriptwriter, War Correspondent", "Summary": "Dorothy Gordon Jenner was an Australian actress, scriptwriter, newspaper columnist and controversial radio personality.\nBiographical accounts of the early acting career of Dorothy Gordon are laden with contradictions. Due to a lack surviving archival material, what we do know about Gordon comes from her own memoirs which are criticised for being inconsistent and exaggerated. It does appear, however, that she did have a career in film, in Australia and abroad, which finished sometime in 1927. She then turned her hand to journalism.\nAfter two unsuccessful marriages, Dorothy Jenner travelled to London in 1927, where she began a column for the Sydney Sun under the name of 'Andrea'. Hers was a gossip column, keeping Australian audiences updated on celebrity comings and goings in London and New York. After 1940, she toured south-east Asia as a war correspondent. She was captured by the Japanese in Hong Kong and spent nearly four years in Stanley prisoner of war camp. From 1951, Jenner was writing for the Mirror. She later switched to broadcasting, working for 2UE, and pioneering talk-back radio on 2GB.\n", "Details": "Gordon's acting career began in 1912 as a chorus girl in the Melbourne stage production of Girl in a Train.\nIn 1915 Gordon moved to America. In Hollywood she began work as a dressmaker in a costume department. In 1916, she began to appear as an extra in Famous Players-Lasky Corporation (later Paramount).\nIn her memoir Darlings I've had a Ball! (1975), Gordon claims to have appeared in at least two Valentino films: The Sheik (Melford, 1921) and Blood and Sand (Niblo 1922). Gordon recalled a close relationship with Valentino.\nGordon's memoir also claimed she worked regularly with Houdini and W.C. Fields. Gordon made uncredited appearances in Unseen Forces (Franklin, 1920) and Wise Fool (Melford, 1921).\nIn 1925, Gordon returned to Australia and was immediately cast as the lead in Raymond Longford's Hills of Hate (1926). There are no known surviving copies of this film.\nUpon completion of Hills of Hate , Australasian Films approached Gordon and asked her to collaborate with Raymond Longford's son, Victor, on the script for the film For the Term of His Natural Life (Dawn, 1927). After the director dismantled their script their names were removed from the credits. Gordon did however continue to work on the film as an artistic director through prop and location research.\nFor the Term of His Natural Life was Gordon's last film.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1920 - 1970)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/darlings-ive-had-a-ball\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jenner-dorothy-hetty-fosbury-andrea-1891-1985\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-film-1900-1977-a-guide-to-feature-film-production\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gordon-dorothy-interviewed-by-graham-shirley\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wilfrid-thomas-interviews-russell-braddon-dorothy-gordon\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hills-of-hate-documentation\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Levvy, Mary Frances Debora", "Entry ID": "AWE3710", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/levvy-mary-frances-debora\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Penrith, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales", "Occupations": "Founder, Humanitarian", "Summary": "With her sister Emma, Frances Levvy founded the first Australian Band of Mercy in 1874, in Sydney. The organisation was aimed at young people and promoted the protection of animals. By 1920 there were 131 bands and over 60,000 members. Frances Levvy was also the founder and honorary secretary of the Women's Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Between 1887 and 1923 she edited the Band of Mercy and Humane Journal of New South Wales.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Litchfield, Jessie Sinclair", "Entry ID": "AWE3711", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/litchfield-jessie-sinclair\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ashfield, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Richmond Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist", "Summary": "Moving around parts of the Northern Territory while her husband worked in the diamond mines, Jessie Litchfield raised her family and worked as a journalist. She published Far North Memories in 1930. After the death of her husband, she worked as editor of the Northern Territory Times and Government Gazette. In 1955 she became the first woman in the Territory to be appointed a justice of the peace.\n", "Details": "It is said that a letter Jessie Litchfield wrote in 1909, which somehow ended up in John Flynn's hands, was instrumental to his involvement in the Australian Inland Mission. Had he not seen it, might well have become 'Flynn of Korea' rather than 'Flynn of the Inland' once he had completed his training to become a Presbyterian minister.\nLitchfield's letter pleaded for the Presbyterian Church to send a married, male Presbyterian missionary to the Northern Territory, so that he and his wife might start to 'civilise' it. Her greatest concern was the extent of informal and abusive interracial relationships that had been established between indigenous women and non-indigenous men, but she was also concerned about the impact of drink and drugs on public health. The place needed a missionary 'to teach the people right from wrong'.\nFlynn used the letter to encourage women he knew in Melbourne to support initiatives to help women in remote, inland regions. The initiatives were, of course, highly racialised.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/litchfield-jessie-sinclair-1883-1956\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/flynns-outback-angels-casting-the-mantle-1901-to-world-war-ii\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-litchfield-grand-old-lady-of-the-territory\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/far-north-memories-being-the-account-of-ten-years-spent-on-the-diamond-drills-and-of-things-that-happened-in-those-days\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ntrs-3169-copies-of-historical-notes-relating-to-the-northern-territory\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Long, Retta Jane", "Entry ID": "AWE3712", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/long-retta-jane\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Missionary", "Summary": "Retta Long was resident missionary to the La Perouse Aboriginal Settlement before establishing the Aborigines Inland Mission of Australia. The mission was inter-denominational. Retta Long launched a monthly magazine for the mission, Our AIM. A number of AIM auxiliaries were set up around the country, and by the 1930s the mission claimed to be preaching to 11,000 Aborigines.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/providential-channels\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lovely, Louise", "Entry ID": "AWE3715", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lovely-louise\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Paddington, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Hobart, Tasmania, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor", "Summary": "Daughter of the Swiss born Elise Lehmann, Louise Lovely began her stage career at the age of eight, playing Eva in Uncle Tom's Cabin at the Lyceum in Sydney. She subsequently appeared in many stage and screen productions. In 1912, Louise moved to Hollywood with her husband Wilton Welch and became a star, cast in at least 24 films for Universal Studios and nearly a dozen western films for Fox Studios. She returned to Australia in 1924.\n", "Details": "Louise Lovely was an Australian actress and film maker with a career in both Australia and the United States. Sadly, few of Lovely's films have survived.\nLovely's career began as an actress in stage melodramas and vaudeville in Australia and America. In 1915, she was signed to Universal Studios. In 1917, Universal established Louise Lovely Productions, however Lovely herself had no control over the productions. In March 1918, she left Universal over contract disputes and shortly after began work with Fox Studios.\nLovely starred in her final US film in 1921. She then returned to Australia.\nUpon her return to Australia, Lovely began production on her final film Jewelled Nights (Lovely and Welch, 1925). While the extent of her contribution to this production is not certain, sources indicate she not only acted, but co-wrote the script, directed scenes, edited the film, and assisted in the design and publicity of the film. The film was produced by her company Louise Lovely Productions. The film was financially unsuccessful and Lovely subsequently retired from the film industry.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-louise-lovely-actress-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lovely-louise-documentation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lovely-louise-interviewed-by-ross-cooper-oral-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/axford-maisie-interviewed-by-david-atfield-oral-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lovely-louise-interviewed-by-ina-bertrand-1978-oral-history\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lyell, Lottie Edith", "Entry ID": "AWE3716", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lyell-lottie-edith\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Balmain, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor, Co-Director, Producer", "Summary": "Lottie Lyell (her stage name) embarked upon an acting career in 1907. She joined Edwin Geach's Popular Dramatic Organization and toured Australia and New Zealand. She was acting in films for Spencer's Pictures from 1911. Lyell played lead roles in films including The Fatal Wedding (1911), The Romantic Story of Margaret Catchpole (1911) and Australia Calls (1913). In 1919 she played Doreen in Raymond Longford's adaptation of C.J. Denis' The Sentimental Bloke. Lyell and Longford were romantically involved for fourteen years, but Longford was married and the relationship was not publicly acknowledged until near the end of Lyell's life. She died from tuberculosis in 1925.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lyell-lottie-edith-1891-1925\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Macarthur-Onslow, Eliza Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE3717", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/macarthur-onslow-eliza-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Menangle, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "United Kingdom", "Occupations": "Pastoralist, Property manager", "Summary": "On the death of her father in 1867, Elizabeth Macarthur-Onslow inherited a share of his property, 'Camden Park' in Menangle, New South Wales. She also inherited city properties and land at Taralga and Sutton Forest. Having studied developments in the dairy industry overseas, Macarthur-Onslow installed twelve dairies and a creamery at Camden Park. Later she added a piggery and experimented in sericulture. She was a member of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and a great local patron. She died in 1911 during a visit to England.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-early-records-of-the-macarthurs-of-camden\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Maclurcan, Hannah", "Entry ID": "AWE3721", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/maclurcan-hannah\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tambaroora, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Hotelier", "Summary": "Hannah Maclurcan took over as licensee of the Wentworth Hotel, Sydney, following the death of her second husband Donald Maclurcan. Under her management, the hotel became fashionable and thrived until the depression years. It began to turn a profit once again in 1936, the year of Hannah's own death. She was survived by her son, Charles Dansie Maclurcan, her three daughters, Gertrude Moore (nee Wigham), Jean Spencer Watts (nee Wigham) and Evelyn Postle (nee Maclurcan) and her third husband, Robert Lee. Charles Maclurcan's son was Donald Charles Boulton Maclurcan. His son was John Maclurcan.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/maclurcan-hannah-1861-1936\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mayo, Lilian Daphne", "Entry ID": "AWE3724", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mayo-lilian-daphne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Sculptor", "Summary": "Daphne Mayo studied sculpture in Sydney and London before travelling through France and Italy as a Royal Academy travelling scholar. She returned to Brisbane in 1925 and carved the Brisbane City Hall tympanum (1927-30); the Queensland Women's War Memorial, Anzac Square (1929-32); and relief panels for the chapel at Mt Thompson Crematorium (1934). With Vida Lahey she founded the Queensland Art Fund. In 1960 she was appointed the Queensland Art Gallery's first woman trustee. Her last large commission was a statue of Sir William Glasgow (1961-64).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daphne-mayo-a-tribute-to-her-work-for-art-in-queensland\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daphne-mayo-sculptor\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/two-artists-queensland-daphne-mayo-and-vida-lahey-a-brief-look-at-their-lives-and-works\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daphne-mayo-australian-art-and-artists-file\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/public-library-of-new-south-wales-the-eastern-aboriginal-doors-sculpted-by-daphne-mayo\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daphne-mayo-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Miles, Beatrice (Bea)", "Entry ID": "AWE3730", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miles-beatrice-bea\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ashfield, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Randwick Sydney, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Rebel", "Summary": "Bea Miles was notorious in Sydney for her disruptive conduct in public places, and her criticism of political and social authorities. She had no fixed address, and sometimes raised money for food and transport by reciting Shakespeare: alternatively, she simply refused to pay fares. Miles claimed to have been falsely convicted by police 195 times, and fairly convicted a further 100 times. Bea Miles advocated free love and was a fervent nationalist. The 1984 musical, Better Known as Bee, was based on her life.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miles-beatrice-bea-1912-1973\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mort, Eirene", "Entry ID": "AWE3733", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mort-eirene\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Woollahra, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Bowral, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Graphic designer", "Summary": "With her friend Nora Weston, Eirene Mort set up a graphic design studio in Sydney in 1906 where lessons were offered in craft, drawing, design, wood carving, metalwork and book-binding. The emphasis was upon Australian subject matter in design.\n", "Details": "Mort was a founder of the Society of Arts and Crafts of New South Wales. She wrote and illustrated articles for the Sydney Mail and Art and Architecture, and illustrated several books including Florence Sulman's A Popular Guide to the Wild Flowers of New South Wales (1913), her own The Story of Architecture (1942), and her brother Selwyn Mort's Coins of the Hapsburg Emperors 1619-1919.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mort-eirene-1879-1977\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/country-cousins-presented-in-picture-and-rhyme\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eirene-morts-australian-alphabet-from-the-collection-of-the-australian-national-gallery\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/old-canberra-a-sketchbook-of-the-1920s\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-popular-guide-to-the-wild-flowers-of-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-eirene-mort-1856-1980-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Munro, Grace Emily", "Entry ID": "AWE3734", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/munro-grace-emily\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Warialda, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Founder, Nurse", "Summary": "Married to a grazier, Grace Munro dedicated herself to improving medical conditions for women and children in the bush. She trained as a serving sister of St John of Jerusalem, and ran first aid classes in the country. A three day conference organised by Munro in 1922 resulted in the formation of the Country Women's Association of New South Wales, and Munro was elected president. By the following year, there were 68 branches of the Association throughout New South Wales and Queensland. Munro stepped down as president in 1926 but continued her fundraising efforts. She was appointed MBE in 1935.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/munro-grace-emily-1879-1964\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Muscio, Florence Mildred", "Entry ID": "AWE3736", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/muscio-florence-mildred\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Copeland, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Ryde, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist, School principal, University lecturer, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Mildred Muscio's association with the New South Wales National Council of Women began in 1922. She became press secretary of the Council before serving as president from 1927-38, including a term as federal president.\n", "Details": "Mildred Muscio was the second president of the Federal Council of the National Councils of Women of Australia. Her leadership was the crucial factor in the creation of the National Council of Women of Australia, which in 1931 succeeded FCNCWA and became the single channel for Australian representation at the International Council of Women. Possessed of a fine intellect and more progressive than her predecessors and many of her successors, Muscio also had gifts of persuasion, which she used to overcome fears of change and loss of autonomy among delegates to the Federal Council conference of 1929. She then acted as caretaker president after the NCWA formally came into being about July 1931 until elections could be held in October. Muscio's association with the New South Wales National Council of Women began in 1922. She became press secretary of the Council before her election as president of both state and Federal Councils in 1927. She remained president of NCWNSW until 1938. She was a member of many other political and welfare organisations, including the Lyceum Club and the Australian Red Cross Society. She served on the Bruce-Page government's national royal commission on child endowment in 1928, was an alternate Australian delegate to the League of Nations in 1937, and was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1938.\nFlorence Mildred Muscio was born on 28 April 1882 at Copeland, New South Wales, eldest daughter of English-born Charles Fry, telegraph master, and his native-born wife Jane, n\u00e9e McLennan. Known as Mildred, she was educated at the Sydney Girls' High School and the University of Sydney, graduating BA in 1901 with first-class honours in logic and mental philosophy and MA in 1905. The following year, with her sister, Edith, she published Poems. Edith subsequently earned renown as an artist in Britain. Mildred worked as a teacher while completing her studies, and was principal of the Brighton College for Girls, Manly, from 1906 to 1912.\nPrior to the outbreak of war, Mildred travelled to England, where she taught at Crosby, Lancashire, and at Windsor, before marrying Bernard Muscio, demonstrator in experimental psychology at Caius College, Cambridge University, on 31 March 1915. She shared her husband's interests, and his university posts allowed her to continue studying and to enjoy the company of students and graduates. With Louisa McDonald (first principal of Sydney University's Women's College), she attended the first congress of the International Federation of University of Women in London in 1920. Back in Sydney permanently from 1922 after Bernard was appointed Challis professor of philosophy at the University of Sydney, she helped establish the university women's movement in Australia and was elected president of the Sydney University Women Graduates' Association (1923-26) and the Sydney University Women's Union (1927-28). She later became an executive member of the Sydney University Settlement. After her husband's death in 1926, she helped to form the Institute of Industrial Psychology in Sydney, and lectured in psychology for the University Extension Board.\nMildred Muscio's association with the National Council of Women of New South Wales began in 1922 when she was invited to help organise the Good Film League of which she became vice-president. She joined the Council's executive as press secretary in 1924 and served as president from 1927 to 1938. A woman of perspicacity and vision, she brought a modern understanding of women's roles to the Council, arguing that 'No gulf separates the interests of the professional woman from those of the non-professional woman', for 'education, science, logic and experience of the outside world' were now inseparable from 'the fundamental interests of the home and family'.\nMuscio was also the second (and final) president of the Federal Council of the National Councils of Women of Australia (predecessor to the National Council of Women of Australia) from 1927 to 1931 and led the Australian delegation to the Vienna conference of the International Council of Women in 1930. Her clear vision, logic, organisational skills and courage were the crucial factors in the decision of the Federal Council conference in 1929 to recommend to the states the formation of a fully national body to represent Australia at the ICW. In light of the states' jealous protection of their autonomy and direct links to ICW, this was a major achievement. The minutes of conference record that Muscio left the chair, taking control of the argument for a national Council and dealing effectively and firmly with all the traditional sources of opposition and fear. She remained federal president as each state debated and eventually ratified the decision (WA excepted) by July 1931, and she continued to hold the fort during the transition period before new officers were elected in October.\nDuring the Depression, she defended the right of women to employment and a fair wage, and maintained that a separate women's movement was necessary to ensure that gains hard won were not lost as was occurring in European nations. In 1931, convinced of the need to challenge conservative attitudes to women participating in Australian politics, she announced her intention to stand as a candidate for the Senate but did not proceed.\nMrs Muscio served on the Commonwealth royal commission on child endowment in 1927. The minority report she submitted with John Curtin called for the immediate introduction of federal means-tested endowment for third and subsequent children. She also served on the state government committee inquiring into the system of examinations and secondary education in 1933. Before the 1934 inquiry into the NSW Child Welfare Department, she stressed the need for welfare officers trained in psychology and advocated the establishment of counselling clinics.\nIn 1929, in the wake of the NCW's campaign to establish a university social work course, Muscio had become a founding member of the Board of Social Study and Training, which, in conjunction with the University of Sydney, issued a certificate for professional training in social work. When the two-year diploma course was taken over by the university in 1940, she continued on the supervisory board. In view of her role in social work education and her experience in the Sydney University Settlement, Muscio was also elected vice-president of the Council of Social Service of NSW from 1938 to 1943.\nAmong her many other activities, Mrs Muscio wrote occasional reviews and articles for the Australian Quarterly on politics and education and undertook radio broadcasts on topics of interest to women. She was also president of the Lyceum Club 1929-35 and chair of the women's council and vice-president of the NSW Society for Crippled Children, and worked for the Racial Hygiene Association, the Australian Red Cross Society, the NSW Bush Nursing Association, the Australian Aerial Medical Services, the Travellers' Aid Society, and various theatrical groups. She chaired the Women's Executive Advisory Committee for the NSW sesquicentenary celebrations in 1938. Active in the state branch of the League of Nations Union, she was appointed alternate delegate for Australia at the League's general assembly at Geneva in 1937. A friend of Margaret Bailey, for many years she served on the council of Bailey's Ascham School where her sister, Eva, was senior mathematics mistress from 1917 to 1945.\nMildred Muscio was appointed OBE in 1938. As her ADB biographers write, she was a gifted speaker, fluent, logical and persuasive, and was also admired for her organising ability, generosity, impartiality and 'sympathetic spirit'. She died in hospital at Ryde on 17 August 1964.\nPrepared by: Jan Hipgrave, Marian Quartly and Judith Smart\n", "Events": "Lyceum Club (Sydney) (1929 - 1935)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/muscio-florence-mildred-1882-1964\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/education-paper-read-before-the-australian-federation-of-university-women-hobart-january-1930\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/review-thoughts-that-breathe-by-p-board\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-nsw-program-for-the-launch-of-the-centenary-stamp-issue-and-a-complete-set-of-the-issue-1996\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-further-papers-1895-1981\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-nsw-inc-further-records-1926-1927-1937-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-relating-to-national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-1895-1897\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-further-records-1895-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-records-1895-1976\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sargent, Daisy Charlotte", "Entry ID": "AWE3748", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sargent-daisy-charlotte\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales", "Occupations": "Businesswoman", "Summary": "With her husband George, Charlotte Sargent opened a pastry cook shop at 390 Oxford Street in Paddington, Sydney, in 1890. Business prospered and the pair later entered into partnership with their son, Hartley. By 1915 their company had 36 catering outlets in Sydney and Melbourne.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Schauer, Amy", "Entry ID": "AWE3749", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/schauer-amy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Cookery teacher", "Summary": "Amy Schauer taught cookery at the Brisbane Technical College from 1895 until 1922, when she was appointed senior instructress in the Domestic Science Branch, Department of Women's Work. With her sister, she wrote Cookery for Invalids (1908), Fruit Preserving and Confectionary (1908) and Theory of Cookery (1909).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/schauer-amy-1871-1956\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-good-plain-cook-an-edible-history-of-queensland\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-schauer-australian-cookery-book\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fruit-preserving-and-confectionary\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Payne-Scott, Ruby Violet", "Entry ID": "AWE3750", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/payne-scott-ruby-violet\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Grafton, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Physicist, Teacher", "Summary": "Ruby Scott was assistant physicist in the Physics Department at the University of Sydney, then a teacher at Woodlands Church of England Grammar School, before the outbreak of WWII. Post-war, she worked as a radio engineer with Amalgamated Wireless Australasia. After the birth of her son she became a science teacher at Danebank Anglican School for Girls, where she established a Science Department.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Smith, Grace Cossington", "Entry ID": "AWE3752", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/smith-grace-cossington\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Neutral Bay, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist", "Summary": "Grace Cossington Smith had her first solo exhibition in 1928, and her work was reproduced in Art in Australia. She painted landscapes, streetscapes, and native flowers as well as interior paintings. Between 1932 and 1977, she held eighteen solo exhibitions, and in 1973 the Art Gallery of New South Wales held a retrospective exhibition of her work.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/smith-grace-cossington-1892-1984\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/grace-cossington-smith-a-life-from-drawings-in-the-collection-of-the-national-gallery-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Stead, Christina Ellen", "Entry ID": "AWE3754", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stead-christina-ellen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Rockdale, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Novelist, Writer", "Summary": "After a short teaching career, Christina Stead travelled to Paris for study, then to London. She returned to Australia in 1969 after many years abroad to take up a fellowship at the Australian National University. In 1974 she returned to live in Australia permanently.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-beauties-and-furies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/christina-stead-selected-fiction-and-nonfiction\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cotters-england\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dark-places-of-the-heart\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dearest-munx-the-letters-of-christina-stead-and-william-j-blake\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/for-love-alone\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/great-stories-of-the-south-sea-islands\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/house-of-all-nations-a-novel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/im-dying-laughing-the-humourist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letty-fox-her-luck\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-little-hotel-a-novel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-little-tea-a-little-chat\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-herbert-the-suburban-wife\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ocean-of-story-the-uncollected-stories-of-christina-stead\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-people-with-the-dogs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-salzburg-tales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/seven-poor-men-of-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dorothy-green-1943-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-christina-stead-1937-1988-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-christina-stead-1919-1996-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-by-christina-stead-to-margaret-hanks-1938-1982-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/literary-manuscript-1973-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-christina-stead-1916-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/notebook-and-letter-by-christina-stead-to-edith-anderson-circa-1949-1951-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-with-christina-stead-1969-1983-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-and-typescript-of-christina-stead-1969-1970-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-oliver-stallybrass-1965-1981-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Stewart Towzey, Eleanor (Nellie)", "Entry ID": "AWE3755", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stewart-towzey-eleanor-nellie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wolloomooloo, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor, Singer", "Summary": "The child of actor parents Theodosia Stewart and Richard Towzey, Nellie Stewart travelled with the Royal Comic Opera Company, and later in George Musgrove's productions including Faust, Dorothy, Paul Jones, and several Gilbert and Sullivan plays. She performed throughout Australia and in London to great popular acclaim.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sweet-nell-of-old-sydney-the-first-biography-of-nellie-stewart-actress-and-humanitarian\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/my-lifes-story\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Vernon, Barbara Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE3757", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vernon-barbara-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Inverell, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Scriptwriter", "Summary": "Barbara Vernon worked for 2NZ radio and for the ABC, first in radio drama, and then in television. At 2NZ she ran a radio pen club for children, and hosted children's hour. Her radio serial on Georges Sand was broadcast by ABC radio. Vernon was the author of Bellbird, a long-running television series in the 1960s.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vernon-barbara-mary-1916-1978\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bellbird-the-story-of-a-country-town\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/plays-of-the-50s\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Vickery, Joyce Winifred", "Entry ID": "AWE3758", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vickery-joyce-winifred\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales", "Occupations": "Botanist", "Summary": "Joyce Vickery conducted postgraduate research at the University of Sydney into insectivorous plants and seed germination in grass. She was appointed assistant botanist at the National Herbarium of New South Wales in 1936, and completed her PhD in 1959. Dr Vickery helped to solve the Graeme Thorne kidnapping case with forensic work. She was appointed senior botanist at the Herbarium in 1964.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vickery-joyce-winifred-1918-1979\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Woodcock, Lucy", "Entry ID": "AWE3763", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/woodcock-lucy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales", "Death Place": "New South Wales", "Occupations": "Feminist, Teacher, Trade unionist, Welfare worker", "Summary": "Lucy Woodcock was a founding member of the New South Wales Teachers' Federation in 1919, and became president of the Australian Teachers' Federation in 1932. A trade unionist and a feminist, she also gained a favourable reputation as a humanitarian worker during the depression years. Woodcock helped to found the Australia-China Society and hosted a meeting in April 1956 that led to the establishment of the Aboriginal-Australian Fellowship.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/50-years-of-feminist-achievement-a-history-of-the-united-associations-of-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/woodcock-lucy-godiva-1889-1968\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Berne, Dagmar", "Entry ID": "AWE3767", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/berne-dagmar\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Doctor", "Summary": "Dr Dagmar Berne was the first woman to study medicine in Australia. She gained entry to Sydney University in 1885, but was failed repeatedly by male lecturers who did not wish to see her graduate. In exasperation, she moved to London to continue her studies. Berne finally qualified as a doctor in 1893 and returned to Sydney two years later, setting up a practice in Macquarie Street. The London years took their toll on Berne, who had been forced to live in damp accommodation, subsisting on very little food. She died of tuberculosis in 1900, her thirty-fifth year.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-book-of-great-australian-women-thirty-six-women-who-changed-the-course-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Tennant, Kylie", "Entry ID": "AWE3774", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tennant-kylie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Manly, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Blue Mountains, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Author, Journalist, Print journalist", "Summary": "As a young woman, Kylie Tennant worked as an assistant producer for ABC radio before returning to study at Sydney University. She cut short her studies to travel and write, and in 1932 married a former fellow-student, Lewis Rodd. They had two children.\nTennant's journalistic career began with several articles and short stories published in Smith's Weekly and The Bulletin. She worked variously as a novelist, playwright, short-story writer, critic, biographer and historian. Two of her novels were made into television mini-series.\nKylie Tennant's bibliography is extensive. A selection of publications are listed below.\nFor more information, see also http:\/\/www.burnetsbooks.com.au\/bibliographies\/tennant.htm\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1930 - 1950)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-book-of-great-australian-women-thirty-six-women-who-changed-the-course-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-her-story-notes-on-a-nation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-battlers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-bushrangers-christmas-eve-and-other-plays\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-development-of-the-australian-novel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/evatt-politics-and-justice\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/foveaux\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-honey-flow\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-joyful-condemned\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lost-haven\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-missing-heir-the-autobiography-of-kylie-tennant\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ride-on-stranger\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/speak-you-so-gently\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tantavallon\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tell-morning-this\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tether-a-dragon\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tiburon\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/time-enough-later\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-curtis-brown-australia-pty-ltd-1962-2002-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-eleanor-dark-1910-1974-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/julia-trubridge-freebury-further-papers-1960s-2004\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-kylie-tennant-1891-1989-bulk-1933-1988-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kylie-tennant-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kylie-tennant-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-doris-chadwick-1942-1960-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/literary-papers-1969-1981-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hamlin, Catherine", "Entry ID": "AWE3775", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hamlin-catherine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Addis Ababa, Ethiopia", "Occupations": "Doctor", "Summary": "Catherine Hamlin boarded at Frensham School near Mittagong before gaining entry to the medical school at the University of Sydney. She worked at Sydney's Crown Street Women's Hospital, where she met her husband, Reginald Hamlin, and the two accepted a post to Ethiopia to set up a School of Midwifery. The Hamlin Fistula Relief and Aid Fund has since been established to continue the work of Catherine and Reginald.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-book-of-great-australian-women-thirty-six-women-who-changed-the-course-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Stott Despoja, Shirley", "Entry ID": "AWE3825", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stott-despoja-shirley\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Print journalist", "Summary": "Shirley Stott Despoja was the first woman to be employed in the general news room at the Adelaide Advertiser. She was that paper's first ever Arts Editor, appointed at a time when the arts were of enormous political and economic significance in South Australia. She brought the arts to the front pages of the newspaper in a manner that had not been achieved before.\nIn 2010, Shirley Stott Despoja was the inaugural winner of the Mary MacKillop Award at the twentieth annual Catholic Archbishop's Media Citations. She was nominated for her regular column, The Third Age, published in The Adelaide Review.\nAccording to Archbishop Wilson who presented the award, it was a pleasure to honour such an esteemed writer and champion of equality and social justice.\n\"Mary MacKillop herself was a great correspondent and also challenged the social norms of the day,\" he said.\n\"Ms Stott Despoja's efforts to break the stereotypes of ageing and challenge her peers to be feisty and opinionated would undoubtedly be applauded by Mary.\"\nStott Despoja also won a United Nations Association of Australia Media Peace Award in 2010 for the same column, for excellence in the promotion of positive images of the older person.\nShirley Stott Despoja was inducted into the Hall of Fame at the May 2013 South Australian Media Awards, honoured by her peers for an outstanding contribution to the South Australian media. In 2017 she was awarded on Australia Day with an OAM, 'for services as a journalist to print media', a citation to bury the lede, if ever there was one. In November 2018 she was inducted into the Australian Media Hall of Fame.\nShirley Stott Despoja is variously described as 'an inspiration', 'a pioneer', 'gutsy', 'an arts editor who changed the city' (Adelaide) and 'a great lady of a great age of print'. But above all, Stott Despoja is best known as a journalist for being 'principled'.\n", "Details": "Three things brought me to journalism,' says Shirley Stott Despoja. One of them was experiencing 'the lovely link between the written word and the printed word' while working in the office of The Anglican newspaper in the 1950s. Another was befriending Margaret Knightley, sister of journalist Philip Knightley, at school in the 1940s. A third, earlier influence had been a book by Lilian Turner, Betty the Scribe. And maybe, even before Betty, there was the 'Opportunity C' class for bright girls that she attended in Hurstville, Sydney, an educational opportunity that provided her with a chance to dream about a future where a woman's intellect was valued and her ability to lead assumed.\nNo doubt, it would have been easier for Shirley to play the part of a girly-girl, the 'pet who wasn't a threat'; to take the easy pay cheque that any self-censoring journalist can earn. This simply wasn't an option for Shirley, whose integrity and professionalism would not permit this course of action. Instead, throughout the course of her professional and personal life, she has insisted upon standing up for herself, complaining about injustice and corruption and speaking out on behalf of others who didn't have her opportunities, and can't make themselves heard. This has inevitably made her unpopular and, at times, very unhappy. But never untrue to herself, or unappreciated by women (and a handful of men) who know how tough it is to be a trail-blazer.\nThe chronology of Shirley's career is a familiar one for women finding their way in journalism in the 1950s and 60s (i.e. start on a small, perhaps provincial newspaper or magazine and then move through a series on reporting and subediting roles on metropolitan dailies) except for the small but very important fact that she never once took a job on the women's pages. She began on the small, but very influential church newspaper, The Anglican, run at the time by the charismatic Francis James. There she learned the important practicalities of the newspaper business, leaving a degree at Sydney University unfinished in order to learn what she needed to learn there. There, in that 'world of ideas', where writers like Donald Horne moved, she was known as the 'young atheist on staff', an epithet she initially found very much to her taste. After six months at the Anglican she chose to move on. Unfortunately, there was nowhere in Sydney for her to move onto; the men's journalist club closed ranks, to teach the little girl from Rockdale a lesson.\nThere was work available in Canberra, at the Times. Shirley moved there and loved it. There were other women to do the women's pages, and two good years of working general news, with some features and arts criticism. There was also a political awakening. Working as a general reporter, she covered the courts and 'began to learn a lot more about what was done to women and how men were excused from it'. She says that it was then that she saw that the gender barrier and violence fitted together like a hinged tool to control women. She also learned that, no matter how good she was at her job, she would never get better jobs, because she wasn't a man. The editor who employed her told her, in no uncertain terms, that she wouldn't be taking them away from the men.\nAt about the same time she decided it was time to leave Canberra, she received an offer from the Adelaide Advertiser of a C-grade with no women's work. She was to be the only woman working in the general reporting room in a conservative newspaper that nevertheless had impressive talent working on it and was the early journalistic experience for many young men who later became very famous. She initially felt there was an illusion of equality. And in the 70s, with Don Dunstan as Premier of South Australia and a crop of younger editors, including Des Colquhoun, everyone who worked on the Advertiser felt they were creating something special, with an influence beyond the State.\nShirley enjoyed the work, was good at her job and was recognised as such; she was to be posted to London to write news and features. Unfortunately, this possibility was never communicated to her in a timely fashion and London in the 1960s was an opportunity lost.\nWhen Shirley married she moved to the literary pages. She used the pages to promote important and radical ideas, as they were being discussed in books. She commissioned interesting people, including the young Anne Summers, to write reviews; independent commentators who were not beholden to The Advertiser for their income, who weren't afraid to say what they thought and who brought something fresh to the process of reviewing. Reputations were unimportant; it was the ability to think critically and write independently that mattered. Literary journalism had never been so political or popular. It was work she truly enjoyed: it was exciting and she knew, even in her marginalised position, that she was making a difference.\nNot long after her daughter was born, she moved back to Canberra to be with her husband, who had moved there for work. She continued to write features for The Advertiser, The Canberra Times and other publications, looked after her daughter, had another child (a son) and ultimately ended her marriage. The then editor of The Advertiser, Don Riddell, offered her a job as the Advertiser's first arts editor in an era when the arts in Adelaide needed to be recognised as a growing political and economic issue as well as of enormous cultural significance. The influence of the Adelaide Festival had changed the scene, and the amount of money being poured into the arts, in Adelaide, enormously. She wrote controversially about the festival directors and took them to task. She wrote reviews that demonstrated critical spirit. She upset people, and got the Arts onto the front page as a result, identifying the existence of an Adelaide 'arts mafia' and demanding that they be accountable to the public, given the significant amounts of money that they received from them. She poked and prodded for a number of years, until the Festival Centre organisers decided to retaliate by withdrawing advertising from the Advertiser. But many people recognise that this was a period in which the arts were given prominence and encouragement in the newspaper as never before, and provincial quarrels only lent more spice to the dynamic coverage.\nShirley returned to the literary pages, with a wide-ranging writing brief. Under the stewardship of John Scales the intellectual ferment of the paper continued. It was still a place where ideas could be expressed. Later, she had her column Saturday Serve, a space where she explored serious, expressive writing within journalism and could continue to write politically. Initially she did so covertly, using metaphors referring to her cats and garden to convey her message. But as time went by, she became more overt. In the column and other opinion pages, she wrote about domestic violence and child abuse, women's shelters and barriers to women's achievements, and when the spirit of the paper changed under new ownership, she was often abused for her views. She continued to stand up to bullying and, within the limits of the law, has continued to speak out for what she believes in and against those who discriminate. Since leaving metropolitan journalism Shirley Stott Despoja has turned the blow torch onto those who discriminate against the hearing impaired.\nDes Colquhoun once told Shirley, 'You know, if you were a man, Shirley, the sky would be the limit.' Shirley knew very early on in her career that she was up against a gender barrier that was so thick she was never going to break through in her time. This didn't stop her from trying, and for the fat lot of good it did her, you have to wonder why she didn't give up. I suspect it might have something to do with the two decent and talented children she was bringing up at the same time. If chipping away at that barrier meant that they might break through it, then there was a point to it. If that is the case, then we should all be grateful to her for her courage, her ability to enrage and her preparedness to weather the ensuing storm. And we should all marvel at her ability to retain her warmth and generosity of spirit. I imagine she would thank her children for that.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1960 - 1990)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shirley-stott-despoja-interviewed-by-matt-abram\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/breaking-through-women-work-and-careers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/journalist-honoured-with-catholic-media-award\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shirley-stott-despoja-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-shirley-stott-despoja-advertising-journalist-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Golding, Annie Mackenzie", "Entry ID": "AWE3952", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/golding-annie-mackenzie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tambaroora, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Feminist, Suffragist, Teacher", "Summary": "A devout Catholic, Annie Golding was president of the Women's Progressive Association in Sydney from 1904. She lobbied for equal pay for women, and equal opportunity in the work force.\n", "Details": "Annie Golding was the eldest daughter of Joseph Golding, a gold-miner from Galway, Ireland, and his wife Ann (nee Fraser). She began teaching near Bathurst, New South Wales, and gained further experience at a number of Catholic schools in Newtown and Sydney, as well as at the Asylum for Destitute Children in Randwick. Golding was mistress in charge at West Leichhardt (Orange Grove) Public School from 1900, retiring in 1915. Throughout her teaching career, she was active in the Teachers' Association of New South Wales, the Public School Teachers' Institute and the New South Wales Public School Teachers' Association.\nWith her sisters, Belle Golding and Kate Dwyer, Annie was a member of the Womanhood Suffrage League of New South Wales before her Newtown branch was expelled for defiance of the central council in Woollahra. With friends and fellow Labor supporters, Annie and her sisters formed the Women's Progressive Association with Annie as president from 1904. The Association lobbied for equal pay and the equality of women before the law, with a particular focus on education and employment conditions for women. Annie Golding became a member of the State Children Relief Board in 1911.\nGolding was a powerful orator. Speaking to the Australasian Catholic Congress in 1909, she announced that 'the industrial, social, and moral development of a nation may be judged by the position of its women. In all decadent nations women are in a state of bondage or intellectual atrophy; regarded as slave or puppet.' She strongly endorsed the philosophy of equal pay for equal work.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/proceedings-of-the-third-australasian-catholic-congress-held-at-st-marys-cathedral-sydney-26th-september-1909\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/proceedings-of-the-second-australasian-catholic-congress-held-in-the-cathedral-hall-melbourne-october-24th-to-31st-1904\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/uphill-all-the-way-a-documentary-history-of-women-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/golding-annie-mackenzie-1855-1934\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aspinall-family-papers-1903-1908\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/suffrage-group-1902\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-annie-golding\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Golding, Isabella Theresa (Belle)", "Entry ID": "AWE3953", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/golding-isabella-theresa-belle\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tambaroora, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Factory inspector, Feminist, Suffragist", "Summary": "With her sisters, Annie Golding and Kate Dwyer, Belle Golding was a member of the Women's Progressive Association in New South Wales. Like Annie, Belle began work in the public schools, but in May 1900 became the first female inspector under the Early Closing Act of 1899. In December 1913 she was transferred to the inspectorate under the Factories and Shops Act as senior (women) inspector, and retired in 1926. Doubtless Annie Golding drew upon the knowledge and experience of her sister in her campaigns for equal pay for women, and equality in the workplace.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/golding-isabella-theresa-belle-1864-1941\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/suffrage-group-1902\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Piddington, Marion Louisa", "Entry ID": "AWE3959", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/piddington-marion-louisa\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Castlecrag Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Birth Control Advocate, Eugenicist, Sex Reformer", "Summary": "Marion Piddington was a significant figure in early twentieth century eugenic debate in Australia. She took an interest in a wide range of sexual and reproductive concerns, and in the growth of sex education and contraceptive information, and was involved in the establishment of Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales in 1926. After falling out with that organisation, she formed a rival organization, the Institute of Family Relations, in 1931.\nProfoundly influenced by the work of Marie Stopes, she argued for a lifting of the stigma from unmarried motherhood in her 1923 pamphlet The Unmarried Mother and Her Child. In the early 1920s she was involved in the Workers' Educational Association eugenics circle, and delivered sex education lectures encouraging parents to be frank with their children on matters sexual. She believed in the right of women to sexual fulfilment in the context of marriage.\nPiddignton belonged to that branch of eugenic thought which came to support birth control, as a means of controlling human reproduction and thus achieving human betterment. She wrote in the late 1920s and early 1930s for Smith's Weekly and such journals as Herself and Health and Physical Culture on sex education and sexual morality, as well as on the need to sterilize the mentally deficient, a classic eugenist concern.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/piddington-marion-louisa-1869-1951\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-unmarried-mother-and-her-child\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tell-them-or-the-second-stage-of-mothercraft-a-hand-book-of-suggestions-for-the-sex-training-of-the-child\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/for-whom-are-we-building-the-bridge-science-of-eugenics-task-for-community\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australia-an-annotated-guide-to-records-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eugenic-reform-and-the-unfit\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/om64-13-workers-educational-association-of-queensland-records-1913-1932\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-marion-piddington-sex-educationalist-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ward, Elizabeth Jane", "Entry ID": "AWE3972", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ward-elizabeth-jane\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Evangelist, Milliner, Philanthropist", "Summary": "Elizabeth Ward was an evangelist who preached Christian values to 'fallen women' in the back streets of Sydney in the late nineteenth century.\n", "Details": "The 'good Mrs. Ward' published her autobiography, Out of Weakness Made Strong, in 1903 'at the earnest request of many friends'. From somewhat inauspicious beginnings, Elizabeth Ward came to spend much of her time doing 'good works' and campaigning for womanhood suffrage. Ward's father, William Garland, was a farrier on George Street, Sydney. Her mother took Elizabeth and her three siblings to the Church of England three times on Sundays. By the age of fifteen, however, Ward was an orphan. In successive years, her father died, then her mother, then her younger brother, who drowned in a waterhole aged nine. Ward married in 1863 and bore seven sons, but in 1882 one son, Arthur, was run down by the steamer Fairlight and killed with the paddlewheel, and ten years later a second son, Frank, fell to the bottom of a lift-well and died. Remembering these events in 1903, Ward assured her readers that 'God who comforteth those that are cast down, comforted and upheld his servant, and after a while I resumed my usual Christian work'. That Christian work included district visits on Castlereagh Street - from Bathurst Street to Goulburn Street - while her husband taught at the local Sunday School.\nWard was a member of multiple committees. She was involved in the Sydney Woman's Prayer Union from 1883, petitioning Parliament with a request that theatres and concert halls be closed on Sundays (agreed), and that parliamentary sittings be opened with prayer (declined). She joined the Y.W.C.A. in Sydney from its early days, and inaugurated the Surry Hills branch in 1890, where she ran bible reading, prayers, and lectures. Ward served on the committees of the Queen's Jubilee Fund and the third Australasian Conference on Charity, as well as the Sydney Ladies' United Evangelistic Association, the Women's Federal League, and the City Mission. She worked with the City Mission's Rescue Committee 'to reach the fallen women of the city' by holding midnight meetings.\nWard was not a wealthy woman. She established her own millinery business in King Street, later moving it to Oxford Street, Sydney, and advocated giving away a tenth of one's income - moreover, giving it away cheerfully. By 1903, she was living in the Blue Mountains and had retained her posts as vice-president and State press superintendent and correspondent for the Sydney Woman's Christian Temperance Union. She was media savvy, and well known for her letters to the newspaper in support of Federation.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ward-elizabeth-jane-1842-1918\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-activism-and-altruism-in-australian-womens-philanthropy-1880-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/out-of-weakness-made-strong-being-a-record-of-the-life-and-labours-of-mrs-e-j-ward-with-photos\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-women-philanthropists-in-australian-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-dictionary-of-evangelical-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Griffiths, Glynde Nesta", "Entry ID": "AWE3974", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/griffiths-glynde-nesta\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Double Bay, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Bellevue Hill Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Historian, Philanthropist", "Summary": "Nesta Griffiths wrote Point Piper: Past and Present in 1947, followed by Some Houses and People of New South Wales in 1949 and Some Southern Homes of New South Wales in 1952. The stories of various well established families recounted in each publication were partly informed by society gossip, and partly by research conducted by Griffiths in Sydney's Mitchell Library.\n", "Details": "Glynde Nesta Griffiths - always known as Nesta - was the daughter of London-born merchant Frederick Close Griffiths and his wife Annette Agnes. Nesta and her sister Gwendolen were raised at Point Piper, near Sydney. Neither married, and they lived together at Bellevue Hill from 1929 until their deaths, just five months apart, in 1968.\nThe Griffiths sisters (known 'affectionately and disrespectfully as the Griffs' according to Helen Rutledge) were members of the Royal Sydney Golf Club. Passionate about family history and heritage, they supported the National Trust and Nesta was a member of the Royal Australian Historical Society. Her books on southern and northern homes in New South Wales were sometimes self-published and not well edited, but their value lies in the author's personal acquaintance with her subjects.\nThe sisters, who had received little inheritance, came to live quite comfortably thanks to a number of Gwendolen's shrewd investments on the stock market. Both made significant contributions to Sir Lorimer Dods' Children's Medical Research Foundation during their lifetimes. In her will, Gwendolen provided for Dods' grandchildren, while Nesta bequeathed her residual estate - valued at $300,000 - to the Foundation itself.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/griffiths-glynde-nesta-1889-1968\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/my-grandfathers-house\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-houses-and-people-of-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/point-piper-past-and-present\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-southern-homes-of-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-activism-and-altruism-in-australian-womens-philanthropy-1880-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-women-philanthropists-in-australian-history\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/griffiths-nesta-1\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Read, Irene Victoria", "Entry ID": "AWE3976", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/read-irene-victoria\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Mosman, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Charity worker, Community worker, Philanthropist", "Summary": "Irene Read was active in many women's associations and charities in the first half of the twentieth century. During World War 2 she was very active in the Women's Australian National Services, an organisation she helped to found of which she was Executive Chairwoman from 1942 until the demise of the organization in 1948.\n", "Details": "Irene Read began her career as a volunteer welfare worker at the age of twenty, with the Sydney Medical Mission. Belonging to an influential Sydney network of prominent professional and philanthropic women engaged in community work, she was a member of the Women's Club by 1908 and while president (1925-29) was its delegate on the National Council of Women of New South Wales (executive-member, 1928). She chaired the ladies' committee of the Havilah Church of England Children's Home and was a council-member (1931-54) of the women's central auxiliary of the New South Wales Society for Crippled Children. In 1936 she joined the Women's Executive Committee and the Women's Advisory Council for Australia's 150th Anniversary Celebrations and in 1938 was appointed O.B.E.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/read-irene-victoria-1881-1972\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australia-an-annotated-guide-to-records-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irene-victoria-read-papers-pictorial-material-and-relics-1839-1951\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wright, Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE3981", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wright-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Trade unionist, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "Mary Wright was a labour activist and feminist with a long history of militantly supporting the rights of Australian women and workers. She was a founding member in the 1920s of the Militant Women's Movement - the central women's department of the Communist Party of Australia. Her husband, Tom, was an important figure in Australian labour history.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-woman-worker\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-wright-interviewed-by-richard-raxworthy-in-the-labor-council-of-new-south-wales-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tom-and-mary-wright-collection-deposit-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tom-and-mary-wright-collection-deposit-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-wright-papers-1937-1990\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cooper, Jessie Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE3984", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cooper-jessie-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Rockdale, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the Liberal and Country League, Jessie Cooper was the first woman to be elected to the Parliament of South Australia in the Legislative Council in 1959 and served until her retirement in 1979.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-ordinary-lives-pioneering-women-in-australian-politics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/liberal-women-federation-to-1949\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/liberal-party-s-a-division-summary-record\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-cooper-interviewed-by-amy-mcgrath-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-jessie-cooper-liberal-mlc-in-sa-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Drummond, Irene Melville", "Entry ID": "AWE3990", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/drummond-irene-melville\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ashfield, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Banka Island, Indonesia", "Occupations": "Matron, Servicewoman", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Army Nursing Service, Irene Drummond was killed by Japanese soldiers during the Banka Island massacre of 1942.\n", "Details": "The daughter of Cedric and Katherine Drummond, Irene worked as a nursing sister at Millswood, South Australia, before moving to Broken Hill in 1933 to work at the local hospital. She was Deputy Matron there before enlisting in the Australian Army in October 1940. Drummond was appointed to the 2\/13th Australian General Hospital (AGH). In 1942, following the sinking of the SS Vyner Brooke en route from Singapore, she was gunned down by Japanese soldiers during the Banka Island massacre. \nThe Drummond Memorial Park was opened in Broken Hill in 1949 in honour of Irene Drummond.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/drummond-irene-melville-1915-1942\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gibb, Phyllis Annie Constance", "Entry ID": "AWE3991", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gibb-phyllis-annie-constance\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Glen Innes, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Principal, Teacher", "Summary": "Phyllis Gibb was the first teacher at the School of the Air in Broken Hill, New South Wales.\n", "Details": "The daughter of Charles W.J. Scurr and Ann Graham, Phyllis was educated at the Fort Street Girls' High School in Sydney and graduated from Teachers' College. She taught at the Child Welfare Department Homes in Glebe, Sydney, before marrying Malcolm Gibb, a Presbyterian minister, in 1935. The Gibbs lived at Moree and Cessnock before moving to Broken Hill. After some time conducting a popular Radio Sunday School on 2BH, Phyllis was appointed first principal of the Broken Hill School of the Air when it opened on 23 February 1956. Using transceiver sets, over 80 students tuned in from remote areas covering 700 square miles. On-air classes took place twice a day, three days a week and lessons in music, drama and speech were offered in addition to the regular school subjects. Phyllis Gibb continued her work until 1964, when she retired to Melbourne after forty years of teaching.\nPhyllis Gibb was awarded the MBE in 1963 for services to education. She was survived by her daughter Jeanie.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/school-of-the-air-initiated\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/educational-air-waves\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/school-of-the-air\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/classrooms-a-world-apart-the-story-of-the-founding-of-the-broken-hill-school-of-the-air\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gibb-phyllis\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Reville, Patricia", "Entry ID": "AWE3993", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reville-patricia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Secretary, Unionist", "Summary": "Pat Reville was Electorate Secretary in Broken Hill for the former New South Wales State Member of Parliament, Bill Beckroge, and later served as secretary for the Mayor of Broken Hill.\n", "Details": "Pat Reville was born and bred in Broken Hill, New South Wales. Her great-grandfather had worked on the mines there until his death in 1898. Her father was part of the Big Strike of 1918-1920 and was black-balled from the Line of Lode.\nPat was educated by the Sisters of Mercy at St Peter and Paul Primary School, St John's, and finally St Joseph's for secondary school. Never academically inclined, she left after third form and attended technical college for two years. She married Graham Reville.\nFor twenty years, Pat worked at Broken Hill's local cinemas: the Century, the Metropole and the Silver City Theatre. In the 1980s, she was offered the position of Electorate Secretary for the then New South Wales State Member of Parliament, Bill Beckroge. Learning computer skills from scratch, she retained her position with Beckroge for two and a half years before he retired from office. In April 2001, Pat took up the position of secretary for the Mayor of Broken Hill. She has also served as treasurer of the local branch of the Australian Labor Party. Pat has been a union member throughout her life, from the Shop Assistants Union to the Theatrical Union, the Public Servants' Association (Sydney), and the Town Employees Union of Broken Hill.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-patricia-reville-broken-hill\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Harris, Kit", "Entry ID": "AWE3997", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/harris-kit\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Dancer, Teacher, Typist", "Summary": "As a small child, Kitty Lund entertained the Broken Hill community with her acting and dancing performances on the local stage. In later life, as Kit Harris, she published two popular books on handcrafts.\n", "Details": "Kitty Lund was the only child of Clara Ellen and George Lund. Her father was a mine worker and Kit was born and raised in Broken Hill, New South Wales. At the age of seven she began dancing lessons with Lena Atkinson, and before long was gracing the stage of the Crystal Theatre in minor roles such as Tootles in Peter Pan. She went on to star in Alice in Fashion Land (1935), Let's Pretend (1936), Motley (1937), Brown Boy (1938), and The Sparklers (1939). She attended the first Juvenile Ball and the Golden Jubilee of the Sisters of Mercy, and hosted the Shirley Temple Look-Alike Competition in 1936. At the regular mining company picnics in Silverton, Kit would dance to the bagpipes in the Irish dancing championships. She was friendly with Dorothy Dickson, who went on to work as an actress in London.\nKit finished her studies at St Joseph's Convent before attending the Convent Business College to learn shorthand, typing and bookkeeping. She found employment with Mr E.R. Hudson, solicitor, and later at the Grand Hotel in Broken Hill. In 1946 she married Fred Harris, a foreman for the Zinc Corporation.\nFred and Kit Harris had three sons, though just one - David - survived infancy. Their twin boys are commemorated with a plaque in the Broken Hill Children's Cemetery.\nKit Harris went on to teach handcraft at the Broken Hill High School and the Adult Education Programme. She published her first book, Handcrafts, in 1972.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/handcrafts\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Refchange, Elizabeth Donella", "Entry ID": "AWE3998", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/refchange-elizabeth-donella\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Model", "Summary": "Elizabeth Refchange won the Cover Girl competition for Pix magazine in 1945.\n", "Details": "Elizabeth Refchange was the only daughter of John and Ruby Refchange (nee Smith). Her father was employed in the North Mine at Broken Hill, New South Wales. Of her two brothers, Francis and John Sydney Refchange, only Francis survived infancy. Elizabeth was educated at the North School, then Broken Hill High School, before finding employment as a hairdresser in Argent Street.\nIn 1937, Elizabeth entered and won the local Movie Ball look-alike competition. On the basis of this, she was chosen to enter the Pix Beauty contest, and travelled to Sydney for the semi-finals in November 1944. After parading in swimwear for representatives of the Columbia Movie Company, she was selected for the next round of competition and was filmed by Iva Ive on behalf of the Movie Company. By December 1944 she was one of the final two in the competition, alongside Joy Evans of Manly, and in January 1945 was announced as the winner. 20,000 photographs had been submitted for the competition. Elizabeth won a screen test for Hollywood, a \u20a4100 war bond from Columbia Pictures and a Pix model contract. She was filmed at Cinesound Studios in Sydney.\nElizabeth Refchange married John Bennett at Elizabeth Bay in June 1947. She later moved to Coffs Harbour, New South Wales.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bronhill, June", "Entry ID": "AWE3999", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bronhill-june-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Opera singer, Performer", "Summary": "Internationally acclaimed soprano opera singer June Bronhill chose her stage name in recognition of her birthplace, Broken Hill.\n", "Details": "June Bronhill was the daughter of George Francis Gough and Maria Isobel Daisy Hall. George was born in Essex, England, in 1892 and spent five years at sea before settling in the Australian outback. By 1912 he was living in Broken Hill, where he met local-born Daisy. The pair were married in 1915. George worked as an engine driver on the Line of Lode and became a staunch unionist. From 1932 he was secretary of the Broken Hill and District Hospital. When June was fifteen years old, George and Daisy retired to Robe in South Australia. June's brother, John, stayed on in Broken Hill and became the librarian of the Charles Rasp Library.\nJune began singing at the age of four. In 1950 she won the Sun Aria Vocal competition. Local residents of Broken Hill raised money to help her further her career as a soprano, sufficient to send her to England to study, and she changed her name to June Bronhill in recognition of her birthplace.\nIn 1951 June married Brian Martin in Sydney. Brian had one daughter from his first marriage, Faith Josephine Margaret, who was just nine years younger than June. With Brian, June sailed for England and became the leading soloist with the Sadlers Wells Company. She performed in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro, and played the roles of Eurydice in Orpheus in the Underworld and Gabrielle in La Vie Parisienne. She was well known for her performance in the title role of Hanna Glawari in Lehar's The Merry Widow. June remained overseas for eight years, during which time she and Brian filed for divorce, but June retained a strong friendship with his daughter Faith and the two women lived together in London. In July 1960, she made her first homecoming visit and was greeted at the Broken Hill airport by the biggest crowd since the visit of Queen Elizabeth in 1954. In January 1963 she married Richard Milburne Champion de Crespigny Finny in Sydney, but this marriage too ended after a few years. June gave birth to her daughter Carolyn Jane (Biddy) Finny in May 1963.\nJune Bronhill performed not only with the Sadlers Wells Opera, but with the London West End theatres. She played Elizabeth in the musical 'Robert and Elizabeth' in 1964; she was Mother Abbess in 'The Sound of Music' in London, and Maria von Trapp in the Australian production. She appeared in dozens of Australian operatic productions, and played the role of Mrs. Crawford in the Australian version of the television comedy series, 'Are You Being Served?'\nIn April 1977, June Bronhill was awarded the OBE at Government House for services to the performing arts. In 1994, the Broken Hill Entertainment Centre was named in her honour.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-merry-bronhill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bronhill-june\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "De Franceschi, Barbara", "Entry ID": "AWE4004", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/de-franceschi-barbara\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community advocate, Poet", "Summary": "Barbara De Franceschi was awarded the OAM for services to the Broken Hill migrant community. She has two published poetry anthologies.\n", "Details": "Like both of her parents, Barbara was born in Broken Hill. Her father, Keith, was chief clerk at the Broken Hill and District Hospital. Until she was seven, Barbara and her parents lived in South Broken Hill next door to her grandparents, and Keith commuted to work by bicycle. Barbara attended the Alma School and, when the family moved north, the North Public School. With a Methodist father and a Catholic mother, there was some dispute over her secondary schooling. It was eventually agreed that she would attend St Joseph's Convent. On leaving school, Barbara worked as a secretary for Czech medical practitioner Dr. Ronai. A kind-hearted but stern man, on his hospital rounds 'he'd stomp down the passageways puffing his cigar', Barbara remembers, 'and the nurses would tremble'.\nBy the late 1950s Barbara was a regular attendee at Broken Hill's Italian Club dances. There she met Giacomo (Jack) De Franceschi, and she married him in February 1960. Though Broken Hill had a well-established migrant population incorporating Yugoslav, Italian, Greek and Maltese communities, Barbara's father was somewhat wary of this 'new Australian', but he quickly warmed to Jack and came to see him as the 'golden head boy'. As young men, the De Franceschi brothers - Jack, John, Cesare, and later Dino - had taken daily English lessons and established a business in Thomas Lane, Broken Hill, doing joinery, carpentry and cement work. In 1965 they were awarded the contract to build railway bridges along the Adelaide Road and Barbara accompanied her husband along with her first two children, Anthony and Liam. For eighteen months, living first in a converted bus and then in an isolated hut, Barbara managed to cook regular meals for her own family and up to seventeen men. Back in Broken Hill, she and Jack were spending weekends making bricks and building a family home. They worked on the house for seven years before finally moving into it in 1968.\nJack had been one of nine children, while Barbara was an only child and was keen to have a large family of her own. They had five children in all: Anthony, Liam, Dienna, Kristen and Sheridan. In 1971 the family made the journey to Italy to revisit Jack's family and birthplace. The De Franceschi brothers in Broken Hill remained in business together until 1987. Jack and Barbara subsequently bought an earth-moving business which they named Piave Sand and Earthmoving after the river that flowed through Jack's home town in Italy. From the time of her marriage, Barbara was involved with the Italian Community Club (later the Italo-International Club) and surrounded by the stories of the Broken Hill migrant community: 'it's their history, and it's Broken Hill's history', she says. In 2000, she instigated the formation of a group to help preserve these stories and the Migrant Heritage Committee was born. With the help of her committee, Barbara conducted a five year campaign for funding and found support from the Community Relations Commission, the Migrant Heritage Centre of New South Wales, and the Broken Hill City Council. Local historian Christine Adams was employed to research and produce her book, Sharing the Lode, and a migrant heritage museum was installed in Blende Street as part of the Railway Museum.\nIn recognition of her work Barbara received an Australia Day Citizenship Award in 2001 presented by Broken Hill City Council and subsequently on the Queen's Birthday in 2002 she was awarded an OAM for her services to the community particularly in the area of multiculturalism.\nFrom the year 2000, Barbara also began to take more seriously her lifelong love of literature and writing. A number of poems were published in a local anthology, and she received a call from Adelaide editor Geoff Sanders to join his writers' group. With guidance from Geoff, Barbara went on to perform and publish her poetry in many different forums. Today she has two published anthologies - Lavender Blood and Strands - and her readings have been broadcast on ABC Radio National's Poetica program. Her work has appeared in literary journals, newspapers, anthologies and e-zines in five different countries. With Geoff Sanders and Alan Duffy, Barbara belongs to the poetry performance group, the Silver-Tongued Ferals.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lavender-blood\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sharing-the-lode-the-broken-hill-migrant-story\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/strands\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-barbara-de-franceschi\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kanck, Sandra", "Entry ID": "AWE4020", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kanck-sandra\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Teacher", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Democrats, Sandra Kanck was elected to the Legislative Council of the Parliament of South Australia at the election, which was held on 11 December 1993. She remained in the Parliament until January 2009.\n", "Events": "Chair of the Task Force of the South Australian Voluntary Euthanasia Society (1988 - 1998) \nMember of the Executive of the SA Council for Civil Liberties (2008 - ) \nNational President of Sustainable Population Australia (2009 - ) \nState President of Friends of the ABC (S.A) (2009 - )", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-politics-a-forum-in-the-centenary-year-of-womens-suffrage-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-sandra-kanck-sound-recording-interviewer-alison-mcdougall\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bedford, Frances", "Entry ID": "AWE4028", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bedford-frances\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Frances Bedford was elected to the seat of Florey in the House of Assembly of the Parliament of South Australia at the election, which was held on 11 October 1997. She was re-elected in 2002, 2006 and 2010.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anne-levy-and-frances-bedford-at-the-international-womens-day-lunch\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-frances-bedford-sound-recording-interviewer-allison-murchie\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sulicich, Marina", "Entry ID": "AWE4051", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sulicich-marina\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Gymnast, Olympian, Sportswoman", "Summary": "Gymnast Marina Sulicich represented Australia at the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow.\n", "Details": "Marina Sulicich was the second child of Croatian-born parents Vera and Dusan Sulicich. Her elder brother Visko was dux of Broken Hill High School and became a mining engineer; her younger sister Duska became a journalist for the Age in Melbourne.\nMarina showed an aptitude for gymnastics at primary school age and began gymnastics classes at the YMCA. She attended Broken Hill High School, then Willyama High School. Spotted by gymnastics coach Ollie Maywald, she joined the Broken Hill Gymnastics Club and began to compete at state and national level. Travel to championship competitions was often subsidised by the fundraising efforts of Broken Hill residents.\nIn 1976, Marina won the under fourteen State title in Adelaide and went on to win the National title in Launceston. She competed at international level in Hawaii and New Zealand, and was invited by American coach Jim Gault to join his club for training in California, which she did on two occasions in 1977 and 1978. In 1977 she also travelled to China to compete with top gymnasts there. Marina was a member of the Australian team at the Commonwealth Games of 1978, and once again took home the Australian open National title that year. She represented Australia at the World titles in Strasbourg in 1978 and Fort Worth, Texas, in 1979. Marina was profiled by the Australian Women's Weekly in October 1978: 'Australia's highest hopes - certainly at the World Gymnastics Championships, will be with tiny, 14-year-old Marina Sulicich of Broken Hill who has the grace, nerve, skill and charm to emulate Olga Korbut and Nadia Comaneci'.\nIn 1980, at the height of her gymnastic career, Marina represented Australia at the Olympic Games in Moscow. It was the first time an Australian gymnast had made the all-round individual finals. She was ranked 33rd in the top 36 gymnasts at the Games.\nMarina Sulicich retired from gymnastics after the Moscow Games and completed her secondary school education, followed by two years study in accountancy. She began work with the Broken Hill City Council and married Brett Morris in 1995. Brett and Marina have two daughters, Isabella and Savannah. \nWhen the Olympic torch visited Broken Hill in 2000, Marina Sulicich lit the flame.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/history-making-performance-by-three-australian-gymnasts\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hard-road-to-top-for-young-gymnast\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/competing-in-world-championships-in-france-australias-gymnasts-are-a-well-balanced-team\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sulicich-marina-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Leckie, Vera Gladys", "Entry ID": "AWE4052", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/leckie-vera-gladys\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Whittabrinnah Hotel near Tibooburra, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Pastoralist, Property manager", "Summary": "Vera Leckie grew up on a series of remote sheep and cattle stations in outback New South Wales in the early twentieth century.\n", "Details": "Vera Leckie was the daughter of Thomas Halfpenny, who migrated to Australia in the 1850s at the age of 15 and worked for his uncle at Turkey Creek Station near White Cliffs in New South Wales. He regularly drove the punt over the Darling River to Wilcannia. Camped on the riverbank was George Chapman, who worked for the brewery in Wilcannia. In May 1881 Thomas married Chapman's daughter.\nThe Halfpennys ran several pubs in succession in the remote west and lived on outback stations while they raised a family of seven boys and two girls. In later years Vera recorded her childhood memories and described the strings of camels led by Afghans bringing supplies to the stations, and returning to Broken Hill with bales of wool. Vera was educated at Tibooburra before going to boarding school in Adelaide. When her brothers went to war, she and her sister worked on the family station and lived on goats' meat, milk and butter. She met her future husband, Jack, in 1922 and married him on 16 March 1926. She and Jack raised their own family of three children in the Moree district before moving to Nowra on the south coast.\nVera's brief memoir is held by the Outback Archives in Broken Hill, New South Wales.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/leckie-vera\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Schlink, Franziska", "Entry ID": "AWE4055", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/schlink-franziska\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Albury, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Wodonga, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Doctor", "Summary": "Franziska Schlink served the Broken Hill community as a General Practitioner from 1936 through to the 1950s. She was one of the few women allowed to go underground when she demanded access to treat miners who were injured or unwell.\n", "Details": "Franziska Schlink was the daughter of Albert Joseph and Mabel Ann Schlink. Like her brothers Carl and John, Franziska completed a medical degree and she began work at the Royal Melbourne Hospital before moving to the Ballarat Base Hospital, the Royal Perth Hospital, and finally the Broken Hill and District Hospital in 1936. As one of the town's first women doctors she had to withstand a hostile reception from resident surgeons Samuel Barnett and Wilhelm Dorsch, but she and Dorsch went on to become firm friends. From 1951, Dr Schlink moved into private practice with Dr Brian Funder and Dr Edmond Thomas Walsh.\nFranziska Schlink was president of the Broken Hill branch of the Australian Medical Association. A heavy smoker, she contracted lung cancer and after many years of service in Broken Hill returned to Wodonga, where her father had once owned a general store. She died at the age of 55.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Harding, Florence May", "Entry ID": "AWE4056", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/harding-florence-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Silverton, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Naturalist", "Summary": "A talented artist, May Harding was a member of the Field Naturalists' Society and taught at the Broken Hill Technical College. She devoted years of her life to helping the sick and needy in Broken Hill.\n", "Details": "May Harding was the daughter of Florence May Boyle and Frederick Joseph Harding, a foreman and moulder by trade. She had two siblings, Doris and Frederick, both born in Broken Hill. Early in life May developed a passion for the natural world and began collecting and identifying plants. She learnt to draw the various species of flora around her home, and became an accomplished artist.\nDuring World War Two, May held art classes for local children each Saturday and she taught at the Broken Hill Technical College. She was a founding member of the Willyama Art Society and a member of the Field Naturalists' Society for 45 years. In 1965 she was selected to open the Festival of Australian Wild Flowers in Canberra.\nMay Harding spent much of her time caring for those in need and was awarded the M.B.E. for a lifetime of service. A section of the Broken Hill Art Gallery was named in her honour and a Field Naturalists' flower show was dedicated to her after her death in 1971. A portrait of May Harding by C.G. Samuels of Coolabah, South Australia, was presented to the Broken Hill Historical Society and hangs in the museum at the old Silverton Gaol.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Callen, Ann Agnes (Sister Mary Josephine)", "Entry ID": "AWE4057", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/callen-ann-agnes-sister-mary-josephine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kincumber, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Religious Sister", "Summary": "Sister Mary Josephine was one of the first six nuns to form the Sisters of Mercy at Broken Hill, New South Wales.\n", "Details": "The first six nuns to arrive in Broken Hill came from Singleton in the Diocese of Maitland, and founded the St Joseph's Convent in February 1889. They were: Ann Agnes Callen (Sister Mary Josephine), Margaret Hennessy (Sister Mary Clement), Sarah Gallagher (Sister Mary Gertrude), Ellen Dwan (Sister Mary Patrick), Margaret Morris (Sister Mary Ita) and Mary Griffin (Sister Mary Evangelist). Sister Mary Josephine was appointed Reverend Mother of the Sisters of Mercy by Bishop Dunne.\nAnn Agnes Callen, as she was born, was educated by the Dominican nuns in Newcastle and took up a teaching position at the Denominational School at Scone. She entered the Singleton Convent in 1878, as did her sister Bridget two years later. Professed in 1880, Sister Mary Josephine spent some time at the Morpeth Convent and was thirty years of age when she moved to Broken Hill. There she served as Reverend Mother for sixteen years. From 1902 to 1907 she was at the Mt Barker Convent. She returned as Superior of the South Broken Hill Convent from 1912 to 1919 and again from 1929 to 1932 with a stint at Brighton, South Australia, in the interim.\nUnder the leadership of Sister Mary Josephine, the Sisters of Mercy visited the sick and poor of Broken Hill, provided a home for orphans, and opened five schools in the town by 1896. Later, in the 1930s, Sister Mary Josephine designed a series of correspondence lessons in religion for children living in remote areas.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-guide-to-the-records-of-the-sisters-of-mercy-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gallagher, Sarah (Sister Mary Gertrude)", "Entry ID": "AWE4059", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gallagher-sarah-sister-mary-gertrude\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Australia", "Occupations": "Religious Sister", "Summary": "Sister Mary Gertrude was one of the first six nuns to form the Sisters of Mercy at Broken Hill, New South Wales.\n", "Details": "The first six nuns to arrive in Broken Hill came from Singleton in the Diocese of Maitland, and founded the St Joseph's Convent in February 1889. They were: Ann Agnes Callen (Sister Mary Josephine), Margaret Hennessy (Sister Mary Clement), Sarah Gallagher (Sister Mary Gertrude), Ellen Dwan (Sister Mary Patrick), Margaret Morris (Sister Mary Ita) and Mary Griffin (Sister Mary Evangelist). Sister Mary Josephine was appointed Reverend Mother of the Sisters of Mercy by Bishop Dunne. Under her leadership, they visited the sick and poor of Broken Hill, provided a home for orphans, and opened five schools in the town by 1896.\nSarah Gallagher was raised in Murrurrundi and educated by the Singleton Sisters of Mercy and the Dominican Sisters at Tamworth. She entered the Singleton Convent in 1885, a year behind her own sister Margaret (Sister Mary Claude). A year after she was professed, Sister Mary Gertrude joined the Sisters of Mercy at Broken Hill. She was 21 years of age and appointed Mistress of Novices. For the next 45 years, Sister Mary Gertrude worked with the Community. She was Superior of the Broken Hill Convent from 1902 to 1907, and returned to Broken Hill from 1911 to 1917 and 1923 to 1928. She spent some years leading the Mt Barker Community in the interim, and sent a group of Sisters to found the Brighton Community in 1925. She was founding Superior of the Condobolin Community in 1929, and was appointed in 1932 as the first Mother General of the Amalgamated Sisters of mercy of Wilcannia-Forbes, which position she held until a few weeks before her death.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-guide-to-the-records-of-the-sisters-of-mercy-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/for-whom-alone-we-go-forward-or-stay-back-a-history-of-the-sisters-of-mercy-wilcannia-forbes-congregation-1884-1959\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Griffin, Mary (Sister Mary Evangelist)", "Entry ID": "AWE4062", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/griffin-mary-sister-mary-evangelist\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Cootamundra, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Religious Sister", "Summary": "Sister Mary Evangelist was one of the first six nuns to form the Sisters of Mercy at Broken Hill, New South Wales.\n", "Details": "The first six nuns to arrive in Broken Hill came from Singleton in the Diocese of Maitland, and founded the St Joseph's Convent in February 1889. They were: Ann Agnes Callen (Sister Mary Josephine), Margaret Hennessy (Sister Mary Clement), Sarah Gallagher (Sister Mary Gertrude), Ellen Dwan (Sister Mary Patrick), Margaret Morris (Sister Mary Ita) and Mary Griffin (Sister Mary Evangelist). Sister Mary Josephine was appointed Reverend Mother of the Sisters of Mercy by Bishop Dunne. Under her leadership, they visited the sick and poor of Broken Hill, provided a home for orphans, and opened five schools in the town by 1896.\nMary Griffin grew up at Balranald, New South Wales, and was possibly working as a pupil-teacher at the Loreto Convent School in Melbourne when she met the Sisters from Singleton who were on their way to Broken Hill. She joined the group and taught at Broken Hill high schools until she was appointed Superior of the Mt Barker Convent in 1924. Sister Mary Evangelist spent several years as Superior of the Sisters' Rest Home at Sans Souci, and as leader of the Deniliquin Community.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "MacGillivray, Melva Emily (Tommy)", "Entry ID": "AWE4063", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/macgillivray-melva-emily-tommy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Leabrook, South Australia", "Occupations": "Musician, Sportswoman, Volunteer", "Summary": "Melva MacGillivray was the first woman to drive a T-Model Ford to Broken Hill, New South Wales.\n", "Details": "Melva Crossing - or Tommy, as she was known - was the fourth of nine children, and grew up to be fiercely independent. The Crossing family left Broken Hill to begin farming near Adelaide, and Melva completed her education at the Methodist Ladies' College in Wayville. At seventeen, Melva drove a T-Model Ford from Adelaide to Broken Hill, a long and arduous trip given that the road was little more than a track with plenty of creek beds and sandy stretches to be negotiated. \nIn 1927 Melva married medical practitioner Ian Hamilton MacGillivray. They spent eighteen months in Edinburgh, Scotland, where Ian studied surgery, and returned to Broken Hill so as he could resume his medical practice. The marriage ended in 1933 and Melva moved to Adelaide.\nMelva MacGillivray was an active member of the Red Cross during the Second World War, and gave up much of her time for the Spastic Centre. She performed in musical concerts around Adelaide and, after her move to the Leabrook Resthaven in later life, she ran handcraft workshops and exercise classes. She became known affectionately as Granny Mac.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Alison, Dorothy", "Entry ID": "AWE4065", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alison-dorothy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "London, United Kingdom", "Occupations": "Actor", "Summary": "Dorothy Dickson left Australia in 1949 and made a career in the British film industry under her stage name, Dorothy Alison. She won two BAFTA awards (1952 and 1956) and one Logie award for her role in the film version of A Town Like Alice (1981).\n", "Details": "Dorothy was the daughter of William Edward Dickson and Alice Cogan. William had migrated to Australia from Lancashire, United Kingdom, at the age of 20. He found work at the South Mine in Broken Hill, but left the mine during the 1919 strike. William and Alice were married in 1922 and William worked for a time at the Barrier Daily Truth before moving to Sydney as Advertising Manager for the Daily News. He was elected to the Legislative Council in 1939.\nDorothy was the elder sister of Beth, Wendy and Marion - two other siblings died in infancy. As a child she took dancing lessons in Broken Hill and took part in theatrical productions. Once in Sydney, she trained with Doris Fitton of the Independent Theatre. Finding employment in commercial radio, she changed her name to Dorothy Alison. After working for film producers Charles and Elsa Chauvel, she appeared in two Australian films, Sons of Matthew and Eureka Stockade.\nIn 1949 she left Australia for London, but found little work until 1952 when she played Miss Stockton in Mandy, earning herself a BAFTA award for Most Promising Newcomer. She won a second BAFTA - for Best British Actress - four years later for her role as Nurse Brace in Reach for the Sky. Subsequently, Dorothy's career encompassed film, television and stage productions. She returned to Australia in 1986 and toured with Lauren Bacall in Sweet Bird of Youth. The link with Australia continued, and Dorothy won the 1982 Logie Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Single Drama or Mini Series for her role as Mrs Frith in A Town Like Alice. In 1988 she starred opposite Meryl Streep as Lindy Chamberlain's mother in Evil Angels (or, A Cry in the Dark).\nDorothy Alison's full filmography can be found on the Internet Movie Database at http:\/\/www.imdb.com\/name\/nm0019704\/.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alison-dorothy-actor-programs-and-related-material-collected-by-the-national-library-of-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bills, Nina", "Entry ID": "AWE4066", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bills-nina\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Adelaide, South Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist", "Summary": "Nina Bills wrote the social page and the women's page for Broken Hill's Barrier Daily Truth in the 1930s.\n", "Details": "Nina Bills was the daughter of Albert Henry Bills and Hilda L'Estelle (nee Nankiville). She had one sister, Winsome Francis, and two brothers, Gordon Henry and Alan Maynard. Gordon contracted diphtheria at the age of seven and passed away in 1913. Nina had her own brush with serious illness when she contracted polio at the age of two. She continued to use a walking stick most of her life.\nNina was educated at Broken Hill High School before moving to Adelaide to attend the Presbyterian Ladies' College, and finally Adelaide University. On her return to Broken Hill she became a journalist for the Barrier Daily Truth, and wrote the regular social page under the pen name 'L'Estelle'. She reported on many and varied social events including the Movie Star look-a-like competition. Nina also produced the weekly page for women, covering engagements, weddings, births, fashions and art. She broadcast on subjects of local interest at the ABC (2NB) radio station on Friday mornings.\nIn the late 1930s, Nina and her sister Winsome opened a florist shop, Thelma, but closed in 1941 when Winsome was expecting her first child. Nina married James Robert Adam on 12 March 1943 at the Broken Hill Registry Office. They had two children: Jeanette Margaret (born 1947) and James Alexander (born 1949).\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1930 - )", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Carmichael, Beryl", "Entry ID": "AWE4067", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carmichael-beryl\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Menindee, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Mildura, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal storyteller, Heritage consultant", "Summary": "Beryl Carmichael was an elder of the Ngiyaempaa people and served on the National Parks and Wildlife Advisory Council, the Western Lands Advisory Council, and the New South Wales Reconciliation Council. She lived in Menindee in far western New South Wales.\n", "Details": "Daughter of Jack Kelly and Louisa Kelly (nee Briggs), Beryl was born at the old Menindee Mission in New South Wales. She was educated with Western lesson plans at the mission school but from an early age sought an education in the traditions of her people, the Ngiyaempaa. Beryl's father was 'one of the main men who went through the [traditional] law in 1913 and 1914' and there was old Ellen Burke, a singer of songs, who still had the knowledge of her people. Thirsty for knowledge, Beryl would be taken out over the desert sand dunes with the other children to hunt for goannas and echidnas, or to collect grubs from the trees to use on their fishing lines back at the river. Her mother was often called upon in the mission community as a midwife and an interpreter between mission managers and older Aboriginal folk and Beryl learnt from her the various healing ointments and songs. From her parents she also learnt tracking skills, and would habitually be sent out with her brother to fetch a rabbit for breakfast before school. When Beryl asked an uncle, a singer of songs, 'Who are we? Where do we come from?', he replied, 'We come from emu country, the butt end of the emu, this is our country'. Beryl explains: 'That stuck with me, all the time I'm growing up. [Later I was given] a map of the emu country. The butt end goes around Mungo and the backbone is along the Barrier Ranges, his rib along the border to Queensland and cross over near Brewarrina where the fish traps are. This old lady gave me this book and said \"Beryl, I'd like you to have this because it's about your people\", and I found that map. I've been carrying it with me ever since because it just confirmed what that old singer of songs told me'.\nThe Menindee Mission was closed in 1949 when Beryl was about 14 years old, and she went to work on a series of properties around Menindee. She was married in 1953 and had ten children. All were born at the Broken Hill hospital, but the family continued to move from property to property in the Menindee area. Beryl was careful to pass on her knowledge of bush food and bush medicine to all of her children. She began teaching her eldest four by correspondence, but when the load became too much and drought was effecting surrounding properties, the family bought a brick house in town and the children were educated at the Menindee public school.\nIn 1967, Beryl became involved in the public school system herself: 'Our kids were experiencing racism in the schools, coming from the mission', she says, 'and they needed someone in there, a role model. So I went and asked the principal if I could go in and talk to these kids about racism and being different and all this type of thing. He said \"Beryl, if you've got anything to pass onto the kids, you go and do it\".' Beryl's lessons in Aboriginal culture and respect were extremely effective and she continued her work in schools for forty years. In 1975, in the wake of increased government funding for Aboriginal committees, she travelled to Sydney with $15 in her pocket to register the Ngiyaempaa Housing Company on behalf of her community. From 1983, Beryl was running Aboriginal Culture Camps for teachers and students to continue her program of education and consciousness-raising. She remembers, 'I was very shy in the beginning, but I knew that Dad's spirit was behind me, and Mum's'. Having erected a borrowed tent at the old Menindee Mission and taken donations of onions and potatoes to help feed camp attendees, Beryl was surprised to welcome 200 people from surrounding communities. Recreational games, Aboriginal dance and traditional cooking bonded the group: 'I thought, gee this is good, they're hungry for their culture'. The camps continue to this day with school groups, university classes and, more recently, public servants from the Department of Education and Training.\nBeryl's first husband passed away in the early 1980s and she remarried in 1984. At nearly seventy years of age she was asked to join the National Parks and Wildlife Advisory Council and the Western Lands Advisory Council, and she had a strong involvement with the New South Wales Reconciliation Council. For decades of service, Beryl received a swathe of awards including the New South Wales Heritage Award, a meritorious award from the Minister of Education, and a Centenary of Federation award for community service. She recited two traditional stories - about the wagtail and the echidna (Thikapilla) - for Aboriginal Nations' animated production, The Dreaming.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-dreaming\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bush-foods-of-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-beryl-carmichael\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dillon, Doris Ruth", "Entry ID": "AWE4074", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dillon-doris-ruth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Randwick, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Castle Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Evangelist, Matron", "Summary": "Doris Dillon was the founder and first matron of the Bush Church Aid Society (BCA) hospital at Ceduna, South Australia.\n", "Details": "The daughter of W.E.H. Percival, Doris was raised as a devout Christian - both of her brothers became clergymen. She trained as a nurse at the Royal Prince Alfred and Royal North Shore Hospitals before joining the Church Missionary Society (CMS). Doris was asked to set up a BCA hospital at Ceduna in remote South Australia. Her seven-bed hospital was opened in a galvanised iron cottage on a farm in 1926. With time, the hospital was extended to include more beds and a small operating theatre. In 1928 Doris married Rev. Fred Dillon, BCA missioner at Ceduna, and travelled with him to his various parish appointments. Widowed in 1959, she continued her involvement with the CMS and the BCA throughout her life.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-dictionary-of-evangelical-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lees, Meg Heather", "Entry ID": "AWE4080", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lees-meg-heather\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Teacher", "Summary": "Originally a member of the Australian Democrats Party, Meg Lees served as a Senator for South Australia in the Senate of the Parliament of Australia from 1990 until 2002, when she left the party to sit as an Independent. She was elected leader of the Party in 1997 and played an influential role in the introduction of a Goods and Service Tax in Australia in 2000. Lees was defeated for the Party leadership by Senator Stott Despoja in 2001. In 2003 Lees formed the Australian Progressive Alliance but lost her seat at the 2004 federal election.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/striking-a-fair-balance-in-industrial-relations\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-meg-lees-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/john-anderson-bob-carr-sir-gordon-samuels-evelyn-scott-sir-william-deane-john-howard-sir-gustav-nossal-kim-beazley-and-meg-lees-members-of-the-council-for-aboriginal-reconciliation-at-corrobor\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-senator-meg-lees\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Adams, Christine", "Entry ID": "AWE4083", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/adams-christine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Historian", "Summary": "Local historian Christine Adams was born and raised in Broken Hill, New South Wales. After living in South Australia and Queensland, she returned to Broken Hill with her husband Paul in 2003.\n", "Details": "Christine Adams was the third child and only daughter of Vincent James Leonard and Beryl Helene (Helen) Leonard, nee Matthewson. Both sides of her family were well established in Broken Hill. The Matthewsons had migrated from Scotland and settled in the town by 1918. The Leonards - descended from James Leonard, once a convict stationed at Van Diemen's Land - were living there from 1907. The marriage of Helen (a Presbyterian) and Vince (a Catholic) in 1935 caused some controversy within the two families. Their first son Desmond Vincent was born in July 1936, followed by Malcolm Thomas in May 1942. Christine was born four years later. Vince was a mine worker and the family lived first at Railwaytown before moving in early 1955 to a home in Queen Street, South Broken Hill, following the establishment of the Zinc mine housing co-op. Within months, Vince had been hospitalised with pneumonia. He passed away at the age of 42 in September 1955, when Christine was nine years old. His wife found work cleaning the mine-operated kindergarten before being appointed hostess of the Zinc Guest House, a temporary residence for dignitaries visiting the mine.\nChristine Leonard was educated at St Joseph's Convent School in Broken Hill. A bright student, she developed a strong and lasting respect for the nuns who taught and cared for her there. Despite ambitions to study medicine, she left school at the age of sixteen following her mother's first heart attack in 1961 and took on administrative work at the mines in order to supplement the family income. She became involved with the Young Christian Workers group, serving as secretary and treasurer and attending Sunday night dances.\nAt 17, Christine met Paul Adams at a local party and they courted for eighteen months before she called off the union: she was Catholic; he was Church of England. In 1967 she married Barry John Midgley in the Sacred Heart Cathedral at Broken Hill. Ten years her senior and hailing from South Australia, Barry was working for International Computers Limited. The newlyweds moved to Adelaide, where Christine gave birth to two daughters: Anne-Louise (1969) and Kathryn (1971).\nChristine's mother was remarried, to Norman Rawling, in 1963. In 1974, she passed away. By then, Christine was undertaking a childcare course in Adelaide and attempting to save her struggling marriage. In 1980 she and Barry moved with their two children and Barry's mother to the Gold Coast, where Christine began work for Telstra, but the marriage was all but over. Several years later, by a curious set of circumstances, Christine found herself once again in contact with her former sweetheart, Paul Adams. Paul was then working at the University of New South Wales Arid Zone Research Station in Fowler's Gap. He too was at the end of an unsalvageable marriage. After some years of phone contact Christine and Paul were reunited and finally married at Fowler's Gap in 1991. They celebrated with a four-day wedding.\nChristine completed an Advanced Diploma in Applied and Local History at the University of New England, Armidale, in 2002. The following year, she and Paul returned to live in Broken Hill. For many years, Christine has undertaken research in local history and has several publications to her name including Way Out West: Pastoral Stories of Western New South Wales (2008) and Sharing the Lode: The Broken Hill Migrant Story (2004). Family history compilations include Shamrocks, Scythes and Silver (1998) and Goodnight My Son (1998). Christine assisted with the creation of the Broken Hill Migrant Museum and co-convened All Fired Up: The Broken Hill Fire Brigade Exhibition as well as the Broken Hill Sacred Heart Cathedral Centenary Photographic Exhibition.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sharing-the-lode-the-broken-hill-migrant-story\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/way-out-west-pastoral-stories-of-western-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-christine-adams\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Powell, Heather", "Entry ID": "AWE4085", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/powell-heather\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Broken HIll, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Union organiser", "Summary": "Heather Powell was the first female union secretary in Broken Hill, serving with the Clerks' Union for 23 years from 1977. In 1994 she was elected to the Barrier Industrial Council (BIC) executive. Heather retired in 2001.\n", "Details": "With five brothers, Heather was the only daughter of Lance Joseph and Eileen May McQuillan. Her great-grandparents on both sides migrated from Ireland in the mid 1840's and settled on farming land in South Australia and Bendigo respectively. They were among the pioneers of Broken Hill, settling there in 1885 and 1886.\nHeather's father and brothers all worked at the mines and union matters and politics were regularly discussed at home, absorbed by the young Heather 'like osmosis'. Her mother, in Broken Hill tradition, could not undertake paid work outside the home but raised her six children as well as volunteering for the St John's Ambulance, the Red Cross blood bank, polio immunisation, meals on wheels and home care. In 1988 she was awarded the Broken Hill Citizenship medal for her services to the community.\nEducated at St John's, then St Joseph's Convent School at Broken Hill, Heather held ambitions to be a doctor or a teacher but the family was not wealthy and she accepted a commercial scholarship with the mines. The scholarship paid her school fees with the promise of a job at the mine following matriculation, but the job was declined on her behalf by the headmistress of St Joseph's who declared that 'a monkey can be taught to use a machine: you have a brain'. Instead, Heather took up a secretarial position with the De Franceschi family.\nAfter some years Heather moved to Sydney and continued secretarial work. She married Barry Ellis, bought a farm on the North Coast of Australia and had two children, Louisa and Luke. After some years they moved back to Sydney but finding the urban lifestyle too stifling, she decided to move back to Broken Hill in 1975 to enable the children to enjoy a free, independent and safe lifestyle.\nHeather began work for the Clerks' Union in 1977 as union secretary (the first female) and retained her position for 23 years. In 1994 she became secretary of both the Clerks' Union and the Shop Assistants' Union and was elected to the Barrier Industrial Council (BIC) executive, charged with resolving disputes, setting up a system of delegates, and drafting policy around employee wages and conditions. She was elected vice-president of the Barrier Industrial Council in 1996. In 1998, she amalgamated her two unions with the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA) in Adelaide.\nHeather married Michael Powell in 1996 and retired from the Barrier Industrial Council and the Unions in 2001.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-heather-powell\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Riley, Muriel", "Entry ID": "AWE4087", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/riley-muriel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wilcannia, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist", "Summary": "A member of the Barkandji people, Muriel Riley is an artist and resident of Broken Hill.\n", "Details": "Artist Muriel Riley is a member of the Barkandji (Paakantyi) people, and a member of the stolen generation. Her eldest brother is Badger Bates, also an accomplished artist, and formerly the Senior Archaeological Officer for the National Parks and Wildlife Service in Broken Hill.\nWith five brothers, Muriel was raised at Wilcannia by her aunty and never knew her father. As small children, Muriel and three of her brothers were taken into state institutions. Her grandmother rescued the elder two brothers by taking them up-river toward Bourke and Brewarrina by canoe. Muriel was held at institutions in Broken Hill, Adelaide and Sydney, but broke out of each one. She kept a photograph of the old bridge at Wilcannia, and at the age of 18 she managed to return by hitch hiking from Sydney.\nBy the time she was pregnant with her first daughter, Muriel was hitch hiking again with a friend, this time to Cairns in Queensland. The baby was born healthy but Muriel had been abandoned by her friend, and with no resources she risked being picked up for vagrancy. She gave up her baby for adoption. Back in New South Wales she had two more children, but her son subsequently died from double pneumonia. With her daughter Fiona, she lived at Wyalla, Wilcannia and Broken Hill as well as the Mutawintji National Park and the Kenchega National Park near Menindee. At Mutawintji she worked as a tour guide, explaining Aboriginal artefacts and telling the dreamtime stories. Conflict between different family groups since that time over traditional ownership has soured her connection with the park, and she no longer visits: 'we are caretakers of the land', she says, 'we don't own the land, the land owns us'.\nTwenty-eight years after she gave up her first-born child, despite failed attempts to reunite through Link Up, Muriel's daughter found her by going through the phone book. Muriel was surprised to find herself with another six grandchildren in addition to Fiona's three children. Mother and daughter are now in regular contact.\nIn 2006, Muriel undertook a drawing course at the Broken Hill TAFE and began to focus upon her art. Her first drawing, a portrait of her grandmother, was given to her brother Badger as a gift. The Basin Haircut, depicting herself as a child in the institutions, was the first drawing she sold. In 2008, Muriel was awarded second place for both two and three-dimensional drawing in the Far Western Emerging Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Art Prize. Her work has been exhibited in the Broken Hill Regional Art Gallery. Muriel is a member of the Darling River Action Group.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-muriel-riley\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bates, Fiona", "Entry ID": "AWE4088", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bates-fiona\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wilcannia, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Tour operator, Welfare worker", "Summary": "A member of the Barkandji people, Fiona Bates is an artist, tour guide, and member of the Broken Hill Aboriginal Justice Group.\n", "Details": "Fiona Bates is the second daughter of Muriel Riley and lives at Broken Hill, New South Wales. As a child she lived for some time with her uncle, accomplished artist Badger Bates. Accompanying him on field trips, she learned about the Aboriginal way of living, Aboriginal stories, and how to express the meaning of those stories through art. Fiona's own style of art encompasses sketching with lead pencil, watercolours, pastels, charcoals, acrylic paints and ochre, as well as lino cuts.\nIn 2008, Fiona won first prize in the open section of the Far Western Emerging Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Art Prize for her sketch of a canoe tree that was carved by her own great-grandmother.\nFiona has three children. She is a member of the Broken Hill Aboriginal Justice Group and works as a tour guide, informed by a detailed knowledge of the Aboriginal art found in and around the Broken Hill region and created by members of up to seven different tribes in far western New South Wales.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-fiona-bates\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "White, Margot", "Entry ID": "AWE4090", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/white-margot\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Clerk, Volunteer", "Summary": "Margot White was born and raised in Broken Hill, New South Wales, where she worked as a comptometrist and as a clerk. Margot is a dedicated member of the Broken Hill Family History Group and does other voluntary work in the community.\n", "Details": "The only daughter of Cecil and Nydia Edes, Margot attended Morgan Street Infant School, North School, Central School, and finally Broken Hill High School, where she remained until the age of 16. On leaving school, she travelled to Adelaide to undertake a four month course in comptometry at the Peacock Brother's Business College.\nBack in Broken Hill, Margot spent four years in the employment of accountant Jack Firth before taking up a position at the Zinc Corporation. In 1956 she married Ray White. Despite union laws discouraging married women from working, Margot was equipped with comptometry skills and returned to the workforce in 1958 - had a qualified single girl applied for her job, she would have had to relinquish it. Margot's responsibilities included calculating the 'lead bonus' each month for employees of the mine. This was a payment made in addition to the regular salary and based on the price of lead on the London metal exchange.\nIn 1967, Margot resigned from her job to travel overseas with Ray and gave birth to her daughter the following year. In 1970, when her daughter was two years old, she somewhat reluctantly recommenced work for accountant Eric Minchin, who desperately needed help with an audit. In between looking after her daughter and doing the housework, Margot would work from home on the dining room table.\nMargot retired in 1997 at the age of 64, and is an active member of the Broken Hill Family History Group.\nThis entry was prepared and written by Georgia Moodie.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-margot-white\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Landorf, Christine (Chris)", "Entry ID": "AWE4091", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/landorf-christine-chris\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Architect", "Summary": "Christine Landorf is an architect and academic who grew up in Broken Hill. With David Manfredi, she designed the Visitors' Centre there and three of her students - Angus Barron, Steve Kelly and Dario Palumbo - designed the Broken Hill Miners' Memorial. Together, the Memorial and the Visitors' Centre received the Royal Australian Institute of Architects' Walter Burley Griffin Award for Urban Design.\n", "Details": "The second daughter of Ross and Marion Landorf, Chris has a strong connection to Broken Hill. Both her maternal and paternal grandparents settled and worked in the city, though they came from quite different social backgrounds. Her paternal grandfather worked underground in the mines as a winder house driver, and her father Ross after him completed a fitting and turning apprenticeship before working as a mine manager. Her maternal grandfather was a surveyor who, after working in Southern Cross and Mount Isa, became the General Manager of New Broken Hill Consolidated. Chris's mother Marion (n\u00e9e Hooper), was born in Southern Cross in Western Australia and worked as a comptometrist on the mines in Broken Hill before her marriage.\nChris attended Alma Primary School and enjoyed an active childhood riding bikes and playing sport on the weekends. She spent two years at Willyama High School before moving to Adelaide to attend boarding school. After completing high school, she began a degree in Interior Design at the South Australian Institute of Technology, and at the end of second year transferred into Architecture on the advice of her lecturer. Chris was one of only two women in a class of 28, but never experienced sexism or discrimination. Although her father Ross held conservative views, he gave Chris his full support and never discouraged her from pursuing an atypical career in a predominantly masculine profession. Rather, Ross was proud that his children were studying at university as he had never had the opportunity to undertake tertiary study himself.\nAfter graduating Chris worked for a small practitioner, Russell Prescott, and then for the bigger firm of Rod Roach Architecture. At the age of 26 she was employed by the Adelaide City Council to work on the redevelopment of the town hall, a major project spanning several years. Having completed her Interior Design degree part time, Chris began teaching this discipline at the University of South Australia whilst undertaking a Masters of Business. After moving to teach architecture, she became a program convenor and was appointed Head of School for three years.\nThough she left Broken Hill at the age of 14, Chris maintained a connection to the town where she was born. She regularly returned to visit her parents until they left the Silver City in 1985, and researched Broken Hill's history as part of a final year project for her architecture degree. While teaching at the University of South Australia, Chris initiated a summer elective study trip to Broken Hill. The project was set up in conjunction with the Line of Lode Association, which was interested in making a tourist attraction out of an old mine lease that had been donated back to the city. Chris's students proposed a number of designs for a visitors' centre, a restaurant and a memorial. The Association was thrilled by the proposals and, after receiving $1.84 million in Centenary Funding, was able to commission two of the projects: the Miners' Memorial and the Visitors' Centre. The walls of the Miners' Memorial, designed by students Angus Barron, Steve Kelly and Dario Palumbo, are inscribed with the names and causes of death of those who died in the mines. The design for the Visitors' Centre was conceived by Chris and her former student, David Manfredi. Its fractured roof and constricting walls simulate the experience of being underground. Both buildings were officially opened by the Hon. John Anderson, Deputy Prime Minister, on 21 April 2001. In December of that year they received the Walter Burley Griffin Award for Urban Design from the Royal Australian Institute of Architects.\nChris Landorf continues to teach architecture at the University of Newcastle while completing a doctorate in Industrial Heritage. Her PhD investigates the sustainability and preservation of significant industrial sites, combining the maintenance of the built environment with a respect for its heritage. It compares the management models of six industrial sites in the United Kingdom with the management model proposed for the city of Broken Hill, recently nominated for the National Heritage list. If that nomination is successful, Broken Hill will be the first Australian city to be heritage listed in its entirety.\nThis entry was prepared and written by Georgia Moodie.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whats-left-when-the-ore-runs-out-mate\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-sense-of-identity-and-a-sense-of-place-oral-history-and-preserving-the-past-the-mining-community-of-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/silk-purses-from-sows-ears-an-argument-for-industrial-heritage-the-cultural-significance-of-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/managing-for-sustainable-tourism-a-review-of-six-cultural-world-heritage-sites\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-christine-landorf\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Maguire, Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE4092", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/maguire-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Radio Broadcaster", "Summary": "Mary Maguire was one of the first female presenters for ABC Local Radio in Broken Hill, New South Wales.\n", "Details": "Mary Maguire was born and raised in Broken Hill. Her mother, too, was locally-born but her father had come to Australia as a migrant from England and worked as a winder house driver in the mines. With her older sister Grace, Mary attended Morgan Street Primary School and North Broken Hill Primary School before completing her education at Broken Hill High School. On leaving school she found work at a grocery store owned by Mr. Dry and earned 10 shillings a week delivering groceries to customers' houses by pushbike, enjoying the opportunity to meet different people in the Broken Hill community. After several years Mary gained employment at Wendt's Jewellers in Argent Street as a shop assistant, and took pride in her smart red uniform with silver buttons down the side and a black skirt. Both she and Grace joined the Broken Hill Repertory Society, which opened in 1944, and relished the chance to act under the direction of Victor A. Bindley, who had worked with J.C. Williamson before moving to Broken Hill from Sydney.\nIn due course Mary moved to Adelaide, where she continued to work for Wendt's Jewellers. Again she became involved in theatre, this time under the tutelage of Jack Hume, and joined several productions for ABC Radio in Adelaide. After some years Mary moved to Sydney and began work at Proud's Jewellers. During a holiday in Broken Hill she met the man she would later marry, and subsequently returned to Broken Hill to live permanently.\nIn 1951, Mary became one of the first women presenters at the ABC Local Radio station in Broken Hill and worked on numerous programs including the West Darling Magazine and the Silver City Interlude. She compered talk shows such as the Today program, interviewing prominent people passing through Broken Hill, as well as people from the local community. Mary also contributed material for ABC Radio National, and produced a segment about Broken Hill for the women's program. From 1982 she presented A Touch of Silver at 2NB in Broken Hill, focussing on issues relating to elderly citizens.\nDescribed as 'a pioneer radio woman', Mary Maguire died in July 2011 after a long illness. Her interviews and the sound of her voice are safely collected in the ABC Radio Archives.\nThis entry was prepared and written by Georgia Moodie.\nNB: Interviews with Mary Maguire are also held in the ABC Broken Hill audio archive.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/abc-celebrates-50th-birthday\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-mary-maguire\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Turley, Darriea", "Entry ID": "AWE4101", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/turley-darriea\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Local government councillor, Welfare worker", "Summary": "Darriea Turley is chair of the National Rural Women's Coalition and a member of the Premier's Council for Women. Darriea was the first HIV\/AIDS worker in the Broken Hill region. Elected to local government in 1995, she has served on numerous local and state government boards and ran for mayor in Broken Hill in 2004. In 2008, she was nominated for New South Wales Woman of the Year. Darriea currently works as Community Engagement Manager for the Greater Western Area Health Service.\n", "Details": "City Councillor and former Deputy Mayor of Broken Hill, Darriea Turley has a strong family connection to the Barrier Ranges region of New South Wales. Her father's family owned the Fowler's Gap Hotel and had extensive property holdings at Pooncarie. Her maternal grandfather migrated from Arabia and ran a camel train between Bourke, Broken Hill, Port Augusta and Alice Springs. With his Scottish Catholic wife, he made his home at Broken Hill.\nThe youngest of four siblings, Darriea was educated at St Peter's and Paul's School, Willyama. Encouraged by her mother and her brother to excel in her studies and go on to university, Darriea left Broken Hill to study but returned part way through and took up a nursing course at the Broken Hill Hospital. Realising that nursing was not her vocation but that she had a strong interest in the mental, social and physical wellbeing of patients, she commenced a Diploma of Welfare. In 1990 she became the first HIV\/AIDS community worker in the Broken Hill region, and began to implement prevention and education programs. She was awarded the Gallipoli Fellowship in 1991 and travelled to Florence, Italy, to attend the 7th International Conference on AIDS. She visited HIV\/AIDS services in England, and in 1994 won the Cavell Trust Scholarship to attend the 10th International Conference on AIDS in Japan. In 1993 Darriea completed a Graduate Diploma in Sexual Health Counselling, and in 1996 she was appointed Sexual Health Coordinator for the Far West Area Health Service. She held the position for ten years, and currently works as Community Engagement Manager for the Greater Western Area Health Service, strengthening community participation in the provision of health care programs.\nDarriea's passionate political involvement has obvious roots. Both parents were members of the Australian Labor Party. Her father was a staunch unionist and great orator, though he passed away when she was eleven years old. As a teenager, Darriea was handing out how-to-vote cards in Broken Hill and was involved in political rallies there, the most notable of which occurred during a visit from Doug Anthony, former leader of the Country Party and Deputy Prime Minister. Elected to local government in 1995, Darriea was Deputy Mayor of Broken Hill in 1997-1998 and 2001-2002. She ran for mayor in 2004, but her campaign was stifled by deliberate cross-referencing among male candidates. Voting results were extremely close despite this, but the incumbent Mayor held his post.\nFrom 2004-2006 Darriea was a member of the New South Wales Local Government Association Executive. She has served on dozens of local committees including the Broken Hill Base Hospital Planning Committee, the Broken Hill Line of Lode Committee, the Australian Local Government Women's Association, West Darling Arts, the Broken Hill Youth Advisory Committee and the Tourism Review Committee. Darriea is currently Chair of the National Rural Women's Coalition and a member of the Premier's Council for Women. She has been Vice-Chair of the New South Wales State Record Authority and a member of the CEDAW Working Group; the Commission on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women Working Group; the Australian Local Government Women's Association National Board; the Australian Local Government Women's Association New South Wales (president 2004-2006); the National Steering Committee for implementing The Way Forward; the Centrelink National Community Reference Group; the Arts Advisory Committee, Broken Hill Regional Art Gallery; and the Broken Hill Sister Committee.\nDarriea lives in Broken Hill with her husband, Darryl. They have two sons, Jonathon and Curtis.\n", "Events": "Australian Local Government Women's Association - National Board Member (2004 - 2004) \nBroken Hill Base Hospital Planning Committee (1996 - 2000) \nBroken Hill Executive Woman of the Year (2008 - 2008) \nBroken Hill Family Support Management Committee (1990 - 1996) \nChair of National Rural Women's Coalition (2007 - 2007) \nDeputy Mayor of Broken Hill (1997 - 1998) \nDeputy Mayor of Broken Hill (2001 - 2002) \nFounding member and Chair of Youth Advisory Committee (1999 - 2001) \nHIV Policy Review Committee (1990 - 1996) \nMember of Local Government (1995 - 2007) \nMember of the Premier's Council for Women (2008 - 2008) \nNational Advisory Committee for Rural Women's Summit (2008 - 2008) \nNew South Wales Department for Women's Grants Committee (2001 - 2003) \nNew South Wales Local Government Association Executive (2004 - 2006) \nRecipient - inaugural World AIDS Day Awards, New South Wales (1995 - 1995) \nWest Darling Arts (2003 - 2004)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-darriea-turley\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McHugh, Jeannette", "Entry ID": "AWE4111", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mchugh-jeannette\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kandos, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Jeannette McHugh was elected to the House of Representatives in the Australian Parliament as the Member for Phillip, New South Wales in 1983. When the seat of Phillip was abolished, she was elected to the seat of Grayndler at the 1993 election. She retired at the 1996 election. A complete record of her parliamentary service, including a link to her first speech, can be found in the Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia (see below).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mchugh-the-hon-jeannette\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-hon-jeanette-mchugh\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-jeannette-mchugh-minister-for-consumer-affairs-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hull, Kay Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE4132", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hull-kay-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Guyra, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the National Party, Kay Hull was elected to the House of Representatives of the Parliament of Australia as the Member for Riverina, New South Wales in 1998. She was re-elected in 2001, 2004 and 2007. She held the position of Chief Whip for the National Party. She did not contest the 2010 federal election. Before her election to the federal Parliament, she served as a Councillor and Deputy Lord Mayor of the City of Wagga Wagga, New South Wales.\nIn June 2021, Hull was awarded an AO for distinguished service to rural and regional communities through health, skills development, and agricultural organisations.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kernot, Cheryl", "Entry ID": "AWE4133", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kernot-cheryl\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Maitland, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educator, Parliamentarian, Teacher", "Summary": "Originally a member of the Australian Democrats Party, Cheryl Kernot was elected to the Senate of the Parliament of Australia as a representative for Queensland in 1990. She was elected leader of the Party in 1993, remaining in that position until her defection to the Australian Labor Party in 1997. She was elected to the seat of Dickson Queensland in the House of Representatives in 1998, but was defeated at the 2001 election.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cheryl-kernot-the-woman-most-likely\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/speaking-for-myself-again-four-years-with-labor-and-beyond\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-politics-voices-from-the-commonwealth\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-cheryl-kernot-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hobbs, Constance Ella", "Entry ID": "AWE4134", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hobbs-constance-ella\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Redfern, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor", "Summary": "The youngest of four children, Connie Hobbs was born in Sydney, educated at St Benedict's School, Broadway but destined for a life on the stage. She left school early, probably at age 11 to tour and train with J.C. Williamson's company. Her last role was at the age of 93 in the television medical drama All Saints. In between times, she packed a lot of acting, across a variety of media and forms. She entertained troops during World War II, played Dolly Levi in The Matchmaker, the stage play that became the musical Hello Dolly and appeared in numerous radio plays and television programs, including Bellbird, A Country Practice, Father Dear Father and Brides Of Christ. Perhaps one of her best known rolls was that of Madge Allsop, Dame Edna Everage's long-suffering bridesmaid in the film Les Patterson Saves The World.\nAccording to Tony Stephens, who wrote her obituary for the Sydney Morning Herald, 'Hobbs was diminutive, beautiful, rebellious and fiercely independent. She could not be persuaded to reveal her true age until she was 90.'\nHobbs is survived by her daughter, Marilyn, and three grandchildren, John, Alexander and Elizabeth.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McFarlane, Jann Sonya", "Entry ID": "AWE4137", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcfarlane-jann-sonya\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Clerk, Community worker, Parliamentarian, Secretary", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Jann McFarlane was elected to the House of Representatives of the Australian Parliament as the Member for Stirling, Western Australia. She was re-elected in 2001, but was defeated at the 2004 election.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Short, Leonie Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE4139", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/short-leonie-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Gresford, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, University teacher", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Leonie Short was elected to the House of Representatives of the Australian Parliament as the Member for Ryan, Queensland, at a by-election held on 17 March 2001. She was in parliament for a few months only, as she was defeated at the federal election, which was held in November 2001.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bird, Sharon Leah", "Entry ID": "AWE4141", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bird-sharon-leah\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educator, Electorate Officer, Parliamentarian, Teacher", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Sharon Bird was elected to the House of Representatives of the Australian Parliament as the Member for Cunningham, New South Wales, in 2004. She was re-elected in 2007 and in 2010.\nA complete record of her parliamentary service, including a link to her first speech, can be found in the Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia (see below).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-started-in-business-english\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Markus, Louise Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE4144", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/markus-louise-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Epping, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Counsellor, Educator, Parliamentarian, Social worker", "Summary": "A member of the Liberal Party of Australia, Louise Markus was elected to the House of Representatives of the Australian Parliament as the Member for Greenway, New South Wales, in 2004. She was re-elected in 2007. In 2010 she stood as a candidate for the seat of Macquarie in New South Wales and was successful.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "D'Ath, Yvette Maree", "Entry ID": "AWE4148", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dath-yvette-maree\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Penrith, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Industrial advocate, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Yvette D'Ath was elected to the House of Representatives of the Australian Parliament as the Member for Petrie, Queensland, in 2007. She was re-elected in 2010.\nA complete record of her parliamentary service, including a link to her first speech, can be found in the Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia (see below).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Walters, Mary Shirley", "Entry ID": "AWE4161", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walters-mary-shirley\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Hobart, Tasmania, Australia", "Occupations": "Housewife, Nurse, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the Liberal Party of Australia, Shirley Walters was elected to the Senate of the Australian Parliament to represent Tasmania in 1975. She was re-elected in 1977, 1983 and 1987 and retired in 1993. She was the first woman to represent Tasmania in the Senate, and was known for her social conservatism. Her father, Sir Eric Harrison, served as the inaugural deputy leader of the Liberal Party under Sir Robert Menzies.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "West, Suzanne Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE4167", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/west-suzanne-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cowra, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Electorate Officer, Nurse, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Suzanne West was chosen by the Parliament of New South Wales as Senator for that state in February 1987 in the Senate of the Parliament of Australia, on the resignation of Senator D. McLelland. She was defeated at the July federal election. In 1990 she was elected to the Senate again and remained there until her retirement in 2002. She served as Deputy President and Chair of Committees of the Senate from 1997-2002.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-suzanne-margaret-west-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bourne, Victoria Worrall", "Entry ID": "AWE4170", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bourne-victoria-worrall\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Research officer", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Democrats, Vicki Bourne was elected to the Senate of the Parliament of Australia representing New South Wales in 1990. She served in the Senate until June 2002, when she was defeated at the general election of 2001. During her period in Parliament she held the position of Party Whip from 3 September 1991 until 30 June 2002.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Payne, Marise Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE4177", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/payne-marise-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Advisor, Lawyer, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the Liberal Party of Australia, Marise Payne was appointed to the Senate of the Parliament of Australia, representing the state of New South Wales, in 1997. She was elected in 2001 and re-elected in 2007. She held various Shadow portfolios from December 2007 until September 2013, was Minister for Human Services (2013-15) and appointed Minister for Defence in September 2015.\n", "Details": "\"After growing up in Sydney and the NSW Southern Highlands, Marise Payne went on to complete her education at MLC School, Burwood and her Bachelor of Arts and Laws at the University of NSW.\nA member of the Liberal Party since 1982, Marise was the National Young Liberal Movement's first female President. She also served on the NSW Liberal State Executive for 10 years and at branch and electorate levels.\nHaving served as a political adviser to some of the most significant figures in Liberal politics of their time, Marise went on to a career as a public affairs adviser in the finance industry.\nIn 1997 Marise filled a casual vacancy to represent the people of New South Wales in the Australian Senate, making her inaugural speech on 2 September 1997. She was then elected in 2001, 2007 and 2013.\"\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-marise-payne-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fierravanti-Wells, Concetta (Connie) Anna", "Entry ID": "AWE4189", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fierravanti-wells-concetta-connie-anna\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Parliamentarian, Policy adviser", "Summary": "A member of the Liberal Party of Australia, Connie Fierravanti-Wells was elected to the Senate of the Parliament of Australia representing New South Wales in 2004. She was re-elected in 2010 and 2016, and retired at the expiration of her term in 2022.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Nash, Fiona Joy", "Entry ID": "AWE4197", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nash-fiona-joy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Farmer, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the National Party of Australia, Fiona Nash was elected to the Parliament of Australia as a Senator for New South Wales in 2004. She holds the position of Deputy Leader of the Nationals and Party Whip in the Senate. She was re-elected at the 2010 federal election.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Siewert, Rachel Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE4199", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/siewert-rachel-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Research officer", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Greens Party, Rachel Siewert was elected to the Senate of the Parliament of Australia as a senator for Western Australia in 2004. She holds the position of Australian Greens Whip in the Senate. She was re-elected at the 2010 federal election.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kyburz, Rosemary Annette", "Entry ID": "AWE4216", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kyburz-rosemary-annette\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Teacher", "Summary": "A member of the Liberal Party of Australia, Rosemary Kyburz was elected to the Queensland State Parliament as the Member for Salisbury in 1974 after an unsuccessful attempt in 1972. She was re-elected in 1977 and 1980, but was ultimately defeated at the 1983 election. While a Member of Parliament she married fellow parliamentarian Robert George Akers on 18 January 1981 and was the first sitting female member to give birth to a son in 1982.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-the-queensland-parliament-1929-1994\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-the-queensland-parliament-historical-and-contemporary-perspectives\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-rosemary-kyburz-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gamin, Judith Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE4222", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gamin-judith-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the National Party, Judy Gamin was elected as the Member for South Coast in 1988 at a by-election, but was defeated at the 1989 election. She was elected as Member for newly created seat of Burleigh at the 1992 election. She was re-elected in 1995 and 1998, but was ultimately defeated at the 2001 election. Before her election to the state parliament, she stood unsuccessfully in the federal seat of Moncrieff at the 1984 election.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-the-queensland-parliament-1929-1994\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-the-queensland-parliament-historical-and-contemporary-perspectives\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-judy-gamin-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Robson, Molly Jess", "Entry ID": "AWE4226", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/robson-molly-jess\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Consultant, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Molly Robson was elected the Member for Springwood in the Parliament of Queensland in 1989 and remained in the seat until 1995. During her period in parliament she held the ministerial portfolio of Environment and Heritage from September 1992 until July 1995.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-the-queensland-parliament-1929-1994\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-molly-robson-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Nelson-Carr, Lindel Helena", "Entry ID": "AWE4237", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nelson-carr-lindel-helena\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Teacher", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Lindy Nelson-Carr was elected to the Parliament of Queensland as Member for Mundingburra in 1998. During her parliamentary carer she has served as a Minister in a number of portfolios and also as Parliamentary Secretary to the Premier and other Ministers.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pratt, Dorothy Ruth", "Entry ID": "AWE4238", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pratt-dorothy-ruth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Justice of the Peace, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the One Nation Party and later an Independent, from 1999, Dolly Pratt was elected to the Parliament of Queensland in 1998 as Member for Barambah. After an electoral redistribution she was elected the Member for Nanango at the 2001 election. She continues to represent the electors of Nanango as an Independent.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "O'Brien, Catherine Cecily", "Entry ID": "AWE4251", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obrien-catherine-cecily\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Merriwa, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Moss Vale, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educator, Religious Sister", "Summary": "Born to Australian-born parents of Irish descent, Catherine O'Brien received her senior education at the Dominican Convent, Maitland, where she won a teacher-training scholarship. In July 1914she entered the same convent, and received the habit in April 1915, taking the religious name of Mary Anselm. She made perpetual vows in April 1917 and remained at Maitland, teaching in the secondary school, until 1920.\nShe left Maitland In 1921, and moved to Santa Sabina Dominican Convent School, Strathfield, so that she could attend the University of Sydney. She graduated B.A. in 1924 with first-class honours in English and Latin and the University medal for English. She gained her diploma in education in 1925, and in 1928 took a first-class honours M.A. in English literature, with a thesis on tragedy.\nShe taught at Santa Sabina for twenty years, between 1925-45, and became well known and respected for her innovative methods and range of publications. She was an enthusiastic educator who aimed to provide a high quality education for girls. She was particularly interested in ensuring that girls received opportunities to participate in sport and other forms of physical education. In 1922 she convened the first meeting of principals of Catholic girls secondary schools to facilitate co-operation in sporting competitions, which became a feature of Catholic schools in the 1930s.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obrien-catherine-cecily-1893-1945\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dominican-pioneers-in-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/archives-of-the-dominican-sisters-of-eastern-australia-and-the-solomon-islands\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Egan, Kathleen Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE4252", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/egan-kathleen-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "The Rock, Wagga Wagga District, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Waratah, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Education reformer, Religious Sister, Teacher", "Summary": "Described as a 'woman of great strength', Kathleen Egan was a Dominican Sister and educationist with a commitment to improving educational opportunities for children with hearing disabilities.\nIn 1931, after teaching in Tamworth and Mayfield, both in New South Wales, she was appointed to the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Waratah, Newcastle, New South Wales. Believing that 'the deaf child has tastes, dislikes, ambitions similar to those of her unhandicapped sister', she introduced the State curriculum (using conventional textbooks where possible) and was, thus, responsible for considerable reforms of education for the deaf in New South Wales.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/egan-kathleen-mary-1891-1977\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Roberts, Elisa Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE4258", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/roberts-elisa-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Soldier", "Summary": "Originally a member of Pauline Hanson's One Nation Party, Elisa Roberts was elected to the Parliament of Queensland as the Member for Gympie in 2001. She continued in the Parliament as an Independent after 2002 until her defeat at the 2006 election.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elisa-roberts-electronic-resource\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Smith, Christine Anne", "Entry ID": "AWE4261", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/smith-christine-anne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Administrative officer, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Christine Smith was elected to the Parliament of Queensland as the Member for Burleigh in 2001. She was re-elected in 2004, 2006 and 2009.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "O'Neill, Mary-Anne", "Entry ID": "AWE4281", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oneill-mary-anne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tumut, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Union organiser", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Mary-Anne O'Neill was elected to the Parliament of Queensland as Member for Kallangur at the election which was held on 21 March 2009.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fidler, Mabel Maude", "Entry ID": "AWE4296", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fidler-mabel-maude\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Headmistress", "Summary": "Mabel Maude Fidler was the founder of Ravenswood School for Girls.\nMabel Fidler and her sister, Isabel Margaret Fidler, attended Emily Baxter's Argyle School in Surry Hills and both were winners of the prestigious Fairfax Prize.\nFidler worked as a governess for several years before opening her own school in 1901. The classes took place in a schoolroom erected on the block adjacent to her home, 'Ravenswood', in Gordon, Sydney. It was a non-sectarian private day school for girls.\nFidler sold the school to the Methodist Church in 1924, by which point it had 180 pupils. She retired as Headmistress the following year but continued on as the President of the Old Girls' Union (ROGU) until 1938. One of her last 'official' appearances was at the Jubilee Celebrations of ROGU in 1958 at which the new Mabel Fidler Library was opened.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ravenswood-school-for-girls-our-heritage\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fidler-isabel-margaret-1869-1952\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ravenswood-educating-girls-1901-2001\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/archives-of-ravenswood-school-for-girls\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Willey, Mary Lindsay Caroline", "Entry ID": "AWE4304", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/willey-mary-lindsay-caroline\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Warrawee, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Originally a member of the Australian Labor Party, Mary Willey was elected to the House of Assembly in the Parliament of Tasmania in 1979 representing the electorate of Bass. She resigned from the Labor Party in 1981 in support of the premier of the time Doug Lowe in his approach to the damming of the Franklin River. She fought the 1982 election as an Independent and was unfortunately defeated on that occasion.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-mary-lindsay-caroline-willey-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fidler, Isabel Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE4310", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fidler-isabel-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "Isabel Fidler was tutor to women students at the University of Sydney. She was an office bearer in all the university women's societies. She was also active in a range of women's groups including the National Council of Women (New South Wales Branch.)\n", "Details": "Education\nIsabel Margaret Fidler attended Emily Baxter's Argyle School in Surry Hills. She enrolled in a Bachelor of Arts at the University of Sydney in 1895. She graduated in 1898 with first class honours in English, French and Latin.\nCareer \nFidler taught briefly at the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Croydon. In 1900 she was appointed tutor to women students at the University of Sydney, a position she held until 1939.\nActivism\/Community work\nFidler was an office bearer in all the university women's societies, as well as several non-university groups.\n", "Events": "Board of Social Study and Training (1928 - 1933) \nBoard of Social Study and Training (1934 - 1940) \nFor services to education (1939 - 1939) \nNational Council of Women of New South Wales (1912 - 1932) \nNational Council of Women of New South Wales (1912 - 1937) \nSydney University Settlement (1932 - 1945) \nSydney University Settlement (1945 - 1952) \nSydney University Women Graduates' Association (1928 - 1928) \nSydney University Women Graduates' Association (1946 - 1946) \nSydney University Women Graduates' Association (1920 - 1952) \nSydney University Women's Society (Sydney University Women's Settlement) (1900 - 1921) \nSydney University Women's Society (Sydney University Women's Settlement) (1921 - 1932) \nSydney University Women's Union (1903 - 1908) \nSydney University Women's Union (1915 - 1921) \nSydney University Women's Union (1923 - 1925) \nSydney University Women's Union (1927 - 1928) \nSydney University Women's Union (1929 - 1939)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pioneer-women-graduates-of-the-university-of-sydney-1881-1921\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fidler-isabel-margaret-1869-1952\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Barff, Jane Foss", "Entry ID": "AWE4311", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barff-jane-foss\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educator, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "Jane Foss Barff was a leading advocate for women's education at the University of Sydney. She was also active in charitable and church activities.\n", "Details": "Education\nBarff was among the second group of women to enrol at the University of Sydney (in 1883), where she studied classics, chemistry, physics and mathematics. She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1886, with first class honours in classics. In 1889 she became the second woman to receive a Masters in Arts from the University of Sydney.\nCareer\nBarff undertook a study tour of England in 1886-67, including visits to Girton and Newnham women's colleges; on her return to Australia she taught at Ascham, and later at Kambala, both schools in Sydney, New South Wales.\nShe left school teaching in 1892 to succeed Helen Phillips as the tutor to women students at the University of Sydney, the only female post on the teaching staff. She resigned from the position in 1899 to marry Henry Ebenezer Barff, the university registrar and librarian.\nActivism\/Community work\nBarff's involvement with Sydney University women's organisations was extensive. Between 1891-96 she supervised classes at Harrington Street night school for girls, which was established by the Sydney University Women's Society. During this period she joined forces with Louisa McDonald in 1892 to form the Sydney University Women's Association. She had a long involvement with the Council of the Women's College, University of Sydney, between 1891-1937. She also served as President of the University Women's Settlement between 1914-15, 1919-24. In honour of her contribution, The Sydney Central student services building at the University of Sydney was named after her.\nBarff was also a member of the National Council of Women; the Mothers' Union; and the St Catherine's Church of England School for Girls.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barff-jane-foss-1863-1937\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-history-of-the-womens-college-within-the-university-of-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Walker, Alice Ruth", "Entry ID": "AWE4315", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walker-alice-ruth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Lismore, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, philosopher", "Summary": "Alice Ruth Walker was a student and later academic in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Sydney.\nEducated at North Sydney Girls' High School, she matriculated in 1933 and enrolled in a Bachelor of Arts at the University of Sydney. She graduated with First Class Honours and the University Medal in Philosophy in 1937.\nShe began her academic career soon after when she was appointed as a part-time correcting assistant in Department of Philosophy in 1937. The following year she was promoted to the position of part-time Demonstrator\/Tutor\nThe years later, in 1941 she received her first full time appointment at the university, that of full-time Assistant Lecturer. She was appointed lecturer in 1944.\n1944: Appointed Lecturer\nIn 1952, she took a year's study leave to work at the University of London and the London School of Economics, where she mixed with the likes of Karl Popper and Alfred Jules Ayer. Two years later, in 1954 she was appointed Senior Lecturer. In 1960 she took a year's study leave, worked at the University of Oxford as a \"recognised student\".\nAlice Walker retired from the University of Sydney in 1972.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/university-of-sydney-archives-listings-for-john-anderson-series-158-walker-alice-ruth-1917-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-archives-of-walker-alice-ruth-1917-1986\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Graham, Beryl Ada", "Entry ID": "AWE4318", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/graham-beryl-ada\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Rose Bay, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Teacher", "Summary": "Beryl Ada Graham was a science teacher and author of several school textbooks.\nShe was educated at Bellevue Hill Public School, William Street Girls Junior High School (1931-1933) and Sydney Girls' High (1934-35).\nGraham graduated from Sydney Teachers' College with Bachelor of Science in 1940 and was awarded the Eva Saunders Prize for Botany III. She received her Diploma in Education in 1941.\nAfter graduating Graham taught at several public schools, including Cessnock High and Willoughby Girls' Home Science High.\nShe married Ernest Graham in 1947 and had two children, born 1956 and 1957.\n", "Events": "After her return to Australia, Graham taught at Dover Heights Home Science School (1954 - 1954) \nEducation Officer at the Australian Museum, Sydney, where she established the Museum's school service (1949 - 1952) \nRepresented the Australian College of Education at the World Conference of Organisations of the Teaching Profession, held in Sydney (1970 - 1970) \nResigned from the Department of Education in order to travel to the British Isles (1952 - 1952) \nSeconded for a year to Armidale Teachers College to lecture in Plant Biology (1945 - 1945) \nUndertook editing work for CSIRO (1955 - 1955)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/graham-beryl-ada-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-biology-for-high-school-junior-classes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/about-ourselves-physiology-hygiene-and-first-aid-for-intermediate-class\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-archives-of-graham-nee-king-beryl-ada-1919\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oral-history-interview-with-beryl-graham\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cusack, Dymphna", "Entry ID": "AWE4321", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cusack-dymphna\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wyalong, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Manly Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Cultural Commentator, Political activist, social activist, Teacher", "Summary": "Dymphna Cusack was one of Australia's most prolific and translated writers. Educated at St Ursula's College, Armidale she won an Exhibition and Teaching Scholarship to the University of Sydney, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts and a Diploma of Education. While at the University of Sydney, she developed life-long friendships with fellow authors Florence James and Christina Stead, and lawyer Marie Byles. After graduating she worked as a teacher until her early retirement in 1944 due to ill-health.\nCusack's literary career took off in 1935 when her first novel, Jungfrau, was published to critical acclaim. A further eleven novels, seven plays, three travel books, two children's books and one non-fiction book followed. Two of her novels were collaborations: Pioneers on Parade (1939) with Miles Franklin; and Come In Spinner (1951) with Florence James.\nCusack's books were translated into over 30 languages worldwide, making her one of Australia's most translated authors. Her anti-bomb play, Pacific Paradise (1955), written in response to the United State's atomic tests on Bikini Atoll, sealed her reputation across Asia, Eastern Europe and the Pacific.\nDuring the 1950s and 1960s Cusack spent long periods overseas with her partner (later husband) Norman Randolph Freehill, a journalist and founding member of the Community Party of Australia. After returning to Australia in 1962 she became associated with Faith and Hans Bandler, leaders of the Aboriginal rights movements.\nIn 1963 Cusack was a foundation member of the Australian Society of Authors. In 1975 she was named Woman of the Year by the Union of Australian Women. In 1976 she refused the Order of the British Empire due to her republican ideals, but in 1981, soon before her death, she was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for her contribution to Australian literature.\n", "Details": "The following list represents some of Cusacks more important publications:\nNovels\nJungfrau (1936)\nPioneers on Parade (1939), with Miles Franklin\nCome In Spinner (1951), with Florence James\nSay No to Death (1951)\nSouthern Steel (1953)\nThe Sun in Exile (1955)\nHeat Wave in Berlin (1961)\nPicnic Races (1962)\nBlack Lightning (1964)\nThe Sun is Not Enough (1967)\nThe Half-Burnt Tree (1969)\nA Bough in Hell (1971)\nPlays\nShallow Cups (1934)\nRed Sky at Morning (1942)\nMorning Sacrifice (1943)\nThree Australian Three Act Plays (1950), comprising Comets Soon Pass, Shoulder the Sky, and Morning Sacrifice\nThe Golden Girls (1955)\nPacific Paradise (1963)\nTravel books\nChinese Women Speak (1958)\nHolidays Among the Russians (1964)\nIllyria Reborn (1966)\nChildren's stories\nKanga-Bee and Kanga-bo (1945)\nFour Winds and a Family (1947), with Florence James\nNon-Fiction\nCaddie, the Story of a Barmaid (1953), edited and introduced only\nBiography\nNorman Freehill with Dymphna Cusack, Dymphna Cusack, T. Nelson, West Melbourne (Vic.), 1975\nDymphna Cusack, A window in the dark, National Library of Australia, Canberra, 1991, introduced and edited by Debra Adelaide\n", "Events": "Appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for her contribution to Australian literature (1981 - 1981) \nHelped establish the Australian Society of Austhors (1963 - 1963) \nNamed Woman of the Year by the Union of Australian Women (1975 - 1975) \nRefused to accept the Order of the British Empire due to her republican ideals (1976 - 1976)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/yarn-spinners-a-story-in-letters-dymphna-cusack-florence-james-miles-franklin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dymphna-cusack\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-window-in-the-dark-introduced-and-edited-by-debra-adelaide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/caddie-a-sydney-barmaid-an-autobiography-written-by-herself-with-an-introduction-on-by-dymphna-cusack\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/come-in-spinner-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heatwave-in-berlin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dymphna-cusack-1902-1981\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dymphna-cusack-1902-81\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cusack-ellen-dymphna-nell-1902-1981\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/florence-james-papers-1890-1993\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miles-franklin-papers-mainly-literary-manuscripts-1900-1954\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-and-literary-papers-1887-1954-microform\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nancy-cato-1939-1995-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dymphna-cusack-1937-1983-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-donald-crick-1955-1993-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pacific-paradise-1955-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cusack-ellen-dymphna-freehill-76-folios-of-which-24-contain-exemptions\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ellen-dymphna-cusack-154-folios-of-which-101-contain-exemptions\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cusack-ellen-dymphna-volume-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cusack-ellen-dymphna-volume-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/drama-and-features-correspondence-with-playwrights-dymphna-cusack\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eternal-now-by-dymphna-cusack\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cuttings-book-of-dymphna-cusack-approximately-1951-1983\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Putt, Margaret Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE4324", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putt-margaret-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the Tasmanian Greens, Peg Putt was elected to the House of Assembly of the Parliament of Tasmania representing the electorate of Denison in 1993. She was re-elected in 1996, 1998, 2002 and 2006. In 1998 she became leader of the Greens after the election in which she was the only Greens candidate to retain her seat. She retired from Parliament in 2008. She was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in January 2025 for significant service to conservation and the environment, and to the Parliament of Tasmania.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-peg-putt-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/peg-put-parliament-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cohen, Frances (Fanny)", "Entry ID": "AWE4328", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cohen-frances-fanny\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Grafton, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Administrator, Headmistress, Teacher", "Summary": "Fanny Cohen was headmistress of Fort Street Girls' High School in Sydney from 1929 to 1952. She was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1962 for her services to education.\nShe was an inspirational teacher and leader with firm views about the importance of streaming gifted students and ensuring that talented girls were given the same opportunities as boys.\n", "Details": "Fanny Cohen completed her secondary education at Miss Emily Baxter's School in Sydney in 1904, matriculating with the Kambala Prize for Women. In 1908 she graduate with a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Sydney. She followed up the following year with a Bachelor of Science and the University Medal in Geology also from the University of Sydney. In the same year 1909 she was appointed demonstrator in geology at the University of Sydney.\nWhilst working as a demonstrator, in 1911 Cohen became the first woman to receive the Barker Graduate Scholarship for Applied Mathematics. The scholarship allowed her to travel to the United Kingdom, where she took up further study in mathematics at the University of Cambridge. However her studies were cut short by the ill health of her mother.\nIn her return to Sydney in 1912 she joined the mathematics staff at Fort Street Girls' High School. Whilst teaching Maths, she completed a Master of Arts at the University of Sydney in 1913. After ten years at Fort Street, she left to take up an appointment as deputy headmistress of North Sydney Girls' High School in 1922. She did not stay long in this position: in 1923 she accepted the appointment of headmistress of the Maitland West Girls' High School. Three years later in 1926, she returned to Sydney where she was appointed headmistress of St George Girls' High School. In 1929 she returned to Fort Street Girls' as headmistress, a post she retained until retiring in 1952.\nBetween 1937-1952 she represented the Secondary Teachers' Association of New South Wales on the Board of Secondary School Studies.\nCohen was also involved in educational community service outside schools. She was a Fellow of the Senate of University of Sydney in the periods 1934-1944 and 1949-1959. Between 1936-1944 and 1949-1959 she served as the University Senate's representative on the Council of Women's College. Between 1953-1959 she was Director of the Sydney University Women's Union.\nSoon after her retirement in 1952 Cohen became involved in the Royal Blind Society of New South Wales. In 1955 she obtained a braille writer's certificate and for some years translated books, helped to produce a monthly magazine for the blind, and trained other people in braille transcription.\nIn 1962 she was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in recognition of her services to education in New South Wales.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cohen-fanny-1887-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pioneer-women-graduates-of-the-university-of-sydney-1881-1921\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-archives-of-cohen-fanny-1887-1975\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ogilvie, Florinda Katharine", "Entry ID": "AWE4329", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ogilvie-florinda-katharine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Glen Innes, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Darlinghurst Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Social worker", "Summary": "Florinda Katharine Ogilvie was a pioneer in the developing field of medical social work, who served as a fellow of the University of Sydney Senate in the 1940s.\n", "Details": "Education\n1923: Bachelor of Arts, University of Sydney.\n1931: Studied hospital administration in the United States for two months, sponsored by Rachel Foster Hospital.\n1933-34: Completed a course in medical social work in Britain and became an associate of the Institute of Almoners.\n1950-51: Returned to Britain to study methods of teaching social work for six months, visiting the Universities of London and Oxford, the British Institute of Almoners, St Thomas Hospital and Radcliff Infirmary.\nCareer highlights\n1926-1940: Secretary, Chief Executive Officer and Almoner at Rachel Foster Hospital for Women and Children, Sydney.\n1941-1954: Senior Almoner, Sydney Hospital; Director of Training for the NSW Institute of Almoners.\n1954: Appointed to a temporary lectureship in the Department of Social Work at University of Sydney.\n1957: Appointed to a permanent lectureship in the Department of Social Work.\n31 December 1964: Retired.\nCommunity work\n1943-1949: Fellow of the University Senate\n1941-1950: Member of the Child Welfare Advisory Council\n1950s\/1960s: Member of the executive committee of the NSW Old Peoples' Welfare Council.\n1969: Member of the working party of the NSW Council for the Aging Advisory Committee on Accommodation and Care for the Aging.\nOgilvie also held positions as: President, NSW Council of Social Service; Honorary Consultant in social work to the Australian Red Cross; Honorary Director, Family Welfare Bureau.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ogilvie-florinda-katherine\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-archives-of-ogilvie-florinda-katherine-1902-1983\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mander-Jones, Phyllis", "Entry ID": "AWE4350", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mander-jones-phyllis\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Homebush, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Prospect, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Archivist, Librarian", "Summary": "Phyllis Mander-Jones was Mitchell Librarian from 1947 to 1957. In 1962 she became the first Australian Joint Copying Project Officer. She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1971 in recognition of her contribution to Australian history.\n", "Details": "Mander-Jones was educated at Abbotsleigh, a private girls' school in Pymble, New South Wales. She went on to university after finishing school and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Sydney in 1917.\nMander-Jones joined the staff of the Public Library of New South Wales in 1925 and worked her way up through the ranks. She was Mitchell Librarian between 1947-1957.\nBased in the Australian High Commission in London, in 1962, she became the first Australian Joint Copying Project Officer. In 1964 she was appointed director of a survey of manuscripts in Britain and Ireland relating to Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific. Manuscripts in the British Isles relating to Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific, popularly known as the 'Mander-Jones guide', was published by the ANU Press in 1972.\nAfter completing the survey of manuscripts in the British Isles, Mander-Jones remained in England for several years. She then returned to Australia and spent her last years in Adelaide compiling Catalogue of manuscripts in the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia (South Australian Branch) (1981).\n", "Events": "Appointed Honorary Member of the Australian Society of Archivists (1976 - 1976) \nAppointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for her service to Australian history (1971 - 1971) \nReceived the HCL Anderson Award, presented annually by the Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA) for outstanding service to the library and information profession in Australia, to ALIA, or to the theory of library and information science or to the practice of library and information services (1981 - 1981) \nThe Australian Society of Archivistsintroduced the Mander Jones Awards for publications in the field of recordkeeping. The award honours Mander-Jones for her contributions to the profession (1996 - 1996)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jones-phyllis-mander-1896-1984\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-papers-of-phyllis-mander-jones\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hcl-anderson-award\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-phyllis-mander-jones-1964-1972-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/baiba-berzins-abbreviated-and-edited-transcript-of-interview-with-phyllis-mander-jones-1983\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Burch, Joy", "Entry ID": "AWE4352", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burch-joy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Joy Burch was elected to the Legislative Assembly for the Australian Capital Territory representing the electorate of Brindabella in October 2008. She was re-elected at the 2012, 2016 and 2020 elections. She held the position of Speaker from 2016 until September 2024 when she retired from the Assembly before the 2024 election.\n", "Details": "Before her appointment to Cabinet in November 2009, Joy Burch was Government Whip and ALP Caucus secretary. Her ministerial portfolios have included: Ageing and Community Services (2009-2012), Multicultural Affairs and Women (2009-2015), Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs (2011-2012), Arts and Racing and Gaming (2011-2016), Children and Young People (2012-2014), Disability and Education and Training (2012-2016) and Police and Emergency Services (2014-2015). She did not contest the 2024 election.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burch-joy-legislative-assembly-for-the-australian-capital-territory-website\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Grassby, Ellnor Judith", "Entry ID": "AWE4360", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/grassby-ellnor-judith\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Griffith, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Ellnor Grassby served in the Legislative Assembly for the Australian Capital Territory from 1989 to 1995. She held the ministerial portfolio of Housing and Urban Services in 1989.\nIn 1962 Ellnor married Al Grassby who became Labor Member for Murrumbidgee in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1965, then Federal Labor Member for Riverina in the House of Representatives from 1969 to 1974 and Minister for Immigration 1972 to 1974.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Reilly, Marion", "Entry ID": "AWE4367", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reilly-marion\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Public servant, Teacher", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Marion Reilly was elected by countback to the Legislative Assembly for the Australian Capital Territory in March 1996 on the resignation of Mr Terry Connolly, representing the electorate of Molonglo. She remained in the Parliament until 1998, when she was defeated at the election held in that year.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marion-reilly-wikipedia-entry\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lawrence, Jacqueline (Jacqui)", "Entry ID": "AWE4402", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lawrence-jacqueline-jacqui\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales", "Occupations": "Canoe\/Kayaker, Olympian", "Summary": "Jacqueline Lawrence, became the second Australian woman medallist, after Danielle Woodward's silver at Barcelona 1992, in the Slalom Canoe\/Kayak singles event when she won silver at the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008.\n", "Events": "Canoe\/Kayaking - Slalom Singles (2008 - 2008)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-at-the-games\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wu, Melissa", "Entry ID": "AWE4404", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wu-melissa\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Penrith, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Diver, Olympian", "Summary": "In the synchronised platform diving at Beijing in 2008, Melissa Wu teamed with the Briony Cole to win the silver medal.\n", "Events": "Diving - 10m Platform (2018 - 2018) \nDiving - 10m Platform Synchronized (2008 - 2008)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-at-the-games\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lowe, Annie", "Entry ID": "AWE4417", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lowe-annie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wilberforce, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "St. Kilda, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Suffragist", "Summary": "Annie Lowe, together with Henrietta Dugdale formed the Victorian Women's Suffrage Society in 1884, the first such organisation to be established in Australia. She campaigned strongly, becoming the president of the United Council for Woman Suffrage, which included more than thirty societies. She lived to see women granted the franchise in Victoria in November 1908 and was given pride of place on the platform at the victory celebrations, which were held on 5 December 1908. Unfortunately she did not live to exercise her right to vote at the 1911 state election.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Spender, Dale", "Entry ID": "AWE4430", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/spender-dale\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Writer", "Summary": "Dale Spender distinguished herself as a writer on feminist and women's issues. Whilst living in England from 1974 to 1986 she was active in feminist groups there, serving on the executive of the Fawcett Society from 1983 to 1987. On her return to Australia she was appointed an honorary fellow at the University of Queensland.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/man-made-language\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-language-of-sexism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dale-spender-papers-1972-1995\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Tarabay, Jamie", "Entry ID": "AWE4433", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tarabay-jamie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Print journalist, War Correspondent", "Summary": "Jamie Tarabay is an Australian born journalist who has spent most of her professional life reporting on matters in the middle east. Since September 2000 she has worked as a foreign correspondent for Associated Press (AP) and American National Public Radio (NPR), covering wars in Palestine and Iraq. She is one of very few western women who have made a career as a war reporter. In January 2007, Tarabay was part of the NPR News team that won the prestigious Alfred I. DuPont-Columbia University Award for coverage of Iraq.\nLebanese by heritage, Tarabay grew up in Sydney, Berlin and Beirut. She has a BA in Government and French from the University of Sydney and can speak Arabic and French.\n", "Details": "Tarabay developed her love and talent for writing as a small girl living in Lebanon. She would write stories and read one chapter a night to my sisters to keep them entertained. 'It helped,' she says, 'that they were a captive audience: we were living in Lebanon at the time, and spent most nights during a 10 month spell in a bomb shelter as war broke out around us.'\nAfter returning to Australia Tarabay finished school and went to university. After graduating with a BA she found a corporate job that paid well but numbed her brain. She quit to take up a position as editorial assistant for MIS Magazine, an IT trade magazine. In 1997 she began work as an editorial assistant at Australian Associated Press (AAP) eventually getting a cadetship with that organisation. In June 1999 she AAP and travelled to Singapore where she joined The Associated Press (AP) in their bureau. After that, she was transferred in 2000 to the Jerusalem bureau, where she covered the Palestinian intifada for three years. She returned to Sydney and worked at AP's bureau there for two years. During that time she travelled to Baghdad where she reported for three months after the United States invasion.\nTarabay is the only reporter to have ever interviewed a woman who was married to Saddam Hussein for ten years. Her reporting also covered the deaths of Saddam's two sons, and the US military's ongoing efforts to fight both Shiite and Sunni insurgencies. She returned to Baghdad in 2004, and followed that with a stint in Jerusalem to report on the death of Yasser Arafat. In 2005 She took up a reporting position for the AP in Cairo, Egypt. Her book, A Crazy Occupation, Eyewitness to the Intifada, was published in September 2005 by Allen and Unwin.\nShe became National Public Radio's Bureau Chief in Baghdad in October 2005, and headed coverage there until 2008. We were awarded the Alfred I. DuPont-Columbia University Award, the only news organization so recognized for its work on Iraq. Her essay on Iraq was featured in the quarterly journal \"Dispatches\" which was published in 2008.\nIn February 2008 Tarabay moved to the US and she is now in the middle of a project reporting on Islam and America. Her reports can be heard on NPR's news programs 'Morning Edition' and 'All Things Considered'.\n", "Events": "Winner: Alfred I. DuPont-Columbia University Award for coverage of Iraq (2007 - 2007) \nCareer in journalism active (1997 - 2010)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-crazy-occupation-eyewitness-to-the-intifada\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/up-close-its-a-different-story\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Leighton, Patricia", "Entry ID": "AWE4448", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/leighton-patricia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Environmentalist, Farmer, Teacher", "Summary": "Patricia (Pattie) Leighton was a Western Australian nominee for the ABC Rural Woman of the Year Award in 1994. She and her husband established a property in the Cape Rich area, north-east of Albany, W.A., in 1966.\n", "Events": "Nominated for ABC Rural Woman of the Year in W.A. (1994 - 1994)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/patricia-leighton\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1994-abc-rural-woman-of-the-year-regional-winners\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brilliant-ideas-and-huge-visions-abc-radio-australian-rural-women-of-the-year-1994-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pattie-leighton-interviewed-by-ros-bowden-in-the-women-of-the-land-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-of-the-land-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Holmes, Netta", "Entry ID": "AWE4479", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/holmes-netta\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wellington, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Environmentalist, Farmer", "Summary": "Netta Holmes was the state winner of the ABC Rural Woman of the Year Award for New South Wales in 1997. At the time of the award, she was a partner in the Noonee Angus Stud in Wellington, in the Tablelands of New South Wales.\nNetta established an extraordinary record of achievement at a young age. She was a winner of the Angus Australia University of Illinois Scholarship in 1989, which gave her the opportunity to build upon her developing knowledge of the beef industry. She was the founding Chair of the local Landcare Group and assisted in the development of a regional Angus group. She has a commitment to sustainable agriculture which was aptly demonstrated in a twenty-five year plan for the family property Noonee Nyrang.\nNetta has a first class honours degree in Botany from the University of Sydney, majoring in Botany and Ecology. She also has her Artificial Insemination and Preg-testing certificates.\n", "Events": "Winner - ABC New South Wales Rural Woman of the Year (1997 - 1997)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1997-abc-new-south-wales-rural-woman-of-the-year-award-winners\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brilliant-ideas-and-huge-visions-abc-radio-australian-rural-women-of-the-year-1994-1997\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Coddington, Sally", "Entry ID": "AWE4480", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/coddington-sally\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Farmer", "Summary": "Sally Coddington was a nominee for the ABC Rural Woman if the year Award in 1997. She was regional winner for the Western Plains district in New South Wales.\nWhen Sally married Graham, a fourth generation woolgrower, she became a co-principal of Roseville Park Merino and Angus Stud. At the time of her nomination she was an active member of the Australian Wool growers Association, the New South Wales Stud Breeders Association and the Dubbo (New South Wales) Tourist Association.\nSally and Graham have handed on the management of Roseville Park to their son, Matthew and his wife Cherie. They have retained 8000 acres based around their current home of Eulandool near Dubbo and at Limestone, Parkes and run the Roseville Park Dohne (a breed of sheep that produces quality wool and meat) Stud.\n", "Events": "Nominated for ABC Rural Woman of the Year in NSW (1997 - 1997)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1997-abc-new-south-wales-rural-woman-of-the-year-award-winners\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brilliant-ideas-and-huge-visions-abc-radio-australian-rural-women-of-the-year-1994-1997\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Leake, Jane", "Entry ID": "AWE4481", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/leake-jane\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Farmer, Nurse", "Summary": "Jane Leake was a nominee for the ABC Rural Woman if the year Award in 1997. She was regional winner for the New England district in New South Wales. She manages Bahreenah one of the oldest Poll Hereford studs in Australia.\nJane trained and worked as a nurse before moving into agriculture. (Perhaps her father's professional experience as a doctor, as well as a livestock owner encouraged her down that path.) She returned to the country to run the house of a sow piggery, moving then to a 7000 acre property in the Timor district of New South Wales which ran sheep and cattle. After staring her own business (farm secretarial services) in 1989, she moved back to the family farm, of which she now has total management, in 1990.\n", "Events": "Nominated for ABC Rural Woman of the Year in NSW (1997 - 1997)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1997-abc-new-south-wales-rural-woman-of-the-year-award-winners\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituary-david-norrie-fleming-leake\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brilliant-ideas-and-huge-visions-abc-radio-australian-rural-women-of-the-year-1994-1997\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Collins, Moira", "Entry ID": "AWE4482", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collins-moira\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Environmentalist, Farmer, social activist", "Summary": "Described as 'one of the great treasures of the Bega Valley Shire', Moira Collins has been involved in a broad range of issues and interests since she arrived in the district over fifty years ago. She was a winner of the Rural Woman of the Year award in 1997 for the South East district in New South Wales.\nShe began her career in agriculture as a diary farmer with her husband Jim, and along the way re-instituted the Bega branch of the Australian Primary Producers' Union in 1961. She serves as a member of the executive of the NSW Dairy Industry Conference and the Bega Dairy Farmers' Action group.\n", "Details": "As well as being active in the politics of dairy farming for over 25 years, Moira Collins played an active role in other Bega community activities. She was on the Mumbulla Shire Council and, in the 1980s and the 90s, she campaigned strenuously to save the local forests from logging. In the 1970s, she and her husband Jim were instrumental in setting up the Tulgeen Group, an organisation that continues to provide services and opportunities for people with disabilities.\nOther services to the community include many years of service to the Bega District Hospital as a member, chair and vice-chair of the hospital board and membership of various committees and action groups that culminated in the announcement of a $100 million new hospital.\nShe and her husband were founders of the Bega Valley Advocates for Timor Leste, with Moira continuing to serve as the secretary of that group. They have committed a great deal of time and money to this cause, selling their Bega Co-op shares to fund various projects.\nIn 2009, Moira Collins was awarded a Bega Shire Medal. In 2010 she was named Bega Valley Shire Citizen of the Year.\n", "Events": "Nominated for ABC Rural Woman of the Year in NSW (1997 - 1997) \nAwarded the Bega Shire Medal (2009 - 2009) \nBega Valley Citizen of the Year (2010 - 2010)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1997-abc-new-south-wales-rural-woman-of-the-year-award-winners\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bega-valley-shire-medal\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brilliant-ideas-and-huge-visions-abc-radio-australian-rural-women-of-the-year-1994-1997\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cochrane, Catherine", "Entry ID": "AWE4495", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cochrane-catherine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Administrator, Farmer, Teacher", "Summary": "Catherine Cochrane was a regional winner of the ABC Rural Woman of the Year award in 1997. She represented the Illawarra region in New South Wales. She is the business and administrative brains behind the family run cattle property and company, Reg Cochrane Pty. Ltd.\nCatherine entered the farm in the NSW Small Business Awards in 1990 and was runner-up in the Primary Production section. She was trained as a high school teacher was a community representative at the Nowra East School Finance Committee, and President of the Parents and Citizens Association. She worked very hard for her regional community.\n", "Events": "Nominated for ABC Rural Woman of the Year in NSW (1997 - 1997)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1997-abc-new-south-wales-rural-woman-of-the-year-award-winners\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brilliant-ideas-and-huge-visions-abc-radio-australian-rural-women-of-the-year-1994-1997\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Davies, Mitty", "Entry ID": "AWE4496", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/davies-mitty\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community stalwart, Farmer, Volunteer", "Summary": "Mitty Davies was a regional winner of the ABC Rural Woman of the Year award in 1997. She represented the Broken Hill region in New South Wales. A full partner in a specialist wool growing farm enterprise, she was involved in the day to day management of two properties, 80,000 hectare Murtee Station and 28,000 hectare Oxford. Both properties, at the time of her nomination, carried a total of 26,000 sheep. It was a steep learning curve for a girl born and raised on the New South Wales coast who had never been past the Blue Mountains when she married a farmer from Wilcannia in the 1980s!\nMitty's hard work did not end at the farm gate. In 2009, she received a Queen's Birthday honour for her long and distinguished record of service to the community. She has been a member of the Wilcannia and District Hospital Board and a member of the Far West Advisory Council. She was the Wilcannia and District hospital Board Treasurer and later the Chairman. She was elected the NSW Section Councillor of the Royal Flying Doctor Service and was the Chair of the Regional RFDS Advisory Committee. She also served on the board of the Isolated Children's Parents Association.\n", "Events": "Nominated for ABC Rural Woman of the Year in NSW (1997 - 1997) \nQueen's Birthday Honour recipient (2009 - 2009)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/queens-birthday-honours-2009\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1997-abc-new-south-wales-rural-woman-of-the-year-award-winners\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brilliant-ideas-and-huge-visions-abc-radio-australian-rural-women-of-the-year-1994-1997\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rowland, Michelle Anne", "Entry ID": "AWE4601", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rowland-michelle-anne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Michelle Rowland was elected to the House of Representatives of the Australian Parliament as Member for Greenway, New South Wales at the federal election, which was held on 21 August 2010. Before her election to the federal Parliament, she had served as a local government councillor and deputy mayor of Blacktown from 2004-2008.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Adams, Beverlee", "Entry ID": "AWE4635", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/adams-beverlee\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Homebush, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Scone, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Farmer, Teacher", "Summary": "Beverlee Adams was the New South Wales winner of the ABC Rural Woman of the Year Award in 1995.\nAt the time of her award, Beverlee had been a small farm operator in the Scone district in New South Wales since 1968. She had her farm declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1973 with the belief that grazing and wild life preservation can be combined. Beverlee built up a Cherolais herd due to her belief that a low fat breed of cattle would be compatible with the 1990s trend towards less fat consumption and healthier eating.\nBeverlee contributed significantly to education on weed control in NSW and was the Scone Shire's representative on the National Parks' Advisory Committee for the Barrington Tops (1974-1992). The committee established the Broom Council program of biological control for the Broom plant and raised $300,000 to implement the program. She served as a Hunter Valley Shire Councillor and was a strong supporter of agribusiness in the community. She also had a long history of connection with green and indigenous issues in the community. In April 2000, she was the guest speaker at the Jean Arnot Memorial Luncheon held by the National Council of Women of NSW Inc. and Australian Federation of Business & Professional Women Inc. In 2011, Beverlee Adams was a member of the Board of Trustees that managed the Coal and Allied Community Trust of Rio Tinto Coal Australia.\nShe was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in June 2001 for service to local government through the Scone Shire Council, to support rural women, to sustainable agriculture and to environmental management.\n", "Events": "Winner - ABC New South Wales Rural Woman of the Year (1995 - 1995)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1995-abc-radio-rural-woman-of-the-year-state-winners\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beverlee-adams\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brilliant-ideas-and-huge-visions-abc-radio-australian-rural-women-of-the-year-1994-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/address-by-ms-beverlee-adams-nee-saul\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collection-of-ephemera-on-women\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Tredwell, Robyn", "Entry ID": "AWE4639", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tredwell-robyn\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Muwillumbah, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Derby, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Environmentalist, Farmer, Nurse", "Summary": "Robyn Tredwell was winner of the ABC Australian Rural Women of the Year Award in 1995.\n", "Details": "Robyn Tredwell, the 1995 winner of the ABC Australian Rural Woman of the year Award, is New South Wales born, Queensland farm-raised, a trained nurse, well travelled and very, very patient. She says that the profit imperative has never driven her as a farmer, which is probably just as well given the state of the property she manages just outside Derby, Western Australia, Birdwood Downs, when she took on the job in the early 1980s. Whatever the property needed at that time, it was not someone in a hurry with an eye for a quick dollar!\nBorn in 1950 in the northern rivers district of New South Wales, Robyn's journey to Birdword Downs was a circuitous one that went via Brisbane, Great Britain, Saudi Arabia, Tibet and the Amazon River. A nurse who grew up around farms and farming people in south eastern Queensland, Robyn was always interested in the stories of the world beyond Nambour. She took her nursing training with her overseas and, through the course of two decades, developed an interest in population health, well before it became an academic discipline. With an interest in prevention rather than cure, she has worked to reduce the impact of cultural stress on the health of individuals and has spent a lifetime gathering knowledge about holistic healing. An interest in ethnobotany led her to the view that approaches to land care needed to be similarly holistic.\nBy the time she got to Birdword Downs the land had been managed on environmentally sustainable principals for five years. The station was land especially excised by the Western Australian Lands department for the purposes of encouraging experimental work in pasture regenerations and land care protection in the Kimberley region. Special conditions over the lease to the property offered willing investors the opportunity of a freehold title if half the property could be planted with improved pasture grasses and legumes and boundary fenced within a certain time period. The Institute of Ecotechnics, with whom Robyn had been involved for some time, decided to invest in the project in 1978. She arrived in 1984 and has been there ever since.\nWhat she and her staff and predecessors on the property have achieved is truly remarkable. The 1900 hectare station located in the coastal ecosystem of the Kimberley region where the soils are very low in nutrients. Overgrazing with sheep and cattle and over burning made top soil vulnerable to erosion. The land was degraded to such as extent it could no longer be profitably farmed. Over the years Robyn has pioneered techniques the have seen the land successfully regenerated. Ecological methods of improving degraded lands using stock management, weed control and planting improved grasses have turned dead land into beautiful paddocks with groves of native trees, spectacular boab and eucalyptus that supports both horses and cattle. Birdwood Downs serves as a model for sustainable management of the tropical savannah.\nThere is hard science behind the land care program that the team at Birdwood Downs have implemented, which includes a commitment to experimentation and asking 'what if?' Patience and persistence with intensive programs of land clearance, replanting, maintenance and the ecological management of horses and cattle have seen results that the staff now pass on as training programs for students at Derby Institute of TAFE.\nHowever, what Robyn brings to the program that sets it apart is her belief that sustainable properties can only be created in partnership with sustainable communities. On remote properties, maintaining this sense of community can be as challenging as maintaining the land. 'On this property,' she says, 'we use management, science and artistic expression to create sustainability'. She has worked very hard to create a space where cultural and cross-cultural communication can take place. A shady grove of mahogany trees creates a natural outdoor meeting place while a huge purpose built shed creates theatrical opportunities. Robyn has run arts workshop programs with indigenous and overseas artists, and has hosted many conferences and land council meetings. The Crow and Cockatoo Theatre Company has been running from the property for over thirty years making it, quite possibly, the oldest theatre company in the Kimberley.\nRobyn was surprised to discover she had been nominated for the ABC Radio Rural Woman of the Year Award, and was even more surprised when she won the national award in 1995. She has always believed the award to be special to the region, not just to the women who lived there. 'The early 1990s were such hard times,' she said, 'it was so important for the Kimberley region to get some focus.' She was still in a frame of mind which made it difficult for her to understand 'women's issues' as something separate from rural and regional issues. Nevertheless, she believed the award to be very important as a mechanism for encouraging women to step forward, thus creating better balance in decision making. It was particularly important for Aboriginal women to see their own leadership potential.\nLike all other award winners, Robyn enjoyed the 'Canberra Experience' enormously. Luxury in a five star hotel came as a pleasant change from the life she normally lived, but it was enjoying the company of other women that she appreciated the most. She came to understand that winning the award wasn't the point of the award, admiring the achievements of all rural and regional women was. The ABC Radio Australian Rural Woman of the year was there to represent the diversity of Australian rural women, 'an idea of rural womanhood.' She was happy to be that representative.\nIn 2011, Robyn Tredwell is Project Director of the Birdwood Downs Institute of Ecotechnics Tropical Savannah project. She is still out there, demonstrating how even the most degraded properties can be brought back to life through the investment of time and a commitment to living in balance with the environment. 'To create successful communities', she says, we need to care for people and the environment, and create good management structures.' Everything else worth waiting for will follow.\nRobyn Tredwell passed away in September 2012 following a battle with Brain cancer. She is survived by a son and her husband.\n", "Events": "Winner - ABC Australian Rural Woman of the Year (1995 - 1995)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/website-of-the-birdwood-downs-company\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/robyn-tredwell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/waste-not-want-not\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/international-indicators-of-good-health-practice-for-remote-areas\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1995-national-winner\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brilliant-ideas-and-huge-visions-abc-radio-australian-rural-women-of-the-year-1994-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/robyn-tredwell-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-rural-women-of-the-year-award-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gavin, Agnes Adele", "Entry ID": "AWE4720", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gavin-agnes-adele\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Kensington, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor, Scriptwriter", "Summary": "Agnes Gavin is commonly historicised as a supporting figure to her husband's film ambitions. This inaccurate perception, however, minimises her contribution to early Australian silent film, most notably as one of the first female scriptwriters to achieve international success with her scripts.\nAgnes Adele Wangenhein was born in Sydney in 1872. In 1890, she married Barney Kurtz, however they divorced shortly after. On 1 October 1898, she married stage actor John Frances Henry Gavin.\nGavin and her husband both worked as actors in the Bland Holt stage company and in vaudeville for many years.\nGavin made her credited debut in Forsyth's Moonlight (1910). In this film, Gavin played an Aboriginal girl named Bunda.\nGavin's husband then began to direct his own films. Gavin played small parts in her husband's films and was credited as scenario writer for Ben Hall and His Gang (1911), Frank Gardiner, King of the Road (1911), The Assigned Servant (1911), Keane of Kalgoorlie (1911), The Drover's Sweetheart (1911) and Assigned to his Wife (1911).\nIn 1916 Gavin and her husband released their most successful film,The Martyrdom of Nurse Cavell, for the Australian Famous Feature Company. The film told the story of English nurse Edith Cavell who was executed by the German Army in October 1915. Written by Gavin, the film was well received in Australia, Britain and the USA.\nGavin's next script again focused upon German war atrocities. The Murder of Captain Fryatt (1917) told of the murder of a commander of a merchant ship. This film was not received as well.\nAfter this unsuccessful script, she returned to the subject of bushrangers and convicts in His Convict Bride (1918). Later in 1918, Gavin and her husband moved to Hollywood where her husband acted in Western and comedy feature films. It is not known what Gavin did during this time.\nIn 1925, Gavin and her husband returned to Australia permanently. Upon return, she wrote her final scripts for Trooper O'Brien (1928) and The Adorable Outcast (1928).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-film-1900-1977-a-guide-to-feature-film-production\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gavin-agnes-semi-profile-upper-body-portrait-looking-to-her-left-into-the-camera\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trooper-obrien-original-release\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-martyrdom-of-nurse-cavell-documentation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/his-convict-bride-documentation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moonlite-documentation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-assigned-servant-documentation\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Levy, Sandra", "Entry ID": "AWE4724", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/levy-sandra\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Director, Producer", "Summary": "Sandra Levy is an Australian film and television producer. Levy has held a number of head positions in the Australian television industry, including Director of Television at ABC. In 2007, Levy was appointed CEO of the Australian Film, Television and Radio School. Throughout her career, Levy has produced a number of iconic Australian films including High Tide (Armstrong, 1987), Police Rescue: The Movie (Carson, 1993), The Well (Lang, 1997), Secret Men's Business (Cameron, 1999) and Serenades (Khadem, 2000).\n", "Details": "Sandra Levy studied English literature at the University of Sydney. At university, Levy became a fringe member of the left wing political set, the Push.\nAfter Levy graduated, she began to make small budget films. In 1978, Levy co-produced the short film Showtime with Jan Chapman. Showtime tells the story of a young woman who takes a teaching position in a small country town. The townspeople, however, begin to suspect a relationship between the young teacher and another woman. The short film raised questions about how the town believed this relationship would have dangerous implications for the school children.\nIn 1986, Levy produced High TideHigh Tide. The film was directed by Gillian Armstrong and written by Laura Jones. Judy Davis won an AFI Award for her performance as the lead character, Lili. Lili is a back up singer for an Elvis impersonator who gets stranded in a small coastal town. While stuck in the town, Lili befriends a teenager girl who is in fact the daughter she left as an infant.\nAs a trainee at the ABC, Levy became experienced in script editing and production: 'I just thought I'd landed on the moon. It was like all of the skills that I had, all of the interest I had in ideas, and the literary, intellectual, political, creative interests came together. From that moment, that was it.' From 1987 to 1989, Levy was Head of Drama at ABC.\nFrom 1989 to 1998, Levy was Head of Drama at Southern Star. In 1997, Levy produced The Well (Lang), a psychological thriller written by Laura Jones. The Well is about two very different women who form a tender, yet manipulative, relationship. When one of the women runs over a stranger on the road near their house, a battle of wits between the two women in triggered.\nBetween 2001 and 2005, Levy was Director of Television at ABC. Her time at ABC was successful, with an audience increase of 24 per cent, and the introduction of popular television shows including: Kath and Kim, New Inventors, Spicks and Specks, Enough Rope with Andrew Denton, The Chaser, and many more.\nIn 2002, Levy produced the successful film Serenades (Khadem). Serenades tells the story of Jila, the daughter of an Afghan father and Aboriginal mother. Jila grows up in a mission and is best friends with Johann, the son of the Lutheran pastor. After the death of her mother, Jila is taken from the mission and raised a Muslim by her father. As adults, Jila and Johann meet again and fall in love, however are restricted by their cultural backgrounds.\nIn 2006, Levy was Head of Drama at Channel 9. In 2007, Levy was appointed CEO of the Australian Film, Television and Radio School.\nLevy has been married and divorced twice and has one son.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/look-at-me-behind-the-scenes-of-australian-tv-and-the-women-who-made-it\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-companion-to-australian-film\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/its-her-abc\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-knowledge-sandra-levy\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-well-original-release\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-sandra-levy-film-producer-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/showtime\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-working-in-television-project-interview-with-sandra-levy\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/come-in-spinner\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Donaldson, Mona Emily Gertrude", "Entry ID": "AWE4734", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/donaldson-mona-emily-gertrude\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Kirribilli, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Film editor", "Summary": "Mona Donaldson is an important figure in early Australian film production and worked as film editor on numerous quintessentially Australian films.\nIn February 1915, at the age of 15, Mona Donaldson began work for Australasian Films in Sydney as a film examiner. In 1917, she moved to Paramount and worked first as a film examiner and then a booking clerk. In 1921, Donaldson left work to take care of her mother. Once she could return to work, her previous work experience again allowed her a job with Australasian Films.\nDonaldson soon became known for her competence and perfectionism. This was said to have led to a reputation of being formal and distant.\nMany of Donaldson's early editing is uncredited. In an interview with Andree Wright and Stuart Young in the 1980s, Donaldson described cutting for Whyte's Painted Daughters (1925), Webb's Tall Timber (1926) and The Grey Glove (1928) and Longford's Hills of Hate (1926) and The Pioneers (1926).\nDonaldson's first clear onscreen recognition for editing was in For the Term of His Natural Life (Dawn, 1927). The silent film was based on a novel by Marcus Clarke of the same name and tells the story of an English aristocrat who is transported for life as a convict to Van Dieman's Land for a crime he did not commit.\nDonaldson again worked with director Norman Dawn on his film The Adorable Outcast (1927). The film was based on the romantic adventure novel, Conn of the Coral Seas by Beatrice Grimshaw.\nIn 1928, Lacey Percival, a colleague from Australasian Films, left and started Automatic Films. He invited Donaldson to join him. Donaldson used this job offer to attempt to get a pay raise from Australasian Films, however they refused and she began work for Automatic Films.\nWhile working at Automatic Films, Donaldson was 'loaned out' to work on other feature films. She re-edited Chauvel's Heritage (1935), which then won the Australian Film Award in 1935. She worked again with Chauvel on Uncivilised (1936). Donaldson also co-edited Badger's Rangle River (1936). In 1937, Donaldson edited Chauvel's documentary about how screen tests were conducted, Screen Test.\nIn 1946, after working for Automatic Films for eighteen years, Donaldson fell ill and was hospitalised for seven months. During this time, Donaldson was denied sick leave and she was fired. Both Cinesound and Commonwealth Film Laboratories offered her employment, however she decided to leave the film industry completely.\nUpon retirement from the Australian film industry, Donaldson bought a shop in Chatswood and became a successful milliner.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-film-1900-1977-a-guide-to-feature-film-production\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/donaldson-mona-interviewed-by-andree-wright-and-stuart-young-oral-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-adorable-outcast-original-release\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/for-the-term-of-his-natural-life-original-release\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/screen-test\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/black-cargo-of-the-south-seas\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-grey-glove-stills\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wardle, Patience Australie", "Entry ID": "AWE4782", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wardle-patience-australie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory", "Occupations": "Librarian, Teacher", "Details": "Pat was born in Hornsby, Sydney, New South Wales on 20 June 1910, the eldest of the four daughters of Dr Robin Tillyard and Patricia Tillyard (birth name Craske). Her sisters were Faith, Alison Hope and Honor. She attended Abbotsleigh School from 1917 to 1920 when the family moved to Nelson, New Zealand where she attended Nelson Girls' College, successfully completing her university entrance examinations. Despite the protestations of the daughters, the family then moved to Canberra in 1928 where her father, Dr Robin Tillyard, took up the position of first head of the then Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Division of Entomology.\nShe won one of the first three Canberra Scholarships to attend the University of Sydney. She stayed at the Women's College and was a member of the Students' Representative Council in 1930. In 1932 she gained an Arts degree with second class honours in Latin. She was an active hockey and cricket player and gained a hockey Blue. She captained the university hockey team and later played international hockey in England.\nPat went to England in 1933 to complete an MA but due to her father's ill health and resulting financial pressures on the family she obtained a teaching position at Liskeard County School in Cornwall where she stayed until 1936. She took the opportunity to travel extensively in the UK where the family had relatives, and also in Europe. She travelled on her trips in the car she christened 'Matilda' and fell in love with Cornwall. She wrote lengthy and frequent correspondence to her parents reporting on every detail of her life. She was also a meticulous diarist. While she was returning to Australia in early 1937 her father died in a motor vehicle accident. Hope was driving the car when the accident happened near Goulburn.\nOn her return from England she and Hope lived in Canberra with her mother, Patricia at the Dial House in Red Hill, ACT. She was employed first at the fledgling National Library and then at the Parliamentary Library. She had senior roles with the Girl Guides. Pat returned to England in mid-1939 to study for a Diploma in Librarianship but the course was cancelled with the start of World War II. As part of the war effort she and her sister Hope drove ambulances. As Hope was not well they returned in August 1940 to Australia on the SS Rotorua escorting evacuee children. Later that year Pat was employed as a Research Librarian with the Department of Commerce.\nFrom 1942 to 1946 she was a commissioned officer in the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF), stationed successively at Uranquinty, Point Cook and Evans Head. She gained the rank of Flight Officer and at her discharge was WAAAF Commandant at Air Force Headquarters. After the war she lived at her mother's new house 'The Spinney', 2 Mugga Way, Forrest, ACT, where she helped set out the garden.\nFollowing her service with the WAAAF Pat joined the Department of Post War Reconstruction where she was on the first Wheat Costs survey in the area of the department that was to become the Bureau of Agricultural Economics.\nIn 1953 she was a foundation member of the Canberra & District Historical Society (CDHS) for which she worked tirelessly for 38 years. She was Newsletter Editor for nearly 30 years until 1982, a Councillor for 20 years (1960 to 1980), President 1965-67 and Vice-President 1970-71. She was heavily involved in the organisation of excursions, giving talks and helping with the upkeep of Blundell's farmhouse, then operated by CDHS. She was made a life member in 1983. Her services to community history were recognised with the award of the Medal of the Order of Australia on 26 January 1990.\nIn 1955 Pat married Robert Norman Wardle, Director of Veterinary Hygiene, Department of Health. They lived at 49 Melbourne Avenue, Forrest, ACT and in 1963 purchased a 40 acre property near Murrumbateman which they named 'Maitai' after the Tillyard's family home in Nelson, New Zealand and where Bob bred and raised horses. After his death in 1979, Pat continued to visit the property until her death.\nIn 1981 she moved to a new house at 8 Couvreur Street, Garran, ACT which was designed by her niece Hilary Hewitt, daughter of Hope and Lennox Hewitt. In her seventies she made an overseas trip to England (especially to her beloved Cornwall), Scotland, Norway and Gallipoli. She was strongly involved with St John's Church, Reid, particularly through the St John's Women's Movement and she had many other interests including gardening, natural history and writing. She co-authored with A.W. Martin Members of the Legislative Council of New South Wales' (ANU, Canberra, 1959); edited A Visit to Blundell's Farmhouse (CDHS, 1972) and wrote the introduction and notes for Eirene Mort's Old Canberra: A sketchbook of the 1920s (National Library of Australia, 1987). She also contributed many chapters, journal articles and newsletter entries.\nPat died in a motor vehicle accident on 22 April 1992 when driving her small red utility registration ACT 70. She had lived in Canberra for 56 years.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/patience-pat-australia-wardle-nee-tillyard\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituary-patience-australia-wardle\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-papers-of-patience-australie-wardle\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rudduck, Loma Butterworth", "Entry ID": "AWE4785", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rudduck-loma-butterworth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Hay, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Bendigo, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Community activist, Historian, Liaison officer, Radio Broadcaster", "Summary": "From the time she arrived in Canberra in 1943 as a young wife and mother, Loma Rudduck became actively involved in several community organisations particularly those supporting women and children in the young and growing city. She was one of the founders and later president of the Canberra Pre-School Society and represented it on the National Council of Women. Later she was federal executive officer of the Australian Pre-School Association. For 14 years she recorded a weekly talk on women's issues, 'Canberra Roundup', broadcast on ABC National radio. After the death of her husband in 1964 she worked at information centres, established by the National Capital Development Commission (NCDC) in the new towns of Woden, Weston Creek and Belconnen, and as a liaison officer between the NCDC and the National Council of Women. She was a president of the Canberra Embroiderers' Guild and took a prominent part in an Australia-wide project to produce an embroidery for the opening of the new Parliament House in 1988. Loma recorded the history of several organisations with which she was associated. She was a founder of the Canberra and District Historical Society and was honoured with life membership.\n", "Details": "Loma Amos was born on 8 August 1914 in Hay, New South Wales, but travelled with her mother to Fiji, where both her parents were working as missionaries, soon after her birth. She was educated by correspondence and, when it was time for her to start high school, the family left Fiji and Loma was enrolled at the Methodist Ladies College, Melbourne. Afterwards, Loma trained as a pre-school teacher. On 2 September 1939 she married architect and town planner, Grenfell Rudduck, at Queen's College Chapel, University of Melbourne, in a ceremony conducted by her father, a Methodist minister.\nMoving to Canberra in 1943 with her husband and the first of her four children, Loma joined other women in forming the Canberra Nursery Kindergarten Society (later the Canberra Pre-School Society). She was on the Society's Council from its inception and served as president in 1946-1947 and 1948-1949. She represented the Society on the National Council of Women and from 1945 to 1950 was a member of the Department of the Interior's Pre-School Advisory Committee.\nIn 1954 Loma was invited to contribute a weekly 'Canberra Roundup' to be broadcast on ABC National radio as part of the women's session. She continued presenting this weekly segment for the next fourteen years, even while the family was living in Pakistan where her husband was a United Nations adviser.\nEncouraged by a Reid neighbour, Lu Rees, founder of the Children's Book Council in the ACT, Loma Rudduck became honorary secretary of the Council and was president 1960-1961. She was a member of the Canberra Public Library Advisory Committee in 1961-1962.\nIn 1964 after the sudden death of her husband, an Associate Commissioner of the National Capital Development Commission (NCDC), the NCDC Commissioner, (Sir) John Overall offered her the role of liaison officer between the NCDC and the National Council of Women. Employed in the NCDC's public relations section she ran an information centre, set up in a temporary structure in the bare paddocks rapidly being transformed into the new towns of Woden, Weston Creek and Belconnen, advising and helping new residents.\nAfter five years in this position, Loma was asked to become Executive Officer of the recently formed Australian Pre-School Association. She held this position in pre-school administration, a satisfying return to her pre-school profession, from 1970 to 1975.\nThe inaugural meeting at which the Embroiderers' Guild of the ACT was formed was held in Loma Rudduck's Reid home. She was the Guild's newsletter editor in 1979-1981, president in 1982-1983 and was prominent in moves by the Guild in an Australia-wide project to make and present a major piece of embroidery to the new Parliament House in 1988. She wrote the Guild's history in 1992.\nLoma was instrumental in Canberra acquiring a floral emblem. After complaining to the then Minister for the Interior, Michael Hodgman, about the Territory's lack of a floral emblem, she was appointed to a committee to recommend one. The committee unanimously chose the Royal Bluebell (Wahlenbergia gloriosa).\nLoma Rudduck was also a significant historian. In 1953 she and her husband helped W.P. Bluett establish the Canberra and District Historical Society; she remained an active member of the Society and was made a life member in 1992. She campaigned to save Glebe House (demolished in 1954) and Blundell's Cottage, which remains as a historical link with Canberra's past. She documented the history of several projects in which she was involved. These histories included: The Mothering Years (with Helen Crisp), a history of the Canberra Mothercraft Society, the forerunner of the Canberra Pre-School Society; a history of the Embroiderers' Guild of the ACT, And So to Sew; and a manuscript history of the Canberra Pre-School Society 1943-60, held in the ACT Heritage Library. She also completed several books of family history and books of advice for families of pre-school children.\nIn the 1980s Loma Rudduck moved to the family's holiday home at Long Beach on the South Coast of New South Wales. She died in Bendigo in 2005 aged 91 while visiting family. A street in the Canberra suburb of Forde is named in her honour.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/and-so-to-sew-a-history-of-embroidery-in-the-australian-capital-territory\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-district-historical-society\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-society-begins\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/federation-of-australian-historical-societies-inc-newsletter\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rudduck-grenfell-1914-1964\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-short-story-about-a-long-time-ago\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rudduck-loma-canberra-pre-school-society-a-record-1943-60-canberra-1960-23-p\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-loma-rudduck-1944-1968-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McAppion, Beulah Rose", "Entry ID": "AWE4786", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcappion-beulah-rose\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Public servant", "Summary": "Beulah McAppion is descended from several pioneer families in Canberra's Ginninderra district, the Southwells, Gribbles and Currans. Her grandfather, Henry Curran, was the last Ginninderra blacksmith. Educated at Hall Primary School and Canberra High School, she joined the Commonwealth Department of Price Control in 1942 and following the war served as a clerk in he Commonwealth Superannuation Retirement Benefits Office until 1968. She then managed a cake shop and in the 1980s worked as a volunteer visitor in the Red Cross service for home bound people. From 2002 she was a volunteer counsellor with the Uniting Church.\n", "Details": "Beulah McAppion was born on 26 September 1927 in Queanbeyan, New South Wales, one of the four children of Arthur Henry Curran and Phylis Una (ne\u00e9 Southwell). Her paternal grandfather, Henry Roland Joseph Curran (Harry), operated the Ginninderra blacksmith's shop and lived in an adjacent house with his wife Agnes (ne\u00e9 Gribble). During her childhood, Beulah saw her grandparents almost every day and has fond and vivid memories of them, their home and her grandfather's workshop. Educated at Hall Primary School and Canberra High School, Beulah joined the Commonwealth Department of Price Control in 1942 and following the war served as a clerk in the Commonwealth Superannuation Retirement Benefits Office until 1968. She then managed a cake shop and in the 1980s worked as a volunteer visitor in the Red Cross service for home bound people. From 2002 she was a volunteer counsellor with the Uniting Church.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hmss-0326-beulah-mcappion-oral-history-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cunningham, Mary Emily", "Entry ID": "AWE4788", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cunningham-mary-emily\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Goulburn, New South Wales", "Death Place": "Fairvale' Canberra, Australian Capital Territory", "Occupations": "Activist, Pastoralist wife, Poet, Red Cross Worker, War Worker", "Summary": "Born to English parents, and daughter of the Surveyor General, Mary Emily Twynam married wealthy pastoralist James 'Jim' Cunningham and became an important and formative figure in the developing pastoralist community in the Tuggeranong district. She was a compassionate, sensitive and intellectually curious woman whose capacity for friendship and kindness turned her homestead 'Tuggranong' into the social focal point of the community. Her early married years were taken up with raising eight children and battling with the bouts of serious depression that would shadow her for her entire life. As her children grew she found time to indulge in her love of gardening as well as pursue her passion for poetry and the written word. Cunningham was also an outspoken advocate for conscription during the two referenda in 1916 and was dedicated to fundraising for soldiers in the Great War.\n", "Details": "Mary Emily Twynam was born and grew up in the New South Wales township of Goulburn. Her family home 'Riversdale' was a place she always remembered fondly. Her father, Edward Twynam came to the colony in 1855 from England and prospered as a surveyor. He would eventually go on to become the Surveyor General. His wife Emily Rose was an accomplished artist who left behind many beautiful woodcarvings and etchings. She took a keen interest in the natural world and Mary Emily seems to have inherited a love of gardening and nature from her. From the archival material that exists Emily Rose appears to have been a loving and kind mother to her children. Mary Emily however, developed a close bond with her father that would be one of the cornerstones of her whole life. They shared an interest in literary pursuits and both possessed keen and inquiring intellects. As an adult Mary would often run drafts of her poems and ideas by her father. Like other young women of her class, Mary was educated at home by Governess Miss Nora Martyr. 'Riversdale' was to occupy a special place in Mary's heart for her whole life indicating that she had a warm loving and happy childhood in the place she would call 'Home' until her death.\nOn 24 April 1889 a 19 year old Mary Emily was married to successful pastoralist James 'Jim' Cunningham, who at 39 was 20 years her senior. It was a marriage partly borne of duty, but one which would become, if not passionate, stable and affectionate. After a honeymoon abroad in Europe the couple returned to Australia to settle at 'Tuggranong' (spelled this way to distinguish it from the surrounding Tuggeranong district). 'Tuggranong' was one of a number of properties owned by Jim Cunningham and his brother Andrew Jackson Cunningham. 'Tuggranong' like the brothers' nearby property 'Lanyon' was a large sheep station on the eastern banks of the Murrumbidgee river; up to 50 000 sheep were shorn at the 'Tuggranong' sheds. The brothers also had properties on the western side of the river as well as holdings in the Cooma and Forbes districts. Both 'Lanyon' and 'Tuggranong' would come to occupy an important part of Mary's heart and life with both providing her a deep sense of place and belonging. She also left her mark on both properties with her skilful and committed gardening.\nMary Emily was already pregnant with the couple's first child by the time they settled at 'Tuggranong' and on 2 June 1890 Jane Cynthia Cunningham was born. Seven more children would follow in the next 12 years. During this period Mary's first documented battle with what we would now call depression or postnatal depression occurred. Mary herself never referred to these battles in her letters or notebooks, but references to her breakdown in 1902, after the birth of her son Alexander 'Pax', are found in her family's letters. In October 1903 Mary's sister, Edith wrote from 'Riversdale' to her friend Stella Miles Franklin and expressed relief and gratitude at Mary's restoration 'from the dead'.\nDespite her personal struggles with such darkness Mary remained a much loved, and loving, member of her community. She took to her role as a successful pastoralist's wife with gusto attending balls, getting involved in fundraising activities for the parish church as well as other causes like raising funds for a local hospital. The homestead itself became the social hub of the district and Mary and Jim hosted many fine gatherings there. When the new military academy at Duntroon was opened in June 1911 Mary warmly welcomed the cadets. Many of them would call on 'Tuggranong' whenever possible, probably in part due to her teenaged daughters, and a few would keep up correspondence with Mary when they were serving overseas in the Great War a few years later. Her involvement in the community and her loyal and giving friendship were all the more admirable as in these years she lost both her eldest daughter Jane Cynthia to appendicitis and her beloved mother just a few short weeks later.\nBy 1914 with the Great War well and truly looming large the family moved to 'Lanyon'. The move was precipitated by the death of Andrew Jackson as well the changes afoot with the planning for the new Federal Capital. There were uncertainties about how quickly 'Tuggranong' would be reclaimed as Commonwealth land and so a move to 'Lanyon' afforded the family some stability. At this time the couple offered 'Tuggranong' to the Commonwealth government as a convalescent hospital for the duration of the war, but this offer was not taken up. The war also caused other shifts in the Cunningham family and in the texture of Mary's everyday life. Always a staunch supporter of Empire, (her Empire Day bonfires for the Tuggeranong district were big affairs) Mary was unequivocally supportive of the war. Her eldest son, Andrew would go on to distinguished service with the First Light Horse Regiment, and her sister Joan served as nurse overseas for the duration of the war.\nMary herself became a passionate fundraiser and like many of her class a committed advocate of conscription during the campaigns in 1916. To the disapproval of some of the conservative people in her community she took a public role in joining a local pro-conscription committee. In the winter of 1915 she threw a ball at 'Lanyon' to raise funds for the Red Cross, and in 1917 she took the post of president of the newly created War Chest Flower Shop. The War Chest was established in 1914 as fundraising group that aimed to support all soldiers, not just the wounded ones like the Red Cross did. The position meant Mary had to travel between Sydney and 'Lanyon' of which she was now involved in managing as her husband had succumbed to chronic ill-health. The Flower shop, based on Elizabeth Street in Sydney, sold fresh produce, fresh flowers and over time Mary would come to sell some of her poems in the store too; a move she relied on her father to help her make with him often acting as critic and editor of her work. The Flower Shop was a successful venture and they eventually moved to larger premises on George Street. Despite the growing pressures and gloom of her ailing husband Mary, as always, formed supportive intellectually stimulating and loyal friendships, she struck a particularly affectionate relationship with the young artist Grace Cossington-Smith during these years.\nAfter the war Mary's life changed. Her son Andrew returned from war in 1919 but had been broken by his service and eventually descended into alcoholism. He took over 'Lanyon' as Mary was now based in Bondi, Sydney with Jim whose health was too poor to be in the cold southern climate. Andrew proceeded to publicly disgrace the family and mismanage 'Lanyon' to the point that it was publicly auctioned off in 1926, much to Mary's dismay. 'Tuggranong' was also gone by this stage having been taken over by the Department of Defence in 1922; it became the Official Historian, Charles Bean's residence for the duration of the history's writing. Both of these losses came after a deeply felt loss of Jim, who died on 28 December 1921 after years of poorly healthy. For a woman so bound to community, place and family Mary was adrift in many ways. After Jim's death she went 'home' to reside at 'Riversdale', but the final hurt came with the death of her father in 1923 after just a brief illness. After this latest grief she split her time between 'Riversdale' and 'Fairwater', a property near Ulladulla that she acquired in 1927 after the sale of 'Lanyon'. Here Mary withdrew into her herself and unlike in 1902 her family was now grown and busy with their own lives and did not rally around to pull her out of her darkness. She died alone at 'Fairvale' (her daughter's home) at the age 61 on 15 November 1930. Her death certificate refers to her refusal to take drink or food and of her 'unsound mind'. Her son Andrew found her body and had her buried at the family cemetery at 'Lanyon' where her husband and four of her daughters also lay. With the end of her life so came the end of an era of her family's proud pastoral heritage and deep ties with the land and people of the Tuggeranong valley.\nRead more about Mary Cunningham's activities during World War I at the exhibition Canberra Women in World War 1: Community at Home, Nurses Abroad.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/funeral-notice-mrs-m-cunningham\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marriage-notice\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/silver-wedding\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cunningham-james-jim-1850-1921\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cunningham-mary-emily-1870-1930\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lanyon-homestead\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tuggeranong-homestead\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/twynam-edward-1832-1923\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-cunningham-an-australian-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beautiful-colours-to-arrange-mary-cunningham-mistress-of-tuggeranong\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-official-history-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1914-1918-australia-during-the-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-1910-1960-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-1858-1931-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-cunningham-family-1834-1902-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McKeahnie, Elizabeth Julia", "Entry ID": "AWE4789", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mckeahnie-elizabeth-julia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Boboyan', near Queanbeyan, New South Wales", "Death Place": "Blythburn' near Tharwa, Australian Capital Territory", "Occupations": "Pastoralist, Poet", "Summary": "Elizabeth McKeahnie was a successful, independent pastoralist between 1882 and 1911, at a time when women generally did not run their own properties. She owned and operated Blythburn, an 810ha dairy and cattle property next to her parents' property, Booroomba, near Tharwa. She usually worked the property singlehanded, when necessary employing only women to assist her. McKeahnie was also a poet, publishing poems in the local newspaper, particularly after the deaths of friends and relatives.\n", "Details": "The daughter of Charles and Elizabeth McKeahnie, who emigrated to New South Wales in 1838, Elizabeth McKeahnie was born and grew up in country New South Wales (in what is now the ACT). Over six-foot tall in adulthood, McKeahnie was an imposing figure. She apparently rode astride and carried an ivory-handled revolver. She was known as a skilled rider and horsebreaker, regularly travelling long distances on horseback to visit family and friends. As well as caring for her aging parents (her mother died in 1899 and her father four years later), she also ran her own dairy and cattle property independently. Among the women who worked for her, according to Canberra resident, Una West, who was interviewed in 1983, were Ruth and Grace Kirchner and Mary Ann Warner. One family story suggests that when she was too ill to do the milking, those men who volunteered to assist had to wear women's clothing while completing the task.\nMckeahnie seems to have been regarded as somewhat eccentric but her obituary also emphasized her 'feminine' qualities. She was remembered as a 'gracious and warm-hearted lady.'\nAlways impeccably dressed\u2026her conversational gifts were above the average, and, taken altogether, she was a woman as much higher in womanly qualities as she was in stature above the ordinary.\nMcKeahnie's homestead at Blythburn still stands and is on the ACT National Trust List of Classified Places. (Latitude: 42.224420\u00b0 N, Longitude: 94.195630\u00b0 W) The main structure, which consists of three rooms opening onto a verandah without interconnecting doors, still survives, along with a kitchen building. There is also evidence of further outbuildings. The building was lived in for several years during the 1940s, when one room was converted to a kitchen, but is otherwise reminiscent of McKeahnie's occupation between 1882 and 1919. McKeahnie received Blythburn from her father in 1882 and after his death she bought adjoining land in 1905 and 1908. Her brother Charles assumed active management of the entire property in 1911, but McKeahnie lived in the house until her death.\nLike the rest of her family McKeahnie was active in the Presbyterian Church. Her family had a long association with St Stephen's in Queanbeyan, where she is buried in the family plot. Her mother laid the foundation stones of both the church in 1872 and the manse eleven years later and her brother donated the McKeahnie Font, in memory of his parents and two daughters. A memorial tablet commemorating Elizabeth McKeahnie was unveiled inside the church in 1921.\nMcKeahnie also wrote poetry, primarily in times of grief and distress. 'My Darling Niece' was written after the death in 1877 of her niece, Jane Elizabeth McKeahnie, and 'In Memorial' in 1907 for Charles, the son of her brother, Archibald. Several of her poems were published in the Queanbeyan Age. Other poems included 'Effect of the Drought' and 'Gone', neither particularly cheerful. 'Gone' was written in 1892, a few months after the death of Kenneth Cameron, who was also memorialized in 'In Memory of Kenneth Cameron'. (1891) Cameron was a close friend who had proposed marriage to her. McKeahnie's father refused to give his permission, although it is not clear why. Both were members of the same church and Cameron had no financial problems. He was twenty-one years older than McKeahnie. Neither Cameron nor McKeahnie ever married and legend has it that McKeahnie wore a black -banded wedding ring engraved with Cameron's initials after his death. There has been a suggestion that Charles McKeahnie gave his daughter the Blythburn property as some sort of compensation for refusing to allow her to marry.\nA contributor to the Queanbeyan Age and Observer, writing about McKeahnie several months after her death, concluded 'Nature seemed to point her for something else, but it was the old, old story of a wasted life and 'what might have been.' There is certainly a sense of disappointment in McKeahnie's life, particularly in relation to her thwarted relationship with Kenneth Cameron, and some sadness is reflected in her poetry. Nevertheless, she seems to have been a well-respected and admired member of the local community. She had financial independence. She found enjoyment in her garden and her poetry and undoubtedly took pride in her ability to run a successful cattle and dairy farm. She remains remarkable as one of few rural women of her era to run a successful independent business on the land.\nPoetry (collected in Lyall Gillespie's, Early verse of the Canberra region):\n\nDear Land of My Ancestors (1876)\nOnly A Dream (1876)\nAwa' Cald Winter (1876)\nMy Darling Niece (1877)\nWhat I Love (1878)\nIn Memory of Mr Kenneth Cameron (1891)\nIn Memory of Mr Kenneth Cameron: Fate (1891)\nAlone (date unknown)\nA Memoir (1895)\nIn Memoriam (1906)\n\nPoetry (collected in Brian Moore, Cotter Country):\n\nEffect of the Drought (date unknown)\nGone (1892)\nIn Memoriam (1907)\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/early-verse-of-the-canberra-region-a-collection-of-poetry-verse-and-doggerel-from-newspapers-other-publications-and-private-sources\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cotter-country\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/act-heritage-register-decision-about-registration-for-booroomba-station-incorporating-blythburn-and-braeside-and-adjacent-plouhlands\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blythburn-conservation-plan-stage-1-the-buildings-report-prepared-for-anna-and-john-hyles-act\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/strine-design-for-australian-department-of-housing-and-construction-a-c-t-regionblythburn-cottage-conservation-plan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/classified-places-act-national-trust-list-of-classified-c-or-recorded-r-places\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blythburn-2000-01\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-julia-mckeahnie\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/enterprising-gaels-become-pioneer-pastoralists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Galvin, Carmel", "Entry ID": "AWE4819", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/galvin-carmel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Business owner", "Details": "Carmel Galvin was born in 1937, the only daughter of Jessica Dodd and Ted Mabbut, a New South Wales detective. Her mother refused his offer of marriage and courageously decided to raise her daughter herself. Her family disowned her - this was normal for the time. She was not abandoned by Mabbut, who remained a friend and confidant until his death.\nShe was brought up by her mother and attended St Josephs School in Sydney. Her mother supported them both, at a time when there was no Centrelink. Although trained as a concert pianist, there was little work of this type available here in Australia, and she did orchestrations for other musicians, some work as a pianist with the A.B.C. and between times washed dishes in a cafe. In those days, everyone at the ABC dressed formally, and even though she was unseen, she still had to dress grandly as she performed - sometimes the cheque was less than the cost of the dress.\nCarmel started at Dyecraft at the age of sixteen, this was a section of Prestege, the stocking people and was in the laboratory where they tested colours and selected the ones that would be popular for that season. She married Frederick Galvin three years later, and they had one daughter. Frederick died suddenly of a heart attack ten years later.\nSix years further on, Carmel met Walter, and it was as if they had known each other forever. They dabbled in real estate, and at one time bought a boat hire business in North Queensland. Having sold that, they retired to the Gold Coast. Walter died in 1991, and after his death, Carmel, who was feeling very depressed, went to her doctor, and said \"I think my hormones need adjusting\". Her doctor told her, 'There's nothing the matter with your hormones, get out and DO something with your life'. So, Carmel got all the newspapers with the businesses for sale, but found the only ones that looked interesting had the words, 'has potential,' which means they are not making any money.\nA few weeks later, she got an anonymous letter with a cutting from the Australasian Post, that said that Marlene, one of the Madams in Kalgoorlie, wanted to sell her galvanised iron brothel. And the rest is history.\nShe began her career during the containment policy for brothels in Western Australia and has seen many changes in the sex industry. The brothel building remains true to its original design, as Carmel has a commitment to the history of the institution and its function in Kalgoorlie society.\nCarmel continues to work as the brothel madam of the Questa Casa while also conducting tours of the premises for visitors to Kalgoorlie.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carmel-galvin-interviewed-by-criena-fitzgerald-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pratley, Brooke", "Entry ID": "AWE4827", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pratley-brooke\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Goulburn, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Rower", "Events": "Rowing - women's double sculls (2012 - 2012)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Curtis, Nina", "Entry ID": "AWE4828", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/curtis-nina\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newport, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Sailor", "Events": "Sailing - Elliott 6m WMR (2012 - 2012)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Price, Olivia", "Entry ID": "AWE4829", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/price-olivia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Drummoyne, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Sailor", "Events": "Sailing - Elliott 6m WMR (2012 - 2012)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Whitty, Lucinda", "Entry ID": "AWE4830", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whitty-lucinda\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Sailor", "Events": "Sailing - Elliott 6m WMR (2012 - 2012)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Densham, Erin", "Entry ID": "AWE4834", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/densham-erin\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Camden, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Triathlete", "Events": "Triathlon (2012 - 2012)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McCulloch, Kaarle", "Entry ID": "AWE4836", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcculloch-kaarle\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Cyclist, Olympian", "Events": "Cycling (Track) - 500m Time Trial and Team Sprint (with Stephanie Morton) (2018 - 2018) \nCycling (Track) - Team Sprint (2010 - 2010) \nCycling (Track) - Team Sprint (2012 - 2012)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Brown, Jan", "Entry ID": "AWE4842", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brown-jan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Sculptor, Teacher", "Summary": "Jan Brown was a distinguished Canberra artist whose work has been exhibited in Canberra since the 1960s and whose public art installations include Kangaroos in Commonwealth Park and the Icarus group of sculptures in Petrie Plaza in Canberra. She taught sculpture and drawing for over forty years at the Canberra Technical College and the Canberra School of Art.\n", "Details": "Jan Brown was born in Sydney in 1922. She initially studied art at the East Sydney Technical College as an evening student then moved to London in 1947 and was awarded a National Diploma in Design (Sculpture) in 1949 from the Chelsea Polytechnic School of Art in London, where she studied under Henry Moore.\nFrom 1957, she taught at the Canberra Technical College, and then the Canberra School of Art which is now part of the College of Arts and Social Sciences at the Australian National University, until 2001. In this role she was an inspirational teacher and mentor to many young artists, particularly in drawing and sculpture.\nJan's work is inspired by nature and by local Canberra birdlife in particular. Her work has been exhibited in Canberra since the 1960s including at the Macquarie Galleries, the Drill Hall Gallery and Beaver Galleries, and is included in important national collections such as the National Gallery of Australia, Artbank, the National Library of Australia, the Australian National University Art Collection, the Canberra Museum and Gallery and at Parliament House in Canberra. Two major 'public art' installations are in Canberra: the life-size bronze Kangaroos near Nerang Pool in Commonwealth Park (1980) and the Icarus group of sculptures in Petrie Plaza, Civic (2009). A retrospective exhibition of her work, Jan Brown: Sculptures, prints and drawings, 1948-2007, was held at the Canberra Museum and Gallery in 2008.\nShe has also served on arts advisory boards such as the ACT Arts Development Board (1986-1991), and was Deputy Chair of the Australian National Capital Artists (ANCA) Steering Committee (1989-1993) and Chair of the Visual Arts subcommittee of the ACT Cultural Council (1992-1994). She received the Visual Arts Emeritus Award from the Australian Council and was made a member of the Order of Australia in 1992.\nThe Jan Brown Drawing Prize offered by the ANU School of Art is awarded annually to celebrate her role as a teacher at the School.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jan-brown\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jan-brown-am\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jan-brown-australian-art-and-artists-file\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Buckmaster, Dorothy Ethel", "Entry ID": "AWE4843", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/buckmaster-dorothy-ethel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Yass, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Deakin, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Charity worker, Rural leader", "Summary": "Dorothy Buckmaster was a member of the Canberra branch of the Country Women's Association (New South Wales). She held various positions including President and Secretary between 1961 and 1980.\n", "Details": "Dorothy Ethel Cook was born in Yass, New South Wales on 26 September 1907, to Albert Edward (b.1880) and Eleanor Cook (nee Wilson) (b.1878). Albert and Eleanor were married on 17 September 1902 and had three children. Dorothy was the middle child, with an elder brother Henry (b.1905) and younger sister Vera Marjorie (b.1909). Their father was a school teacher in Bredbo in 1898 and the family travelled throughout New South Wales. In 1932 she married Vernon (Vernie) Buckmaster (1901-1976) and moved to the homestead 'The Rivers' at Uriarra in Canberra. They had two sons Peter (1936-2007) and Jeff (1933-).\nOn 2 February 1956 Dorothy joined the Canberra branch of the Country Women's Association (NSW) and very quickly became an active member. She held various positions between 1961 and 1975 including President (1961-1963, 1970-1972, 1978-1980), and Secretary (1973-75). She was awarded a Life Membership by the Monaro Group in 1986 and was patron from 1986 to 1988. Dorothy was a leader and dedicated member and provided substantial support to special appeals such as the Children's Medical Research Foundation, the Tennant Creek Re-construction and to the World Wide Refugees organisation. She was a kind and understanding women who shared her life with others. She played the organ at St Luke's in Deakin and regularly performed with the CWA choir for nursing homes and hospitals in Canberra.\nIn 1977 Vernon and Dorothy moved to Deakin in Canberra, where she died on 4 May 1999.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/buckmaster-dorothy-ethel-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/teachers-rolls\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dobson, Rosemary de Brissac", "Entry ID": "AWE4848", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dobson-rosemary-de-brissac\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Editor, Poet, Writer", "Summary": "Honours and awards\n1987 Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in recognition of service to literature, particularly in the field of poetry\n1996 HonDLitt, University of Sydney\n2006 New South Wales Premier's Special Award\n2006 New South Wales Alice award\n2001 The Age Book of the Year Book of the Year and Poetry Awards for Untold Lives & Later Poems\n1996 Australia Council Writer's Emeritus Award\n1996 Emeritus Fellowship, Literature Board of the Australia Council\n1985 Victorian Premier's Literary Award, 1985 for \"The Three Fates\"\n1985 honorary life member of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature\n1984 Patrick White Award\n1984 Grace Leven Poetry Prize for \"The Three Fates\"\n1980 Senior Fellowship, Literature Board of the Australia Council\n1979 Robert Frost Prize\n1978 Fellowship of Australian Writers Christopher Brennan Award\n1977 Australian National University Honorary Convocation Member\n1966 Myer Award II for Australian Poetry for Cock Crow\n1948 The Sydney Morning Herald Award for poetry, for \"The Ship of Ice\"\nPoet Rosemary Dobson's significant contribution to Australian literature is evident in the long list of literary awards she received. She began writing at the age of 7, typeset and printed her first book aged 17 and published over twenty poetry collections and other books during her life. The most recent poetry book, Collected, was published just three months before her death in 2012. Recognised early in her career as a significant poet, Dobson was acclaimed as representing \"a coming of age for Australian poetry\" along with Gwen Harwood, Judith Wright and David Campbell. Contemplative and meditative, Dobson's poetry is rich with references to art, history, relationship and the Australian landscape. Her move to Canberra in 1971 brought her into a rich literary and artistic community and she was freed to write again after five years in England when her pen remained still. Dobson became a vital member of Canberra's literary community contributing generously of her time as mentor to younger poets, providing readings for poetry lovers and continuing to publish her own work until she died in 2012.\n", "Details": "Rosemary de Brissac Dobson was born into a literary family. Her parents Austin 'Arthur' Greaves Dobson (1870-1926) and Marjorie Caldwell (-1979) met at the Dickens Society in Sydney and married in 1917. Her English-born father was the son of Austin Dobson - poet, essayist and authority on eighteenth-century literature.\nThe second of Arthur and Marjorie Dobson's two children, Rosemary Dobson was born in Sydney, New South Wales (NSW) on 18 June 1920. Her sister Ruth Lissant Dobson (1918-1989) became Australia's first woman career diplomat to be appointed an Australian ambassador.\nArthur Dobson died when Rosemary Dobson was five years old, leaving his wife and two young daughters in straitened financial circumstances. Through a family connection Winifred West (1881-1971), headmistress and founder of the prestigious Frensham School in Mittagong NSW, offered Marjorie Dobson a housemistress position at the school and scholarships for her daughters. The Dobson girls thrived at Frensham where Rosemary showed early literary talent. Under the tutelage of the school librarian - Australian children's author and printer Joan Phipson - Dobson produced her first collection of poems. She typeset them on the school's small Adana Press and hand-bound the 200 copies, illustrating the cover with her own linocut illustration.\nDobson frequently acknowledged her debt to West for the opportunity to attend Frensham and remained in contact with her until West's death in 1971.\nAfter completing school, Dobson remained at Frensham as a teacher of art, literature and printing before using a small inheritance to study non-degree English literature at Sydney University and art with artist Althea Mary 'Thea' Proctor. Influenced by the combination of elegance, strength, discrimination and balance in Proctor's art and recognising the influence of the different arts on one another, Dobson kept up her visual arts skills throughout her life, painting on holidays and taking life drawing classes.\nDuring the early years of World War 2 Dobson worked as a cipher clerk for the Royal Australian Navy. From the age of 21 she submitted poetry to newspapers and literary journals, including the Bulletin and Meanjin. In 1944 Dymocks published her collection \"In a Convex Mirror\" and in 1947 she won the Sydney Morning Herald poetry prize for \"The Ship of Ice\". Working as a proof-reader then editor at Angus & Robertson publishers in Sydney, Dobson met fellow editor, Alec Bolton. They married in North Sydney in 1951 and set up home at Neutral Bay on Sydney Harbour.\nTragedy struck in 1953 when Dobson and Bolton's first child, Alexandra, lived only a few hours after birth. Dobson expressed some of her grief in her poem The Birth (ii) published in \"Child with a Cockatoo and other poems\" (1955) beginning:\n\"Unknown, never to be known, lost\nBeyond darkness, beyond the reach of time \u2026\"\nIn the following years their second daughter, Lissant and two sons, Robert and Ian were born in Sydney where Dobson and Bolton found friendship with a number of literary people including Douglas Stewart and his artist wife, Margaret Coen, writer and artist Norman Lindsay, Kenneth Slessor, and James McAuley.\nIn 1966 Angus & Robertson appointed Alec Bolton as their London editor and the family moved to England, where they lived in Richmond near London. Although this was a stimulating time for Dobson, with European travel and London's feast of concerts, theatre and art galleries, separated from her Australian roots she found herself unable to write poetry.\nIn 1971 the family returned to Australia to live in Canberra when Alec Bolton was appointed founding Director of Publications at the National Library of Australia. With a population of around 200,000 Canberra was small compared to London, but despite its compact size the national capital nurtured a thriving literary and artistic community and Dobson flourished in the stimulating circle of creative new friends. She and Bolton made friends with the likes of poet, essayist and ANU's foundation professor of English - Alec Hope, ANU academic and literary critic - Dorothy Green, visual artist - Rosalie Gascoigne, ANU academic and poet - David Campbell and writer Robert Dessaix. Dobson delighted in attending lectures by John Mulvaney, foundation professor in pre-history at the ANU and she took classes in Modern Greek. Her poetry found voice again and she flourished, publishing around fifteen collections of poetry in the following four decades.\nWhile continuing to write poetry, Dobson also edited anthologies and gave interviews and public readings of her work. She represented Australian literature in overseas visits where she valued meetings with poets like Denise Levertov who later visited her in Canberra, Michael Ondaatje and Eastern European poet Zbigniew Herbert.\nIn 1972 Alec Bolton established the Brindabella Press which published four of Dobson's books - Three poems on water-springs, Greek Coins, Untold Lives: a sequence of poems and The Continuance of Poetry, two of which Dobson illustrated herself.\nDobson maintained that poetry is 'a vocation'. Her poetry is widely acknowledged for the way she simply and clearly expresses life's complexities. She expressed the importance of this in her own words, \"I really feel the necessity of the poetry being clear, so I can communicate something to people. Clarity is very important.\"\nCertain themes, such as water, light and time run through her poetry, with water usually a metaphor for renewal, consolation, friendship or inspiration. Joy Hooton writes that Dobson's passionate engagement with life emerges throughout her poetry as \"enjoyment of friendships, family relationships, intense appreciation of landscapes, art, literature and music and a relish for the sheer diversity of human personality.\" (Hooton, 21)\nIn the 1990s Dobson's sight began failing - \"one day the dark fell over my eye\". Her progressive sight loss stimulated some moving poetry totally lacking in any self-pity, including Poems a Long Way After Basho:\nI breathe the leaves of the basil\nIt has news for me-\nFor all my senses\nOld, I strive for wisdom\nAs the sage bush speaks, clearly,\nMany-leaved, grey and silver\nSolace for my eyesight\nThe green leaves of borage\nAnd its gentle blue flowers.\nWhen Alec Bolton died suddenly and unexpectedly in 1996, Rosemary Dobson expressed her grief through \"simultaneous celebrations and laments\" for him (Canberra Times, 12 July 2012). Ever grounded in life, she wrote elegantly and sparely of her grief and of Bolton's wisdom in her poem \"Reading Aloud\", dedicated to Bolton and also read at her own funeral at St Paul's Anglican Church, Manuka ACT on 4 July 2012:\n\"We must press on.\"\nFrom books to life, your thought:\n\"Forgive, learn from the past. Press on.\"\nAnd I press on.\nDobson wrote in one of her collections that the poems \"are part of a search for something only fugitively glimpsed; a state of grace which one once knew, or imagined, or from which one was turned away . . . A doomed but urgent wish to express the inexpressible\".\nRosemary Dobson died in Canberra 27 June 2012. Days before she died, fellow poet Geoff Page paid tribute to Dobson and the generosity with which she contributed to Canberra's literary life:\n\"Rosemary Dobson has been a vital member of Canberra's literary community. She has done this both by reading her own work whenever asked - and through acting, over several decades, as an informal mentor to many younger poets. Her consistent support for readings, such as the long-running series Poetry at The Gods (and its predecessor, Poetry at the Goethe), has been a great encouragement to poets from this city (and all over Australia) who were invariably gratified to have a poet of Dobson's stature and experience in the audience\" (Canberra Times, 16 June 2012).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-dobson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/well-versed-prizewinner\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poet-espoused-tradition-yet-remained-distinct\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poets-final-journey-to-the-western-star\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poets-who-drew-from-world-well\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-dobson-enduring-voice-of-australia-dies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/last-of-an-illustrious-generation-of-poets\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-dobson-a-celebration\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-dobson-in-conversation-with-john-tranter\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-dobson-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-dobsons-poetic-life-in-pursuit-of-the-intervening-angel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-last-of-her-line\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-dobson-1920\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-dobson-the-text-and-the-textile\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/over-the-frontier-the-poetry-of-rosemary-dobson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-figure-in-the-doorway-on-the-poetry-of-rosemary-dobson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-world-of-difference-australian-poetry-and-painting-in-the-1940s\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/over-my-shoulder\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poetry-and-painting-a-personal-view\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-celebration-of-the-art-of-rosemary-dobson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-dobson-a-celebration-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-intricate-devised-hearing-of-sight-a-profile-of-rosemary-dobson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-conversation-with-rosemary-dobson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/looking-into-the-landscape-the-elegiac-art-of-rosemary-dobson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-frame-of-reference-rosemary-dobsons-grace-notes-for-humanity\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vision-poetry-and-the-land-in-rosemary-dobsons-poetry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-dobson-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reclusive-grace-the-poetry-of-rosemary-dobson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/focus-on-ray-crook\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poems-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-a-convex-mirror-poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/child-with-a-cockatoo-and-other-poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-dobson-australian-poets\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poems-australian-poets-and-artists-adelaide-australian-letters\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cock-crow-poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/knossos\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/selected-poems-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/three-poems-on-water-springs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moscow-trefoil-poems-from-the-russian-of-anna-akhmatova-and-osip-mandelstam\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greek-coins-a-sequence-of-poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/over-the-frontier-poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/seven-russian-poets-imitations\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/selected-poems-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-continuance-of-poetry-twelve-poems-for-david-campbell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-three-fates-and-other-poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/summer-press\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/seeing-and-believing\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collected-poems-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/untold-lives-a-sequence-of-poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/untold-lives-and-later-poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/folding-the-sheets-and-other-poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poems-to-hold-or-let-go\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collected\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-rosemary-dobson-poet-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-rosemary-dobson-poet-sound-recording-interviewer-heather-rusden\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poetry-reading-by-rosemary-dobson-sound-recording-recorded-by-hazel-de-berg\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-rosemary-dobson-1923-2004-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-1952-1968-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sound-recordings\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dawn-richardson-1970-2010-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-judith-wright-1944-2000-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/literary-papers-1969-1981-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Griffin, Pauline Marcus", "Entry ID": "AWE4857", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/griffin-pauline-marcus\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Administrator, Arbitration commissioner, Personnel manager, Social worker", "Summary": "Pauline Griffin was a Commissioner of the Australian Conciliation and Arbitration Commission from 1975 to 1990 and a member of the Australian National University Council from 1978 to 1998. She was chair of the National Committee on Discrimination in Employment and Occupation in the 1980s and a member of the 4th National Women's Consultative Council in the 1990s.\n", "Details": "Pauline Griffin was born on 21 December 1925 in Sydney. She attended Abbotsleigh School in Wahroonga, completing her leaving certificate in 1942. She graduated from the University of Sydney with a Bachelor of Arts in 1946 and a Diploma of Social Studies in 1947.\nShe began her career as a social worker with the Local Board of Health, City of Adelaide in 1947 and then moved to the Commonwealth Department of Immigration in Sydney from 1949 to 1951. In 1953 she became a personnel officer, later personnel manager at Bradmill Industries Limited, where she worked for the next twenty years. The then Managing Director and Chairman (and later, Chancellor of the University of New South Wales), Sir Robert Webster was a pioneer in the 1940s in the appointment of women to management and technical positions.\nShe undertook further studies in personnel and production management at the Sydney Technical College in 1954 and in industrial administration at the University of Melbourne in 1956. She participated in HRH the Duke of Edinburgh's Second Commonwealth Study Conference in Canada in 1962, an International Conference on Social Work in Brazil also in 1962, and an OECD meeting on the problems of women workers held in Paris in 1973.\nPauline Griffin took up the position of personnel manager at Ethnor Pty Ltd in 1973 but left in 1975 on her appointment as a Commissioner of the Australian Conciliation and Arbitration Commission (from 1988, the Industrial Relations Commission) where she served until retiring in December 1990. During her time with the Commission she served on a number of government committees: 1976-1979 as a member of the Commonwealth Committee of Inquiry into Education and Training, and 1982-1986 as Chair of the National Committee on Discrimination in Employment and Occupation. She attended an ILO Panel Meeting in Geneva in 1974 and was an adviser to the Australian government delegation to the International Labour Conference in Geneva in 1985 on discrimination in employment.\nFrom 1990 to 1993 she was a member of the Fourth National Women's Consultative Council and from 1992 to 1997 a member of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission's National Advisory Committee on Discrimination in Employment and Occupation.\nShe also served as a member of the Management Committee for Barnardos Australia (1981-1997), as a councillor and honorary fellow of the Institute of Personnel Management, NSW Division, as a board member of Zonta International, Sydney Branch, as Patron of the Industrial Relations Society of NSW (1994-1999) and was a member of the Board of Directors, Australian-American Educational Foundation (Fulbright Foundation) from 1994 to 1999.\nHer involvement with the Australian National University began with her appointment to the ANU Council in 1978 and she served in that capacity until 1998. Her committee memberships from 1990 to 2000 included being a member of the Higher Degrees Committee, the Governing Body of Fenner Hall, the Appeals Committee (Deputy Chair and Chair), and the Buildings and Grounds Committee. She took a lead role in the organisation of the University's 50th anniversary celebrations in 1996 as Chair of the Public Affairs Committee.\nShe was elected Pro-Chancellor in 1991 and continued in that position until 1998 which also marked the end of her appointment as an ANU Council member and her election as an Honorary Fellow of University House.\nShe was appointed by the NSW Government as a Senior Executive Service Grievance Mediator from 1998 to 2002. From 2003 to 2005 she chaired the ANU Foundation for the Visual Arts.\nShe was appointed a member of the Order of Australia in 1988 and received an honorary Doctor of Letters degree from Macquarie University in 1990. In 2002, the University Student Services building at the Australian National University (which had previously been known as the Chancellery Annex) was renamed the Pauline Griffin building in her honour.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pauline-griffin-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rees, Lucy Frances Harvey", "Entry ID": "AWE4873", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rees-lucy-frances-harvey\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Guy Fawkes Station, Ebor, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "authority on children's literature, Authority on children\u201a\u00c4\u00f4s literature, Book collector, Bookseller, Secretary", "Summary": "After an upbringing in the bush Lucy Frances Harvey (Lu) Rees worked as a shearers' cook on a family property during the Depression; she moved to Canberra with her three sons in the late 1930s. In 1950 she became inaugural secretary of the Canberra Branch of the Fellowship of Australian Writers remaining a central figure in the organisation for many years. In 1955 she opened Cheshire's Canberra bookshop which she managed for ten years. Always passionate about children's literature she amassed a personal collection that became the nucleus of the ACT Children's Book Council collection. It was donated to the University of Canberra where it is named the Lu Rees Archives of Australian Children's Literature in her honour. She was created a Member of the Order of Australia and awarded the inaugural Dromkeen Medal for services to Australian children's literature, both awards being announced posthumously.\n", "Details": "Lucy Frances Harvey (Lu) Rees was born on 19 August 1901, the eldest child of James Harvey Waugh and Jeanette Isabel Waugh, nee Johnston, at Guy Fawkes Station, a Waugh family property, near Ebor, on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. Her schooling was limited to a short period following a horse-riding accident that made attendance difficult. Drawing on her father's collection of poetry and the classics, she was largely self-taught, a child with a highly retentive memory, who claimed always to have a book in her saddle bag.\nAfter the family moved to Sydney she worked at several Red Cross convalescent homes caring for World War I veterans. In 1925 she married Wilfred Benjamin Rees, a former member of the First AIF; they had three sons, John, Paul and Lauron. During the Depression the family moved to a Waugh family property at Bogan Gate where Lu cooked for station hands and shearers until the early 1930s when Wilfred Rees was appointed by the Director of the Australian War Memorial, Colonel J. L. Treloar, to market war histories and other Memorial publications in Queensland. Sometime later Lu was also employed by Colonel Treloar in the War Memorial's Brisbane office.\nAt the beginning of 1938, after the Australian War Memorial Brisbane's office closed, Lu Rees and her three sons moved to Canberra. Lu was employed at the Australian War Memorial at first in a clerical position and later as assistant to Dr Graham Butler in researching the medical volumes for the History of World War I. Wilfred Rees after putting his age back ten years, enlisted at Townsville in the Second AIF as a sapper on 18 September 1941. The family effectively separated as after his discharge in June 1945 he farmed a soldier settlement block in Queensland.\nIn 1950 Lu became inaugural secretary of the newly formed Canberra Branch of the Fellowship of Australian Writers. For the next 25 years she was a familiar figure at monthly meetings that featured prominent local and international writers. Much of the planning for the Fellowship's landmark anthologies, published in the 1950s, took place at meetings of the Editorial Committee at her home in Reid. It was largely through her initial approach to publisher, Dr Andrew Fabinyi, that F.W. Cheshire published Australia Writes, edited by T. Inglis Moore, in 1953; Australian Signpost, edited by T.A.G. Hungerford, 1956, and Span, edited by Lionel Wigmore in 1958.\nIn 1955 she accepted a new challenge to open and manage a bookshop for Cheshire's in Canberra. It was an unfamiliar field for which she was given a few weeks training at Cheshire's headquarters in Melbourne. Under her management, Cheshire's bookshop in Garema Place, Civic, became a friendly meeting place and a venue for book launches until she retired in 1968. On behalf of the Commonwealth Government, she was responsible for selecting and dispatching representative collections of Australian books as gifts to emerging nations.\nAlways interested in children's literature, in 1957 Lu Rees was instrumental in establishing the Children's Book Council in the ACT becoming first president. She remained an office bearer or committee member until her death and published a history of the Council. When the Children's Book Council became a national body, she was successful in gaining support from the Literature Board and Visual Arts Board of the Australia Council for Children's Book Awards. She assembled exhibitions for the international children's book fairs and in Canberra inaugurated Christmas gifts of books for needy children.\nAs evidence of her passionate devotion to children's literature, she amassed a personal collection of children's books and compiled archival files on Australian children's authors and illustrators. She was indefatigable in writing to authors, editors and publishers seeking copies of children's books, particularly international and translated editions, and her generosity in sharing her resources became legendary. Her books and files became the nucleus of the Children's Book Council's ACT Branch's collection which in 1980 was donated to the Canberra College of Advanced Education (now University of Canberra) for study and research purposes. It was named the Lu Rees Archives of Australian Children's Literature in her honour.\nLu Rees was a tall woman, rangy in build, described in an obituary as having 'immense vitality, generosity and warmth'. Beneath a gentle manner she had a consummate ability to get things done. Those who knew her could never say 'no' to the many inspired projects she instigated. Over many decades, innumerable meetings of the organisations she cherished were held in her lounge room, collections of children's books lined her walls and her garage developed into an office annexe.\nIn 1964 she was awarded Member of the British Empire Medal for services to literature. In 1983 she was created a Member of the Order of Australia for services to Australian children's literature and was awarded the inaugural Dromkeen Medal, both these awards being announced posthumously. The Dromkeen Medal was awarded for her significant contribution to the appreciation and development of children's literature in Australia.\nLu Rees died in Canberra on 23 January 1983.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-childrens-book-council-of-canberra-1957-to-1972-a-brief-account-of-the-formation-and-activities-of-one-of-the-six-councils-which-now-form-the-childrens-book-council-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-childrens-book-council-collection-of-childrens-books-by-australian-authors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-lu-rees-archives-of-australian-childrens-literature\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/official-history-of-the-australian-army-medical-services-1914-18-vol-iii-problems-and-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rees-lucy-frances-harvey-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-dromkeen-collection-of-australian-childrens-literature\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/finis-to-a-bookshop-chapter-history-of-daltons-bookshop-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lu-rees-an-appreciation-and-a-tribute\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituary-8\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lu-rees-archives-notes-books-and-authors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-gift-to-japan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lu-rees-archives-of-australian-childrens-literature\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hmss-0048-fellowship-of-australian-writers-act-branch-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lucy-f-h-rees-a-note-for-alec-bolton-nla-on-handing-over-the-early-records-of-the-fellowship-of-australian-writers-in-canberra-reid-act\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-patricia-clarke-1887-2010-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Serjeantson, Susan Wyber", "Entry ID": "AWE4874", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/serjeantson-susan-wyber\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Riverstone, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Geneticist", "Summary": "Professor Sue Serjeantson had a distinguished career as a geneticist in the John Curtin School of Medical Research at the Australian National University. Her research concerned the inherited susceptibility to disease and the human immune response to organ transplantation. She was the first woman to hold the position of Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Director of the Institute of Advanced Studies at the University.\n", "Details": "Sue Wyber was born in the Sydney suburb of Riverstone in 1946 to Nancye and Robert Wyber. Her father was an engineer and Director of the Royal Australian Navy Research Laboratory in Edgecliff, Sydney. She matriculated from Caringbah High School in 1963 and was both Dux and School Captain. In 1967, she completed a Bachelor of Science degree with Honours from the University of New South Wales on an Australian Wool Board scholarship. In 1968 she took up a Postgraduate Research Scholarship, undertaking research in the School of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, then transferring to the Department of Genetics, University of Hawaii on an East-West Center Scholarship. Her research involved data collection in Papua New Guinea for her thesis on the population genetic structure of the Kiunga sub-district of Papua New Guinea. She was awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and married John Charles Serjeantson in 1970. She held positions of Lecturer in Science at the Madang Teachers' College in 1971 and Lecturer at the Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research from 1972.\nIn 1976 she was appointed a Research Fellow in the Department of Human Biology at the John Curtin School of Medical Research at the Australian National University, continuing her research in Papua New Guinea which concerned inherited susceptibility to disease, and managing a tissue-typing laboratory. A contract position as Fellow awarded in September 1980 was converted to a permanent appointment in 1984. Her son was born in 1985. She was promoted to Senior Fellow in July 1986 in what was then called the Department of Human Genetics. She was appointed head of the department in 1987, then 'Group leader' of Human Genetics after a restructuring of the School. On 14 October 1988 she was formally appointed Professor of Human Genetics.\nHer research concerned the genetic basis of diseases such as juvenile and mature-onset diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus and leprosy. Her work on human leucocyte antigens advanced understanding of the human immune response to organ transplants and improved the matching of bone marrow donors and recipients. She published prolifically in international journals and regularly attended overseas conferences, as an invited speaker, in Europe, Japan and the United States. She was successful in securing grant funding for her research from the US National Institutes of Health, the National Health and Medical Research Council, the Anti-cancer Council of Victoria, the National MS Society of Australia and Juvenile Diabetes Foundation.\nShe served on a number of University committees including the Board of the Institute of Advanced Studies from 1987 to 1989, the John Curtin School of Medical Research Faculty Board as an elected representative 1988-1990 and 1992-1994, and the ANU Re-entry Fellowships for Women Committee in 1988.\nShe was awarded a Clunies-Ross National Science and Technology Award in 1992 and the Ruth Sanger Medal by the Australasian Society of Blood Transfusion also in 1992. She was appointed Regional Coordinator for South-East Asia and Oceania for the Stanford University's Human Genome Diversity Project in 1993.\nShe was acting Director of the John Curtin School of Medical Research from April till September 1993, then in January 1994 was appointed Director of the Institute of Advanced Studies and Deputy Vice-Chancellor, and was an ex-officio member of the Board of the Institute of Advanced Studies and the Board of the Faculties. She retained her academic standing as a Visiting Fellow at the John Curtin School of Medical Research. She was a Director of ANUTECH Pty Ltd from 1994 till 1997 and a member of the Commonwealth government's Genetic Manipulation Advisory Committee from 1994 to 1996.\nAs Deputy Vice-Chancellor she was responsible for research at the University: the heads of the Research Schools and Centres reported to her as well as the Director of Computing Services and other areas. She resigned from her position in 1997 but continued as a Visiting Fellow at the John Curtin School of Medical Research until the end of 2001 and was from 1999 to 2001 the President of the Federation of Australian Science and Technological Societies. In this role she spoke at the Women Achieving in Science Conference which was held at RMIT University in November 1999 on 'Why are there so few women in science?'. She was made an Officer of the Order of Australia in 2000, and from 2001 to 2008 was Executive Secretary of the Australian Academy of Science. She was made 'Officer dans l'Ordre des Palmes Acad\u00e9miques' by the French government in 2009.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-entry-serjeantson-susan-wyber-1946\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/why-are-there-so-few-women-in-science\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-report-2008-09-1-april-2008-31-march-2009\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/international-activities\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/serjeantson-susan-wyber-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Trounson, Ethel", "Entry ID": "AWE4878", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trounson-ethel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Boonah, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Community stalwart", "Summary": "Ethel Trounson was a granddaughter of William Ginn, one of Canberra's well-known pioneers, who lived in what is now known as Blundell's Cottage. She grew up at the Canberra Park homestead and worked as a children's nurse to the Crace family in the early 1920s.\n", "Details": "Ethel Alice Ginn was born in Queanbeyan, New South Wales on 28 March 1900. She was the eldest of four children to Henry Thomas Ginn (1856-1939) and Elizabeth (Betsy) Winter (1876-1960). Henry and Elizabeth came from two well-known pioneering families from Canberra's Gungahlin region. Henry's father, William Ginn, emigrated to Australia in 1857 and settled in Canberra at Woolshed Creek, Duntroon, where he worked for Sydney merchant Robert Campbell. In about 1860 Campbell built a stone cottage for William which later became known as Blundell's Cottage. William with his wife Mary and their four children remained there until 1874 when they moved to their newly acquired property Canberra Park.\nIn 1899, William's two sons, Walter and Henry (Harry), built a new homestead at Canberra Park. In that same year Henry married Elizabeth Winter, daughter of John and Jemima Winter who were prominent early settlers in the region who are associated with Gungaderra Station, formerly known as Red Hill Station. Together Henry and Elizabeth settled at the new Canberra Park homestead, where Henry engaged in farming and agricultural pursuits. They had four children Ethel Alice, Elizabeth Lillian, James Henry and William John.\nIn 1917 and 1918 Ethel attended St Benedict's Convent in Queanbeyan where she successfully passed her elementary book-keeping and 'grammar of music' exams. When she was about nineteen, she became a children's nurse to the Crace family, another pioneer family whose associations with the Gungahlin Ginninderra district date back to the late 1800s.\nBy 1924 she had moved to Melbourne where she was governess to the son of Dr Valentine McDonald and his wife Everil in Toorak, Melbourne. It was here in Victoria that she met her husband Adrian Alick Trounson (1901-1981), a jockey. They married in 1931 and lived in Dandenong. Ethel and Adrian had three children, Colleen, Mary and Alick.\nTowards the end of 1937 they relocated to Ainslie in Canberra and continued to live there until the 1970s when they moved to Malua Bay, NSW. Ethel's remaining years were spent in Queensland with her daughter Mary. Ethel Trounson died on 1 April in 1993 at Boonah, Queensland.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-house-in-history-heritage-and-tourism-shifting-times-at-blundells-cottage-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/campbell-robert-1804-1859\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heritage-decision-about-provisional-registration-of-canberra-park-gungahlin-notice-2011-notifiable-instrument-ni2011%e2%88%92632\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elementary-book-keeping\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/royal-academy-of-music\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pioneers-reunion-at-canberra-park\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/thomas-henry-ginn-date-of-death-23-04-1950-granted-on-22-06-1950\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bulger, Violet Josephine", "Entry ID": "AWE4896", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bulger-violet-josephine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brungle, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal Elder", "Summary": "Violet Josephine Bulger (n\u00e9e Freeman) was among the first Aboriginal children forcibly removed from their families under New South Wales' Aborigines Protection Act, 1909. She raised eight children on her own near Yass after being widowed in 1939 and went on to raise many of her grandchildren. She was respected as an Elder in the Canberra Aboriginal community until her death in 1993.\n", "Details": "Aunty Violet Josephine Bulger (n\u00e9e Freeman) was born on 25 August 1900 at the Aboriginal Station, Brungle, New South Wales (NSW). Her Wiradjuri parents, Frederick Freeman, tracker and stockman and Sarah Jane Freeman (n\u00e9e Broughton), midwife, had moved to Brungle from Gundagai where their first two children were born. Brungle was a large managed station in Wiradjuri country near Tumut where the Freemans were a significant family and Fred Freeman was a well-known \"Black Tracker\" (Read, 2000, p. 56). (Wiradjuri are Australian Aboriginal people \"originally from the land that is bordered by the Lachlan, Macquarie and Murrumbidgee rivers in Central New South Wales. The name Wiradjuri means, 'people of the three rivers.\" See http:\/\/about.nsw.gov.au\/encyclopedia\/article\/wiradjuri-people)\nAs a child Aunty Violet was forcibly removed from her parents under the Aborigines Protection Act 1909 and placed in the Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Aboriginal Girls. Aunty Violet's daughter, Ngunnawal Elder - Aunty Agnes Shea, described her mother's response when they asked what it had been like in the Girls' Home: \"She only told us a couple of things. She said she didn't want to poison our minds. \u2026 She said she'd get up at four o'clock in the morning, and she'd have to go and milk the cows with another young girl. She said they had no shoes, and on a cold frosty morning her feet would be nearly frost bitten, and they used to have to wait until the cows urinated so they could stand in it and warm their feet.\" (Brown, 2007, p. 93). Aunty Agnes said her mother would say, \"We went through it. We survived, and we were lucky enough to come home and find our families and our parents\" and then she would 'close like a book.' (Brown, 2007, p. 93).\nAunty Violet subsequently spent much of her life working in domestic service apart from one period when she worked as a stockwoman on her traditional lands and assisted her father in rounding up brumbies (Auslit, 2011). During the times she worked with her father he taught her to play the autoharp, button accordion and piano accordion.\nAunty Violet was 25 years old when she married Edward Walter 'Vincent' Bulger at Brungle on 13 October 1925. Presbyterian Minister A. Crowther Smith celebrated the wedding; the witnesses were Ada Rose Freeman and Aunty Violet's father, Fred Freeman. Aunty Violet and Vincent Bulger moved to Oak Hill near Yass where they lived in a one-roomed earth floor gunje with no electricity or running water in open land on the stock route. For warmth they lined the gunje's stringy bark walls with corn bags from the local mill and newspaper supplied by the bread deliveryman. Water for washing and bathing was collected from a local dam. Around 1938 the family were moved to the Hollywood Aboriginal Reserve (commonly referred to as the Hollywood Mission) in Yass where they were provided with improved housing. (\"In 1883 the Aborigines Protection Board was established to manage the reserves and control the lives of the estimated 9,000 Aboriginal people in NSW at that time. The Board took over the reserves at Maloga and Warangesda. After the Australian Capital Territory was established in 1911 the Board compelled all Aboriginal people in the Territory (including those who had been granted land for farming) to move to the Egerton Mission Station at Yass. When that mission closed two years later the residents became fringe-dwellers on the outskirts of Yass until another forced move to Hollywood Mission in 1934. The few Aboriginal children who lived in the ACT came under the control of the NSW Protection Board.\" See http:\/\/www.hreoc.gov.au\/social_justice\/bth_report\/report\/ch3.html for more detail.)\nAt a time when Aboriginal women were not permitted entry to maternity hospitals, Aunty Violet's mother Sarah 'Sal' Freeman (n\u00e9e Broughton) who had been trained as a midwife by a Tumut doctor, taught her daughters midwifery skills so that they could handle emergencies on the reserves where they lived. Many women at the Hollywood Reserve benefited from Aunty Violet's skills.\nVincent Bulger died suddenly on Christmas Eve 1939, leaving Aunty Violet with eight children ranging in age from teenagers to toddlers. She was given special permission to take on domestic work in town. When rheumatic fever forced her to give this up, her second eldest son - Vincent Bulger junior, left school so he could work and support the family. The family was able to stay together at this time thanks to the intervention of the Reserve schoolteacher who encouraged Aunty Violet's eldest daughter, Agnes (now Ngunnawal elder, Aunty Agnes Shea) to bring the preschool siblings to school with her. Once Aunty Violet had recovered, Aunty Agnes recalls \"the authorities came and told her she had to be moved off the Mission, because she was now a single mother and she was a bad influence on the rest of the community. So they moved us.\" (Brown, p. 86. This was clearly the family understanding. To date research has not found a record of any such official policy but unofficial local policies were not unknown on Aboriginal Reserves.)\nAunty Violet and her children moved to Oakhill on the outskirts of Yass where they \"managed to build a rudimentary house\u2026 Times were tough for a widowed mother with young children.\" (Catholic Voice, September 1993). There was no social welfare provided in those days. Aunty Agnes Shea recalls that \"mum was lucky enough to get recognised and respected by the community and was given permission to do domestic work for non-indigenous families by the authorities.\" (AIATSIS NTRU Conference 2010 ). Son, Vincent Bulger, laughed when he remembered how they supplemented their diet with what they could catch - \"You'd go out and get two rabbit, clean them and salt them and have them for Sunday dinner in the camp oven.\" (Locke, 2010).\nAunty Violet's eldest child, Walter, was taken away from the family when he was a teenager because the authorities deemed home conditions unsuitable for him. Walter was placed in homes in Goulburn and then Sydney where he died. Aunty Agnes Shea remembers visiting her brother in the homes, and her mother's heartbreak that she was not permitted to care for him at home.\nSome of Aunty Violet's family had moved back to the Tumut-Brungle area in the 1940s and she followed them there in the 1970s. Later, during the mid-1980s \"as advancing years and ill health took their inevitable toll\" (Catholic Voice, September 1993), Aunty Violet moved to Canberra where she was respected by the local Ngunnawal people as an Elder. Initially she lived on her own at Isabella Plains, then with her younger son Joseph before moving to Monash where she lived with her daughter Aunty Agnes Shea. Aunty Violet's declining health coincided with health issues for Aunty Agnes who, after family consultation, established her mother at Morling Lodge in Red Hill where the family organised a roster that ensured Aunty Violet had family for company every day. Aunty Agnes says her mother was treated by Morling Lodge staff with as much respect as if she were a queen.\nAunty Violet died in Red Hill, Canberra on 31 July 1993 leaving her five (of eight) surviving children, fifty-six grandchildren, 196 great-grandchildren and fifty great-great-grandchildren. The Catholic Voice reported that \"the large numbers of people at her funeral, at St Augustine's Church, Yass on Friday 6 August was testimony to the love and respect Violet Bulger inspired.\" (Catholic Voice, September 1993).\nTwo of Aunty Violet's children are respected Aboriginal Elders and activists. Daughter, Aunty Agnes Shea OAM, is a Ngunnawal elder in the ACT and son Vincent Bulger OAM is a Wiradjuri elder in Tumut NSW (Koori Mail, 2007, p. 4). (Wiradjuri Elder Vince Bulger, of Tumut, was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for service to the community of the Tumut Shire through activities promoting Indigenous culture, tradition and reconciliation, teaching appreciation of the natural environment, and through support for elderly and infirm people. Mr Bulger performs traditional smoking and Welcome to Country ceremonies. He has been a foundation member of the Tumut Shire Council's Aboriginal Liaison Committee for many years. He is also a current foundation member of the Brungle\/Tumut Aboriginal Land Council and a former ATSIC regional councillor. The subject of a documentary 'A Walk With Uncle Vince - A Matter of Respect' by J Walker and M Campigli, Mr Bulger speaks to schools and community groups about Aboriginal culture. He organises housing, transport and shopping for older Aboriginal people.)\nIn December 1993 under the ACT Public Place Names Act 1989, a 5787m2 park between Marungul Avenue, Patten Street and Samuels Crescent in the then new ACT suburb Ngunnawal was named Violet's Park in Aunty Violet's honour.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/agnes-bulger-shea\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/freedom-and-control-on-the-southern-institutions-new-south-wales-1879-1909\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-life-lived-for-love-of-family\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/honours-for-two-elders\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/deaths-bulger-mr-vincent\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/public-place-names-act\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stolen-generations-factsheet\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/human-rights-and-equal-opportunity-report-bringing-them-home-report-of-the-national-inquiry-into-the-separation-of-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-children-from-their-families\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wiradjuri-people\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bringing-back-the-inland-fish\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-womens-heritage-brungle-and-tumut\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/meet-some-elders-agnes-bulger-shea-oam\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Coe, Isabel Edie", "Entry ID": "AWE4904", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/coe-isabel-edie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cowra, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Cowra, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal rights activist", "Summary": "Isabel Coe, a Wiradjuri woman, was born in Cowra. A stalwart of the Aboriginal rights struggle, and a leading figure in the Aboriginal Tent Embassy, she was also the lead litigant in Isabel Coe v the Commonwealth, an unsuccessful but important legal challenge which sought to assert the sovereignty of the Wiradjuri nation.\n", "Details": "Isabel Coe, a Wiradjuri woman, was born in Cowra, New South Wales, and grew up in the Erambie Mission. She moved to Sydney in the late 1960s. She was one of the Aboriginal activists involved in setting up the Aboriginal Tent Embassy in January 1972, along with her husband Billy Craigie, Michael Anderson, Tony Coorey and Bertie Williams. The four men began the Tent Embassy by planting a beach umbrella on the lawn in front of Parliament House (now Old Parliament House) on 26 January 1972 to protest the then Federal Government's refusal to recognise Aboriginal land rights. The beach umbrella was soon replaced by several tents and supporters came from all parts of Australia to join the protest.\nIsabel was also instrumental in keeping the Tent Embassy going in the 1990s when it was rumoured that the Federal Government wanted to remove it. It has remained a focus of Indigenous protest and at its 40th anniversary commemoration in 2012 Isabel Coe said after four decades the plight of Aboriginal people had not improved: 'In fact everything's gotten worse for Aboriginal people'.\nShe played a key role in setting up many of the Aboriginal organisations in Redfern in Sydney including the Redfern Aboriginal Children's Service, and other housing, medical and legal services, including the National Aboriginal Council on HIV\/AIDS.\nShe was the lead litigant in Isabel Coe v the Commonwealth, an unsuccessful but important legal challenge which sought to assert the sovereignty of the Wiradjuri nation. The 1993 High Court decision rejected the claim on the grounds that it sought to challenge the sovereignty of the state. Her brother, Paul Coe, had made a similarly unsuccessful challenge in 1979.\nShe was a member of the Indigenous Advisory Council supporting the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families whose report Bringing Them Home was released in 1997.\nAunty Isabel, as she was known, gained international prominence as an Aboriginal activist in the lead-up to the Sydney 2000 Olympics. 'From the Tent Embassy, we're calling for a boycott on the Olympic Games if things don't improve here in Redfern,' she said at the time.\nIsabel Coe suffered from diabetes and in later years used a wheelchair but remained active in political protest until her death at the age of 61. Her funeral was held at the Erambie Mission in Cowra.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/isabell-coe-lest-we-forget\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/determined-aboriginal-campaigner-isabel-coe-dies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/indigenous-activist-isabel-coe-dies-at-61\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/activists-pay-tribute-to-aunty-isabel-coe\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Reid, Heather", "Entry ID": "AWE4905", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reid-heather\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Goulburn, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Chief Executive Officer, Soccer player, Softball Player, Sports administrator, Sportswoman", "Summary": "Heather Reid has been instrumental in forming, developing and promoting opportunities for women and girls in sport and physical activity, predominantly through football (soccer) since 1978. She has a sound knowledge of the cultural, social and political complexities of the Australian sport industry.\nIn 2004, she was the first woman appointed as CEO of a State football federation, at Capital Football. Since then she has led the integration of all aspects of football in the ACT - for male, female, junior, indoor and outdoor players along with referees and coaches.\nShe has won numerous awards in recognition for her outstanding service to sport in Canberra and at a national level. In 2006, she won the Australian Sports Commission's Margaret Pewtress Memorial Award for her contribution to women in sport.\n", "Details": "Heather Reid is the daughter of migrants from Scotland who spent most of her childhood growing up in the Snowy Mountains, as the Snowy Mountain Hydro-electricity Scheme grew up around her. As a result, she gained an understanding of cultural diversity long before many Australians in cities experienced its pleasures. She also gained an appreciation for the game that Australian Rules Football and Rugby obsessed Australian's called soccer, but the rest of the world calls football. With all those European close at hand, it was impossible not to.\nReid showed leadership potential at school and was named School Captain at Tumut High School in 1973. Upon completing school, she worked in Canberra as a public servant and enjoyed periods of extensive travel overseas, where she connected with family in Scotland and another branch who migrated to Canada. She always enjoyed playing competitive sport and Canberra was the right place to be for someone so inclined. Public service units established regular competitions and Reid was an enthusiastic participant in softball and football teams.\nReid decided to take her enjoyment of football a step further when she became a foundation member of a club and then a state association that started organized football competitions for women in 1978. She has had continuous involvement in the sport since then and has seen the development of the sport from 10 teams in 1978 to 62 teams in 2005, with girls participation growing at a rate of about 18% per annum. If there has been a significant development in women's soccer in Canberra, indeed nationally, Heather Reid will have been involved in some capacity. She held the position of National Executive Director of Women's Soccer Australia between 1986-1993. She introduced state representative teams for women in 1980, coached the first ACT Under 15 teams in 1983, pioneered the establishment of a women's world cup and successfully lobbied for the inclusion of women's soccer in the Olympic Games. In 2003 she was appointed to the position of General Manager of Women's Soccer Canberra and in 2004 she was appointed CEO of Soccer Canberra (now Capital Football) thus becoming the first woman to lead a State football association. Since 2005, she has led the integration of all aspects of football in Canberra - male, female, junior indoor and outdoor players, referees and coaches into this one organisation. She is in charge of an organisation that administers the needs of 18,000 players, 450 referees and hundreds of coaches. In 2008 she was instrumental in obtaining the licence for Canberra United Football Club to compete in the Westfield W-League, the Football Federation of Australia's national competition for elite women.\nTo say that Heather Reid has a passion for creating opportunities for women to participate in sport of all kinds, not just football, is an understatement. She has been involved in several committees and advocacy organisations on a volunteer and professional basis. Between 1990-1992 she was a Director of Womensport ACT, National Executive Director of Womensport Australia 1994-1998 and was a member of Australian Womensport and Recreation Association 2007-2012. She was the longest-standing member of the ACT Sport and Recreation Council when she resigned in 2002, having joined in 1991. Between 2003-2008 she was a member and chair of the ACT Advisory Council on Women and Sport and was a member of the ACT Sport and Recreation Council in 2008-2012. Heather has also worked for the Australian Sports Commission, as a consultant to the Women and Sport Unit 1999-2001 and as a project officer, Ethics and Women's Sport between 2002-2003.\nNumerous reports and recommendations on the state of women's sport have been completed under her guidance. In 1993 Gender Equity in ACT Sport - Not Just a Women's Issue was the culmination of a review of development plans for 33 sports conducting on behalf of the ACT government. Many initiatives arising from the report are still in operation. Mentor as Anything - guidelines for implementing a mentor program came out of a national project examining the training and leadership requirements to increase women's opportunities to take on leadership roles in sporting organisations.\nHeather Reid has been recognised for her outstanding service to sport in Canberra and at a national level. In 2000 she was the ACT Sport Star of the Year in the administrator category and in 2001 she received an Australian Sports Medal for her contribution to soccer and community sport. In 2006, she won the Australian Sports Commission's Margaret Pewtress Memorial Award for her contribution to women in sport.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gender-equity-in-a-c-t-sport-not-just-a-womens-issue\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mentor-as-anything-guidelines-for-developing-and-implementing-a-mentoring-program-for-women-in-the-sport-and-recreation-industry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heather-reid-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Parsons, Sylvia", "Entry ID": "AWE4908", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/parsons-sylvia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Gunning, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Business owner, Dressmaker", "Summary": "Sylvia Parsons was a dressmaker and women's fashion retailer who owned a popular dress shop in Kingston during the second half of the twentieth century. Parsons was active in the Canberra community and hosted regular fundraising fashion shows for local charities.\n", "Details": "Sylvia May Parsons was born into one of the capital region's earliest settler families, the Johnsons, on a property near Gunning, New South Wales on 5 July 1911.\nShe was a talented pianist and in 1935 was accepted as an associate into the Royal Victoria College of Music, London. She continued to teach piano until after World War II.\nIn 1941 she married a Royal Australian Air Force officer, John Parsons, and moved to Canberra. At the end of the war, the Parsons purchased and built a red brick war service home in the newly formed inner-south suburb of Narrabundah. They had one son, Peter Parsons.\nDuring the war, Parsons taught Home Economics at Kingston Technical College, specialising in dressmaking and design. Immediately after the war, she worked for local businessman Stan Cusack in his Kingston furniture store.\nIn 1948 she opened her own fashion house on Kennedy Street in Kingston, Sylvia Parsons of Canberra Fashions, where she offered a design and dressmaking service, as well as selling clothes off the rack. One of the first fashion salons in Canberra to make high quality women's wear, Parsons' shop was immediately successful. While the Kingston shop remained her flagship (and favourite) store, trading from 1948 to 1996, eventually the Sylvia Parsons enterprise expanded to include shops in three other locations across Canberra: Manuka (1950 - 1955), Civic (1955 - 1963) and Woden (1972 - 1990).\nParsons is believed to have sold clothing to the Great Train Robber, Ronald Biggs, when he was on the run from the British police in 1966.\nParsons' canny business skills, spirited personality, and community consciousness ensured that she maintained a loyal clientele for almost fifty years.\nThroughout her career, Parsons funded and organised exactly 99 fashion shows to raise money for local charities, including Canberra's first Gown of the Year parade. Parsons and her fashion shows were hugely popular, with the last parade drawing an audience of 1250 people. Parsons was also involved in the local chapter of the Soroptimists Club.\nIn 1997 Parsons made a significant financial donation, as well as an oral history, to the Canberra Museum and Gallery. This contribution prompted the Gallery's collection of historical materials relating to private commerce in Canberra.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sylvia-parsons-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/parsons-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fashioned-here\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-sylvia-parsons-womens-fashion-retailer-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hmss-0138-heide-smith-photographs-the-canberrans\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Christopherson, Leonie Therese", "Entry ID": "AWE4923", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/christopherson-leonie-therese\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Advertising practitioner, Author, Community activist, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Leonie Christopherson gave up a promising career in advertising to marry into the army. She turned her talent for communication to the service of political and community organisations: the Liberal Party of Australia, and the National Council of Women. She served as president of National Council of Women of Australia from 2003 to 2006 at a time of great change for the association, and her consensual style of leadership provided a secure basis for it to move forward. In 2006, she was made a Member of the Order of Australia, and, in 2013 she was invested as a Dame of Honour in the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem Knights Hospitaller, honouring her for her services to the community.\n", "Details": "Leonie Christopherson is the second daughter of Frank Pryke and his wife Millicent (n\u00e9e Winchester), born on 4 November 1939 in Sydney. Her father's employment with Mobil Oil meant frequent relocation for the family, and Leonie attended 5 different Anglican schools in 3 states. At 16 years of age, she left school to work in advertising, reaching management level by the age of 18. At 20 she 'married into the army'.\nChristopherson believes that 'there is no finer training for public office than having been an army wife'. She married Geoffrey John Christopherson on 18 April 1960, and they have 3 sons. Geoff Christopherson's army service has taken the family to 20 different locations in 5 different countries. Leonie worked when that was convenient, in promotion and advertising, and educational administration. She also moved into community service, acting as honorary secretary to the Army Wives Association in Queensland and initiating a range of support activities.\nIn the middle 1970s, the family settled in Victoria, and Christopherson completed a BA in Language and Literature at Swinburne University. She was a founding member of the Boroondara Writers' Group. She took an interest in local community affairs, becoming chairman of the Ashburton Community Centre. She also became active in the Women's Sections of the Liberal Party (Victoria), working as a campaign manager in local government elections and serving as vice-chairman of the Central Council of the Women's Sections.\nIn 1993, Christopherson's success in the backrooms of the Liberal Party inspired Gracia Baylor, then president of the National Council of Women of Victoria, to invite Leonie to join her executive as honorary secretary. When Baylor became president of the National Council of Women of Australia in 1997, Christopherson was appointed to the Board to take charge of communications, redesigning publicity material and editing the NCWA's Quarterly Bulletin and other publications. In 2000, the International Council of Women invited her to become editor-in-chief of the ICW Quarterly Newsletter, which she published in three languages, printing and distributing it from Australia. She is currently (2013) the ICW advisor for arts and letters.\nLeonie Christopherson served as national president of NCWA 2003-2006. At the beginning of her term, the association faced a major funding challenge with the establishment by the Howard government of 4 coalitions representing Australian women to government, and the cessation of direct government funding to women's organisations except for specific projects. The challenge was met by rigorous economies, by sharing projects and funding with one of the new groupings, the Australian Women's Coalition (which NCWA had helped form), and by seeking projects with alternate funding sources. Two of these projects produced booklets that proved to have strong and lasting community impact. Breathtaking Women: Asthma Awareness and You was produced by NCWA and the Asthma Foundation of Victoria, and funded by the Commonwealth Department of Health and Aging and the Asthma Foundation of Western Australia. Funds were also found to produce versions in Greek and Italian. What Now in Contraceptives? was published under the imprimatur of NCWA, and financed by commercial interests; it proved a valuable guide for young women to the kinds of contraception available to them.\nChristopherson's philosophy of leadership is to 'always lead from behind', valuing the workers 'for the gold they are'. She believes that the most valuable achievement of her period of office was a qualitative change in relations between the national executive and state NCWs: the end of an atmosphere of 'Us and Them'.\nChristopherson's army connections have led her into unusual roles for a member of the NCWA. She has worked through the Defence Reserves Support Council, Victoria, to encourage the enrolment of women in the Army Reserves-'not in the crush\/kill\/destroy capacity but as peacekeepers'. And she has served on the Firearms Appeals Committee, Victoria, the tribunal that hears appeals from people who have lost their gun licences.\nChristopherson's publications include as author What's Politics, Nan?, a book for children, Forceful Females, a play in one act celebrating the centenary of Victorian women's suffrage, and Teresa Angelica: Nurse Winchester, a biography of her grandmother. She has also contributed as author to anthologies, That Once We Lived, This Bit Is for Me, and The Fabric of Life, and has edited 2 anthologies, From a Camel to the Moon, produced by NCWA for the International Year of the Older Person, and Valuing Volunteers, produced for the UN Year of the Volunteer. She has also edited the NCWV's and the AWC's monthly newsletters.\nIn 2006, Leonie Christopherson was made a Member of the Order of Australia for service to the development of national policies relating to issues and concerns of women, particularly through the National Council of Women of Australia, and to promoting the equal status of all in the community.\nIn the same year, Christopherson was chosen as one of NCWV's 'celebrated women achievers'. On this occasion, Gracia Baylor described her as 'a wonderfully warm, enthusiastic person who has a great sense of fun and who can handle anybody or any situation, whatever the circumstances may be'. In 2013 she was invested as a Dame of Honour in the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem Knights Hospitaller, honouring her for her services to the community.\nLeonie was quoted at a NCWA conference as saying: 'we're here to save the world on issues relating to women and their families. We only have two and a half days to do it, but as women that will not be a problem'.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-achievers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/leonies-c-v\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/notre-dame-medical-school-welcomes-womens-council-president\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ncwa-papers-1984-2006\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/so-proud-to-be-australian\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-victoria-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Macintosh, Laurel Jean", "Entry ID": "AWE4931", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/macintosh-laurel-jean\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Picton, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Community activist, Ophthalmologist, Surgeon, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Dr Laurel Macintosh served for nearly 40 years as an ophthalmic surgeon in Brisbane hospitals, working all the while for women's rights and as a community activist. In her professional life, she chaired the Queensland Branch of the Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists. Her community work took her to the presidency of both the National Council of Women of Queensland (1977-1979, 1994-1996) and the National Council of Women of Australia (1979-1982), and to membership of state, national and international committees with the capacity to influence government. An achievement of which she is proud is the winning of the case for late night shopping for Brisbane and Ipswich in Queensland's industrial court in December 1978.\n", "Details": "Laurel Macintosh was born on 29 April 1924 in country New South Wales, the daughter of C.H.V. Macintosh, a 5th-generation Australian. She was educated at Sydney Girls' High School and the University of Sydney, graduating in general medicine in 1946. She trained in ophthalmology at the Royal Brisbane Hospital 1947-1951, and then as a surgeon at the Royal Eye Hospital, London, 1951-1953. She entered private practice in Orange, NSW, 1954-1958, then moved to Brisbane where she became a visiting ophthalmologist with the Royal Children's Hospital and, later, with the Brisbane Repatriation Department, the Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the Narbethong School for the Visually Handicapped. She joined the Queensland Medical Women's Society and the Ophthalmology Society (later Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists) in 1958 and was made a Fellow of the College in 1995. She was also made an honorary life member of the Australian Medical Association in 1996, after 50 years in the profession, and of the Queensland Medical Women's Association in 2004.\nDr Macintosh joined the Quota Club, a service club for professional women, in Orange and then Brisbane. Her introduction to the National Council of Women came in 1960 when NCW Queensland asked Quota to find someone to take on the job of state convenor for women and employment, and Laurel was duly appointed (1960-1975). In 1964, she was recruited to serve as international secretary on Anne Hamilton's ANCW Board; she remembers those Board meetings as 'the most fun I [ever] had'. She took on the task of Australian convenor for women and employment from 1970 to 1973, and the ICW vice-convenorship from 1973 to 1979.\nDr Macintosh's work for NCW led her into broader leadership roles within the women's movement: president of the Status of Women Committee (Brisbane) 1973-1976; vice-president of the United Nations Association Australia (Queensland) 1975-1978; chairman of the Queensland International Women's Year Committee 1974-1976 and a member of the National UNAA IWY Committee, under the chairmanship of Ada Norris.\nIn 1977, Macintosh became president of NCW Queensland and, on completion of this term in 1979, president of NCWA. She was rare among NCWA presidents in also holding down a full-time job, and only survived the workload by taking months of long service leave to allow her to travel within and beyond Australia. She remembers as a significant achievement of her presidency the development of close relations with the National Councils of Women of Thailand and Fiji-both 'twinned' with NCWA.\nThe most memorable event of Macintosh's presidency was the World Conference of the United Nations Decade for Women, held in Copenhagen in July 1980. She was one of 4 women from voluntary organisations who attended as official Australian government representatives-a role she found restrictive. Macintosh enjoyed good relations with politicians, state and federal, and with the federal Office of the Status of Women. When the Queensland government established an Advisory Council of Queensland Women 1975-1976, she was a founding member.\nDr Macintosh continued her involvement with Quota, holding the Queensland presidency from 1959 to 1961 and again from 1988 to 1989. She presided over the Queensland Branch of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists 1972-1973, acted as a federal councillor of the College 1972-1974, and, in 1995, became a Fellow of the College. She was twice elected president of the National Council of Women of Queensland-in 1977 for 2 years and again in 1994 for 4 years. As president of NCWQ, she was instrumental in obtaining late night shopping for Brisbane and Ipswich in December 1978, which involved appearing as an advocate in the industrial court where she encountered the opposition of unions and shop-owners alike. She also served on the Queensland Consumer Affairs Council.\nFrom 1982 to 1991, Macintosh was ICW convenor for the Standing Committee for Women and Employment and she continued to serve as a consultant from 1991 to 1994. During her many years of the involvement with NCWA and the ICW, she attended triennial ICW conferences in Nairobi 1979, Seoul 1982, London 1984, Washington 1988, Bangkok 1991 and Paris 1994, as well as executive meetings in Brussels 1981 and Kiel 1983.\nDr Laurel Macintosh was awarded a Queen's Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977 and appointed to the Order of the British Empire in 1980 for her services to women. In 1984 she was made a life member of NCWQ and, in 1988, an honorary life vice-president of NCWA in recognition of her long and distinguished service to the organisation. In the same year (1988), she was appointed a dame in the Knights Hospitaller Order of St Lazarus, an international humanitarian organisation, and in 2001 was awarded an Australian Centenary Medal for service to the community as president of the National Council of Women in Queensland.\n'All people should have the opportunity to develop what talents they have to choose the life they wish to lead while recognising the rights of others to choose differently. We need tolerance and understanding of each other.'\n", "Events": "Council of Queensland Women (1975 - 1976) \nInternational Council of Women (1965 - ) \nQueensland Medical Women's Society (1958 - ) \nQueensland Museum Advisory Committee on the Status of Women (1994 - 1998) \nQueensland UNAA International Women's Year Committee (1974 - 1976) \nQuota Club of Brisbane (1959 - 1961) \nQuota Club of Brisbane (1988 - 1989) \nUNAA Status of Women Committee (Brisbane) (1973 - 1976)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-national-council-of-women-of-queensland-the-second-fifty-years-1955-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ncwa-papers-1984-2006\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/7266-national-council-of-women-of-queensland-minute-books-1905-2004\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-laurel-macintosh\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Scotford, Jessie Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE4940", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scotford-jessie-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Casino, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Arts administrator, Community worker, Novelist, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Jessie Scotford was president of the National Council of Women of New South Wales (1967-1970), and national president (1970-1973). She brought to her work with the National Councils a strong sense of the importance of history and literature as the creators of national culture and identity. The same concern led her to join the National Trust, where she campaigned for 'the importance of preserving not only the buildings, but the contents of the buildings'. In 1973, she ran in Sydney the first International Council of Women's Regional Conference to be held in the Pacific region.\n", "Details": "Jessie Scotford was born in 1917 in Casino in outback New South Wales, where her father, Edward Vivian Timms, had taken up farming after returning injured from Gallipoli. The family returned to city life a few years later when Timms and his wife, Alma, decided he was better suited to a career as a writer. Timms went on to become a successful historical novelist; his best-known works are probably Forever to Remain (1948) and The Beckoning Shore (1950). Jessie Scotford remembered her country upbringing as a time when 'we put down a lot of very good Australian roots'.\nJessie attended Gosford High School, becoming the school captain in her final year. She went on to become an evening student at Sydney University, working by day at a number of jobs, including journalism. In 1940, before she graduated, she married Herbert Edward Scotford, at that time a sergeant in the AIF. For the next 6 years the couple were separated by war. Mrs Scotford was awarded a BA in 1942.\nAfter the birth of her children - twins, a boy and a girl - Jessie Scotford became involved in a range of community activities. She joined the Women Graduates Association and found herself preparing abstracts of United Nations documents on women's rights for publication in the WGA newsletter. She joined the mothers' association at her children's school and soon became president. She worked as honorary archivist for the New South Wales National Trust for about 7 years, later joining its council. And, as president of North Shore group of the National Heart Campaign in its first year of operation, she became involved in fund-raising, event organisation, and public speaking. She became a speaker for the National Heart Campaign and subsequently for the Freedom From Hunger Campaign, discovering a talent for public persuasion.\nAdvised by her husband that she needed a professional qualification, in 1955 Jessie Scotford undertook a Diploma of Education in the new education-by-distance program at the University of New England, again studying by night and teaching by day. A thesis written for this program became in Scotford's words 'a turning point in my whole life'. Taking a trunkful of 19th-century family letters, she analysed their potential as a means of teaching history. This innovative exercise also involved her in the new discipline of folklore studies, and the popular movement to establish folk museums for the preservation of 'our Australian heritage'.\nAfter an overseas tour, during which she visited 'all the major folk museums in the British Isles and on the Continent', Jessie Scotford began to campaign through the National Trust 'on the importance of preserving not only the buildings, but the contents of the buildings'. The idea was entirely new to the National Trust Executive Council and its members were difficult to convince. But Scotford established a large collection of historical costumes dating from early Sydney, and, by the mid-1970s, the Trust was persuaded to purchase these as the basis of a future folk museum. She was a council member of the National Trust of Australia (NSW) from 1974 to 1981.\nIn parallel with this work on the heritage front, Jessie Scotford became involved in the national and international women's movement. She joined the National Council of Women of NSW as a delegate of the Women Graduates Association, becoming convenor of the committee for arts and letters in 1965, and president of the Council from 1967. This led to her chairing the Women's Committee of the Captain Cook Bicentenary Celebrations, and effectively managing a range of bicentenary events in 1970, including a women's 'Pageant of Endeavour'-an exhibition in the Sydney Town Hall demonstrating women's contribution to the development of NSW. 120,000 people visited the exhibition. A series of 'Life in the Home' tableaux demonstrated 'family life, costume, customs, household furniture and contents'. Scotford also collected and later published a collection of brief histories of all the 250 women's organisations involved in the 'Pageant'.\nIn 1970, Scotford also became president of National Council of Women of Australia. As president she carried forward the reform programs of her predecessor, Ada Norris, including the long struggle for equal pay, finally achieved with the Arbitration Court decision to abolish the male basic wage in 1974. She initiated new programs to obtain equal treatment for women in the areas of pensions and taxation, and to improve the standard of care in child-care centres. She raised the issue of Aboriginal welfare within the National Councils, calling in 1972 for reports from all affiliates on the local treatment of Aborigines.\nIn retrospect Jessie Scotford remembered as the major achievement of her presidency the staging of the 1973 International Council of Women's Regional Conference in Sydney. She got funding for the conference from the United Nations Development Program in New York-'probably the hardest thing I ever had to do'. Scotford was made a life member and a vice-president of ICW in 1979, in recognition of her skills and commitment in organising this and several later events for the ICW Board. She attended the United Nations Mid-Decade Conference for Women in Copenhagen in 1980, the United Nations World Conference for Women in Nairobi in 1985, the UNESCO General Conference in Paris in 1983, and the United Nations Conference on Decolonisation in Port Moresby in 1984.\nIn Australia, Scotford's work with the National Councils led her to undertake a range of voluntary positions: membership of the State Committee for Human Rights Year 1968; chair of the Sydney Opera House Festival Women's Committee in 1973; membership of the board of governors of the Law Foundation of New South Wales, 1974-1977, the first non-legal woman so appointed; membership of the Council for the Royal Flying Doctor Service; and membership of the Standing Committee of Convocation at Macquarie University.\nIn 1977, Scotford was appointed executive officer of the Cultural Council of the City of Sydney. This involved the organisation of the City of Sydney Eisteddfod, an event with over 20,000 entrants, and also a more general brief to promote the performing and creative arts in the city.\nIn her later years, Scotford wrote a historical novel, The Distaff Side. It follows her ancestral female lines, to her great grandmothers and beyond. She wrote that 'I wanted to honour my ancestors, not because they were great heroines, but because of the sort of people they were-steady, and good'. The book was published in 1996 by Harper Collins.\nJessie Scotford was active for many years on the presbytery of St David's church, Lindfield, and, with the union of the Presbyterian, Congregational and Methodist churches in 1977, she became an Elder in the Uniting Church of Australia-'perhaps my greatest honour'. In 1976 she told an all-women service in St David's that the impact of International Women's Year was like a huge submerged ocean current whose force was not yet felt. Women are rising in slow persistent waves to effect a 'revolution that is as vital a part of human progress as the discovery of the wheel, the invention of the printing press or the conquest of space'.\n", "Events": "Central West Region Women's Committee of the National Trust of Australia NSW (1995 - 1995) \nFestival Women's Committee for the opening of the Sydney Opera House (1973 - 1973)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-distaff-side-an-epic-saga-spanning-five-generations-of-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1971\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-super-achiever\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ncwa-quarterly-bulletin-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/education-for-citizenship\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-nsw-program-for-the-launch-of-the-centenary-stamp-issue-and-a-complete-set-of-the-issue-1996\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-further-papers-1895-1981\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-nsw-inc-further-records-1926-1927-1937-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-relating-to-national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-1895-1897\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-further-records-1895-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-scotford-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-records-1895-1976\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ncwa-papers-1984-2006\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dobson, Hazel", "Entry ID": "AWE4941", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dobson-hazel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Public servant, Social worker", "Summary": "In 1948 Hazel Dobson was commissioned by the first Minister for Immigration, Arthur Calwell to investigate the living conditions and social problems of newly arrived refugees. Her report successfully recommended the employment by the Department of Immigration of professionally qualified social workers to assist migrants and refugees experiencing settlement difficulties. It also successfully recommended the enlistment of community organizations in helping new arrivals settle through what became the Good Neighbour Movement. She became the first Director of The Department of Immigration's Assimilation and Social Welfare Section and continued in that role until her death.\n", "Details": "Hazel Dobson was born in St Leonards, Sydney, the daughter of Robert and Agnes Dobson. After completing her Leaving Certificate at North Sydney Girls' High School, she trained as a nurse.\nShe then commenced a course in what was then called Social Study, offered in Sydney from 1929 by the Board of Social Study and Training. She graduated from it at the end of 1939.\nDuring 1942, she and H.E. Howes undertook a study of the wartime living conditions in the NSW town of Lithgow, where the expansion of the Small Arms Factory had caused a major population influx. Their study was published by the Industrial Welfare Division of the Department of Labour and National Service in 1943.\nHazel worked in Canberra with Arthur Calwell before his appointment as the first Minister for Immigration in 1945. In late 1948 she was asked to prepare a research report on the living conditions of aliens living in the community, and of refugees in the Department's Reception and Holding Centres.\nHer report successfully suggested that the Department employ professionally qualified social workers to assist migrants and refugees experiencing settlement difficulties. On 1 July 1949, she was appointed the first Officer in Charge, Assimilation and Social Welfare, by the Department of Immigration in Canberra. Her Section started with 39 positions for professionally qualified social workers, initially in Sydney, Melbourne and Perth.\nHer report also successfully recommended that the Department co-opt community organisations to assist it in settling newly arrived migrants and refugees. The Good Neighbour Movement fulfilled this role Australia-wide from 1950 to about 1980, with Tasmanian branches operating still.\nHazel Dobson was described by one of her staff as 'a tall, handsome woman with shortish iron-grey hair, decisive but gently spoken, approachable and not at all intimidating, who was supportive of her staff and gave them a great deal of autonomy'. Based in Canberra, she headed the Assimilation and Social Welfare team until her death in about 1961.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/redefining-australians-immigration-citizenship-and-national-identity\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alien-to-citizen-settling-migrants-in-australia-1945-75-allen-and-unwin-in-association-with-australian-archives\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/good-neighbor-to-aid-migrants\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/more-friendship-should-be-shown-to-migrants\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/social-workers-appointments\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/plan-to-assist-migrants-s-a-good-neighbor-committee-formed\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Andrews, Mary Maria", "Entry ID": "AWE4954", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/andrews-mary-maria\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Dry Plain Station, Adaminaby, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Deaconess, Missionary", "Summary": "Read more about Mary Maria Andrews in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bardsley, Grace", "Entry ID": "AWE4964", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bardsley-grace\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal rights activist, Political activist", "Summary": "Read more about Grace Bardsley in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bedwin, Hazel Napier", "Entry ID": "AWE4976", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bedwin-hazel-napier\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Croydon, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Disability rights activist", "Summary": "Read more about Hazel Napier Bedwin in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Behrendt, Larissa", "Entry ID": "AWE4977", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/behrendt-larissa\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cooma, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Lawyer, Writer", "Summary": "Larissa Behrendt, AO, is a Eualeyai\/Kamillaroi woman, born in Cooma, New South Wales, in 1969. She was educated at Kirrawee High School before studying law at the University of New South Wales and then at Harvard Law School. She was the first Indigenous Australian to graduate from Harvard Law School.\nBehrendt was appointed an Officer in the General Division of the Order of Australia on 26 January 2020for distinguished service to Indigenous education and research, to the law, and to the visual and performing arts. \nRead more about Larissa Behrendt in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-larissa-behrendt-1992-2006-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-larissa-behrendt-first-aborigine-to-go-to-the-harvard-law-school-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/larissa-behrendt-interviewed-by-peter-read-and-jackie-huggins-in-2011-for-the-seven-years-on-continuing-life-histories-of-aboriginal-leaders-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/larissa-behrendt-interviewed-by-peter-read-in-2012-for-the-seven-years-on-continuing-life-histories-of-aboriginal-leaders-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/larissa-behrendt-interviewed-by-peter-read-in-2016-for-the-seven-years-on-continuing-life-histories-of-aboriginal-leaders-oral-history-project\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/larissa-behrendt-interviewed-by-peter-read-in-1995-for-the-seven-years-on-continuing-life-histories-of-aboriginal-leaders-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/larissa-behrendt-interviewed-by-peter-read-and-jackie-huggins-in-2002-for-the-seven-years-on-continuing-life-histories-of-aboriginal-leaders-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Blacklock, Wendy", "Entry ID": "AWE4985", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blacklock-wendy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor, Producer", "Summary": "Read more about Wendy Blacklock in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bluett, Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE4988", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bluett-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Paddington, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Teacher, Trade unionist", "Summary": "Read more about Mary Bluett in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Brennan, Patricia Anne", "Entry ID": "AWE4994", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brennan-patricia-anne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Hurstville, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Campaigner, Feminist theologian, Forensic physician, Media presenter, Missionary", "Summary": "Read more about Patricia Anne Brennan in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/patricia-brennan-records-relating-to-movement-for-the-ordination-of-women-sydney-1974-2009\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Brodrick, Ida Bell", "Entry ID": "AWE4997", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brodrick-ida-bell\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Woollahra, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Richmond, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Medical practitioner", "Summary": "Read more about Ida Bell Brodrick in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Burgmann, Verity", "Entry ID": "AWE5001", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burgmann-verity\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Political activist, Political scientist", "Summary": "Professor Verity Burgmann is a leading Australian political scientist who has taught in Europe and Australia. She was the first female professor at Melbourne University's School of Social and Political Sciences and has been active in the Women's Caucus of the Australian Political Studies Association from its early days. She has a long history of radical political activism, including for Aboriginal land rights, the anti-Apartheid movement, female prisoners' rights, the Public Education Group and environmental groups. Verity is currently Adjunct Professor of Political Science in the School of Social Sciences at Monash University, and Honorary Professorial Fellow in the eScholarship Research Centre at the University of Melbourne.\nRead more about Verity Burgmann in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Details": "Verity Burgmann was born in Sydney, Australia on 17 September 1952 to Lorna Constance (n\u00e9e Bradbury) (1915-2004) and Victor Dudley Burgmann (1916-1991), the youngest of four children after Jon (former civil engineer), Dr Beverley Firth (former public servant) and Dr Meredith Burgmann (former Labor MLC and President of the New South Wales Legislative Council). Lorna Burgmann named Verity after Verity Hewitt, well-known Canberra bookshop proprietor, with whose sister Mary Lorna had shared a flat while a student at Sydney University.\nFourth-generation graduates, Verity and her two sisters became the first three sisters in Australia to all achieve doctorates. The family's strong intellectual and social service ethos shaped their lives. Verity's paternal grandfather Dr Ernest Henry Burgmann was a politically progressive churchman who served as Bishop of Goulburn (1934-50) and Bishop of Canberra and Goulburn (1950-60). Her father Victor Burgmann worked in radar research during World War II then at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), becoming CSIRO Chairman in 1977. Former NSW Labor politician, Verity Helen Firth, is her niece.\nIn 1975 Verity completed a Bachelor of Science (Economics) with First Class Honours at the London School of Economics (LSE) where she was awarded the Harold Laski Scholarship for best undergraduate essay and the Bassett Memorial Prize for topping her final year in the Department of Government. She returned to Australia in 1977 where she completed a PhD on Revolutionaries and Racists: Australian Socialism and the Problem of Racism at the Australian National University in 1981.\nFrom mid 1975 until early 1977, Verity taught British Government at South London College and worked in the India Office Library as research assistant for an academic writing about communism in Kerala. Between 1978 and 1980 she tutored part-time in General Studies at the University of New South Wales and in Government at the University of Sydney, where she was impressed by political theorist Carole Pateman and concerned by her departure to the USA. After one year as full-time tutor in History at the University of New South Wales, she moved to Melbourne with her husband, where she worked as full-time tutor in Political Science (1981) and History (1982-83) at the University of Melbourne, then as Post-Doctoral Fellow at Deakin University (1984-86) and University of Melbourne (1986-87). From 1988, she lectured in the Political Science Department at the University of Melbourne, subsequently the School of Social and Political Sciences. In 2003, she became its first female professor. Verity remained an active member of the National Tertiary Education Union while working as an academic.\nBriefly in the late 1980s, Verity was the sole female academic above tutor level in her department. Joined soon after by three new female lecturers, these young women academics discovered their male colleagues referred to them as 'The Gang of Four'. Finding Australasian Political Studies Association (APSA) conferences similarly male-dominated, Verity became active in the Women's Caucus of APSA, especially encouraged by, and collaborating with, Carol Johnson, Marian Sawer and Marian Simms. She became President of APSA 2002-03 following a year as its Vice-President. Verity was elected to the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia (ASSA) in 1999 for her scholarship in labour history and politics, social movements and Australian studies. Within ASSA, she was especially inspired by the activism of Patricia Grimshaw and Jill Roe, who did much to confront ASSA's patriarchalism.\nAs Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Arts between 2004 and 2007, she chaired more than fifty selection committees presiding over new academic appointments. However, following significant regime change in both the Faculty and the School of Social and Political Sciences, Verity felt beleaguered and bullied, and so decided to leave paid employment at the University of Melbourne in January 2013. From 1 April to 30 July 2013, Verity was Ludwig Hirschfeld Mack Visiting Professor of Australian Studies at the Institut f\u00fcr Englische Philologie at the Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin. On her return from Berlin, she became an honorary Adjunct Professor of Political Science in the School of Social Sciences at Monash University, with the support of Monash Dean of Arts Rae Frances and Monash Politics Professor James Walter. Also in 2013, she was appointed an Honorary Professorial Fellow in the eScholarship Research Centre at the University of Melbourne, where she is Director of the Roger Coates Labour History Project and Reason in Revolt digital-scholarship platform (accessible at www.reasoninrevolt.net.au), an online resource of primary source documents of Australian political and cultural radicalism from the 1850s to the present day.\nIn addition to more than 70 refereed journal articles and book chapters, Verity is the author of Globalization and Labour in the Twenty-First Century (2012); Climate Politics and the Climate Movement in Australia, with Hans Baer (2012); Power, Profit and Protest (2003); Unions and the Environment (2002); Green Bans, Red Union, with Meredith Burgmann (1998); Revolutionary Industrial Unionism (1995); Power and Protest (1993); and 'In Our Time': Socialism and the Rise of Labour, 1885-1905 (1985). She is editor of Changing the Climate: Utopia, Dystopia and Catastrophe, with Andrew Milner and Simon Sellers (2011), and the four-volume A People's History of Australia, with Jenny Lee (1988). Her work has been translated into Spanish, French, Japanese, Korean and Swedish. She regularly presents papers at conferences overseas and in Australia, including invited keynote and plenary addresses.\nVerity has a long history of radical political activism, beginning in 1971 when a first-year student at the University of Sydney. She became involved in supporting Aboriginal land rights. She joined the anti-Apartheid movement, specifically the campaign that disrupted the tour of the racially selected Springboks Rugby Union team and forced cancellation of the impending South African cricket tour. While protesting at the Sydney Cricket Ground during the Springboks versus Wallabies match, she and her sister Meredith Burgmann were arrested for interrupting play. Verity succeeded in reaching the centre of the ground and kicked the ball out of the scrum. She received a $400 fine for 'offensive behaviour' while Meredith received a jail sentence that was suspended on appeal. Through this campaign, Verity met Gary Foley and became involved in support for Aboriginal land rights, especially the Tent Embassy established in January 1972. This political activism during the early 1970s brought her to the attention of the Australian Security and Intelligence Organisation (ASIO); she would later discover through accessing her ASIO file that not only ASIO but also MI6 in Britain kept her under surveillance.\nMI6 became interested when she commenced a relationship during 1971 with Peter Hain, pioneer of the international sporting boycott of racially selected South African teams and leader of the UK Stop the Seventy Tour campaign. Verity discontinued her Arts degree at the University of Sydney and moved to London in July 1972 where she lived with Hain and his family, mixing with South African expatriate political activists, while commencing her politics degree at the LSE. Also in London, Verity joined the International Socialists, a Trotskyist-influenced organisation, which argued that the Soviet Union and similar Eastern Bloc countries were not socialist models but 'state capitalist' countries just as deplorable as capitalist ones, and emphasised militant rank-and-file working-class activism rather than reliance on reformist politicians and union officials.\nBack in Sydney and Canberra from February 1977, Verity campaigned for female prisoners' rights through Women Behind Bars, influenced by Virginia Bell and Julie McCrossin; marched in Sydney's first Mardi Gras demonstration in 1978; and supported Indigenous rights campaigns. In Melbourne in the early to mid 1980s she was frenetically active in People for Nuclear Disarmament, even during the pregnancy and after the birth of her first child. A long-time critic of private school education including her own at Abbotsleigh, a private Anglican school for girls in Sydney, and experiencing the effects of underfunding of her sons' local state high school, Verity became involved in the Public Education Group from the late 1990s onwards; she has frequently served as an office bearer in this organisation. Since early this century, she has joined in climate movement actions through participation in summits and demonstrations, and speaking often and writing much about 'red-green' issues, based on her scholarly work on the green bans movement and trade union environmental activism.\nIn 1977 Verity married the British-Australian cultural theorist and literary critic Andrew Milner whom she met at the LSE; they have three sons (David, James and Robert) and a grand-daughter Norah, named after the strong, female protagonist of Mary Grant Bruce's Billabong books.\nThe revision of this entry in 2017 was sponsored by a generous donation from the later Dr Thelma Hunter.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/verity-burgmann\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fellows-list\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/political-science\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-womans-place-women-and-politics-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-and-the-political-system\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-who-caucus-feminist-political-scientists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Burrow, Kathleen Mary (Kate)", "Entry ID": "AWE5002", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burrow-kathleen-mary-kate\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Mudgee, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Croydon, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Catholic lay leader, Teacher", "Summary": "Read more about Kate Burrow in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Burrows, Eva Evelyn", "Entry ID": "AWE5003", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burrows-eva-evelyn\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tighes Hill, near Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Headmistress, Missionary, Preacher, Religious Leader", "Summary": "Read more about Eva Evelyn Burrows in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\nEva Burrows passed away on 20 March, 2015.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/salvation-army-retired-general-eva-burrows-remembered-as-the-peoples-general\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cecil, Amber Mae", "Entry ID": "AWE5012", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cecil-amber-mae\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Potts Point, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Radio actor", "Summary": "Read more about Amber Mae Cecil in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Chapman, Jan", "Entry ID": "AWE5015", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/chapman-jan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Film producer, Television producer", "Summary": "Read more about Jan Chapman in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cohen, Ida", "Entry ID": "AWE5022", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cohen-ida\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "Read more about Ida Cohen in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Connell, Raewyn", "Entry ID": "AWE5023", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/connell-raewyn\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Sociologist", "Summary": "Read more about Raewyn Connell in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Crawford, Patricia Marcia", "Entry ID": "AWE5033", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/crawford-patricia-marcia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Historian", "Summary": "Read more about Patricia Marcia Crawford in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Curthoys, Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE5038", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/curthoys-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Historian", "Summary": "Read more about Ann Curthoys in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-marilyn-lake-1964-1999-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ann-curthoys-interviewed-by-susan-marsden-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dale, Marguerite Ludovia", "Entry ID": "AWE5039", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dale-marguerite-ludovia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Boorowa, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Neutral Bay, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist, Playwright", "Summary": "Read more about Marguerite Ludovia Dale in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Daly, Jean Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE5041", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daly-jean-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Women's rights activist", "Summary": "Read more about Jean Mary Daly in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Darian-Smith, Katherine (Kate)", "Entry ID": "AWE5044", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/darian-smith-katherine-kate\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Historian", "Summary": "Read more about Kate Darian-Smith in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/remembering-the-immigration-reform-group-witness-seminar\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Darling, Barbara", "Entry ID": "AWE5045", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/darling-barbara\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Bishop, Teacher", "Summary": "Read more about Barbara Darling in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gracious-and-gentle-pioneer-was-a-role-model-for-anglican-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dennis, Elizabeth Salisbury", "Entry ID": "AWE5051", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dennis-elizabeth-salisbury\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Plant biologist", "Summary": "Read more about Elizabeth Salisbury Dennis in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ragbir-singh-bhathal-1949-2006-bulk-1996-1999-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Farquharson, Marie Langley", "Entry ID": "AWE5076", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/farquharson-marie-langley\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Manly, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Neutral Bay, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "Read more about Marie Langley Farquharson in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Foley, Susan Kathleen", "Entry ID": "AWE5083", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/foley-susan-kathleen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Historian", "Summary": "Read more about Susan Kathleen Foley in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Foster, Lynn", "Entry ID": "AWE5084", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/foster-lynn\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Mosman, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Playwright, Radio producer, Radio writer, Script editor, Television writer", "Summary": "Read more about Lynn Foster in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "French, Valerie", "Entry ID": "AWE5087", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/french-valerie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Judge, Lawyer", "Summary": "In 1975 Valerie French became the first woman to sign the Western Australia Bar Roll and became the first woman to practise as a barrister in Western Australia. From that time, French's professional appointments and legal career have continued to serve as a guide for women entering into the legal profession in Western Australia. Beyond her impact on the legal profession as a 'first' at the Bar, her substantive legal practice has also influenced Australian law and legal policy, particularly in the field of criminal justice.\nRead more about Valerie French in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\nValerie French was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/valerie-french-interviewed-by-kim-rubenstein-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-pilot-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gates, Minnie May", "Entry ID": "AWE5091", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gates-minnie-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Willoughby, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Caringbah, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "Read more about Minnie May Gates in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Goldie, Rosemary", "Entry ID": "AWE5098", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/goldie-rosemary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Manly, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "RandwickRandwick, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist, Professor, Theologian", "Summary": "Read more about Rosemary Goldie in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Grosz, Elizabeth A.", "Entry ID": "AWE5109", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/grosz-elizabeth-a\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist theorist", "Summary": "Read more about Elizabeth A. Grosz in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hamilton, Annette", "Entry ID": "AWE5113", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hamilton-annette\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Anthropologist", "Summary": "Read more about Annette Hamilton in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Harper, Janice Mary (Jan)", "Entry ID": "AWE5115", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/harper-janice-mary-jan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Equal Opportunity practitioner, Feminist, Sociologist", "Summary": "Read more about Jan Harper in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Harris, Thistle Yolette", "Entry ID": "AWE5117", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/harris-thistle-yolette\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Mosman, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Summer Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Biologist, Botanist, Conservationist, Teacher", "Summary": "Read more about Thistle Harris in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hassall, Nanette", "Entry ID": "AWE5120", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hassall-nanette\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Choreographer, Dance advocate, Dancer, Director", "Summary": "Read more about Nanette Hassall in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Haynes, Edith Annie Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE5122", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/haynes-edith-annie-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Law clerk, Lawyer", "Summary": "Edith Haynes was born in Sydney in 1876 and moved with her family to Western Australia in 1891. In 1900, having worked at her uncle's law firm, she applied to the Barristers Board of Western Australia to sit the examinations necessary to practise as a lawyer. The board refused her request on the grounds that a woman was not a 'person' under the Legal Practitioners Act 1893. Haynes challenged the decision in the Supreme Court of Western Australia, but it was upheld; she was never admitted to practice. Edith Haynes died in 1968.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Holmes, Katie", "Entry ID": "AWE5135", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/holmes-katie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Historian", "Summary": "Read more about Katie Holmes in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Howe, Keran", "Entry ID": "AWE5140", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/howe-keran\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Deniliquin, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Disability rights activist, Feminist, Social worker", "Summary": "Read more about Keran Howe in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Events": "Churchill Scholarship (2004 - 2004) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2010 - 2010) \nMelbourne Commonwealth Games Village Group (2006 - 2006)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jacobs, Marjorie", "Entry ID": "AWE5146", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jacobs-marjorie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Gordon, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Historian", "Summary": "Read more about Marjorie Jacobs in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Johnson, Lesley Ruth", "Entry ID": "AWE5151", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/johnson-lesley-ruth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic", "Summary": "Read more about Lesley Ruth Johnson in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jolly, Margaret Anne", "Entry ID": "AWE5153", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jolly-margaret-anne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Anthropologist", "Summary": "Read more about Margaret Anne Jolly in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Events": "For significant service to education, particularly to gender and Pacific studies. (2020 - 2020)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kingston, Beverley Rhonda", "Entry ID": "AWE5168", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kingston-beverley-rhonda\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Historian", "Summary": "Beverley Kingston was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in June 2025 for significant service to community history, and to tertiary education.\nRead more about Beverley Rhonda Kingston in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kirkby, Diane Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE5170", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kirkby-diane-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Walgett, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Historian", "Summary": "Read more about Diane Elizabeth Kirkby in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lang, Ethel", "Entry ID": "AWE5179", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lang-ethel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Radio actor, Stage actor", "Summary": "Read more about Ethel Lang in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Langford Ginibi, Ruby", "Entry ID": "AWE5180", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/langford-ginibi-ruby\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Box Ridge Mission, Coraki, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Fairfield Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal rights activist, Historian", "Summary": "Read more about Ruby Langford Ginibi in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Latham, Freer Helen", "Entry ID": "AWE5182", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/latham-freer-helen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Mullumbimby, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Greenwich, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Methodist lay leader", "Summary": "Read more about Freer Helen Latham in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lovell, Patricia", "Entry ID": "AWE5197", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lovell-patricia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Film producer, Radio actor, Television actor", "Summary": "Read more about Patricia Lovell in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mack, Jenni", "Entry ID": "AWE5200", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mack-jenni\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Consumer activist", "Summary": "Read more about Jenni Mack in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Events": "For significant service to business through consumer advocacy roles. (2020 - 2020)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "MacKellar, Isobel Marion Dorothea (Dorothea)", "Entry ID": "AWE5201", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mackellar-isobel-marion-dorothea-dorothea\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Novelist, Poet", "Summary": "Read more about Dorothea MacKellar in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-hazel-de-berg-1959-1963-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mackinnon, Gracemary", "Entry ID": "AWE5205", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mackinnon-gracemary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Corowa, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "South Yarra, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Executive, Public servant", "Summary": "Read more about Gracemary Mackinnon in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-gracemary-mackinnon\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Marchetta, Melina", "Entry ID": "AWE5209", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marchetta-melina\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author", "Summary": "Read more about Melina Marchetta in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McLaughlin, Clara Jane", "Entry ID": "AWE5225", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mclaughlin-clara-jane\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sodwalls, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Pennant Hills Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educationist, Religious Sister", "Summary": "Read more about Clara Jane McLaughlin in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Moyal, Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE5238", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moyal-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Northbridge, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Historian, Scholar", "Summary": "Read more about Ann Moyal in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Events": "For service to Australian society and the humanities in the study of Australian science (2001 - 2001) \nFor service to science and technology in Australia, particularly through the recording of its history (1993 - 1993)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ann-moyal-1870-2017-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ann-moyal-interviewed-by-sarah-engledow-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ann-moyal-interviewed-by-peter-pockley-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ann-moyal-interviewed-by-mark-mckenna-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Nixon, Christine", "Entry ID": "AWE5247", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nixon-christine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Police commissioner, Police officer", "Summary": "Read more about Christine Nixon in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Events": "For distinguished service to law enforcement, to women in policing, and to tertiary education. (2021 - 2021) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Oldfield, Audrey Phyllis", "Entry ID": "AWE5253", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oldfield-audrey-phyllis\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Mullumbimby, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Miranda, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Children's writer, Historian", "Summary": "Read more about Audrey Oldfield in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Paul, Camille Agnes Becker", "Entry ID": "AWE5262", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/paul-camille-agnes-becker\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Feminist, Moral theologian, Social justice advocate", "Summary": "Read more about Camille Agnes Becker Paul in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pesman, Roslyn (Ros) Louise", "Entry ID": "AWE5265", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pesman-roslyn-ros-louise\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Leeton, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Historian", "Summary": "Read more about Ros Louise Pesman in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pines, Stella Edith Lottie", "Entry ID": "AWE5268", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pines-stella-edith-lottie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Balmain, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Durban, South Africa", "Occupations": "Broadcaster, Journalist, Nurse", "Summary": "Read more about Stella Edith Lottie Pines in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pomeranz, Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE5271", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pomeranz-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Waverley, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Film critic, Film writer, Producer", "Summary": "Read more about Margaret Pomeranz in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Reay, Marie Olive", "Entry ID": "AWE5275", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reay-marie-olive\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Maitland, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Booragul, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Anthropologist", "Summary": "Read more about Marie Olive Reay in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marie-reay-anthropology-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-relating-to-asopa-courses-1949-1956-1988-1999\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Shortland, Cate", "Entry ID": "AWE5306", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shortland-cate\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Temora, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Director, Writer", "Summary": "Read more about Cate Shortland in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Solling, Wendy Hope", "Entry ID": "AWE5312", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/solling-wendy-hope\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Maitland, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "United States of America", "Occupations": "Religious Sister, Sculptor", "Summary": "Read more about Wendy Hope Solling in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Stack, Ellen Mary (Ella)", "Entry ID": "AWE5313", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stack-ellen-mary-ella\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Mayor, Medical practitioner", "Summary": "Read more about Ellen (Ella) Stack in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Stanley, Fiona Juliet", "Entry ID": "AWE5316", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stanley-fiona-juliet\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Chief Executive Officer, Child and public health researcher", "Summary": "Read more about Fiona Juliet Stanley in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Thiering, Barbara Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE5334", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/thiering-barbara-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Theologian", "Summary": "Read more about Barbara Elizabeth Thiering in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/academic-and-iconoclast-barbara-thiering-exemplified-tumultuous-1960s-ethos\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Walsh, Philippa Jane (Pip)", "Entry ID": "AWE5343", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walsh-philippa-jane-pip\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cowra, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Environmentalist", "Summary": "Read more about Philippa Jane Walsh in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Webby, Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE5349", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/webby-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Literary critic", "Summary": "Read more about Elizabeth Webby in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dorothy-green-1943-1990-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Weber, Jenny Catherine", "Entry ID": "AWE5350", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/weber-jenny-catherine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Environmentalist", "Summary": "Read more about Jenny Catherine Weber in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.q\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Willard, Myra", "Entry ID": "AWE5356", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/willard-myra\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educationist, Historian", "Summary": "Read more about Myra Willard in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Windeyer, Margaret (Margy)", "Entry ID": "AWE5360", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/windeyer-margaret-margy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Darlinghurst Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "Read more about Margy Windeyer in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-nsw-program-for-the-launch-of-the-centenary-stamp-issue-and-a-complete-set-of-the-issue-1996\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-relating-to-national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-1895-1897\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-lady-mary-windeyer-and-margaret-windeyer-1894-1926-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/windeyer-family-papers-1829-1943\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/photographs-relating-to-the-windeyer-family-1829-1943\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-further-records-ca-1891-2002\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bennett, Annabelle", "Entry ID": "AWE5384", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bennett-annabelle\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Judge, Lawyer, Senior Counsel, Tribunal Member", "Summary": "The Honourable Justice Annabelle Bennett AO was appointed a Judge of the Federal Court of Australia in 2003. She is also an additional judge of the Supreme Court of the ACT. Prior to joining the bench of the Federal Court, she was a barrister and then Senior Counsel specialising in intellectual property law. She was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in 2005. In July 2011 her Honour was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of the University by the ANU.\nJustice Bennett completed her BSc (Hons) and PhD in Biochemistry (the latter in the Faculty of Vet Science) at Sydney University and later obtained her law degree at the University of New South Wales. Her interest in biological sciences has led to membership of the Genetic Manipulation Advisory Committee, the Biotechnology Task Force, the Pharmacy Board of New South Wales and the Eastern Sydney Area Health Service. She is a member of several other boards and tribunals.\n", "Details": "Justice Bennett is President of the Copyright Tribunal of Australia; Chair of the National Health and Medical Research Council; a Presidential Member of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal; Arbitrator of the Court of Arbitration for Sport; member of Chief Executive Women; member of the Australian Academy of Forensic Sciences; and member of the Advisory Board of the Faculty of Law at The Chinese University of Hong Kong.\nHer Honour has also served as Pro-Chancellor of the Australian National University for 13 years. In addition she has been a member of the Gene Patenting Advisory Committee of the Australian Law Reform Commission; member of the Advisory Group for the Dean of Medicine at The University of Sydney; Trustee of the Centennial Park and Moore Park Trust; Director of the Sydney Children's Hospital Foundation; President of the Australian Academy of Forensic Sciences; President of Chief Executive Women; as well as a member of the Reference Group for the APEC Women Leaders' Network Meeting 2007 and the Head of Delegation to the APEC Women Leaders' Network Meeting 2008 in Peru.\n", "Events": "Companion (AC) in the General Division, Order of Australia: For eminent service to the law, and to the judiciary, particularly in the field of intellectual property, to higher education, and to sports arbitration. (2019 - 2019)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-hon-annabelle-claire-bennett-ao\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anu-pro-chancellor-annabelle-bennetts-correspondence\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Glass, Deborah", "Entry ID": "AWE5388", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/glass-deborah\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bega, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Banker, Lawyer, Ombudsman, Public servant", "Summary": "The Victorian Ombudsman, Deborah Glass, left Monash University Law School in the early 1980s, never imagining that thirty years later she would be honoured with an OBE for her services to law and order. A law graduate who hasn't practised since 1984, with the benefit of hindsight she nevertheless saw the legal training she received as a valuable foundation for supporting the various twists and turns her career has taken over the last thirty years.\nAfter graduating in 1982, Deborah Glass began her professional career as a lawyer based in Melbourne, but relocated to Switzerland to work for Citicorp, a US Investment Bank. She then transferred into the financial regulation sector, pursuing a career with the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission. Returning to Europe, she was appointed Chief Executive of the Investment Management Regulatory Organisation in 1998. Under her stewardship it was successfully subsumed into the London based Financial Services Authority. She also worked as an Independent custody visitor, someone who visits people who are detained in police stations in the United Kingdom to ensure that they are being treated properly, between 1999 and 2005.\nBetween 2001 and 2004 she was a member of the Police Complaints Authority, and it was from here that she was appointed to the Independent Police Complaints Commission in London. At the IPCC she was responsible, among other things, for many high profile criminal and misconduct investigations and decisions involving the police. These included decisions in relation to the police response to the phone-hacking affair and the decision to launch an independent investigation into the aftermath of the Hillsborough football stadium disaster.\nShe was awarded an OBE for services to the IPCC in 2012. She left the IPCC in March 2014, having completed a ten year term with the organization and returned to Melbourne to take up the position of Victorian Ombudsman. She is the first woman to ever hold the position\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Deborah Glass for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Deborah Glass and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nMy initial response to being asked to contribute to a project on women lawyers was to say: I am not a lawyer! I may have studied law, but I haven't practised since 1984. I would get embarrassingly lost in a law library these days. And please don't ask me to cite any cases.\nBut I was told no, that was the point, the project was also about where women who studied law ended up, and I had ended up as the Victorian Ombudsman, rather to my surprise a member of the 'FW2 Club': First Woman To be in the role. To which my reaction had been amazement that it had taken forty-one years.\nSo let me reflect on the journey from law student, more interested in the freedom of university life than the interior of the law library, to Victorian Ombudsman.\nI did enjoy studying law, despite some periods of inattention, but as a young lawyer on William Street in the early 1980s it felt like you had to be better than a man to get to the same place. Which meant you had to really want to be a lawyer. I am not going to dwell on my brief experience as a practising lawyer as I decided very quickly the law was not for me. Although it proved an invaluable training ground for what I went on to do I didn't realise it at the time, as I left Melbourne on a one-way ticket to Europe with a small pot of savings and dreams of being a great travel writer.\nI realised pretty swiftly that was not even going to pay for repairs to my rucksack, so when the money ran out in Switzerland I noticed an advertisement in the local paper for management trainees with an international investment bank. They were looking for graduates in finance, accounting or law. Although I have never quite understood the relevance of my Australian law degree, rather to my surprise I got the job.\nSometimes you go for things because they are unknown, or because the other options, like waitressing or going back to Australia, seem so much worse.\nIt was in fact a dynamic time working with many very clever people, and an intense training ground in both financial markets and management. But I found after several years and the same number of promotions that I did not really care enough about corporate profits to be a good banker.\nThus began my long career in the public sector. First, I joined the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission at its inception. Knowing how the corporate world worked, but using that knowledge to promote the public interest within a rapidly changing marketplace, was immensely rewarding. Why Hong Kong? It was exciting - a Chinese New York - and the opportunity to join a new statutory agency at the outset and shape its policy-making was unbeatable.\nSometimes you go for things because you just know they will be right for you.\nFinancial services regulation was my life for the next dozen or so years, and an exhilarating one it was, with periodic scandals and upheavals requiring deft handling and occasionally unique policy responses. In that time I left Hong Kong for London, where I took on the role of Chief Executive of the Investment Management Regulatory Organisation as it was being merged with the new Financial Services Authority.\nIn London after the merger came one of those mid-career points when it is a good idea to take stock. Whether I was finished with financial services or financial services was finished with me, I knew I needed to do something different. I had no fixed notions about what that might be, other than it was important it involve the public interest. So I applied for, and was appointed to the Police Complaints Authority. Three years later, I became a Commissioner with the newly established Independent Police Complaints Commission, and five years after that, its Deputy Chair with operational responsibility for Commissioners across England and Wales.\nSometimes you go for things because of what they are not. Not corporate, not financial services. But I learned rapidly about the world of police complaints and investigations, allegations ranging from the most serious and substantiated misconduct, to the misplaced or downright vexatious. Dealing with grieving and often angry families bereaved following a death in police custody, which can affect whole communities. Handling hostile and occasionally unco-operative police officers. Responding to a media and political environment at times more interested in headlines than facts. And through all of it, the challenge of independent, robust and proportionate investigation, the importance of evidence-based decision-making, and the sensitive communication of difficult decisions. Decisions are often criticised by both parties to an outcome - such roles will never win a popularity contest.\nBut it is better to be right than popular, and justice is its own reward - although sometimes, when the brickbats are flying thick and fast, you wonder if it is all worth it. But you stay with it, because it is.\nSo I came to the end of a 10 year term at the IPCC, and as TS Eliot said:\n We shall not cease from exploration, and the end of all our exploring will be to arrive where we started and know the place for the first time.\nAnd so after 29 years I am back in Melbourne, knowing the place, and myself, so much better than I did.\nThis time, I applied for a job because I knew it was right - my ideal job, to deal with complaints about public services in Victoria, not including the police.\nSo the journey continues - in the current role, I trust, until 2024. As I said to my staff on my first day, you do not start a 10 year term with a plan. You start with a set of values and beliefs - in integrity, fairness, social justice and human rights - and in the way you work. I believe in working with people wherever possible to achieve change - and that the most impactful powers are the ones you don't need to use because everyone knows you have them.\nIt is a rare and wonderful privilege to be a constitutionally independent officer of Parliament, making decisions in the interests of justice. The opportunities to make a meaningful difference are incalculable.\nSometimes you go on a journey with no destination in mind, but looking back down the road it all makes sense.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/power-to-the-people\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/deborah-glass\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Steel, Ruth Allardyce", "Entry ID": "AWE5403", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/steel-ruth-allardyce\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bungendore, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Army Nurse, Nurse", "Summary": "Ruth Allardyce Steel enlisted in the Australian Army Nursing Service in 1917 for service in World War I and was sent with a group of Australian nurses to Salonika. She became ill almost immediately with malaria and in 1918 returned to Australia. She had trained at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney and was a nursing sister there both before and after her enlistment in the military.\n", "Details": "Ruth Allardyce Steel was born in 1882, the third daughter of Reverend Robert Alexander Steel and his wife Amy (nee Barnet) at Bungendore, NSW, where the Steels were living while they waited for a manse to be built at Queanbeyan. Her father was a son of Reverend Robert Steel, minister of St Stephen's Church Sydney and a moderator of the Presbyterian Church. Her mother was a daughter of the Colonial Architect James Barnet who was responsible for the design and construction of many public buildings in Sydney including the GPO, Customs House, Public Library and the International Exhibition building. He designed the Queanbeyan manse which became home for the Steel family of five girls and three boys.\nRuth Steel's connection with Canberra was through her father's position as minister of St Stephen's Presbyterian Church, Queanbeyan, whose far-flung parish included what became the site of the National Capital. During seventeen years at Queanbeyan Rev. Steel preached wherever services were required. This included monthly services at St Ninian's Church on the Yass Road north of the Molonglo River (now in the Canberra suburb of Lyneham), at John McInnes's farm at Kowen, at Richard Vest's overseer's cottage at Yarralumla, at Majura, Lanyon, Gudgenby and Booroomba, all now in the ACT. He also held an annual March tea followed by one in May with outdoor log fires in Canberra.\nAfter Amy Steel's death in 1897, the Steel family moved to a new parish at Campbelltown. Later one of the Steel daughters, Ruby, married Rev E. Sydney Henderson who had been appointed minister at Queanbeyan and the family continued its association with St Stephen's, Queanbeyan and with also with St Stephen's Presbyterian Church Forrest ACT after it opened in 1934. Ruth Steel endowed a pew in St Andrew's Warriors' Chapel.\nIn 1909, when she was 27, Ruth began training at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney. In old age she recalled that nurses received no pay in their first year and only a nominal amount in the second year. Ruth was registered as a nurse on 4 August 1911 and continued nursing at the hospital. She wished to enlist early in the First World War but was dissuaded by the Matron who told her she was needed at the hospital. (English-born Matron Mabel Newill enlisted herself in 1917 and served at hospitals in England and at Wimereux in France before being discharged medically unfit. She remained in England after the War.)\nOn 21 May 1917 Ruth Steel volunteered in Sydney in the Australian Army Nursing Service. On her enlistment papers she was described as 34 years 9 months, and a Presbyterian. Within a few weeks she embarked on the Mooltan in Sydney expecting to nurse in France but landed at Suez and was sent to Egypt and then on the Huntsgreen to Salonika.\nWhen she arrived in Salonika on 12 August 1917 she was assigned to the 60th General Hospital (BGH), a British tent hospital at Hortiach about 20 km from the city, high in the hills towards Bulgaria, but a month later was admitted to the 43 BGH with a serious attack of malaria. In 10 November, after treatment in hospital and at a Sisters\" convalescent home, she rejoined 60 BGH. Just two weeks later, she was back in 43 BGH as a patient with recurrent malaria.\nOn 26 November 1917 a Medical Board decided that she would be unfit for duty for at least six months and should be invalided back to Australia. She left for Australia from Egypt on the Ulysses on 15 February 1918. She recovered in Sydney and worked for a short time in the military hospital at Randwick before being discharged on 30 November 1918. She received the British War Medal and the Victory Medal and is commemorated on the City of Queanbeyan Roll of Remembrance in Queanbeyan and Bungendore and District War Memorial.\nRuth Steel returned to Royal Prince Hospital as sister in charge of a ward, her service at the hospital both before and after the First World War totalling 28 years. Later she did private nursing. In her late eighties while living with her youngest sister Mary in Neutral Bay she still attended Anzac Day services although blind. She died in Sydney in 1971 at the age of 89.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mettle-and-steel-the-aans-in-salonika\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/more-than-bombs-and-bandages-australian-army-nurses-at-work-in-world-war-i\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guns-and-brooches-australian-army-nursing-from-the-boer-war-to-the-gulf-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/and-this-stone-the-story-of-st-stephens-presbyterian-church-queanbeyan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barnet-james-johnstone-1827-1904\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/steel-ruth-allardyce-2\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/steel-ruth-allardyce-service-number-staff-nurse-place-of-birth-bungendore-nsw-place-of-enlistment-n-a-next-of-kin-sister-steel-amy-roberta\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Davies, Griselda Dorothea (Tommy)", "Entry ID": "AWE5407", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/davies-griselda-dorothea-tommy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tuggeranong Homestead, near Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "SconeScone, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Ambulance Driver, Volunteer, War Worker", "Summary": "In November 1915 Tommy Cunningham sailed with her mother to Cairo to be near her fianc\u00e9, Major Charles 'Stewart' Davies (1880-1946), who sailed for Cairo on 10 November 1915 on the HMAT Ascanius with the 8th Infantry Brigade. After her marriage in Cairo and her husband's deployment to the Western Front in France Tommy visited wounded soldiers in military hospitals and learned to drive an ambulance.\n", "Details": "Griselda Dorothea 'Tommy' Cunningham was born on 24 June 1894 to Mary Emily Cunningham (n\u00e9e Twynam) and James Cunningham, pastoralist, at the family homestead Tuggeranong near Queanbeyan, New South Wales. She attended Ascham School, a progressive independent girls' school in Sydney where she and her sister Mary Paule were keen cricketers, played polo, acted in dramatic productions and were prefects. In April 1912 she made her debut at the Government House Ball, chaperoned by her maternal aunt Phoebe Wesche (nee Twynam) because her mother was grieving her elder daughter Jane's death from appendicitis. By 1914 Tommy had left school and was enjoying the society of the district, including polo, tennis, horse riding and the young cadets from the recently opened Royal Military College (RMC) at Duntroon to whom her mother regularly extended warm and welcome hospitality.\nOnce war broke out, Tommy and her sister Mary Paule were inspired by male friends who joined the Australian Imperial Force (AIF), and female friends and family who served overseas as nurses or joined the Voluntary Aid Detachment, in which women with no nursing experience provided assistance in military hospitals. Tommy left home to train as a nurse at Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney, and quickly fell in love with a young New Zealand-born British army officer, Captain Charles 'Stewart' Davies who had been seconded from the British Army to teach at the RMC, Duntroon. 'In a state of mind\u2026 thinking she might never see her fianc\u00e9 again' her parents decided Tommy should travel to Egypt (Twynam family papers cited in Horsfield, 106). In November 1915 Tommy sailed to Cairo, accompanied by her mother, on the Mongolia, a ship transporting troop reinforcements to the battle front, to be nearer to Stewart. She married him in Cairo in April 1916 at the Chapel of No. 3 General Hospital, Abbassia. (Horsfield 107-109).\nBy July 1916 Tommy was in London where she visited wounded soldiers in hospital and wrote letters for those who could not hold a pen. She had hoped to join the British Women's' Land Army which had been formed by the Board of Agriculture to ensure food production continued in the absence of three million men who were away fighting, but her maternal grandfather, Edward Twynam, had strictly forbidden it as unsuitable work for young ladies (Twynam family papers cited in Horsfield, p. 197). Instead, Tommy learned motor management so she could be an ambulance driver (Twynam papers cited in Horsfield, p. 114), however this was curtailed by her first pregnancy around April 1917. In early December Tommy gave birth to her first baby, James Stewart Davies, two months prematurely while she suffered from influenza and the baby died 24 hours later. Her husband was able to get one week's special leave from the front line in France to visit his wife. Fortunately her maternal aunt Phoebe Wesche was on hand in London the rest of the time and able to care for her niece (NLA MS 6749, Folder 13).\nShe returned home to Lanyon in 1919 and shortly after gave birth to her daughter Sheila. Stewart joined them at Lanyon for Christmas 1919. In 1920 the British army posted Stewart to Khartoum, Sudan and he apparently never returned to his family. Tommy, who was by then using her middle name Dorothea, did not see Stewart again - he abandoned his wife and daughter for life in the regular army. She took up flying and in 1921 bought a property - Fairvale - on the Cotter Road in the new Federal Capital Territory, employing a manager to run it. The property went broke in 1931, forcing Dorothea to sell. Plagued by financial problems, serious injuries after a bad plane crash, and the demons of her war years, she took her own life on 17 August 1931 when convalescing at her younger brother Pax's place in Scone, New South Wales, Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-cunningham-an-australian-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-doctors-on-the-western-front-france-and-belgium-1916-1918\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-cunningham-family-1834-1902-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-1910-1960-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dunlop, Mary Paule", "Entry ID": "AWE5408", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dunlop-mary-paule\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tuggeranong, Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) worker, Volunteer, War Worker", "Summary": "In 1915 Mary Paule Cunningham travelled to England where she trained with the Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) and thereafter worked in military hospitals in southern England.\n", "Details": "Mary Paule Cunningham was born on 8 April 1893 to Mary Emily Cunningham (n\u00e9e Twynam) and James Cunningham, pastoralist, at the family homestead 'Tuggeranong' near Queanbeyan, New South Wales. She shared a tutor with Kate Campbell of the Yarralumla homestead before attending Ascham School, a progressive independent girls' school then at Darling Point, Sydney .\nAt Ascham Mary Paule and her sister were keen cricketers, played polo, acted in dramatic productions and were prefects. Family photographs show that at home Mary Paule enjoyed fancy dress parties, family picnics beside the Murrumbidgee River where it ran through their property, and riding with Kate Campbell.\nA Twynam cousin remembered Mary Paule and her sisters Tommy and Peggy as the 'golden girls', blessed with money, good looks and confidence (Horsfield, p. 103). But life was not always easy. In December 1910 their eldest sister, Jane Cynthia, died of appendicitis, casting a pall of grief over the family for some time.\nBy 1914 Mary Paule had left school and was enjoying the society of the district, including polo, tennis, horse riding and the young cadets from the recently opened Royal Military College (RMC) at Duntroon to whom her mother regularly extended hospitality.\nOnce war broke out, Mary Paule and her sister Tommy were inspired by male friends who joined the Australian Imperial Force (AIF), and by female friends and family who served overseas as nurses or joined the Voluntary Aid Detachment, in which women with no nursing experience provided assistance in military hospitals. In 1915 Mary Paule left home to travel to Britain to train for the Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD). She worked in hospitals in Colchester. On 23 December 1916 in London Mary Paule married William Archibald Shuldham 'Billy' Dunlop (1892-1966) who she had met when he was among the first intake in mid-1911 at the newly opened Royal Military College, Duntroon near the future site of Canberra. Billy Dunlop got a brief leave from the battlefront in order to marry. Mary Paule's maternal aunt, Phoebe Wesche, who was in London helping in the Soldiers Club for Australian troops in London wrote of the wedding to her sister Mary at Lanyon: 'Our dear little Mary Paule was married to William Archibald Dunlop at St Margaret's Westminster. Dear Ned [Mary Paule's maternal uncle who was serving with the Australian Light Horse] had special leave to attend, and helped make the wedding party a success. A wedding is the only festivity that takes place in London now' (Twynam papers cited in Horsfield, p. 116).\nWith her sister Tommy, Mary Paule had hoped to join the British Women's' Land Army which had been formed by the Board of Agriculture to ensure food production continued in the absence of three million men who were away fighting, but her maternal grandfather, Edward Twynam, had strictly forbidden it as unsuitable work for young ladies (Twynam family papers cited in Horsfield, p. 197) so she continued her VAD work in military hospitals.\nMary Paule and her husband returned to Australia in 1919 and in 1921 moved to Melbourne with their two children. Their marriage later ended. The Australian electoral rolls show Mary Paule living in Wentworth NSW from 1934 to 1936, and then from 1937 to 1954 she was back in the Eden Monaro area. From the late 1950s, apart from a brief time in the early 1960s in the New England area, she lived in Sydney where she died on 6 May 1978.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-cunningham-an-australian-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-cunningham-family-1834-1902-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-1910-1960-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hollingsworth, Susan", "Entry ID": "AWE5410", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hollingsworth-susan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Yass, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "HallHall, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Community stalwart, Red Cross leader, Volunteer", "Summary": "Susan Hollingsworth was a widow with three of her eleven children and six grandchildren living at home in Hall, a small village in the north of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT - now the ACT) when World War One broke out. When two of her sons-in-law enlisted with the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) she offered safe haven to her daughters and their children who moved back to Hall. Her son Clyde died in France in 1917 aged 23 years. Susan was well-known as a supporter of the Red Cross in their fundraising ventures.\n", "Details": "Susan Curran was born in Yass, New South Wales, Australia on 7 August 1851 to Anne (nee Griffiths) and Patrick, a plasterer. She married Malachi Hollingsworth at Yass in 1873 and they had eleven children: Dorothy 'Dolly' 1874, Josephine Ellen 'Queenie' 1881, John Edward 1876, Patrick 'Paddy' Curran 1879, Rose 1884, Eva 'Florence' 1886, Ada 'Myra' 1889, Leila 1891, Clyde 1893, Dora 1896 and Malachi Joseph 'Billy' 1897.\nIn 1896 the family moved from Murrumbateman to Hall where Malachi ran the Cricketers' Arms Hotel. When he died aged 54 on 9 July 1898, Susan took over the hotel licence and ran it with the help of her older daughters until 1905 when they were evicted at short notice after a gentleman and his illicit lady love were discovered to be guests at the Cricketers' Arms and Susan was suspected of running a house of ill repute. The villagers considered it a trumped up charge. Such was Susan's popularity in the district and the esteem in which she was held - she was affectionately known to all in the village as 'Granny Hollingsworth' - that Hall people rallied together under the leadership of George Kendall Kinlyside (who later married her daughter Ada Myra) and built her family a house on the corner of Victoria and Gladstone Streets, part of a block owned by her son Paddy. She later ran a boarding house from there.\nAt the outbreak of World War One Susan had three of her children living with her at home and six grandchildren - the children of her daughter Dolly who had died in 1909. Susan's son Clyde, a blacksmith, was the man of the house in that he provided the main financial support to the family. In August 1915 Florence's husband Jack Kevans enlisted. Although families were supported with a generous portion of a serving soldier's pay, they were vulnerable without a man and often sought safe haven with extended family. Florence and her two children moved back to Hall to be close to Susan when Jack enlisted, and leased the old Catholic church at Gininderra (as it was then spelt) where she and her two sons lived. Another of Susan's daughters, Leila, returned to Hall with her two children when her husband Fred Bradley enlisted in February 1916.\nDespite the demands of her life with a large family living in her small house, and others nearby, Susan found time to support the Red Cross. The minutes of the Yass branch of the Red Cross record that she was a familiar figure at Red Cross events in the district and beyond.\nClyde enlisted in the AIF in February 1916; the following year Susan received the tragic news that he had been killed by a piece of shell near Bullecourt on the Western Front in France on 11 May 1917. Around the same time Florence would have heard that her husband Jack Kevans was reported missing on 11 April 1917. It was not until 13 January 1918 that the AIF wrote to Florence to advise that Jack had been captured by the Germans during an attack on the Hindenburg Line at Bullecourt that day and was officially a prisoner of war. He spent 21 months imprisoned in Germany before being repatriated to England in January 1919 and to Australia in May that year. A letter he wrote from the prisoner of war camp to Florence provides a glimpse of how important the work of the Red Cross was to soldiers overseas and particularly to prisoners of war when he stresses how he looks forward to a Red Cross parcel. The Queanbeyan Age and Queanbeyan Observer published the letter on 19 October 1917:\nSome of the boys here have been captured as long as nine months and received their first instalment of parcels from the Red Cross the other day. Underclothes are scarce. I understand the Red Cross send them and we are all anxiously looking forward to some coming to hand at no distant date. With our scanty wardrobe renewals are absolutely necessary, socks and shirts in particular. ('Our Boys in Khaki', 1917, p. 2) \nIn late July 1919 the Hall Public School principal, Charles Thompson, arranged for thirty pine trees to be planted around the school boundary, each representing a Hall district Red Cross member. He invited Susan, as one of Hall's oldest and most highly respected residents, to plant a Juniper Pine named the 'tree of peace'. She had, he said, 'made a greater sacrifice than anyone present to gain the desired peace.' The Peace Tree still stands in the Hall school grounds.\nIn October 1919 the Hall branch of the Red Cross Society agreed to cease active work when the need diminished after hostilities ended.\nSusan continued to be busy with the care of her children and grandchildren, and growing flowers which she loved even when her advancing years made gardening painful.\nSusan died at Hall on 4 March 1936 aged 84 years and was buried at Yass Cemetery with her husband. In a fine tribute to her in the Queanbeyan Age shortly after her death, the writer commented: 'Old and young, rich and poor, will all feel that they are the poorer by the passing of this grand old lady to her eternal reward' ('An Appreciation', 1926).\nHollingsworth street in Gungahlin, a north Canberra suburb, was named after Susan in 2001.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clyde-hollingsworth\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hollingsworth-clyde\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ginninderra-forerunner-to-canberra-a-history-of-the-ginninderra-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-southwell-family-pioneers-of-the-canberra-district-1838-1938\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kevans-john-edward-service-number-2694-place-of-birth-geelong-vic-place-of-enlistment-liverpool-nsw-next-of-kin-wife-kevans-eva-florence\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McIntosh, Hilda Hayward", "Entry ID": "AWE5413", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcintosh-hilda-hayward\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Yarrunga, near Berrima, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "YassYass, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Postmistress", "Summary": "Hilda McIntosh was the Canberra postmistress throughout World War I, managing the flow of mail to and from the battlefronts.\n", "Details": "Hilda Hayward Hayter was born at Yarrunga near Berrima, New South Wales of Australia, the fourth child of Australian-born parents Samuel Hayter, sawyer, and his wife Ann Matilda, n\u00e9e Webb. On 30 December 1912 at St John's Anglican Church, Moss Vale, New South Wales, she married Hector Gordon McIntosh, a 23-year-old carpenter and joiner working in Canberra's burgeoning building trade.\nOn 15 March 1913 Hilda became Canberra postmistress, and moved into the house attached to the Canberra Post Office, on the Yass-Canberra road, in what is now the suburb of Ainslie. The post office, established in 1863, was one of the oldest in the district. On the modest income of \u00a330 5s a year, Hilda and Hector took in a lodger to make ends meet. From 2 June 1913 after the opening of a new Canberra Post Office at Acton, Hilda renamed the post office Ainslie after the nearby hill of that name. In 1913 the postmistress and one assistant handled 33,800 letters and 297 telegrams. Hilda also relayed crucial messages about bushfires and accidents (Australian Dictionary of Biography).\nOn 11 October 1913, Hilda gave birth to her first child James Gordon 'Jim' McIntosh. It is not known what help Hilda had to enable her to continue in the role of postmistress with a baby who grew to a five-year-old during the years of World War I.\nIn addition to the usual postal services, during World War I Hilda's job involved managing the flow of letters and telegrams to and from the battlefronts and military headquarters, including the dreaded pink telegrams that announced the death or injury or capture of a loved one. Post offices also issued Mothers and Wives badges to the relatives of those serving the country. A bar or star on the badge represented each man in a family who had enlisted. Women proudly wore the badges as a sign that their families were 'doing their bit' for World War I.\nHector enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force in August 1918 but did not serve because hostilities ended soon after. Hilda left the postal service in 1925 when she gave birth to her second child, daughter Doreen. She and Hector farmed at Symonston in the Federal Capital Territory and then Murrumbateman in New South Wales.\nHilda died in the hospital at Yass, New South Wales on 8 April 1958 and was buried in Yass cemetery.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcintosh-hilda-hayward-1886-1958\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Miller, Jane Mary Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE5414", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miller-jane-mary-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bungendore, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Volunteer, War Worker", "Summary": "Jane Miller lived in Canberra from 1913 after her husband Colonel David Miller was appointed the first administrator of the Federal Capital Territory (as the ACT was called until 1938) in 1912. Early in World War I, she founded and became President of the Federal Territory War Food Fund. She also organised collections of clothes for Belgian babies and oversaw the organisation of many fundraising concerts. Her son, Selwyn Miller, served with the British Army in Palestine from 1917, returning to Australia in 1919.\n", "Details": "Jane Mary Elizabeth Thompson was born in Bungendore, New South Wales, Australia to Margaret Catherine Carroll and James Burford Thompson, civil servant, who served as the Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Queanbeyan during the 1880s. On 23 April 1890 Jane married widower, Major David Miller, a citizen soldier, at Harris Park, Sydney.\nIn August 1912 Jane's husband, then Secretary of the Department of Home Affairs, was appointed as Administrator of the new Federal Capital Territory. On 20 February 1913 when King O'Malley, the Minister for Home Affairs, ceremoniously drove the first peg to mark the axis between the Capitol and Mount Ainslie and define the central feature of Parliament House, he invited Jane Miller to name the site. She christened it 'Canberra Hill'. ('The Federal Capital', 1913, p. 15).\nThe Millers initially lived under canvas before moving in 1913 into Canberra's first permanent building - The Residency (now Old Canberra House on the Australian National University grounds) in Acton.\nSoon after the outbreak of war on August 1914, Jane convened a meeting of women residents of Canberra and the Federal Capital Territory to initiate a movement 'for the purpose of helping our soldiers and sailors who are at the present moment on active service upholding the British Empire in the great war now\u2026 and for relieving distress amongst the relations of soldiers and sailors or the poor' ('Patriotic Fund', 1914, p. 2). She proposed a division of districts each with a representative who would appeal for funds and distribute collecting boxes, and suggested that money collected be donated to the War Food Fund established by the Sydney Chamber of Commerce.\nThe War Food Fund had two purposes: to help soldiers, and to benefit Australian workers on the home front by purchasing foodstuffs and articles that were produced in Australia by Australian workers, thus providing employment opportunities at a difficult time. The Queanbeyan Age reported that the women present enthusiastically approved Jane Miller's scheme and appointed a committee comprising 'Mesdames Miller, Broinowski, Piggin, and Brown, of Canberra; Mesdames Macartney and Barnard of the Royal Military College; Mrs. E. G. Crace, of Gininderra, and Mrs. Sheaffe, of Tharwa.' ('Patriotic Fund', 1914, p. 2).\nIn addition to the proposed collecting boxes, Jane and her committee members arranged fundraising events, including a concert reported in the Queanbeyan Age on 29 October 1914, at which the Canberra Amusement Hall was 'packed to the doors' and the audience 'lustily' joined in patriotic airs from\nthe National Anthem\u2026 the Marseillaise; and\u2026 \"It's a long, long way to Tipperary,\" The Canberra Orchestral Society supplied music and actors presented the final scene of \"The Merchant of Venice\" and comedy. During the interval Jane, as president of the Territory War Food Fund, presented prizes to winners of the fundraising sports meeting held at the Canberra sports ground on 17 October. ('Patriotic Sports Meeting Canberra', 1914, p. 31).\nThe War Food Fund distributed money donated from its branches, including the Federal Capital Territory fund, to a number of organisations: Committees for Relief of the Distressed Poor, hospitals receiving wounded soldiers, Belgian Relief Fund, Homes for Belgian Refugees, Belgian Soldiers' Fund, Belgian Relief Commission for Belgian Refugees in Holland, Distressed Belgians in Belgium, Serbian Relief Fund, and the Committee for assistance to families of French soldiers. By August 1915 the Sydney Chamber of Commerce noted that the Federal Capital Territory fund had contributed \u00a31531\/17\/5 (around $150,000 in 2014) from which no expenses had been taken, and expressed their heartiest thanks ('Federal Territory War Food Fund', 1915, p. 2). (2014 equivalent based on the Reserve Bank of Australia Pre-Decimal Inflation Calculator.)\nOn 11 May 1915 the Queanbeyan Age and Queanbeyan Observer reported on Jane's project collecting clothes for Belgian babies and appealed for warm clothes for 'the poor destitute Belgian mothers caring for their little ones in many of the towns of Belgium, France, England and Holland'. She told the reporter who called on her at the Residency: 'This is what we women are doing\u2026 And not one has been asked for, all have been brought or sent here by the donors without being approached'. The report described a room 'filled with hundreds of little garments of all descriptions, flannel and flannelette night dresses, pilchers, flannels, petticoats, dresses of various materials, hoods, bonnets, lovely bootees, boots, even to a fur boa,\u2026 the useful and practical work of patriotic women'. The article lauded the efforts of 'the patriotic women in all parts of the Federal territory making up useful little garments during their spare hours'; and reported that 'the school girls are now interesting themselves in the praiseworthy object'. ('Clothes for the Belgian Babies', 1915, p. 2).\nIn late October 1915 the Queanbeyan Age and Queanbeyan Observer reported that the Federal Territory War Relief Fund committee, \"under the able presidency of Mrs. Miller, wife of the Administrator, continue to do good work on behalf of the excellent cause they have so enthusiastically taken up.\" ('Federal Territory War Relief Fund', 1915, p. 2). The following month the newspaper reported that at the third Canberra Sports Carnival held at the Canberra Recreation ground in aid of Allies' Day, Jane 'very thoughtfully arranged a marquee in which to receive clothes for the Belgian children, and a liberal response was made by the ladies of the district, especially those residing in the vicinity of Canberra'. It noted that in addition to Colonel and Mrs Miller, 'Colonel and Mrs Parnell and other prominent residents lent their patronage to the Carnival' ('Canberra Sports Carnival', 1915, p. 2). And so it continued, on Friday 21 January 1916 the Queanbeyan Age and Queanbeyan Observer included an advertisement for 'A popular open-air entertainment' in aid of the Federal Territory War Relief Fund, naming Mrs Miller as president.\nDuring the latter two years of the war, Jane's own son, Selwyn Miller (born 1892) served as a Second Lieutenant with the Army Service Corps in Palestine, arriving back in Australia in September 1919. Her stepson - Captain David Frederick Miller (b.1879) - had died in 1902 in the Boer War where he had commanded a troop of Imperial Bushmen from New South Wales.\nAfter clashes with King O'Malley, and with his credibility damaged in a seven-month commission of inquiry into the administration of the territory, David Miller took early retirement in 1917. The Millers left Canberra for a grazing property near Glen Innes, New South Wales where they remained until David Miller's death in 1920.\nJane Miller died in Sydney in February 1932.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miller-david-1857-1934\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-official-history-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1914-1918-australia-during-the-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-sports-carnival\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/federal-territory-war-food-fund\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/patriotic-fund\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/patriotic-sports-meeting-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clothes-for-the-belgian-babies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/advertising\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituary-mrs-david-miller\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-federal-capital\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sheaffe, Catherine Erskine (Katie)", "Entry ID": "AWE5418", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sheaffe-catherine-erskine-katie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Lake Cargellico, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "CanberraCanberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Volunteer, War Worker", "Summary": "Catherine 'Katie' Sheaffe represented the Tharwa community on the Federal Capital Territory War Food Fund committee during World War I.\n", "Details": "Catherine Erskine McKellar was born in 1886 at Lake Cargellico, New South Wales, Australia to Jane and Duncan McKellar, graziers of Wooyeo Station. She was educated at Presbyterian Ladies' College, Croydon in the inner west of Sydney, New South Wales.\nOn 23 March 1913 Katie married Percy Lemprier Sheaffe at Rushcutters Bay, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. She moved to the Canberra region where Percy had been appointed to the Commonwealth Public Service as a Senior Surveyor in 1910. He led one of three teams of surveyors who surveyed the then Federal Capital Territory (the Australian Capital Territory from 1938) border with New South Wales. Katie accompanied her husband on much of the survey defining the boundary of the new Territory, covering the part of the boundary from Coree through Bungendore and Queanbeyan to Mt Clear near Naas. This involved treacherous terrain and unpredictable weather as well as disgruntled land holders and government pressure. The surveys took five years to complete.\nThe couple had four children; Isabel Gordon born 25 July 1917, Jean Lempriere Gordon born 17 May 1919, Robertson Gordon born 13 December 1920 and Percy Hale 'Gordon' born 24 November 1921.\nOn 21 August 1914, soon after World War I erupted, Katie attended the inaugural meeting of the Federal Territory War Food Fund convened by the Territory Administrator's wife Jane Miller at the Residency in Acton. The meeting initiated a movement 'for the purpose of helping our soldiers and sailors who are at the present moment on active service upholding the British Empire in the great war now\u2026 and for relieving distress amongst the relations of soldiers and sailors or the poor' ('Patriotic Fund', 1914, p. 2). According to the same report, a representative group of women residents of Canberra and surrounding districts attended the meeting and supported the establishment of a local branch of the War Food Fund which had been established by the Sydney Chamber of Commerce to 'assist in relieving the great amount of distress which is inseparable from war'. The War Food Fund aimed to help soldiers, and benefit Australian workers on the home front by purchasing food and products made in Australia by Australian workers, thus providing employment opportunities at a difficult time. The Queanbeyan Age reported that the women present enthusiastically approved Jane Miller's scheme and appointed a committee comprising 'Mesdames Miller, Broinowski, Piggin, and Brown, of Canberra; Mesdames Macartney and Barnard of the Royal Military College; Mrs. E. G. Crace, of Gininderra, and Mrs. Sheaffe, of Tharwa' ('Patriotic Fund', 1914, p. 2). The detail of Katie's involvement was not recorded, but it is possible she handed over the reins for Tharwa once she moved to a more central part of the Territory in 1915 and began having children.\nIn 1915 Percy left the border work when he replaced Charles Scrivener as Chief Surveyor and the family moved to the historic Acton house, a former pastoral homestead built in late 1823 and acquired by the Commonwealth on 25 February 1911 for the home of the Chief Surveyor. Later it was used as a police station and court house. It was demolished in 1940 to make way for the new Canberra Community Hospital.\nKatie was an active member of St John's Anglican Church, Reid and the Women's Guild. She played an active part in the Prince of Wales' visit to the Territory in 1921.\nIn 1927 the Sheaffes built a house at Forrest where they lived until they moved to Stonehaven Street, Deakin in 1961. The Canberra Times reported in Katie's obituary on 26 June 1962, that she had played an active part in various kinds of auxiliary work during World War II ('Pioneer Woman's Death Severs Historic Link', 1962, p. 7).\nKatie died in Canberra on 21 June 1962 aged 75 years. Her husband died the following year and both are buried in the cemetery at St John the Baptist Anglican Church, Reid, Australian Capital Territory.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/patriotic-fund\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pioneer-womans-death-severs-historic-link\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sheaffe-family-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eulogy-percy-hale-gordon-sheaffe\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-mrs-p-l-sheaffe-wife-of-percy-lempriere-sheaffe-surveyor-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mullins, Debra Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE5428", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mullins-debra-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Judge, Lawyer, Senior Counsel, Solicitor, Tribunal Member", "Summary": "Debra Mullins is a Judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland, a Trustee of the Sylvia and Charles Viertel Charitable Foundation and the Chancellor of the Anglican Diocese of Brisbane. She is the patron of Justice and the Law Society based at the University of Queensland and a member of the Visiting Committee of the Griffith Law School. She is also extensively involved in judicial education through her work with the National Judicial College of Australia.\n", "Details": "Debra Mullins was born in 1957 in Sydney, to Ken Curtis, bookmaker, and Laurina Curtis (n\u00e9e Holz). She has two sisters, Karen Curtis and Roslyn Curtis. She attended Coorparoo State High School from 1969 until 1973, where she was dux of her year. Debra was interested in a career in the law and enrolled in a dual degree of Commerce and Law at the University of Queensland in 1974. Throughout this period and into her professional life, Debra was strongly supported and encouraged by her family.\nDebra completed her undergraduate degrees at the University of Queensland in Commerce in 1977 and in Law with Honours in 1980. During her university years, she taught speech and drama.\nDebra was admitted as a solicitor in 1980. She had completed her articles of clerkship at Kinsey Bennett and Gill, where she then worked as a solicitor until 1984. During this period, she worked closely with her master, Graham Macdonald, who greatly influenced the development of her areas of expertise in the law, particularly in property law and landlord\/tenant law.\nDebra married Patrick Mullins in 1981. They have three children. Debra describes her husband Pat, who is also a lawyer, as her greatest supporter. Debra went on to complete a Master of Laws in 1987, again at the University of Queensland, which was upgraded to a Master of Laws (Advanced) in 1999.\nIn 1984, Debra was admitted to the Bar, where she worked predominantly in commercial, property and estate matters. She did experience occasional reluctance of clients and solicitors to brief female barristers, but considered they were the losers by depriving themselves of complete choice from the available pool of talent at the Bar.\nThere was an underrepresentation of women at the Bar, and Debra sought to remedy this through involvement with the Law Council of Australia's Equalising Opportunities in the Law Committee, as well as chairing a similar committee for the Bar Association of Queensland, and through her mentoring of junior women barristers. Debra became a member of the Women Lawyers Association of Queensland in 1980 and has continued to be a loyal supporter of its activities.\nIn 1998, Debra was appointed Senior Counsel. She performed duties as a part time member of the Queensland Building Tribunal and as a part time member of the Queensland Law Reform Commission.\nDebra was appointed to the Trial Division of the Supreme Court of Queensland on 16 March 2000.\nDuring her career on the bench, Debra has continued to be involved in the legal community through a variety of organisations. As well as involvement with her judicial peers through the National Judicial College of Australia, Debra regularly assists with the Bar Practice Course, assessing and encouraging trainee barristers. She also regularly volunteers her time to assist lawyers in furthering their professional development, presenting on a wide range of topics.\nMentoring has also been a part of Debra's activities. Through mentoring the young law students from Justice and the Law Society, acting as a judge in moots, to staying in touch with her long list of former associates, Debra is much involved with assisting subsequent generations of legal professionals. Debra was the inaugural Judge in Residence at the Griffith Law School for a week in September 2014.\nDebra's life is also marked by her Christian faith and her involvement in the Anglican Church. In 2004, Debra was appointed Deputy Chancellor of the Anglican Diocese of Brisbane, a position which she held until appointed Chancellor in July 2014. Debra has been a member of the Chapter of St John's Cathedral, Brisbane, since 2002.\nIn 2009 the Queensland Law Society awarded Debra the Agnes McWhinney Award in recognition of outstanding achievement by a female practitioner.\nIn 2010 Debra was admitted by Griffith University to the honorary degree of Doctor of the University for her contribution through her membership of the Griffith Law School Visiting Committee to the development and maintenance of close relations between the Griffith Law School and the legal profession.\n", "Events": "Officer of the Order of Australia (AO): For distinguished service to the law, and to the judiciary, to professional development and legal education, and to women. (2019 - 2019)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/debra-mullins\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Eastman, Kate", "Entry ID": "AWE5438", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eastman-kate\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Barrister, Lawyer, Senior Counsel, Solicitor", "Summary": "Kate Eastman has practised as a barrister in Sydney since 1998. She practises in the areas of human rights, discrimination, employment and public law. Previously, she worked as a solicitor at Allen Allen & Hemsley and as a senior legal officer at the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. She holds a BA\/LLB (UNSW), LLM (UCL London), LLM (UTS) and a Diploma of International Human Rights Law (EUI Italy).\nKate Eastman has been actively involved in a number of human rights and international law organisations. She was a co-founder and president of Australian Lawyers for Human Rights. She has taught human rights\/civil liberties and international law at the University of Technology (Sydney) and the University of Sydney, as well as a number of international programs.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Kate Eastman for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Kate Eastman and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nI was born in Sydney but lived in London and Canberra as a child. Apart from a brief period when I wanted to be a marine biologist, I wanted to be a lawyer working in human rights law.\nI completed my secondary education at Loreto College Normanhurst. During my time at school I developed a passion for human rights. I was profoundly moved by The Diary of Anne Frank, To Kill a Mockingbird and biographies of human rights activists in Chile in the 1970s. I joined Amnesty International. I did my work experience with the late Paul Flannery QC, then a barrister and later a District Court judge.\nWe had no lawyers in our family. I did not know any lawyers when I started a BA\/LLB at UNSW in 1985. I loved law from the start. I still have clear memories of the lecturers and classes on torts, contracts, criminal law, admin law and the like. But when I discovered mooting in my first year at Law School, I secretly harboured a wish to become a barrister. One of my highlights at UNSW was mooting in the Jessup International Law Moot in Canberra and then representing Australia at the international competition in Washington DC.\nImmediately after completing the BA\/LLB I went to London to study international human rights law and private international law at University College London. What a terrific year. I spent every Thursday in a human rights lecture with Dame Roslyn Higgins QC, later to become the President of the International Court of Justice. I did volunteer work with NGOs such as Article 19. I achieved a LLM with Distinction ranking in the top 1 - 2% of candidates.\nMy academic interests continued when I returned to Sydney. I undertook another LLM at UTS. I started as a casual lecturer at UTS in 1995 teaching human rights. I have now taught LLB, LLM and JD subjects in the areas of human rights and international law continuously since 1995 at UTS, The University of Sydney and Monash. I have been a Senior Fellow at Monash for a number of years. I have also undertaken human rights teaching programs in Burma in the 1990s - early 2000s and in Afghanistan in 2003.\nMy non-academic career has followed the traditional path - being a research assistant at the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) for the then Sex Discrimination Commissioner, Dame Quentin Bryce AC and the Privacy Commissioner. I did a summer clerkship followed by a graduate position at Allen Allen & Hemsley. I worked at Allens for three years in the corporate and litigation departments. I learnt the art and craft of being a good lawyer. I also had opportunities to undertake pro bono refugee work in Port Hedland and at Kingsford Legal Centre. In 1994, I moved to my dream job (which I thought I might do for life!) as a senior legal officer at HREOC. My three years at HREOC were formative years. I worked with remote Indigenous communities, and saw first-hand the impact of discrimination and sexual harassment in the workplace. One cannot underestimate the value of working with the best human rights lawyers and practitioners. We worked closely with the late Sir Ronald Wilson and hearing commissioners, many of whom went on to senior judicial positions. I did human rights advocacy. The opportunity to be counsel assisting HREOC or appear for the HREOC firmed my resolve to seek a career at the Bar.\nI was terrified (and sometimes remain so) with the idea of being a barrister. It is now over 17 years since I joined the NSW Bar. I was appointed Senior Counsel in 2012. I wanted to have a human rights practice at the Bar. I was told 'there was no such thing' or it was 'fringe'. However, I have a practice in the area of, human rights, discrimination, employment and public law. Over the 17 years of practice I have worked with a wide range of clients in many and varied industries Human rights issues touch on both the public and private sector. Some of the cases have been high profile - The Tampa, David Hicks, transgender marriage, same sex marriage, Royal Commissions and headline grabbing workplace sexual harassment and discrimination matters. Pro bono work remains an important part of my practice. I was privileged to receive a Law Foundation Justice Award for my contribution to pro bono work.\nThe Bar is still one of the male dominated areas of legal practice. This makes it a great challenge but also presents great opportunities for women.\nI have also maintained my involvement with NGO work. In 1992, I co-founded Australian Lawyers for Human Rights (ALHR) with the purpose of making human rights relevant to every day legal practice. I was the only Australian NGO representative accredited to participate in the UN negotiations for the establishment of the International Criminal Court in Rome 1998. I participate in a number of law related bodies working on human rights and gender issues for lawyers.\nWhen I reflect on my 25 years in legal practice and the progress of women, I am struck by the importance of having strong, respected women role models. Trailblazers are important. Some trails are the 'firsts' but for many of us, trailblazing occurs in smaller ways. We ensure the trails remain open and we reinforce that all women have a place, not just those exceptional women. For the women following, having access to the trailblazers and discovering that they are human too is important. A kind word of encouragement from a trailblazer can have a profound effect in giving another woman the confidence to follow her path.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rizkalla, Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE5444", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rizkalla-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Judge, Lawyer, Magistrate, Tribunal Member", "Summary": "In 1985, Margaret Rizkalla was appointed a magistrate in the state of Victoria, the first woman to be appointed to the position. Changes to the appointment criteria, which introduced a Law Degree as a requirement for new appointments in the Victorian Magistrates Act, rather than a progression from the rank of Clerks of Courts, enabled this appointment. Rizkalla graduated with a law degree from the University of Melbourne in 1975 and completed the Leo Cussen Legal Education course as an alternative to completing articles in 1976. She was admitted to practice as a solicitor and barrister in Victoria in 1976.\nRizkalla practised at the Victorian Bar until December 1984, when she was appointed a Member of the Small Claims and Residential Tenancy Tribunal of Victoria. Her appointment to the magistracy occurred in September 1985.\nWhilst a sitting magistrate, Rizkalla was also appointed Chair of the Police Disciplinary Board of Victoria. In June 1988, she was appointed President of the Victorian Equal Opportunity Board and Deputy President of the Victorian Administrative Appeals Tribunal.\nIn June 1994, Rizkalla was appointed a Judge of the County Court of Victoria. She retired from this position in February 2013.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Margaret Rizkalla for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Margaret Rizkalla and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nI retired from the County Court in February 2013 after spending all my adult years in the Law -28 years in all and I can truly say that despite the pressures both emotional and intellectual, that were presented over that time, there wasn't a day that I didn't find my work fulfilling . It is still amazing to me that a young girl from the country who hadn't even met a lawyer prior to entering the Law Course at Melbourne University was able to have such a fulfilling successful career in the Law. Sometimes Ignorance Is Bliss! I didn't imagine any obstacles in pursing Law, and didn't really have any formed idea as to what I would do once I graduated -I simply trusted that life and circumstances would dictate my path. And they did!\nI had no intention of studying Law until a perceptive friend of my parents spoke to me the year I finished school and after much discussion announced he thought I would make a good lawyer. He then proceeded to direct me as to how to change my University preferences from Arts to Law and set me on a path that I have loved ever since. Once I finished my degree the Leo Cussen Institute in Victoria was beginning an alternative to Articles Course which suited me perfectly, as I was by then married and had a small son. Here, via the instructors from the Victorian Bar, I learnt of the life at the Bar, and was encouraged to apply to join the Bar, which I did. So at the ripe old age of 23 years I signed the Bar Roll in November 1976 and began reading with David Byrne (later Justice Byrne of the Victorian Supreme Court) , who accepted me sight unseen on the basis of a request from David Ross Q.C. then a director of Leo Cussen Institute. And so I was on the path.\nI loved my years at the Bar doing anything and everything my Clerk could rustle up. There were not many women practising at the Bar then (I think about 15 or so) and I guess we were regarded by the majority as a bit of an oddity. This didn't manifest itself directly, although I know solicitors took a bit of convincing to proffer briefs until \"we had proved ourselves\". Ironically, I think it was more problematic for women in the profession once they were obvious in numbers and hence seen as genuine competition by some of their male counterparts.\nAfter nine years or so I decided I would look for part time work whilst I had my second child, so applied for a position at the Small Claims and Residential Tenancy Tribunal. I was successful in obtaining a position as a Member adjudicating on all sorts of disputes; mostly where the parties represented themselves, so active participation was very necessary. Despite the fact that it wasn't really a part time position, I realised that I thrived on deciding disputes, even more than I did arguing for one side or the other. Hence, when I received a call from the Attorney General asking if I would be interested in an appointment to the Magistrates' Court of Victoria as one of the first Law Graduates to be appointed, and as it turned out, the first woman, I jumped at it.\nThereafter I had three fantastic years in the old City Magistrates' Court in Melbourne before I was offered the challenge of taking up the position of President of the Equal Opportunity Board for a three year contract period with my security of tenure attached to a dual position as Deputy President Administrative Appeals Tribunal of Victoria. Once again I had been handed another interesting opportunity and I grabbed it, not really knowing what was in store. It was a fascinating and challenging job, involved in determining all disputes which were brought under the Anti-Discrimination Legislation.\nIt goes without saying that it was a controversial area and often involved Government agencies as Respondent. At that time the President sat on cases with two other members who came from legal and lay backgrounds, and this in it was a challenge which I came to love. Discussing the case with other members really did mean I had to be clear on my thinking and non-lawyers especially challenged how far a body such as this should go in determining the way members of the community treated each other, in terms of the areas covered in the Legislation. Sparks did fly a few times as discussions were argued with feeling and determination. After a second three year term I was then offered an appointment to the County Court as a Trial Judge and by this time I was ready to return to what I called the \"straight law\". And so in 1994 I started on the County Court bench and remained there until retirement.\nI suppose when I look back on my experience I think there is a lesson for others in not being deterred from taking a course which might at first appear outside the areas you have thought would be your career. In my case if I had done that I would never have experienced a fulfilling life in the Law. When we are young, it seems to me the main thing, especially for women, is to have an open mind and be prepared to accept challenges life presents.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-barristers-in-victoria-then-and-now\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Upton, Gabrielle", "Entry ID": "AWE5446", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/upton-gabrielle\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Attorney General, Banker, Lawyer, Parliamentarian, Politician, Solicitor", "Summary": "Born and raised in the eastern suburbs of Sydney, Gabrielle Upton is a Liberal party Member of the House of Assembly, for the seat of Vaucluse, in the Parliament of New South Wales. On 2 April 2015, she was appointed as Attorney General for New South Wales, having previously held the position of Minister for Family and Community Services between 23 April 2014 until 2 April 2015. Prior to that she served as Minister for Sport and Recreation from August 2013 until April 2014 and Parliamentary Secretary for Tertiary Education and Skills, from May 2011 until August 2013. She was first elected to parliament in 2011.\n", "Details": "Gabrielle Upton was born and raised in the eastern suburbs of Sydney where she attended Brigidine College in Randwick and the University of New South Wales, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws. Her legal career began as a banking and finance lawyer with legal firms Freehill, Hollingdale & Page and Phillips Fox, after being admitted as a Solicitor to the Supreme Court of New South Wales and the High Court of Australia in 1988.\nGabrielle and Alex Sundich married in 1990 and in 1993 they moved to New York where Gabrielle completed a Masters of Business Administration (Finance Management) at New York University's Leonard Stern School of Business.\nUpon completing her MBA, Gabrielle worked as a banker with Deutsche Bank and Toronto Dominion Bank in New York financing the energy sector.\nReturning to Sydney in 1999 with her family, Gabrielle began the role of Legal Counsel at the Australian Institute of Company Directors.\nGabrielle served as Deputy Chancellor at the University of New South Wales from 2006 until 2009, and on the University's Council from 2002 to 2010.\nFrom 2005 to 2011 Gabrielle was the Deputy Chair of the Duke of Edinburgh's Awards in Australia. She was also a board member of Neuroscience Research Australia, one of Australia's largest research centres on the brain and nervous system, from 2007 to 2011.\nGabrielle gained a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws from the University of New South Wales, and is a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Company Directors.\nGabrielle and Alex live in Darling Point with their two children.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/webpage-of-the-honourable-gabrielle-upton-mp-member-for-vaucluse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McKeon, Emma", "Entry ID": "AWE5458", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mckeon-emma\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Swimmer", "Summary": "As a competitive swimmer, Emma McKeon is the most decorated Australian in Olympic history with 14 Olympic medals from the 2016 Rio de Jainiero games, the 2021 Tokyo games and the 2024 Paris games.\nShe was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in 2022 for significant service to swimming.\n\u00a0\n", "Events": "Swimming - 100m Butterfly, 4 x 100m Freestyle Relay, 4 x 100m Medley Relay and 4 x 200m Freestyle Relay (2018 - 2018) \nSwimming - 200m Freestyle (2014 - 2014) \nSwimming - 4 x 100m Freestyle Relay (2014 - 2014) \nSwimming - 4 x 100m Freestyle Relay (2016 - 2016) \nSwimming - 4 x 100m Medley Relay (2014 - 2014) \nSwimming - 4 x 100m medley relay; 4 x 200m freestyle relay (2016 - 2016) \nSwimming - 4 x 200m Freestyle Relay (2014 - 2014) \nSwmming - 200m freestyle (2016 - 2016)" }, { "Title\/Name": "Elliot, Maddison Gae", "Entry ID": "AWE5460", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elliot-maddison-gae\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Paralympian, Swimmer", "Summary": "Maddison Elliot began swimming when she was just six months old. She was diagnosed with cerebral palsy when she was four. She won five gold medals at the Youth Paralympic Games in 2009 and went on to win further gold medals at the Olympic Games in London in 2012 and the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow in 2014. In 2014, she was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia for service to sport.\n", "Events": "Swimming - Para-100m Freestyle (S8) (2014 - 2014)" }, { "Title\/Name": "Smith, Emily", "Entry ID": "AWE5467", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/smith-emily\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Crookwell, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Hockey player", "Events": "Member of the Hockeyroos (2014 - 2014)" }, { "Title\/Name": "White, Kellie", "Entry ID": "AWE5468", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/white-kellie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Crookwell, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Hockey player", "Summary": "Kellie White began playing hockey when she was four years old. She went on to represent Australia at the Commonwealth Games, the Women's Hockey World Cup and the Oceania Cup.\n", "Events": "Member of the Hockeyroos (2014 - 2014)" }, { "Title\/Name": "Samuels, Dani", "Entry ID": "AWE5484", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/samuels-dani\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Fairfield, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Track and Field Athlete", "Summary": "Dani Samuels was the youngest member of the Australian athletics team at the Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008. The following year, she became discus world champion. She went on to win a gold medal at the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow in 2014.\n", "Events": "Athletics - Discus Throw (2014 - 2014)" }, { "Title\/Name": "Watts, Shelley", "Entry ID": "AWE5485", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/watts-shelley\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Boxer, Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist", "Summary": "Shelley Watts became Australia's first female boxing champion when she won the gold medal in the lightweight division at the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow in 2014.\n", "Events": "Boxing - Lightweight (60 kg) (2014 - 2014)" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bone, Edwina", "Entry ID": "AWE5489", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bone-edwina\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Orange, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Hockey player", "Summary": "Edwina Bone was a member of the gold medal-winning Australian women's hockey team at the Commonwealth Games in 2014.\n", "Events": "Member of the Hockeyroos (2014 - 2014)" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sablowski, Casey", "Entry ID": "AWE5491", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sablowski-casey\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Shellharbour, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Hockey player", "Summary": "Casey Sablowski (nee Eastham) was a member of the gold medal-winning Australian women's hockey team at the Commonwealth Games in 2014.\n", "Events": "Member of the Hockeyroos (2014 - 2014)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jenner, Kate", "Entry ID": "AWE5493", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jenner-kate\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Mudgee, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Hockey player", "Summary": "Kate Jenner began playing hockey when she was seven years old. She was a member of the gold medal-winning Australian women's hockey team at the Commonwealth Games in 2014.\n", "Events": "Member of the Hockeyroos (2014 - 2014)" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ravaillion, Kimberley", "Entry ID": "AWE5497", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ravaillion-kimberley\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Netball Player", "Events": "Member of the Australian Netball Diamonds (2014 - 2014)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Green, Kimberlee", "Entry ID": "AWE5503", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/green-kimberlee\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Netball Player", "Events": "Vice-Captain of the Australian Netball Diamonds (2014 - 2014)" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sheed, Suzanna", "Entry ID": "AWE5509", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sheed-suzanna\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Riverina, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Suzanna Sheed was elected Member for Shepparton as an Independent in the Legislative Assembly of the Parliament of Victoria at the November 2014 election and held the seat until 2022. She was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in 2024 for significant service to the people and Parliament of Victoria, and to the community.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Morrison, Sibyl Enid Vera Munro", "Entry ID": "AWE5544", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/morrison-sibyl-enid-vera-munro\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Petersham, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Collaroy, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Sibyl Enid Vera Munro Morrison became the first female barrister in New South Wales in June 1924. She was often briefed by fellow pioneering female lawyers, Christian Jollie Smith and Marie Byles, to whom she referred as her 'sisters-in-law'.\n", "Details": "Sibyl Morrison (nee Gibbs) was born on 18 August 1895 at Petersham, Sydney. She had an uncle and half-brother who were lawyers, and graduated from law at the University of Sydney in 1924. She interrupted her legal studies to visit Britain in 1923 where she married a ranch owner, Charles Carlisle Morrison. Known for her fashionable dresses, Morrison asserted that 'the law is one of the best professions you can take up and one for which women are particularly suited'. She was a member of the National Council of Women of New South Wales and convener of their laws committee. In 1926, when the National Council of Women was advocating uniform Federal marriage and divorce laws, she presented a paper on divorce in Australia.\nSibyl divorced Charles Morrison in 1928 and travelled to London where she was called to the Bar in 1930. She returned to Sydney and married architect Carlyle Greenwell in 1937. After her marriage she ceased to practice as a barrister. In 1940 she was first president of the Law School Comforts Fund, becoming a life vice-president in 1942. She was also involved with the Business and Professional Women's Club of Sydney. Sibyl Morrison died at Collaroy on 29 December 1961.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sybil-morrison-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/morrison-sibyl-enid-vera-munro-1895-1961\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gaudron, Mary Genevieve", "Entry ID": "AWE5567", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gaudron-mary-genevieve\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Moree, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Barrister, Commissioner, Judge, Lawyer, Public servant, Queen's Counsel, Solicitor", "Summary": "Mary Genevieve Gaudron, born 5 January 1943, was the first female justice of the High Court of Australia, and the only one in the Court's first 100 years. She was born into outback NSW Moree's working class railway community adjacent to a camp of dispossessed Aboriginal Australians. Both communities held the status of battlers, somewhat apart from the rich white business community on the other side of the Mehi River. Fittingly, she became one of the High Court justices who decided Eddie Mabo's landmark case on Aboriginal land rights.\nThroughout her career Gaudron, a colourful and lively personality, remained down-to-earth, proud of her working class origins, and humble about her achievements.\nOn her retirement from the High Court in 2003, Gaudron accepted a part-time appointment on the International Labour Organisation's Administrative Tribunal in Geneva. She served a term as its President before retiring in 2012 to her Sydney home.\nGo to 'Details' below to read an essay written by Pamela Burton for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Pamela Burton and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\nMary Gaudron was the first child of Edward and Grace (n\u00e9e Mawkes). Her father, known as Ted, worked on the State railways. Mary's mother, known as Bonnie, was dux at the Intermediate level of the Moree Public School in 1933. She and Ted married at St Henry's Catholic Church, East Moree, in 1942. Unfortunately, the couple lost their second child, a boy, as a baby from illness. They had two more girls and a boy.\nMary's childhood was an unlikely one for a future High Court justice. However, the town and her church were good to her. Whilst at St Francis Xavier primary school, she won a Diocesan Bursary that funded her high school education as a boarder at St Ursula's College, Armidale. She matriculated with straight 'A's and, at just sixteen, secured a Commonwealth scholarship to attend the University of Sydney in 1959. She was further assisted by a \u00a350 prize from the Moree and Bullaroo Council.\nGaudron's life reads as a list of successful 'firsts' and 'youngests'. With determination and brilliance she confronted and overcame many obstacles to women embarking on professional careers. She married Ben Nurse in 1962 and received her BA the same year. She graduated in Law with first class honours in 1966, becoming the first part-time student to be awarded the University medal in law, and only the second woman. Even more remarkable, she was also working full-time and was a mother, Danielle having been born in 1964.\nThere were fortuitous events and circumstances that fostered her ambition to become a lawyer. Doc (H.V.) Evatt's visit to Moree in 1951 was an impetus. He was campaigning from the back of a blue Holden Ute for the 'no' vote which would block a Constitutional amendment to outlaw the Communist Party. Mary was a curious kid who wanted to know what a Constitution was. From the crowd, she put her hand up and asked him. The exchange between the driven man and the young girl resulted in Evatt sending her a copy of the Constitution. She waved it around at school telling the kids that she 'knew' what she was going to be when she grew up - a lawyer. Not just a lawyer, but a barrister. When she was later told by a local solicitor that she was aiming too high - girls don't do law and she should consider a job in the telephone exchange - she wanted to prove him wrong.\nGaudron commenced practise at the Sydney Bar in October 1968, and in 1972, became the first woman appointed to the NSW Bar Council. Sadness beset her when, like her mother, she, too, lost her second child. Ben died in 1971, aged two; just weeks before her second daughter, Julienne, was born.\nIn 1972 Gaudron successfully appeared in the Equal Pay Case before the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission, becoming the first woman to appear for the Commonwealth in a national wage case. In 1974, aged 31, Gaudron was appointed to that Commission as a deputy president, the youngest person to become a federal court judge. While there, another career highlight was her participation in the 1978 Maternity Leave Case.\nIt can be argued that, for Mary Gaudron, a 'disadvantaged' working class environment aided her in this success; it gave her cause to think; to question things she observed around her. Both her family and her Catholic education encouraged that. From a young age she was curious about the way the world worked and how people behaved. It also helped that, as a child, she had the benefit of being immersed in a sub-community that was welded together by union solidarity; something she no doubt recalled when resolving workers' wage disputes as a judge of the Commission.\nIn early 1981, at only 38, she was appointed NSW Solicitor-General, the first female State solicitor-general and she became Gaudron, QC. She married her second husband, John Fogarty, and later that year, their son, Patrick, was born. \nNSW State solicitor-general was a job she enjoyed, despite some rocky moments. She was attracted to the Wran government's agenda of social reform but it was sidetracked by crime and corruption issues that would not go away. This was the time when the so-called 'Age tapes' revealed dicey dealings of magistrates, police and politicians with crime bosses, gamblers and drug dealers. Gaudron became a controversial figure. Yet an analysis of her opinions confirms that she was 'frank and fearless' in the advice she gave. Those who worked with her marvelled at the speed with which she could carefully study and absorb mountains of briefing material, arrive at the essence of a problem, and provide firm and correct opinions. Premier Neville Wran always followed her advice. 'Gaudron's law' was a powerful force behind the scenes.\nIn this role Gaudron displayed a high level of understanding and expertise in Australian federalism and the interaction of State and Commonwealth powers - a capacity that became one of the reasons why she was later recognised as suitable for appointment to the High Court. She appeared before the High Court in several significant constitutional cases. In 1982 in the Commonwealth v Hospital Contribution Fund, a case concerning the arrangements within the State courts for the exercise of federal jurisdiction, she persuaded the court to overrule the two previous High Court decisions on the point. Other significant constitutional cases in which she appeared before the High Court included Hematite Petroleum v Victoria and Stack v Coast Securities (No 9) in 1983 and Gosford Meats Pty Ltd v New South Wales in 1985. She also appeared in Miller v TCN Channel Nine in 1985, a case concerning the constitutional guarantee of free trade and commerce between the states (section 92). Importantly, she appeared in the Tasmanian Dam case in 1983, a landmark in Australia's constitutional history over the use of the Commonwealth's external affairs power.\nIn February 1987 Gaudron was appointed to the High Court of Australia by the Hawke Labor Government. She participated in many cases contributing significantly to the development of Australian law. A number of her decisions were recognitions that discrimination, often disguised or indirect, had to be exposed and eliminated, and that due process had to be followed, if a fair system of justice was to be achieved.\nShe did some deep thinking about the meaning of equality, and how it differed from 'sameness'. She incorporated the concept of discrimination to develop the notion that people with differences that mattered should not be dealt with in the same manner if equality was to be achieved, and that differences that didn't matter, should be disregarded in order to give equal justice. Put simply,\" 'Equal justice' is justice that is blind to differences that don't matter but is appropriately adapted to those that do.\" In 1998 she stated frankly that the racism she saw directed towards indigenous Australians while she was growing up sensitised her towards all forms of discrimination.\nWhile legalistic in her approach, not liking to strain the language of enactments, and obedient to precedent, she was noted for reaching many decisions that represented a shift in the law that accorded with current social expectations. By way of example here, her joint majority judgement with Justice Deane in the case of Banovic provided a legal analysis of indirect discrimination which demonstrated that equal treatment did not equate with non-discrimination. The case concerned the employer's practice of 'last on, first off' for retrenching workers. On the surface it was not discriminatory, as more men than women were retrenched. However, a group of eight retrenched female workers successfully claimed they were discriminated against because of the employer's preference for recruiting men. They waited longer to be employed and lacked employment seniority, and were therefore more vulnerable to retrenchment. The majority of the court agreed that the 'last on, first off' formula was flawed in a workforce that was predominately male.\nGaudron was also attuned to discrimination against women in domestic situations, and in the case of Van Gervan v Fenton she added persuasion to her reasoning. In that case the Court considered the method of assessing the notional value of the time spent by a wife who provided attendant care services to her injured husband. The majority held that compensation should be measured by reference to the market value of the services provided rather than to the family member's forgone earnings. Gaudron agreed, but took the opportunity of strongly dispelling assumptions behind the argument that deduction from the market value should be made for the domestic services previously provided by the injured man's wife. She said that the argument that services given by his wife before the accident were 'needed' by her husband, rather than being part of a normal domestic relationship was an assumption that implies 'incompetence and selfishness of a very high order.' The argument was that the injured man already had the services of a wife and, therefore, to the extent that the accident gave rise to a need for those services, no requirement for compensation for those services arose. 'At best', she said,' that equates a wife to an indentured domestic servant - which she is certainly not'.\nGaudron's legalistic approach permitted an effective block to various attempts by the Federal Government to restrict the right of review of administrative decisions concerning immigration. She was influential on later courts in developing reasoning to the effect that, if an administrative decision ignored principles of procedural fairness, it was not a 'decision' from which a review could be prohibited under Commonwealth law. Helpful here was what she called the 'genius' of the Constitution - ss 75(v). This gives to everyone in Australia the right to approach the High Court to compel Commonwealth authorities to perform their constitutional and statutory duties, and to prevent them from acting in excess of their powers. Understanding its intricacies is not easy, she conceded, as this 'small subsection \u2026 has been known to reduce grown men to tears'. In its application it 'guarantees the rule of law' in Australia, because it operates to ensure that the right to a hearing is not thwarted by arbitrary decisions. She has enshrined ss 75(v) by having her few words about it stencilled into the portrait commissioned from artist Sally Robinson by the NSW Bar Association.\nThroughout her career, Gaudron remained troubled by the way Australia treated its Aboriginal peoples. Perhaps the most publicised case of this time is Mabo No 2 about which so much has been written. Justices Deane and Gaudron came under particular criticism for what has been described as a 'moralising tone' in their joint judgement in describing the dispossession of the Aboriginal peoples of most of their traditional lands as a 'national legacy of unutterable shame', and 'the darkest aspect' of Australian history. The Aboriginal land rights case of Wik followed, and was perhaps more important in practical effect. Gaudron, like Justice Gummow, utilised her special knowledge of equity principles in their application to real property rights and entitlements, and in her separate majority judgement demonstrated her analytic textual approach and application of logic to reach what might be described as a social justice-oriented outcome.\nA more insightful perspective on Gaudron's life is that, from childhood onwards, she developed a set of guiding values that remained with her throughout her professional life, strongly influencing her decisions as both lawyer and judge, and serendipitously, shaping the opportunities which came her way. While it was a driving motivation throughout her legal career to prove she was intellectually equal to the best of the men who had made it, there was more. She wanted to achieve social change, and recognised the law as a tool for achieving social justice. Her complex personality and her strong views on how people should treat each other have their roots in a colourful and extraordinary life story.\nGaudron's decisions on immigration, citizenship and refugees are amongst many where applications of her principles have effected increased protection for the vulnerable. Gaudron's analysis and development of concepts of 'equal justice' and the intertwining notion of 'discrimination'; decisions concerning implied rights in the Constitution; and her concern for fair trials and procedural fairness are part of her legacy to Australia's legal history.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-gaudron\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pioneering-women-at-the-nsw-bar-1921-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-moree-to-mabo-the-mary-gaudron-story\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/justice-left-hanging-in-the-breeze\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cohen, Nerida Josephine", "Entry ID": "AWE5569", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cohen-nerida-josephine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Chairperson, Lawyer, Public servant, Solicitor, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "Nerida Josephine Cohen (later Goodman) was the second woman (and first Jewish woman) to practise at the New South Wales (NSW) Bar. Amongst her early mentors were Professor Gladys Marks and feminist leaders Jessie Street and Ruby Rich. She was admitted to the NSW bar in 1935.\nShe built her business steadily throughout the 1930s and 40s, particularly in the area of divorce and industrial law, because she had an abiding interest in advancing the rights of women in the domestic and industrial spheres.\nDuring WWII, Nerida left the Bar to play a part in the war effort by working firstly with the Women's Employment Board and then with the NSW Department of Labour and Industry as a legal officer. She was chairman of the Council for Women in War Work, which collected records of the achievements of women during the war.\nIn 1952, she was invited to be the inaugural president of the Women Lawyers Association of New South Wales.\n", "Details": "Nerida Goodman (nee Cohen) entered the University of Sydney at the age of 15, an outstanding scholar and violinist; she resided at the Women's College while studying Arts and Law. In the final years of her degree she was articled to Pigott Stinson Macgregor & Palmer. Following her admission on 26 July 1935, she became the second woman, and first Jewish woman, to practise at the New South Wales Bar. Her practice reflected her dedication to advancing women's rights in the domestic and industrial settings. With mentor Jessie Street, she campaigned for equal pay for women; another preoccupation was divorce law reform. During the Second World War, she left the Bar to work with the Women's Employment Board and later with the New South Wales Department of Labour and Industry. In 1943 she chaired the newly-established Council for Women in War Network. Marrying Bernard Goodman in 1946, she shortly afterwards ceased to practise at the Bar. Goodman was the inaugural president of the Women Lawyers' Association of New South Wales in 1952 and the first woman to serve on the NSW Board of Jewish Education. She also served on the provisional executive of the Liberal Party when it was formed and in 1948 became vice-president of the Party's Darlinghurst branch. An MBE granted in 1980 recognised her service to women's affairs and the Jewish community.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jonathan-goodman-interview-jonathan-goodman-interviewed-by-juliette-brodsky-28-june-2010\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/street-jessie-mary-grey-1889-1970\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nerida-cohen-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-women-in-the-legal-profession-in-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nerida-goodman-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pike, Veronica", "Entry ID": "AWE5572", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pike-veronica\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Gosford, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Public servant, Solicitor", "Summary": "In May 1940, when Veronica Pike was admitted as a solicitor, there were very few woman solicitors in New South Wales. A pioneering woman lawyer, Pike was active in the International Federation of Women Lawyers and the Women Lawyers' Association of New South Wales, of which she was a founding member.\n", "Details": "Veronica Pike was born on 8 December 1900 in Sydney. Pike's sister discouraged her from going to university because she would 'only be a schoolteacher', so she joined the New South Wales public service as a shorthand writer and typist. In 1927 she resigned and enrolled in the New South Wales State Conservatorium of Music.\nAfter her brother, Vincent, was admitted as a solicitor in 1929, Pike became his articled clerk. She interrupted her Solicitors' Admission Board studies in 1935 to travel. Upon her return, Vincent was obliged to leave his practice for medical reasons. Although still unqualified, Veronica conducted the practice under the supervision of the prothonotary. She was admitted as a solicitor on 24 May 1940 and entered into a partnership with her brother. Unusually for a female solicitor, she undertook conveyancing, building and tenancy cases.\nPike helped found the Women Lawyers' Association of New South Wales. She was president in 1960 and became an honorary life member in 1986. In 1952 she attended the convention of the International Federation of Women Lawyers in Istanbul, Turkey, and was elected vice-president. She attended another convention in New Mexico, USA in 1979. Pike was also a delegate to a women's law conference in Iran in 1974. Pike enjoyed gardening and playing golf, as a member of the Australian Golf Club. A Catholic, she served on the council of the St Thomas More Society in the early 1970s. She died on 2 October 1986 at Gosford.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pike-veronica-1900-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Davies, Tanya", "Entry ID": "AWE5579", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/davies-tanya\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Local government councillor, Parliamentarian, Physiotherapist", "Summary": "Tanya Davies was elected as the Member for Mulgoa in the Legislative Assembly of the New South Wales Parliament, representing the Liberal Party of Australia, at the 2011 election. She was re-elected in 2015 and became Parliamentary Secretary for Youth Affairs and Homelessness.\nBefore her election to parliament she served as a Penrith City Councillor from 2008-2012.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gibbons, Melanie Rhonda", "Entry ID": "AWE5580", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gibbons-melanie-rhonda\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Woronora, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Local government councillor, Manager, Parliamentarian, Real estate agent", "Summary": "Melanie Gibbons was elected Member for Menai in the Legislative Assembly of the New South Wales Parliament, representing the Liberal party of Australia, at the 2011 election. As the result of an electoral redistribution, Gibbons was elected to the new seat of Holsworthy at the 2015 election. She has served as Temporary Speaker since 2011.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sage, Roza Eva Maria", "Entry ID": "AWE5582", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sage-roza-eva-maria\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Dentist, Parliamentarian, RAAF officer", "Summary": "Roza Sage, a member of the Liberal Party of Australia, was elected to the seat of Blue Mountains in the Legislative Assembly of the New South Wales Parliament in 2011. She was the first woman to hold that seat, but was defeated at the 2015 election.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Petinos, Eleni Marie", "Entry ID": "AWE5593", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/petinos-eleni-marie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Parliamentarian, Political advisor", "Summary": "Eleni Petinos was elected as the Member for Miranda representing the Liberal Party of Australia in the Legislative Assembly of the New South Wales Parliament in 2015.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Smith, Tamara Francine", "Entry ID": "AWE5595", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/smith-tamara-francine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Parliamentarian, Solicitor, Teacher", "Summary": "Tamara Smith was elected as the Member for Ballina representing the Greens Party in the Legislative Assembly of the New South Wales Parliament in 2015.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Schreiner, Susanne (Sue) Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE5598", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/schreiner-susanne-sue-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Coroner, Magistrate", "Summary": "Susanne Elizabeth Schreiner (Sue) was born in Sydney in 1939 of parents who left Vienna before the outbreak of World War II. She spent her early life in Canberra and was in the year of the first graduates (in Law) of the Australian National University (ANU) in 1962. She also completed a Diploma in Criminology from the University of Sydney.\nSchreiner signed the High Court roll as a barrister and solicitor in 1962, the same year she was admitted to practise at the NSW Bar. She was the first female barrister to appear in the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and the fourteenth woman admitted to the NSW Bar. She had difficulty gaining articles in NSW and this led to her finally gaining employment as a solicitor in Canberra with Mr J. D. Donohoe. She stayed with him until 1964 when she went to Sydney. She practised at the Bar there until 1975 when she was appointed a NSW Magistrate. She was the second woman appointed as a NSW Magistrate and the first person to be so appointed from outside the Public Service. Her appointment caused great outcry as it heralded a big shift in the way in which NSW Magistrates were appointed.\nSchreiner is the co-author (with K.B. Morgan) of 'Probate practice and precedents'. She did some law reporting as well as research for Butterworth's into the feasibility of an Australian version of Halsbury's Laws of England, the existence of which is now a fact.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Sue Schreiner for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Sue Schreiner and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\nAs a magistrate, Sue Schreiner presided in almost all courts in NSW, both metropolitan and country. A highlight is the eight years she spent sitting at Redfern Local Court where she had the good fortune to become a close friend of MumShirl (the Black Saint of Redfern) who became a mentor in Aboriginal affairs and in life with all its challenges.\nSchreiner was Assistant City Coroner for two years. As a result she authored a study, called 'Ultimate Isolation', into the circumstances surrounding people who died alone and lay dead for days, weeks, months, sometimes years, with a view to helping the community understand how this might be prevented. Her first mine deaths inquest caused some much consternation when she was not allowed access to the site because according to tradition \"women are not allowed below ground because it is bad luck\". This attitude was changed with good grace when it became obvious that it was not going to prevent her carrying out her coronial responsibilities.\nSchreiner presided over the Broken Hill Circuit Court for two years, which provided a good opportunity to see large areas of NSW, particularly the far west, and to understand and try and ameliorate the challenges faced by those communities, particularly in the predominantly Aboriginal towns. Her work as a magistrate gave her wonderful opportunities to engage with people from many areas of life. She became involved with children and helped form the Homeless Children's Association; was the first Patron of South Sydney Youth Services (now Weave), a wonderful organisation which helps young people in inner Sydney with the myriad problems they face. She was President of Glebe House, a halfway house for men leaving jail with drug and alcohol problems and no family or other support. She was also involved in changes to NSW Mental Health legislation.\nSchreiner retired from the bench in 2000 but returned for five years as an Acting Magistrate. For several years she served as Chair of the Serious Young Offenders Review Panel (SYORP) which concerned itself with juveniles serving sentences for serious crimes and was an adviser to the Director General on matters such as conditions and leave. Also on her retirement, she was invited to join the (NSW) Premiers Council on Crime Prevention for one year which gave her an opportunity to speak at the highest political level about issues faced by various communities.\nAfter retiring from paid work, Schreiner and her partner, Alan, moved to Canberra where she is at present (2016) engaged in a number of community based organisations as well as following her passion for classical music as a listener and pianist, whilst learning to be an 'older woman'. She has also developed a growing interest in and concern for animal welfare and ethical issues. She completed the first Animal Law Course at the University of NSW, and presently assists the RSPCA as a member of the Approved Farming Scheme Panel, a body which seeks to improve the lives of intensively farmed production animals. She has served for some years on the Boards of Vets Beyond Borders and Delta.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/probate-practice-and-precedents\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/legal-pioneer-with-an-empathetic-heart\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Budavari, Rosemary", "Entry ID": "AWE5599", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/budavari-rosemary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Lawyer", "Summary": "Rosemary Budavari is currently (2016) the Senior Solicitor for Disability Discrimination Law at Canberra Community Law, a position she has held since 2013. She has played an important role in Australian community law services and, in 2010, she was recognised for this role when she was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for service to the law through the advancement of human rights and through the Women's Legal Centre of the ACT.\nGo to 'Details' below to read an essay written by Rosemary Budavari for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Rosemary Budavri and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nRosemary was born in Sydney in September 1957, the youngest of three daughters of Alajos and Rozalia Budavari, who had come to Australia as Hungarian refugees in 1949. Alajos had a doctorate in law from the University of Pecs in Hungary and had practised as a lawyer in Europe. However this was not recognised for admission as a legal practitioner in Australia and his circumstances were such that he was not in a position to complete admission requirements. However, he completed a librarianship degree and became the Law Librarian at the University of Sydney. He and Rozalia were immensely proud when Rosemary decided to pursue a career in law.\nRosemary was educated at Our Lady of Mercy College in Parramatta and completed her Higher School Certificate in 1975. She completed a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1978 at Macquarie University. In 1979 and 1980 she worked for the Tertiary Catholic Federation of Australia, the national representative body for Catholic students in Australian tertiary institutions. She returned to Macquarie University and completed her Law degree in 1982 and was the recipient of five academic prizes that year.\nWhile studying at Macquarie University, Rosemary became involved with a group of academics and students who established the Macquarie Legal Centre in Parramatta. This involvement began a long association with community legal centres and other forms of legal assistance to vulnerable and disadvantaged Australians. It also reflected a strong commitment to social justice and the Australian community. Rosemary volunteered at Macquarie Legal Centre and was a member of its Management Committee during her studies.\nOn completion of her studies and Practical legal Training Certificate, Rosemary moved to Alice Springs with her husband Paul Burke, a fellow young lawyer, who was working at the Central Australian Aboriginal Legal Service. Rosemary commenced work as a Legal Officer at the Australian Legal Aid Office in Alice Springs in 1983. She appeared as a duty lawyer daily in the Alice Springs Court of Summary Jurisdiction in criminal matters and also conducted summary proceedings in that court. She also conducted pleas; appeals from the Court of Summary Jurisdiction and family law matters in the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory and instructed counsel in serious criminal trials in that court.\nIn 1987, Rosemary and Paul's first child, Mark was born and their second child, Helen was born in 1990.\nIn 1989 and 1990 Rosemary worked in private practice with Dittons in Alice Springs conducting a range of civil and family law matters.\nIn 1991, Rosemary taught a number of law subjects at the Alice Springs College of TAFE.\nIn 1992, Rosemary and Paul moved to Canberra to be closer to their families. Rosemary undertook a Master of Laws degree by thesis at the Australian National University. Her thesis, \"SuperMabo Orders: An Analysis of the Federal Scheme for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection\" reflected Rosemary's interest in environmental law and the close relationships that she and Paul had developed with several Aboriginal families in Alice Springs. One of the case studies in Rosemary's thesis related to the protection of a sacred site in Alice Springs that would have been destroyed by the development of a dam there.\nIn 1997 Rosemary was able to pursue her interests in environmental protection and the community legal centre sector further when she commenced work as the Co-Ordinator and Solicitor at the Environmental Defender's Office in Canberra. She advised individuals and groups who were seeking to protect the environment in the ACT. She prepared law reform submissions and appeared before ACT Parliamentary Committees in relation to reviews of environmental impact assessment, nature conservation, utilities and tree protection legislation. She prepared a comprehensive set of Fact Sheets on ACT environmental legislation and policies. She actively participated in the national network of Environmental Defenders' Offices. She was a member of the Planning and Environment Committee of the ACT Law Society and a committee member of the National Environmental Law Association during this time.\nIn 2000, Rosemary took up a position as Co-Ordinator and Principal Solicitor of the Women's Legal Centre in Canberra. She supervised a number of staff and volunteer solicitors in this community legal centre which focussed on discrimination, employment, family law and victims' compensation matters. She supervised the preparation of law reform submissions in relation to bail, discrimination, employment, family, human rights, restorative justice and victims' compensation laws. She appeared at parliamentary inquiries in relation to these submissions and represented the centre at meetings with the ACT Government in relation to these issues. She also supervised the centre's community legal education activities including a 'Lawsupport' course for community workers about domestic violence and family law and the centre's annual public 'Women and Justice Forum'.\nDuring her time at the Women's Legal Centre, Rosemary also contributed to a number of ACT and national committees and groups including as:\n\nConvenor of the National Network of Women's Legal Services from 2000 to 2002\nACT Representative and Treasurer for the National Association of Community Legal Centres from 2000 to 2006\n A Member of the ACT Government Intersectoral Expert Reference Group on Women and Corrections from 2001 to 2004\nA member of the National Relationship Support Network from 2003 to 2007\nA member of the ACT Law Society's Pro Bono Clearinghouse Steering Committee and Law Week Committee from 2004 to 2007\nA member of the ACT Family Pathways Network and the ACT Domestic Violence Prevention Council Law Reform Sub-Committee from 2004 to 2007\nA member of the Family Court Self-Represented Litigants Committee and Chief Justice's Consultative Committee in 2005\n\nIn 2007, Rosemary took up a position as a policy lawyer at the Law Council of Australia, the peak representative body for Australian lawyers. She prepared policy statements and submissions in a range of civil law matters before moving into the criminal law and human rights division where she became a Co-Director in 2008. She undertook advocacy in relation to anti-terrorism laws; anti-money laundering legislation; and serious and organised crime legislation. She also undertook advocacy in relation to anti-discrimination legislation, immigration and other human rights legislation. She was involved in the Law Council's advocacy in the cases of David Hicks and Mohammed Haneef.\nIn 2010, Rosemary was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for service to the law through the advancement of human rights and through the Women's Legal Centre of the ACT.\nIn 2013, Rosemary returned to the community legal centre sector in her current position as the Senior Solicitor, Disability Discrimination Law at Canberra Community Law. She represents people with disability in discrimination complaints to the ACT and Australian Human Rights Commissions and in proceedings before the ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberrans-awarded-for-service-to-the-community\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hunter, Rosemary", "Entry ID": "AWE5608", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hunter-rosemary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Lawyer", "Summary": "Rosemary Hunter is a feminist legal academic who, through her research, writing, leadership and activism has worked to support women in legal and academic careers, as well as to promote more generally women's equality, women's access to justice, and justice for women.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Rosemary Hunter for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Rosemary Hunter and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nRosemary Hunter was born in Sydney but moved to Melbourne with her parents as a child. She attended Montmorency Primary School (1967-73) and Presbyterian Ladies' College (1974-79). During 1980 she took a gap year and travelled around the UK, before returning to study Arts part-time at Melbourne University, while working to support herself as a junior typist in the University's English Department. In 1982 she switched to Arts-Law at Melbourne, and in 1983 moved to full-time study, with the benefit of free higher education and a student living allowance on which it was almost possible to live. She supplemented her income with freelance typing work and also volunteered on the literary magazine Scripsi, through which she met the poet Laurie Duggan, whom she married in 1987. She completed University in 1988 with first class honours in Arts (History with English) and 2A honours in Law. During her final years at Law School she finally developed an interest in the study of Law, helped by inspirational teachers such as Hilary Charlesworth, with whom she studied international human rights law and for whom she worked as a research assistant, and Jenny Morgan, who had just introduced a course in feminist legal theory to Melbourne Law School.\nWith no interest in practising law but an aptitude for research, Hunter was offered a post as a Research Fellow in the Melbourne Law School, and the following year was appointed to a Lectureship in Law. She lectured at Melbourne from 1990-1997, but during that time took a year's leave to undertake a Master's degree and enrol in a doctorate at Stanford University in the USA. Stanford had been one of the centres of the Critical Legal Studies movement, and her supervisor was the well-known feminist legal scholar Deborah Rhode. After the year away Hunter returned to Melbourne to undertake fieldwork for her doctorate, spending many hours sitting at the back of Magistrates Courts and the Family Court observing domestic violence cases. Subsequent moves interrupted work on her thesis, and she did not finally complete the doctorate until 2006.\nIn 1997-98 Hunter took a further two years' leave of absence to take up the post of Principal Researcher at the Justice Research Centre (JRC) in Sydney. The JRC was an independent, interdisciplinary, public-interest research organisation and she relished the opportunity to devise and conduct large empirical research projects, learn new research skills, and work with a team from a wide variety of disciplinary backgrounds. At the conclusion of that period, rather than returning to Melbourne, she moved to Griffith University in Brisbane, where she became the Director of the Law Faculty's Socio-Legal Research Centre (2000-2002) and subsequently Dean of Law (2003-2004). Looking for a new challenge, she decided to move to the UK in 2006, working first at the University of Kent (2006-2014) as a member of the AHRC Centre for Law, Gender and Sexuality, and afterwards at Queen Mary University of London (2014-present).\nThroughout her academic career Hunter has actively engaged in university equality and diversity activities. At Melbourne she founded the position of Koori student liaison officer and was a member and sometime Chair of the Law Faculty's Equal Opportunity Committee, as well as being a member of the University's Union Affirmative Action Consultative Group, Equal Opportunity Standing Committee, Aboriginal Education Committee and Students with Disabilities Advisory Working Group. At Griffith she chaired the Law Faculty's Equity Committee and was a member of the University's Equity Committee and the Task Group on Women in Senior Academic Positions which succeeded in almost doubling the number of women professors employed by the University over a two year period. In recognition of her expertise in this area she was appointed Acting Pro-Vice Chancellor (Equity) for a short period. At both universities she and colleagues undertook significant research projects concerned to identify and address the needs of a diverse student body.\nIn Australia Hunter was also actively involved in women lawyer organisations - Feminist Lawyers in Melbourne and Women Lawyers in Queensland. In 2002 she was named Queensland Woman Lawyer of the Year. She played a significant role in supporting the former Chief Magistrate of Queensland, Diane Fingleton, who was wrongly convicted and imprisoned for alleged misfeasance in her handling of personnel matters within the Queensland magistracy. Hunter wrote articles and gave media interviews expressing the view that Fingleton was a victim of gendered injustice and would not have been treated the same way if she had been a man.\nHunter's early teaching and research focused on anti-discrimination law, particularly sex discrimination and pay equity. Her first book, Indirect Discrimination in the Workplace (Federation Press, 1992) remains the only book-length treatment of indirect discrimination internationally, and she was also the first to investigate the process and outcomes of conciliation in sex discrimination cases. She made numerous law reform submissions on equal opportunity and anti-discrimination law, including a successful argument for the redrafting of the definition of indirect discrimination in the federal Sex Discrimination Act 1984. Her work on pay equity included membership of the National Pay Equity Coalition, contributions to the NSW and Queensland Pay Equity Inquiries, and collaborative research on the reproduction of pay inequity in emerging occupations. In 1999 she was invited to give the inaugural Clare Burton memorial lecture series, with her lecture addressing historical attempts to achieve pay equity for Australian women and the promising new approach to the undervaluation of women's work adopted by the recent state pay equity inquiries.\nA second strand of Hunter's research has been on access to justice, beginning with studies on legal aid and litigants in person in family law cases, and access to justice for discrimination complainants commenced while working at the Justice Research Centre. At Griffith she continued to work on legal aid, including an ARC-funded project on service innovations in legal aid provision, consultancies for National Legal Aid and the Commonwealth Attorney-General's Department, and a study in collaboration with Legal Aid Queensland which sought to identify why some of the most disadvantaged women were denied legal aid for family law, domestic violence and discrimination matters, which resulted in changes to policy and practice. Work on this theme has continued in the UK with a team project on litigants in person in private family law proceedings for the Ministry of Justice, training for family judges on litigants in person, and research and submissions related to major legal aid cuts in 2013. In 2012 she was invited to become a Council member of JUSTICE, a prominent law reform and human rights organisation working to strengthen the justice system in the UK.\nA third, overlapping strand of research has been on family law, family justice processes and domestic violence. Her doctoral thesis investigated the implementation of feminist law reforms around domestic violence and the experiences of women seeking to invoke these laws in State Magistrates Courts and the Family Court of Australia. The thesis was subsequently published as Domestic Violence Law Reform and Women's Experience in Court: The Implementation of Feminist Reforms in Civil Proceedings (Cambria Press, 2008). At Griffith she undertook evaluations of Legal Aid Commissions' primary dispute resolution programs in family law and of the Family Court of Australia's Children's Cases Pilot Program. In the UK she was invited to join the Kent Family Justice Council (subsequently Family Justice Board), as well as the national Family Justice Council's Domestic Abuse Committee. For the latter she undertook research with Adrienne Barnett on the courts' approach to allegations of domestic violence in residence and contact cases. Among other things, this research contributed to revisions to the Domestic Violence Practice Direction which specifies the procedures to be followed in cases raising allegations of violence. With colleagues at the University of Exeter, she also undertook a three-year study of out-of-court dispute resolution processes in family cases, 'Mapping Paths to Family Justice', funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, which has influenced policy and practice on family dispute resolution.\nA fourth strand of research has been on women in the legal profession and the judiciary. In 1997-98, Hunter and Helen McKelvie undertook research for the Victorian Bar Council on barriers to the advancement of women at the Victorian Bar. Their report, Equality of Opportunity for Women at the Victorian Bar (1998) has had an ongoing impact in terms of its recommendations on briefing practices, the culture of the Bar and attrition rates. Hunter's support for Diane Fingleton sparked an interest in women judges and judicial appointments. In the UK she was one of the organisers of the pioneering Feminist Judgments Project, a project which took its cue from the Women's Court of Canada in rewriting judgments from a feminist perspective, and which has in turn been emulated in other parts of the world including Australia, Ireland, the USA and New Zealand, and in international law. Hunter has co-edited two of the books arising from these projects: Feminist Judgments: From Theory to Practice (with Clare McGlynn and Erika Rackley, Hart Publishing, 2010) and Australian Feminist Judgments: Righting and Rewriting Law (with Heather Douglas, Francesca Bartlett and Trish Luker, Hart Publishing, 2014). She has published further theoretical and empirical work on feminist judging, and is also a member of the Equal Justices Initiative, a lobby group whose aim is to promote the equal participation of men and women in the judiciary in England and Wales.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/equality-of-opportunity-for-women-at-the-victorian-bar-a-report-to-the-victorian-bar-council\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rooney, Kim M.", "Entry ID": "AWE5620", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rooney-kim-m\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Arbitrator, Barrister, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Kim Rooney is an Australian barrister and international arbitrator who has been practicing in Asia, based in Hong Kong, since 1990. She is regularly appointed as an arbitrator in international arbitrations involving banking and finance, commercial, corporate, construction and infrastructure, energy, power and resources, infrastructure, investment, IT and technology licensing and trade disputes, and is on the panel of various arbitral institutions.\nSince the 1990s, as counsel, Kim has represented clients in a wide range of international banking and finance, commercial, corporate, construction, energy, infrastructure and investment disputes in Asia, Europe and Latin America under the laws of civil and common law jurisdictions and investment treaties.\nKim is the Chair of the Hong Kong Law Reform Commission's Sub-Committee on Third Party Funding for Arbitration, a member of the Hong Kong Government's Committee on Provision of Space in the Legal Hub and of its Advisory Committee on Promotion of Arbitration. She is also a member of the Hong Kong Bar Association's Council and Chair of its Special Committee on International Practice. She writes and speaks regularly about international dispute resolution.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Kim Rooney for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Kim Rooney and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nIn 1976 women students constituted a significant number of the entry class at the Law School of the University of Western Australia (UWA) for the first time, albeit a minority at around 30%. When leaving school in 1974 I had wanted to be an archaeologist, inspired by my mother's study of anthropology as a mature age student at UWA. However my experience during an internship at the WA Museum in 1974\/75 of participating in one dig at Devils Lair in the heat of a Western Australian summer, while filling me with admiration for the dedicated archaeologists whom I had accompanied, made me realize that I should reconsider my career. I decided to enroll in law, motivated by a desire to be an advocate and a general desire to \"make a difference\" (a desire I still hear expressed by many law students and young lawyers).\n I had had the good fortune to been born to parents who valued education. We moved from Sydney when I was 3 months old to live in England for 5 years while my father studied for a higher degree in medicine. (My mother had previously lived in England in the 1950s while a nurse and then a BOAC airhostess). After returning to Sydney in 1963 we moved with my younger brother Mark and sister Rosie to Perth in 1968. Having attended 7 primary schools in NSW and WA (3 in grade l), I attended Loreto Claremont for high-school where I received an excellent high school education from teachers who encouraged us to believe we could undertake any career we wished. I topped the state in English in my final exams (with a Loreto friend) and was also awarded a special exhibition.\nThe 1970s were an exciting time to be studying law; law reforms were being implemented at a federal level in a diverse range of areas, important constitutional cases were being heard, and the student body was composed of a diverse group of students of widely diverging political and social views. There was far less pressure on law students than today . Our university education was free, the cost of living was low and we all thought we would be able to practice as lawyers if we wanted to; every one of my graduating class of 1979 who applied for articles eventually obtained them. Less pressure allowed time for extra-curricular activities. The 47 Fairway Legal Counselling and Advisory Service was set up by a group of academics, students and lawyers in the late 1970's and I served as its convenor for a year. While at law school I mooted -Peter Van Hattem and I were grand finalists in the 1977 National Mooting competition conducted by the Australian and New Zealand Law Students Association. I was also the representative of the Law Student's Blackstone Society on the Faculty of Law in 1979.\nFrom 1980-1981 I served my articles and restricted practice year at Lavan & Walsh (later Philips Fox) where I had the good fortune to be trained by some very able lawyers in civil, commercial and family law litigation including by Kevin Hammond and by Diana Bryant SC (now Chief Justice of the Family Court of Australia). Western Australia is a fused profession and there were many opportunities as a young advocate to appear in chambers and in court, as well as in pretrial conference in various courts and tribunal. As part of the Firm's pro bono services I also did work for a women's refuge.\n In January 1982 I moved to the Aboriginal Legal Service (ALS) where about 90% of my practice was as a criminal advocate for adults and children working with many talented and committed advocates and field officers in cases involving clients from around Western Australia. These ranged from wilful murder charges (junioring Lloyd Davies QC) to children's court charges and involved appearing in multiple courts often on the same day.\nWhile I was at the ALS David K Malcolm QC (who later became the Chief Justice of Western Australia) offered me an opportunity to be his pupil. I served my pupillage with him in the second half of 1983. In my early years at the Bar I worked part time as a university tutor, as duty counsel and as the \"Moot Master\" at the UWA Law School. While at the Bar I met Valerie French who had been the first woman in WA to practice exclusively as a barrister; she generously gave me excellent advice. I admired her professionally and her ability to juggle her practice with family commitments. A number of other colleagues also gave encouragement I had the opportunity to work with various more senior barristers including Eric Heenan QC and Geoffrey Miller QC, as well as with David Malcolm. The focus of my practice shifted from criminal to commercial, administrative and media law.\nIn 1980 I had been elected as the articled clerk representative on the Council of the Law Society of Western Australia. I served as an elected member of its council for many years during the 1980's. Among other roles, I was chair of the Law Society's Equal Opportunity Committee and moved the motion passed by the Law Society Council that made it unprofessional conduct to discriminate on the basis of gender or race. I also served for some time on the Council of the Western Australian Bar Association. Both Associations regarded law as a profession. Moira Rayner was among the women who were active in the Law Society and generally in pro bono and public service in Perth in the 1980's -she rejoined the Bar during that time.\nIn 1982, Vivien Payne, Antoinette (Toni) Kennedy, Diana Bryant, Anne Payne, Christine Wheeler, Rhonda Griffiths, Becky Vidler and I established the Women Lawyers' Association of Western Australia. Vivian Payne was its first president. I later served as its Vice President. In the 1980's my appointments included serving on the Social Securities Appeal Tribunal (as a part time legal member), as a visitor to Heathcote Psychiatric Hospital, and as a member of the WA Standing Committee for Publications (the WA Censorship Board). In the mid 1980's I was among a small group of young lawyers and social workers who wrote and published a guide for victims of domestic violence which we arranged to publish, translate into 10 or so languages and distribute.\nIn 1987 I married my husband David Parker who had one daughter Kate; our daughter Madeleine was born in 1989. By 1990 David and I had decided to move to Hong Kong. We have lived and worked in Hong Kong since July 1990. My husband has been very supportive of my work as a lawyer, and we shared parenting, with the invaluable assistance of child carers.\nHong Kong is a divided legal profession. In 1990, as I was not permitted to practice as a barrister in Hong Kong until I had lived in Hong Kong for 7 years I decided to qualify and work as a Hong Kong solicitor. From 1990-1992 I worked at Baker & McKenzie in insolvency litigation on the Carrian cases. Whilst at Baker & McKenzie I qualified as an English solicitor in late 1991 and as a Hong Kong solicitor in 1992.\nIn 1993 I joined the newly established Hong Kong office of White & Case LLP an international law firm headquartered in New York. George Crozer was the head of the Hong Kong White & Case office. Originally from the US he is a project finance lawyer with a profound knowledge of Asian legal practice. I became a partner of White & Case LLP and head of its Asian dispute resolution practice. It was during the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997 that I started working in international arbitration; many of the arbitrations involved disputes arising from infrastructure projects around Asia. In the late 1990's I undertook a law reform project funded by the World Bank on the Lao international arbitration law. My other extracurricular activities were focused on arbitration related areas including the ICC Arbitration Commission and the ICC Hong Kong Arbitration Committee and judging mooting.\nIn 2006 I received my first appointment as an arbitrator. In late 2009 I left White & Case LLP to qualify as a Hong Kong barrister. I now primarily work as an international arbitration with some work as arbitration counsel in international arbitration of disputes involving parties and law from Asia, Europe and the Americas. I am also engaged in law reform in Hong Kong and Indonesia, in Hong Kong chairing the Hong Kong Law Reform Commission's sub-committee on Third Party Funding for Arbitration and in Indonesia working in an EU-funded Alternative Dispute Resolution Project in the public sector. Among other extracurricular activities, I am a member of the Council of the Hong Kong Bar Association and Chair of the Hong Kong Bar Association's Special Committee on International Practice, as well as a member of the Hong Kong Government's Advisory Committee on Promotion of Arbitration in Hong Kong and of its Committee on the Provision of Space in the Legal Hub. I continue to participate in the work of the ICC Arbitration Commission, and am on the editorial committee of the International Bar Associates \"International Dispute Resolution\" journal among others. I still regularly judge mooting competitions around Asia, and speak and write about international dispute resolution.\nMy generation of law students were fortunate to study law at a time when the practice of law seemed exciting, fresh and relevant, and to commence practice at a time of great opportunity. Most of us thought we would spend our professional lives working in Perth. In fact a number of us moved to study and work interstate and overseas. We had the chance to practice in different areas of the law before we specialized and to move between different branches of the law. For those of us who wished to be advocates we had the chance to be continually on our feet in various courts and tribunals.\nLegal practice has become more specialized in the past few decades. The internet has emerged as a major factor in efficient and effective practice while adding time pressure. The ways that law can be practiced have increased exponentially and international work has greatly expanded.\nYet many of the present generation of law students are anxious about whether they will have an opportunity to practice, even if they have the academic credentials and the personal qualities needed, having found the financial resources to complete a law degree. There are many more law graduates, less funding of the non-profit sectors and bottle-necks to access to opportunities to gain the experience needed to practice. There is also pressure to specialize much earlier.\nWhile it is easy to romantize the past, my impression is that those of us who starting to practice in the early 1980's generally had much easier access to practicing law, more time and opportunity to find a fulfilling area of practice and to juggle work and extra curricular activities as young lawyers.\nMentoring was important for my career development and for that of a number of my friends. My peers and myself now have the chance to act as mentors. It is important that we do so, whether directly as mentors, including by providing internships, or by participating in legal education, mooting and other student related activities, to ensure that society continues to be served by dedicated, accomplished and principled lawyers.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fryar, Karen Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE5622", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fryar-karen-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Magistrate, Solicitor", "Summary": "When Karen Fryar was appointed as a magistrate of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Magistrates Court on 6 September 1993, she became the first woman to be appointed to the judiciary in the ACT. In 2008 she was awarded the ACT International Women's Day Women's Award. On 26 January 2010 she was appointed as a Member of the Order of Australia 'for service to the community of the ACT as a magistrate and through contributions to the prevention of family violence'.\nPlease click 'Details\" below to read an essay written by Karen Fryar for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Karen Fryar and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nKaren Fryar was born in Sydney in 1956, the eldest child, her father a fireman and her mother on home duties. She attended Albury High School (of which she was later School Captain) after her father was transferred to the NSW border town, and in 1972 spent a year as a Rotary Exchange Student in Japan, an experience that she describes as significantly influential for her future. Upon her return home she continued to study Japanese by correspondence for her HSC and had set her heart on studying the language at university. In 1975 she enrolled in a combined Arts (Asian Studies) \/ Law course at the Australian National University and in 1979 completed her Honours year in Japanese. In 1981 Karen graduated with a Bachelor of Laws (some years later she also achieved a Graduate Diploma in Public Law with Merit) and was admitted to practice in 1982.\nAlthough she had previously assumed she would pursue a career involving Japanese, Karen took a position as an articled clerk and then as a solicitor with a large Canberra firm of solicitors and fell in love with litigation. A few years in private practice (married a semi-local in the meantime), a short stint at the then Deputy Crown Solicitor's Office and she then moved to the Litigation Division in the Commonwealth Attorney General's Department, the area that would subsequently become the Australian Government Solicitor.\nDuring the 6 years she was engaged there, Karen worked on significant Commonwealth litigation including the last attempted appeal to the Privy Council (Commonwealth v Finch (1984)155 CLR 107) and the attempt by Queensland to have the proclamation under the World Heritage Properties Conservation Act 1983 concerning the Daintree Rainforest declared as invalid (Queensland v Commonwealth (1989)167 CLR 232) and with such eminent lawyers as (the former Solicitor General) Gavin Griffith QC, (the former Chief Justice of the Federal Court) Michael Black QC and Justice Stephen Gageler (of the High Court)).\nFrom 1989 to 1993 Karen was the Assistant Executive Officer of the Legal Aid Commission (ACT) and during her employment there she also held an appointment as a Deputy President of the Guardianship and Management of Property Tribunal.\nKaren was appointed as a magistrate (and coroner) of the ACT Magistrates Court in 1993, being the first woman appointed to the judiciary in the ACT. At this time her youngest (of three) daughter was only 4 months old. In 1994 she was also appointed as Deputy President of the Mental Health Tribunal. As a magistrate she has regularly presided over matters in each of the court's civil and criminal jurisdictions, including matters that in other jurisdictions would normally be heard in District or County Courts.\nFrom 2000 to 2010 (and subsequently since 2014) Karen presided over the dedicated Family Violence list of the court and played a supervisory role in the ACT's award winning Family Violence Intervention Programme, which had been independently evaluated as \"world's best practice\" for its co-operative criminal justice inter-agency approach to the ongoing issue of family violence. Pursuing her interest and leadership in this area, from 2005 Karen was also an active member of the National Leadership Group for White Ribbon Day in Australia. Karen has also regularly lectured at the College of Law at the Australian University and the University of Canberra on such subjects as Advocacy, Sentencing, Court Practice and Procedure, Criminal Law, Court Etiquette, Family Violence and Therapeutic Jurisprudence. She continues to be sought after as a speaker on such issues as gender balance and family violence.\nKaren has been the Children's Court Magistrate in the ACT since 1 March 2010, work that she finds challenging but extremely awarding. In this role she deals with young people charged with all manner of criminal offences, and also applications in the care and protection jurisdiction. She has been responsible for a number of initiatives in this area, including a Youth Drug and Alcohol Court to assist with young offenders and their substance abuse problems in the Children's Court. During this period Karen has been a member of the South Pacific Council of Youth and Children's Courts.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/honour-for-act-magistrate\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Faehrmann, Cate", "Entry ID": "AWE5625", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faehrmann-cate\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Paddington, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Media advisor, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Cate Faehrmann filled the casual vacancy left by the Greens member Lee Rhiannon in the New South Wales Legislative Council in 2010. She resigned in June 2013 to stand for a seat in the Australian Senate at the September 2013 federal election, but was unsuccessful.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-politics-cate-faehrmann-lead-senate-candidate-for-the-greens-in-nsw\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cotsis, Sophie", "Entry ID": "AWE5626", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cotsis-sophie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Canterbury, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Political advisor, Trade union official", "Summary": "Sophie Cotsis was appointed to the Legislative Council of the New South Wales Parliament representing the Australian Labor Party in 2010. She filled the casual vacancy created on the resignation of John Della Bosca.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/labors-fresh-new-face-is-a-seasoned-party-operator\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Maclaren-Jones, Natasha", "Entry ID": "AWE5627", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/maclaren-jones-natasha\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Parliamentarian, Political advisor", "Summary": "Natasha Maclaren-Jones was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Council in the New South Wales Parliament, representing the Liberal Party in 2011.\nBefore her election to the State Parliament, she served as State President of the Liberal Party from 2006-2011.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mitchell, Sarah", "Entry ID": "AWE5628", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mitchell-sarah\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Gunnedah, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Advisor, Electorate Officer", "Summary": "Sarah Mitchell was elected to the Legislative Council of the New South Wales Parliament in 2011, representing the National Party.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wallbank, Rachael", "Entry ID": "AWE5634", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wallbank-rachael\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Human Rights Advocate, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Rachael Wallbank is an Accredited Specialist (Family Law - LSNSW) and principal of the legal practice Wallbanks Legal.\nWallbank represented and appeared on behalf of 'Kevin' and 'Jennifer' at trial in Re Kevin: Validity of Marriage of Transsexual (2001) 28 Fam LR 158 and on appeal in The Attorney-General for the Commonwealth & \"Kevin and Jennifer\" & Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission [2003] FamCA 94 whereby Australians who experience diversity or difference in sexual formation, including Transsexualism, gained the right to legally marry in their affirmed sex.\nWallbank also acted and appeared for the Applicant Parents in Re Bernadette [2010] FamCA 94; the first case in Australia to authorise Phase 1 Treatment to suspend puberty for an adolescent living with the condition of Transsexualism (as an interim order in 2005) and the first case to challenge the Australian legal regime initiated by Re Alex (2004) FLC 93-175 which requires court authorisation of Phase 1 and 2 Treatments as a precondition to treatment.\nWallbank is a member of the Legal Issues Committee of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) and a founding member of the Australian and New Zealand Professional Association for Transgender Health (ANZPATH).\nWallbank has written academically, undertakes lectures and presentations on the subject of the legal and human rights of people who experience diversity or difference in sexual formation and gender expression, especially with regard to Australia, and appears in the media as a public advocate and legal expert on the subject.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Rachael Wallbank and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\nBorn on 4 March 1956, as Richard Wallbank, Rachael attended St Patrick's College Strathfield in Sydney and the University of New South Wales. Rachael was admitted to practise as a solicitor on 4 July 1980. Rachael has three adult children.\nAfter having worked as a junior solicitor and later rising to Associate at Messrs Fred A. and John F. Newnham of Sydney, Rachael established her own legal practice, Wallbanks Legal, on 1 July 1985. Wallbanks Legal is a specialist practice concerned with Family, Wills & Estates and Succession Law.\nAs is typical for those who experience the condition of Transsexualism, Rachael was aware of her female self in childhood. In the circumstances of the times, however, and although she was referred to doctors by her parents for being found dressing in her sister's clothes and telling them \"I'm really a girl\" at about 7 years of age, the condition remained an untreated shame to be consciously ignored by all concerned. Rachael's adolescence and young adulthood were extremely confusing, painful and shame-filled.\nRachael publicly affirmed her female sex on 4 July 1994, undertook sex affirmation procedures including genital surgery and had her Legal Sex reassigned to female in New South Wales pursuant to that State's births, deaths and marriages laws on 17 July 1997.\nRachael is grateful that her life and legal career have presented her with the opportunity to achieve significant legal and human rights reform and to advance the understanding of Transsexualism as a naturally occurring form of diversity in human sexual formation and a form of intersexual disorder of sexual development with a clearly therapeutic medical treatment protocol and not a mental disorder or a psychological phenomenon.\nRe Kevin has been relied upon in several landmark international decisions; including I v The United Kingdom and Christine Goodwin v The United Kingdom, decided by the European Court of Human Rights. These decisions, which quote Justice Chisholm's decision in Re Kevin at length and with approval, finally determined that there had been violations of articles 8, 12, 13 and 14 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in respect of the legal status of people who had experienced Transsexualism in the United Kingdom and, in particular, such people's treatment in the spheres of employment, social security, pensions and marriage. As a result of these decisions the government of the United Kingdom introduced the Gender Recognition Act 2004.\nRe Kevin was also relied upon in the landmark decision of the Sixth Judicial Circuit, Pasco County, Florida, in the United States of America in The Marriage of Kantaras. At page 673 of that decision Justice O'Brien said: '\u2026it is essential that Kevin not be given a mere \"citation\" but studied for what it represents in the law. It is one of the most important cases on Transsexualism to come on the scene of foreign jurisprudence.'\nRachael continues to advocate for the abandonment of the requirement imposed by the Family Court of Australia requiring court authorisation of time critical therapeutic hormonal treatment for Australian adolescents who experience Transsexualism; with all the unnecessary suffering from non-treatment and self harm that inevitably results. Rachael deeply appreciates the fact that her children and her former wife were all obliged to share in the social and personal suffering associated with her Difference and her public affirmation of her innate female self and that, without the love and support of many people, and especially her children, this entry would not exist.\nRachael's favourite saying is that of Helen Keller who said \"Life is either a daring adventure or nothing.\" Enjoying her 21st birthday as an affirmed female in 2015, Rachael is grateful to be recognised amongst the wonderful Australian women lawyers in this exhibition and to finally be one of those lucky people who no longer care if the family parrot falls into the hands of the town gossip.\nSignificant presentations by Rachael Wallbank:\n\nA Critique of Re Jamie and the Role of the Family Court in Determining the Access to Medical Treatment of Young Australians Living With Transsexualism for the 30th QLD Family Law Residential 2015.\nThe inaugural (2013) Isabelle Lake Memorial Lecture for the Equal Opportunity Commission Western Australia and The University of Western Australia\n'Medico\/Legal Issues in the Treatment of Young People With Transsexualism\", XVIII World Congress of the World Association of Sexual Health (WAS) - 1st World Congress For Sexual Health (April 2007) Darling Harbour, Sydney, Australia.\n'Human Rights and Diversity in Sexual Formation and Expression', XXIII ILGA World Conference (March 2006) Geneva, Switzerland.\n'Children with Transsexualism - From Difference to Disorder', The Fourth World Congress on Family Law and Children's Rights (2005), Cape Town, South Africa.\n'The Different Roads to Reform' presented at the 6th International Congress on Sex and Gender Diversity (2004) The School of Law, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK.\n'Difference on Trial' presentation and paper, 11th National Biennial Conference of the Family Law Section of the Law Council of Australia 2004, Conference Handbook (2004) TEN, GPO Box 61A Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia'\n\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/re-kevin-in-perspective\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/re-alex-through-a-looking-glass\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/speaking-secrets-sex-and-sexuality-as-public-property\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Croucher, Rosalind Frances", "Entry ID": "AWE5643", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/croucher-rosalind-frances\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Commissioner, Lawyer, Musician, Solicitor", "Summary": "Professor Rosalind Croucher AM is a leading legal academic and current (2016) president of the Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC). In 2014, she was the inaugural winner of the Australian Woman Lawyer (AWL) Award. She was described as:\n'an inspirational leader in the legal community, making a distinct contribution to law reform and legal education across the national stage. She has enthusiastically taken on 'tough' roles with great success and is a true institution builder. Prof Croucher restored the reputation of Macquarie Law School and successfully steered the ALRC through two inquiries which threatened the ALRC's very existence. At the ALRC she has led seven inquiries of great public policy significance, including on family violence, older workers, and disability. She is also an exceptional mentor, with a deep and abiding commitment to fostering the careers of others, particularly women.'\nProfessor Croucher was appointed President of the Australian Human Rights Commission, 30 July 2017, for a seven year term.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Rosalind Croucher and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nEarly years\nI was born on 14 November 1954, at Rosslyn Hospital, Arncliffe, Sydney, the eldest of four girls born to Frank Roland McGrath AM OBE and Amy Gladys McGrath (n\u00e9e Cumpston) OAM, and a Scorpio.\nI grew up with the value of education imprinted in my DNA-particularly on the maternal side. My mother is one of four sisters and three brothers. Her father, Dr John Howard Lidgett Cumpston CMG, was the first Commonwealth Director General of Public Health-the numberplate ACT 4 is still in the family. His mother, Elizabeth (n\u00e9e Newman) was a pioneer kindergarten teacher. Sadly, my grandfather died the year I was born so I never got to know him. He had a profound commitment to education-and that his daughters would have the same opportunities as his sons. For women in the 1930s and early 1940s this was still pretty unusual. My grandfather said to his children that he could not leave them 'capital', but he would give them an education. In my mother's generation this was an exceptional standard to create as 'the norm' for his children. This is not 'normal' for many, but it did influence me profoundly. Three of them gained PhDs (the eldest, in 1998, at the age of 82), one became a Reader in History at Birkbeck College, University of London (Dr Ina Mary Cumptson); one an entomologist and researcher in PNG on mosquitoes, with her medical doctor husband (Dr Margaret Spencer OAM); another, my mother, a poet, playwright, novelist and all-round extraordinary woman. The youngest, Maeva Elizabeth Galloway BEM, had the prospect of doing medicine, but, as she said to me, she wanted to get married and medical study was not amenable to married women at the time, so she did physiotherapy instead. Later she spent many years managing the Canberra Symphony Orchestra.\nI was named after the character Rosalind in Shakespeare's play, As You Like It. It was Shakespeare's largest role for a female character and one in which she is even given the Epilogue. (My sister Leone Celia Lorrimer, was also named after a character in the play, Rosalind's cousin, Celia. She is an architect and now CEO of a large architectural practice in Australia.)\nWhen I was four years old we moved from Grand Parade, Brighton-le-Sands to 'Purfleet', in Billyard Avenue, Elizabeth Bay, an historic house on the waterfront side of Arthur McElhone Reserve and Elizabeth Bay House (although not on the waterfront).\nAfter attending kindergarten in Rushcutter's Bay, opposite Trumper Park in Roslyn Gardens, Sydney, I went to Sydney Church of England Girls School in Darlinghurst until the end of third class. I remember catching the bus from our home in Elizabeth Bay to William Street and then walking up Forbes Street. I took my younger sister, Leone, who was in the class behind me. We would only have been about 7 and 8.Our mother had two small children, our younger sisters Eloise and Vivian, so she trusted us to be responsible in getting ourselves to and from school. For the most part we were, although I do recall our walking up a gutter full of rainwater. (If you had wet shoes you were allowed to take them off!) My mother tells me that the Headmistress suggested I should go to a school where I could get more competition-or perhaps she wanted to get rid of me! One of my school chums from my SCEGGS days was Jenny Morgan, now Professor of Law at the University of Melbourne.\nI did move school, to Woollahra Demonstration School, in fourth class. My teacher was Mr Miller. The cane was still used regularly, even for girls (although very rarely by Mr Miller). I participated in lots of extra things, the Gould League (for bird lovers), the junior Red Cross, which had a lovely uniform, and the school choir, led by Mr Armstrong. (At Sunday School at All Saints Church, Woollahra, I joined the Girls' Friendly Society-yet another uniform that mother happily purchased).\nI was once summoned to the Headmaster's office at Woollahra (Mr Nicholson). I had thrown a blackboard duster at a boy who was being a bit of a wag, but the dust had got in his eyes and caused him suffering. I remember the sickening feeling both of knowing I had caused injury but also of that conversation in the Headmaster's office.\nThe test in fourth class saw me catapulted into the Opportunity Class for the final two years of primary. The two years with Miss Conlon were a wonderful experience. I was also elected girls Vice-Captain in 6th class. Two of my classmates I still see regularly-the Hon Justice Anna Katzmann of the Federal Court and Professor Vivienne Bath of the University of Sydney.\nAt the end of my years at Woollahra I went to Ascham school in Edgecliff, while my peers went in different directions-a number to Sydney Girls High and some also to SCEGGS. My years at Ascham were a wonderful period. (It could have begun much earlier, however. My mother said that she took me for an interview when I was very small and that, after somersaulting off the chair in the Headmistress's office, or other antics, I was not enthusiastically given that first opportunity of enrolment). I ended as dux of the school and Chairman of the School Committee. We didn't have 'prefects' and 'school captain' but we had a School Committee, with a Chairman and Secretary. I remember one particular meeting of the School Committee that I chaired. There was quite a lively discussion and, to inject some order into the proceedings, I said, 'would you please direct your questions through the chair!' The Headmistress, Miss Roberts, was quite surprised. What she didn't know was that I was an avid listener of parliament. My 'dream job' in my teenage imaginings was to be Speaker of the House. Music was largely whatever the music master, Mr Ken Robbins, could arrange. Choir was always fun, especially the joint choral works we did with a boys school, Cranbrook or Sydney Grammar. Mr Robbins also organised an 'orchestra', a handful of those who played something. I had played recorder at Woollahra and volunteered. There was a senior girl who played oboe, and I thought the sound was wonderful. A Canberra cousin of mine had an oboe and lent it to me and I was hooked. My first experience playing oboe in the orchestra was very challenging: 'He who would valiant be', in Eb major-three flats. But it got easier. The first big, and paid, 'gig' I did was to play in the orchestra for 'The Mikado', being performed by Sydney University Musical Society (SUMS). By the HSC I undertook 1st Level Music as an independent study, as I could not do it at school. Throughout high school I attended as many music camps as my holidays would allow, first at Sydney Grammar School under the music leadership of Peter Seymour, and then national music camp. I completed what would now be regarded as a huge load for my HSC, and all at 1st level: English, German, Geography, Modern History, Maths and Music, plus the General Studies subject that everyone had to do.\nAll through my high school years two things I remember, apart from school things, were my mother's PhD and the theatres. Mum won a scholarship, about the same time as father was appointed a judge, to undertake the history of medical organisation in Australia. From this emerged a whole range of whitegoods (clothes dryer etc) and school holiday trips in our red and white Volkswagen microbus to all parts of Australia where mum did research on her thesis. She used a manual typewriter. The tap-tapping of the keys punctuated many evenings over many years. She graduated in 1977.\nThe second thing was that mother had a theatre in our backyard-the Mews Playhouse-as a tryout theatre for Australian playwrights, once we moved from Elizabeth Bay to Centennial Park. I recall actors like Lex Marinos, Lynne Rainbow and John Meillon, to name but a few, performing in plays. My sister Leone and I often helped with stage management. (One mistake was to use real whiskey instead of cold tea, which is the usual stage substitute!). The Mews developed into a much bigger project with the establishment of the Australian Theatre in Newtown. Playwrights like David Williamson and the Indigenous writer, Kevin Gilbert, had try-outs of their plays either at our home in Martin Road, Centennial Park (down the road from Patrick White), or in Newtown. The opera director, David Freeman, was assisted in the beginnings of his career when he directed when of mother's music theatre pieces on Sir Walter Ralegh, and another on the Children's Crusade. I performed in a couple of the musicals at the Australian Theatre: 'Crusade' and 'A Bunch of Ratbags', set in the 1950s. Mother was regularly organising special events, often associated with fundraising for the theatre, and on one occasion the actress, who was to read some poems, was unable to perform at the last minute. I was rapidly 'press-ganged' into the task. A huge enterprise was a music theatre symposium which saw her bringing Stephen Sondheim, Tim Rice, Alan Jay Lerner and several other incredibly famous music theatre luminaries from around the world to Sydney. That was all part of the normal of our lives at Martin Road!\nFather, meanwhile, was appointed to bench in 1966 (the Workers' Compensation Commission, later Compensation Court), chaired the Arts Council of NSW and endeavoured to get his teenage daughters into sailing, through the Double Bay Sailing Club. In the latter endeavour he was much more successful with my sister Leone, a keen and excellent sailor now, than me. (When my father retired from the bench at the age of 72, as Chief Judge of the Compensation Court, he also undertook a PhD, in history at the University of Sydney-he had been the University Medallist in history when he completed his BA).\nUniversity\nWith my HSC result I could choose whatever I wanted to do. I had no inclination to study Medicine (although many of my mother's family were doctors), but wanted to do Law, like my father. I won a much-coveted National Undergraduate Scholarship at the Australian National University, which paid for absolutely everything. I note that the dux of the year ahead of me at Ascham, Hilary Penfold (now the Hon Justice Hilary Penfold of the ACT Supreme Court), also went to ANU on these excellent scholarships). I went to Burgmann College, a co-educational college, and embarked upon Arts\/Law. I also joined the Canberra Symphony Orchestra. Just before I went to Canberra in early 1973, my oboe teacher enlisted me as her Deputy, to play in 'Jesus Christ Superstar' at the Capitol Theatre in Sydney (bedecked in mission, now 'Superstar', brown). I played the Friday and Saturday shows. I was able to continue this after going to Canberra, flying down for the purpose. (I remember the return student airfare was $14). I had underestimated what the shift to Canberra would involve and returned to Sydney at the end of first year, but keeping my options open with ANU for another year.\nIn 1974 I commenced studies at Sydney University in second year of Arts\/Law. I played in the Australian Youth Orchestra at the end of that year. During my second year of university study my musical involvement took me to audition for the ABC Training Orchestra and I won a scholarship that I took up in 1975. I also joined the Renaissance Players at the University under the amazing Winsome Evans OAM BEM. My involvement in the Training Orchestra meant that I only continued my History Honours study in third year, doing no law subjects that year. During 1975 Training Orchestra the position of second oboe\/cor anglais became available in the Elizabethan Theatre Trust Orchestra, later the Opera and Ballet orchestra, and I was successful. In 1976 I was playing in the opera house but also was undertaking History Honours. It was a very full year. After six months in the opera house orchestra I left that position, preferring the variety of musical involvement in the Renaissance Players and opting to finish my law studies. I kept playing in casual positions for the orchestra as needed for a further two years. And in 1976 I married Michael Jeffrey Atherton, a lute player and multi-instrumentalist in the Renaissance Players. I entered my final two years at law school in a minority - I was married.\nI completed History Honours, with a thesis on a renaissance diplomat, Sir Nicholas Thockmorton, continued with the Renaissance Players and plugged away at my law studies. My aim by this time was to follow my father's example and to go to the Bar, after a period of practice as a Solicitor.\nBut when I was at the College of Law, doing my Practical Legal Training course in 1980, I found out that I was pregnant. When I was admitted as a solicitor in December 1980 in the Supreme Court of New South Wales, it was not as a 'lawyer' but as 'a solicitor, proctor and attorney' of 'this honourable Court'. And Sir Laurence Street as Chief Justice had a famous invocation to any mother with a crying baby, deployed at each ceremony: 'Madam, do not feel you have to leave, this is a family occasion!'.\nWhen my daughter, Emily Alexandra McGrath Jones Atherton, was born in March 1981, I was utterly clueless about motherhood. Although I had worked two years part-time with a firm of solicitors, as successor to my classmate in my law studies at Sydney University, Susan Crennan (later Justice of the High Court), in a research\/devilling role, obtained my practising certificate, and could have continued there, the demands of motherhood came as a real shock. They were incompatible for me at that time. So I held a practising certificate for only one year. I also left the Renaissance Players. My career journey then took a different turn.\nAcademic years\nWhen my daughter was nearly a year old I applied for a position in teaching at Macquarie University. I got it. Curiously, what secured me the teaching position, at the age of 27, was none of the things that a career path would have mapped out. Not a higher degree-I hadn't even thought about that one yet, the PhD would come later, although I did have an Honours degree in History which evidenced research ability; not publications-I didn't have any of those-all essential these days even to start in the academic world. But I did have teaching experience-in music. I had taught a residential summer school in early music, with a group aged from 17 to 70. It was a great background for teaching distance students, who came in for weekends at a time on campus. It was quite an enlightened approach to appointments, by the late Professors Jack Goldring and John Peden - two inspiring men, both passing away long before they should have.\nThen the teaching was like a duck to water. I loved it. I built an academic career from that accidental starting point. I completed a PhD in legal history at the University of New South Wales, graduating in 1994-as Sir Gordon Samuels' last doctoral conferral in his role of Chancellor of UNSW before taking up the position of Governor. I embarked upon publications and became a Professor and Dean in 1999 at Macquarie University. My doctoral study took ten years, worked around fulltime work and my children, including in 1987 my second child, Marc Edward John McGrath Jones Atherton.\nThe two early years at Macquarie were during an intensely controversial time in its history. It shared the tension of left\/right arguments that had been dividing English, Economics, Politics departments as well as law schools in the US, the UK and Australia for a number of very troubled years. I was elected to Chair the School meetings, just in my second year as a Tutor-the youngest on staff. In my na\u00efvet\u00e9 it never occurred to me that this had anything other than to do with my abilities. But I did take it very seriously, learned a lot about chairing and had my eyes opened to university (and broader) politics.\nIn 1984 I was appointed to the University of New South Wales and then in 1990 to Sydney University, where I move into a number of increasingly senior leadership roles, including as Head, Department of Law (Jan 1996-Feb 1997); Acting Dean (June 1994, July 1995); and Interim Dean (Feb 1997-March 1998). In 1998, I was elected as Deputy Chair of the Academic Board of the University.\nAt the end of 1999 I took up an appointment as the first externally-appointed Dean of the Law School at Macquarie University, a position in which I served for over seven years.\nI have now done a circuit of three major Sydney law schools: two years at Macquarie, seven at UNSW, nine at Sydney and then back to Macquarie for seven. I accidentally got on another track and it opened up a whole new career path. 25 years, including the last seven years of it as Dean of Macquarie Law School, and over a year as Interim Dean at Sydney Law School (the first woman in that position).\nIn 1995 I sang in a small group of lawyers organised by the Hon Justice Peter Hidden, known as the Bar Choir. It is still going and I am still singing with them, 20 years later. (Many of the barristers who sang in the choir in the early days are now on the Bench, and many are still singing in the choir too.) In 1994 I auditioned for the Sydney Philharmonia Choir and joined the Alto section. After singing in the Symphonic choir for three years I was invited to join the Motet choir-if felt like being in 'the first eleven'. With this choir I sang at the opening ceremony of the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000 and as part of The Proms at Albert Hall, London, singing Mahler 8th symphony, which we had also sung in Sydney.\nIn 2001 my marriage to Michael Atherton was dissolved. In 2004 I married Professor John Sydney Croucher, a statistician, of Macquarie University, and became the second 'Professor Croucher'. (We have now been married for over eleven wonderful years.)\nAustralian Law Reform Commission\nThe opportunity to join the Australian Law Reform Commission came in 2006, after I had been Dean of Law at Macquarie for seven years. The position of Commissioner was advertised. I was appointed for three years. The Hon Philip Ruddock MP was the Attorney-General. At the end of 2009 the position of President became vacant and the then Attorney, the Hon Robert McClelland MP appointed me for five years. This was renewed by the Hon Senator George Brandis QC for a further year to December 2015. I am now up to my fifth Attorney-General! I retain my chair at Macquarie University, which has kindly given me leave for the duration of my appointment at the ALRC.\nAt the ALRC I was the Commissioner in charge of the following inquiries:\n\nCapacity, Equality and Disability in Commonwealth laws, ALRC 124, 2014\n Access All Ages-Older Workers and Commonwealth Laws, ALRC 120, 2013.\n Family Violence and Commonwealth Laws-Improving Legal Frameworks, ALRC 117, 2012.\nManaging Discovery-Discovery of Documents in Federal Courts, ALRC 115, 2011.\nFamily Violence-A National Legal Response, ALRC 114, 2010.\n Secrecy Laws and Open Government in Australia, ALRC 112, 2009.\nPrivilege in Perspective, Australian Law Reform Commission, ALRC 107, 2008.\n\nOther reports I have overseen as President, with another Commissioner in charge:\n\nConnection to country: Review of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), ALRC 126, 2015 (with Commissioner Professor Lee Godden, University of Melbourne)\nSerious Invasions of Privacy in the Digital Era, ALRC 123, 2014 (with Commissioner Professor Barbara McDonald, University of Sydney)\nCopyright and the Digital Economy, ALRC 122, 2013 (with Commissioner Professor Jill McKeough, UTS)\n Classification-Content Regulation and Convergent Media, ALRC 118, 2012 (with Commissioner Professor Terry Flew, QUT)\n\nI am currently leading the inquiry into encroachments on traditional rights, freedoms and privileges in Commonwealth laws. My work at the ALRC draws upon all the various aspects of my academic and management experiences and adds to it a wonderful layer of intersection with government, through its various departments, and the parliament itself-particularly the twice-yearly Senate Estimates appearances (which, perversely perhaps, I enjoy greatly).\nPro bono roles\nI have undertaken many pro bono leadership roles-including as Governor of Ascham School for nine years; Councillor of St Andrew's College; as a board member of the Sydney Philharmonia Choirs; Chair of the Council of Australian Law Deans, 2002-2003; Vice-President of the International Academy of Estate and Trust law 2000-2005; and as Chair of the Projects Committee of the Australian Academy of Law 2012-. I have also been involved with the NSW Women Lawyers in committee roles over the years, particularly in relation to career aspirations.\nHonours\nI was honoured in being elected to the International Academy of Estate and Trust Law, 1993; as a Fellow, Royal Society for the encouragement of the Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, 2000; a Member, Australian Academy of Forensic Sciences, 2004; a Foundation Fellow of the Australian Academy of Law in 2007; and elected to the Society of Trusts and Estate Practitioners in 2008.\nMy contributions have also been acknowledged in a number of honorary appointments: Honorary Fellow of St Andrew's College of the University of Sydney (2002); Honorary Fellow of the Australian College of Legal Medicine (2004); 'Rapporteur' for the 8th biennial conference of the International Association of Women Judges, 2006; and honorary life membership of the Women Lawyers' Association of NSW (2013). On St Andrew's College I was the first lay woman appointed to the College Council, while the Rev Theodora Hobbes was appointed the first female member of the Presbyterian clergy-we were part of the Council that moved the College from an all-male College to a fully co-residential one. (The very-much missed Theodora, who passed away in 2011, also conducted the marriage proceedings when John and I married, by Macquarie University's lake, in 2004-the first time she had married anyone 'in a paddock', she said. I was delighted to present the St Andrew's College Lecture in 2013 in honour of her.)\nIn 2011 I was recognised as one of the 40 'inspirational alumni' of UNSW. In 2014 I was acknowledged for my contributions to public policy as one of Australia's '100 Women of Influence' in the Australian Financial Review and Westpac awards; and for 'outstanding contribution to the legal profession' in supporting and advancing women in the legal profession I was awarded the Australian Women Lawyer's award.\nIn the Australia Day Honours list, 2015, I was conferred the award of Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for 'significant service to the law as an academic, to legal reform and education, to professional development, and to the arts'. My husband, Professor John Croucher, also received an AM on the same day, 'significant service to mathematical science in the field of statistics, as an academic, author, and mentor, and to professional organisations'. 'What are the odds?', we asked each other!\nPublications\nMy text on Succession law, Succession: families, property and death, (with Prue Vines) was first published in 1996, and is now in its 4th edition (2013). I have edited seven books, including Families and Estates: A Comparative Study, Kluwer Law International, 2005; Law and Religion-God, the State and the Common Law, with Peter Radan and Denise Meyerson, Routledge Publishing, 2005; and written 20 book chapters, including most recently: 'Towards a common legislative base for inquiries', in Royal Commissions & Public Inquiries: Practice & Potential , S Prasser and H Tracey (eds), Connor Court Publishing, 2014; and 'Family law: challenges for responding to family violence in a federal system', in Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia, A Hayes and D Higgins (eds), Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2014. I have a long list of journal articles and conference papers as befits a University Professor.\nI have also written the lyrics for three choral works, composed by Michael Atherton:\n\n'Songs for Imberombera', with W Porter-Young and M Atherton, for work commissioned by the Gondwana Voices choir. First performed January 1997.\n 'Exhortation' Contemporary Singers. First performed July 1996. Review in Opera Australia, Aug-Sept 1996: 'splendidly poetic text'.\n'Namatjira' for work Australian Voices Choir 1996. First performed 1996. Recorded on The Listening Land - Australian Choral Music, VOICES CD 1002, 6m 11s.\n\nOther interests\nI greatly enjoy my garden, restoring and extending the garden at our Blue Mountains home, 'Weroona', a former boys' home that John and I bought in May 2013, complete with its own cricket pitch and a spare house, 'The Lodge', which my parents live in on weekends (my father still driving at age 93). I continue to find enormous pleasure in choral singing and in playing my oboe and recorder in chamber music. I am also a proud grandmother to Alessandra and Cara Montuori.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosalind-croucher-on-the-couch\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alrc-president-wins-legal-accolades\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/commission-welcomes-new-president\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lusink, Margaret (Peg)", "Entry ID": "AWE5660", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lusink-margaret-peg\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tocumwal, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Judge, Lawyer, Professor", "Summary": "Peg Lusink was the first Victorian woman appointed to the judiciary and also the second woman appointed to the Family Court, when it began operations in 1976. Prior to her judicial appointment, Peg was a Partner at Corr and Corr, working principally in the areas of matrimonial causes and family law. She briefly practiced at the Melbourne Bar before becoming a Family Court Judge. Upon retirement from the Family Court, in 1990, Peg became one of the foundational Professors in the Law Faculty at Bond University. In 1996, Peg accepted another judicial appointment, becoming the President of the Commonwealth Professional Services Review Tribunal. In that same year she was appointed AM for law for services to the Family Court and the community.\nPeg Lusink was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of AustraliaCATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Peg Lusink was born in Tocumwal, New South Wales to Joan Rosanove QC and Dr Edward Rosanove. She was educated first at Loreto Mandeville Hall and then later at Merton Hall. In 1939 Peg enrolled at the University of Melbourne to study law. At age 16, she also made history by being articled to her mother, Joan Rosanove. Six months later, in 1940, she married Dr Graeme Larkins and went on to have three sons. Upon Graeme's early death in 1959, Peg returned to the University of Melbourne in 1960, as a mature aged student, and completed a Bachelor of Laws degree.\nAdmitted to the Bar in 1965, Peg went on to become a Partner at Corr and Corr, Solicitors working in the matrimonial causes area. She practised briefly at the Victorian Bar before becoming Victoria's first female judicial officer and the second woman appointed to the Family Court in 1975. In 1984 Peg was appointed the Judge Administrator of the newly established Dandenong Registry of the Family Court and pioneered a progressive counselling approach to family disputes until her retirement in 1988.\nIn 1990 Peg became one of the foundational Professors in the Law Faculty at Bond University, teaching family law and running the Moot Court Program. In 1996, Peg accepted another judicial appointment, becoming the President of the Commonwealth Professional Services Review Tribunal, and in that same year was awarded an AM for law for services to the Family Court and the community.\nThe following essay was written with the cooperation of Peg Lusink in May 2016.\nLusink, Peg (Margaret) AM\nJustice of the Family Court of Australia\nPeg Lusink was the first Victorian woman appointed to the Judiciary of a Superior Court of Record and also the second woman appointed to the Family Court of Australia, when it began operations in 1976. Prior to her judicial appointment Peg was a partner in Corr and Corr, Solicitors, working principally in the area of family law under the then Matrimonial Causes Act. She signed the Roll of Counsel and worked as a barrister for a brief period until taking up her appointment in February 1976 on the newly established Family Court of Australia, which was created within the newly introduced Commonwealth legislation, the Family Law Act 1975. In 1984, upon the opening of the new Dandenong Registry she became the Judge Administrator where she was given the opportunity by the Chief Justice of the Court, Justice Elizabeth Evatt to pioneer a more progressive approach to family disputes. Upon resignation of her commission in 1990 she became one of the foundation professors in the Law Faculty of the newly established Bond University and in 1996 accepted another judicial appointment as President of the Commonwealth Professional Services Review Tribunal. In that year Peg received the honor of an AM for law, services to the Family Court and to the community.\nPeg Lusink was born in 1922 in Tocumwal, New South Wales. Her mother was Joan Rosanove QC, the renowned trailblazing female barrister at the Victorian Bar. Her father, Edward Rosanove, was a General Practitioner in Tocumwal at the time of Peg's birth, before the family relocated to Westgarth, in the inner northern suburbs of Melbourne. Peg was raised by parents who had a 'remarkable' relationship being 'absolutely devoted to each other' in their support of each other's professional careers (Interview Rubenstein). For a significant period of time Joan Rosanove was the only woman at the Victorian Bar and was unusual in pursuing a career in law at that time. Peg particularly adored her father who she says 'allowed her mother to work and was ahead of his time' (Interview Rubenstein).\nPeg's father relocated the family to London, England in 1932 to further his studies in dermatology. Peg's younger sister Judy was born in London, and when the family returned to Melbourne they lived in Toorak. Peg was enrolled first at Loreto Mandeville Hall and then later at Merton Hall. In 1939 Peg enrolled at the University of Melbourne to study law. This event was recorded by The Daily News in Perth as 'legal history' in the making with Peg articled, aged just 16, to her mother Joan Rosanove (Daily News).\nHowever, this period of time at the University of Melbourne and undertaking articles with her mother was short lived; she studied for six months and in 1940 married 'the love of her life' Dr Graeme Larkins (Interview Rubenstein). Peg went on to have three sons with Graeme and enjoyed many happy years of marriage living in Corryong, where life as a doctor's wife in the country guaranteed much community work and a good social life. Peg returned to England, again living in London, as Graeme pursued his medical career. Graeme's early death in 1959 left Peg bereft but nonetheless a young widowed mother with the responsibility for raising three sons. While law was never high on her list of priorities, and grieving the loss of her dearest companion and husband, Peg realised she had to provide an income for her family. Supported by her son John Larkins, who was already a law student at the University of Melbourne, in 1960 she returned to her studies in law.\nCompleting her degree at the University of Melbourne as a mature aged student, Peg found support from then Dean Harold Ford and from lecturers such as Sir Zelman Cowen and Professor Robin Sharwood. Peg was one of only four female mature aged students at the Law School.\nIn this environment she met another mature aged law student, Theo Lusink, a Dutch national who had re-located to Australia after World War 2 and joined the Royal Australian Air Force. In November 1964 she and Theo married. Soon after, at the beginning of 1965, Peg's admission to practice was moved in the Supreme Court of Victoria by her mother Joan Rosanove Q.C with her son John Larkins as her Junior. As a solicitor, she commenced articles with the law firm of Corr and Corr (as it then was). Almost immediately she was asked to run the then small matrimonial practice which was conducted under the existing State legislation, the Matrimonial Causes Act. At this time Peg quickly found support and friendship with members of the legal fraternity and was inspired by many including the Hon. Esler Barber who was in the Supreme Court sitting mainly on family disputes. In the late sixties Peg was made a partner in the firm, becoming the first woman to do so in a large prestigious commercial law firm in Melbourne.\nIn June 1974 Peg was called to the Bar reading with Bill Gillard, who would later become Justice Gillard of the Supreme Court. However, her time as a Barrister was short lived, as in February 1976 she was appointed a Justice of the Family Court of Australia becoming the first woman in Victoria to be appointed under the newly introduced Commonwealth Family Law Act 1975 and the first Victorian woman to be appointed to a Superior Court of Record. Peg was mentored among others by Chief Justice Elizabeth Evatt who she describes as \"a woman of great intellect\" (Interview Rubenstein). Peg further states that she was a woman of compassion and vision.\nHowever, the Family Court was in its infancy at a time of great excitement and anticipation, the radical reform legislation having been led and introduced by the Whitlam government. Peg recalls \"\"being thrown in at the deep end being given a whole new meaning\" as a Judge of a new and unexpectedly popular Court. A court \"without any mentors or experienced judges to tell us how to do it, no precedents to follow or assist, a brand new law to interpret and rule upon behavioural scientists who had had no training in the law and lawyers who had had no training in counselling. Having done a brief year of psychology -1 I was marginally better equipped- if you'd call it that and we were plopped in this commercial building and told to be a \"nice friendly helping Court\"\" (Interview Brodsky). In the early months Peg was operating in this environment with three male judges enjoying with them the stimulation and challenge of riding a steep learning curve in the shaping of this new court and its law.\nIn 1984 Peg was appointed to be Judge Administrator of the new Registry of the Family Court, which was established at Dandenong. It was an initiative of Chief Justice Evatt who provided five counsellors to one Judge, an unheard of ratio, and a more formalized Court setting with the idea of pioneering less adversarial solutions. This proved popular and very successful leading to Judges visiting at first from Melbourne, and later a second Judge being appointed by the Attorney General Mr. Bowen. During these years Peg was also invited by the Premier of Victoria to become Foundation President of the newly established Victorian Womens' Trust.\nUntil her retirement, aged 66 in 1988, Peg shared the Family Court bench in Australia with only a handful of women with whom she was on very friendly terms. These included Chief Justice Elizabeth Evatt and Justice Josephine Hemsley-Maxwell both from Sydney and Justice Kemeri Murray from Adelaide. Of this time historian Shurlee Swain observed \"Justice Peg Lusink's excitement at the prospect of change which the Family Law Act provided is shared by many of those with whom she worked during the early years of the Family Court. However much of the dream faded over subsequent years, they remain proud of the contribution they made to reforming the way in which the breakdown of relationships was managed in Australia. Hailed as the 'fulfilment of possibly the most humane and enlightened social reform to be enacted in Australia since the Second World War\" (Swain).\nRetirement from the law was to be a brief interlude. In 1990 Peg was approached by Bond University to join its newly created Law School. In these \"exciting times\" Peg taught Family Law and was instrumental in developing the Law School's Moot Court program (Interview Rubenstein). In 1992 Peg and her husband returned to Victoria where she and some like-minded Solicitors provided mediation for matrimonial disputes as an alternative to the adversarial alternative. Although \"mediation\" was in its infancy this proved very successful. This was in Benalla in the North East of the State and was conducted whilst her husband Theo continued his passion for farming.\nFurther appointments followed in 1996 with Peg becoming the President of the Commonwealth Professional Services Review Tribunal investigating medical professionals and Medicare fraud. Peg was also appointed a Member of the Adult Parole Board of Victoria and was awarded an AM for law for services to the Family Court and the community. In 2004, Peg was honoured with induction into the Victorian Women's Hall of Fame as a leader in law, women's health and education.\nHaving spent significant periods of her life in regional Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland, Peg has contributed enormously to the cultural fabric of rural communities, forming many lasting friendships. In 1992, she convened the Friends of the Library in Euroa and subsequently became Chairperson and Honorary Life Member of the National Friends of the Libraries of Australia. She has also been a board member of a number of local hospitals and was the representative of the Euroa Bush Nursing Hospital on the Victoria Bush Nursing Hospitals Association.\nPrincipally considered a trailblazer for her appointment as Victoria's first female Judicial Officer of the Family Court and first female Partner in a Melbourne commercial law firm, Peg has been privileged, over nine decades, to observe tremendous social change and developments in the law. However, Peg's greatest achievements must also be noted to include the deep and enduring relationship with her two adored husbands and three sons. As Peg observes of her life both inside and outside the law: 'it's a great history' and 'an extraordinary journey' (Interview Rubenstein).\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2004 - 2004)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/born-in-hope-the-early-years-of-the-family-court-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law-in-family\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/peg-lusink-interviewed-by-kim-rubenstein-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Beazley, Margaret Joan", "Entry ID": "AWE5664", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beazley-margaret-joan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Hurstville, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Judge, Lawyer, Queen's Counsel", "Summary": "The Hon. Margaret Joan Beazley AO, AC was an Australian judge. She was both the first woman to sit as a Judge of Appeal on the New South Wales Court of Appeal in 1996, and the first woman to occupy the position of President of that Court in 2013. She retired from that court in 2019.\nShe has been described as a \"fierce advocate for women in the legal profession\", and in 2006 was designated an Officer of the Order of Australia for her \"service to the judiciary and the law, particularly through contributions to professional and ethical standards, to the advancement of women in the legal profession and the community.\"\nShe was sworn in as Governor of New South Wales in May 2019, and made a companion (AC) in the general division of the Order of Australia on Australia Day, 2020 for her eminent service to the people of New South Wales, particularly through leadership roles in the judiciary, and as a mentor of young women lawyers. \nGo to 'Details' below to read an essay written by Margaret Beazley for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Margaret Beazley and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nBorn in 1951, Margaret Beazley grew up in Hurstville in the St George area. She was the middle child of Gordon and Lorna Beazley. Neither of her parents had the education that she did - growing up during the Great Depression and WWII, \"their opportunity to become educated in the formal sense irrevocably slipped by.\" Her father worked as a milkman to support his five children. Nonetheless, both of Beazley's parents were very supportive of education, and worked to ensure their children were provided with the opportunities not available to them.\nBeazley attended St Declan's Primary School, Penshurst, before moving to St Joseph's Girls High School, Kogarah for junior high school and Mount St Joseph, Milperra for senior high school. The latter two schools were run by \"Brown\" Josephite Sisters, named after the brown habits that they wore.\nThe two years that Beazley spent at Milperra were particularly formative. She was taught by a number of inspiring women, including Associate Professor Patricia Malone, who was known to her as Sister Jude, and Nora Finnucane, known as Sister Stanislaus. Beazley has described these woman as having \"immense intellects and\u2026 extraordinary vision, particularly regarding what women could do and should be doing.\" The ethos of the school was that the girls could and should be encouraged to pursue tertiary education, and to follow the career path of their choosing. Beazley demonstrated leadership from these early days, being elected captain of both her junior and senior high school.\nBeazley commenced reading for a Bachelor of Laws at Sydney University Law School in 1970. That year also coincided with the publication of Germaine Greer's The Female Eunuch, and is often regarded as a turning point in the feminist movement. Women remained a minority at law school, although Beazley's class contained an unusually high number of women, many of whom went on to build very successful careers. Other notable alumni from Beazley's graduating class include Professor Margaret Somerville and Irene Moss. Beazley graduated with Honours in 1973.\nAfter graduating, Beazley completed her articles with the law firm Winter & Sharp. She was admitted as a Solicitor of the Supreme Court in February 1975, although had but the briefest career as a solicitor, being called to the Bar in March of the same year. Life at the Bar commenced for Beazley on the ninth floor of Selbourne Chambers. She read with Murray Tobias, who would later become one of her colleagues on the Court of Appeal. Beazley was the only female on her floor at that time. She has recalled the difficulty of this \"peer deprivation\" in her professional life, but developed a close camaraderie with members of the Bar and with her instructing solicitors. In particular, Beazley formed a friendship with the Honourable Justice Jane Matthews AO, the first woman to serve as a Crown Prosecutor, to be appointed as a Judge of the District Court of NSW and to be appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court of NSW.\n As one of the pioneering women at the Bar, other difficulties which Beazley was required to contend with included the difficulty persuading male solicitors to brief a female barrister, and the pervasive attitude that women at the Bar should only work in Family Law. However, Beazley built a flourishing practice in equity, commercial and administrative law, and was appointed as Queen's Counsel in 1989 - colloquially known as 'taking silk'. In 1991, Beazley moved to the sixth floor of Selbourne Chambers. One barrister who appeared against her described her as \"a friendly, co-operative, but also tenacious and formidable forensic opponent.\"\nWhilst still at the Bar, Beazley gained a taste of judicial life. From 1984 to 1988, she served as a judicial member of the New South Wales Equal Opportunity Tribunal. In 1990 and 1991, she served as an Acting Judge of the District Court of New South Wales. In 1991 and 1992, she served as an Assistant Commissioner of the New South Wales Independent Commission Against Corruption.\n In January 1993, Beazley was appointed a Judge of the Federal Court of Australia, the first female appointment to sit solely as a judge of that Court. Whilst on the Federal Court bench, she was a member of its Finance, Alternative Dispute Resolution, Court Liaison and Gender Awareness Committees. In 1994, she was also commissioned as an additional judge of the Australian Capital Territory Supreme Court and the Industrial Relations Court of Australia.\nFrom 1994 to 1995, Beazley was a consultant to the Australian Law Reform Commission, assisting with the reference on \"Gender Bias and the Law\". This reference resulted in a substantial, two-part report addressing the failures of the law to deal effectively with violence perpetrated by men on women, and the specific laws and practices of the legal system that contribute to women's inequality.\n On 29 April 1996, Beazley was sworn in as a Judge of Appeal on the NSW Court of Appeal, the first woman to be appointed to such a position. As she joked at her swearing in, she would be sitting alongside a \"Chief Justice and eight wise men.\" This would remain the situation until the swearing in of the Honourable Justice Ruth McColl AO in 2006.\n In 2006, Beazley chaired the advisory committee of the Judicial Commission of New South Wales which prepared the \"Equality Before the Law Bench Book\", intended to enhance the ability of the courts to deliver equal justice according to law. Recognising that equality before the law will not always be achieved through treating everybody equivalently, the Bench Book provided guidance to judicial officers on taking into account different backgrounds, cultures, lifestyles and socioeconomic disadvantages.\nBeazley's abilities as a jurist and leadership within the Court of Appeal recommended her for the position of President of the Court of Appeal. She was sworn in as President in March 2013, again making legal history by being the first woman to hold this position.\n In addition to her rich judicial career, Beazley has contributed to the development of the law through her involvement in academic activities. She is the Chair of the NSW Chapter of the Australian Institute of Administrative Law, and the author of many articles on diverse areas of the law. In May 2008, she was awarded Doctor of Laws honoris causa (Hon LLD) by the University of Sydney. She is a co-author of the book \"Appeals and Appellate Courts in Australia and New Zealand\" (LexisNexis, 2014) with Dr Paul Vout and Sally Fitzgerald, and a contributor to Sappideen and Vines (eds), \"Fleming's The Law of Torts\" (Lawbook Co, 2011, 10th ed).\n Beazley has maintained strong involvement in the community, including through her positions of member of the Advisory Board of the Centenary Institute, patron of the Toongabbie Legal Centre and President of the Arts Law Centre of Australia. In October 2013, Beazley was awarded Life Membership of the NSW Bar Association for exceptional service to the Bar Association and to the profession of the law.\n Beazley has used her influence to improve the number and status of women in the law. She has set a strong example through her own career progression, becoming one of the most senior women judges in the country. She has mentored and inspired many women to become barristers, regaling them with her own tales of battling what was an unshakable old boys club, and backing them to do it successfully even if that means precariously juggling family and life commitments. In 2012, Beazley was named one of the Australian Financial Review's \"100 Women of Influence\" in the category of \"diversity\", recognising women who have dedicated themselves to advocating for a more diverse workforce and who have helped make the change happen. In 2013, Beazley was the recipient of the Women Lawyers of NSW Lifetime Achievement award.\nFor leisure, she relishes the company of her family including her two daughters and son, with whom she enjoys theatre, music and any form of sport (except boxing).\n\n", "Events": "Judge of Appeal of the New South Wales Court of Appeal (1996 - ) \nPresident of the New South Wales Court of Appeal (2013 - ) \nGraduated in law, with honours, from the University of Sydney in 1974 (1974 - 1974) \nJudicial Member of the Equal Opportunity Tribunal (1984 - 1988) \nActing District Court Judge (1990 - 1991) \nAssistant Commissioner of the Independent Commission Against Corruption (1991 - 1992) \nJudge of the Federal Court of Australia (1993 - 1996) \nJudge of the Industrial Relations Court of Australia from 1994-96 (1994 - 1996) \nJudge of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory (1994 - 1997)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-beazley-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Vardanega, Louise", "Entry ID": "AWE5667", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vardanega-louise\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Griffith, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Public servant, Solicitor", "Summary": "Louise Vardanega PSM is Chief Operating Officer of the Australian Government Solicitor (AGS), a role she has held since 2009.\nLouise joined AGS (then known as the Deputy Crown Solicitor's Office) in 1975, and with the exception of 6 months attending legal workshop and 3 months with the Justice and Family Law Division of the Attorney General's Department in 1977, has been with AGS throughout her career.\nGo to 'Details' below to read an essay written by Andrew Sikorski about Louise Vardanega for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Andrew Sikorski and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nEarly life\nLouise grew up in the town of Griffith in New South Wales, where she attended Griffith High School.\nHer father Pompeo (known as Bob) Vardanega immigrated to Australia from Italy in 1928. Her mother Evelina (known as Lina) Vardanega (nee Cappello) arrived in Australia from Italy in 1938. Bob and Lina were married in 1939 amidst much celebration - the associated festivities lasted 3 days.\nBob, along with 2 partners, started a plant nursery under the name of 'Premier Nurseries', which ultimately grew to be one of the largest nursery businesses in New South Wales. Bob was also a key player in starting up the Coronation Club - an Italian social club that became the social hub for many Italian and Australian families in Griffith.\nLouise is the youngest of 3 siblings. Her brother Roger is a lawyer, who Louise credits with opening her mind to the possibility of pursuing a career in law. Her sister Silvana took over the running of Premier Nurseries when her father retired.\nEducation\nLouise studied Law at the Australian National University from 1970 to 1975, graduating Bachelor of Laws (Honours) and Bachelor of Arts.\nIt was during the course of her studies at ANU that she developed a strong interest and determination to practise in government law.\nCareer at the Australian Government Solicitor\nLouise was admitted to practise as a Barrister and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory in 1976.\nAfter joining AGS in 1975, she spent 10 years working in various areas of law, including general litigation, administrative law and advocacy matters. Much of her practice included appearance work as counsel and the handling of significant matters in both the ACT Magistrate's and Supreme Courts. During this period, she also gained high-level expertise in handling administrative law matters for government departments and agencies in the Administrative Appeals Tribunal, Federal Court of Australia and High Court of Australia. She also practised for several years in the criminal law jurisdiction appearing in many prosecution matters before the ACT Magistrate and Supreme Courts.\nLouise became Director of AGS's Canberra City office in 1991, and was appointed Director AGS Canberra (incorporating the Canberra City and Barton offices) in 2000. She was also National Practice Manager of the Litigation and Dispute Management Practice Group from 1999 until mid-2003.\nFrom 2003 to 2005 Louise was National Director of AGS's Clients and Market Office. In that role she led the national team responsible for developing client relationships and coordinating the strategic marketing and business growth of AGS.\nIn 2009 AGS's corporate structure shifted to an integrated national model, and Louise was appointed to the role of Chief Operating Officer.\nProfessional associations\nLouise has always maintained a very active profile in the local professional community as a member of the ACT Law Society since 1976. She has served continuously as Secretary and a member of the Council since 1991 and has been a member of a number of the ACT Law Society's committees. In 2014, the Council of the ACT Law Society conferred Honorary Life Membership on Louise for outstanding service to the legal profession. In his speech conferring Honorary Membership on Louise, Law Society President Martin Hockridge said:\n'Through a combination of calm good sense and expert advice, she has played a central role in the stability of the Society and its effectiveness as a regulator of the professional conduct of its members, to the benefit of the profession and the community in general.'\nShe is also a member of the ACT Legal Practitioners Admissions Board, on which she has served since 2014.\nClient Service\nLouise is well-known across the government legal community for her passionate commitment to excellent client service. She is the embodiment of, and driving force behind AGS's client service culture, making it her business to ensure that all in AGS have the knowledge, tools and support they need to provide great service. Her irrepressible energy and enthusiasm are infectious, providing a rich source of motivation and inspiration to many of her colleagues.\nShe brings a formidable sense of fun and creativity to her work. Nevertheless, she takes her role in AGS, and her responsibility to the government of the day extremely seriously - a fact that is clearly apparent to anyone who comes into contact with her.\nIn 2007, she developed the AGS Client Care program and introduced the AGS client service expectations, which form a key part of initial orientation and continuous skills development for all AGS staff.\nIn 2014 she introduced the AGS Client Listening program. Designed to support all staff in understanding and meeting client needs to the highest possible standard, the program provides ongoing communication training across AGS.\nShe also publishes a regular internal blog on the topic of client care, presenting AGS staff with information and encouragement to support them in providing first-rate service.\nLouise's genuine zeal for client service, and her affection for AGS and its people are manifest in the personal warmth that permeates her interactions with colleagues and clients. Her ability to blend empathy, humour and spirit with exemplary professionalism is exceptional.\nLeadership\nLouise's legal skills are clearly evident in the many successful outcomes she achieved as legal adviser to a great variety of clients, particularly in the early stages of her career. Her qualities as a leader are equally impressive, and have long been recognised and appreciated by those around her. Louise's role in AGS has been largely that of a leader - setting AGS's strategic direction, and guiding and motivating AGS people to achieve their full potential.\nFormer Chair of the AGS Advisory Board (2000-2013), John Allen said this about Louise:\n'One of the memories that I will carry away from my twelve and a half years here is that in the number two, Louise Vardanega who has been number two all the way since I've been here, AGS has a leader - not with great titles to reflect that but clearly the number two person to both [former AGS CEOs] Rayne de Gruchy and Ian Govey. I've watched how people follow her in my classical definition of leadership. I've also watched how well she works with the number ones, both Rayne and Ian and I'm always aware of watching two leaders interacting.' (Presentation to AGS's Leadership Group, 23 May 2013)\nMentorship\nLouise takes great satisfaction from her role as a mentor to AGS staff. Although she has largely moved away from hands-on legal practise, she sees herself as a 'facilitator' of outstanding legal services to government. She makes it a priority to identify lawyers with outstanding potential, and to guide their professional development. In doing so, she is more inclined to provide people with opportunities and encourage them to stretch themselves, than to dish-out proscriptive guidance. If (as 1 AGS lawyer has said), 'a truly great mentor is someone who points you to possibilities and gives you the courage to explore them while giving you complete ownership of the choices you make', Louise certainly fits the bill.\nTom Howe QC, Chief Counsel AGS Dispute Resolution, shared the following thoughts about Louise:\n'For the whole of my 30 years in AGS I have worked closely with Louise. She leads, first and foremost, by example. Minute by minute of every day, of every week, over each of those 30 years she has been scrupulous in her judgment, unstinting in her effort, and selfless in her commitment to achieving the best outcome for the people around her. I am often asked how Louise manages to maintain her loyalty and commitment to AGS, and to public service more generally. I think part of the answer lies in the heartfelt pleasure she takes in 'growing' those around her, and then watching them take their place in the world. I am a very grateful beneficiary of this extraordinary generosity of spirit. There are innumerable others.'\nSarah Court, former Director AGS Adelaide, now an ACCC Commissioner, said:\n'\u2026the ball of energy that was Louise, motivated me, encouraged and challenged me - and gave me so many wonderful opportunities. To this day she has remained an inspiring role model and mentor, as well as a close friend.' (AGS Alumni Newsletter, December 2012)\nAwards and honours\nIn January 2000, Louise was awarded a Public Service Medal in the Australia Day 2000 Honours List for outstanding public service through leadership and management of the AGS's ACT office.\nAs Director of AGS Canberra, Louise was instrumental in AGS being named 'Best Canberra Law Firm' in the 2007 Business Review Weekly Client Choice Awards for professional services.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bernard, Ann Isobel Alice (Daisy)", "Entry ID": "AWE5678", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bernard-ann-isobel-alice-daisy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Lake Cargelligo, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Concord, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Law clerk, Lawyer, Pilot, Shooting champion, Solicitor", "Summary": "The third woman to actively practise at the New South Wales Bar, Ann Bernard (nee Davis) had a number of uncommon strings to her bow, including being a pilot and prize-winning shooter. Married to Lionel Bernard, a returned First World War serviceman, she lived in Fiji in the 1920s and '30s and worked as a law clerk to the then governor, Sir Henry Scott. In 1938, she went to Oxford to study law. Considered to have a first-rate legal mind, on 25 June 1941 she was admitted to Middle Temple amid scenes of great destruction wrought by recent Second World War bombings of the Temple's buildings. On 29 October 1941, she was called to the New South Wales Bar, whereupon she proceeded to be involved in some of that decade's high-profile cases, including acting for suffragette, Adela Pankhurst Walsh. Bernard returned to Fiji in 1954, adopted a daughter, Angela, and established a wide practice for which she gained a reputation for taking on unpopular causes. In 1973, following her retirement to Concord, Sydney in the 1960s, she was tragically killed by a car while out walking one afternoon. Bernard's portrait by Mary Edwards hangs in the New South Wales Bar Association's Common Room.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ann-bernard-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pioneering-women-at-the-nsw-bar-1921-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/new-woman-barrister-was-in-bomb-blitz\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ann-bernard\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ann-bernards-photograph-album\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bateman, Beatrice Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE5681", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bateman-beatrice-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Wollstonecraft, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "One of nine children of prominent NSW Labour politician Gregory McGirr, Beatrice Bateman was the moving force behind the establishment of the Women Lawyers' Association of New South Wales in 1952. She attended the Loreto Convent in Kirribilli and graduated from the University of Sydney with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1938, a Master of Arts in 1940 (study undertaken after she was prevented by the Law School from sitting her final exams due to being pregnant with her first child), and finally, a Bachelor of Laws in 1942. Bateman was admitted to practise on 31 July 1942, but being mother to seven meant that her practice was intermittent. She was an active fundraiser for a host of causes and represented Australia at the first International Congress of the World Movement of Mothers in 1950. During her final two years of practice at the Bar, she succeeded in defending a woman charged with murder. Bateman died suddenly in 1960 at the age of 43 following an asthma attack. Her daughter, Beatrice Gray (nee Bateman), was admitted to the Bar on 9 February 1968. A portrait of Beatrice Bateman by Sylvia Davis was a finalist in the 1942 Archibald Prize.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beatrice-gray-interviewed-by-juliette-brodsky-1-july-2010-about-both-herself-and-her-late-mother-beatrice-bateman\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-short-history-of-the-women-lawyers-association-courtesy-of-the-women-lawyers-association\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-at-the-new-south-wales-bar-the-years-to-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Davis, Daune Mary Delano", "Entry ID": "AWE5686", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/davis-daune-mary-delano\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "London, England", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer", "Summary": "It was not until later in life that Daune Delano Davis made the decision to become a barrister. Furthermore, although her maternal uncle, John Roscoe Nield, had been a judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, and her cousin, Lesley Roscoe Nield (later Bowles), was a solicitor, it is Mary Gaudron, later the first woman judge to sit on the bench of the High Court of Australia, who is credited with having influenced Davis to go to the Bar. After leaving school, Davis attended East Sydney Technical College (now the National Arts School) and then embarked upon Arts at the University of Sydney. She did well but did not graduate with a degree. Turning to the law as an intellectual pursuit when her marriage failed, and with Gaudron's assurance that she had what it took, she obtained the qualification of Diploma in Law through the Barristers' Admission Board and was admitted to the New South Wales Bar on 14 June 1974. She went on to practise, predominantly in family law, using the Women Lawyers' Room at Frederick Jordan Chambers until she succeeded in being able to have her own. Notable among her cases was what may have been the last breach of promise suit. In the mid-eighties she suffered a broken leg which restricted her labours. Davis later retired due to ill health.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kinsella, Marie Patricia Germaine", "Entry ID": "AWE5689", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kinsella-marie-patricia-germaine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Waverley, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Public servant", "Summary": "Marie Sexton (nee Kinsella) co-drafted the constitution of the Women Lawyers' Association of New South Wales and was the organisation's first honorary secretary. The eldest of five children of Edward Parnell (Ted) Kinsella and his Belgian wife, Marie Louise Josephine Graff, the then Kinsella matriculated from Fort Street Girls' High School and went on to earn three qualifications from the University of Sydney: a Bachelor of Arts in 1943; a Diploma in Education in 1944; and a Bachelor of Laws in 1949. (It was during a year-long stint as teaching assistant at Inverell High School in northern New South Wales that Kinsella decided that teaching was not for her, had her last day on 29 January 1945 and thence turned her sights to the study of law). She began working as an associate to her father, then Mr Justice Kinsella of the Industrial Commission of New South Wales. On 18 January 1950, Mr Justice Kinsella was elevated to the Supreme Court of New South Wales; Kinsella became clerk associate to her father and clerk of arraigns. Although admitted to the New South Wales Bar on 11 February 1949, Kinsella did not practise at the Bar. She later worked in the Department of Territories, Sydney, and the Attorney-General's Department in Canberra, producing the respected Annotated Constitution. Kinsella retired in 1980.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-women-in-the-legal-profession-in-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-pioneer-of-the-legal-profession\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Maddocks, Hilda Maude", "Entry ID": "AWE5694", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/maddocks-hilda-maude\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Manly, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Public servant, Solicitor", "Summary": "Hilda Maude Maddocks, the sixth woman to be admitted to the New South Wales Bar, was educated at Fort Street Girls' High School and the University of Sydney, where she graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1939 and was a student in the Faculty of Economics. When war broke out, she became honorary treasurer of the Law School Comforts Fund. At the time of her admission to the New South Wales Bar on 26 May 1939, she was employed in the legal branch of the Department of Road Transport & Tramways where her father, Sydney Aubrey Maddocks, himself a law graduate of the University of Sydney and formerly on the list of non-practising barristers at the New South Wales Bar, had been commissioner. Five years later, having joined the Commonwealth Crown Solicitor's Office, she was admitted as a solicitor, on 26 May 1944. On 1 February 1962, Hilda Maude (now Catalano) was appointed legal officer, Crown Solicitor's Office, Department of the Attorney-General and of Justice; her designation was altered to solicitor on 1 September 1962. She retired on 7 August 1973.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-women-in-the-legal-profession-in-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-century-down-town-sydney-university-law-schools-first-hundred-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pape, Stephanie Helen", "Entry ID": "AWE5697", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pape-stephanie-helen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Neutral Bay, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Lindfield, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Public servant", "Summary": "Stephanie Pape (nee Prouting) worked for nearly a decade in the Public Solicitor's Office in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, during which time she rose from the position of legal officer to that of deputy public solicitor. The then Prouting graduated from the University of Sydney with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1949, followed by a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1963. Despite being admitted to the New South Wales Bar, she did not practise as a barrister, working first at the Commonwealth Crown Solicitor's Office before transferring to Port Moresby in 1964. On 26 June 1966, she married Richard Pape, author of Boldness Be My Friend (1953), which was an account of his wartime experiences as a prisoner of war. After returning to Australia, she joined the Attorney-General's Department in Canberra.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-women-in-the-legal-profession-in-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sachs, Zena", "Entry ID": "AWE5699", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sachs-zena\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Petersham, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Barrister, Lawyer, Research assistant", "Summary": "Zena Sachs made a valuable contribution to the law and its practitioners during a long career in academia. The daughter of Jewish immigrants who had originally moved from Poland, she attended North Newtown Primary School and the academically selective Sydney Girls High School. Equipped with a secretarial qualification, in 1947 she went to work for Julius Stone, the then Challis Professor of Jurisprudence and International Law at the University of Sydney. Encouraged by Stone to undertake a university course, she embarked upon a law degree in 1946, graduating in 1950. On 1 December 1950, she was admitted to the New South Wales Bar. She did not practise, however, instead becoming Stone's research (graduate) assistant and remaining with him for four decades. Stone dedicated Human Law and Human Justice (1965) to her in recognition of her inestimable support and diligent work. Sachs was a founding member and honorary secretary of the Women Lawyers' Association (WLA) of New South Wales. Made a life member, she was honoured at the WLA's 50th anniversary gala dinner at Parliament House in Sydney in 2002.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/zena-sachs-was-interviewed-by-sue-rosen\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-zena-sachs-relating-to-julius-stone-1946-2010\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Shewcroft, Joyce Eileen", "Entry ID": "AWE5700", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shewcroft-joyce-eileen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Bilgola Plateau, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Poet, Writer", "Summary": "Joyce Shewcroft has been described as 'the first female corporation lawyer in Australia'. She achieved the additional distinction of being the country's first female chair of a credit union when she chaired the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) credit union, which she also co-founded. She was the first woman in New South Wales to qualify for the Bar through private study and the Barristers' Admission Board examination. Admitted to the Bar on 29 May 1942 while in the employ of the ABC, she did not go into private practice until the late 1970s, instead remaining with the ABC for more than three decades, during which time she became its legal advisor. A motivated and able student, Shewcroft graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Sydney on 15 April 1953. She was secretary-treasurer of the PEN Club (Sydney branch), wrote prize-winning poetry, and scripts for radio. She was honorary legal advisor to the NSW Medical Women's Association and the Royal Academy of Dance. Shewcroft succeeded Nerida Goodman (nee Cohen) as the second president of the Women Lawyers' Association of New South Wales and was a member of the Association's Research Committee. On 31 December 1977 she was awarded an OBE for services to the ABC and the law. Shewcroft was later appointed by the Australian Council For Overseas Aid as a commissioner of an Independent Inquiry into East Timor.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-women-in-the-legal-profession-in-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-at-the-new-south-wales-bar-the-years-to-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trailblazer-lawyer-poet-a-life-of-firsts\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Shields, Juliet Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE5701", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shields-juliet-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wyalong, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Darwin, Northern Teritory, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Public servant, Solicitor", "Summary": "When self-government was conferred on the Northern Territory in 1978, Juliet Shields (nee Baxter), who had been employed as a clerk with the Northern Territory Administration of the Commonwealth Public Service, became responsible for the Commercial Division of the Territory's new Department of Law. In a role which spanned almost 20 years, she managed numerous of the Government's major commercial transactions. In 1951, Baxter (as she was then) was the recipient of a Commonwealth Scholarship; she was appointed as a junior clerk in the Public Trust Office in the same year. On 25 January 1954, Baxter commenced as a clerk (Professional Division) in the Crown Solicitor's Office. Two years later, she graduated with a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Sydney. She was admitted to practice as a barrister (New South Wales) and solicitor (Northern Territory and High Court of Australia). In 1959, she married and moved to Darwin, where she worked for the then Crown Law Officer, Ronald (Ron) Withnall. At one time she was a chairperson of the Agents Licensing Board. Shields enjoyed a number of creative outlets, including acting and dressmaking.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Smithurst Schlosshan, Patricia Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE5703", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/smithurst-schlosshan-patricia-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Waverley, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Frankfurt am Main, Germany", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Writer", "Summary": "Patricia Smithurst Schlosshan was the daughter of Cyril Smithurst, a respected pharmacist in Gunnedah, north-eastern New South Wales, and his wife, Eileen. She attended St Mary's College, Gunnedah and the University of Sydney, receiving a Sporting Blue in athletics for 1955 and graduating with a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1956. Although admitted to the New South Wales Bar, she did not practise as a barrister. Smithurst married American lawyer Dr Bodo Schlosshan whom she had met in London in 1956 and together they lived in Paris and New York before settling in Frankfurt am Main and raising a family of six. In 1967, Smithurst received a Master of Arts from Cornell University for her dissertation entitled 'Heinrich Boll's Concept of Reality, 1949-1960'.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bicket, Robyn", "Entry ID": "AWE5705", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bicket-robyn\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Leeton, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Public servant", "Summary": "Robyn Bicket has enjoyed a long and distinguished career in the Commonwealth public service. She has represented the Australian Government in the United Kingdom and at the United Nations in Switzerland. She was the first lawyer in the Australian Department of Immigration to be posted to the Australian High Commission in London as First Secretary Immigration. She also has the distinction of having been the Department of Immigration and Citizenship's very first chief lawyer. She has made a significant contribution to immigration and humanitarian policy, governance, public sector reform and management in Australia. In 2001 Bicket was awarded the Secretary's Public Service Medal in the Australia Day Honours List, for services to the Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs.\nRobyn Bicket was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein in the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Robyn Bicket was born to Matthew and Heather Bicket in the New South Wales Riverina town of Leeton in 1964; she was the youngest of six children. She retains vivid memories from her early life in that farming district of the environment and landscape - floods, droughts, scorching heat in summer and corresponding cold in winter, thunderstorms, dust storms, billowing grain crops. Her childhood recollections also include sleeping outside on the lawn in summer because it was too hot to remain indoors, the orchard, the vegetable garden, the snakes, spiders, mice plagues, swimming in the dams, bushfires, brilliant sunsets, and the starlit skies with satellites visible [Bicket].\nRaised in a religious family where reading and an interest in the wider world were strongly encouraged, Bicket's formal education began at the two-room, two-teacher local public school: Grong Grong Primary School. At the age of 11, Bicket entered Scots School in Albury as a boarder; however, she was only there for a term before the family moved to eastern New South Wales in search of a better farming climate [Bicket]. After attending Kooringal High School in Wagga Wagga, and with a budding interest in history, politics and international affairs, she enrolled in a Bachelor of Arts degree at the Australian National University; she also took up a Bachelor of Laws. (At the Law School in the 1980s, she recalls few female lecturers but was impressed by those who were there, including the late Phillipa Weeks). Bicket was interested in women's issues, including the Reclaim the Night protests, and was, to some extent, politically active. She admired the work of Hannah Arendt, Jean Elstain and Helen Caldicott [Bicket].\nHaving graduated in 1987, in 1988 Bicket joined the Department of Immigration: she would devote the next 25 years of her life to working there. In 1991, in a reflection of her rapid rise within the organisation, Bicket was posted to the Australian High Commission in London as First Secretary Immigration - the first lawyer in the Department of Immigration to achieve this distinction. Although it meant she was in London during the IRA bombing campaign, Bicket enjoyed her work there and managing the cases which came across her desk, including a refusal to grant controversial historian David Irving a visa to travel to Australia [Bicket and Rubenstein].\nBicket came back to Australia in 1994 and was Director, Legal Policy Section, Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs. In 1997, she was appointed Counsellor (Immigration), Australian Permanent Mission to the United Nations (UN) in Geneva. At the UN, her work was concerned with humanitarian crises, including the Kosovo crisis and evacuation; conflict in East Timor; the 2001 September 11 bombings in the United States; and the Tampa crisis.\nIn 2002, Bicket returned to take up the position of Director, Asia Pacific Section, International Cooperation Branch at the Department of Immigration. In this role, she looked after regional cooperation arrangements with Indonesia as well as other regional engagements. In the same year, she was promoted to Assistant Secretary for Humanitarian Affairs; in this position, she was responsible for policy and delivery of Australian Refugee and Humanitarian Resettlement programs, overseeing refugee resettlement for Africa, Nauru and Manus Island.\nA promotion in 2005 saw Bicket become the Department of Immigration and Citizenship's very first chief lawyer. Now a central member of the Department's executive, with responsibility for legal services on all immigration-related matters, including domestic and international law, advice, litigation and legislation, she also managed one of the largest - comprising 200 lawyers - in-house legal areas within the Federal Government [Bicket]. During this time (2007 and 2008), Bicket represented the Department of Immigration at a high-profile Senate hearing regarding the government's liability for the illegal detention of refugees, including Cornelia Rau, who was found to be a German-born Australian resident wrongfully held in detention [ABC].\nIn 2010 Bicket accepted a position as Chief Counsel with the Department of Human Services; this resulted in her leading legal services in the areas of social security, Medicare, child support and related government programs [Bicket]. Three years later, having overseen a service delivery reform agenda achieving savings based on restructured services in Centrelink, Bicket returned to the Department of Immigration as Special Adviser in the Refugee, Humanitarian and International Policy Division. She finally retired from the Commonwealth Public Service in 2015 [Bicket].\nThese days, Bicket is occupied writing on people movement issues and consulting on regulatory reform and immigration matters. Currently undertaking a certificate course in positive psychology with the Wholebeing Institute, USA, she is interested in using positive psychology to assist the legal profession [Bicket].\nBicket has said of her career: it \"has been wonderful and varied\" [Harrison]. She has devoted herself to managing policy, service delivery and public sector reform in the areas of immigration, refugee, international and humanitarian law. She has also applied her knowledge and skills to the important area of human services. As a senior executive in the Commonwealth public service, Robyn Bicket has made a significant contribution to immigration and humanitarian policy, governance, public sector reform and management on behalf of the Australian Government.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/robyn-bicket-interviewed-by-kim-rubenstein-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Connors, Jane", "Entry ID": "AWE5708", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/connors-jane\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Advisor, Advocate, Lawyer", "Summary": "Jane Connors has had a distinguished academic career in which she has dedicated her scholarship and work as an international law practitioner to the betterment of United Nations (UN) treaty mechanisms and the rights of women and children.\nAfter studying law and arts at the Australian National University in Canberra, she taught at the Canberra College of Advanced Education (now University of Canberra) before travelling to England, United Kingdom. There, she taught at the Universities of Nottingham and Lancaster, and at the University of London's School of Oriental and African Studies.\nDrawn to the UN, in 1996 Connors was appointed Chief, Women's Rights Section in the Division for the Advancement of Women in the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UN. In 2009 she became Chief, Special Procedures Branch of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights; she was also later Director of the Research and Right to Development Division. Connors retired from the UN in March 2015.\nHer commitment to international human rights continues with her role as International Advocacy Director Law and Policy for Amnesty International based in Geneva, Switzerland. She regularly teaches at universities around the globe, including at the London School of Economics where she is Visiting Professor in Practice.\nJane Connors was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Born in Sydney in 1953, Jane Connors was the first of eight children of Patricia, a nurse, and her husband, John, a surgeon. John Connors' medical studies took the family to Britain for a time; when they returned to Australia, Connors was educated in Canberra at St Benedict's Primary School, Narrabundah, followed by St Clare's College, Griffith. Encouraged by her father to choose a career which would allow her to be independent, Connors enrolled in Bachelor of Laws and Bachelor of Arts degrees at the Australian National University [Connors and Rubenstein].\nAt university in the mid-1970s, a women law students' organisation did not exist. Connors became the first woman to be elected as President of the Law Students' Association at the University. This was an exciting time to be a student on campus and being head of the Association meant Connors enjoyed a ringside seat of events. In the midst of the historic Whitlam Government dismissal, for instance, Connors (as President) invited the then Governor-General, Sir John Kerr, to be guest speaker at the Australian Law Students' Association dinner [Connors and Rubenstein].\nWhile it was commonplace for female students to leave university in order to get married, Connors avoided going down this path, crediting the late Alice Erh-Soon Tay - then her tutor in Soviet and Chinese Law - for providing her with support and encouragement to continue her studies [Connors and Rubenstein].\nHaving completed her undergraduate degrees, Connors then embarked upon a masters degree at the Australian National University, undertaking the Legal Workshop in 1979. In 1980 she began teaching in the Law Department of the Canberra College of Advanced Education (now the University of Canberra). She then went to England where she accepted teaching posts at the Universities of Nottingham (1982) and Lancaster (1983) [Connors and Rubenstein].\nKeen on the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), Connors moved to London and in 1983 she began teaching at SOAS. A requirement of SOAS' academics being to specialise in a region, Connors chose Malaysia and began teaching Malaysian family law and human rights in Southeast Asia [Connors and Rubenstein]. This experience had a profound impact on the subsequent course of her career, ultimately leading her to the UN.\nIn 1987, to mark the UN Decade for Women, Connors wrote a manual which aimed to help women in Commonwealth nations to deal with sexual abuse, sexual harassment and domestic violence [Canberra Times]. Connors was also part of the Commonwealth Secretariat Delegation at the World Conference on Women, Nairobi, Kenya, and worked on the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). During this period she married and had two daughters [Connors and Rubenstein].\nIn 1996 Connors was appointed Chief, Women's Rights Section in the Division for the Advancement of Women in the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UN, and moved to New York. Connors has written a history of this time in Commentary on CEDAW, Oxford University Press [Connors and Rubenstein].\nPursuing an interest in treaty mechanisms and women's human rights, in 2002 Connors moved to Geneva, Switzerland, where she became Senior Human Rights Officer in the Human Rights Treaties Branch. In 2009 she was promoted to Chief of the Special Procedures Branch of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Connors then went to work as Director of the Research and Right to Development Division at the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. She retired from the UN in March 2015.\nConnors' commitment to international human rights continues with her role as International Advocacy Director Law and Policy for Amnesty International based in Geneva. She also remains a trustee of the United Kingdom charity, Keeping Children Safe, and regularly teaches at universities around the world, including the London School of Economics where she is Visiting Professor in Practice.\nIn her capacity as an academic, international law practitioner, and adviser in the UN, Jane Connors has made a significant contribution to human rights treaty bodies, raising their profile to end violence against women and children and to promote the human rights of women.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jane-connors-interviewed-by-kim-rubenstein-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gearin, Sally", "Entry ID": "AWE5714", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gearin-sally\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Admitted to practice in NSW in the early 1980s and having developed a strong reputation in personal injury law, Sally Gearin was recruited specifically to Darwin by the Northern Territory Attorney General's Department in 1986.\nRising through the ranks to become a senior litigation solicitor, she was called to the Bar in late 1989 by the then Head of William Forster Chambers, Trevor Riley QC, later to become Chief Justice Trevor Riley.\nRelishing the opportunity to back herself, and openly lesbian since 1978, Sally became the first woman to go to the Bar in the Northern Territory. She developed a vibrant practice and remained there for 20 years until her retirement in 2010. Having won more than 90% of her cases at trial, she was satisfied she had justified the faith of those colleagues who supported her early in her career.\nAlways active in pro bono, she worked with others to establish the first women's refuge in Darwin in 1988 and helped establish community legal services and refugee advocacy in the 1990s. In 1992 she was awarded a fellowship to travel to the USA with Judy Harrison, another woman lawyer, to research responses to domestic violence. Their subsequent book and recommendations were a blueprint for policy responses in the mid 1990s both in the Territory and nationwide.\nSally currently (in 2016) sits as a part time legal member of a number of Tribunals in the Northern Territory.\nSally Gearin was interviewed by Nikki Henningham in the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Born in Sydney to Ellen (nee) Dempsey and Alan Louvain Tait, Sally attended St Kevin's Primary School at Eastwood and then at Our Lady Of Mercy College Parramatta. Going to boarding school at age 14, she relished the nurturing of some of the nuns, who created a community of stability, intellectual pursuit in an environment where 'daring to be different' was celebrated, not vilified.\nAwarded a Commonwealth Scholarship to attend ANU to study law in 1967, she embraced the student politics of the late 1960s together with the drug and drop out culture of the time. Returning to Sydney, Sally left her legal studies and went bush, got married and at 23 had a baby while pursuing the hippy lifestyle.\nRealizing eventually that this was not sustainable, and wanting to give her son the opportunities that had been given to her, she returned to Sydney to complete her legal studies. She became open about her sexuality in 1978 when she was 27 years old. It was perhaps the hardest thing to do, Sally says, to have the disapproval of many, including her mother, required a depth of courage in those days that steeled her for the difficult path ahead. Fortunately, she had a few wonderful male mentors in Sydney, who guided her through the often stormy waters of the male dominated profession she had chosen.\nAt the Attorney-General's Department in Darwin, she was involved in some major commercial and administrative law cases that broadened and deepened her legal experience.\nWhen Trevor Riley asked her to join the Bar at William Forster Chambers in 1989, she was well supported by the senior legal ranks of the Attorney-General's department, Peter Conran and Meredith Harrison. They made it known that if she wanted to come back to Government, she would be always welcome.\nOnce at the Bar she was initially briefed mostly by local women solicitors in the Northern Territory. Her practice at the bar soon expanded to not only personal injury work, but also administrative law, family law and human rights law. In commenting on this, Sally said \u2026 'It was difficult to know if the male solicitors did not brief you because you were a woman, because you were a lesbian, because they didn't like you or because they didn't think you were any good.' This male exclusion attitude changed after a few years as Sally started winning cases at trial.\nAs well as developing her practice, Sally was involved in important community and advocacy organisations. She was a founder of Dawn House, Darwin's first Women's Refuge, a founder of the NT Women Lawyers Association and a founder of the Australian Women Lawyers Association. She was also a founding editor of the Northern Territory Law Reports and President of the Northern Territory Chapter of the International Commission of Jurists. In this latter role she assisted with the establishment of the first Legal Aid office in Dili, Timor Leste, and was an observer at the International War Crimes Tribunals held there in during the United Nations administered transition to that country's independence in May 2002.\nAs mentioned previously, pro bono work has always been an important part of her practice, in both Sydney and Darwin. The motivation has always been quite simple, Sally says; \u2026'I developed my passion for justice mostly by seeing injustice and powerlessness and wanting to do something about it'.\nIn a 2010 reflection on how the arrival of women improved the culture of the NT Bar, Colin McDonald QC described Sally as a 'pioneer' whose arrival at chambers 'brought a maturity, a depth and a democratic legitimacy to the contemporary life of Chambers\u2026[as well as] a quality of life on a daily basis.'\nMotivated by a desire and passion for the role of women in her profession, Sally represents the strength and determination necessary to be successful as a woman barrister and trailblazer.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sally-gearin-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mathews, Jane", "Entry ID": "AWE5722", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mathews-jane\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Woolloomoolloo, New South Wales, Aus", "Occupations": "Barrister, Judge, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "The Hon. Justice Jane Mathews AO was the first woman to be admitted to full judicial office in New South Wales, and she has continued to pave the way for women lawyers on a number of fronts. Mathews became the State's first female Supreme Court judge, as well as its first female District Court judge and its first Crown prosecutor. In addition to these positions, she has served as president of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal and on the bench of the Federal Court of Australia. Other roles have included president of the International Association of Women Judges, following her involvement in establishing the Australian chapter of the organisation, and deputy chancellor of the University of New South Wales. Patron of the Women Lawyers' Association of New South Wales, Mathews was appointed an Officer in the Order of Australia for service to the judiciary, to the legal profession, to the University of New South Wales, and to music.\nMathews passed away on 31 August 2019. Recognised as a trailblazer in her field, prominent lawyers said the '\"adored\" and down-to-earth Mathews, who had a deep commitment to social justice, left an indelible mark on the legal profession and the women who followed in her footsteps.'\nJane Mathews was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "It was seeing the film 'The Winslow Boy' at an impressionable age that motivated The Hon. Justice Jane Mathews to study law. After attending Frensham School in Mittagong, she entered the University of Sydney, later graduating with a Bachelor of Laws degree. At a time when there were few female lawyers in the profession, Mathews succeeded in obtaining articles of clerkship at the Sydney firm Dawson, Waldron, Edwards and Nichols (later Blake Dawson Waldron): she became the firm's first female articled clerk. After being admitted as a solicitor, Mathews practised briefly at a firm in Wollongong before returning to Sydney and joining the practice of Allen, Allen and Hemsley, where she was engaged in defamation work for the Packer Press [Jowett].\nMathews then embarked upon a career at the New South Wales Bar in Sydney; Mary Gaudron, who later became the first woman to be appointed to the High Court of Australia, was one of only a few female contemporaries. A decision to decline family law work meant that Mathews mainly dealt with legal aid and criminal law cases at the Bar. From 1974 to 1976, Mathews was Counsel assisting the Royal Commission on Human Relationships, which looked \"at all aspects of society including the more controversial issues such as abortion, prostitution, rape, incest and homosexuality\" [Jowett].\nAt the conclusion of the royal commission, Mathews accepted the offer of a role as a Crown prosecutor in New South Wales. Again she was the first woman to hold such a position. In her work, Mathews came to focus on sexual assault prosecutions, after recognising the difference it made for female complainants to be represented by a woman prosecutor.\nIn 1980, Mathews was appointed a judge of the District Court of New South Wales, her appointment significant for being the first time in which a woman had been appointed to the Court. She enjoyed the circuit work and collegiate atmosphere of the Court. Mathews became a part-time commissioner with the New South Wales Law Reform Commission and from 1985 to 1987 she also led the New South Wales Equal Opportunity Tribunal as senior judicial member at a time when anti-discrimination legislation was new and cases ground-breaking [Jowett].\nIn 1987, in yet another 'first', Mathews became the first female judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales; she was only the second woman after Dame Roma Mitchell to be appointed to a Supreme Court in Australia [Jowett].\nIn 1989 Mathews, then the only woman serving on a Supreme Court in Australia, attended a conference in Washington DC celebrating the 10th anniversary of the American Association of Women Judges (AAWJ). The event was life-changing for Mathews, who had felt the isolation of being the only woman on the bench [Jowett]. She returned to Australia and in 1991 founded the Australian Association of Women Judges. The AAWJ conference also spawned the International Association of Women Judges and Mathews was involved as treasurer and later president of the organisation between 2004 and 2006 [Jowett]. Mathews is also involved as patron of the Women Lawyers' Association of New South Wales.\nFrom 1992 to 1999, Mathews was deputy chancellor of the University of New South Wales [Law Council].\nIn 1994, Mathews was appointed to the role of president of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal; consequently she also became a judge of the Federal Court of Australia. Between 1994 and 1999 she was also deputy president of the National Native Title Tribunal, which had recently been established [Jowett].\nIn 2001 Mathews returned to the Supreme Court of New South Wales as an acting judge. Nearly 10 years later, she was appointed an acting judge of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory [Corbell].\nBeyond the law, Mathews has a great interest in music, especially that of Wagner. She is a former president of the Arts Law Centre and a continuing member of the Council of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra. She is also a self-described 'Italy-phile'.\nMathews has been awarded honorary degrees by the Universities of Wollongong and Sydney. She has also been appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia for service to the judiciary, to the legal profession, to the University of New South Wales, and to music.\nMathews is a true trailblazer, embodying many 'firsts' in her considerable and wide-ranging legal career spanning both state and the federal courts. She has been a generous contributor to the development and reform of legal policy and case law, to fostering judicial leadership for women on a global level, and is an inspiration for all those who aspire to work in the law.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-acting-justice-jane-mathews-ao\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/retirement-of-hon-justice-jane-hamilton-mathews-speech-by-president-of-law-council-of-australia-4-april-2001\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jane-mathews-interviewed-by-kim-rubenstein-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-pilot-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pritchard, Janine", "Entry ID": "AWE5727", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pritchard-janine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Gunnedah, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Judge, Lawyer", "Summary": "The Hon. Justice Janine Pritchard was appointed to the Supreme Court of Western Australia on 11 June 2010. She was elevated to this position after a year as a Judge of the District Court of Western Australia, during which period she served as Deputy President of the State Administrative Tribunal. Prior to her appointment to the District Court, Justice Pritchard had worked in the WA Crown (now State) Solicitor's Office (since 1991).\nKnown for her powerful intellect and work ethic, Justice Pritchard has been an important role model for women planning to combine a career in law, and in the judiciary in particular, with family responsibilities. Her first child was present at her swearing in ceremony; her second was born after her appointment. While she acknowledges the challenges of maintaining a demanding career with a 'hands on' approach to family life, Justice Pritchard has demonstrated that working arrangements for the judiciary are capable of accommodating family friendly policies, such as maternity leave.\nJanine Pritchard was interviewed by Nikki Henningham in the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Born in Gunnedah in New South Wales, Janine Pritchard lived in regional NSW for the first fifteen years of her life. The oldest of three sisters educated by the Catholic Sisters of Mercy, Pritchard finished her secondary education at Merici College in Canberra, after her parents made the decision to move to that city to advance their daughters' education.\nPritchard went on to complete a combined Arts\/Law degree at the Australian National University, graduating with a BA in 1990 and with a Law degree with honours in 1993. Her last two years of her law studies were completed while working full time, because in 1991 she moved to Perth to take up a position as a professional assistant to the then WA Solicitor-General, Kevin Parker AC, QC. She was admitted as a Barrister and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Western Australia in 1993. She undertook more formal education in the late 1990s, completing a Graduate Diploma in Women's Studies at Murdoch University in 1997 and a Master of Laws with distinction from the University of London in 1999.\nHaving completed her articles with the then Crown Solicitor's Office, Pritchard remained in that office as a lawyer and in 2002 was appointed a Senior Assistant State Counsel. She had a very busy practice throughout this period but still found time to lecture and tutor in law at various universities in Perth. Her commitment to mentoring and supporting young lawyers is renowned, as is her active participation in organisations focussed on the advancement of women in the legal profession, including service as a board member of Australian Women Lawyers, the peak body for women lawyers' associations around Australia, and as a Committee member for Women Lawyers Western Australia (WLWA). From 2012 - 2014, she was Chair of the Steering Committee for WLWA's 20th Anniversary Review of the 1994 Chief Justice's Gender Bias Taskforce Report.\nAt her swearing in ceremony on 14 June 2010, the then Parliamentary Secretary to the WA Attorney General, Michael Mischin, listed Pritchard's many achievements, commitments and responsibilities, observing that ' [f]rankly, I don't know where you find the time!' There have been occasions when Her Honour has wondered this herself. Her motivation for pushing through her gruelling schedule stems partly from a desire to create better structures that promote gender equity throughout the legal system, allowing young boys and girls to imagine women and men in leadership roles, in equal numbers. The following extract of her own address at her swearing in, quoted at length, reflects her concerns.\nI am also conscious that regrettably it remains the case that there is something slightly out of the ordinary about the appointment of a woman Judge, and in my case the appointment of a comparatively young woman. While I think that the appointment of women to Courts and Tribunals is generally well received within the profession itself, in the broader community it is interesting that it remains something unusual or worthy of comment.\n Three things have brought this home to me in the past year. The first is that when I was appointed, one of my friends who is a lawyer and who is married to a lawyer recounted that her son who was about six years of age at the time had told her that I couldn't possibly have been appointed as a Judge \"because girls can't be Judges\".\n [M]y son, came home very confused because the tennis coach who goes to his day-care centre to teach tennis had asked the kids what their parents do. He dutifully responded that \"Mummy is a Judge and Daddy is a lawyer\", only to be told, \"No, darling. I think you must be wrong. Daddy's the Judge and Mummy's the lawyer.\"\n More recently I was bemused to see that my appointment to this Court warranted media attention, not because it increased the number of women represented on the Court or for anything to do with my individual merits but because I have a husband with a senior position in the legal profession and [that was seen to raise the question of] how I would be able to manage my new position in view of my 'hubby's' role - that was the term used. My 'hubby's' role was apparently a matter of some concern.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/janine-pritchard-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Withnall, Nerolie", "Entry ID": "AWE5733", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/withnall-nerolie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Chairperson, Director, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Nerolie Withnall is a leading company director overseeing the direction and transformation of large Australian companies and institutions. She was the former Director of ALS, Alchemia Limited, PanAust and Computershare Communication Services Limited. A former Partner at Minter Ellison she was Chairman, Board of Queensland Museum and a member of the Council of the Australian National Maritime Museum and Board of the Australian Rugby Union. Withnall was also a long-term Member of the Takeovers Panel. Withnall made legal history becoming the first woman President of a Law Society in Australia.\nNerolie Withnall was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Encouraged by her father, a primary school teacher and headmaster, Nerolie Withnall studied for a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws at the University of Sydney. Soon after graduation Withnall married John Withnall and relocated to Darwin where she began working in the Crown Law Department. Withnall moved into private practice as a solicitor joining the family firm, R J Withnall and went on to have two children. She was also instrumental in establishing the Northern Territory Law Society. Working on cattle property transactions gave her the opportunity to travel to remote areas of the Northern Territory.\nIn 1974 Withnall survived the devastation unleashed by Cyclone Tracy on the city of Darwin. Evacuated from Darwin, Withnall was undeterred and, in an indication of her future corporate persistence, she returned to her Darwin house, working amid the rubble for the next year to rebuild her legal practice [McCulloch].\nWithnall made legal history in 1979 becoming the President of the Northern Territory Law Society and the first woman to become President of a Law Society in Australia [McCulloch]. In 1981 Withnall relocated to Brisbane and, with the support of colleagues Tony Atkinson and Elizabeth Nosworthy, she began working as a solicitor at the law firm Minters, also consulting for the firm's newly opened Darwin office. [McCulloch].\nWithnall's transition from corporate lawyer to company director began in the mid 1990s when she joined the Board of Campbell Bros, which went on to transform itself into ALS, one of the world's largest and most diversified testing services providers with sites located around the world [McCulloch]. Withnall went on to become Non-Executive Director at ALS in 1994 and Chairman and Independent Non-Executive Director in 2012; serving as the only woman on the Board [ALS Global]. In 1996 Withnall was appointed Non-Executive Director at PanAust a copper and gold producer in Southeast Asia and continued in this role until 2015. In 1999 Withnall was appointed as a Board Member of the Brisbane Institute and was later appointed Chairman of QM Technologies Limited (later acquired by Computershare Communication Services Limited).\nAt the same time as Withnall was enjoying success from her career as a company director and board member she developed a successful practice in commercial law at Minter Ellison. Withnall become a Partner specialising in corporate and commercial law, with specialist skills in the areas of corporate advice, capital raisings, securities and corporate trusts [Proctor]. Withnall retired from Minter Ellison in 2000.\nFrom 1999 until 2010, as a Member of the Takeovers Panel, Withnall's corporate legal and company advisory experience was in demand, participating in many proceedings before the Panel. This experience was also invaluable when she was appointed in 2001 as the Convenor of the Legal Sub-Committee, Member of the Companies and Markets Advisory Committee [Ministers].\nWithnall held two Board positions with significant benefit to the cultural and environmental development of her local Queensland community - Chairman, Board of Queensland Museum and a member of the Council of the Australian National Maritime Museum.\nUntil 2013 Withnall was the Director of Alchemia Limited an Australian drug discovery and development company and from 2008 until 2015 was the Non-Executive Director of Computershare Communication Services Limited.\nIn 2013, in recognition of her enormous contribution to corporate leadership, Withnall was awarded the Australian Institute of Company Directors Gold Medal [Courier Mail]. That same year Withnall was appointed to the Board of the Australian Rugby Union resigning in 2015. In 2015 Withnall resigned as Director at PanAust. In 2016 Withnall retired from her role as Non-Executive Chairman of ALS having overseen the company's transformation from a predominantly domestic manufacturing operation into a globally renowned technical testing services company [ASX].\nWithnall was the Director of the Brisbane Festival; Brisbane Transport and Director of the National Seniors Foundation and Redcape Property Fund Limited. She has also been a Board Member of Darling Downs Bacon Cooperative; is a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Company Directors and a Member of the Committee of Brisbane and Economic Development Committee.\nWithnall has occupied positions of corporate strategic leadership; with roles as Chairman and Director of many significant Australian companies and institutions during a time when female representation in such organisations has been described as \"dire\" [Crikey]. Withnall's enormous contribution to and influence over the direction of many leading Australian companies and institutions is considerable. Withnall is a leading influence as a trailblazing woman in corporate Australia proving how important it is to achieve diversity on corporate boards. Withnall demonstrates that the skills of corporate law can be used to lead and transform companies and create opportunities for communities across Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nerolie-withnall-interviewed-by-kim-rubenstein-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Whiteley, Wendy Susan", "Entry ID": "AWE5756", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whiteley-wendy-susan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "Wendy Whiteley OAM was best known as a model, muse and advisor to her husband and renowned artist Brett Whiteley. After the death of Brett Whiteley she has stayed in the public eye with ongoing support of the visual arts and her work in establishing a public garden of significance.\n", "Details": "Early Life\nWendy Susan Julius was the first daughter of George 'Gentleman George'. Yelverton Julius and Daphne May Mackenzie and older sister to Aileen. Her grandfather was Sir George Julius, the inventor of the totalisator and co-founder of the CSIRO. Her great grandfather was Charles Yelverton O'Connor who was the engineer for Fremantle Harbour and the Kalgoorlie Pipeline.\nWendy's parents had a troubled relationship and Wendy's life changed significantly aged 6 when her parents separated. She saw her father only once more before his death. Her mother remarried Albert McKenzie and the family moved to Lindfield on the Sydney north shore in the early 1950's. Two more children were born. Ian who died tragically from cancer in his 20s and Caroline (Caro) a successful film producer and assistant director to successful director Peter Jackson.\nAs a child Wendy identified strongly with her great aunt Kathleen O'Conner (1876-1968). Kathleen travelled to Paris to study art and live a bohemian life style. She exhibited her art on Paris and London and it is displayed in the National Library of Australia.\nWendy was educated at Lindfield Public School, Hornsby Girls High School and East Sydney Technical College where she studied art. She won art awards and a David Jones Drawing Prize.\nArt & Family\nIn 1957 Wendy met her future husband Brett Whiteley who was to become the forefront of Australia's avant-garde art movement. From the start their lives were wrapped in the art world. Their first date was to a sketch club at Northwood on the Sydney lower North Shore where they sketched an artist's model. There was an instant strong attraction and after several months Wendy moved into the Longueville home of Brett and his father Clem. \nIn late 1959 Brett won an Art Travelling Scholarship which was judged by Sir Russel Drysdale. This was another turning point in Wendy's life. Brett left for Italy and Wendy worked two jobs to make enough money to join him. They were eventually reunited in Paris. She was 19 and he was 21. In Paris the Louvre provided a lasting impact on Wendy. She was moved by the masterpieces and started a lifetime of refining her visual intelligence. Wendy and Brett settled in London and married at the Chelsea Registry Office in 1962. \nWendy herself had given up painting. She had shown talent and promise at art school but didn't have the drive or ambition she felt necessary. She dedicated herself to working with Brett, modelling, working in the studio and becoming his critic and counsel.\nTheir daughter Arkie Deya Whiteley was born on November 6th 1964 at the St George's Hospital in London.\nWendy, Brett and Arkie moved to New York in 1967 and lived in at the Chelsea Hotel. After two years In New York they went to Fiji and had intended to return after a show in Sydney. However Brett was banned from re-entry over an incident with opium. On returning to Sydney they fell in love with the Lavender Bay area which Brett called optical ecstasy. \nBoth Wendy and Brett developed heroin additions in the mid-seventies. In 1987 Wendy finally conquered her addiction but Brett did not and this eventually ended their marriage. Brett moved from the family home in 1988 to his Surry Hills studio and they divorced in 1989. Wendy stayed in the Lavender Bay property.\nTragedy and Healing - Wendy's Secret Garden\nBrett Whiteley (OA) died of an overdose on June 15th 1992. The grief of that lose found a physical outlet when Wendy began clearing and planting the vacant land between her home and the disused railway track. It was a mammoth task to clear lantana, blackberry, privet and large quantities of dumped rubbish. Wendy later commented that she just started clearing the land and just kept going. She funded the garden from the beginning. It's not know how much money has been spent but over the years but, in addition to plantings and landscaping, she has employed for two gardeners from around 1996. No local government or state government approvals were sought for the works however no legal or civil challenges against the work were issued.\nOn September 12th 2001 Arkie told her mother she had been diagnosed with adrenal gland cancer. Tragically only 3 months later, on December 19th 2001, Arkie died. She had been an accomplished film and television actress and had recently remarried for a second time. She had also worked on the garden with her mother.\nThe entrance to the garden is through the council recreation area called Clark Park. Wendy's Secret Garden is now the backdrop for many happy moments. Every weekend couples are married or pose for their wedding photos with the garden and Sydney harbour as the magnificent backdrop. The park is popular with tourist and families and referenced frequently in travel guides.\nWendy was awarded an O.A.M. (Order of Australia Medal) in the Queen's New Year's Honours List on January 26th 2009 for her services to the community through the establishment and maintenance of a public garden at Lavender Bay, and as a supporter of the visual arts.\nAs at 2016 Wendy Whiteley still lives in the house at Lavender Bay that she shared with Brett Whiteley and her daughter Arkie. Both Brett and Arkie's ashes are buried in an undisclosed location in Wendy's Secret Garden.\n\"I've loved making this garden. It's been a great gift to my life. It let me find myself again, and it's my gift to share with the public\".\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wendy-whiteley-and-the-secret-garden\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whiteley-an-unauthorised-life\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Austin, Jean Phyllis Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE5763", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/austin-jean-phyllis-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Public servant", "Summary": "In 1982, Jean Austin became one of the most senior women in the Commonwealth Public Service: after almost three decades of service (during which she had acted as principal legal officer (common law) and then assistant deputy crown solicitor), Austin had attained the position of deputy crown solicitor in New South Wales. Austin attended Fort Street Girls' High School and then went to the Deputy Crown Solicitor's Office where she was engaged as a typist. She was appointed to the Commission of the Peace for the State of New South Wales in 1953.\nAlthough she had originally wanted to be a surgeon, the relevant courses were overseas, and so she decided to study law, doing so on a part-time basis at the University of Sydney between 1950 and 1954. Her academic achievements saw her awarded the George and Matilda Harris Scholarship in both the second and third year of her degree. She graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1955 and was subsequently admitted to the Bar. She did not, however, practise as a barrister, believing that the better briefs - for women practitioners - were in the Crown Solicitor's Office (now the Australian Government Solicitor). Austin was a Committee member of the Women Lawyers' Association of New South Wales. In 1978 she was awarded an MBE for public service in the field of law.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bell, Virginia Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE5768", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bell-virginia-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Commissioner, Judge, Lawyer, Public defender, Senior Counsel", "Summary": "The Honourable Justice Virginia Bell AC is the fourth woman since 1901 to have been appointed to the High Court of Australia.\n", "Details": "The daughter of Mary and John, a nval officer,\u00a0 Virginia Bell was educated at Sydney Church of England Girls' Grammar School in Darlinghurst where she showed the makings of having a career in acting. She chose instead to pursue law at the University of Sydney; after graduating in 1976, she was admitted as a solicitor in New South Wales on 21 December 1977.\nA volunteer who became a paid employee of the newly established Redfern Legal Service, it was here that Bell cut her teeth as a community lawyer on tenancy, criminal law and credit law, among other areas, and also earned a name for herself as a champion of the disadvantaged (her reputation was immortalised in the song 'Police Verbals' by Sydney punk band, Mutant Death).\nIn 1978 she participated in the first Sydney Mardi Gras. Years later when she was a judge she would rule that to describe someone as gay was not defamatory. During this period she was involved with Women behind Bars and the establishment of the Prisoners' Legal Service.\nAdmitted to the New South Wales Bar on 20 December 1984, Bell read with Dean Letcher (later QC). Between 1986 and 1989 she practised as a public defender. She returned to the private Bar and on 6 November 1997 she was appointed as senior counsel. She later became counsel assisting the Wood Royal Commission into the NSW Police Force. On 25 March 1999, Bell was appointed to the Supreme Court of New South Wales. Between 2006 and 2008 she was president of the Australian Institute of Judicial Administration. In 2008, she was elevated to the Court of Appeal where she served until her appointment to the High Court of Australia, replacing the Hon. Michael Kirby AC CMG on 3 February 2009. She retired from the High Court in 2021.\nIn 2012 Bell was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia 'for eminent service to the judiciary and to the law through leadership in criminal law reform and public policy development, to judicial administration, and as an advocate for the economically and socially disadvantaged.'\nShe has been awarded honorary degrees from the University of Wollongong and the University of Sydney. Bell hosted ABC Radio National program Late Night Live from 1990-1991.\nIn 2022, she conducted an inquiry for the Australian Government into the appointment of the former prime minister to administer multiple departments of state.\nShe was appointed Commissioner to lead the Royal Commission on Antisemitism and Social Cohesion in January 2026.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/speech-at-special-sitting-of-the-high-court-of-australia-to-welcome-the-hon-justice-virginia-bell-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-honourable-justice-virginia-bell-ac\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-reflection-on-justice-virginia-bell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/address-on-the-retirement-of-the-honourable-justice-virginia-bell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/index-to-compilation-of-speeches-delivered-by-the-hon-justice-v-bell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cohen, Judith", "Entry ID": "AWE5782", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cohen-judith\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Kew, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Commissioner, Judge, Lawyer, Teacher", "Summary": "Judith Cohen was the first female commissioner of the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission, appointed in 1975.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2002 - 2002)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/formidable-trailblazer-in-arbitration-judith-jacqueline-cohen-ao-lawyer-teacher-judge-7-2-1926-10-5-2012\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judith-cohen-interviewed-by-ruth-campbell-in-the-law-in-australian-society-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Daly, Fay", "Entry ID": "AWE5795", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daly-fay\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales?, Australia", "Death Place": "Frankston, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer", "Summary": "Fay Daly signed the Victorian Bar Roll in 1970 and Eva Selig was her pupil. She was a stenographer before coming to the bar.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "O'Connor, Deirdre", "Entry ID": "AWE5878", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oconnor-deirdre\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Kiama, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Judge, Lawyer", "Summary": "In 1990 Justice Deirdre Frances O'Connor became the first woman to be appointed to the Federal Court. She was also the President of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/deirdre-oconnor-interviewed-by-daniel-connell-in-the-law-in-australian-society-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Stapleton, Jane", "Entry ID": "AWE5919", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stapleton-jane\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Barrister, Lawyer, Teacher", "Summary": "Jane Stapleton was appointed Distinguished Professor of Law at the Australian National University, Canberra, in 2016.\n", "Details": "Professor Jane Stapleton has had a stellar international career in legal academia.\nIn 2016, Stapleton, who had previously served as Research Professor in Law at the ANU College of Law, Australian National University, Canberra, since 1997, was appointed Distinguished Professor of Law at the University. The appointment followed her pre-election on 1 March 2016 as the 38th Master of Christ's College, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom. She is due to take up the post of Master on 1 September 2016.\nStapleton is currently Ernest E. Smith Professor of Law at the University of Texas at Austin School of Law; a Statutory Visiting Professor at the University of Oxford; Honorary Bencher of Gray's Inn; a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Law; a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy; and Emeritus Fellow at Balliol College. She is also a barrister of the High Court and Supreme Court of New South Wales.\nStapleton's first degrees were in science: she graduated with a Bachelor of Science (Honours) from the University of New South Wales in 1974 and then went to the University of Adelaide, where she gained a PhD in the field of physical organic chemistry in 1977. Realising in the chemistry laboratories in Oxford's Lemsfield Road where she was undertaking post-doctoral research that she did not have a passion for science, she changed direction and entered the Australian National University, a mature-age LLB student. She went on to win the University Medal and Supreme Court Judges' Prize in 1981 before studying at the University of Oxford, where she earned a DPhil in private law in 1984 and, in 2008, was awarded a Doctorate of Civil Law.\nFollowing her graduation from the Australian National University, she worked as legal and senior legal officer in the Commonwealth Attorney-General's Department before taking up a position as lecturer at the University of Sydney Law School. After a time, she went to Oxford, where she taught at Trinity College and Balliol College, before returning to teach at the ANU in 1997.\nWidely published, her research interests include private law of obligations; liability and compensations systems; comparative law; and the philosophical foundations of the common law such as causation, duty and good faith. She has held a number of visiting appointments in many jurisdictions. In 2012, Stapleton became the first woman to be appointed Honorary Fellow at St John's College, University of Cambridge.\nStapleton also has the distinction of being the only non-US recipient to have been presented with the Prosser Award (2013), bestowed by the Association of American Law Schools upon those \"who have made an outstanding contribution to the world of tort law scholarship\". Additionally, she is the only non-US Council Member of the American Law Institute.\nProfessor Stapleton is married to the law academic Professor Peter Cane.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-conversation-with-professor-jane-stapleton\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Whelan, Dominica", "Entry ID": "AWE5934", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whelan-dominica\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Leeton, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Commissioner, Judge, Lawyer", "Summary": "Dominica Whelan was a Judge of the Federal Circuit Court, former Commissioner of Fair Work Australia, and former industrial officer, with lifelong commitments to feminism, labour law and equitable access to justice.\n", "Details": "Dominica Mary Whelan was born on 10 May 1954 in Leeton NSW, one of ten children. She completed her Bachelor of Arts and Law Degree at the University of New South Wales, one of only three women, together with Pat O'Shane and Sue Walpole, in her law school class. Dominica was awarded the Dean of the Law School scholarship for postgraduate studies and, in 1976-77, worked as the Associate to Justice Elizabeth Evatt, then Chief Judge of the Family Court of Australia, conducting research for the Royal Commission on Human Relationships and the Family Law Council. Also in 1977, Dominica was admitted as a Barrister to the Supreme Court of NSW.\nIn 1978, Dominica moved to Melbourne to take up a position as a tutor with the Faculty of Law at Monash University. She was also admitted that year as a Barrister and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Victoria. At Monash University, as well as tutoring in Family and Constitutional Law, and teaching Professional Practice, Dominica designed, taught and assessed students in a new course, Law of Employment. She would later complete a Masters of Law in labour relations law at the University of Melbourne in 2002, and contribute to the Law Institute of Victoria's specialist accreditation program in workplace relations law.\nEquitable access to justice was a passionate lifelong commitment for Dominica, and concurrent with her teaching duties, she helped establish the Doveton Legal Service Cooperative. Between 1978 and 1980, she worked as a solicitor for the Fitzroy Legal Service.\nIn 1982, Dominica worked as an industrial research officer with the Australian Public Services Association, before commencing, in 1985, a position at the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) as an affirmative action officer. With the mainstreaming of family and affirmative action policies, Dominica moved into an industrial officer role, promoting affirmative action as part of a broader industrial relations agenda. She was, together with Jan Marsh and Jenny Acton, among the first women to establish themselves and succeed as industrial advocates. Dominica made an outstanding contribution to the development of the model clause for persons with disabilities to assist them to move into open employment, and played a role in assisting in the development of new standards under the Disability Discrimination Act. Dominica described her work on the introduction of a supported wage systems for workers with disabilities, and the high level of consensus achieved between employer and employee peak councils in this process, as among the proudest achievements of her time at the ACTU.\nConcurrent with her work at the ACTU, Dominica held the following appointments:\n\nCommissioner of Comcare, with the Commission for the Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation of Commonwealth Employees\nMember of Australia\/China Council, 1989-94, participating in two delegations to China (one with Gough and Margaret Whitlam)\nMember, Social Security Advisory Council.\n\nIn 1995, Dominica was appointed as a member of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC) and, from 2009, a Commissioner of Fair Work Australia. As a Commissioner, Dominica earned a reputation as an effective, fair and balanced decision-maker. She was a firm believer in litigation as a last resort, and was highly effective in alternative dispute resolution. During her time with the AIRC, from 2004-2006, she also chaired the Victorian Gender Pay Equity Working Party.\nIn 2010, Dominica accepted an invitation by the Attorney General to join the Federal Magistrates Court. When the institution was upgraded to a full Court, Dominica became a Judge of the Federal Circuit Court. She was highly respected as a Judge. With a reputation for being knowledgeable, hard-working, unfailingly polite but always in control, she inspired confidence in those who appeared before her. She served as a member of the Policy Advisory Committee, and also as a member of the Indigenous Access Committee, being a strong supporter of the Court's Reconciliation Action Plan aimed at improving access to justice for Indigenous people.\nOutside of the law, Dominica was actively involved in education and in the arts. From 1989-91, she was a member of Footscray Institute of Technology Council; and between 1993 and 2003, she chaired the Workplace Studies Centre Advisory Committee at Victoria University. From 1989-1992, she was chairperson of the Melbourne Fringe Festival. From 1994-97, she was a member of the Australia Council for the Arts; and from 2005-07, a director of the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. She was also a member of the Collingwood Industrial Magpies, sponsors of Indigenous Australian Rules team, the Yuendumu Magpies.\nHer Honour Judge Whelan died of cancer on 17 February 2016. She is survived by her partner Tony Bradford and their daughter Georgia. The Dominica Whelan Endowment, administered under the auspices of Victoria University, was established in her memory to support the delivery of accessible, affordable legal services to disadvantaged women, particularly Indigenous women.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wood, Olive", "Entry ID": "AWE5939", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wood-olive\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Barrister, Lawyer", "Summary": "Olive Wood obtained a BA 1953, LLB 1964 from the University of Sydney Law School. She was the School's first Pro Dean and retired in 1998.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cotton, Olive", "Entry ID": "AWE5984", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cotton-olive\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Hornsby, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Cowra, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Olive Cotton is renowned for the pioneering photographic works she executed in the modernist style. In addition to Straight style, Cotton experimented with elements of Pictorialism. From the mid-1930s Cotton worked at the Max Dupain Studio in Sydney, where she experimented with close ups and lighting effects; during WW2 she ran this studio herself. As well as advertising and fashion photography, Cotton explored still life and landscape genres. In later life, she worked as a studio photographer in regional NSW, specialising in wedding photography and studio portraiture. After initially using a Box Brownie, Cotton used a Rolleiflex camera throughout her career.\n", "Details": "Olive Cotton is renowned for the works she executed in the modernist style. The genres she explored include fashion, still life, landscape, wedding photography and portraiture, including children's portraiture.\nShe was born on 11 July 1911 in Hornsby, Sydney. Her parents were Leo Cotton, Professor of Geology at Sydney University, and Florence (n\u00e9e Channon) a painter and pianist. In 1922, aged eleven, she received her first camera - a Kodak Box Brownie. It was a gift from her father who was himself a 'hobbyist.' Furthermore, as a geologist, Leo Cotton had taken photographs for Ernest Shackleton's expedition to Antarctica in 1907. In conversation with Hawley, Olive Cotton remembered being shown slides of glaciers and ships in the Antarctic (Hawley 397). Leo Cotton also helped Olive build her first darkroom in the family laundry. She used Solio daylight paper to make her contact prints and she made her first enlarger 'from two open ended boxes [tins]: the smaller held the lens and slid up into the enlarger' (Australian Women Photographers 13). Her early work encompassed still life, landscapes and portraits of family and friends.\nCotton was educated at the Methodist Ladies College, Burwood, between 1921-1929, and it was during her last year there that she joined the Photographic Society of NSW. She went to Sydney University in 1930 and about the same time joined the Sydney Camera Club, where she benefitted from the encouragement and teaching of the well-known Pictorialist photographer Harold Cazneaux. She continued to work as an amateur photographer while completing her Bachelor of Arts, majoring in mathematics and English, graduating in 1934.\nBy mid-1934 she had joined the photographer Max Dupain in his studio at 24 Bond St, Sydney. Officially she was his 'assistant' but she also pursued her own work. Cotton and Dupain had been family friends since childhood, and spent many summer holidays taking photographs at Newport Beach. Their mutual passion for photography fuelled the friendship, and they went on to marry in 1939 but separated in 1941. They eventually divorced in 1944.\nIn 1938 Cotton joined the short-lived Contemporary Camera Group. She also experimented with fashion photography, working in the commercial section of the Commemorative Salon held by the Photographic Society as part of the Australian 150th anniversary celebrations. During this time Cotton and Dupain moved their Sydney studio to a larger one in Clarence Street.\nIn 1941, following her divorce, Cotton worked at Frensham School (a progressive girl's school in Mittagong, NSW) where she taught mathematics.\nBetween 1942-1945 Dupain left Australia to carry out his military service, and Cotton returned to commercial photography and managed his studio. Throughout this period she was extremely busy, receiving many different commissions including the making of wartime propaganda photographs for AWA (a wireless manufacturer), as well as creating a mural for an 'up-to-the-minute house designed by architect Sam Lipson' (Hall 85) . The original mural was 182.9 x 76.2 cm, but it was unfortunately destroyed early in the 1980s. The National Gallery of Australia holds a smaller version, which is the only known print available. The brief for the mural was quite fluid, however the client had seen a mural that Max Dupain had created which incorporated dancers and 'had expressed an interest in ballet figures' (Ennis,Heritage132). In discussing the mural, which took her over one hundred hours to complete, Cotton noted that she was not aiming to create a Surrealist work - the emphasis being instead on using techniques that might enable her to capture the image she had in mind. Helen Ennis has provided a detailed account of the processes that Cotton employed to create this work in her entry in Heritage: The National Women's Art Book.\nOlive Cotton is recognised for her hard-edged minimalist style and tight framing. She used controlled lighting and shadows to capture close up household objects such as flowers, insects, landscapes and people. Like many photographers she referred to her photographic method as 'drawing with light' (Australian Gallery Directors Council 13). Ennis notes that she 'was able to imagine a photograph and, in the photographing of what she \"saw,\" could transform the ordinary into the extraordinary. They are the kind of images that gently impose themselves on you - and that stay with you' (Ennis 2002 PAGE)\nHer portraits arguably show an ability to capture something of the inner character and individuality of the sitter. The photograph of her sister Joyce Cotton (c.1938) is a perfect example, as is the photograph of Max Dupain titled Max after Surfing (c.1939). This photograph arguably captures something of the mood of intimacy that existed between the photographer and her subject at the time the photograph was taken. Geoffrey Batchen, referring to this photograph of Dupain, notes the 'raw sensuality of the naked masculine body. His head obscured by shadows' and he adds, 'Dupain's muscular upper torso is accentuated by the harsh light that falls across it and by the creased clothing in the foreground. Intimate and secretive, refusing to tell us everything, the photograph acts as a prompt for the viewer's imagination, that most potent of sexual organs' (Batchen 33).\nDuring her lifetime, Cotton participated in many exhibitions. These included the 1930s exhibitions organised by the Sydney Camera Club (where she met Harold Cazneaux) as well as others organised by the Photographic Society of NSW, the London Salon of Photography where she exhibited Tea Cup Ballet and the Victorian Salon of Photography (International) where she exhibited Shasta Daisies.\nHer photographs were published in Sturt (1946), a book based on the Sturt Craft Workshops at Frensham, as well as in the book by Helen Blaxland entitled Flower Pieces (1946), which included her photographs of flower arrangements. Her photographs also appeared in Bank Notes, a magazine produced by the Commonwealth Bank.\nIn 1944 she married Ross McInerney and in 1946 they moved to Koorawatha, a country property near Cowra where they had two children, a daughter, Sally, born in 1946, and a son Peter, born in 1948. Cotton gave up her work as a professional photographer at this time but twenty years later in 1964 she began taking photographs again, producing hundreds of photographs of children and the surrounding landscape.\nDuring the period 1959-63 Cotton taught mathematics at Cowra High School and in 1964 she set up a small studio in the township of Cowra in 1964 where she worked professionally, focusing mainly on children's portraits, wedding photography and landscapes using a Rolleiflex camera.\nIt was during the 1980s that her work finally gained recognition. Gael Newton included some of Cotton's photographs in the exhibition she curated entitled Silver and Grey (Art Gallery of New South Wales, 1980). Her work also appeared in the 1981-82 traveling exhibition Australian Women Photographers 1890-1950, curated by Barbara Hall and Jenni Mather. In 1983 Cotton received a grant from the Visual Arts Board that enabled her to print the photographs that featured in her first solo exhibition Olive Cotton Photographs 1924-1984. Many of the negatives for these photographs had been stored in an old sea chest in her family home; this was to be the first time they would be professionally developed. The exhibition was held at the Australia Centre for Photography, opening on 9 October 1985 and after it closed on 3 November, touring the other Australian states.\nDuring the 1990s interest in her work culminated in a film by Kathryn Millard that documented her life and work. Entitled Light Years and released in 1991, it coincided with the appearance of her photograph Tea Cup Ballet , on the 1991 Australian postage stamp that commemorated the 150th anniversary of photography in Australia. In 1993 the Australia Council awarded her an Emeritus Fellowship for her work. In the years that followed interest in her work continued, with a wide range of her photographs - not just those from her modernist period - being included in a number of important exhibitions. Today her work is held in both public and private collections.\nOlive Cotton died in 2003 at the age of 92.\nTechnical\nHer first camera was a Box Brownie. She later used a Rolleiflex camera.\nCollections\nArt Gallery of New South Wales\nCastlemaine Art Gallery and Historical Museum, Victoria\nJosef Lebovic Gallery Collection, Sydney\nMonash Gallery of Art, Victoria\nNational Gallery of Australia\nNational Library of Australia\nNational Gallery of Victoria\n", "Events": "Awarded Australia Council Visual Arts\/Craft Board's Emeritus Fellowship. (1993 - 1993) \nOlive Cotton participated in eight important exhibitions in Toowoomba, Canberra, Sydney and Geelong. (1966 - 1999) \nOlive Cotton's work was included in Australian Women Photographers 1840-1950 (1981 - 1981) \nOlive Cotton's work was included in Beyond the Picket Fence: Australian Women's Art in the National Library Collections (1995 - 1995) \nOlive Cotton's work was included in Flatlands: Photography and Everyday Space (2013 - 2013) \nOlive Cotton's work was included in In a Certain Light: Clarice Beckett and Olive Cotton (1995 - 1995) \nOlive Cotton's work was included in The Photograph and Australia (2015 - 2015) \nOlive Cotton's work was included in The Reflecting Eye: Portraits of Australian Visual Artists. (1996 - 1996) \nOlive Cotton's work was included in The Studio of Max Dupain (1997 - 1997) \nOlive Cotton's work was included in What's in a Face? Aspects of Portrait Photography (2007 - 2007) \nOlive Cotton's work was included in What's in a Face? Aspects of Portrait Photography (2012 - 2012) \nOlive Cotton's work was included in Women and Art (1995 - 1995) \nOlive Cotton's work was included in Women Hold Up Half the Sky (1995 - 1995) \nOlive Cotton's work was included in exhibitions in Canberra and Sydney, and some travelling exhibitions. (1984 - 1989) \nOlive Cotton's work was included in Exhibitions with Creative Vision (1946 - 1989) \nOlive Cotton's work was included in the First International Adelaide exhibition organised by the Adelaide Camera Club (1945 - 1945) \nOlive Cotton's work was included in the London Salon of Photography (1935 - 1935) \nOlive Cotton's work was included in the London Salon of Photography (1937 - 1937) \nOlive Cotton's work was included in the Victorian Salon of Photography ( International) (1937 - 1937) \nSolo exhibition Cotton Tales[an exhibition of studio family photographs taken in Cowra. (2002 - 2002) \nSolo exhibition Olive Cotton Photographs 1924-1984 a retrospective exhibition of Olive Cotton's photographs. (1985 - 1985) \nSolo exhibition Olive Cotton Retrospective (2000 - 2000) \nSolo exhibition Olive Cotton, Australian Girls Own Gallery, (1992 - 1992)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/olive-cotton-australian-photographer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/olive-cotton-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/olive-cotton-photographer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/olive-cotton-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sturt-and-the-childrens-library-mittagong-nsw\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/little-book-of-trees\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/still-life-1650-1994-reworking-the-tradition\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/society-of-artists-book-1945-46\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/society-of-artists-book-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/society-of-artists-book\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australias-wild-weather\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wings-of-tomorrow\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/focus-on-photography-an-education-kit-for-the-photography-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/transcript-tribute-to-olive-cotton\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/facing-facts-documentary-photographs-gallery-11-6-august-to-2-october-1988\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mirror-with-a-memory-photographic-portraiture-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beautiful-photos-of-long-ago\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/olive-cotton-award-2007-for-photographic-portraiture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beyond-the-picket-fence-australian-womens-art-in-the-national-librarys-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/olive-cotton-13-may-2-july-2000\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/olive-cotton-photographs-1920s-to-1990s\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blue-hydrangeas-four-emigre-photographers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hall-of-fame-olive-cotton-an-appreciation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/olive-cotton-4\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/olive-cotton-photographer-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/partnerships-helen-ennis-on-olive-cotton\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-reflecting-eye-portraits-of-australian-visual-artists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-a-certain-light-clarice-beckett-olive-cotton\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-representation-of-women-in-the-arts-a-modern-and-postmodern-portrait\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/artists-in-conversation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/back-view-a-selection-of-20th-century-photographs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/perception-the-daryl-hewson-photographic-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/light-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/family-fragments\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-recognition-of-australian-talent\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/olive-cotton-1911-2000\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-pictorialism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/olive-cotton-5\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/olive-cotton-6\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/santivo-alla-sapienza-rome-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/silver-and-grey-fifty-years-of-australian-photography-1900-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-lady-behind-the-lens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/olive-cotton-artist-file-olive-cotton\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/olive-cotton-australian-new-zealand-art-files\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-olive-cotton-approximately-1907-2003\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-olive-cotton-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ivan-dougherty-gallery-australian-gallery-file\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/olive-cotton-australian-art-and-artists-file\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/olive-cotton\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/olive-cotton-artists-file-and-slides\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-rhyll-mcmaster-1960-1987-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hurley, Adelie", "Entry ID": "AWE5989", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hurley-adelie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Inspired by her newsreel photographer father, Adelie 'Front Page' Hurley is known as a pioneering woman press photographer; she was one of only three Australian women press photographers working in her time. She was fearless in pursuing her shots, and also fearless against the gender discrimination of her field, lasting over two decades in press photography. Her photographs include a diverse range of subjects, from army photography, vice squad busts, life at outback stations and taipan hunting.\n", "Details": "Adelie Hurley was born on 21 May 1919, in Sydney, to Antoinette Leighton and Frank Hurley. She had an identical twin sister named Toni, a brother, Frank Hurley, Jr., and another sister, Yvonne.\nHer father was a newsreel photographer who was well known for his Antarctic and WW1 photography. He had a huge impact on her; she believed that, 'it was inbred \u2026 born within me to become a photographer. I think it was a destiny. To me, he was the master, and to have his approval meant the world to me' (Australian Story 2001).\nFrom an early age (Adelie was eight at the time), the children would assist their father in the development of his prints. When he was away on various expeditions, Adelie took it upon herself to teach herself photography.\nIn 1930, when she 11 years old, Hurley won a school photography prize for photographs she took of the school fete using a Box Brownie camera and an 'old bellows enlarger in the bathroom' (Australian Gallery Directors Council 17).\nHurley enrolled at the Sydney Technical College, where she studied commercial art for 18 months but dropped out as she found it 'too narrow and too conforming' (Sydney Morning Herald).\nShe began her career working as a model but preferred taking photographs herself. By 1938 she began working as a freelance photographer for Pix magazine (there were only two other Australian women press photographers working at that time), and in 1939 she became a member of the Australian Associated Press (AAP) staff.\nShe was known for her adventurous spirit and taking risks to capture the images she wanted. One of her adventures saw her stowing away in an overland troop convoy to travel up to Darwin. After being discovered she had to hitchhike to Darwin on her own. This adventure enabled her to produce a series of photographs about the army, which were published in the Daily Telegraph before the civilian evacuation. On another occasion, Hurley managed to photograph a raid of an opium den in Sydney by climbing a ladder to access the first floor of a Chinese laundry and 'jostling' with 'burly Vice Squad police.' The resultant photographs were a scoop and made the front page of The Sunday Sun newspaper and became known as 'Front Page Hurley.'\nDuring 1941-1943 she travelled to the USA, working as a freelance photographer for Pix magazine. On her return to Australia Hurley began working full time as a casual photographer for The Sun. The management of The Sun did not employ her as a staff photographer as they claimed that 'there were no women's toilets on the photographic floor of the building' (Australian Gallery Directors Council 18).\nHurley decided to leave Sydney and for the next couple of years travelled and worked as a freelance photographer. She went onto work for the magazine A.M. (which was edited by Cyril Pearl) in 1950. When the magazine closed in 1953, Frank Packer employed her to work for the Australian Consolidated Press. She also worked for The Daily Telegraph and The Women's Weekly, which during the period 1956-1963 saw her travelling overseas, covering stories in Fiji, India and the USSR. She also travelled within Australia photographing life on outback stations, Aboriginal people, Aboriginal sacred sites in Arnhem Land and taipan hunting.\nAdelie Hurley was to marry three times and did not have any children, moving up to North Queensland with her last husband, where they managed a resort in Bowen. Here, she took up portrait painting. She died in 2010\nAdelie's career as a professional press photographer spanned the period 1938-1960. During that time her male colleagues resented her work as they felt she encroached on their domain. This resentment manifested to such an extent that her camera equipment was often sabotaged; in the end she had to keep her own photographic equipment under lock and key.\n'I've taken literally millions of pictures. It was a great life but a lonely one in newspapers. I had a lot of acquaintances but not many friends. I married a few times over the years. Being a press photographer suits my personality: I'll go anywhere, anytime.'\nTechnical information\nHurley's first camera was a Box Brownie camera\n Collections\nNational Library of Australia\n", "Events": "Adelie Hurley won a school photography prize for photographs she took of the school fete. (1930 - 1930) \nAdelie Hurley's work featured in the Australian Women Photographers 1840-1950 (1981 - 1981)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pioneer-in-female-journalism-adelie-hurley-1919-2010\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/adelie-hurley\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/out-of-the-blizzard\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/farewell-to-adelie\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-first-for-women-photographers-in-australia-quick-thinking-and-ladders-got-the-top-shots\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-adelie-hurley-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Butler, Amelia", "Entry ID": "AWE5991", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/butler-amelia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tenterfield, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Manly, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Amelia Butler lived and worked in Tenterfield, NSW during the 1890s. Although she went on to become a successful studio photographer based in Sydney, Butler is best known for the photographs she took of Tenterfield and the surrounding districts in the 1890s.\n", "Details": "Her father, Alfred B. Butler, was a photographer who migrated to New South Wales from England and began working for the NSW Government. In 1886 he was commissioned to travel to Tenterfield, near the border of Queensland, to document the building of the Sydney to Queensland railway line. Following this expedition he decided to move back there and establish his own photographic studio.\nAmelia was the only surviving daughter in the family and was chosen by her father, ahead of her brothers, to follow in his footsteps; she began her apprenticeship with him at an early age. Her earliest work can be found in four photo albums that she and her father produced. The well-composed, 'richly toned' work shows her strong technical ability and creativity (Hall 27). Butler's photography includes signed portraits, cartes-de-visite and views that document station life, Indigenous peoples and the local landscape.\nOne of her photographs, Snowfall, 1895, captures a rare meteorological occurrence when it snowed in the town. A group of people are gathered together enjoying the occasion, with one figure holding a tripod and camera posing for Butler's camera.\nWhen her father retired she took over his studio, even though one of her brothers had also become a photographer.\nAmelia married Aaron Robert Morris in December 1902 at Tenterfield but they divorced in 1928. She bore six children in the years 1903-1917, and still continued working as a photographer and running the studio.\nShe eventually moved to Sydney and established a studio there; her brother took over the Tenterfield studio, which he renamed 'Butler Brothers.' Amelia is said to have returned to Tenterfield in 1934 with her camera.\nAmelia died in 1941, aged 62.\nCollections\nCollection of the Tenterfield and District Historical Society Museum, Tenterfield, New South Wales\nState Library of Victoria\n", "Events": "Active as professional photographer (1890 - 1940)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-mechanical-eye-in-australia-photography-1841-1900\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/amelia-butler\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Nash-Boothby, Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE6002", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nash-boothby-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Camden, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Elizabeth Nash-Boothby was a professional photographer known for her portraiture studies and her high society clientele.\n", "Details": "Elizabeth Nash-Boothby was born c.1890 into a middle class Methodist family of six girls and three boys, in Camden, NSW. She did not like being called Alma and was nicknamed 'Gran' by her brother due to her quiet and sedate manner (Marshal 1), as well as her 'stately airs' (Australian Women Photographers 24).\nInitially the family moved to Cootamundra where it became evident that she had above-average abilities and wanted to pursue a career as a musician, with an intention to study abroad. Her father did not believe in women furthering their education and her mother was not keen on her leaving, so the family moved to Sydney to provide her with greater opportunities as a musician as she was a talented piano player.\nDuring 1908-1909 Nash-Boothby travelled to Fiji to teach the girls in one of the mission stations. She kept a diary of her life there, recording her observations of the inequalities experienced by the natives, the Indian Fijians and the collies. She was particularly concerned by the exploitation of women. She returned to Fiji in 1910 and was greatly influenced by the humane and farsighted opinions of Rev. J. W. Burton, who provided her with a solid grounding in politics and the economics of colonialism.\nOn her return to Sydney she was not satisfied with being a 'home girl' and wanted to pursue a career of her own. She moved to Melbourne where she trained as a portrait photographer at Mina Moore's studio in 1913 and also worked at Ruth Hollick's studio.\nNash-Boothby went on to set up her own studio, the Nash-Boothby Studio at 361 Collins Street, Melbourne, which attracted the 'cream of Melbourne society' as well as glamorous actors from J. & N. Tait Productions (Australian Women Photographers 24). She also took numerous photographs of soldiers who were heading off to war.\nShe was well known for her portraiture, which had been greatly influenced by her training with Mina Moore; it was said that her work was 'modern with crisper, cleaner outlines.' Her photographs appeared in magazines and newspapers of the time, including The Age, Table Talk, Punch, and The Argus; these were used as part of advertisements and to illustrate articles. They were also used in a number of publications of music scores.\nThe American actor Guy Bates Post, as well as Sara Allgood from Dublin's Abbey Theatre encouraged her to move to the USA, claiming her talents were being wasted in Australia. She had started making plans for her trip when she met Eric Marshall in 1916, and the following year, on 15 March 1917, they married. Nash-Boothby cancelled her travel plans, and the couple remained together for 47 years.\nSoon after her marriage she ceased her photographic work, settling in Camberwell, a leafy eastern suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. Here, she turned her focus and energy into becoming an activist and socialist. She was a member in a number of community groups, assisting and organising the unemployed (in particular women) during the Depression. She was involved in advocating, and rallied against the Australian Government's post-war deportation of Indonesian nationals. Nash-Boothby also was actively involved in the foundation of the Australia-China Society.\nElizabeth Nash-Boothby died in 1964.\nCollections\nNational Gallery of Australia\nPart of Eric Milton Nicholls collection [picture]. [c.1910-1966] National Library of Australia http:\/\/nla.gov.au\/nla.pic-vn3700063-s7 (Last accessed 7 Oct 2015)\n", "Events": "Elizabeth Nash-Boothby's work featured in Australian Women Photographers (1981 - 1981) \nElizabeth Nash-Boothby's work featured in Mirror with a Memory: Photographic Portraiture in Australia (2000 - 2000)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/that-soothing-serenade-was-just-written-for-me\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dumpty-deedle-dee-dum-dee\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/by-the-big-blue-billabong-australian-rag\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-nash-boothby\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mirror-with-a-memory-photographic-portraiture-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/it-pays-to-be-white\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "George, Heather", "Entry ID": "AWE6007", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/george-heather\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Gordon, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Heather George was a commercial photographer who began her career in Sydney, and also worked in Melbourne and regional Victoria. George was known for her industrial, fashion and outback photography.\n", "Details": "Heather George was born in 1907 in Gordon, NSW. Her father was Wesley T. George and her mother was Helen M. George. Heather studied painting at the East Sydney Art School, as well as with the artist Justus Jorgenson (the founder of Montsalvat).\nIt is unclear what inspired her to forge a career as a photojournalist but records show that by 1938, at the age of 31, she had commenced work at the Noel Rubie photography studio in Sydney. The studio was well regarded for its portrait and industrial photography. She also went on to work at a variety of Melbourne and Victorian country photography studios, eventually becoming a freelance photographer.\nBy the late 1950s George had developed a reputation as both a highly competent and daring photojournalist, documenting the building of the King Street Bridge in Melbourne, and travelling to the Australian outback, where she recorded the life of Aboriginal people on Aboriginal reserves and cattle stations.\nGeorge's photographs appeared in numerous magazines, including Walkabout, Australian Scene, Hoofs and Horns, Pix, Women's Day, as well as the National Trust magazine.\nGeorge appears to have ceased her work as a photojournalist in the 1960s. She died in 1983.\nCollections\nNational Gallery of Victoria\n", "Events": "Active as a commercial photographer. (1938 - 1959)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/justus-jorgensen-conversations-and-a-memoir\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heather-george-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heather-george-art-artist-files-australia-and-new-zealand\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Brown, Irene", "Entry ID": "AWE6010", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brown-irene\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Hay, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Hay, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Irene Brown was a self-taught, prize-winning amateur photographer from Hay, NSW. Her subjects included children at play, and everyday life in regional Australia.\n", "Details": "Irene Brown was born in 1898, in the wheat growing area of Hay, NSW. In 1910, aged 12, she received her first camera as a gift from her father, and started teaching herself photography. Brown once said of photography that '[a]nyone can click a camera, that's how I started, without any training I just picked up a camera and looked it over to see what was going on and then started. It's really in the developing that the skill lies. I had to be very satisfied with the print I made into a postcard or exhibited because I did all my own printing' (Hall 25).\nBrown received some commissions but was not interested in pursuing a career as a commercial photographer. She enjoyed photographing children, and would take care to ensure they felt at ease as she took their photographs. Most of her work relates to everyday life around Hay and major events that occurred such as the flood. She recalled putting on her gumboots and going out in a boat on her own, tucking her skirt into her bloomers and setting up her camera to capture what she saw. Some of these photographs were published by the local newspaper, but she also used them to produce some postcards which she sold to the locals.\nBrown participated in the local Hay Show photography show ten times, and received first prize on nine occasions. She recalled that she was eventually told that '\u2026 if I won that much I must be a professional' (Hall 25).\nInformation regarding her life and technical aspects of her photography is limited.\nCollections\nDease Studios Collection of Photographs. State Library of Western Australia\n", "Events": "Irene Brown participated in the Hay Show ten times and received first prize on nine occasions. (1899 - )", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fletcher, Judith", "Entry ID": "AWE6014", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fletcher-judith\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Katoomba, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Judith Fletcher is remembered for being one of the first women portrait photographers to work in Sydney (along with May and Mina Moore) and to establish her own studio.\n", "Details": "Judith Fletcher was born on the 30 June 1886 in Katoomba, NSW, into a large family of five children. Fletcher's father was the headmaster of Katoomba College and her mother, Ann Marion Fletcher, was an accomplished embroiderer. One of her mother's embroideries, designed by Blamire Young, was exhibited in the 1907 Women's Work exhibition in Melbourne and won first prize in its section. Her mother's embroidery skills were passed on to Judith as she was growing up.\nThe family moved from Katoomba to Greenwich, Sydney, where Fletcher lived until her marriage. Fletcher's involvement with photography was initially as an amateur. She developed a range of technical skills, and studied aspects art photography while exhibiting in photographic salons. Fletcher became a professional photographer in 1908 and worked in her North Shore studio from 1905-1930. APR reported her successful transition from amateur to professional in 1908, praising in particular her 'at-home portraits especially of women and children' (cited in Hall 37).\nFletcher later established herself amongst the socialites of Sydney, and made important connections with artists such as Arthur Streeton, whom she photographed. Fletcher also associated with photographers including Frank Bell, and Mina and May Moore. From 1916-1918 Fletcher was advertising her 'art photography' and George Street studio in Sydney Ure Smith's publication, Art in Australia. The advertisements featured full-page photographic portraits of celebrities and socialites. Fletcher was also a fashion photographer.\nDuring the 1920s Fletcher worked from her Greenwich home; she continued to participate in photographic salons until the 1930s. Her photographs were published in The Australian Women's Weekly, The Sydney Mail, The Sunday Times and The Land from the 1920s-1930s.\nFletcher was a theosophist and during the 1920s became involved in in the Krishnamurti Star Movement amphitheatre at Balmoral Beach. She married Gerard Paszek, a Polish violinmaker, before the outbreak of WW2. They initially lived in Mount Kuringai, and later moving to Glenorie. After her wedding Fletcher maintained little connection with her old friends and associates, as her husband was said to be 'an extremely possessive man' (Design and Art Australia).\nJudith Fletcher died in 1971 Sydney, NSW\nCollections\nArt Gallery of New South Wales\nNational Library of Australia\nState Library of New South Wales\n", "Events": "Judith Fletcher exhibited in a variety of salons prior to 1905. (1903 - 1904) \nJudith Fletcher's work was featured in Beyond the Picket Fence (1995 - 1995)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beyond-the-picket-fence-australian-womens-art-in-the-national-librarys-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judith-fletcher\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judith-fletcher-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heritage-the-national-womens-art-book-500-works-by-500-australian-women-artists-from-colonial-times-to-1955\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judith-fletcher-art-artist-files-australia-and-new-zealand\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Craigie, Lucy", "Entry ID": "AWE6019", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/craigie-lucy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Armidale, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Macksville, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Headmistress, Photographer, Teacher", "Summary": "Lucy Craigie was an amateur travel photographer who was active throughout Australia during the 1930s.\n", "Details": "Lucy Craigie grew up on her parents' property near Armidale, NSW. Her father was Robert Craigie and her mother Mary A. Frances Craigie. After completing her education, Lucy won a scholarship to train as a teacher at the University of Sydney's Teachers' College. She eventually became the principal of Smith's Hill Domestic Science School in Wollongong, New South Wales.\nDuring the 1930s Craigie travelled across Australia with her companion Lilian Layh, who was the headmistress of the Dubbo Girls School. Each woman was in their late fifties at the time. The pair's first trip was in 1936, which saw them travelling from Wollongong to Kalgoorlie (Western Australia) in a Chevrolet. In 1939 they embarked on a longer trip which took them around Australia driving a Studebaker. Their travels received the attention of the press: The Dubbo Liberal and Macquarie Advocate reported that in addition to touring the country the women were also collecting 'geological natural history and other specimens for the Sydney Museum and the New South Wales Teachers' Training College' (1939).\nCraigie and Layh kept journals and took photographs of their travels, which captured the natural beauty of the country. Approximately two thousand black and white, silver gelatin prints, and negatives documenting their travels have survived. Both women also employed the more expensive Dufaycolour colour photographic process at a later date. This collection was donated to the Macleay Museum's Historic Photograph Collection in 1992.\nCraigie and Layh's work was considered to be very good technically and of 'unique documentary value' (Kerr 154). The women were also known for their quirky shots; Hell (1939), for instance, captures a woman known as Miss Wallace standing on the left hand side a pole with the word 'Hell' nailed onto its sign. She wears a hat and behind her the branches of tree extend out, appearing as if they are horns.\nIn 1993 the Macleay Museum presented an exhibition entitled No Roads, No Fences - Motor Caravan Journeys across Australia in 1936 and 1939, which featured 50 reproductions of Craigie's photographs.\nLucy Craigie died in 1972 in Macksville, NSW, aged 90.\nCollections\nHistorical Photographic Collection, University of Sydney\n", "Events": "Lucy Craigie's work was featured in No Roads, No Fences -Motor Caravan Journeys across Australia in 1936 and 1939. (1993 - 1993)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lucy-craigie\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lucy-craigie-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/by-motor-caravan-to-darwin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/new-exhibition-no-roads-no-fences\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heritage-the-national-womens-art-book-500-works-by-500-australian-women-artists-from-colonial-times-to-1955\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Donald, Margot", "Entry ID": "AWE6023", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/donald-margot\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Roseville, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Margot Donald worked as a commercial photographer in Sydney and London. Donald was known at the time as one of the best colourists working in Sydney.\n", "Details": "Margot Donald was born in Roseville, New South Wales in 1923; she was one of eight children, with two brothers (one of whom became a commercial artist) and five sisters. Her father was William John Donald, a cartoonist and illustrator who worked in Sydney on the Sunday newspapers.\nDonald received her first camera, a Box Brownie, from her father when she was 13 years old. She completed a short course in tinting with Jean Cazneaux, the daughter of Harold Cazneaux, in 1939. Donald left school at 15, and was offered 'a position as a junior colourist at the \"American-influenced\" Russell Roberts Advertising Studios, Sydney who were known for \"chic\" and smart advertising' and remained there until 1942 (Hall 106).\nShe subsequently found work at the Faulk Studios (founded by Walter Barnett) in Pitt Street, Sydney. At the time these studios were considered 'more conservative' (Kerr 343).\nAs well as a talented photographer, Donald was also a designer. She worked in various commercial studios in Sydney, and later worked in London from 1949-1952. In addition to portraits and other general photographs, she produced sets, backgrounds and photo-murals for the studios. Donald's photographs revealed the influence of Modernism, with 'sharp focused subjects, soft modelled and highlighted with grand architectural geometrics in background' (Hall 106)\nWith many men away during WW2, Donald was able to gain considerable experience in photographic processes, camera operating and studio work (often using people she met on the street as models). She regularly sought feedback from the other photographers at the studio:\nInitially Donald retained her position behind the camera back with Russell Roberts, where a young David Moore, working as her assistant in 1947, observed her 'very special creative talent' for setting up studio shots. This period seems to have marked Donald's greatest visibility as a commercial photographer in Australia: publications carrying her work included Australian Photography (1947), Photograms of the Year (1947) and Contemporary Photography (1949). (Design and Art Australia Online)\nAfter the end of WW2, Donald and other women working in the studio had to give up their work for the returning soldiers.\nIn 1949 Donald travelled to London, where she worked at the British branch of the American Lintas Advertising Studios. Here, she impressed with her photographic skills and colouring techniques. The quality of her work was such that the studios wanted to incorporate her style 'into British advertising' (Australian Gallery Directors Council 14).\nOn her return to Australia in 1952 Donald worked as a colour retoucher for some of the large laboratories in East Sydney and was considered one of the best colourists in Sydney (Design and Art Australia Online). Around this time she was also introduced to colour photography. Donald continued working as a commercial photographer after her marriage to Peter James Moore in 1952.\nIt is not known definitively when she died but there is a Margot Moore who died on 28 August 2005 recorded at Macquarie Park crematorium at North Ryde.\nCollections\nNational Gallery of Australia\nMitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales\n", "Events": "Margot Donald's work featured in Australian Women Photographers 1840-1950 (1981 - 1981)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-photography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/contemporary-photography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/photograms-of-the-year\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mirror-with-a-memory-photographic-portraiture-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/silver-and-grey-fifty-years-of-australian-photography-1900-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margot-donald\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margot-donald-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heritage-the-national-womens-art-book-500-works-by-500-australian-women-artists-from-colonial-times-to-1955\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-margot-donald-photographer-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Brennan Kemmis, Roslin Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE6034", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brennan-kemmis-roslin-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Mortdale, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Advocate, Educationist, Educator, Researcher, Teacher", "Summary": "Roslin Brennan Kemmis's working life was committed to education in schools, TAFE\/VET and universities, especially for disadvantaged people: Indigenous, prisoners, people with low levels of literacy. A Riverina resident for 40 years, she taught in secondary schools (full-time, 1972-1977), and kindergarten and primary schools (part-time, 1985-1988), and adult literacy (1989-1992). She also worked as a teacher in the Education Centre, Bendigo Prison (1983-1984). From 1978, she worked part time for Charles Sturt University (and its predecessor institutions), and full time as a Lecturer in Vocational Education and Training from 1997, then Senior Lecturer (2004). She was a member of the University Council 2000-2004, and Head of the School of Education (and Associate Professor) from 2008 until her retirement from full time work in 2012.\nIn 1987, with her then husband, the late Mark Brennan, she explored linguistic inequalities in the criminal justice system. Published as 'Strange language: child victim witnesses under cross-examination', this work had significant impact internationally and nationally on the language and treatment in courts of child victims.\nAs President of the NSW Federation of Parents and Citizens Associations, 1992-1997, she was a fearless warrior, advocate and activist. She successfully advocated for the 40kpm school zones and the establishment of the Office of the Commission for Children and Young People. In 1999, she was appointed Member of the Order of Australia, for service to children and school education.\nBetween 1999 and 2006, she contributed significantly to research in vocational education and training (VET) including work on online pedagogies in VET, and apprenticeships and traineeships. In 2007, she was awarded the Carrick Medal for pioneering work embedding pathways from the VET to the university sector.\nFrom 2013-2015, with Wiradjuri elders, Ros led the development and delivery of the ground-breaking CSU Graduate Certificate course in Wiradjuri Language, Culture and Heritage.\n", "Details": "Ros Brennan Kemmis was compassionate, warm, generous, strong, kind, and fun- loving. As President of the NSW Federation of Parents and Citizens Associations, 1992-1997, she was a fearless warrior, advocate and activist. She elevated the Federation's profile, routinely stepping on the toes of vested interests. She refused to be silenced or moderated. She asked difficult questions and demanded answers for those less able to ask. She successfully advocated for the 40kpm school zones and the establishment of the Office of the Commission for Children and Young People. As President, Ros was highly visible and audible in the media, giving more than 20 interviews most days. In 1999 she was appointed Member of the Order of Australia, for services to children and school education.\nRos was born in Mortdale, Sydney to Winifred Ruth and Norman Montague Leeder, and grew up in a home with strong links to the Baptist church. Her father taught mathematics in state secondary schools, and the family placed a premium on education. Although her mother suffered frequently with mental illness, there was much warmth and support in the Leeder home. A strong commitment to social concerns and social justice informed Ros's activism, which echoed that of her grandmother, Retta Dixon Long, who, in 1905, in her late teens, founded the Aborigines Inland Mission.\nRos's family moved to Epping in 1953. There she attended primary school and later Cheltenham Girls High School, then Macquarie University. At school, Ros was progressively recognized for her energy, wide-ranging interests, rebelliousness, good cheer and commitment to social justice\nRos was a committed educator who lived in the Riverina for 40 years, where she taught in secondary schools (full-time, 1972-1977), kindergarten and primary schools (part-time, 1985-1988) and adult literacy (1989-1992). She also worked as a teacher in the Education Centre in Bendigo Prison (1983-1984). From 1978, she worked part time for Charles Sturt University (and its predecessor institutions), joining the School of Education full time as a Lecturer in Vocational Education and Training in 1997, then Senior Lecturer (2004). At CSU she was a member of the University Council 2000-2004, and Head of the School of Education (and Associate Professor) from 2008 until her retirement from full time work in 2012. As Head, she led a vibrant academic community committed to excellence in teaching, research, engagement with the education profession, and public service. In 2007 she received a Carrick Award; a national award for outstanding contributions to student learning, 'pioneering work at a national and institutional level in the embedding of a VET sector qualification into university awards, supported by robust credit transfer pathways.'\nRos was involved in many fine pieces of research. In 1987, with her then husband, the late Mark Brennan, she explored linguistic inequalities in the criminal justice system, published as 'Strange language: child victim witnesses under cross examination'. The former head of the NSW Witness Assistance Program in the Dept. Public Prosecution explained: 'Since then there have been significant legal and systematic reforms to change the way children give evidence in court.' From 1996-2015, she made many outstanding contributions to research on vocational education and training, including work on online pedagogies in VET, and on apprenticeships and traineeships. She mentored many emerging VET teachers and researchers.\nFrom 2013-2015, with Wiradjuri elders and her husband Stephen Kemmis, Ros led the development and delivery of the ground-breaking CSU Graduate Certificate course in Wiradjuri Language, Culture and Heritage.\nRos juggled academic work and activism and took joy in her family, music, Guinness and a wardrobe of lurid virtuosity. She was a gracious and extraordinarily generous host to many friends and international visitors. She was immensely good hearted, kind, thoughtful, supportive, and generous with time and energy. She made time to listen. She knew who to talk to or to lean on to make things happen. She had an infectious sense of joy.\nShe is survived by Stephen Kemmis, her brothers Stephen and Greg Leeder, her former husband Graham Allport, and is remembered as a generous, warm, loving and involved mother to Julian Allport, Tom, Alice and Eliot Brennan; and her stepchildren Standish, Jessica and Tracey, and families. She was much loved by her grandchildren.\nRos died in Wagga Wagga, of complications following treatment for cervical cancer.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/strange-language-child-victims-under-cross-examination-a-report-to-the-criminology-research-council-of-the-australian-institute-of-criminology-on-child-victim-witnesses-under-cross-examination-in-c\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/teaching-in-the-vet-sector-in-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bainbridge, Angie Lee", "Entry ID": "AWE6039", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bainbridge-angie-lee\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales", "Occupations": "Olympian, Sportswoman, Swimmer", "Events": "For services to sport (2009 - 2009) \nSwimming - 4 x 200 Freestyle Relay (2008 - 2008) \nSwimming - 4 x 200 freestyle relay (2012 - 2012)" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bright, Torah Jane (T-Bone)", "Entry ID": "AWE6040", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bright-torah-jane-t-bone\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cooma, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Snowboarder", "Events": "For services to sport (2012 - 2012) \nSnowboard - Half Pipe (2010 - 2010)" }, { "Title\/Name": "Esposito, Chloe", "Entry ID": "AWE6044", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/esposito-chloe\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Camden, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Pentathlete", "Summary": "Chloe Esposito claimed Australia's first medal in modern pentathlon when she won gold at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games.\n", "Events": "Athletics - Modern Pentathlon (2016 - 2016)" }, { "Title\/Name": "Darmanin, Lisa", "Entry ID": "AWE6047", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/darmanin-lisa\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales", "Occupations": "Olympian, Sailor", "Summary": "In her Olympic debut in Rio de Janeiro, Lisa Darmanin took home silver in the mixed multi-hull Nacra 17 class alongside teammate and cousin Jason Waterhouse.\n", "Events": "Sailing - Nacra - Mixed (2016 - 2016)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Roebuck, Rosemary", "Entry ID": "AWE6056", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/roebuck-rosemary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Early Childhood Educationist, Playgroup Movement Activist, Volunteer", "Summary": "Rosemary Roebuck was the founder and first President of the Playgroup Association of N.S.W, a significant part of the newly emerging Australian playgroup movement that is still alive and well over 45 years later. She and her colleagues, with their young children, began organising and supporting playgroups from Balmain, New South Wales, in 1970, on a voluntary basis. Rosemary had previously trained as a pre-school teacher under Joan Fry, and worked in pre-schools and childcare. She spent some time working in early childhood in London before returning to Sydney with her husband, John, and first child. When her children were older she continued her career in early childhood.\n", "Details": "The following reflective essay was written by Rosemary Roebuck.\nBalmain in the 1970s was an old suburb with cheap housing. Young families were moving in, as it was affordable and closer for husbands' work in the city.\nI was a 29 year old mother with Duncan, two years, and Alasdair, five months. Living in Balmain with a small garden, John and I were renovating. I was lonely, needing mental stimulation after ten years of teaching in Early Childhood Education, and friends for Duncan and myself.\nI was introduced to Julie Campbell, a New Zealander teacher living in the area and organising a little \"Playcentre\" in Adolphus Street, Balmain, just around the corner. Six mothers and their children, meeting once a week, for play and chatter. \"Would I like to come?\" \"Yes!!\" It was wonderful, meeting new friends and sociable Duncan loving every moment. Julie had returned to university and quite soon invited me to organize the group. Additional mothers and children were coming and soon we were overcrowded. Wishing to continue and extend the group, we needed new premises. Reverend John Booth, of St John's, Birchgrove, invited us to use their premises, including an open grassed outside area.\nOur husbands built a sandpit and made easels, and the kids had a lovely open area. We rostered the mothers to bring paint, playdough and junk, and provide activities. Stories and music were routine activities. Our local butcher gave us large sheets of \"butcher's paper\" - remember those days? We shared fruit and juice and a \"cuppa\" and chat at morning tea time.\nNew mothers and children were visiting and joining all the time. The grapevine was spreading far and wide! Soon two mornings a week, then adding afternoon sessions to accommodate everyone. After one year we had a membership of 45 families, with at least 20 children each session.\nThe interest generated by these \"play\" sessions grew rapidly across Sydney suburbs, into the country, and even to Kalgoorlie, WA, where one visiting mother started a group of Indigenous people.\nThe initial cost was $1 membership and 30c per family per session, covering very basic needs. As mothers played with their children, supervising and running activities, child welfare regulations of child to adult ratio did not apply as required for Pre Schools and Child Care.\nAgain we soon outgrew our space, inundated daily with visiting mothers and children keen to learn how to develop their own groups. We would not turn anyone away.\nIn early 1972 Reverend Andrew Soos of St Andrew's Church, Campbell Street, Balmain, invited us to use the crypt at the back of his church, with the additional bonus of a huge outside area, accessed by a back lane, with chooks in a nearby garden. Copious storage and permission granted to add swings, a sandpit, climbing equipment and grass. An independent telephone number for the evolving group of centres was urgent. John and I had been sole contact. My amazing, patient husband helped with calls or the children, as we were now receiving calls from 7 in the morning until 10pm - FRANTIC!\nIt became apparent that we needed a volunteer rostered office, to establish an Association with Solicitor, Insurance coverage and a Treasurer. Noel Bracks volunteered as Solicitor, Gordon Waddell and Rex Russel as Insurance brokers - husbands, of course, of involved mothers. In such a grass roots organization the multi skills of members were being put to good use. It was also becoming apparent we needed some financial backing.\nA New Zealander, Lex Grey, came to our attention, working at Sydney University, under the Bernard van Leer Foundation, on Aboriginal Family Education Centres (AFEC). He was working with Aboriginal country women, based on a Maori program, helping to train them to educate their own young children, using natural materials and observation of early development - thus \"learn and play\". Lex had written \"Look and Listen\" and developed a \"Parent Effective Programme\". Lex encouraged us to begin our own Association, to offer advice, and if parents were interested they could enrol in a three year course, which many did. AFEC was unable to offer financial backing to us but willing to give information to families.\nIn April 1972 we held our inaugural meeting of the Playgroup Association of N.S.W.. Unlike New Zealand Playcentres where a supervisor organized each session, our philosophy was to have a mother\/child based session with parents in charge, planning, supervising and being with their own and other families, supporting each other. I was elected first President, holding the position from 1972 to 1974.\nThus began campaigns of advertising, including newspapers, radio and TV interviews, \"A Current Affair\" with Simon Townsend, articles in Women's Day, notice boards in Baby Health Centres, shopping malls - everywhere, anywhere. Our very proactive Sister Johns of Balmain Baby Health Centre visited and recommended our playgroups to many mothers and those needing a social outlet and support.\nOur first playgroup magazine, \"Totline\", was printed on 1st October 1972, with the logo designed by Anne Beverley, portraying the circle of parent and children. Incorporated within the magazine were ideas for craft, fingerplay songs and a list of 19 established playgroups and contact addresses. This led to the publication of \"How to Form a Playgroup.\"\nIn 1973, with another Committee Member, we went to Canberra, applying for a grant from \"The Australian Council of the Arts\" - unfortunately we were not successful. With the establishment of the Association and the voluntary manned office in Campbell St., the pressure was slightly eased. Playgroup days had become so busy I had little time for my boys and they and I often arrived home frustrated and exhausted. But, it was all worthwhile.\nAs the movement grew, so did outside and professional interest develop, including from the following:\n\nMacquarie Uni Sociology Students\nWestern Sydney Metropolitan Community Health\nregarding benefits for the mental health of women\nAnn Gash of Mona Vale Hospital, community health worker\nPlaygroups in hospitals\nToy libraries\nNational Youth Orchestra under Robert Millar invited playgroups to listen to the music, participate - stamping around the hall, then play and touch the instruments - magical. \"Introduction to the Orchestra\".\n\nWe recognized early on to set a limit of 30 children at each session, and support playgroups in their own areas. By the second birthday of the Playgroup Association of NSW we had 290 registered groups and publications available. These included:\n\nHow to Start a Playgroup\nKids Move\nKids Make\nParent Education Books\nGuidelines\n\nIn 1974 at the Annual General Meeting Helen Bradfield was voted as next President. To Helen and all the future Presidents, Committee Members, and indeed the parents and children who have gone on to continue and develop the Association, I salute and thank them, for a dream accomplished and established for our special Australian children - then and now and the future and my grandchildren.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/totline-journal-of-the-playgroup-association-of-n-s-w\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/playgroup-in-action\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/how-to-start-a-playgroup\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Maddern, Philippa Catherine", "Entry ID": "AWE6074", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/maddern-philippa-catherine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Albury, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic", "Summary": "Phillipa Maddern studied medieval English history at the University of Melbourne. In 1985 she took her Doctor of Philosophy at Oxford University, before returning to Melbourne in 1986.\nPhillipa took up a position at the University of Western Australia in 1989, where she became a much-loved and respected lecturer on medieval history, as well as a teacher of English to newly-arrived migrants. She was also a mentor to many.\nIn 2009 Philippa became a Winthrop Professor of History; a position one step above Professor. Two years later she became the foundation Director of the ARC Centre of Excellence for History of Emotions.\n", "Details": "Philippa Catherine Maddern died at the height of her scholarly career. From her early studies at the University of Melbourne her academic work was in medieval English history, with a steady focus on women and everyday life, and she took her research well beyond the ivory towers. She gave extension courses, wrote for the newspapers and in the words of one obituary, 'enthralled everyone with her tales from the past, even the nursing staff in hospital.'[1]\nPip Maddern was born in Wodonga, the daughter of Ivan Maddern, principal of Morwell High School and his wife Elsie, described by friends as a 'woman of great empathy, strength and energy, with a wicked sense of fun. In different circumstances she could have run the country'.[2] She shared her family's musical talents, singing during her University years with the Queen's College choir and later studying the violin.\nHaving graduated from Melbourne Pip Maddern took her DPhil at Oxford in 1985 with a thesis published as Violence and Social Order: East Anglia 1422-1442.[3] Returning to Melbourne in 1986, she took up a position at the University of Western Australia in 1989. There she became a much-admired lecturer and public speaker on medieval history as well as a teacher of English to newly-arrived migrants and mentor to students and young friends. She published widely in scholarly journals, notably Parergon and co-edited several monographs.\nIn 2009 she became Winthrop Professor of History, a position introduced as part of a new academic career structure for UWA and defined as one career step above that of Professor. In 2011 she became the foundation Director of the ARC Centre of Excellence for History of Emotions. The Centre investigates how European societies thought, felt and functioned from 1100 to 1800 and the impact those changes have on life in Australia today. It is based at the universities of Adelaide, Melbourne, Queensland, Sydney and Western Australia with activities ranging from conferences and exhibitions to performances of Baroque music.\nThe Centre noted that she led an innovative program of research with a major transformative impact on the field through a strongly interdisciplinary approach.[4] She was frequently heard on the ABC, for example, in 2012, in a broadcast entitled 'What, Can't I Stand Here? History of Emotions, Europe 1100 to 1800'.[5]\n[1] Charles Zika & Susan Broomhall. 'Philippa (Pip) Maddern (1952-2014)'. Australian Historical Studies. v. 45 no. 3(2014): 450-451.\n[2] Matthew Champion & Michael Champion. 'Remembering Pip'. University of Western Australia. University News. July 2014.\n[3] Philippa C. Maddern. Violence and Social Order: East Anglia 1422-1442. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992.\n[4] Australian Research Council Centre for the History of Emotions. 'Memorial Page for Founding Director Philippa Maddern'. Http:\/\/www.historyofemotions.org.au\/about-the-centre\/memorial-page-for-founding-director-philippa-maddern\n[5] Encounter, broadcast Saturday 18 August 2012. http:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/radionational\/programs\/encounter\/what2c-can27t-i-stand-here3f\/4202460.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/40-years-40-women-biographies-of-university-of-melbourne-women-published-to-commemorate-the-40th-anniversary-of-the-international-year-of-women\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McDonagh, Paulette de Vere", "Entry ID": "AWE6095", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcdonagh-paulette-de-vere\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Film director, Film producer", "Summary": "Paulette was one of three remarkable sisters who made history by becoming the first Australian women to own and run a film production company.\nThe trio were inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women in 2001.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)" }, { "Title\/Name": "McDonagh, Phyllis Glory", "Entry ID": "AWE6096", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcdonagh-phyllis-glory\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Film producer, Journalist, Writer", "Summary": "Paulette was one of three remarkable sisters who made history by becoming the first Australian women to own and run a film production company.\nThe trio were inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women in 2001.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)" }, { "Title\/Name": "McDonagh, Isabella (Isabel) Mercia", "Entry ID": "AWE6097", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcdonagh-isabella-isabel-mercia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "London, Middlesex, England", "Occupations": "Actor", "Summary": "Paulette was one of three remarkable sisters who made history by becoming the first Australian women to own and run a film production company.\nThe trio were inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women in 2001.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)" }, { "Title\/Name": "Morgan, Jenny", "Entry ID": "AWE6099", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/morgan-jenny\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist, Professor, Scholar", "Summary": "Jenny Morgan is a feminist legal scholar with a particular interest in theories of equality, reproductive issues, especially abortion law reform, and violence against women including sexual assault and the use by men of the provocation defence. She served as a member of the Committee for Gender Studies at the University of Melbourne from 1988.\n", "Details": "Jenny Morgan was born in 1954 in Sydney, daughter of Elizabeth ( Betty) Morgan ( nee Taylor), a canteen supervisor and cook, and Rowland Bonner Morgan, an accountant. She has an older sister Ann -Marie. She was educated at the Sydney Church of England Girls' Grammar School in Darlinghurst and finished her secondary schooling in 1972 at the Anglican girls' school in Wahroonga, Abbotsleigh. She enrolled the following year at the University of Sydney, originally studying Science and then transferring to Arts, majoring in Psychology and Anthropology. She graduated BA Honours ( first class) in 1977.\nAfter a year in the Federal Public Service she commenced a part-time law degree in 1979, first at the Australian National University and then in Sydney, graduating LLB at the University of New South Wales in 1984. Meantime she held the position of Research Officer at the Law Foundation of New South Wales from 1979 to 1982. The main project she focused on was an evaluation of the system of newly established dispute resolution centres. This was followed by study for an LLM at Yale University from 1986-87, where she read feminist legal theory.\n Jenny was appointed to the Faculty of Law at Monash University from 1985 to 1987 as Tutor\/Senior Tutor, and to a lectureship in the Law Faculty of the University of Melbourne in 1988. The various roles she carried out within the Law School included work on staff mentoring and equal opportunity issues, including during her period as Deputy Dean 2003-2007. She was appointed interim Dean in July 2017 while the search for the new Dean occurred.\nShe undertook also, a number of tasks across the University, including serving on Arts, Medicine, FBE Professorial Appointments Committees, and Promotions Committees and the University Appointments and Promotions Committee. She served on the University Equal Opportunity Committee and Affirmative Action Committees; drafted the staff-student sexual relationships policy and assisted in various iterations of the sexual harassment policies; and she is currently on the University Appointments and Promotions Committee.\nHer external roles have included serving on the Government Bodies: the Social Security Appeals Tribunal; the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission; the Australian Law reform Commission (reference on equality for women before the law); Member, Sentencing Advisory Council; Member, Police Registration and Service Board: various committee roles at VicHealth on their violence against women portfolio. She has also served on the management committee or chaired the boards of various organisations including CASA House( Centre Against Sexual Assault); Women's Domestic Violence Crisis Service; and the Women's legal Service.\nHer most recent publications include the media coverage of violence against women.\nJenny Morgan lives in Melbourne with her partner Peter Hanks, QC and has two step-children, Tom and Caitlin.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ormiston, Isabel", "Entry ID": "AWE6111", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ormiston-isabel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Albury, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Australia", "Occupations": "Doctor", "Summary": "Dr Isabel Ormiston had been working with the Red Cross in London before enlisting in the war effort in World War I. She worked at the Queen of the Belgians' Hospital at Ostend and La Panne (1914-1915), the Wounded Allies Relief (W.A.R.) Hospital Montenegro (1916-1917), British Red Cross Depot Egypt (1916), and the W.A.R. Hospital Limoges.\nDr Ormiston was awarded the Montenegrin Red Cross and Orders of Danilo and the Nile. She later took up the position of Senior Lady Medical Officer, Egyptian Ministry of Education and in 1928 was awarded an MBE.\n", "Details": "A graduate of the University of Sydney, Dr Isabel Ormiston joined the Wounded Allies Relief Committee in London and set up in Ostend's hydro-spa hotel, Le Kursaal, in late September 1914. She was in charge of 14 staff and a 60-bed hospital.\nOn October 15, Isabel, along with the English Matron and Belgian Dr Emile Van de Watte, remained at her post in The Kursaal as a 60,000 strong German army marched over the fine bridge that spanned the Ostend harbour. For her 'conspicuous bravery and devotion to duty' during these events, Isabel received the King's medal, the Order of Leopold of Belgium.\nIn 1920, Isabel married Major (Maj) Chudleigh Garvice DSO, Commandant of the Alexandria Police. He died within a year of their marriage.\nAfter the war, Isabel worked a senior medial officer for the Ministry of Education, Cairo, Egypt.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/studio-portrait-of-major-maj-chudleigh-garvice-dso-commandant-of-the-alexandria-police\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/studio-portrait-of-bride-dr-isabel-ormiston-on-her-marriage-to-major-maj-chudleigh-garvice-dso-commandant-of-the-alexandria-police\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/martha-isabel-ormiston\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/medal-card-of-ormiston-isabel-corps-french-red-cross-rank-doctor\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Forster, Laura Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE6112", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/forster-laura-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ryde, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Zaleshchiki, Galicia, Ukraine", "Occupations": "Doctor, Nurse, Surgeon", "Summary": "Dr Laura Forster was the first Australian doctor to head to the war in Belgium. She joined the British Field Hospital in Antwerp in September 1914.\nLaura's sister, Mrs H. E. Kater, provided funding to the Sydney University Women's College in her memory, which was to provide for a series of lectures on hygiene. There was also a scholarship in her name.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/medal-card-of-forster-laura-corps-british-field-hospital-for-belgium\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Brown, May Victoria", "Entry ID": "AWE6120", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brown-may-victoria\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Miner, Publican", "Summary": "May Victoria Brown was a miner, publican and business woman who played a pivotal role in the Northern Territories social and economic development, particularly in the areas mining industry. She was a flamboyant and outspoken woman who led a very colourful life.\n", "Details": "May Brown made her first trip to the Northern Territory in June 1890, where she helped her sister and brother-in-law run the Terminus Hotel in Darwin. She made several visits to the Territory between then and 1901, when she married George Seale, a former Australian amateur boxing champion.\nMay and George had their first and only child George in 1902. Her husband died in March 1906 after suffering from pleuro-pneumonia for seven weeks. A little over six months later, May married James Burns, one of the partners in the rich Wolfram Camp mine near Pine Creek in the Norther Territory. May and George arrived in the Territory in January 1907. Their wealth from the mine enabled May to travel regularly and widely.\nMay helped her husband work the mine and eventually the pair bought out their partner. In 1912 James died from alcoholism and May inherited everything. However, within seven months of James' death, May married Charles Albert 'Bert' Brown.\nWith the outbreak of the First World War the demand for wolfram increased rapidly, as did the price of May's mine. By 1916 it was acknowledged as the richest mine of its kind in Australia, at a value of 20,000 pounds. May helped the war effort in many ways; she joined the Red Cross and helped raise much-needed funds.\nMining from Wolfram Hill had virtually ceased by July 1919 and in need of an income to support her extravagant lifestyle, May turned to the hotel trade. She won the lease of Darwin's Hotel Victoria when the Gilruth administration had ended its hold on the hotel trade in 1921. In 1926 Hotel Victoria was offered to Christina Gordon, who obliged but also transferred her lease on the Playford Hotel in Pine Creek on to May. In the same year, her beloved Bert died of malaria in Queensland.\nUnfortunately May was reckless with her money and by 1934 she was in great financial trouble, with her extravagant lifestyle and the Great Depression both taking their toll. By February she was forced to forfeit both her Wolfram Hill and Crest of the Wave Mines for 'non-payment of rent and non-compliance of labour conditions'.\nMay eventually moved to Sydney and on 23 July 1939 she passed away, virtually penniless.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wrightson, Patricia", "Entry ID": "AWE6129", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wrightson-patricia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Lismore, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Children's writer", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-patricia-wrightson-between-approximately-1950-and-2000\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rodd, Benison", "Entry ID": "AWE6135", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rodd-benison\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Laurieton, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Painter", "Summary": "Bennison Rodd is the daughter of Australian writers Kylie Tennant and Lewis Charles Rodd.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-curse-of-cliff-view-2008-manuscript-by-benison-rodd\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-kylie-tennant-1891-1989-bulk-1933-1988-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kylie-tennant-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Plumwood, Val", "Entry ID": "AWE6137", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/plumwood-val\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Terry Hills, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Author, Environmentalist, Feminist, Lecturer, philosopher, Teacher", "Summary": "Val Plumwood was an eminent Australian environmental philosopher.\n", "Details": "Val Plumwood was born on 11 August 1939 in Terry Hills, Sydney. She started her first year of philosophy at Sydney University in 1956 and, after a short break, resumed her studies in the 1960s.\nVal taught at Macquarie University, Murdoch University, the University of Tasmania, North Carolina State University and the University of Montana. She published widely during the seventies, including papers with Richard Routley (her second husband) and four books. At the time of her death, she was working on a further two manuscripts.\nIn the 1970s Val was a prominent member of a group of philosophers at the Australian National University who formed the first wave of Australian environmental philosophy. She was also an important environmental activist, and in the 1970s and 1980s was instrumental in a campaign to save rainforests in eastern Australia.\nVal received a PhD from the Australian National University in 1990 was a member of the university's Social and Political Theory Program, Research School of Social Sciences. She held visiting professorships at the University of California-Berkeley in the US, McMaster University in Ontario, Canada, the University of Lancaster in the UK and the University of Frankfurt in Germany. Val was also a Fellow at the Australian National University, first as an Australian Research Council fellow and later as a Visiting Fellow of the Fenner School of Environment & Society.\nVal passed away in late February 2008.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-val-plumwood-philosopher-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-judith-wright-1944-2000-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rockwell, Coralie Joy", "Entry ID": "AWE6138", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rockwell-coralie-joy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Woden Valley, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Musician, Teacher", "Details": "Coralie Joy Rockwell undertook her tertiary studies at the University of Sydney, receiving an Honours degree in music in 1966 and a Diploma of Education in 1967. Coralie won a scholarship to UCLA and completed a Masters Degree in ethnomusicology in 1969.\nAfter returning to Sydney, Coralie sang alto with the Leonine Consort, the Sydney University Renaissance Players and the ANU Choral Society (SCUNA) in the 1960s and 1970s. She taught at high schools and colleges in Sydney and Canberra, and was instrumental in the foundation of the first non-Western music course at the Canberra School of Music, where she also taught.\nShe undertook research in Indonesia and South Korea, specialising in the kayagum (12-string zither). In 1975 Coralie returned to Canberra to study Chinese and later completed the Chinese major at CCAE. She spent three years with her husband Michael Sawer in Shanghai and Beijing, teaching English, studying Chinese language and researching Chinese music. From 1988 to 1990 she undertook doctoral research at the University of Sydney. Sadly, this work remains incomplete.\nCoralie was an active member of the Musicological Society of Australia (MSA), serving as President of its ACT Chapter from 1987 until 1989. She worked hard to forge links with the Shanghai Conservatorium, and to establish a gamelan ensemble at the School of Music and ANU, linked with the Indonesian Embassy. She also published widely and contributed to various MSA conferences, seminars and publications.\nAfter her death in 1991, the Coralie Rockwell Foundation was formed and raised funds to purchase an Indonesian gamelan orchestra for the Canberra School of Music.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-and-recordings-of-coralie-rockwell\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pearce-Jones, Ruth Esther", "Entry ID": "AWE6153", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pearce-jones-ruth-esther\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Soprano", "Summary": "Ruth Pearce-Jones was a Sydney Soprano singer. She studied in both Austria and London before returning to Australia in 1939 with a signed contract with the Australian Broadcasting Commission. She went on an inter-state tour lasting eight weeks.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scrap-albums-1938-1956-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bryant, Millicent Maude", "Entry ID": "AWE6155", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bryant-millicent-maude\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wellington, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Aviator, Pilot", "Summary": "Millicent Bryant was the first woman in the in Australia to gain a pilot's license.\n", "Details": "Millicent Bryant was 49 when she became the first woman in Australia to receive a category 'A' private pilot's license, with her test undertaken at the Australian Aero Club of New South Wales on 23 March 1927.\nMillicent competed in the inaugural Ladies Oakes flying race on 6 October 1927 and came second with Margaret Reardon coming first and Evelyn Follett coming third in the three-entrant race. Millicent's last recorded flight in her logbook was on 10 October 1927.\nTragically Millicent was killed on 3 November 1927 in the Greycliffe ferry accident on Sydney Harbour.\nIn 2001 Millicent was inducted into the National Pioneer Women's Hall of Fame and in 2007 the Australian Women Pilot's Association attached an official plaque to Millicent's tombstone, to mark the 80th anniversary of her pilot's license.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-millicent-bryant-1927-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Schlunke, Juliet", "Entry ID": "AWE6157", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/schlunke-juliet\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Temora, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Author", "Summary": "Juliet Schlunke grew up on a sheep and wheat farm in Temora, New South Wales, until she was 16. Schlunke went to Sydney in 1967 and studied art at various technical colleges and John Olsen's Bakery Art School.\nIn 1976, having travelled in the United States and Europe, she settled in Madrid. Schlunke began painting fabrics in 1981 and has worked with decorators in Madrid, Studio Bach in Geneva, Paris and Provence.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-juliet-schlunke-2009-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-juliet-schlunke-artist-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/juliet-schlunke-australian-art-and-artists-file\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/juliet-schlunke-art-artist-files-australia-and-new-zealand-juliet-schlunke\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "White, Myrtle Rose", "Entry ID": "AWE6164", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/white-myrtle-rose\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Port Hedland, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Novelist", "Summary": "Myrtle Rose White was an author who published a small number of works, including No Roads Go By, which was an account of life at Lake Elder, South Australia.\nMyrtle produced two sequels to her debut publication; Beyond the Western Rivers in 1955 and From That Day To This in 1961.\nAlthough she also wrote three novels, only For Those That Love It (1933) was published.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-myrtle-rose-white-1940-1961-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-myrtle-rose-white-author-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gadsdon, Joan", "Entry ID": "AWE6168", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gadsdon-joan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "London, England", "Occupations": "Art teacher, Artist, Ballerina, Dancer", "Summary": "As a ballet dancer, Joan Gadsdon toured with the Kirsova Ballet and, from 1944, with Edouard Borovansky's company in Australia.\nJoan emigrated to London in 1947 and danced with the Metropolitan Ballet. She also performed in The Boy Friend on the West End for a number of years.\nAfter her retirement from dancing, Joan worked as a portrait artist and art teacher.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-joan-gadsdon-circa-1937-2003-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pearl, Patricia (Paddy) Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE6171", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pearl-patricia-paddy-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Drummoyne, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sandy BaySandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia", "Occupations": "Medical receptionist, Philanthropist", "Details": "Patricia (Paddy) Pearl completed her Leaving Certificate at Stella Maris College in Manly. She then studied physiotherapy and became a medical receptionist.\nPaddy had a short, unhappy first marriage, before marrying author, historian and journalist Cyril Alston Pearl in 1965. Together the pair researched, wrote and worked together on Cyril's books, travelling all over the world. Back in Australia, Paddy and Cyril lived in Paddington and joined the Paddington Society. After Cyril's death in 1987, Paddy continued to lead a varied and active life. She moved to Tasmania in 1994 after purchasing the heritage-listed Campania House in the Coal River Valley, and there she learnt about cattle and fences on the 22 hectare property.\nIn 2009 Paddy sold her restored c.1813 home. The property was sold for $1.54 million and a substantial portion of the money was donated to the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, where it was used to establish a three-year PhD scholarship to support research into children's diseases.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-cyril-and-paddy-pearl-1853-2009-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/paddy-pearl-interviewed-by-diana-ritch-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-sir-harold-white-and-lady-elizabeth-white-1911-1992-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McMaugh, Alison", "Entry ID": "AWE6176", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcmaugh-alison\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kempsey, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Webberville, Michigan, United States of America", "Occupations": "Art teacher, Painter", "Details": "Alison McMaugh studied at the National Art School in Sydney. She taught at Newcastle Girls' Grammar School before she left Australia for London in 1957 and in 1959 she married American art student James 'Jim' L. Adley. Alison returned with her husband to Michigan where she became Professor of Art at Michigan University.\nAlison was a prominent member of the American feminist art movement and taught at several institutions in Australia and the USA. Although based in America, Alison kept close ties with Australia.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-alison-mcmaugh-2008-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alison-mcmaugh-australian-art-and-artists-file\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wagner-art-gallery-australian-gallery-file\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Holmes, Margaret Joan", "Entry ID": "AWE6187", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/holmes-margaret-joan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Coffs HarbourCoffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Pacifist, Peace activist, Peace campaigner", "Summary": "Christian pacifist Margaret Holmes founded the NSW branch of the Women's International League of Peace and Freedom in 1959. Together, Margaret and WILPF NSW campaigned for issues such as Aboriginal rights, apartheid, chemical and biological warfare, the Vietnam War, prison reform, US bases and nuclear arms. Margaret was also an advocate for environmental issues.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Volk, Wilhelmina (Mina) Evangeline", "Entry ID": "AWE6193", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/volk-wilhelmina-mina-evangeline\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Carer, Secretary, Traveller", "Details": "Wilhelmina (Mina) Evangeline Volk married Albert (Bert) Johnson - a Canadian electrical engineer who worked on the Victorian State Electricity Commission's Yallourn Power Station - and together the pair travelled extensively. From 1928 to 1937 Mina and Bert travelled throughout Queensland, including Brisbane, Emerald and Mt Isa, and any other place Bert was able to gain employment.\nIn May 1937 Mina and Bert set sail on a world cruise on board the Juanita, which Bert had designed and built. They sailed to Port Douglas and Thursday Island, followed by Dutch New Guinea and the Dutch East Indies, before ending up in Singapore.\nThe pair decided to head back to Australia however, after they set sail in March 1939, they were blown off course. Their ship was eventually grounded in Broome two months later. Setting off on foot to find help, Mina and Bert were located in dense scrubland days later.\nAfter recuperating in Broome, the pair headed back to Mt Isa, where Bert had been offered a job in the mines. The journey overland took them five months.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-wilhelmina-volk-circa-1930-1993-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-adventurous-life-2010-manuscript-wilhelmina-evangeline-volk-26th-march-1893-20th-march-1993\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cullis-Hill, Eleanor Beresford", "Entry ID": "AWE6200", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cullis-hill-eleanor-beresford\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Warrawee, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Architect", "Summary": "Eleanor Cullis-Hill was a pioneer Australian female architect who worked in Sydney after the Second World War. She received her initial architecture training at the University of Sydney during the 1930s.\n", "Details": "Eleanor Cullis-Hill undertook an architecture course at the University of Sydney during the 1930s, followed by work experience at two Sydney firms.\nAfter her children were born and the Second World War was over, Eleanor worked professionally, undertaking some contract work for the New South Wales Housing Commission, before working freelance. Eleanor had full-time work from 1946 until her retirement in 1981.\nEleanor designed at least 30 houses and 50 sets of domestic alterations and additions, mostly in her local area of Warrawee. In addition, she designed several kindergartens, various rooms at her church, and a number of buildings at the Gib Gate school in Mittagong, New South Wales.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-eleanor-cullis-hill-1938-1980-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Abbott, Hilda Gertrude", "Entry ID": "AWE6203", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/abbott-hilda-gertrude\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Eucumbene Station, near Adaminaby, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Bowral, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Broadcaster, Interior decorator, Red Cross Worker, Secretary", "Summary": "Hilda Abbott was the first president of the Northern Territory Division of the Red Cross. She was also an author, broadcaster, and an interior decorator.\n", "Events": "Australian Red Cross, Northern Territory Division (1937 - 1946)", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-hilda-harnett-abbott\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hilda-and-c-l-a-abbott-papers-1906-1971-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/good-night-all-about-194-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-hilda-abbott-1951-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hilda-abbott-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/manuscript-letter-from-hilda-abbott-thanking-him-for-playing-for-a-dance-at-government-house-while-the-ran-flagship-was-in-port\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Holland, Dulcie Sybil", "Entry ID": "AWE6209", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/holland-dulcie-sybil\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Choir director, Composer, Organist, Pianist", "Details": "Composer and pianist Dulcie Holland trained at the New South Wales Conservatorium of Music and graduated in 1933 with her teacher's diploma. In addition to teaching, Dulcie completed further study at the Royal College of Music, London. On her return to Sydney she became a freelance composer, successfully writing various styles of music for many mediums.\nFrom 1967 to 1984 Dulcie was an examiner for the Australian Music Education Board and in 1977 she was appointed a Member in the General Division of the Order of Australia (AM) for services to music. Dulcie also received an honorary doctorate in music from Macquarie University and published extensively on the topic of music theory.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dulcie-holland-1931-2000-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dulcie-holland-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Chisholm, Miriam Strickland", "Entry ID": "AWE6210", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/chisholm-miriam-strickland\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Goulburn, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Goulburn, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Miriam Strickland Chisholm was born in 1901 to parents Frank Kerr and Jane Adela (Strickland) and she had three siblings. The family lived at the estate 'Kippilaw' in Goulburn, where they regularly held 'picnic races'.\nMiriam was an amateur historian, photographer and secretary of the Scottish-Australian Clan Chisholm Society of New South Wales. Her photography was displayed at many small exhibitions throughout the 1930s, particularly at those of the Society of Arts and Crafts. In 1937 Miriam's photograph titled 'Ruses Farm' was purchased by the Mitchell Library, after being on display at the Arts and Crafts Exhibition at the National Art Gallery.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-miriam-chisholm-1817-1981-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miriam-chisholm-collection-of-photographic-negatives-and-coloured-slides-picture\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "White, Kerry Maree", "Entry ID": "AWE6213", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/white-kerry-maree\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Bibliographer, Writer", "Summary": "Kerry White was a student at the University of Wollongong, as well as a tutor and lecturer at the institution in Australian literature and children's books. In 1989 she left the university to focus on bibliography and writing.\nDuring her career, Kerry has served on the board of the Poetry Australia Foundation and has been a judge for a number of literary awards, including the Children's Book Council of Australia Children's Book of the Year Awards. She has also published widely for Australian and international journals.\nIn addition to the resources listed below, Kerry White donated a significant number of Australian children's books to the National Library of Australia (see NLA Bib ID 6193099).\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-kerry-white-1981-2008-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ephemera-relating-to-the-kerry-white-collection-of-australian-childrens-books\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kerr, Joan", "Entry ID": "AWE6228", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kerr-joan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Art historian, Historian", "Details": "Eleanor Joan Lyndon was born in Sydney in 1938. She went to school at Somerville House, Brisbane, before studying English at the University of Queensland. Joan married James Kerr in 1960, after which time she became increasingly interested in art history. The family (which now included two children) moved to Switzerland in 1963 and then on to London. Here, in 1966, Joan enrolled in a two-year diploma in medieval art and architecture at the Courtauld Institute.\nJoan and her family returned to Australia in 1968 and the following year she undertook studies in fine arts at the Power Institute, Sydney University. After successfully completing her courses, Joan was offered a tutorship in fine arts, a position she held for five years. Joan then completed a Master of Arts on colonial church architecture before enrolling in a doctorate at the Institute of Advanced Architectural Studies at the University of York in 1974. Her husband James had also applied for a doctorate at the University of York, and after undertaking initial fieldwork in Australia, the pair set out for York in August 1975.\nThe Kerr's returned to Sydney in December 1977. Despite being accepted for the position of Senior Education Officer at the Art Gallery of New South Wales, Joan did not take up the position. Instead the family moved to Canberra, where James had been appointed Assistant Director of the Australian Heritage Commission. Joan applied for a job in fine arts at the Australian National University and was offered the position of tutor. Whilst living and working in Canberra, Joan also worked on projects in Sydney, as well as writing reviews of exhibitions on architectural themes. She also contributed to the exhibition Colonial Gothick: the Gothic Revival in NSW 1800-1850, which was held at Elizabeth Bay House during March and April 1979. The catalogue for the exhibition was published as a book, entitled Gothick Taste in the Colony of New South Wales.\nIn 1981 Joan began a probationary lectureship in fine arts at Sydney University, in addition to becoming a member of the architectural Advisory Panel of the National Trust of Australia. It was around this time that Joan began writing and editing one of her most significant works: The Dictionary of Australian Artists: painters, sketchers, photographers and engravers to 1870. At the time of its publication in 1992, the text contained almost 2,500 entries. Another of her major works, Heritage: the national women's art book, was released in 1995. Heritage celebrated a program of nation-wide exhibitions which Joan masterminded. To commemorate the 20th anniversary of International Women's Year in 1995, 146 galleries, museums and libraries around Australia held simultaneous exhibitions of work by female artists under the umbrella of the National Women's Art Exhibition.\nJoan was elected a fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities in 1993 and two years later she was awarded the National Trust senior heritage award. In 1994 Joan moved to the University of New South Wales, where she worked as a research professor in art history and theory at the College of Fine Arts. She left this position in 1997 to become inaugural professor and convenor of program in Australian art at the Centre for Cross-Cultural Research, Australian National University. Joan eventually returned to the College of Fine Arts as a visiting professor.\nIn 2001 Joan Kerr was awarded the Centenary Medal 'for service to Australian society and the humanities in the study of Australian arts'. Additionally, in 2003, she became the second woman to be granted an honorary life membership of the Royal Australian Historical Society for services to Australian History.\nOn 14 June 2004 Joan was also awarded a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) 'for service to education and to the arts, particularly through research in the fields of architecture and art history, and through encouraging the study and recognition of Australian women artists'.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-joan-kerr-1980-2005-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-relating-to-the-national-womens-art-exhibition-1995-1992-1995-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joan-kerr-interviewed-by-martin-thomas-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "von Bertouch, Anne Catherine", "Entry ID": "AWE6241", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/von-bertouch-anne-catherine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Eastwood, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Art dealer, Author, Environmentalist, Gallery Owner", "Summary": "Anne Catherine Whittle was born in Eastwood, New South Wales, to parents George and Jean (Duff). She attended Sydney Girls' High School and Armidale Teachers College. In 1939 she married Roger von Bertouch and, after moving to Tasmania, they both taught, and Anne also studied art at Hobart Technical College.\u202fThe pair moved to Myall Lakes in 1951, followed by Newcastle, where Anne founded the Von Bertouch Galleries in 1963.\nAnne was awarded honorary masters degrees by both Newcastle and New England universities. In the Queen's Birthday Honours of 1979, Anne was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) 'for service to the visual arts' and in 2001 she was awarded the Centenary Medal 'for service to the community'. The following year, Newcastle University awarded her an honorary doctorate of letters for service to both the arts and the community.\nAnne von Bertouch was also recognized in Newcastle as a Freeman of the City.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-anne-von-bertouch-circa-1960-circa-1999-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-anne-von-bertouch-author-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/diary-correspondence-and-memorabilia-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kingsley-Strack, Joan Goldie", "Entry ID": "AWE6242", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kingsley-strack-joan-goldie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Coffs HarbourCoffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal rights activist, Artist, Painter", "Summary": "Joan Kingsley-Strack was, for a time, secretary of the Aboriginal Citizenship Committee. She joined the Aborigines Progressive Association (APA) and alongside its leaders Pearl Gibbs and Bill Ferguson, called for the abolition of the Aborigines Protection Board.\nJoan was also an artist, specialising in china painting.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-joan-kingsley-strack-1908-1978-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Day, Lynette Therese", "Entry ID": "AWE6246", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/day-lynette-therese\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Marrickville, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "NowraNowra, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Writer", "Summary": "Lynette Therese Day was the recipient of over 50 Australian literary awards and produced a number of published works, including The spirit of a Scot: an anthology of the poetry of Lynette Therese Day.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-therese-day-1979-1988-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Millerd, Alison (Adele)", "Entry ID": "AWE6247", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/millerd-alison-adele\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Lecturer, Plant biochemist, Scientist", "Summary": "Plant biochemist Adele Millerd was one of Australia's first female Fulbright Scholars.\n", "Details": "Alison (Adele) Millerd was born in Sydney in 1921. As both her parents were school teachers her family moved regularly, and Adele mostly attended schools where her father taught.\nIn 1940 Adele won an exhibition to the University of Sydney and she lived at Women's College while she studied chemistry for three years. During her studies, she offered tuition to other women who had not studied science at school. Adele worked for a time at the Riverstone Meatworks, however soon moved on to a private pathology practice where she was responsible for their biochemistry.\nWhen the University of Sydney became inundated with returned soldiers in 1945, Adele joined the biochemistry department and, as a teaching fellow, offered courses to medical and dental students. She enrolled in a masters course, majoring in biochemistry. She also lectured in that area.\nAdele received a Linnean Macleay fellowship for her research and after completing her masters, enrolled in a PhD. After a visit from Dr James Bronner of the Californian Institute of Technology, Adele applied for, and was awarded, a Fulbright scholarship to study in America. Adele was one of the two first female students, and the first scientist, to receive the scholarship.\nAdele returned from the United States in 1953 and was appointed a senior lecturer in the biochemistry department of the University of Sydney. She took study leave in 1959 at the McCollum Pratt Institute at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Adele once again returned to Australia and took up an appointment in agricultural chemistry at the Waite Institute, South Australia. She joined the genetics section of CSIRO's plant industry division in 1963 as a molecular biologist and biochemist, later transferring to the plant physiology section.\nDuring her time at the CSIRO, Adele took two periods of leave. First of all, she spent time at the University of California, San Diego, where she studied the accumulation of storage proteins in legume seeds. Adele also took leave after being awarded a Royal Nuffield fellowship, which saw her work as an overseas fellow at Churchill College, Cambridge. Adele retired from the CSIRO in 1982.\nAdele moved to Sydney in May 2017 to be near her relatives. She passed away in December 2017 at the age of 80.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/adele-millerd-interviewed-by-alice-garner-in-the-fulbright-scholars-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Walker, Brenda", "Entry ID": "AWE6249", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walker-brenda\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Critic, Editor, Lecturer, Novelist", "Summary": "Brenda Walker is a novelist, critic, essayist and editor. She has taught at the University of Western Australia since 1984 and is currently a Professor within the School of English and Cultural Studies.\n", "Events": "Asher Literary Award (2007 - 2007) \nNita B Kibble Award (2006 - 2006) \nNita B. Kibble Award (2011 - 2011) \nVictorian Premier's Award (non-fiction) Nettie Palmer Award (2010 - 2010)", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-brenda-walker-1989-1996-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-brenda-walker-author-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Phipson, Joan Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE6259", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/phipson-joan-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Warrawee, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Children's writer", "Summary": "Children's writer Joan Phipson was educated at Frensham School, New South Wales, and was later invited back to work as a printer and librarian. There she established Frensham Press. Later Joan studied journalism, worked for Radio 2GB and Reuters London, and also served with the Women's Australian Auxiliary Air Force.\nAfter meeting Colin Fitzhardinge during World War II, the pair married in 1944. Soon after she wrote her first award-winning novel, Good luck to the Rider, which won the Australian Children's Book of the Year award in 1953. By 1994 Joan had written 30 books and today she is best known for her quintessentially Australian children's books, which she produced during the 1950s and 1960s.\nJoan Phipson was awarded a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in 1994 for service to children's literature.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-joan-phipson-circa-1917-2000-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joan-phipson-interviewed-by-suzanne-lunney-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joan-phipson-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-joan-phipson-childrens-author-sound-recording-interviewed-by-belle-alderman-and-albert-ullin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-joan-phipson-1973-1977-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-joan-phipson-author-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dawn-richardson-1970-2010-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hellyer, Jill", "Entry ID": "AWE6260", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hellyer-jill\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "GoulburnGoulburn, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Poet", "Summary": "Jill Hellyer was born in Sydney in 1925 to parents Harold and Ruby Hellyer. After the death of both parents and her brother Allan, Jill went to live with her aunts Elsie and Krissie, in Seaforth, New South Wales.\nShe attended North Sydney Girls' High School and studied English under Huldah Turner, who had a great influence on Jill's life. From age 11 Jill began writing poetry and as a young woman she joined the Fellowship of Australian Writers (FAW), later becoming secretary of the Sydney branch. In 1948 Jill married Conrad Stephan and together they had three children, Linda, Allan and Laurence.\nAlongside Walter Stone (FAW president), Dal Stivens and Alex Sheppard, Jill co-founded the Australian Society of Authors (ASA). She was the Society's first executive secretary, from 1964 until 1971. For her poetry, Jill won the verse prize in the 1963 Grenfell Henry Lawson Arts Awards and the Poetry Magazine Award in 1965. In 1969 she published her first collection of poems, titled The Exile, and the following year she accepted a Commonwealth literary fellowship and thus resigned from her ASA position. She published a novel, Not Enough Savages in 1975.\nJill was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) in 2006 'for service to literature as a poet and as a supporter of Australian writers through the Australian Society of Authors'.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-jill-hellyer-1944-2004-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jill-hellyer-reading-poetry-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jill-hellyer-interviewed-by-suzanne-lunney-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jill-hellyer-interviewed-by-ann-mari-jordens-in-the-public-lending-right-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-jill-hellyer-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1964-1980\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Creatrix, Cheryl Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE6266", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/creatrix-cheryl-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "SicilySicily, Italy", "Occupations": "Broadcaster, Editor, Poet, Publisher", "Summary": "Cheryl Creatrix and her former husband, Robert Adamson, were heavily involved in the Poetry Society of Australia and together they co-edited the Society's journal, New Poetry. Cheryl also published the journal, in addition to editing Prism Books.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-cheryl-creatrix-circa-1959-2004-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cheryl-adamson-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-rosemary-dobson-1923-2004-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cheryl-creatrix-australian-art-and-artists-file\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fullarton, Nancy Edith (Nan)", "Entry ID": "AWE6267", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fullarton-nancy-edith-nan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Temora, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "LondonLondon, United Kingdom", "Occupations": "Artist, Author, Costume designer, Illustrator", "Summary": "Nancy Edith Fullarton was born in Temora, New South Wales, in 1913, to parents John and Lilian Fullarton. She attended Sydney Girls' High School and later Sydney Technical College as an art student. After her studies, Nancy worked as an artist in Sydney before turning to a career as a writer and illustrator of children's books. Her first book, The Alphabet from A to Z, sold 50,000 copies.\nIn addition to children's books, Nancy also produced comic strips. In 1948 her comic strip Frisky was published in a three-month trial in the Sydney Morning Herald and afterwards it became a permanent feature in the comic strip supplement of the Sunday Herald. Nancy also wrote and illustrated a comic-strip version of Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland stories.\nNancy moved to London with her daughter Christina in 1955 and there she continued producing comic strips. During her retirement, Nancy worked on programs and publicity and designed costumes for the London Ballet Theatre.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nan-fullarton-circa-1940-circa-1969-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-nan-fullarton-creator-of-frisky-cartoon-in-the-sun-herald-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mansell, Chris", "Entry ID": "AWE6269", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mansell-chris\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Editor, Playwright, Poet, Writer", "Summary": "Australian poet Chris Mansell worked as an editor and poet in Sydney in the 1970s and 1980s. Today, Chris continues to write, perform and edit, in addition to holding writing classes.\nDelta, Chris's first collection of poetry, was published in 1978 and since this time she has also written short prose, plays, and a children's book titled Little Wombat. Her work has been shortlisted for numerous awards and prizes, and she has held various writing and editing residencies.\nChris co-founded the literary magazine Compass Poetry and Prose in 1978, which she edited until 1987. She taught creative writing at the University of Wollongong from 1987 to 1989 and from 1989 at the University of Western Sydney. Chris then attended the National Institute of Dramatic Arts (NIDA) Playwright's Studio.\nSince the late 1980s Chris has been involved in poetry publishing. She was one of the founders of Five Islands Press and since 2002 she has run the independent poetry press PressPress.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-chris-mansell-circa-1970-2004-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-chris-mansell-poet-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Chadwick, Doris Annie", "Entry ID": "AWE6270", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/chadwick-doris-annie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Editor, Teacher", "Summary": "Doris Chadwick was born in 1899 to parents Sheldon Western Chadwick and his wife Annie. Her father was a former editor of the Daily Examiner and the Newcastle Morning Herald.\nDoris held a Bachelor of Arts degree and originally trained to be a secondary teacher, however she relinquished those duties to undertake journalistic work for the New South Wales Education Department. Doris was the assistant editor of the Department's School Magazine from July 1924 to 1948 and editor from 1949 to 1962.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/doris-chadwick-manuscript-history-of-school-education-in-australasia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-doris-chadwick-1942-1960-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-miss-doris-chadwick-editor-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Harrower, Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE6271", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/harrower-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Novelist", "Summary": "Elizabeth Harrower grew up in Newcastle, New South Wales, and lived in London from 1951 to 1959. After returning to Sydney, she worked for the Australian Broadcasting Commission, the Sydney Morning Herald and for a publishing firm. Throughout her life, Elizabeth has written a number of novels and short stories.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-elizabeth-harrower-1937-2005-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-elizabeth-harrower-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-harrower-interviewed-by-christine-williams-for-the-christine-williams-ms-8065-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-harrower-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-harrower-interviewed-by-jim-davidson-in-meanjin-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/audrey-blake-further-papers-1915-1998\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/audrey-blake-and-jack-blake-further-papers-1937-2004\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Keesing, Nancy Florence", "Entry ID": "AWE6272", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/keesing-nancy-florence\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Darling Point, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Hunters Hill Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Editor, Literary critic, Poet, Writer", "Summary": "Nancy Keesing's first collection of poems, Imminent Summer, was published in 1951. Since this time she published numerous books, in addition to editing and writing reviews for various journals and major Australian newspapers. She was employed by the Sydney magazine the Bulletin from 1951 until the birth of her first child in 1956.\nNancy was involved in the Sydney branch of the English Association and served on the committee for a number of years. She was also actively involved in the Australian Society of Authors (ASA) from 1964, and in 1969 she was elected to the management committee. Nancy edited an anthology of members' work, titled Transition, in 1970, and from 1971 to 1974 she edited the Society's journal Australian Author.\nIn 1973 Nancy was one of eleven writers and academics appointed to the new literature board of the Australian Council for the Arts, which she chaired from 1974 to 1977. In 1979 she was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for her services to Australian literature.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nancy-keesing-1942-1980-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-keesing-reading-poetry-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-keesing-interviewed-by-geoffrey-dutton-in-the-geoffrey-dutton-ms-7285-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-keesing-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-keesing-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-nancy-keesing-writer-and-critic-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-keesing-papers-1913-1993\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-keesing-papers-ca-1959-1974\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-keesing-further-papers-1939-1977\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-keesing-further-papers-ca-1931-ca-1987\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-keesing-further-papers-1940-1992-together-with-papers-concerning-nancy-keesing-collected-by-her-husband-mark-hertzberg-1993-1996\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-keesing-papers-1951-1962-mainly-regarding-old-bush-songs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-keesing-further-papers-1851-1914-1937-1941-1952-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-maxine-poynton-baker-relating-to-sydney-tomholt-1930-1981-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-from-australian-authors-1944-1970\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nancy-cato-1939-1995-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1928-1994-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/literary-papers-1969-1981-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-elizabeth-harrower-1937-2005-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-christina-stead-1937-1988-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-jill-hellyer-1944-2004-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-rosemary-dobson-1923-2004-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-kylie-tennant-1891-1989-bulk-1933-1988-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Macdougall, Augusta (Pakie)", "Entry ID": "AWE6275", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/macdougall-augusta-pakie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Waverley, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Business owner, Caf\u221a\u00a9 owner, Secretary", "Summary": "Augusta (Pakie) Macdougall was born in 1875 to parents Clara Ann and quarryman Benjamin Quiddington Poole. After attending Leichhardt Superior Public School, Augusta trained as a nurse at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, from 1902 to 1903.\nAugusta was the first student at Duncan McDougall's elocution school and the pair married in London on November 3, 1904. Whilst in London, Augusta joined the Women's Social and Political Union and also obtained a diploma from the London College of Music. Together Duncan and Augusta edited two anthologies, The Quaint Comedy of Love, Wooing & Mating (1907) and The Bond of Music (1907). In 1913 the family moved to the United States of America, before returning to Sydney in 1920. There Augusta was the secretary of the Playbox Society, which Duncan had established in 1923.\nAfter the pair separated in 1928, Augusta opened the Pakies Club in order to support herself. Sadly Augusta passed away on 8 May, 1945, after being hit by a military truck on Elizabeth Street. Her son, Robin, managed the Pakies Club until 1966.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Eade, Alexandra", "Entry ID": "AWE6276", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eade-alexandra\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wahroonga, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Gymnast", "Summary": "Alexandra Eade won a gold medal in the Gymnastics Floor Exercise at the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games.\n", "Events": "Gymnastics (Artistic) - Floor Exercise (2018 - 2018)" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ankudinoff, Ashlee", "Entry ID": "AWE6302", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ankudinoff-ashlee\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Greenacre, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Cyclist", "Summary": "Ashlee Ankudinoff won a gold medal in the 4000m Team Pursuit at the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games.\n", "Events": "Cycling (Track) - Member of the 4000m Team Pursuit (2018 - 2018)" }, { "Title\/Name": "Scott, Natasha", "Entry ID": "AWE6308", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scott-natasha\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Maitland, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Lawn Bowler", "Summary": "Natasha Scott won gold medals in the Lawn Bowls Triples and Fours at the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games.\n", "Events": "Lawn Bowls - Member of the Fours Team and Member of the Triples Team (2018 - 2018)" }, { "Title\/Name": "Urquhart, Donna", "Entry ID": "AWE6311", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/urquhart-donna\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Maclean, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Squash player", "Summary": "Donna Urquhart won a gold medal in the Squah Mixed Doubles at the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games.\n", "Events": "Squash - Mixed Doubles (with Cameron Pilley) (2018 - 2018)" }, { "Title\/Name": "Backhouse, Gillian", "Entry ID": "AWE6315", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/backhouse-gillian\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Penrith, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Triathlete", "Summary": "Gillian Backhouse won a gold medal in the Mixed Team Relay Triathlon at the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games.\n", "Events": "Triathlon - Member of the Mixed Team Relay (2018 - 2018)" }, { "Title\/Name": "Newson, Vivienne Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE6331", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/newson-vivienne-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Goulburn, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Mosman, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Women's advocate, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "Vivienne Newson was both the vice-president and president of the United Associations of Women, Sydney.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-vivienne-newson-1942-1971-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Young, Charis Else", "Entry ID": "AWE6343", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/young-charis-else\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Katoomba, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Occupational therapist", "Summary": "Charys Else Young was born in 1898 to parents Margaret and Charles Ernest Young. Charys was an occupational therapist and an active church member.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-charis-else-young-1834-1978-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Viidikas, Vicki", "Entry ID": "AWE6355", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/viidikas-vicki\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Poet", "Summary": "Vicki Viidikas had her first poem, At East Balmain, published when she was 19 years of age. Since that time, Vicki had her poetry and fiction published in many literary magazines and later she also produced several collections of poetry.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-vicki-viidikas-1976-1983-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vicki-viidikas-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vicki-viidikas-manuscript-collection-1917-1998\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-vicky-viidikas-poet-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-cheryl-creatrix-circa-1959-2004-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-rosemary-dobson-1923-2004-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bartlett, May", "Entry ID": "AWE6424", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bartlett-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse", "Summary": "Sister May Bartlett joined the Australian Army Nursing Service on 12 June 1915. In 1919 she was awarded the Royal Red Cross, 2nd Class. She worked at Perth Hospital for many years.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bartlett-may-sern-sister-pob-bathurst-nsw-poe-n-a-nok-bartlett-r-c\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bartlett-may-born-1885-bathurst\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Nicholls, Gladys", "Entry ID": "AWE6426", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nicholls-gladys\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": " Cummeragunja Aboriginal station, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Fairfield, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal rights activist", "Summary": "Lady Gladys Nicholls was a prominent Aboriginal activist for the Aboriginal community in urban Melbourne from the 1940s to 1970s. Alongside her husband Pastor Doug Nicholls, Gladys was an inspiration to many.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bannister, Louise (Lou)", "Entry ID": "AWE6441", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bannister-louise-lou\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Armidale, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community Leader, Feminist", "Summary": "Louise Bannister has been a trail blazer since birth. Born at 26 weeks in Armidale in NSW, she was described as a 'Miracle Midget' by the media when she eventually left hospital. Her first years of life were marked by bouts of rigorous physiotherapy which seemed like torture to a toddler. Thanks to the determination of her parents, all Lou's education was in mainstream public schools.\nLou's realisation of the power of advocacy was awakened during a year at high school in Seattle where she met a fellow student with complex disabilities whose spirited approach to changing the world served as a role model, and imbued Lou with a sense of disability pride.\nSeveral years after transferring to Canberra in 1991, WWDACT recruited Lou as a research officer to undertake the first-ever survey of women with disabilities in the ACT. A myriad of roles and project work followed, building her prominence in the community. She is now a much awarded leader in the ACT.\nAn effervescent personality is a key factor in how Lou interacts with everyone. She believes that a supportive style of leadership is more effective than anything hierarchical. Her feminist ideals are founded in a commitment to equity, and a belief that a diverse group of women can work together, to achieve a common goal.\nRead an interview with Louise Bannister in the online exhibition Redefining Leadership.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bamblett, Justine", "Entry ID": "AWE6445", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bamblett-justine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist, Leader", "Summary": "Born in Queanbeyan, Justine Bamblett has both Ngunnawal and Wiradjuri heritage, and this rich duality has shaped her world view. She is passionate about the role that leaders play in modelling strength and resilience to young people. Having the lived experience of mental illness has given her a deeper understanding of the importance of developing a sense of self-worth. Her leadership enables younger people to enjoy better quality of life. Justine projects an outgoing, open personality that enables others to approach her with questions about employment, mental health or life itself.\nJustine believes that education, coupled with community supports, is a key to shaping attitudes and understanding cultures. Misunderstanding results from ignorance of different religions and different cultures. Our lives are richer where there is diversity. Justine relates with empathy to people from all backgrounds and will try to help them in any way possible.\nJustine's aim is to foster an inclusive environment for those who see themselves as outsiders within our society.\nRead an interview with Justine Bamblett in the online exhibition Redefining Leadership.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "MacMahon, Lucy Gertrude", "Entry ID": "AWE6478", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/macmahon-lucy-gertrude\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cootamundra, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Anaesthetist, Medical practitioner", "Summary": "Lucy MacMahon graduated from the University of Sydney with her medical degree in 1924. She travelled to England and remained there during the World War II period. On return to Australia, MacMahon worked closely with her two brothers who were surgeons.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Walters, Anita", "Entry ID": "AWE6539", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walters-anita\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Rose Bay, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Nutritionist, Patent examiner, Supervisor", "Summary": "Anita Walters (n\u00e9e Osmond) compiled the first Australian nutritional content of foods table. Called Tables of composition of Australian foods, Special Report Series 2, the report was published by the National Health and Medical Research Council in 1946.\nAfter working in nutrition, Anita became Australia's first female supervising examiner of patents in the early 1970s.\n", "Details": "Anita Walters (n\u00e9e Osmond) was born in Rose Bay, Sydney in 1923. She attended primary school in Adelaide, high school in Canberra and the University of Sydney, where she earned her Bachelor of Science in 1942.\nIn her senior year, she was school captain and received awards in academic scholarship, community service, sportsmanship and a Public Service Board scholarship that enabled her to study at the University of Sydney.\nAnita's summer job before starting university in 1940 was as a laboratory assistant with the CSIRO researching Lucilia cuprina, an introduced green blowfly that lays eggs on sheep, resulting in 'flyblow' or 'fly strike', a significant health risk to sheep.\nAfter achieving her Bachelor of Science, Anita started work researching human nutrition at the Australian Institute of Anatomy (1931 - 1984), part of the Department of Health in Canberra, and located in the renowned art deco building now home to the National Film and Sound Archive.\nIn 1945, Anita compiled a monograph called Tables of composition of Australian foods, Special report series 2, published by the National Health and Medical Research Council in 1946. The publication, widely consulted by dieticians throughout Australian and New Zealand hospitals, is regarded as the first Australian source that identified the nutritional content of foods - protein, carbohydrate, calcium, iron, carotene, vitamin A, thiamin (B1) and vitamin C. It also included a ready-reckoner for the rapid calculation of recommended dietary allowances. Anita updated the booklet in 1948, and again in 1954, 1961, 1966 and 1968 with colleague, Winifred Ellen Wilson. The National Library of Australia holds copies of the books. Anita's well-loved copy has brown-edged pages, a faded blue cover and is practically falling apart.\nDuring her time with the institute, Anita visited Northern Territory missions and primary schools from Darwin to Alice Springs including the Hermannsburg Lutheran Mission (125 kilometres west of Alice Springs) investigating blood vitamin C levels in boys.\nShe then became chief nutrition officer with the Public Health Department of Tasmania for four years in the early 1950s. She visited Flinders, King and Cape Barren Islands and the West Coast including the abandoned mining town of Gormanston as part of Tasmania's goitre prevention scheme. She also travelled through North-West Tasmania presenting demonstrations on preparing wild rosehip syrup as a source of vitamin C for babies and children because orange juice was considered expensive.\nAnita eventually left the Public Health Department: 'I was paid women's wages, which were less than men's wages, but I did the same work!', she said. She went into patent law where, said Anita, 'there was equal pay for men and women!' She qualified as a patent attorney but did not practise. Later, she was appointed to the Attorney-General's Department after achieving Office of Examiner of Patent, Grade 2.\nAfter Anita married, she moved with her husband to Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. Her husband, who worked in the statistician's branch, Bureau of Statistics and Economics and was 'on loan' from the Australian government to the New Guinea government, assisted in setting up the first census program.\nAnita was one of the few Australian women in Port Moresby who did not work or have children to care for, so she joined the Port Moresby CWA and was president for two years. The CWA supplied lunches for the local primary schools and provided four rooms in the guest house for women going into hospital to have their babies in Port Moresby or Australia.\nThe couple moved back to Canberra and Anita resumed working at the Patent Office and became the first female supervising examiner in the early 1970s. She worked as a patent examiner until she retired in the mid-1970s.\nThe Walters had a holiday home on the Gold Coast, Queensland, which eventually became their permanent address. 'I feel very blessed to have done the things in my life that I have,' said Anita.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Turtle, Alison Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE6568", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/turtle-alison-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Neutral Bay, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Historian, Lecturer", "Summary": "Alison Turtle was the first person to write detailed historiographies of Australian psychology.\n", "Details": "Alison Turtle was the daughter of Charles Turtle and his wife Margery. She went to school at the Methodist Ladies College where she was Dux in 1955. Continuing to the University of Sydney she was awarded a Double first class honours in Psychology and History in 1961and an MA in 1963 with a thesis on evolution and psychology. She then went to London to study but returned in 1968 to a lectureship, which she held until she retired in1999. Amongst other things she studied and published on the first women psychologists in Australia - Lorna Hodgkinson in New South Wales, Constance Davey in South Australia and Ethel Stoneman in Western Australia. Her research on the historiography of psychology in Australia for the first time put the studies in a cultural context. She was interested in the teaching of psychology in the UK as well as Australia.\nAlison bought a house in Arundel Street next to the university main campus that was a focus for her many friends. Often described as 'forthright and fearless' Alison from the start spoke her mind writing to the University News in 1971 about a proposed new Arts Building: 'Does the University want to increase its facilities and population indefinitely, at the expense of the quality of the environment it is providing for its members?'\nShe was focussed on teaching and always very concerned about the needs of students, both day and evening at the university. At different times she worked on specific issues such as their problems with AIDS and the pressures of part-time study.\nFor several years she was active in the Sydney Association of University Teachers and was particularly involved with the struggle over superannuation and the position of women. In 1980 she started the Association of Women Employees of the University of Sydney for women inside the university.\nShe was very attached to her dogs and concerned about the ways in which canines were treated. After many years of retreating to Mount Wilson when the pressure became too great, she bought a home there in Farrer Road called Boikunumba, which she laboured to turn into a small native paradise. From this time on, she was active in Mount Wilson affairs. In 1985 she developed cancer, but through chemotherapy and care survived. The cancer returned twenty years later in an aggressive form and she died in April 2006 and was buried in Mount Wilson. A collection of psychology material was assembled at the university in her memory and was named for her.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/research-of-alison-m-turtle\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Commins, Kathleen Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE6569", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/commins-kathleen-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Parkes, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Killara, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Cricketer, Editor, Journalist, Tennis player", "Summary": "Kathleen Commins completed a Bachelor of Arts at Sydney University in 1931 and a Bachelor of Economics in 1934. During her time at university she was very active in the community. Kathleen was both secretary and president of the Women Evening Students' Association, a member of the students' representative council and director of the University Women's Union. In 1931 she was appointed the first female editor of Sydney University's magazine Hermes.\nKathleen began her freelance career in journalism in 1934 as a reporter of women's sport, and in 1948 she was appointed assistant to the chief of staff. Kathleen retired from this position in 1969, having been employed by The Sydney Morning Herald for 35 years.\nIn addition, Kathleen was also an incredible sportswoman. She captained and managed the New South Wales women's cricket team and also represented the state 'in the junior division of the Australian lawn tennis championships at Kooyong.'\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Stephens, Ethel Anna", "Entry ID": "AWE6572", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stephens-ethel-anna\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Painter", "Summary": "Ethel Anna Stephens was the first female member of the Council of the Art Society of New South Wales and also the preisdent of the Society of Women Painters.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ethel-stephens-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cosh, Janet Louise", "Entry ID": "AWE6612", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cosh-janet-louise\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ashfield, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Moss Vale, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Botanical collector, Botanist, Teacher", "Summary": "Janet Cosh was the only child of Dr John and Louise Cosh (n\u00e9e Calvert). Janet attended the University of Sydney, where she studied English, History and the Classics. She moved to the Southern Highlands in 1934, where she took a keen interest in local history and the natural environment. In her late sixties, Janet devoted her life to the study of the native flora of the Southern Highlands, New South Wales and became a highly respected amateur botanist. After Janet's death, her bequest to the University of Wollongong provided funds and botanical resources which were used to establish the Janet Cosh Herbarium.\n", "Details": "Janet Cosh was born in Sydney in 1901, the only child of Dr John and Louise Cosh (n\u00e9e Calvert). Janet was an educated woman who attended Sydney University where she studied English, History and the Classics. From 1923 to 1926 she taught Latin and English at her former school, Normanhurst Girls School. Her passion for natural history and botany was inspired by her parents and also her grandparents. In particular, her maternal grandmother Louisa Atkinson was a botanist, natural historian and writer who collected for the notable botanists Rev. Dr. William Woolls and Sir Ferdinand von Mueller. Janet's great grandmother, Charlotte Barton, raised four children under very tragic circumstances but still managed to write the first children's book to be published in Australia, A Mother's Offering to Her Children (1841), which mentions native flora and fauna and was an early example of Australian themes and experiences including colonisation and its effect on Aboriginal people.\nIn 1934, Janet moved to the Southern Highlands, New South Wales with her parents after her father retired from his medical practice in Sydney. They purchased 'Netherby' in Moss Vale where Janet lived for the rest of her life and was a member of the All Saint's Church at Sutton Forest. She was a dutiful daughter and cared for her parents until they died, her father in 1946 and mother in 1956. By then in her fifties, this quiet reserved woman was able to devote her time and passion to a systematic study of the history of the Southern Highlands and later botany. In both of these areas of interest she left permanent and accurate records. Janet is mentioned in the Australian Geographic (2019) as an 'incredible Australian woman in botany'.\nJanet collected cuttings from local newspapers and The Sydney Morning Herald, especially about local history and conservation. She was a member of the National Trust and founding member of the Berrima District Historical Society in 1960. The Royal Australian Historical Society encouraged and supported local societies by teaching research and cataloguing skills. From 1964 to 1977, Janet was the local society's archivist.\nIn the late 1960s, Janet concentrated her attention to the study of botany and collected numerous plant specimens to add to her knowledge. She made significant contributions to plant taxonomy, providing a rigorous basis for understanding the ecology and biodiversity of the native flora in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales. Janet was a frequent visitor to the Fitzroy Falls Visitors Centre, Morton National Park, where she stored her specimens. It was here, in the 1970s, that she met and befriended Pat Hall, Special Duties Officer at the time and later Manager of Education, Information & Tourism at the Centre. In turn, Pat introduced Janet to local people with an interest in botany. Funds from the National Park Foundation were used to establish the Janet Cosh Room at the Fitzroy Falls Visitors Centre in March 2000 as an education resource for the community.\nDon Tilley was a ranger and he met Janet when he caught this old woman picking plants illegally on Water Board land until she produced her NSW National Parks & Wildlife scientific licence which made them both chuckle. They became friends with a shared interest in the native flora. Don recollected that Janet had an impact and influence on everyone she met and most especially on him, 'She was that particular about identification and was able to name even the smallest plant' except in 1982 Don collected an unusual Hibbertia which Janet and others after her could not identify. In 2001, Belinda Pellow collected another sample and sent it to an expert in South Australia. Toelken, H.R. (2012) identified and published it as Hibbertia accaulothrix in the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens.\nAs an amateur botanist, Janet was highly respected and was often in consultation with professional organisations such NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service and taxonomists at the National Herbarium of NSW, the Australian National Herbarium and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Insights are provided into Janet's keen intellect by the many examples of letters exchanged with these authorities from prominent personnel such as L.A.S. Johnson, J. Armstrong, J.D. Briggs and D.A. Johnstone, which are wonderful examples of the polite and lengthy communications by mail in the 1970s. However, Janet was not averse to challenging senior botanists about their plant identifications and was quite disdainful about the use of common names. A number of the letters from the National Herbarium of NSW are acknowledgement of donations Janet made over the years. Significantly, Janet was the first donor to the National Herbarium of NSW Research Fund in response to a request in the journal Telopea in 1973. Over thirty specimens that Janet collected were considered to be worthy of incorporation into the National Herbarium of NSW. Some were significant species, for example, threatened Grevillea rivularis collected at Carrington Falls in 1976 and rare Zieria murphyii collected at View Point, Bundanoon in 1973.\nJanet's botanical fieldwork was thorough and methodical and her field notes were precise. She was extremely proficient at map reading, having been recruited during World War II to locate and map various routes from the coast across the Southern Highlands to the inland. She was also interested in the accounts written by early travellers and explorers and perused old maps and acquired extensive knowledge about the geography of the Southern Highlands.\nSpecimen locations were always recorded clearly and accurately. Range extensions of several species were documented by Janet as well as new locations for rare species such as Phyllota humifusa, Hakea constablei and Acacia chalkeri. Each specimen was identified by Janet using various systematic keys such as the Flora of the Sydney Region and by consulting with the National Herbarium of NSW. Janet amassed a collection of botanical books and maps, which she annotated prolifically and succinctly.\nJanet shared a keen interest in the ecology of plants with her friends Ros Badgery and Rachel Roxburgh, both resilient women. They all enjoyed exploring the bush and studying the native flora and fauna. They were also concerned about the conservation of the natural environment. Ros and Janet became friends in 1963 after the death of Dorothy Farran, a mutual acquaintance who was in their congregation. Ros was given Dorothy's copy of 'Moore & Betche' published in 1893, the first official botanical flora. Janet was given some other botanical books. Janet asked Ros for help with botany but Ros said later that, 'With her brain she outstripped me in no time'. After her family died, Ros managed a 2000 acre property in the Southern Highlands on her own for 65 years. Most of the property was declared a Wildlife Refuge in 1968, which would have pleased Janet immensely. Rachel and Janet probably met as members of the National Trust, the Berrima Historical Society and the National Parks Association in the 1960s when they became aware of their mutual interests. Rachel was a woman of strong convictions, rarely given to compromise and was described as 'patrician in bearing and manner'. She was undaunted by politicians, municipal officers and bureaucrats. But from all accounts she was in awe of Janet Cosh and Janet was never daunted by her brusque manner towards others. They had some great adventures together while they were out collecting. On one occasion, they went to investigate the flora of Rodway Nature Reserve, an open forested plateau with steep cliffs near Berry off the end of Drawing Room Rocks. They couldn't negotiate their way back in the dark so they spent the night there with a camp fire to keep warm, much to the consternation of the local constabulary!\nRachel wished to study subjects in ecology at the University of Wollongong and was rather upset when informed she had to pay student fees for services she would never use except the library. Dr Rob Whelan, lecturer in biology, found a solution by allowing her to attend lectures and complete assignments in 1982 without being enrolled. Kevin Mills was a PhD student at the University of Wollongong studying the Illawarra rainforests in the 1980s when he met Janet and Rachel in the Southern Highlands. Between these friends and their association with Dr Rob Whelan they developed a keen interest to establish a regional herbarium in the Illawarra. It is very likely these connections informed Janet's decision to include the University of Wollongong in her will.\nJanet made bequests to various organisations including The Royal Historical Society; All Saints Church of England, Sutton Forest; NSW Parks & Wildlife Foundation; Sydney City Mission; National Herbarium of NSW, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney and the University of Wollongong. The bequest to the University of Wollongong, which included substantial funds and botanical resources, was 'to be used for the herbarium or botanical research' in accordance with her last will and testament. Dr Rob Whelan (later Emeritus Professor, University of Wollongong) ensured that the specifics of Janet's bequest were adhered to. As of 2019, the integrity of Janet's bequest has been upheld.\nThe Janet Cosh Herbarium was established in 1991. Janet's botanical resources included a collection of over 1600 specimens, about 1500 botanical illustrations, a library, numerous field notebooks, photographs, vegetation surveys and maps. At the time, this also allowed Dr Kevin Mills' research specimen collection to be incorporated into the Janet Cosh Herbarium. Janet's collection included excellent examples of recycling using envelopes, notepaper, cardboard packaging, old Christmas cards and even the reverse side of her father's watercolour paintings to record notes, drawings and mount specimens. Apparently, Janet was quite dismissive about her father's numerous watercolours. They were later assessed by an expert and deemed to have no artistic value. Belinda Pellow, an expert botanist, was the first curator of the Janet Cosh Herbarium and responsible for developing a herbarium from Janet's bequest. Belinda was one of the authors of the 5th Edition of Flora of the Sydney Region (2009). It is worth noting that Janet used the first edition, which she split in half for ease of carrying in the field.\nThe purpose of a herbarium is to store a collection of dried, preserved and catalogued plant specimens for identification and reference purposes whereby each specimen verifies the existence of an individual plant at a particular place and time. The Janet Cosh Herbarium facilitates botanical research, teaching, expertise in plant identification and the management of native vegetation in a regional context. Janet's botanical illustrations and plant specimens provide meticulous details of plants and their environment. The data she systematically recorded in the field are still being used as a taxonomical reference to assist with plant identification. Over the years, the collection has continued to grow with contributions from local botanists, researchers, students and the community. As at 2019, the Janet Cosh Herbarium holds almost 12,000 specimens and facilitates the teaching of undergraduate students, provides support for post-graduate students and research staff and has inter-departmental links, for example with the Faculty of Creative Arts to curate exhibitions of Janet's botanical illustrations and other projects and the Faculty Management Division to establish Campus Tree Walks for social and educational purposes.\nJanet's bequest to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney was for the purpose of contributing to the National Herbarium of NSW. According to Barbara Briggs, one of the foremost Australian botanists and from what was known of Janet's interests and intentions, this was interpreted as support for any aspect of systematic research, collection management and public information about scientific programs. Various projects have been implemented including an inaugural studentship in 2001 to contribute to research in plant taxonomy or to encourage young scientists to consider a career in plant taxonomy or ecology. This bequest also enabled the Scientific Division to be more active and entrepreneurial than would otherwise have been possible. Activities associated with Janet Cosh's bequest are documented and acknowledged in various Annual Reports and publications such as the journals Telopea and Australian Systematic Botany.\nJanet was highly respected for her botanical knowledge and was an inspiration to all who knew her. She made many significant contributions to plant ecology in the Illawarra and Southern Highlands which may be summarised as follows:\n\ncollected over 1600 plant specimens and prepared over 1500 annotated illustrations which formed the foundation of the Janet Cosh Herbarium\nprepared a herbarium of 1500 specimens for Fitzroy Falls Visitors Centre, Morton National Park\ncontributed to the knowledge of the National Herbarium of NSW\nrecorded meticulous field notes\ndiscovered range extension of several plant species and discovered new locations of rare plants\ncollaborated with professional botanists\ncontributed to the establishment of several nature reserves including Robertson Nature Reserve, Stingray Swamp and Cecil Hoskins Reserve\nprepared vegetation maps for Morton National Park\ncompiled many species lists which have been included in natural history booklets, for example Eastern Rim Wildflower Walk (1985) and publications relevant to the Southern Highlands, for example Fitzroy Falls and Beyond: A guide to Shoalhaven (1988).\n\nIn the months prior to her death, in October 1989, the elderly Janet and Rachel became concerned with the decimation of the South East Forests of NSW. Travelling in Janet's Subaru Brumby ute with their swags in the back, they made several trips to the area to document the impact of forestry practices in that region. Janet was still collecting specimens just a few weeks before she died and was planning a collecting trip to Fitzroy Falls. In honour of Janet Cosh, Flowering Wonderfully, the Botanical Legacy of Janet Cosh was compiled in 2012.\nJanet is one example of a large group of women of her era, with independent means and a keen interest in natural history, who have contributed to our knowledge of science in a quiet but significant way. In fact, she was an early exponent of 'Citizen Science'. As her friend Rachel Roxburgh said in Janet's obituary, 'In the field of botany, the records Miss Janet Cosh left will enable students to know exactly when and where to find plant species and the University of Wollongong's appreciation of her purpose would give Janet great pleasure'.\nJean Clarke, Fellow of the University of Wollongong, has spent many years since her retirement working as a volunteer in the Janet Cosh Herbarium and devoted much of her time curating and preserving the Janet Cosh historical collection. Most of this collection was transferred to the University of Wollongong Archives in 2018. Jean provides assistance to curate the collection in the archives. It includes rare books, journal articles, letters, newspaper cuttings, photographs, field notes, botanical illustrations and other material donated by Janet Cosh. This collection complements the Cosh extended family collections held in the Mitchell library, Sydney and the National library Canberra.\nThe plant specimen collection, including those collected by Janet Cosh, is stored in the Janet Cosh Herbarium, School of Earth, Atmospheric & Life Sciences, University of Wollongong and managed by Professor Kris French.\nThis entry was prepared by University of Wollongong Fellow Jean Clarke, Janet Cosh Herbarium.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/atkinson-and-cosh-family-pictorial-material-ca-1842-1973\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cosh-family-papers-1870-1923\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cosh-family-further-papers-1866-1998\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-janet-cosh\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/postcards-addressed-to-janet-cosh\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/four-photographs-including-list-of-names-of-the-sitters-and-a-letter-from-janet-cosh-1-11-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/janet-cosh-photographic-collection-ca-1901-ca-1920s\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-patricia-clarke-1887-2010-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-janet-l-cosh-1826-1983\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lahy, Patricia Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE6615", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lahy-patricia-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cremorne, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Academic administrator, Administrator, Teacher", "Summary": "Pat Lahy trained in physical education and established the first formal training course in counselling for people with disabilities in Australia. She was the first woman to hold the position of Dean of Arts at the University of Sydney.\n", "Details": "Born in Cremorne, the eldest of the three children of Vincent Power Lahy and his wife Valerie Roberta Wilson, Pat Lahy was educated at North Sydney Girls' High and after her father died in 1942 she trained as a physical education teacher at Sydney Teachers College, obtaining a diploma in 1947 and a teacher's certificate in 1950. Her commitment to physical education underlay many things she did later - some of her publications, her role in the university women's sports association and her interest in vocational rehabilitation for the physically disabled.\nLater she was appointed to Wagga Wagga Teachers' College to lecture in Physical Education and lived in residence there. In order to undertake part time evening studies at the University of Sydney she transferred to Balmain Teachers' College. Eventually in 1963 at thirty-five she graduated as a BA with honours in psychology. Professor William O'Neil immediately appointed her a senior tutor in the department to organise the practical and tutorial program. In 1965 she became a lecturer and from 1967 she ran the first year. She was also general secretary of the new Australian Psychological Society and a member of the Staff Club committee. In 1968 she established the first formal training course in counselling for the disabled in Australia. On sabbatical leave in 1970 she began a doctorate at Queens University Belfast which focussed on pattern recognition. This she completed in 1975.\nBack in Sydney she resumed her teaching and publishing, was promoted senior lecturer in 1977 and was increasingly seen as an efficient and reliable administrator and organiser who was well liked by her colleagues. In 1978 she became a sub-dean of arts and in 1979 pro-dean. Later that year the faculty of arts elected her dean - the first woman to hold the position at the University of Sydney. The University of Sydney News then put to her a question about her attitude to the women's liberation movement, of which she was not a member, and she replied that she was all for it, having changed her mind about the outrageous things they had done because 'they needed to shock people to make them think'. She hoped that at the end of her two years as dean she would not be seen as a token woman or a 'woman dean' and asserted that in the business of faculty there could be no difference of attitude between a man and a woman. She was re-elected twice before giving the position up. As the role of dean did not free the holder from teaching duties she also managed a heavy teaching load and in 1983 the running of an international conference for the Psychological Science society.\nIn 1982 she was elected as one of the academic representatives on the university senate - and was re-elected in 1984. The vice-chancellor, John M Ward, in 1986 appointed her his Executive Assistant and in 1987 she was appointed pro-vice-chancellor with responsibility for organising Chifley college. This involved persuading all the faculty deans and other key personnel meeting with the heads of the three colleges in the West of Sydney, which were to be amalgamated into the new university. As there was virtually no financing and much disagreement about priorities and structures it required considerable patience to draw up an acceptable scheme. After several weekend conferences the state government eventually abandoned the proposal after the 1988 Dawkins white paper, leaving it to the three colleges to develop their existing courses into a university. As Pat's good sense had been much appreciated in all three institutions she was appointed a member of the new university's board of governors in 1989 and remained a governor, making several important contributions to the structure, until 1997. In 1991 she ceased to be pro vice-chancellor at Sydney and retired from her long-term position. Acknowledging all she had done in thirty years of employment in the following year the university made her a D Litt and the government appointed her a member of the Order of Australia. She was too useful to be allowed to retire in peace however, and in 1993 she was given the responsibility of managing the merger of the College of the Arts with Sydney University. In 1994 she returned to the university part-time to a new role - that of student ombudsman. In 1999 she finally retired - and was given another honorary D Litt by the Western Sydney University. She moved to her Blue Mountains weekender, where she lived in failing health until her sudden death in 2004.\n", "Events": "Appointed Member of the Order of Australia for service to education (1992 - 1992)" }, { "Title\/Name": "Foster, Ruby Jessie", "Entry ID": "AWE6620", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/foster-ruby-jessie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Berrigan, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Packenham, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Community stalwart, Community worker, Red Cross leader, Social worker, Tennis player", "Summary": "Ruby Foster was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1958 for social welfare services in Gippsland in Victoria. She was heavily involved with the Red Cross in Gippsland and Maffra, serving as president of the Maffra branch from 1941.\n", "Events": "Social welfare services in Gippsland in Victoria (1958 - 1958)" }, { "Title\/Name": "Stevens, Joyce", "Entry ID": "AWE6631", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stevens-joyce\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cullen Bullen, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Communist, Historian, Women's liberationist", "Summary": "Joyce Stevens was a prominent member of the Sydney Women's Liberation Movement, a socialist feminist member of the Communist Party of Australia, and a historian of the women's movement.\n", "Details": "Joyce Stevens n\u00e9e Barnes was born in Cullen Bullen, NSW, to parents James and Lucy Barnes. Stevens' father worked as a railway fettler and the family lived in various tents and tin huts along the railway lines of NSW. Stevens attributes much of her initial political and feminist education to her working-class background, as well as to the influence of her mother.\nStevens was a motivated member of the Communist Party of Australia, joining in 1945 and later becoming the National Women's Organiser. During this time, Stevens was interested in socialist-feminism, or the connections between socialism and Women's Liberation.\nAs a Liberationist, Stevens was dedicated to promoting equal pay for women, establishing women's health centres and refuges and campaigning for abortion reform. She joined the Working Women's Group and in 1972 helped produce the booklet What Every Woman Should Know, to educate female high school students about women's health and methods of contraceptives. The next year this work soon grew into Control, a women's abortion referral service provided by Women's Liberation. That same year the Leichardt Women's Health Centre was opened.\nThroughout this time, she also helped to produce and Mejane and Scarlet Woman, a feminist newspaper and magazine respectively.\nDuring International Women's Year, 1975, Stevens was granted $6,000 by the National Women's Advisory Committee to hold a number of forums throughout suburban Sydney. These commissions, organised by Stevens and other Sydney activists, aimed to encourage women of all backgrounds to share their personal experiences with discrimination and prejudice as a form of 'consciousness-raising' and promoting a feeling of sisterhood amongst the attendees. These forums culminated in 'What has International Women's Year Done for Women', a Sydney-wide commission.\nWith a desire to document the activities and progress achieved by the Sydney Women's Liberation Movement, Stevens worked as part of a collective to create the First Ten Years of Sydney Women's Liberation Collection, work which began in 1978 and completed in 1999. In addition to this collection, Stevens has authored a number of books including A History of International Women's Year in Words and Images (1985), Taking the Revolution Home: work among women in the Communist Party of Australia 1920-1945 (1987), Lightening the Load -Women and Work - A History of WEAC 1982-1989 (1991), and Healing Women: A History of Leichardt Women's Community Health Centre [1995). Stevens' poem Because We're Women, written for Women's Liberation Broadsheet, International Women's Day, 1975, remains one of her most prominent works.\nIn 1996 Stevens was a made a Member of the Order of Australia in recognition of her social justice activism and her work as a writer. In 2002 she was a recipient of the Edna Ryan Award.\nJoyce Stevens passed in 2014.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/first-ten-years-of-sydney-womens-liberation-collection-ca-1969-ca-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jill-lennon-and-gwen-bloomfield-interview-some-foundation-members-of-the-womens-liberation-movement-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joyce-stevens-papers-1912-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-joyce-stevens-feminist-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hughes, Mary Ethel", "Entry ID": "IMP0001", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hughes-mary-ethel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Burrandong, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "Dame Mary Hughes was awarded the Order of the British Empire - Dame Grand Cross - Civil, on 31 December 1921 for public services to Australia during World War I. It was the highest award a woman could obtain, and she was the first Australian to receive it. Mary Hughes was the wife of the 13th prime minister of Australia, William Morris (Billy) Hughes (1915-1923), one of Australia's longest serving parliamentarians.\n", "Details": "The daughter of Thomas and Mary Ann (n\u00e9e Burton) Campbell, Mary trained as a nurse before marrying Billy Hughes at the age of 37 on 26th June 1911 at Christ Church, South Yarra in Victoria. They had one daughter, Helen, born 11th August 1915, who passed away, aged 21, in a London nursing home.\nFitzhardinge, in his biography of Billy Hughes in the Australian Biographical Dictionary advises that Dame Mary, \"by her social gifts, tact and management, gave Hughes the domestic background he always lacked and provided precisely the feather-bedding that his restless activity and frail physique required.\"\nThe Hughes' marriage was not always happy. Dame Mary did not get on with Billy's children from his previous relationship with Elizabeth Cutts, who had passed away in 1906. She was also more frivolous with money than Hughes would have liked. Nevertheless Dame Mary was his constant companion, accompanying her husband during his parliamentary sessions to Melbourne and on domestic and overseas trips.\nIt was during the overseas trips at the time of the First World War that Dame Mary became interested in the welfare of Australian servicemen and visited camps and hospitals in Britain, France and Australia. The honour of Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire was conferred on her, in the New Years honours of 1922, for her charitable and war effort work.\nAfter the war, Dame Mary continued with her charity work and became president of the Rachel Forester Hospital for Women and Children in Sydney in 1925. She was also an advocate for women's rights. Dame Mary outlived her husband by six years. After Billy passed away, on 28 October 1952, she stayed initially at their Lindfield property. Then in September 1955 she moved to live with her niece, Miss Edith Hayes.\nDame Mary Hughes died at the age of 83, at 8.30 p.m. on 2nd April 1958, at her niece's home in Double Bay. Her funeral service was held on Saturday 5 April at 10 a.m. at St Andrew's Cathedral, George Street, Sydney. She was interred in the Church of England section of the Marquarie Park Cemetery (incorporating Northern Suburbs Cemetery), with her husband and next to her daughter.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prime-ministers-wives\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-federation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dame-mary-hughes-dies-at-83\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/death-of-dame-mary-hughes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/william-hughes-mary-hughes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letter-1952-nov-27-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Berry, Alice Miriam", "Entry ID": "IMP0009", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/berry-alice-miriam\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "Alice Berry understood the problems of living in rural Australia and was committed to finding ways to improve the lives of women and children in rural areas. Through her work in the Country Women's Association in Queensland, and in the Associated Country Women of the World, she made a lasting contribution to the provision of services in country areas. She was appointed to The Order of the British Empire - Dames Commander on 01 January 1960 for Service to country women.\n", "Details": "Alice Berry spent her early years in country New South Wales and attended a one-teacher school at Cobar, where her father, Charles Roy McKenzie, was the gold-mine manager. She continued her education at the Waverley Superior Public School, Sydney and later attended business college, where she gained secretarial skills. Her first position was as secretary to a real estate agent at Wentworthville.\nShe married Henry Berry, a wool classer, grazier and merchant, on 6 June 1921. He had served in World War I in the First Light Horse Regiment in the Middle East. They had two daughters and moved to a sheep property near Tumut, where they remained until 1927. Their next move was to Queensland for the health of one of their daughters and they settled on a property in the Mount Abundance District, near Roma. It was here that Alice Berry came to understand the problems women encountered in rural areas; for example, lack of facilities, poor roads and communication, spasmodic mail services and inadequate health care. She was aware of the role of the Country Women's Association (CWA) in improving life for women and children in rural Australia, and in 1928 she became a founding member and Secretary of the Mt Abundance branch of the CWA of Queensland.\nThe family moved to Woolabra in 1932, a 42,000 acre (16997ha) property in the Charleville district and Alice Berry continued with her CWA activities as well as her domestic duties. A self-reliant woman, she worked energetically for education, mothers' hostels, the aerial medical service and access to seaside cottages.\nDuring World War II she extended her activities to include work for the Red Cross Society and the Australian Comforts Fund. She was also a Commissioner of the Girl Guides' Association.\nDue to her husband's ill health they returned to live in Brisbane, but she remained the CWA's councillor for the Western Division in Queensland. In 1948, she was appointed state international officer and after Henry's death took over the management of Woolabra.\nHer appointments included deputy president of the state CWA (1951-1952), president of the associated Country Women of the World (1953-1959), president of the Queensland CWA (1961-1962), and national president of the CWA in 1962.\nShe was appointed OBE in 1954 and DBE in 1960. In 1971 she was made a member of honour of the Australian Country Women of the World (ACWW). On retirement in 1963, she worked for ten years on the Country Women's Association's archives.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/berry-dame-alice-miriam-dbe\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-many-hats-of-country-women-the-jubilee-history-of-the-country-womens-association-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/berry-dame-alice-miriam-1900-1978\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alice-berry-cuttings-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-country-womens-association-of-australia-1945-1969-2003-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Blaxland, Helen Frances", "Entry ID": "IMP0010", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blaxland-helen-frances\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Neutral Bay, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Camden, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Charity worker", "Summary": "Helen Blaxland spent much of her life working for charitable institutions, particularly the Australian Red Cross Society, for which she was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1967. Her other interests included flower arrangement, on which she published two books. She was appointed as a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 14 June 1975 for service to the community in recognition of her contribution to the National Trust (New South Wales) and the Parramatta Properties Committee.\n", "Details": "Helen Blaxland was the daughter of the late Brigadier General Sir R M McCheyne Anderson. She was educated at Bedales in England and later at Frensham in Mittagong, New South Wales. She married Gregory Blaxland on 10 November 1927, and had one daughter, Antonia, who became a photographer.\nShe worked in several charitable organisations, including the Australian Red Cross Society. She was appointed OBE in 1967 for her contribution to the Society and awarded the Order of the Red Cross Society in the same year. She was foundation chairman of the Women's Committee of the National Trust (New South Wales), the Lindesay Committee and the Parramatta Properties Committee, which was concerned with the restoration of Experiment Farm Cottage and Old Government House, Paramatta.\nShe published two books on flower arrangement, entitled Flower pieces (1946) and Collected Flower pieces: on the arrangement of flowers (1949), for which her daughter Antonia took the photos.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/flower-pieces\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collected-flower-pieces-on-the-arrangement-of-flowers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blaxland-dame-helen-frances-dbe\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Chisholm, Alice Isabel", "Entry ID": "IMP0019", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/chisholm-alice-isabel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Goulburn, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Pennant Hills, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Charity worker, Superintendent", "Summary": "Alice Chisholm, who was born in country New South Wales, was known for the provision of canteen services for soldiers in the middle east during World War I. On travelling to Egypt to be near her son who was wounded at Gallipoli, she was concerned at the inadequate amenities for soldiers in Cairo and subsequently, using mainly her own resources, established canteens in Heliopolis, an outer suburb of Cairo, and at Kantara, on the west bank of the Suez Canal. Ably assisted by Verania McPhillamy and Miss Rout, they developed Kantara into a soldiers' club. Known as 'Mother Chisholm's', it provided hot showers and competent, caring service to the thousands of soldiers who spent their leave there. At the end of the war the women insisted that the profits from the canteens be used to provide canteen facilities on the troop ships which were carrying the men home. In recognition of her work in Egypt, Alice Chisholm was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1918 and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 3 March 1920 for organisation of canteens for the troops. Her later work included the presidency of the Cumberland branch of the Country Women's Association from 1923-1927, and a commitment to the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lady-of-kantara-a-biography-of-dame-alice-chisholm-1856-1954\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/chisholm-dame-alice-isabel-1856-1954\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/chisholm-alice-isabel-1856-1954-dbe-ww1-canteen-operator\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-general-view-of-mrs-chisholms-canteen\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-alice-chisholm-and-her-daughter-standing-in-front-of-the-canteen-that-they-established\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-mrs-chisholm-sitting-near-a-building-with-a-cat\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/informal-portrait-of-mrs-chisholm-sitting-at-a-table-in-her-room-at-the-canteen-which-she-organised-and-supervised\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-dame-alice-chisholm-known-as-the-canteen-lady-of-world-war-i-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-session-dame-alice-chisholm-interviewed-by-ida-elizabeth-jenkins\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cramer, Mary Therese", "Entry ID": "IMP0023", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cramer-mary-therese\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Charity worker, Community worker, Teacher", "Summary": "Mary Cramer, a teacher before her marriage to John (later Sir John) Cramer, in January 1922, brought her formidable organising skills to rearing their four children and to her public activities. On the election of her husband as mayor of North Sydney in 1939, she assumed the duties of lady mayoress. Known for her natural sense of humour, she organised a Voluntary Aid Detachment for North Sydney at the beginning of World War II, and also the first group of the Women's Australian National Service in Sydney and became its first commandant. Her husband later became a founding member of the Liberal Party of Australia and a Minister for the Army from 1956-1963. She was president of the New South Wales division of the Red Cross Society and of the Mater Misericordae Hospital Advisory Board at North Sydney. Despite recurring illness, she maintained her public activities and was appointed as Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 12 June 1971 for distinguished public service, which had covered four decades. According to the report in The Sydney Morning Herald on 26 May 1994 on the death of Sir John Cramer, 'Sir John with his late wife Dame Mary, had left an indelible mark on the lower North Shore'.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pioneers-politics-and-people-a-political-memoir\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/john-cramer-interviewed-by-ron-hurst-in-the-parliaments-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Daly, Mary Dora", "Entry ID": "IMP0024", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daly-mary-dora\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cootamundra, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Charity worker, Patron", "Summary": "Mary Daly, nee MacMahon, was acknowledged as an interested and hardworking member of a range of Catholic and other charitable organisations. Educated at Loreto convents in both Normanhurst, New South Wales and Ballarat, Victoria, she maintained her Catholic links throughout her life. In January 1923, she married Dr John Joseph Daly, a nephew of the founder of St Vincent's Hospital, Mother Berchmans Daly. They had two children, John and Marie. Dr Daly was appointed to the staff of St Vincent's Hospital. Mary Daly served on the St Vincent's Hospital auxiliary as honorary secretary and was acting president for a period of three years from 1933-1936. She was president of the Catholic Welfare Association from 1941, a member of the National Council of the Australian Red Cross Society, and executive member of the Council of the Victorian Division. She was the author of four children's books, one of which was published by the Yooralla Hospital School, another of her charitable causes. Her services to social welfare were acknowledged with her appointment as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1937, Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1949, and Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 7 June 1951. The Catholic church awarded her the Cross Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice in 1951. She was also awarded a long service medal from the Red Cross Society in 1940 and honorary life membership in 1971.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cinty-and-the-laughing-jackasses-and-other-childrens-stories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/timmys-christmas-surprise\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/holidays-at-hillydale-a-story-for-children-about-a-familys-holiday-spent-on-an-australian-sheep-station\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/catholic-welfare-organisation-its-work-for-the-men-and-women-of-the-services-during-world-war-ii-september-1939-june1948\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "D'Arcy, Constance Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "IMP0025", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/darcy-constance-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Rylestone, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Gynaecologist, Obstetrician", "Summary": "Constance D'Arcy was a distinguished obstetrician and gynaecologist, who was committed to lowering the maternal mortality rate through the control of puerperal septicaemia. An active Catholic, she contributed to both catholic and secular organisations during her life. In addition to her practice in Macquarie Street, Sydney, she was honorary surgeon at the Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, and lectured in clinical obstetrics from 1925-1939 at Sydney University, where she ultimately became the first women deputy chancellor from 1943-1946. As a member of the National Council of Women, she organised its sex education program. Aware of the importance of high standards of nursing care, she was a founder of the Royal Australian Nursing Federation. As president of the Business and Professional Women's Club in Sydney in 1944, she made clear her commitment to equal pay and opportunity for women. She was appointed as Dame of the Order of the British Empire on 3 June 1935 for Services to the welfare of children. The pope honoured her with the Cross Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice in 1940.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/darcy-constance-elizabeth-1879-1951\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/constance-darcy\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-short-history-of-medical-women-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-problem-of-maternal-welfare-1935-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/constance-elizabeth-darcy-records\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gilmore, Mary Jean", "Entry ID": "IMP0032", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gilmore-mary-jean\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Woodhouselee, near Goulburn, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Poet, Teacher, Writer", "Summary": "For her services to literature, Mary Gilmore was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 1 February 1937. The major themes of her work covered nationalism, the spirit of pioneering, motherhood, women's rights, history, Aboriginal welfare, treatment of prisoners, health and pensions.\n", "Details": "Dame Mary Gilmore is the female face of the Australian $10 note. When she died, aged 97, Dame Mary was given a State funeral by both the Federal and New South Wales state governments. Her funeral was attended by all members of the New South Wales Cabinet. Dame Mary donated the Archibald winning portrait painted by William Dobell in 1957 to the Art Gallery of New South Wales.\nDue to the itinerant lifestyle of her parents, Donald and Mary Ann Cameron, Mary was educated at a number of country state schools. Aged 16 she became a pupil-teacher at the Superior Public School for Girls in Wagga Wagga, and was transferred to the Infants' Department in 1884. She taught at Beaconsfield Provisional School in 1886, followed by Illabo Public School, and in October 1887 was appointed temporary assistant at Silverton Public School near Broken Hill, New South Wales. In May 1889, Mary wrote to the Chief Inspector at the Department of Public Instruction requesting a move from Silverton back to Sydney on the grounds that her home was in Sydney and that the climate of the Barrier District was too severe for her constitution. She returned to Sydney in 1890 and taught at Neutral Bay, though her name and the dates of her residency are still proudly displayed on the Silverton Public School sign.\nDuring the 1890s Mary became interested in social reform and supported the maritime and shearers' strikes. So as not to break the rules of the Department of Public Instruction, through which she was employed as a teacher, Mary wrote under the pen names Em Jaycey, Sister Jaycey and Rudione Calvert. At about this time she met and became a life-long friend of Henry Lawson.\nMary became the first woman member of the Australian Workers Union, which she claimed she joined under her brother's name. She later became a member of the executive. By 1895 Mary had given up teaching to join William Lane's New Australia Movement. She sailed to his Cosme settlement in Paraguay, arriving January 1896 and there married shearer William Gilmore (1866-1945). A year after their only son William (1898-1945) was born, the family left the settlement and returned to Australia after visiting Henry Lawson and family in London.\nFrom 1902-1912 the Gilmores lived at William's parents' farm in Casterton in Western Victoria. Here Mary was able to re-establish her writing and political links. In 1903 she was featured on the Bulletin's 'Red Page' and she helped with campaigning for the Labor Party in the 1906 and 1910 federal elections for the seat of Wannon. In 1908 Mary commenced editing the woman's page of the Australian Worker, a position she held until 1931. In 1910 her first collections of poems Marri'd, and other verses was published.\nIn 1912 Mary and her son Billy went to live in Sydney while William joined his brother at Cloncurry in North Queensland. By 1918 her second book of poetry, The Passionate Heart was published, followed by books of prose: Hound of the Road (1922) and The Tilted Cart (1925). Mary's writing was regularly in print, with her last collection of poetry, Fourteen Men, published in 1954 when she was 89 years old.\nBesides being a prolific writer, Mary was also a founder-member of the Lyceum Club (Sydney), founder and vice-president of the Fellowship of Australian Writers, member of the New South Wales Institute of Journalists and life member of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Dame Mary Gilmore's ashes were buried in her husband's grave at Cloncurry cemetery.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gilmore-mary-jean-1865-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/monash-biographical-dictionary-of-20th-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-womens-roll-of-honour-women-shaping-the-nation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-changemakers-ten-significant-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1000-famous-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/list-of-electoral-divisions-named-after-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/100-great-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-writers-a-bibliographic-guide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gilmore-mary-1865-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-gilmore-a-memoir\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-book-of-great-australian-women-thirty-six-women-who-changed-the-course-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/great-poet-was-once-a-13-a-week-teacher\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-1971-1972-to-the-university-of-queensland\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-nsw-program-for-the-launch-of-the-centenary-stamp-issue-and-a-complete-set-of-the-issue-1996\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-further-papers-1895-1981\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-nsw-inc-further-records-1926-1927-1937-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-relating-to-national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-1895-1897\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-further-records-1895-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/diaries-of-dame-mary-gilmore-1940-1949-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dame-mary-gilmore-1923-1962-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-mary-gilmore-1865-1962-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-mary-gilmore-1883-1962-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dame-mary-gilmore-1902-1962-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dame-mary-gilmore-1948-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1895-1962-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-manuscript-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-kate-baker-1893-1946-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-and-diaries-1910-1962-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/photographs-19-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-curtin-correspondence-g-mrs-f-r-gale-gordon-branch-australian-labor-party-includes-poem-sent-to-mrs-elsie-curtin-by-dame-mary-gilmore\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/william-morrow-recordings-of-addresses-given-by-jessie-street-and-interviews-with-jessie-street-1953-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dame-mary-gilmore-papers-1911-1954\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-records-1895-1976\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miles-franklin-papers-1841-1954\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-eleanor-dark-1910-1974-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gilmore-dame-mary\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dowell-oreilly-papers-1884-1923-with-additional-family-papers-1877-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sub-series-7-1-papers-relating-to-louisa-lawson-and-henry-lawson-1859-1934\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/talking-history-program-on-the-national-librarys-oral-history-section-and-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-compiled-by-tim-bowden-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/windeyer-family-papers-1829-1943\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-mary-gilmore-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dame-mary-gilmore-1837-1962-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-myrtle-rose-white-1940-1961-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-jean-l-stevenson-1932-1959-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1928-1994-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruth-park-letters-received-from-dame-mary-gilmore-15-january-1946-28-april-1953-including-two-letters-to-darcy-niland-11-september-and-28-september-19\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Macknight, Ella Annie Noble", "Entry ID": "IMP0040", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/macknight-ella-annie-noble\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Urana, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "MalvernMalvern, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Aviator, Golfer, Gynaecologist, Hockey player, Obstetrician", "Summary": "Ella Macknight was an obstetrician and gynaecologist who worked at the Queen Victoria Hospital, Melbourne. She was appointed as a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 1 January 1969 for services to medicine. She was also a talented hockey player, winning University Blues and playing in the Victorian team when she was at the University of Melbourne.\n", "Details": "Ella Macknight, daughter of Conway Montgomery Macknight and Eliza Jane Simpson, was educated at home by governesses and later attended Toorak College. She gained her MB BS in 1928 from the University of Melbourne. After qualifying as an obstetrician and gynaecologist, (MD, Melb.1931, DGO Melb 1936), she was associated with the Queen Victoria Hospital from 1935-1977. Her appointments included honorary obstetrician and gynaecologist from 1935-1964; vice-president of the Committee of Management for 1963-1971 and president from 1971-1977. She was president of the Council of the Royal College of Gynaecologists from 1970-1972 and served as chairmen of the Blood Transfusion Committee, Victorian Division of the Red Cross Society from 1964-1970 and a member of the Executive of the Victorian Division during the same period.\nElla Macknight had a well developed adventurous streak. In 1929, she was persuaded by her cousin to learn how to fly. She got her pilot's ticket and, in 1930, was one of six women pilots in Victoria who provided an escort for Amy Johnson from Laverton to Moonee Valley, where they landed on the race track.\nElla Macknight was appointed as a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire for services to medicine on 1 January 1969.\nShe died on 1 April 1997 in Malvern at the age of 92.\n", "Events": "Fellow of the Australian College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (1978 - 1978) \nFellow of the Australian Medical Association (FAMA) (1976 - 1976) \nFellow of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (FRCOG) (1958 - 1958) \nFellowship in Australia in Obstetrics and Gynaecology (FAGO) (1973 - 1973) \nHonorary Doctor of Medicine, Monash University, Victoria (1972 - 1972) \nMember of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (MRCOG) (1951 - 1951)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/macknight-dame-ella-annie-noble-dbe\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/150-years-150-stories-brief-biographies-of-one-hundred-and-fifty-remarkable-people-associated-with-the-university-of-melbourne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-ties-that-bind-a-history-of-sport-at-the-university-of-melbourne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-dame-ella-macknight-former-gynaecologist-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sutherland, Joan Alston", "Entry ID": "IMP0053", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sutherland-joan-alston\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Montreux, Switzerland", "Occupations": "Opera singer", "Summary": "Dame Joan Sutherland was appointed as a Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 30 December 1978 for services to the performing arts. She was also appointed to the Order of Merit in 1991 for Services to opera and singing. In 1983 she was described as, 'quite simply, the greatest and most beloved singer in the world today'. She is known universally, and accurately, as 'La Stupenda'.\n", "Events": "Born: Daughter of McDonald and Muriel Alston Sutherland (1926 - 1926) \nDebut as Dido in Purcell's Dido and Aeneas (Sydney) (1947 - 1947) \nJoined Covent Garden and remained resident soprano for seven years (1952 - 1952) \nMarried: Richard Bonynge. (1946 - 1946) \nMoved to London (1951 - 1951) \nPublished: A Prima Donna's Progress : the autobiography of Joan Sutherland (1997 - 1997) \nPublished: The Joan Sutherland Album (w. R Bonynge) (1986 - 1986) \nWon international fame with debut as Lucia di Lammermoor (Convent Garden) (1959 - 1959)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/100-great-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dame-joan-sutherland\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-prima-donnas-progress-the-autobiography-of-joan-sutherland\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joan-sutherland-the-authorized-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/la-stupenda\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dame-joan-sutherland-la-stupenda\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-performing-arts-prompt-collection-dame-joan-sutherland-richard-bonynge\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-big-voice-with-a-heart-to-match-dame-joan-sutherland-1926-2010\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Walker, Eadith Campbell", "Entry ID": "IMP0056", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walker-eadith-campbell\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "The Rocks, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Concord Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Philanthropist", "Summary": "Dame Eadith Walker was the sole heir of merchant and pastoralist Thomas Walker. Over the course of her life she gave very generously of her time and money to a wide range of charitable causes, including substantial sums to the women's college at the University of Sydney, and to the Thomas Walker Convalescent Hospital.\n", "Details": "Born in Sydney in 1861, Eadith was the only child of merchant Thomas Walker. Her mother died when Eadith was not yet ten years old, and she was raised by her aunt Joanna at the Walker property, Yaralla at Concord. Eadith was taught to take her wealth seriously from an early age, and this lesson came to the fore when she inherited her father's fortune of just under \u00a31 million in 1886 at the age of 25, though her cousin, James Thomas Walker, was appointed executor of the will. Thomas Walker's wealth had come from his interests as a merchant, pastoralist and shipowner. He was born at Leith, Scotland, in 1804 and emigrated to Australia in 1822 to work with his uncle, later taking charge of the business.\nEadith Walker had a wide range of interests and a sincere love of sport and animals. She was an executive member of what is now the RSPCA, vice-president of the Sydney Rowing Club and patron of the Yaralla cricket club. She was involved with the Queen's Jubilee Fund, the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children and the Royal Hospital for Women, where she served as vice-president of the auxiliary in 1922. Dame Eadith was a member of the council of the new Women's College at the University of Sydney for two years from 1893. Between 1895 and 1930, she offered an annual scholarship of \u00a350 - known as the Yaralla Scholarship - to go to a high achieving student wishing to reside at the College, but requiring financial assistance to do so. To the original building fund she subscribed \u00a31,000, to be paid over only when the fund had reached \u00a34,000 by public subscription. During wartime, through to 1920, Eadith set up a camp at Yaralla where she accommodated and cared for soldiers suffering from tuberculosis, 32 at a time. She donated a second home, 'Leura', for use by consumptive soldiers, and established a library at the Prince of Wales Hospital. Eadith was heavily involved with the Australian Red Cross Society, as a member of its executive committee, and the Returned Sailors' and Soldiers' Imperial League of Australia. She continued to support the Thomas Walker Convalescent Hospital, founded with a \u00a3100,000 gift from her father, as well as various religious and educational institutions including her local church.\nEadith Walker was awarded the C.B.E. in 1918 and the D.B.E. in 1928. She died at Yaralla in 1937, leaving her \u00a3265,345 estate to the Walker Trusts.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/yaralla-and-the-thomas-walker-and-concord-general-hospitals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-walkers-of-yaralla-the-history-of-thomas-walker-and-dame-eadith-walker\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eadith-walker\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/yaralla-and-the-walker-family-a-brief-history-of-thomas-and-eadith-walker-and-the-yaralla-estate\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/concord-heritage-society\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-activism-and-altruism-in-australian-womens-philanthropy-1880-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-houses-and-people-of-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-from-louisa-a-womans-view-of-the-1890s-based-on-the-letters-of-louisa-macdonald-first-principal-of-the-womens-college-university-of-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/my-grandfathers-house\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-women-philanthropists-in-australian-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walker-dame-eadith-campbell-1861-1937\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/order-of-service-for-the-dedication-of-the-dame-eadith-walker-d-b-e-memorial-fence-gates-and-flood-lights-by-the-most-reverend-howard-west-kilvinton-mowll-d-d-archbishop-of-sydney-on-saturday\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Best, Kathleen Annie Louise", "Entry ID": "IMP0068", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/best-kathleen-annie-louise\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Summer Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Richmond, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Kathleen Best, as nurse and army officer, was an inspiring leader in both a war and peace time environment. As an army officer in the Middle East, she distinguished herself through her courage and efficiency in her treatment and care of the wounded. After her wartime service, she assumed a number of peacetime appointments, which included becoming the founding director, Australian Women's Army Corps (Women's Royal Australian Army Corps (WRAAC)) in 1951. Kathleen Best's war effort was acknowledged by the award of the Royal Red Cross medal 'for gallantry, conduct and devotion in Greece 14\/27 April 1941' and her subsequent role as Director of the WRAAC was honoured with her appointment as Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1956.\n", "Details": "Kathleen Best was the second child of Rupert Dudley Best, commission agent, and Emily Edith, n\u00e9e Stevenson. She was educated at Bondi Public and Cleveland Street Intermediate High School. She embarked on her nursing career at Western Suburbs Hospital and completed her midwifery at the Crown Street Women's Hospital, Sydney.\nOn 30 May 1940, Best enlisted in the Australian Army Nursing Service, Australian Imperial Forces (AIF) (service number NX12617), and was posted as matron of the 2nd\/5th Australian General Hospital, which opened in December at Rehovot, Palestine. It moved to Greece on 10 April 1941 to assist the Anzac Corps in its battle against the Germans. Medical and nursing personnel worked under constant air raids, and by 25 April, most medical staff were evacuated to Crete. Best and 39 nurses volunteered to remain to care for the wounded, but later that day they were ordered to leave and survived a dangerous journey to Greece. She was awarded the RRC for her gallant conduct under difficult circumstances. She returned to Palestine to reorganise the hospital, then in August 1941, she went with the 2nd\/5th AGH to Eritrea, Ethiopia.\nBest returned to Australia in March 1942 and her AIF appointment was terminated on 13 June. She then took on the position of controller of full-time voluntary aid detachments for the Australian Army Medical Women's Service. She relinquished this post in February 1943 and was promoted to lieutenant colonel to become assistant adjutant general (women's services). In September 1944 she transferred to the Reserve Officers and became the assistant director of women's re-establishment and training in the Department of Postwar Reconstruction. This position involved helping servicewomen and female war workers adapt to the changed postwar conditions. The culmination of her career came with her appointment as the founding director of the Women's Royal Australian Army Corps in February 1951. She was promoted to the rank of honorary colonel in 1952 and was appointed to the OBE in 1956. She was a member of the Melbourne Lyceum Club. Two portraits of her, painted by Nora Heysen and Geoffrey Mainwaring, hang in the Australian War Memorial, Canberra.\nKathleen Best died in the Epworth Hospital, Richmond, Victoria, from melanonomatosis on 15 November 1957.\n", "Events": "Assistant Adjutant-General Women's Services (1943 - 1944) \nAssistant Director, Re-establishment Division, Department of Post-War Reconstruction (1944 - 1949) \nAwarded Royal Red Cross Medal (RRC) (1942 - 1942) \nController for the Australian Army Medical Women's Service (AAMWS) (1942 - 1943) \nServed in the Middle East (1940 - 1942)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/proudly-we-served-stories-of-2-5th-australian-general-hospital-at-war-with-germany-behind-german-lines-and-at-war-with-japan-in-the-pacific\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guns-and-brooches-australian-army-nursing-from-the-boer-war-to-the-gulf-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/best-kathleen-annie-louise-1910-1957\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/soldiers-of-the-queen-women-in-the-australian-army\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rsl-returned-sisters-sub-branchthanksgiving-service-100-years-of-australian-army-nursing\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/colonel-best-and-her-soldiers-the-story-of-the-33-years-of-the-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-blue-to-khaki-the-enlisted-voluntary-aids-and-others-who-became-members-of-the-australian-army-medical-womens-service-and-served-from-1941-1951\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-stroll-down-memory-lane\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/just-wanted-to-be-there-australian-service-nurses-1899-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-the-lyceum-club-melbourne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hospitals-general-and-special-work-of-5th-australian-general-hospital-report-of-events-in-greece-1-report-by-lieutenant-colonel-a-w-morrow-2-report-by-matron-kathleen-best\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/christmas-message-from-colonel-sybil-h-irving-honorary-colonel-of-the-corps-honcol-and-colonel-kathleen-best-director-womens-royal-australian-army-corps-dwraac\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/speech-by-colonel-sybil-h-irving-honorary-colonel-of-the-corps-made-at-the-opening-of-the-kathleen-best-memorial-gates-womens-royal-australian-army-corps-wraac-school-mosman-nsw-6-november-19\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kathleen-best-memorial-gates-and-portrait\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cawley, Evonne Fay Goolagong", "Entry ID": "IMP0070", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cawley-evonne-fay-goolagong\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Griffith, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Tennis player", "Summary": "Evonne Cawley, a member of the Wiradjuri people, was the first indigenous Australian to win a Wimbledon Tennis Championship in 1971. She left her hometown in Barellan, New South Wales, to live in Sydney to concentrate on her tennis, under the management of Mr Vic Edwards, a well known Sydney tennis coach. She had a successful professional tennis career, lived in the United States of America for a period, then returned to live in Queensland after the death of her mother in 1991. She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1972 for services to tennis and Officer of the Order of Australia in 1982.\n", "Details": "Evonne Cawley was the daughter of Kenny Goolagong, a shearer, and his wife Linda, n\u00e9e Hamilton. She grew up in Barellan, country New South Wales, one of a family of eight children, and was educated at Barellan primary and central schools. She was a good athlete and showed an early aptitude for tennis, which members of her family and friends encouraged. She was given special dispensation because of her age to join the local tennis club at the age of seven. She attracted the interest of Mr Vic Edwards, the owner of the Victor A Edwards Tennis School (VAETS) at the age of eleven, when a tennis clinic was held in Barellan in 1961.\nOn the suggestion of Edwards, she moved to Sydney permanently in 1965, at the age of fourteen, to concentrate on her tennis career and lived with the Edwards family. Edwards coached her and later became her personal manager. She attended Willoughby Girls High School and completed her School Certificate in 1968, then undertook secretarial studies at the Metropolitan Business College. She entered the New South Wales Championship at the age of fifteen and in January 1968 played in the Australian women's singles championship. At this point she was ranked as the top junior in New South Wales.\nIn 1970 she travelled to London to compete at Wimbledon for the first time and was a member of the Australian Federation Cup team in the same year. The year 1971 was a highlight of her career, as she won the French Open, the British Hard Court Championships and Wimbledon. In 1972 she was appointed Member of the British Empire (MBE) for services to tennis, and received her award at Buckingham Palace. She married Roger Cawley on 19 June 1975, in London, and followed it up with a blessing at St Clements Anglican Church and open-house party in her home town of Barellan later in the year. On her marriage, she severed her business relationship with Vic Edwards and settled in the United States of America. Her first child, Kelly, was born on 12 May 1977 at Beaufort, USA and her second, Morgan, on 28 May 1981 in the same hospital. She won her second Wimbledon title in 1980. She also played with the Pittsburgh Triangles until 1976. She received her second honour, the Order of Australia, in 1982. After nursing injuries for a period, she retired from competition in 1983. In 1988 she was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame at Newport, Rhode Island, USA.\nShe returned to Australia to live in 1991 at Noosa Heads on the Sunshine Coast in Queensland and has travelled around Australia, coming to understand the importance of her Aboriginal heritage and introducing her American born children to their indigenous culture. She was a member of the Board of the Australian Sports Commission from 1995-1997. Since 1997, she has held the position of Sports Ambassador to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island Communities.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/100-great-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cawley-evonne-fay-ao-1982-mbe-1972-sports-ambassador-to-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-island-communities\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/home-the-evonne-goolagong-story\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/evonne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/goolagong-cawley-evonne-1951\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/evonne-goolagong-cawley\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-aboriginal-australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-history-society-and-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/great-australian-women-in-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/evonne-and-her-family\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Miller, Mabel Flora", "Entry ID": "IMP0074", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miller-mabel-flora\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New Town, Tasmania, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Politician", "Summary": "Mabel Miller, who served in the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) during World War II, was an active public figure in Hobart for twenty years. She was the first woman to be elected to the Hobart City Council in 1952 and later, in 1955, one of the first two women to be elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly as the Liberal member for Franklin. She was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire for distinguished public service on January 1st, 1967.\n", "Details": "Daughter of Joseph Christian Goodhart, draper, and Alice Mary, n\u00e9e Humphries.\nMabel Miller, although born in Broken Hill, came to Adelaide as a child, and was educated at Girton House Girls' Grammar School. She later attended a finishing school in Paris, then proceeded to the University of Adelaide where she gained a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) in 1927 and was admitted to the bar on 17 December 1927. She practised in Sydney and London before marrying Alan John Richmond Miller, a chemist, in Hobart on 24 July 1930. She had a daughter.\nDuring World War II, from 1941, she served in the WAAAF as acting section officer and reached the rank of temporary squadron officer while serving in Melbourne from 1942-1943 as deputy director of the WAAAF. She was later posted to Townsville, Queensland as staff officer, north eastern area. She completed her war service on 3 October 1944.\nAfter World War II, Miller was active in the Red Cross Society, the Queen Alexandra Hospital and the Mary Ogilvy Homes Society. Her decision to stand for election to the Hobart City Council was prompted by complaints she heard about municipal mismanagement when she was president of the National Council of Women of Tasmania from 1952-1954.\nMiller served on the Council from 1952, chaired the finance, health, building and town planning committees, and became deputy lord mayor in 1954-1956 and 1964-1970. She stood for election as mayor in 1970, but was unsuccessful and retired from the council in 1972.\nMiller was also a member of the Tasmanian State Parliament in the House of Assembly as member for Franklin from 1955 until 1964. She strongly supported proper planning measures for public housing estates, law, education, health and welfare reforms, particularly to ensure the care and protection of children.\nShe was elected vice president of the Liberal Party in 1961, but her state political career ceased on her defeat in 1964.\nMiller was known for her stylish clothes and charming personality, and continued to be involved with the United Ex-Service Women's Homes Association and the Tasmanian Right to Life Association. She assisted in the establishment of the Women's and Children's Memorial Rest Centre, Hobart and sat on the interim council of the Australian National Gallery and the Metric Conversion Board.\nIn 1967, in addition to being appointed DBE, she was the Australian representative on the United Nations' Status of Women Commission, and an Australian delegate to the General Assembly of the United Nations.\nShe died on 30 December 1978 in Newtown, Tasmania.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1968\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miller-dame-mabel-flora-1906-1978\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miller-dame-mabel-flora-dbe\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miller-mabel-flora-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dame-mabel-miller\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Owen, Gladys Mary", "Entry ID": "IMP0080", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/owen-gladys-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Social worker", "Summary": "Gladys Owen, born into a distinguished Sydney legal family, is best remembered as a painter and print-maker; however, she was a founding member of the New South Wales branch of the Australian Red Cross Society in 1913, and 'inherited a fluency in public speaking and tenacity in advocacy and lobbying' (Heritage). The Sydney Morning Herald, reviewing her 1922 art exhibition, noted that Owen's 'patriotic activities during the war diminished the importance of her contributions to the art life of the State' (20 March 1922, p.5). It was for these services she was appointed OBE (Officer of The Order of the British Empire) in 1918. Owen was the founding joint honorary secretary (1914-1927) of the Society's New South Wales branch and became a vice-president in 1927. According to the Australian Dictionary of Biography entry on her husband, fellow artist John Moore, Owen's commitment to the Red Cross and advocacy in social work was life long: 'She was a director of the civil section of the Women's Australian National Service in 1940, a council-member of the State division of the Red Cross 1940-49 and of national headquarters in 1943-49, and honorary secretary of the State Red Cross Field Service in 1941-43. From 1950 she was president of the Council of Social Service of New South Wales'.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/owen-gladys-mary-1889-1961\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/owen-gladys-mary-1889-1960-painter-print-maker-embroiderer-radio-presenter-and-programmer-social-worker-public-speaker-and-arts-administrator\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-ladies-picture-show-sources-on-a-century-of-australian-women-artists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moore-john-drummond-macpherson-1888-1958\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/advice-to-soldiers-and-their-dependents-compiled-by-gladys-owen\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-art-of-gladys-owen-moore-obe-1889-1960-an-exhibition-in-retrospect-arranged-by-scott-erickson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-life-swimming-hard-for-political-equality\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-gladys-owen-artist-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wood-engravings-by-gladys-owen-1920s-1950s-and-woodcut-by-maud-sherwood-1920s-1930s\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bandler, Faith Ida Lessing", "Entry ID": "IMP0081", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bandler-faith-ida-lessing\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tumbulgum, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Campaigner", "Summary": "Faith Bandler has campaigned for Aboriginal and Islander rights throughout her life, firstly through the Aboriginal-Australian Fellowship and later through the Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders (FCAATSI). She has written novels and children's literature as well as many non-fiction works relating to Aboriginal rights. Her biography, Faith: Faith Bandler, gentle activist, written by Marilyn Lake, was published in 2002.\n", "Details": "Faith Bandler and her sister enlisted in the Australian Women's Land Army during World War II. She was employed at Young, picking cherries and also the farming districts of Bathurst and Griffith. She was discharged on the 11 October 1945.\nBandler was offered an MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) for her services to the community in 1976, but declined it in protest against the dismissal of Prime Minister Gough Whitlam by the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr. She later accepted a nomination as Member of the Order of Australia (AM) and received the honour on 11 June 1984. This was for service to Aboriginal welfare.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-aboriginal-australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-history-society-and-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-bandler\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-faith-bandler-gentle-activist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-black-diggers-aborigines-and-torres-strait-islanders-in-the-second-world-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/betrayal-white-attitudes-to-indigenous-people\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/paving-the-way-a-tribute-to-black-australian-writers-keynote-speech-given-at-the-presentation-of-the-new-south-wales-premiers-literary-awards-1993\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/keeping-the-faith-although-she-has-faith-in-youth-and-the-future-faith-bandler-grieves-for-the-life-she-has-lost-in-the-battle-for-rights\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/turning-the-tide-a-personal-history-of-the-federal-council-for-the-advancement-ofaborigines-and-torres-strait-islanders\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/they-spoke-out-pretty-good-the-leadership-of-women-in-the-brisbane-aboriginal-rights-movement-1958-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-bandler-a-vision-splendid\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/great-moments-in-indigenous-history-have-faith-in-nelson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/2001-eldershaw-memorial-lecture-founding-fathers-dutiful-wives-and-rebellious-daughters-lecture-presented-to-a-tasmanian-historical-research-association-meeting-on-10-apr-2001\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-bandler-videorecording-born-1920-civil-rights-activist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marani-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-time-was-ripe-a-history-of-the-aboriginal-australian-fellowship-1956-69\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wacvie\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/welou-my-brother\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-lifetimes-accomplishment-faith-bandler\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-land-rights-policy\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-literature-an-historical-introduction\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-writers-a-bibliographic-guide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/talkin-up-to-the-white-woman-aboriginal-women-and-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reports-and-resolutions\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/details-of-pioneers-in-aboriginal-movement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-papers-of-faith-bandler\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/as-a-woman-writing-womens-lives\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/citizenship-as-non-discrimination-acceptance-or-assimilation-political-logic-and-emotional-investment-in-campaigns-for-indigenous-rights-in-australia-1940-to-1970\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-lives-in-world-bandler-touched\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-jack-and-jean-horner-1956-2003-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-women-farm-workers-during-world-war-ii-three-archival-film-interviews\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-report-by-n-s-w-state-secretary\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-national-theatre-trust-limited-files-1902-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-redress-press-book-files-1976-1996-including-correspondence-contracts-readers-reports-reviews-and-photographs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collection-01-faith-bandler-papers-1968-1992\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/series-04-faith-bandler-interviewed-by-carolyn-craig-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collection-02-faith-bandler-further-papers-1875-1945-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-bowden-interviews-conducted-for-radio-programs-and-documentaries-ca-1975-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fcaatsi-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "MumShirl", "Entry ID": "IMP0092", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mumshirl\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Erambie Mission, West Cowra, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "MumShirl was an Aboriginal woman who dedicated her life to welfare services. She visited countless Aboriginal prisoners in jail and raised 60 foster children. She was nominated a Member of the British Empire and Member of the Order of Australia for her work.\n", "Details": "A Wiradjuri woman, MumShirl was born Colleen Shirley Perry on Erambie Mission, West Cowra, New South Wales, around 1924. Her married name was Shirley Smith.\nMumShirl wrote about her life and work with Aboriginal people in her book MumShirl: an autobiography. Her welfare work began with visits to Aboriginal people in jail, a commitment that was eventually recognised and facilitated by the provision of a pass by the Department of Corrective Services (New South Wales). Her support for prisoners earned her the nickname 'MumShirl'. During her life she also raised over 60 children in need of a parent. MumShirl was involved in supporting the Gurindji land rights claim and in establishing the Aboriginal Legal Service (1971), the Aboriginal Medical Service (1972), the Aboriginal Black Theatre, the Aboriginal Tent Embassy, the Aboriginal Children's service, the Aboriginal Housing Company and the Detoxification Centre. She worked with the Aboriginal Medical Service for many years.\nIn her autobiography, MumShirl recalls the day she attended the ceremony to collect her MBE medal, 11 June 1977 (her citation name was Mrs Shirley Colleen Smith). She had been nominated to become a Member of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) (and in 1985 a Member of the Order of Australia) for services to Aboriginal people. In her words:\n'I never did find out who nominated me, and I didn't really know whether I ought to take it, or really what it would mean to me, but I asked around and the people I spoke to all urged me to take it\u2026 I received my citation and I felt very strange. As it was getting close to my turn, it was flashing into my mind the numbers of places where I couldn't get served; how I had had to sit on the ground at the front of the picture theatre as a child in the roped off section that Blacks had to sit in, white kids in Cowra running after us yelling, 'Nigger, nigger pull the trigger', the camps and shacks that Blacks were having to live in all over this country that was, after all, ours - and here I was, standing up here with all these well-dressed and fashionable people, waiting in turn to collect this medal which would make me a Member of the British Empire.'\nThe ironies of the prestigious accolade were clear to MumShirl as she resumed her day to day struggle after the ceremony. Later the Department of Corrective Services revoked her pass, making her prisoner support work near impossible. She wrote, 'the many honours that I had received over the years, and even the MBE which I had worked for and earned, none of these things could help me now. I could hardly go about my work, but I drove myself on.' Of the many 'medals and pieces of paper' that have been awarded to MumShirl she asks in the final sentence of her book, 'They must be worth something in the end, mustn't they?'\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mumshirl-an-autobiography-with-the-assistance-of-bobbi-sykes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mum-shirl\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tribute-to-mum-shirl\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-aboriginal-australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-history-society-and-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-history-of-the-aboriginal-medical-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/smoke-signals-stories-from-shirley-smith\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-the-inside-aboriginal-prisoners-need-cultural-general-education\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/20th-anniversary-of-the-aboriginal-tent-embassy\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mourners-bid-a-fond-farewell-to-mum-shirl-nsw\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/livewire-real-lives-mum-shirl\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mumshirl-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stories-of-herself-when-young-autobiographies-of-childhood-by-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/on-their-own-terms-profiles-of-five-very-individual-australians-prepared-by-tim-bowden-and-ros-bowden\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-edna-ryan-1948-1993-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/colin-davis-interviewed-by-rob-willis-in-the-bringing-them-home-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-bowden-interviews-conducted-for-radio-programs-and-documentaries-ca-1975-1989\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Tucker, Margaret Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "IMP0093", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tucker-margaret-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Warrangesda Mission, Darlington Point, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Mooroopna, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Campaigner, Community worker", "Summary": "Margaret Tucker was co-founder of the Australian Aborigines League and was the first Aboriginal woman appointed to the Aborigines Welfare Board.\n", "Details": "Margaret (Lilardia) Elizabeth Tucker was born on Warrangesda Mission and spent her early childhood on the Cummeragunja and Moonaculla Missions in New South Wales. Her father, William Clements, was Wiradjuri and her mother Teresa (Yarmuk) Clements, n\u00e9e Middleton, was Yulupna. At the age of thirteen, Tucker and her sister May were separated from their mother against her wishes and taken to the Cootamundra Girls' Home. Tucker has written of her harrowing experiences under the care and training of the Aborigines Protection Board and in domestic service for white families in Sydney in her 1977 autobiography, If everyone cared.\nBy the 1930s, Tucker had begun to campaign for Aboriginal rights alongside other legendary Koori campaigners including William Cooper, Bill and Eric Onus, and Doug Nicholls. In 1932, she was co-founder of the Australian Aborigines League and on 26 January 1938 was one of the Victorian representatives observing the first national Day of Mourning. She was also instrumental in founding the United Council of Aboriginal and Islander Women in the 1960s. Tucker was the first Aboriginal woman appointed to the Aborigines Welfare Board (Victoria), 1964, and the Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs, 1968.\nShe was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) on 1 January 1968 for services to the Aboriginal community.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/if-everyone-cared-autobiography-of-margaret-tucker\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/if-everyone-cared-autobiography-of-margaret-tucker-m-b-e\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/another-time-place-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/talkin-up-to-the-white-woman-aboriginal-women-and-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sister-if-you-only-knew-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lousy-little-sixpence-videorecording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aunty-marge-tucker\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-aboriginal-australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-history-society-and-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/honours-for-aborigines-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/details-of-pioneers-in-aboriginal-movement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-writers-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-aborigines-day\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aborigines-advancement-league\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/princess-lilardia-as-guest-of-queen-salote-of-tonga\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/as-i-saw-the-world-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/historic-meeting-of-two-great-peoples-aboriginal-king-honours-canadian-indian-party\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/original-protester-had-a-role-in-many-groups\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marge-tucker-mbe\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/character-above-colour-fast-track-to-assimilation-margaret-tucker-m-b-e-and-the-politics-of-assimilation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-aboriginal-women-pathfinders-their-difficulties-and-their-achievements\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stories-of-herself-when-young-autobiographies-of-childhood-by-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/if-everyone-cared-197-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-margaret-tucker-awarded-m-b-e-for-services-to-aboriginal-welfare-in-1968-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-aussie-image-the-language-of-the-image-makers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bennett, Agnes Elizabeth Lloyd", "Entry ID": "IMP0099", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bennett-agnes-elizabeth-lloyd\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Neutral Bay, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Wellington, New Zealand", "Occupations": "Medical practitioner", "Summary": "Agnes Bennett practised in Wellington, New Zealand from 1905 and was Chief Medical Officer at St Helens Maternity Hospital 1908-36.\n", "Details": "Born Sydney, 24 June 1872. Died Wellington, New Zealand, 27 November 1960. OBE 1948. Educated University of Sydney (BSc 1894) and College of Medicine for Women, University of Edinburgh (MB, ChM 1899, MD 1911). Teacher and governess; private practice, Sydney 1901-04; junior medical officer, Hospital for the Insane, Callan Park 1904-05; private practice, Wellington, New Zealand from 1905; chief medical officer, St Helen's maternity hospital 1908-36; honorary physician, children's ward, Wellington Hospital from 1910; first female commissioned officer, British Army 1915; in charge of a unit of the Scottish Women's Hospitals on the Serbian front 1916-17; medical officer, Burketown, North Queensland 1938-39; English hospitals 1940-42; lectured to the women's services in New Zealand on venereal disease and birth control from 1942. First president, Wellington branch, International Federation of University Women 1923.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/doctor-agnes-bennett\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bennett-agnes-elizabeth-lloyd-1872-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bennett-agnes-elizabeth-lloyd-1872-1960-biographical-entry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/christison-of-lammermoor\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-on-the-warpath-feminist-of-the-first-wave\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-book-of-great-australian-women-thirty-six-women-who-changed-the-course-of-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vukovic-zarko-dr\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dr-agnes-bennett-new-south-wales-ca-1929-picture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-dr-agnes-bennett-one-of-the-first-woman-to-win-a-science-degree-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Booth, Mary", "Entry ID": "IMP0100", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/booth-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Physician, Public Health Worker", "Summary": "Mary Booth graduated in Arts from the University of Sydney before studying medicine at the University of Edinburgh (graduating in 1899). On her return to Australia she lectured in hygiene at girls secondary schools in Sydney, and for the Department of Public Instruction and the Sydney Teachers College 1904-1909. In 1910-1912 she helped establish the first school medical service in Victoria and was later involved in household health and welfare. She was the founder and office bearer of many patriotic associations, such as the Anzac Fellowship of Women (president 1921-1956). She was appointed OBE - Officer of The Order of the British Empire (Civil) - 4 October 1918, for her work with the Friendly Union of Soldier's Wives.\nBooth also founded the Women's Club in Sydney in 1901, the Centre for Soldiers Wives and Mothers in 1915 and the Memorial College of Household Arts and Science in 1936, and was involved with the University of Sydney Society for Combating Venereal Disease, the League of Nations Union, the New Settlers' League and the Australian Institute of International Affairs. She had a keen interest in eugenics and was a member of the Anthropometric Committee of the Australian Association for the Advancement of Science from 1908.\n", "Details": "Independent candidate for North Shore in 1920.\nMary Booth was born in Sydney and educated privately, at Airlie School and then University of Sydney. From 1891-1893 she was governess to the children of the Earl of Jersey, then governor of NSW. In 1894 she began studying medicine at the University of Melbourne, but transferred to Edinburgh, from which she graduated in 1899. She returned to Sydney in 1900 but did not practise medicine for long. She taught hygiene at girls' secondary schools, and was lecturer in hygiene for the NSW Department of Public Instruction 1904-09. In 1910-12 she helped establish the Victorian school medical service.\nShe was very active during World War I, founding the Babies' Kit Society and the Soldiers Club. She was on the executive committee of the Universal Service League and campaigned in favour of conscription.\nRunning as an independent feminist, she stood in the first election for which women were entitled to be candidates. Two years later, in 1922, she failed to gain nomination for the Senate election though she was supported by the Women's Reform League.\nIn 1921 she founded the Anzac Fellowship of Women, and remained its president until 1956. From 1921, she was involved in the Dreadnought Scheme which brought out boy immigrants, and from 1925 to 1944 published a monthly magazine, Boy Settler.\nShe was an inveterate joiner and activist and belonged to numerous organizations including the League of Nations Union, the Town Planning Association, and the English Speaking Union.\nHer last major initiative was to found the Memorial College of Household Arts and Sciences in 1936, to which young women went to learn the domestic arts, as Dr Booth believed :\"good wives made good husbands\". After her death and the sale of the property, the funds were used to found the Dr Mary Booth scholarship for women economics students at the University of Sydney.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/booth-mary-1869-1956\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/booth-mary-1869-1956-biographical-entry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-woman-question-in-melbourne-1880-1914\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1947\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-soldiers-club-1915-1923\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/?post_type=cpt_entry&p=23208", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-booth-papers-1899-1957\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-mary-booth-ca-1918-1979-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-booth-a-biography-by-ruth-mackinnon-1969\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rose-family-papers-1749-1974-henrietta-eliza-bertha-rose\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/series-01-mary-booth-papers-1905-1957\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-h-p-philpot-and-g-w-philpot-1912-1985-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bryce, Lucy Meredith", "Entry ID": "IMP0102", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bryce-lucy-meredith\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Lindfield, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Haematologist", "Summary": "Lucy Bryce worked at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 1922-1928, 1934-1946, and at the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories 1939-1944. She was also a clinical pathologist and Director of the Blood Transfusion Service 1929-1954. She was appointed Commander of The Order of the British Empire (Civil) - 1 January 1951, for her work as director of the Victoria Blood Transfusion Service.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bryce-lucy-meredith-1897-1968\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bryce-lucy-meredith-1897-1968-biographical-entry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/150-years-150-stories-brief-biographies-of-one-hundred-and-fifty-remarkable-people-associated-with-the-university-of-melbourne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lucy-meredith-bryce-records\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lions, Agnes Mary (Molly)", "Entry ID": "IMP0108", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lions-agnes-mary-molly\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Balmain, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Normanhurst Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Unionist", "Summary": "Agnes Lions qualified as a nurse in 1931 and worked in all branches of nursing in New South Wales until 1941 when she moved into the area of industrial nursing. She was one of four founders of the New South Wales College of Nursing (NSWCN) in 1949. From 1949 to 1952 she was responsible for the syllabus and supervision of the Industrial Nursing Certificate at the NSWCN, gaining the certificate herself in 1950. In 1946 Lions founded the Industrial Nursing Branch of the New South Wales Nursing Association and held the post of honorary secretary from its inception in 1947 to 1951. She was appointed MBE - Member of The Order of the British Empire (Civil) - New Year's Honours List, 1960, for services to nursing.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-lady-with-the-lamp\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/an-unsentimental-union-the-nsw-nurses-association-1931-1992\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lions-agnes-mary-1908-1992-biographical-entry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/agnes-mary-lions-personal-records\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McCarthy, Emma Maud", "Entry ID": "IMP0110", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mccarthy-emma-maud\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Paddington, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Chelsea, United Kingdom", "Occupations": "Nurse, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Maud McCarthy was matron-in-chief of the British Expeditionary Forces in France and Flanders during WWI.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mccarthy-emma-maud-1859-1949-biographical-entry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mccarthy-dame-emma-maud-1859-1949\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nightingales-in-the-mud-the-digger-sisters-of-the-great-war-1914-1918\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Nashar, Beryl", "Entry ID": "IMP0113", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nashar-beryl\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Waratah, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political activist", "Summary": "Nashar was Head, Department of Geology, Newcastle University College and University of Newcastle 1961-1980, Associate Professor 1964-1965, Professor of Geology 1965-1980 and Emeritus Professor since 1980. She was the first Australian to be awarded a PhD in geology from an Australian University and the first woman dean of science in an Australian university. Her early research addressed the geology of the Stanhope district in the Hunter Valley. This was later extended to embrace the mineralogy, geochemistry and genetic relations of the Carboniferous and Permian andesitic associations of eastern New South Wales, and the conditions of formation of secondary minerals in these andesitic and basic rocks. She was appointed OBE - The Order of the British Empire - Officer (Civil) - 1 January 1972 for her work in education and international relations.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-professor-beryl-nashar-conducted-by-ms-nessy-allen-on-1-march-2001\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nashar-beryl-1923-biographical-entry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cuthbert, Betty", "Entry ID": "IMP0122", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cuthbert-betty\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Merrylands, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Olympian, Track and Field Athlete", "Summary": "Betty Cuthbert was the first Australian athlete to win an Olympic gold medal on Australian soil. Nicknamed the 'Golden Girl' of Australian athletics, she was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1985 as an Athlete Member for her contribution to the sport of athletic. She was elevated to \"Legend of Australian Sport\" in 1994.\nBetty Cuthbert was so unsure that she would make the Australian Olympic Games team in 1956, she bought tickets to attend the Games as a spectator.\n", "Details": "In 1956, at the Olympic Games in Melbourne, Betty Cuthbert became the first Australian athlete to win a gold medal on Australian soil. In fact, Cuthbert won gold in three track and field events at these Olympics: the 100 metres, 200 metres and the 4\u00d7100 metre relay. She made a winning return to form at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, taking gold in the 400 metres. She has achieved 16 world records. In the 1970s, Cuthbert was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis and began actively campaigning for research funds for the Multiple Sclerosis Society. Her autobiography, Golden Girl, has been printed in two editions.\nIn 1965, Cuthbert was appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for athletics in New South Wales. She was later appointed as a Member of the Order of Australia (1 January 1984), and awarded the Australian Sports Medal (8 February 2000).\nBetty Cuthbert died on 7 August 2017. At her death, she was still the only Olympian to have won gold in the 100m, 200m and 400m and only Ian Thorpe (five) has won more gold for Australia.\n", "Events": "Athletics - 100m Sprint, 200m Sprint, 4 x 100m Relay (1956 - 1956) \nAthletics - 4 x 110y Relay (1962 - 1962) \nAthletics - 400m Event (1964 - 1964) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001) \nParticipated at the Rome Olympics (1960 - 1960)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/100-great-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/golden-girl\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/golden-girl-an-autobiography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/great-australian-women-in-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-at-the-olympics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australias-golden-girl-delighted-to-get-a-bronze\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bronze-tribute-golden-spirit\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/golden-turns-bronzed\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-at-the-games\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Walton, Nancy Bird", "Entry ID": "IMP0124", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walton-nancy-bird\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Pilot", "Summary": "Nancy Bird Walton was Australia's youngest female pilot. She was awarded imperial honours for her work with the Far West Children's Health Scheme.\n", "Details": "Nancy Bird Walton was born in Sydney in 1915. In 1933, at the age of 17, she became the youngest Australian woman to gain a pilot's licence. One year later she obtained her commercial licence.\nIn 1937-1938 Walton operated a charter service in Queensland followed by a two year world tour studying civil aviation. In 1950 she founded the Australian Women's Pilots' Association. She won the Ladies Trophy in the South Australian Centenary Air Race from Brisbane to Adelaide in 1936 and came fifth in the All Women's Transcontinental Air Race, America, in 1958.\nWalton was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) in 11 June 1966 for her work as pilot to the Far West Children's Health Scheme. She was also appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia on 26 January 1990 for 'service to aviation, particularly the participation of women in aviation'.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Australian Surfing Hall of Fame (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-bird-videorecording-born-1915-aviatrix\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-bird-born-to-fly\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/my-god-its-a-woman-the-autobiography-of-nancy-bird\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-bird-walton-1915-australian-pioneer-aviatrix\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-book-of-great-australian-women-thirty-six-women-who-changed-the-course-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/yarn-spinners-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-fleming-arnot-personal-and-professional-papers-1890-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shirley-anderson-papers-1928-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/series-01-nancy-bird-walton-further-papers-1933-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edwards-and-shaw-firm-further-records1945-1984\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/series-02-nancy-bird-walton-further-photographs-ca-1930-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collection-05-nancy-bird-walton-scrapbooks-1938-ca-1997-2001\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-bird-walton-further-papers-1935-1984-including-diaries-and-scrapbooks-of-press-cuttings\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-lady-helen-blackburn-1944-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nancy-bird-walton-1933-2005-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walton-nancy-b-commander-womens-air-training-corps-watc\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walton-nancy-bird-womens-air-training-scheme\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-nancy-bird-walton-with-lady-wakehurst-wife-of-the-governor-of-nsw-in-front-of-squadron-leader-f-c-mackillop-and-gwen-stark\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-nancy-bird-aviatrix-with-flight-lieutenant-mckillop-and-gwen-stark\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lady-wakehurst-wife-of-the-governor-of-nsw-squadron-leader-f-c-mackillop-and-gwen-stark\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-nancy-bird-walton-wearing-the-uniform-of-the-australian-womens-flying-club-with-squadron-leader-f-c-mackillop-gwen-stark-and-lake-wakehurst-wife-of-the-governor-of-nsw\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-australian-flying-club\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-bowden-interviews-conducted-for-radio-programs-and-documentaries-ca-1975-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-bird-walton-aggregated-collection-of-papers-and-pictorial-material\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Arnot, Jean Fleming", "Entry ID": "IMP0125", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/arnot-jean-fleming\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Pymble, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Potts Point, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist, Librarian, Trade unionist", "Summary": "Distinguished librarian, trade unionist and feminist, Jean Fleming Arnot, worked at the State Library of New South Wales from 1921 until her retirement in 1968. During her life Arnot was a member and leader of numerous women's organisations. Arnot was appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) on 12 June 1965 for her community services in Sydney. She died in Sydney on 27 September 1995, at the age of 92.\n", "Details": "Born at Pymble, New South Wales, Jean Arnot was educated at Fort Street Girls' High School. She never married. Her distinguished career in librarianship was served with the Public Library of New South Wales from 1921 until her retirement in 1968. She was extension librarian in charge of services to country areas, 1944-1948; head cataloguer, 1950-1968; and acting Mitchell librarian, 1956-1958. In 1948-1949 Jean received grants from the British Council and the Carnegie Corporation of New York to study library services in Great Britain and North America. She was a member of the Australian delegation to the First International Conference on Cataloguing Principles, held in Paris in 1961.\nA founding member of the Library Association of Australia (LAA) in 1949, she was convenor of its Cataloguing Code Revision Committee, 1962-1968, and elected Fellow in 1963. With the LAA's precursor, the Australian Institute of Librarians, she had served as a councillor, general secretary,1941-1943, and president of the New South Wales branch, 1941-1942. After she retired, Miss Arnot became honorary librarian of the Royal Australian Historical Society, 1975-1980. Her expertise remained much in demand; she advised on the cataloguing of private libraries and assisted the booksellers, Berkelouw.\nFrom 1937 Jean became an active campaigner for equal pay for women. In 1944 she was the recipient of the Gold Medal of the Public Service Association of New South Wales. An accomplished and popular public speaker, Miss Arnot addressed a range of issues ranging from the historical to the contemporary. She had honed her debating skills through her involvement with the women's service organisation, the Kooroora Club, in the 1930s. The Club's affiliation with the National Council of Women of New South Wales led to Jean's long-time association with the latter, becoming president from 1960-1966, and elected honorary vice-president in 1972.\nIn 1959 she was the only female representative at the Conference on Unemployment, convened by New South Wales Premier, R. J. Heffron. She was also prominent in the activities of several other organisations. Arnot was president of the Business and Professional Women's Club, 1953-1954 and 1959-1960; president of the Australian Federation of Business and Professional Women, Division of New South Wales; founding member in 1961 and executive council member of the Australian Freedom from Hunger Campaign; vice-president of the League of Women Voters, 1974-1980; longtime member of and fund-raiser for the Pan-Pacific and Southeast Asia Women's Association; and multiple office bearer of the Women's Club (Sydney, New South Wales).\nJean Fleming Arnot was appointed MBE in 1965 for services to the community.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-bowden-interviews-with-people-who-knew-ida-leeson-former-mitchell-librarian-1985\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/state-library-of-new-south-wales-jean-arnot-interviewed-by-john-macallister-about-her-career-in-the-state-library-of-new-south-wales-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/state-library-of-new-south-wales-jean-arnot-interviewed-by-rosemary-block-about-her-life-after-she-retired-from-the-state-library-she-also-speaks-in-some-detail-of-her-colleagues-miss-nita-kibble-a\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/state-library-of-new-south-wales-jean-arnot-interviewed-by-rosemary-block-1994\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-fleming-arnot-personal-and-professional-papers-1890-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-arnot-interviews-1974-1994\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-arnot-memorial-luncheon-book-of-honour-1994-1997-being-a-selected-compilation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-arnot-memorial-service-papers-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-fleming-arnot-pictorial-material-and-medals-192-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-arnot-interviewed-by-amy-mcgrath-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-fleming-arnot-papers-1931-1976-mainly-relating-to-equal-pay-and-status-of-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-fleming-arnot-papers-1907-1988-including-files-relating-to-librarianship-bibliography-social-issues-and-invitations-received\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-bowden-interviews-conducted-for-radio-programs-and-documentaries-ca-1975-1989\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Leeson, Ida Emily", "Entry ID": "IMP0126", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/leeson-ida-emily\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Leichhardt, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Castlecrag, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Librarian", "Summary": "Ida Emily Leeson (1885-1964) was born at Leichhardt, Sydney, the daughter of Thomas Leeson, a carpenter from Canada, and his Australian born wife Mary Ann, n\u00e9e Emberson.\nLeeson was educated at Leichhardt Public School and Sydney Girl's High School. She graduated with a Batchelor of Arts from the University of Sydney in 1906. In August that year she was appointed library assistant at the Public Library of New South Wales, and in 1909 was transferred to the Mitchell Library. In 1932 she was appointed second Mitchell Librarian.\nIn April 1944 Lieutenant Colonel A.A. Conlan secured Ida Leeson's secondment as a research officer in the Directorate of Research, where she was ranked captain, and later major in the Australian Military Forces. She was a member of A.A. Conlan's 'think-tank' which included John Kerr. Leeson did not return to the Mitchell Library, officially resigning in 1946. Toward the end of the war she was appointed librarian-archivist for the School of Civil Affairs, later known as the Australian School of Pacific Administration. In 1949 she went to Noumea to establish the library for the South Pacific Commission, returning to Australia the following year, where she continued to work for the commission in Sydney until 1956.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/leeson-ida-emily-1885-1964\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ida-leeson-a-life-not-a-blue-stocking-lady\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-bowden-interviews-with-people-who-knew-ida-leeson-former-mitchell-librarian-1985\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Anderson, Shirley", "Entry ID": "IMP0128", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anderson-shirley\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Forster, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Air traffic controller", "Summary": "Shirley Anderson attended Marrickville Girls High School and the Metropolitan Secretarial College in Sydney before travelling and working overseas. She obtained an unrestricted Private Pilot's Licence in 1950.\nFrom 1960 until her retirement in 1985 she worked as an air traffic controller and instructor at Sydney's Kingsford-Smith Airport. She was the first woman in Sydney to be appointed to this position.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shirley-anderson-papers-1928-1997\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Aronson, Zara Baar", "Entry ID": "IMP0132", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aronson-zara-baar\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Charity worker, Journalist, Print journalist", "Summary": "Zara Aronson, n\u00e9e Baar, distinguished herself through her journalism, feminism and charitable work in Sydney and Perth, after having spent her early life in Europe. She returned to Sydney in 1879 to complete her education. After her marriage to Frederick Aronson, a merchant, in October 1882, she launched into her charitable work and served on the committees of the Sydney Industrial Blind Institution and the Thirlmere and the Queen Victoria homes for consumptives. As an active feminist from the 1890s, she was an original member of the Women's Literary Society and a founding member of the National Council of Women in 1896. She contributed to a range of journals and newspapers throughout her life, which included Australian Town and Country Journal, The Sydney Mail, and The Sydney Morning Herald, and wrote a cookery book, the proceeds of which she donated to the Junior Red Cross in New South Wales. She was an original member of the executive committee of the New South Wales Division of the British Red Cross Society in 1914 and organised and ran the depot which distributed more than a million books and magazines during World War I. She maintained her feminist interests when she became foundation secretary of the Women Writers of New South Wales in 1925, assuming the presidency in 1930. She was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 23 June 1936 for her services to the Red Cross Society.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1890 - 1920)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-mary-elizabeth-cook-book-over-900-recipes-many-new-for-all-homes-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aronson-zara-1864-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Galleghan, Persia Elspeth", "Entry ID": "IMP0144", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/galleghan-persia-elspeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Khoribah, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Red Cross leader, Social worker", "Summary": "Persia Galleghan, n\u00e9e Blaiklock, established a reputation as 'a born organiser' and 'tireless worker' for many philanthropic causes, which included the Red Cross Society and in particular the Voluntary Aid Detachments (VADs) in New South Wales. Educated in Brisbane, she married Sidney Porter in 1925, and they moved to Sydney, but he died after a short illness in 1933. On the outbreak of war in September 1939, she joined the newly formed Scottish Voluntary Aid Detachment situated at Millers Point, Sydney and later became its commandant. She devoted much of the next fifty years to the VAD movement in New South Wales and to the Red Cross Society. In addition to her voluntary work she qualified as a social worker in 1955 and was employed at the Concord Repatriation Hospital for nine years. She embarked upon a second marriage to Sir Frederick Galleghan in 1969, but was to be widowed again in 1971. She also contributed to the Arts by serving on the executive of the Opera Foundation of Australia and donating funds for an opera scholarship. Her desire to complete a history of the VAD movement, was thwarted by her death in 1997. Melanie Oppenheimer subsequently wrote a history entitled Red Cross VAs: a history of the VAD movement in New South Wales, using some of the records Persia Galleghan had collected. Persia Galleghan was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1978 and posthumously appointed to the Order of Australia in 1997. The Red Cross admitted her to honorary life membership, the highest honour bestowed by the Red Cross.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/look-what-you-started-henry-a-history-of-the-australian-red-cross-1914-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/red-cross-vas-a-history-of-the-vad-movement-in-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ashton, Helen", "Entry ID": "IMP0147", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ashton-helen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Shoalhaven, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "Helen Ashton was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 4 October 1918 for her work for the Red Cross Society. Her husband, James, worked closely with the first president, Lady Helen Munro Ferguson.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ashton-james-1864-1939\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Meredith, Gwen", "Entry ID": "IMP0155", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/meredith-gwen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Orange, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Bowral, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Playwright", "Summary": "Gwen Meredith was the writer of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) radio serial Blue Hills. On 10 June 1967 she was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for her services to radio entertainment and on the 11 June 1977 an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for her services to the Arts.\n", "Details": "Daughter of George and Florence Meredith, Gwen completed her secondary education at Sydney Girls High School and her tertiary education at the University of Sydney, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts. From 1932 - 1939 she was the owner of the Chelsea Bookshop (which led to the development of the Chelsea Drama Club) before working as a freelance writer for four years.\nIn 1943 Gwen Meredith commenced a 33-year relationship with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, contracted to write radio plays, serials and documentaries. For five years she wrote for radio serial The Lawsons, highlighting the problems of rural Australia in wartime. Her next serial, Blue Hills, depicted rural life in the wheat belt, the high country and the red centre, and ran for 5795 episodes over 27 years: 'During the high noon of radio's golden era', claims Richard Begbie in the Canberra Times, 'it was estimated that nearly half the Australian radio sets operating on 1pm weekdays were tuned to Blue Hills.'\nGwen Meredith married engineer Ainsworth Harrison on 24 December 1938. She enjoyed gardening and painting, as well as bush-walking and fly-fishing with her husband. Her publications include: Wives Have Their Uses (1944); Great Inheritance (1946); The Lawsons (1948); Blue Hills (1950); Beyond Blue Hills (1953), Inns and Outs (with husband Ainsworth Harrison) (1955) and Into the Sun.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/monash-biographical-dictionary-of-20th-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/conversation-with-gwen-meredith-interviewer-hazel-de-berg\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-golden-age-of-australian-radio-drama-1923-1960-a-history-through-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-writers-a-bibliographic-guide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wives-have-their-uses-a-comedy-in-three-acts\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/great-inheritance\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-lawsons\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blue-hills\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beyond-blue-hills-the-ternna-boolla-story\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/inns-and-outs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/into-the-sun-a-blue-hills-novel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/upstaged-australian-women-dramatists-in-the-limelight-at-last\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-gwen-meredith-1938-1987-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-gwen-meredith-author-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Armfield, Lillian May", "Entry ID": "IMP0156", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/armfield-lillian-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Mittagong, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Leichhardt, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Policewoman", "Summary": "Lillian Armfield was one of the first female plain-clothes detectives in Australia. She joined the New South Wales Police Force as a special constable in 1915 and retired 34 years later in 1943 as a special sergeant 1st class. During that time she helped runaway girls return home and dealt with female suspects or victims. Armfield was awarded the King's Police and Fire Service Medal for outstanding service in 1947. Four years later, after her retirement, she was awarded the Imperial Service Medal.\n", "Details": "The daughter of labourer George Armfield and his wife Elizabeth (n\u00e9e Wright), Lillian Armfield was educated locally and became a nurse at the Callan Park Hospital for the Insane, New South Wales.\nIn 1915 Armfield applied for a newly created position in the New South Wales Police Force. Recruited as a special constable, she was not supplied with a uniform or paid for overtime or expenses during her probationary year. A year later Armfield was enrolled as a special constable after she signed an agreement. The agreement denied her the right to compensation if she were injured while performing her duties or any right to superannuation upon her retirement. For Armfield, promotion was slow in her chosen career. Eight years after entering the police force she became a special sergeant, 3rd class and rose to 1st class in 1943, six years before her retirement. The basis of her work was with women and girls, often providing advice and dealing with crimes committed by or against women. In 1949, she retired from the police force, aged 65, and lived on an old-age pension until the New South Wales Government granted her a special weekly allowance in 1965.\nLillian Armfield died on 26 August 1971, aged 86 years.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rugged-angel-the-amazing-career-of-policewoman-lillian-armfield\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-make-australian-history-women-in-wartime-1914-1918-1939-1945\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/armfield-lillian-may-1884-1971\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/monash-biographical-dictionary-of-20th-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kellett, Adelaide Maud", "Entry ID": "IMP0160", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kellett-adelaide-maud\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Raglan, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Matron", "Summary": "On 3 June 1919, Matron Adelaide Maud Kellett was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (Military) for nursing service in World War I. Kellett had been twice mentioned in despatches during the war. She was awarded the Red Cross Medal (23 February 1917), and the Florence Nightingale Medal.\n", "Details": "Adelaide Kellet trained at the Sydney Hospital and served with the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS) during World War I. She left Australia with the first convoy of Australian Imperial Forces (AIF). Kellett was matron of Choubrah Hospital, Egypt (1914-1916), before nursing at the No. 2 Australian Army Hospital in Southall, England, from 1916-1917. Later she was matron at the No. 25 General Hospital in Hardelot, France (1917-1919).\nReturning to Sydney, Kellet nursed at the No. 4 Australian General Hospital in Randwick (New South Wales) in 1920. She was the first matron with the Department of Repatriation Hospitals in New South Wales. From 1920 to 1926 she was principal matron of the Australian Army Nursing Service 2nd Military Base in Sydney. Kellet retired in 1944 after 23 years as matron at the Sydney Hospital.\n", "Events": "Appointed Commander (Military) of the Order of the British Empire (1919 - ) \nAwarded the Royal Red Cross Medal (1917 - 1917) \nMatron of Sydney Hospital (1921 - 1944) \nMatron of the Choubrah Hospital, Egypt (1914 - 1916) \nMatron of the No. 2 Australian Army Hospital, Southall England (1916 - 1917) \nMatron of the No. 25 General Hospital, Hardelot France (1917 - 1919) \nMatron of the No. 4 Australian General Hospital, Randwick NSW (1920 - 1920) \nPrincipal Matron of the Australian Army Nursing Service 2nd Military Base, Sydney (1920 - 1926)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kellett-adelaide-maud-1873-1945\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nightingales-in-the-mud-the-digger-sisters-of-the-great-war-1914-1918\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fraser, Dawn", "Entry ID": "IMP0178", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fraser-dawn\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Balmain, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Olympian, Parliamentarian, Swimmer, Swimming Coach", "Summary": "Swimming champion Dawn Fraser is an iconic figure in Australian sporting history. A exceptional sportswoman with a larrikin streak, over the course of her swimming career, she won eight Olympic and eight Commonwealth medals. In October 1962 Dawn Fraser became the first woman to swim the 100 metres in less than a minute. She had to wait until after her retirement to see this record broken, and even then, it took eight years.\nDawn Fraser was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) on June 8, 1988. Her citation read, \"For service to the community, particularly as a sports consultant and administrator, and through organisations for people with disabilities, and to the environment.\"\nDawn Fraser also had a short political career. She was elected as an independent MLA for the seat of Balmain, New South Wales, in 1988. The seat was abolished in a redistribution prior to the next election. She ran, unsuccessfully, for the new seat of Port Jackson in 1991.\n", "Details": "The youngest of eight children, Dawn Fraser began swimming seriously at 16 and was coached by Harry Gallagher. Aged 19, she entered the 1956 Olympic Games held in Melbourne. She won a gold medal in the 110 yards (now 100 metres) freestyle setting a new world and Olympic Games record. Dawn Fraser won the same event at the 1960 Rome Olympics and 1964 Tokyo Olympics, becoming the first swimmer to win the same event in three consecutive games.\nIn 1965 Fraser retired from swimming, when the Australian Swimming Union placed her under a 10 year ban. She had always had a love-hate relationship with officials during her career. Things came to a head when, at the Tokyo Games, she marched in the opening ceremony against their wishes, wore an old swimsuit (which angered sponsors) because it was more comfortable, and it was alleged she climbed a flagpole in Emperor Hirohito's palace, taking the Olympic flag (later proved false). The ban was lifted four years later.\nFraser then became a publican, swimming coach and in 1988 became a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for the New South Wales seat of Balmain. In 1961 Dawn Fraser received the Helms Award (later World Trophy) and was awarded the ABC Sportsman of the Year Award in 1962 and 1964.\nDawn Fraser was named Australian of the Year in 1964 and voted Australia's greatest female athlete in 1988.She was named Australian Female Athlete of the Century by the Sport Australian Hall of Fame as well as the World's Greatest Living Female Water Sports Champion by the International Olympic Committee in 1999. Also she is the recipient of the Australian Sports Medal on 14 July 2000 and The Order of the British Empire - Member (Civil) (MBE) on 1 January 1967 for services to sport.\nDawn Fraser was an Olympic Torchbearer for the Opening Ceremony at the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games. In the same year she was the recipient of the Paul Harris Fellowship Medal from Rotary.\n1956 Melbourne Olympic Games\n100 metres freestyle - gold medal\n400 metres freestyle - silver medal\n4 x 100 metres freestyle relay - gold medal\n1958 Cardiff Commonwealth Games\n110 yards freestyle - gold medal\n4 x 110 yards freestyle relay - gold medal\n1960 Rome Olympic Game\n100 metres freestyle - gold medal\n1962 Perth Commonwealth Games\n110 yards freestyle - gold medal\n440 yards freestyle - gold medal\n4 x 110 yards freestyle relay - gold medal\n4 x 110 yards medley relay - gold medal\n1964 Tokyo Olympic Games\n100 metres freestyle - gold medal\nAustralian Championships\n110 yards freestyle: 1956, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1964\n220 yards freestyle: 1955, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1964\n440 yards freestyle: 1958, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1964\n110 yards butterfly: 1960, 1962\n220 yards medley: 1959\n4 x 110 freestyle relay: 1957, 1958, 1959, 1964\n4 x 110 yards medley relay: 1955, 1964\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001) \nSwimming - 100m Freestyle (1960 - 1960) \nSwimming - 100m Freestyle (1964 - 1964) \nSwimming - 100m Freestyle and Member of the 4 x 100m Freestyle Relay Team (1956 - 1956) \nSwimming - 110y freestyle, 4 x 110y Freestyle Relay (1958 - 1958) \nSwimming - 110y freestyle, 440y freestyle, 4 x 110y Freestyle Relay, 4 x 110y Medley Relay (1962 - 1962) \nSwimming - 400m freestyle (1956 - 1956) \nSwimming - Member of the 4 x 100m Freestyle and Medlay Relay teams (1960 - 1960) \nSwimming - Member of the 4 x 100m Freestyle relay team (1964 - 1964)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/great-australian-women-in-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-at-the-olympics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-champions-australias-sporting-greats\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/101-australian-sporting-heroes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/outstanding-women-in-australia-women-in-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Court, Margaret Jean", "Entry ID": "IMP0179", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/court-margaret-jean\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Albury, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Minister, Tennis player", "Summary": "Margaret Court was one of Australia's greatest sportswomen. She won 62 grand slam titles and, in 1970, was the second woman in history to win the Australian, French, U.S. and Wimbledon titles in a calendar year.\nWinner of the ABC Sportsman of the Year Award in 1963 and 1970, Margaret Court was appointed to the Order of the British Empire - Member (Civil) on 1 January 1967 for services to sport and international relations. In 1970 she also won the Walter Lindrum Award.\nIn January 2003, Tennis Australia renamed Melbourne Park's Show Court One to the Margaret Court Arena. She was the recipient of the 2003 Australia Post Australian Legends Award, and featured on a special 50c stamp.\nIn 2006 she was awarded the International Tennis Federation's (ITF) highest accolade, the Philippe Chatrier Award.\nIn 2017, in the context of Australian debates about marriage equality, Margaret Court became a controversial figure, as many prominent people in tennis condemned her views on same sex marriage and the rights of transgender people.\nIn January 2021, Court was appointed as a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in the Australian Day Honours, for eminent service to tennis as an internationally acclaimed player and record-holding grand slam champion, and as a mentor of young sportspersons. In response to criticisms that it was not appropriate to honour her this way, based upon her controversial views on the rights of LGBTQI+ people, an anonymous member of the Council for the Order of Australia said the award to address a gender disparity created five years earlier when Rod Laver became the first tennis player to be made a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC).\n", "Details": "When Margaret Court (n\u00e9e Smith) was thirteen years old Frank Sedgeman, the Australian tennis champion, told her that she was so talented, she could be the first Australian women to win Wimbledon. Eight years later she achieved that goal, and then spent the next decade or so creating tennis records. By 2007, she was the most prolific winner, male or female, of major championships, having notched up 62 titles in singles, doubles and mixed doubles between 1960 and 1975, including seven straight Australian Championships between 1960-1966. She took the Australian, French, Wimbledon and U.S. singles titles all within 1970 to become the second female Calendar Year Grand Slam winner at after Maureen Connolly, who achieved the feat in 1953. She is the only player to achieve a Calendar Year Grand Slam in doubles as well as in singles. In purely statistical terms, her nearest all time 'rivals', Martina Navratilova, with 56 majors, and Roy Emerson, heading the men with 28, are a long way behind. Court has 24 titles in singles alone, three ahead of Steffi Graf when she left the game. Putting this into some contemporary perspective, Roger Federer, with ten grand slam titles and Serena Williams, with eight, still have some work to do if they are going to catch her. As the citation to accompany her 1979 induction in to the International Tennis Hall of Fame reads, 'For sheer strength of performance and accomplishment there has never been a tennis player to match Margaret Smith Court.' Not bad for an ordinary girl from regional Australia.\nBorn in July, 1942, Margaret Smith was, quite literally, a fighter from the moment she drew breath. Her mother nearly died giving birth to her and Margaret was very ill upon arrival. Fortunately, she lived to grow up and go to school in Albury, New South Wales, a regional centre in the state's southeast situated on the Murray River. Her circumstances were not affluent. Her parents owned neither the house they lived in, a very modest, two bedroom, thin-walled, asbestos dwelling with a tin roof that stretched to fit a family of six, nor a car. Margaret was lucky, therefore, that she lived across the road from twenty-four grass tennis courts. She was also lucky that the coach there, Wally Rutter, spotted her and took the time to nurture her talent. It was Rutter who brought her to the attention of Sedgeman and it was Sedgeman who encouraged her to come to Melbourne so that she could make the most of her potential. At 16 she moved to Melbourne to widen her experience and to receive specialist coaching.\nIn retrospect, she also thinks she was lucky to grow up a tomboy in a neighbourhood full of sports mad boys, with whom she regularly competed. She suggests, however, that it was 'determination to succeed and to be the best' rather than competitiveness that later drove her to succeed. Whatever the motivation, there is no doubt that she became the best, although she never really sat down to measure how good she was until she'd finished playing. She didn't know exactly how many titles she had won until she retired and even then that was only because someone else (English commentator John Barrett) had counted them for her.\nThis is not to say that Margaret was blas\u00e9 about her success; rather it is an indication of her modesty and source of motivation. She did not do things for the glory and attention but because she always had personal goals. There were three in particular, throughout the course of her career, that drove her to 'be the best'. The first of them, to be the first Australian woman to win Wimbledon, she met in 1963. The second, to win the Calendar Year Grand Slam (the Wimbledon and the Australian, United States, French Opens all in the one year) eventuated in 1970 and the third, to be the first mum to be number one in the world, she achieved in 1973. She tried coming back after having her second child but says that, at that point, she didn't have a goal, so she knew it was time to give the game up, which she did in 1975.\nMargaret had natural talent, athleticism and strength; her court coverage was amazing and the power of her serve-volley game set her apart in the women's game. She and one of her early physical instructors, Stan Nicholls, did things differently in order to capitalise upon and enhance her physical strength. She spent a lot of time in the gym lifting weights in an era when very few women did this as a matter of course. But she also attributes the power of her game to her early upbringing. 'As a young girl, I used to train with the men. I practiced with the men all the time and I thought I had to serve-volley, because they wouldn't invite me to play with them if I didn't\u2026I was brought up playing with the men.' Consequently, she developed a style of game that saw her constantly serve-charging the net and, in so doing, introduced change into the women's game. The British, who were unused to their female tennis players being so physically imposing and aggressive on the court, called her the 'Aussie Amazon'. Apart from being strong, her physique gave her other natural advantages. People used to think she was taller than she was (5'9\u2033) because she was all arms and legs. (Indeed her International Tennis Hall of Fame still describes her as 'nearly six feet tall'.) In particular, her reach was 'telescopic'; one of her regular opponents, Billie Jean King, called her 'the Arm', because of it. It was like it added extra inches to the length of her racquet. One can only speculate on how much better she might have been if, as a natural left-hander, she hadn't been trained not to be at school, as was the policy at the time she was growing up. 'Sometimes I wished I had've stayed lefty,' she says. 'I would have had probably a better serve.'\nAt times, it seemed that the only person capable of beating Margaret was Margaret herself. Sometimes she suffered from nerves and was accused, in modern day parlance, of choking, most famously against crowd favourite, Evonne Goolagong (Cawley) in the 1971 Wimbledon final. (Perhaps they might have bitten their tongues if they had known she was pregnant with her first child at the time!) Seeded 1 in her first attempt at Wimbledon in 1962, and after having a bye in the first round, she got bundled out in the second round by an unseeded player named Billie Jean Moffitt (later King). It wasn't one of her greatest days and she remembers phoning home talking to her Mum, who said \"I suppose you'll give up tennis now and come home.' On the contrary, she replied, 'No, I'm going to go on to America and I'm going to win everything,' True to her word, she won the U.S. Championship that year, beating Darlene Hard in straight sets.\nMargaret was consistently excellent in both singles and doubles over the next four-five years, winning 29 grand slam titles in the period 1962-66. Towards the end of 1965, however, she began to get tired of life on the road and, having won all the grand slam events and thinking she had achieved all that she could achieve in tennis, she decided to retire the next year. She moved to Perth, Western Australia and tried something entirely different; she opened a boutique. Travelling had given her a taste for clothes and she decided to turn her hobby into a business venture. Perth is also where she met her husband, Barry Court, son of then Premier of Western Australia, Sir Charles Court and brother to the future premier, Richard Court. This was a family that was very far removed from the tennis world - Barry didn't even know how to score the game and his mother, when introduced to her said 'Oh, that's interesting, you have the same name as the tennis player'. In Perth, for a year or so, Margaret escaped from the world of tennis and refreshed. No struggles with administrators about the quality of accommodation she had to stay in when on tour; no dealing with media outlets curious about her personal life, Margaret enjoyed living life outside the tennis world. She married Barry in 1967 (the same year she was awarded an M.B.E.) and suggested they go overseas - Barry had never left the country and she was keen to share the life she had lead with him. 'Maybe I'll go back and play tennis and you will see where I've come from'.\nShe returned to the game in 1968 and had the best two-season run in history in 1969-70, with seven majors, missing out only at Wimbledon in1969, where she lost in the semis to champion Ann Haydon Jones, 10-12, 6-3, 6-2. Her new goal, to win the Calendar Year Grand Slam was achieved in 1970. The Wimbledon final she won to achieve that goal, against Billie Jean King, is she says the game 'means more to me than most probably means the most to her.' With an injured ankle, she played two marathon sets (there were no tie-breakers then) to win 11-9, 14-12.\nShe played again in 1971 until she discovered she was pregnant with her first child, Daniel. After he was born, everyone assumed she would give the game away for good. Instead, she decided she had something else to prove; she was going to be the first mother to be number one in the world. Not only did she go on to do this in 1973, she did it in extraordinary style, playing some of the best tennis of her career and winning 24 of 25 tournaments she played. In 1974, her second child, Marika, was born. Court started playing again but her heart wasn't in it and so she retired permanently in 1977 around the same time she learned she was expecting the third of her four children.\nWhen she retired from tennis for good, life took a big turn, initially, not for the best. Brought up a Catholic, she regularly attended church but one day when she was attending a service in France given in French and Latin, she released how disconnected she was from her spiritual self, and how she needed more than the traditional church could offer her. During this period, she suffered from depression and was physically unwell; the world's once fittest woman was weak, fearful and afraid to go to sleep. She experienced a crisis of confidence and a crisis of faith.\nIt wasn't until she began to attend Bible school in the early 1980s that the disparate threads of her life began to mesh again, and Margaret committed herself fully to the Pentecostal Church. In 1991 she was officially ordained to the ministry and a year later she established her own outreach ministry, Margaret Court Ministries Inc. In 1995 she entered into formerly unchartered waters by founding and establishing Victory Life Centre, of which she is the Senior Pastor. With an average Sunday attendance of 1300+ this made it one of the Perth's largest and dynamic churches.\nRecognised as an inspirational speaker as her new career developed, Margaret's tennis achievements were also recognised in a variety of was at this time. In 1993, together with Rod Laver, she was inducted into the Australian Tennis Hall of Fame, the first players to be granted this honour. In 2002 Tennis Australia named the Number 1 Court at Melbourne Park, the home of the Australian Open, 'Margaret Court Arena'. In 2007 she received an Order of Australia (OAM) and in January 2021 Court was appointed as a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in the Australian Day Honours. Both awards created controversy because of her conservative views on gender diversity.\nMargaret still plays tennis. 'I know the spiritual side,' she says, 'I need to keep the outer man fit as well. And she still plays hard - she is still very determined. 'I don't think that ever leaves you,' she says. 'I'm a very focused person.' Only now, instead of changing the game of tennis, she's working at 'changing nations'.\nMargaret Court's Grand Slam Wins:\nWimbledon\nSingles: 1963, 1965, 1970\nDoubles: 1964, 1969\nAustralian\nSingles: 1960-1966, 1969-1971, 1973\nDoubles: 1961-1963, 1965, 1969-1971, 1973\nUnited States of America\nSingles: 1962, 1965, 1968-1970, 1973\nDoubles: 1963, 1968-1970, 1973, 1975\nFrench\nSingles: 1962, 1964, 1969, 1970, 1973\nDoubles: 1964-1966, 1973\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reflections-profiles-of-150-women-who-helped-make-western-australias-history-project-of-the-womens-committee-for-the-150th-anniversary-celebrations-of-western-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/great-australian-women-in-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/encyclopedia-of-australia-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/court-on-court-a-life-in-tennis\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-winning-faith-the-margaret-court-story\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/winning-words-the-creative-power-of-what-you-say\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-court-of-champions\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/courts-crusade\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/court-honour-bestowed-on-australian-great-court\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/all-time-australian-tennis-great-margaret-court-found-her-true-from-serving-jesus\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/talking-heads\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-court-interviewed-by-gail-ohanlon-for-the-battye-library-collection-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McKay, Heather Pamela", "Entry ID": "IMP0180", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mckay-heather-pamela\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Squash Coach, Squash player", "Summary": "Awarded the Australian Sports Medal on 30 August 2000, Heather McKay was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) on 26 January 1979 for her service to the sport of squash, and an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 2018 for distinguished service to squash as an elite player and coach, as a pioneer on the professional circuit, and through support for young athletes. She had previously been appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) on 1 January 1969 for services to sport. An Australian representative in squash and hockey, McKay dominated ladies squash for two decades and lost only two squash matches in her career.\n", "Details": "Heather McKay (n\u00e9e Blundell) enjoyed a career of unparalleled dominance in her chosen sport and is one of Australia's greatest ever sportspeople. During a playing career that lasted nearly twenty years, she won fourteen successive Australian Amateur titles in her sport (1960-73), sixteen British Amateur (later Open) titles (1962-77), the inaugural World Championship title (1976) and the World Championship again in 1979. She was named the ABC Sportsman (!) of the year in 1967. She lost two matches in all that time; one in 1960, the other in 1962. Even then, Heather McKay considered those losses to be steps towards later victories. The 1960 loss was to the late Yvonne West in the quarter final of the New South Wales Championship - a result she was tickled pink by considering it was the first time she'd played in the event after picking up the game the year before. She never lost an amateur title match in Australia again. The 1962 loss was to Fran Marshall, the reigning British Champion, in the final of the Scottish Championship. It was the last loss she would ever experience, and Heather was delighted with the result. It was the first serious hit out she had in Britain before her first attempt at the British Amateur Championship, a title she took from Marshall a few weeks later.\nThese achievements are unmatched by other Australian sporting heroes, yet more Australians will be familiar with the accomplishments of Pat Cash, Shane Warne or the Brisbane Lions Australian Football League team than they are with McKay's. She is a little frustrated by the lack of recognition, not because she needed it but because her sport could benefit from the publicity. Furthermore, she is confident the reason she has been overlooked has nothing to do with the fact that she is a woman and everything to do with her choice of sport. Heather McKay played squash. Despite there being a tradition of excellence in Australian squash at an elite level, and despite its popularity as a participant sport, squash in Australia has never had a high media profile, not even when an Australian woman was literally unbeatable. In fact, in a cruel paradox, the better she became, the less media coverage Heather McKay received. Her mother used to say to her, 'I knew if I didn't hear anything about you, that you had to be winning'. Clearly, if Mrs. Blundell relied on the press for news of her daughter's achievements, she would be waiting a long time!\nHeather Blundell, born July 1941, was one of eleven children that grew up in Queanbeyan in New South Wales. Most of her brothers and sisters played sport regularly, some at a high level, in games like tennis, hockey, rugby and A.F.L. Her dad was a champion country rugby league player and both parents played tennis. They actively encouraged all there children to live active lives and, as Heather says, 'it's just what you did in those days.' Given that both parents were incredibly busy (Heather's dad worked as a baker by night and in his market garden by day, Heather's mum had eleven children to care for) the children, the children had to entertain themselves. Sport was a cheap, accessible form of entertainment.\nWhile she was adept at most sports she tried her hand at, as a young woman Heather excelled at tennis and hockey. In fact, it was in order to keep fit for hockey that she initially played squash. After discovering the game when she was on holidays with a friend in Sydney, she came back to Canberra and, along with a group of other girls, made regular games at the 'Squash Bowl' in the city part of her training regime. It was pretty much hit and giggle stuff; they received no coaching, just a good cardio work out. Then one day when she was playing with a friend, Alan Netting, Alan told her that the New South Wales Country Championships were being held in Wollongong and suggested that they go down to them. After checking with Mum, who gave the plan the all clear, Heather and Alan joined the competition. She finished the tournament with victories in the Junior and Women's titles, a performance that caught the eye of the late Vin Napier, president of the Australian Squash Association. He suggested that she should attend the New South Wales championships in Sydney. With the help of her mother and her grandmother made it to the quarter final and won the junior tournament, without ever having received any formal coaching, and with the NSW Country tournament her only experience.\nIt was at this point that Heather decided to switch her focus from tennis to squash. This is not to say that she stopped playing other sports; on the contrary, she continued to play hockey throughout her squash career and well into her retirement from international competition. Indeed she was still playing good enough hockey to be named All Australian twice, in 1967 and 1971. But the fact that she never actually played representative hockey, because it clashed with her squash commitments, indicates where her priorities lay.\nAfter winning her first Australian title in 1960 (the first of fourteen straight), she was forced to make another choice; whether she was going to stay in Canberra and fiddle around, or further her career by moving to Sydney. Obviously, her meteoric rise in the sport suggested that she had the raw material to make the move worthwhile. The move was made easier because of the help of some good sponsors and friends. Spaldings (whose racquets she was using at the time) helped her to get a job at the Belleview Hill Squash courts, and Vin Napier put her touch with players and coaches who were generous with their time and advice. John Cheadle would have a hit with her once a week. Keith Walker taught her to think a bit more about the game, rather than just 'hitting and hoping'. Heather spent her first year in Sydney listening, learning and playing a lot of squash.\nHaving successfully taken on Australia twice, in 1961 and 1962, Heather thought it was time to take on the world. In the 1960s and early 1970s, the British Open was the unofficial world championship - an official world title did not come into being until 1976. Fortunately, she had an understanding employer, an enthusiastic and supportive state association and some helpful sponsors who regularly made it possible for her to find the time and money to take off to Britain for two months every year for sixteen years! She would play demonstration matches as fundraisers; the Australian Squash Association would provide some money, as would the Spalding Company and the cigarette company W.D. and H.O. Wills. All the money went through the New South Wales Association, who then arranged her travel and paid her an allowance; in the age of amateurism everything had to be arranged just so. It could not be seen that she was making money from her sport.\nIn 1962, Heather flew across to London, knowing virtually no-one and without even a hotel room booked for her first night, in order to have a tilt at the British title. Stepping off the plane, she asked herself 'Ok, what do I do now' - it was a scary sensation. Fortunately, she was met by the late Janet Shardley (Bisley at the time) a renowned British squash champion. In what would become a regular feature of her annual migration, she stayed with Janet and her first husband, Joe and then, after Joe died, her second husband Ambrose. As Heather said, Janet was really her 'second mum', and both Joe and Ambrose were great friends. They were all vitally important to creating the stability that underlay her success in Britain over the next sixteen years, including that first year.\nStaying with friends, being billeted out while playing in various lead up tournaments around the country, spending a lot of time alone during the day because everyone else was working ('I became a very good window shopper' claims Heather); the life of an amateur sportsperson in the 1960s was a far cry from the experience of today's professional sportspeople. There were no managers ensuring you ate and slept well in comfortable hotels, there was no coach scheduling adequate warm up, cool down and recovery sessions. There were no media or sponsor commitments. And of course, there was no money. Not unreasonably, Heather wishes that she had the opportunity to make more money from the game than she did, and believes that some of the restrictions placed on amateurs were ridiculous. (The people who insisted that she be classified as a professional because she didn't pay for her half of the court where she practiced spring to mind as some of the most small minded!) Having said that, she still thinks that it was a great time to be playing the game. Precisely because their livelihood wasn't at stake, amateurs could leave it all on the court and establish very good friendships off the court, friends who you could go out and have a drink, or catch a movie, with; friends who you looked forward to seeing again when you all met up at the next major tournament. She looked forward to hard games with players such as the English women Fran Marshall and Anna Craven-Smith and the Australians Jenny Irving and Marion Jackman, but she also looked forward to good times with them off the court.\nWhy was Heather McKay so good? Apart from an extraordinary ability to stay fit and on the court, she was naturally athletic and very strong; she could get to balls that her opponents didn't think possible and she could hit the ball so hard and accurately they couldn't get it back. She was a technical perfectionist - 'good technique doesn't fall down when you are tired'. She played a conservative game, doing what she did well to the point that she virtually eliminated unforced errors from her game. She 'took no prisoners' on the court, but she did not 'wipe the court' with her opponents either, always preferring a good game to a whitewash. In the end, it was about fitness, technique and taking control of her own game. 'I learned what was good for myself, what I enjoyed doing and what worked for me'.\nHer amateur status and late arrival to the sport may also have contributed to her career longevity, and hence, her extraordinary run. Heather McKay never suffered from the soft tissue and repetitive strain injuries that many of the current players succumb to. She recalls only one significant injury - cracked ribs. She can't remember how she got them, but the impact on her game of having them was not serious enough to break her unbeaten run. When asked to speculate on the reasons for her durability, she suggests that she was one of the first squash players to include strength training and stretching as part of her fitness regime, and that this probably had an impact. The fact that she cross-trained, continuing to run and play hockey, was important. Attention to good technique was also a factor - applying good technique inevitably meant that the body was less likely to suffer stress.\nGood genes, good luck and, quite possibly, picking up the game at the age of eighteen and not ten, may have all played their part as well. McKay believes she was at her strongest and best between the ages of 29-31, an age by which many current day players are feeling old, injured or burnt out. Professionalism means that potential champions get identified early and receive excellent coaching and support. It also means that, sometimes, youngsters are required to specialise too early - meaning that the opportunities to cross train, and therefore avoid repetitive stress, are diminished. Heather recognises that these days it would be close to impossible to do what she did (i.e. pick up the game at seventeen and expect to become a world beater) but she does believe early specialisation does bring stress that needs to be managed carefully. Working as an assistant coach at the Australian Institute of Sport (1985-1999) gave her a lot of experience in managing this delicate balance.\nIn the mid 1970s, however, Heather grew tired of the lack of financial support that accompanied her amateur status and turned professional. She and her husband moved to Toronto in 1975 where they were offered positions as club pros at the Toronto Squash Club, a huge, privately owned eighteen court centre that featured a gym, restaurant and pro shop; there was nothing like it in Australia. The McKay's stayed in Toronto for ten years, moving to positions in different clubs in that period, and seeing the standard of Canadian Squash rise significantly in that time. It was while she was living in Toronto that she became the official champion of the world in 1976 by winning the inaugural Women's World Squash Championship. This was a win with which she was very satisfied. She worked extremely hard for it, played incredibly well and, despite protests from some British officials who, for technical reasons, claimed that it wasn't really an 'official' title, came away having achieved what she had set out to prove. She was the undisputed world champion. 'I've got the T-shirt saying I'm the first' - she received her second (and final) metaphoric t-shirt in 1979. At the age of thirty-eight, she decided that she didn't have the time or inclination to put in the work that was required to compete anymore at the highest level.\nHeather and her husband loved their time in North America, but never anticipated retiring there permanently. Family and friends were in Australia and after nearly ten years of them, they had just about enough of the Canadian winters. A 1985 offer to join Australian men's squash icon, Geoff Hunt, coaching at the A.I.S squash unit in Brisbane was just too good to refuse. She thoroughly enjoyed her position as senior coach, and learned a lot from Hunt, who was the unit's head coach, over the thirteen years she was there. In 1999, she retired from the AIS, and from any informal involvement in squash.\nHeather still maintains a keen interest in the sport and is delighted to see the progress of world class players such as Sarah Fitz-gerald and the Grinham sisters, who went through the academy while she was there. She thinks Squash Australia is doing a great job promoting the sport, and maintains that it is one of the best 'social' games people can play, as well as one of the most efficient, in terms of the fitness benefits. 'Forty minutes on the court and you have had a very good workout,' she says. She still laments the lack of coverage the game receives, but puts this down to the difficulty of attracting large crowds to live matches and the problems of covering it for a T.V. audience. Four sided glass courts have helped, as have new peep-hole camera angles but, as Heather notes, 'It's very difficult for someone who has never played the game to sit and watch and appreciate the game fully. On TV you can lose the speed and the ball. People who've played can appreciate it, because they can appreciate what it takes to get to the ball. But those who haven't don't understand the effort and skill involved.'\nBefore Heather won her first Australian title, Pakistani champion Hashim Kahn, who Heather regards as one of the greatest players the game of squash has ever seen, observed for the benefit of the Canberra press that 'this girl could be very good'. Fourteen Australian and sixteen British titles along with two world championships have proven him to be a good judge of talent and a master of understatement! Hopefully, it isn't only squash players who can appreciate what it took for Heather McKay to achieve and maintain her extraordinary record. The world's greatest ever female player of one of the most popular participant sports on the globe deserves better.\n", "Events": "Appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (1969 - 1969) \nAwarded ABC Sportsman of the Year (1967 - 1967) \nAwarded Member of the Order of Australia (1979 - 1979) \nAwarded the Australian Sports Medal (2000 - 2000) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001) \nMarried Brian H McKay (1965 - 1965) \nSquash Coach with the Australian Institute of Sport (1985 - 1998) \nWinner of New South Wales Championships (1961 - 1973) \nWinner of the American Amateur Racquetball Championship (1979 - 1979) \nWinner of the American Championship (1977 - 1977) \nWinner of the American Professional Racquetball Championship (1984 - 1984) \nWinner of the American Professional Racquetball Championships (1980 - 1981) \nWinner of the Australian Amateur Championships (1960 - 1973) \nWinner of the British Open Championships (1962 - 1977) \nWinner of the Canadian Racquetball Championship (1980 - 1980) \nWinner of the Canadian Racquetball Championships (1982 - 1985) \nWinner of the World Squash Championship (1976 - 1976) \nWinner of the World Squash Championship (1979 - 1979) \nWinner of Victorian Championships (1961 - 1973)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/great-australian-women-in-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-dictionary-of-famous-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-champions-australias-sporting-greats\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/outstanding-women-in-australia-women-in-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-heather-mckay-am-mbe\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heather-mckay-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Benjamin, Phyllis Jean", "Entry ID": "IMP0181", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/benjamin-phyllis-jean\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Mosman, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Phyllis Benjamin was appointed a member of the Order of the British Empire on 31 May 1956 for services as a member of the Legislative Council in Tasmania. On 26 January 1977 she was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO). From 1968 to 1969 Benjamin was leader of the Upper House in Tasmania - the first woman in Australia to be appointed to the position.\n", "Events": "Deputy leader of the Upper House (1956 - 1968) \nDeputy Leader of the Upper House (1972 - 1976) \nFederal President of the Federal Association Australian Housewives (1952 - 1953) \nFederal President of the Federal Association Australian Housewives (1967 - 1968) \nLeader of the Upper House (first woman) (1968 - 1969) \nMarried A H Benjamin (1926 - 1926) \nMember (ALP) of the Tasmanian Legislative Council for the electorate of Hobart (1952 - 1975) \nMember of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) (MBE) (1956 - 1956) \nMember of the Tasmania Labor Party Executive (1950 - 1954) \nOfficer of the Order of Australia (AO) (1977 - 1977) \nRed Cross work (1939 - 1945) \nTasmanian President of the Federal Association Australian Housewives (1952 - 1962)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1971\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McIntyre, Margaret Edgeworth", "Entry ID": "IMP0183", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcintyre-margaret-edgeworth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Maitland, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Quirindi, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Politician", "Summary": "Margaret McIntyre was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) for services to education on 1 January 1948. She was the first woman Member of Parliament in Tasmania and was killed in an air crash three months after being elected to the Legislative Council seat of Cornwall as an independent.\n", "Details": "The daughter of Tannatt William Edgeworth and Caroline Martha David, Margaret McIntyre was educated by her mother and a governess. She attended the University of Sydney and in 1907 graduated with a Bachelor of Arts. She married William Keverall McIntyre in 1908 and moved to Tasmania. They had four children.\nMargaret McIntyre became involved with community work - especially helping women develop a sense of self-worth. She was state commissioner of the Girl Guides (1940-1948), and vice-president of the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) and the Anzac Hostel Women's League of Remembrance. McIntyre became the first northern president of the Women Graduates' Association, served on the board of the Queen Victoria Hospital, the Community Association Council and the ABC advisory committee.\nInvolved with the Launceston Progressive Education Group and the establishment of Brooks Community School, McIntyre established a youth drama group and was president and producer of the Launceston Players.\nAwarded an OBE on 1 January 1948 for services to education, in that year McIntyre also became the first woman in Tasmanian Parliament when she was elected to represent the people of the electorate of Cornwall in the Legislative Council. Three months after being elected she died in an air-crash whilst returning from a National Council of Women Conference.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcintyre-margaret-edgeworth-1886-1948\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-papers-of-the-david-family\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-edgeworth-mcintyre\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-ordinary-lives-pioneering-women-in-australian-politics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-margaret-mcintyre-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-the-david-family-1823-1992-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Plumb, Gwendoline Jean (Gwen)", "Entry ID": "IMP0184", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/plumb-gwendoline-jean-gwen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor", "Summary": "Gwendoline (commonly known as Gwen) Plumb was awarded an Order of Australia (AM) on 13 June 1993 for services to the entertainment industry [1]. On 1 January 1973 she was appointed Order of the British Empire (Civil) for service to the community and charities.\n", "Details": "During a career that spanned six decades, Gwen Plumb featured in radio, television and stage productions. She played Emmie in the ABC radio serial Blue Hills and also was a radio presenter for Radio 2GB. She played Ada Simmonds in the television series The Young Doctors, and featured in Richmond Hill and Harp in the South.\nDuring World War II, Plumb joined the Australian Women's Land Army and worked in cherry-picking as part of the war effort when many men were called to service [2]. One of the founding members of the Belvoir Street Theatre (Sydney), she starred in the first Australian production of Steaming in 1983.\nIn 1993 Plumb announced her retirement at a reunion of the Independent Theatre. She passed away at her home at Kirribilli on 5 June 2002.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-golden-age-of-australian-radio-drama-1923-1960-a-history-through-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vivid-vaudevillian\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/plumb-crazy-all-these-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/plumb-lines-of-excellence\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "de Berg, Hazel Estelle", "Entry ID": "IMP0185", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/de-berg-hazel-estelle\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Deniliquin, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Historian", "Summary": "Hazel de Berg interviewed thousands of people in her work as an oral historian. A significant number of her interviews are held in the oral history collection of the National Library of Australia. She was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) on 1 January 1968 for services in collection of archival material.\n", "Details": "The third of six children to the Revered George Holland and his wife Ann, Hazel de Berg was raised in Deniliquin and trained as a radiographer. In 1957, author Frank Clune asked her to record a book for a blind friend. She completed a recording of Old Day, Old Ways by Dame Mary Gilmour. To provide some background biographical information, Hazel de Berg asked Dame Mary Gilmour if she would agree to a recorded interview. The information provided produced some previously unrecorded detail.\nThis recording became the first of the de Berg oral history collection, held at the National Library in Canberra and comprising approximately 1300 hour-long taped interviews. Originally the project was self-funded but in 1960, Sir Harold White, the Federal Parliamentary Librarian and National Librarian, offered her a Commonwealth Grant.\nFor more than 25 years Hazel de Berg documented Australia's social history by recording poets, novelists, historians, painters, musicians and scientists, - people who were contributing to the ongoing intellectual life of Australia. Predeceased by her husband William, Hazel de Berg died on 3 February 1984 from a heart attack. She was survived by her twin daughters Diana and Deborah, and son Michael.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-hazel-de-berg-recordings-from-the-oral-history-collection-of-the-national-library-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pioneer-in-oral-history-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/she-has-them-taped\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sound-advice-for-the-future\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/conversation-with-gwen-meredith-interviewer-hazel-de-berg\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/conversation-with-marjorie-tipping-interviewer-hazel-de-berg-1971-oct-10-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-hazel-estelle-de-berg-oral-historian-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-hazel-de-berg-1959-1963-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-hazel-de-berg-1960-1967-bulk-circa-1960-1969-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/talking-history-program-on-the-national-librarys-oral-history-section-and-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-compiled-by-tim-bowden-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tape-recorder-used-by-hazel-de-berg-for-interviews-for-oral-history-realia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-poetry-live-sound-recording-classics-from-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-selected-by-geoff-page\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irene-greenwood-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stroma-buttrose-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judy-cassab-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kath-walker-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lorna-hayter-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-curtis-otter-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruby-rich-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruby-rich-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruby-rich-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/thelma-bate-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vida-lahey-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/esther-paterson-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-scotford-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/patsy-adam-smith-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poetry-reading-by-rosemary-dobson-sound-recording-recorded-by-hazel-de-berg\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kathleen-oconnor-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-durack-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-guy-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-riddell-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/enid-conley-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/essie-coffey-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heather-george-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/helen-garner-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-cato-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nerida-goodman-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clair-isbister-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/thelma-clune-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kylie-tennant-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kylie-tennant-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miriam-hyde-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marjorie-pizer-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hilda-abbott-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bronwyn-yeates-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dulcie-holland-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ninette-dutton-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/maie-casey-interviewed-by-hazel-deberg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gwen-harwood-recites-poetry-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joan-phipson-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jill-hellyer-reading-poetry-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-robinson-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-robinson-whittle-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barbara-blackman-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-1974-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cheryl-adamson-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-harrower-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-keesing-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-keesing-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/h-f-brinsmead-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-skuse-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vicki-viidikas-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dulcie-deamer-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anne-summers-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Clague, Joyce Caroline", "Entry ID": "IMP0196", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clague-joyce-caroline\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ulgundahi Island Aboriginal Reserve, Maclean, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Grafton, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Welfare worker", "Summary": "Joyce Caroline Clague (n\u00e9e Mercy) was appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) on 31 December 1977, with the citation 'Aborigines'. As Joyce Mercy, she worked as a welfare officer at the Foundation for Aboriginal Affairs in Sydney in the 1960s.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/schoolgirl-evette-clague-to-cycle-for-charity-nsw\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/job-strategy-launched-by-nsw-public-works\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/f-c-a-a-t-s-i-conference-aborigines-in-politics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/health-campaign-urges-breast-tests-share-knowledge-experts-told-qld-workers-get-ultrasound-advice\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/challenging-outcomes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/project-offers-more-than-homes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kooris-try-a-taste-of-trade-unions\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/support-resources-for-aboriginal-uni-students\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-foundation-1963-1977-videorecording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/staying-to-the-end\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/glorious-age-growing-older-gloriously\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/foundation-for-aboriginal-affairs-810-george-street-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fcaatsi-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Burton-Bradley, Claudia Portia", "Entry ID": "IMP0205", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burton-bradley-claudia-portia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Richmond, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Cremorne, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Orthopaedic surgeon, Research director", "Summary": "Claudia Burton-Bradley, with a Bachelor of Arts, and Medicine and Surgery from Sydney University, commenced her medical career at the Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney in 1943 and joined the Australian Medical Association. Apparently having specialised in orthopaedic surgery, by 1947 she was honorary assistant orthopaedic surgeon at the Rachel Forster Hospital, Sydney. Her major commitment, however, was to the Spastic Centre, Mosman, New South Wales, where she became its medical director from 1945-1962, honorary orthopaedic surgeon from 1949 and director of medical research and development from 1962-1964. She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire on 11 June 1966 for her work as Research Director of the Australian Cerebral Palsy Association.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cerebral-palsy-medical-views-on-prevention-of-disablement-proceedings-of-the-fifth-world-congress-of-the-international-society-for-the-welfare-of-cripples-1951\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clinical-features-of-children-suffering-from-neurological-sequeloe-of-rh-iso-sensitisation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cornelius, Stella", "Entry ID": "IMP0217", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cornelius-stella\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Director", "Summary": "For service to international relations particularly in the cause of peace, Stella Cornelius was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) on 26 January 1987. She was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) on 3 January 1978 for services to commerce.\n", "Details": "Co-director of the Conflict Resolution Network (established 1986), Stella Cornelius is a specialist mediator and conflict analyst. From 1984 to 1986 she was director of the Australian Government's Secretariat for United Nations International Year of Peace. Stella Cornelius is a life member of the Australian Red Cross, a member of the National Consultative Committee for Peace Disarmament and member of the National Committee for Human Rights Education.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Buttrose, Ita Clare", "Entry ID": "IMP0219", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/buttrose-ita-clare\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Businesswoman, Editor, Journalist, Print journalist, Radio Journalist, Television Journalist", "Summary": "On 10 June 2019, Ita Buttrose was appointed Companion (AC) in the General Division, Order of Australia for eminent service to the community through leadership in the media, the arts, and the health sector, and as a role model. On 13 June 1988, she was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for service to the community, particularly in the fields of medical education and health care. In the Queen's Birthday list 1979 she was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for service to journalism. She became the first woman to be awarded the Harnett Medal for community service and achievements in publishing, journalism, radio and television.\n", "Details": "Daughter of: Charles Oswald and Mary Clare (n\u00e9e Rodgers) Buttrose.\nIta Buttrose was the founding editor of Cleo magazine in 1972. She then became editor of the Australian Women's Weekly and later publisher of Australian Consolidated Press Women's Division. A journalist by trade, Ida Buttrose has worked in all forms of media (print, radio and television) during her career.\nBefore starting her own company Capricorn Publishing, Ita Buttrose was a director of News Ltd, editor-in-chief of the Daily and Sunday Telegraphs, columnist and editorial consultant for the Fairfax magazine group and then editor-in-chief of the Sun Herald newspaper.\nFrom 1984-1988, Ita Buttrose chaired the National Advisory Committee on AIDS. She is patron of Women of Vision, World Vision Australia, The University of Third Age, the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation of Australia, Amarant, the National Menopause Foundation, the Sydney Women's Festival, Safety House and National Institute of Secretaries and Administrators.\nIn 1984 she was named Variety Club's Personality of the Year as well as Australasian Academy of Broadcast, Arts and Sciences for the most promising Newcomer to Radio. In 1993 Ita Buttrose was named Juvenile Diabetes Foundation Australian of the Year. From 2013 to 2018 Buttrose hosted Network 10's Studio 10 morning program twice a week, aongside Joe Hildebrand, Sarah Harris, Denise Drysdale and Jessica Rowe. \nIn 2019 Buttrose was appointed by Prime Minister Scott Morrison as chair of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) for a five-year term. She was succeeded by Kim Williams in March 2024.\n", "Events": "Appointed Board member of News Ltd, Australia (1981 - 1981) \nAppointed Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) (1988 - 1988) \nAppointed the Order of the British Empire - Officer (Civil) (1979 - 1979) \nAwarded Hartnett Medal (1992 - 1992) \nBorn daughter of Charles Oswald and Mary Clare (n\u00e9e Rodgers) Buttrose (1942 - 1942) \nBroadcaster for Radio 2GB, Sydney (1995 - 1996) \nBroadcaster for Radio 2KY and 2UE, Sydney (1984 - 1987) \nChairman of AIDS Trust Australia (1991 - 1994) \nChairman of Terraplanet Ltd (2001 - 2001) \nChairman of the Australian Services Nurses' National Memorial Fund (1997 - 1999) \nChairperson of the National Advisory Committee on AIDS (NACAIDS) (1984 - 1988) \nChief Executive Officer of Capricorn Publishing Pty Ltd (1988 - 1994) \nColumnist for Courier Newspaper Group (Sydney) (1998 - 1998) \nColumnist for The Australian Women's Weekly (1999 - 1999) \nCompanion (AC) in the General Division, Order of Australia: For eminent service to the community through leadership in the media, the arts, and the health sector, and as a role model. (2019 - 2019) \nDirector of Buttrose and Dominguez Design (1995 - 1998) \nDirector of Television & Telecasters Pty Ltd (1991 - 1992) \nDirector of Terraplanet Ltd (2000 - 2000) \nDirector of the Australia Advisory Board (1990 - 1994) \nDirector of the K G Murray Leisure Group (1978 - 1981) \nDirector of the Prudential Corporation Trust Australia (1990 - 1996) \nDirector of The Smith Family, Australia (1998 - 1998) \nEditor of ITA Magazine (1989 - 1994) \nEditor of the Australian Women's Weekly (1975 - 1976) \nEditor-in-chief of The Sun-Herald (1988 - 1988) \nEditor-in-chief of the Australian Women's Weekly and of Cleo (1976 - 1981) \nEditor-in-chief of the The Daily Telegraph and of the The Sunday Telegraph (1981 - 1984) \nFounding editor of Cleo (1972 - 1975) \nGST Customer Advocate for Woolworths Supermarket chain (2000 - 2000) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001) \nMember of the Alcohol Beverages Advertising Code Complaints Adjudication Panel (1998 - 1998) \nMember of the Federal Government Conference for Older Australians (1997 - 1998) \nPresident of Chief Executive Women (1992 - 1993) \nPresident of the National Opera Festival (1995 - 1997) \nPublishing consultant to Women's Day and Portfolio magazines (1984 - 1988) \nTV Panelist for Beauty and the Beast on Foxtel and the Ten Network, Australia (1997 - 1997)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/service-nurses-honoured-with-long-awaited-memorial\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unapologetically-ita\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ita-buttrose-wikipedia-entry\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-meredith-hinchliffe-1957-1981-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Baker, Alice", "Entry ID": "IMP0222", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/baker-alice\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Raymond Terrace, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "South Yarra, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Philanthropist", "Summary": "With her husband, Thomas Baker, and her sister, Eleanor Shaw, Alice Baker co-financed a major biochemistry laboratory at the Alfred Hospital in Melbourne, now known as the Baker Institute.\n", "Details": "Alice Baker was the daughter of Emma (n\u00e9e Combe) and William Edward Shaw, Postmaster at Raymond Terrace, New South Wales. In 1877 she married Thomas Baker at St Paul's Church of England, Maryborough, Queensland. By 1881, the couple had moved to Melbourne. Thomas Baker was born in 1854 in Somerset, England, the son of Ann (n\u00e9e Beaton) and Charles Baker. Charles, a blacksmith, migrated to Adelaide with his family in 1865. Thomas worked with his father for a time before becoming a pharmaceutical chemist in Maryborough. He later went into business importing and producing photographic materials with J.J. Rouse, assisted by Alice, who developed photographs and took customer orders. Baker's firm eventually amalgamated with the London Kodak company to form Kodak (Australasia). During WWI, he was associated with munitions production and reputedly spent a large amount of money searching for oil in Australia and New Zealand.\nThe Bakers had no children. They were known for their philanthropic activity, though they often made donations anonymously. They supported the Red Cross, the Big Brotherhood, Toc H and the Limbless Soldiers, but their greatest benefaction was to the Alfred Hospital. An initial donation in 1913 went toward cancer research. In 1922, Thomas Baker financed a biochemistry department at the hospital. Following the opening of the new building in 1926, the Bakers pledged ongoing support for the laboratory for five years and provided their first grant, a lump sum of \u00a320,500 (perhaps $1 million today). The laboratory was named 'The Thomas Baker, Alice Baker and Eleanor Shaw Medical Research Institute' after the Bakers and Alice's sister. Following Thomas Baker's death in 1928, Alice and Eleanor, along with J.J. Rouse and family, continued to support the Baker Institute. The wills of Thomas, Alice and Eleanor included provision to set up a trust that would support research at the Institute as well as providing aid to other charities. By 1974 the Baker Institute had received nearly $4 million from the trust.\nAlice Baker supported her husband's philanthropy and was also an active supporter of the Women's Hospital and the Talbot Colony. She was prominent in the National Council of Women and represented Australia at the Toronto meeting of the International Council of Women. While Thomas Baker received no public honours, Alice was appointed C.B.E. in 1933, two years before her death at South Yarra.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-thomas-baker-alice-baker-and-eleanor-shaw-medical-research-institute\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/baker-thomas-1854-1928\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-activism-and-altruism-in-australian-womens-philanthropy-1880-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-women-philanthropists-in-australian-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Shipton, Eva Adeline", "Entry ID": "IMP0223", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shipton-eva-adeline\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Pathologist", "Summary": "Eva Shipton was the founder of what has become known as Sydney Diagnostic Services, in 1928, when she commenced her private pathology practice in Macquarie Street, Sydney. Educated at Sydney University, where she gained her Bachelor of Science in 1921 and Bachelor of Medicine in 1925, she began her medical career at the Royal South Sydney Hospital and remained there from 1930-1946. She was also Honorary Consultant at St Margaret's Hospital for Women from 1932-1974 and Mater Misericordiae North Sydney from 1936-1946. At the forefront of her profession, she was the first doctor to use blood groups for paternity suits in Sydney and inaugurated the first voluntary blood donors in Sydney with Toc H. She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1974 for services to medicine.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Scott-Young, Margery", "Entry ID": "IMP0224", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scott-young-margery\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Lane Cove, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Surgeon", "Summary": "Margery Scott-Young conducted a successful practice in surgery in Sydney for twenty-five years, preceded by ten years in general practice. Graduating Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery and Master of Surgery from Sydney University in 1936, her first appointment was as resident medical officer at Sydney Hospital in 1936, moving to Rachel Forster Hospital in 1937 to take up the position as medical superintendent. She then assumed the position of resident medical officer at the Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, from 1939-1940. Using her professional skills, she served during World War II in the Australian Army Medical Corps from 1942-1946. After her war service she returned to the Rachel Forster Hospital, initially as honorary assistant surgeon from 1946-1958 and from 1958-1972 as honorary consultant surgeon. Her other commitments included becoming a life governor of the Australian Postgraduate Federation of Medicine in 1977, president of the Australian Federation of Medical Women from 1986-1989, honorary librarian of the Australian Medical Association (AMA) New South Wales branch from 1972-1977 and vice-president of the Medical Benevolent Association of New South Wales from 1980-1983. She published a story of her life entitled Family Bugles in 1991. She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1977 for Services to Medicine.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/family-bugles-1954-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/history-of-the-medical-benevolent-association-of-nsw\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/medical-directory-of-australia-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1998\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituaries-surgeons-invincible-spirit\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wing, Marie Naomi", "Entry ID": "IMP0225", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wing-marie-naomi\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Narrabri, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Hornsby, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Rheumatologist", "Summary": "Marie Naomi Wing (preferred name Naomi), an honours graduate in medicine and surgery from the University of Sydney in 1927, was renowned for her work as a rheumatologist and specialist in rehabilitation medicine. She served as president of the Australian Rheumatism Association from 1962-1963 and as president of the Association of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine from 1958-1959. She was medical director of the Rehabilitation Centre at the Royal South Sydney Hospital from 1968 onwards, and in the same year was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to medicine. Her work in rehabilitative medicine was acknowledged with her appointment as Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1979.\nShe married Lindon Wooledge Wing in 1928 in Katoomba, New South Wales. They had three children, one of whom went on to study medicine and become a doctor.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-availability-of-medical-service-throughout-australia-rehabilitation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bailey, Moya Kathleen", "Entry ID": "IMP0235", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bailey-moya-kathleen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Gynaecologist, Obstetrician", "Summary": "Moya Bailey, n\u00e9e Blackall, graduated from Sydney University MB BS in 1929 and pursued her obstetric qualifications in England, completing them in 1936. She practiced in the Australian Capital Territory and was an active member of the Canberra Croquet Club for thirty-three years. Her appointment as Member of the Order of the British Empire on 1 January 1960 was 'in recognition of her outstanding service for over twenty years to the community of the Australian Capital Territory and surrounding districts as a member of the medical profession, particularly in the field of obstetrics'.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Walsh, Agnes Marion McLean", "Entry ID": "IMP0252", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walsh-agnes-marion-mclean\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Dungog, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Matron", "Summary": "Agnes Walsh completed her nursing training at Perth, Sydney and Tresillian (Syd.) hospitals. In 1937 she undertook a world tour for the Western Australian Government to inquire into hospitals. Also she represented Australia at the Nursing Conference London in 1937 and 1948. In 1925 Agnes Walsh became matron of the King Edward Memorial Hospital (Perth) where she was known as a strict, unrelenting nursing administrator according to the summary note on the Western Australia State Library Catalogue. Agnes Walsh died in 1967.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walsh-agnes-marion-mclean-1884-1967\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/life-in-her-hands-the-matron-walsh-story\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rowe, Marilyn", "Entry ID": "IMP0257", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rowe-marilyn\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Dancer, Teacher", "Summary": "Marilyn Rowe, the first graduate of the Australian Ballet School to be appointed its director in 1999, was recruited into the Australian Ballet Company in 1965 after completing the course in 1964. She was a principal artist with the Australian Ballet and later became ballet director, deputy artistic director and in 1984 director of the Dancers Company, a post she held until 1990. She has been on the Board of the Australian Ballet since 1994. She has directed and coached many of the leading dancers of the Australian Ballet and has produced and directed major contemporary and classical works. Other positions include that of Life Governor of the Berry St Child and Family Care since 1985. She was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1979 for her services to ballet in Australia.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001) \nReceived for significant service to the performing arts, particularly to ballet, as an artistic director, administrator, internationally acclaimed performer and competition jurist. (2017 - 2017)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marilyn-rowe-and-the-technology-of-dance\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marilyn-rowe-obe\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-womens-roll-of-honour-women-shaping-the-nation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-marilyn-rowe-o-b-e-1993-picture-greg-barrett\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gorham, Kathleen", "Entry ID": "IMP0259", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gorham-kathleen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Nerrandera, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Dancer", "Summary": "Kathleen Gorham began her classical dancing career with the Borovansky Ballet at the age of fifteen, retaining her association with the Ballet until it finally disbanded in 1960 on the death of Borovansky. She danced with other companies in Paris and London, and in 1962 Kathleen Gorham became prima ballerina of the newly formed Australian Ballet Company. She played an important role in the artistic development of a recognisably Australian ballet company and danced new roles in association with Robert Helpmann. She was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1968 for her services to ballet. Retiring from dancing after the Australian Ballet's first overseas tour in 1966, she taught ballet in Melbourne and Southport, Queensland before her death in 1983 at a relatively young age.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kathleen-gorham\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-kathleen-gorham-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Watson, Jean", "Entry ID": "IMP0266", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/watson-jean\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newtown, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Administrator, Genealogist", "Summary": "Jean Watson was awarded a British Empire Medal (The Order of the British Empire, Civil) for service to the community on the Queen's Birthday List, 1979. Watson was a member of the Society of Australian Genealogists for 35 years, refusing any sort of remuneration for her voluntary service. She worked in various capacities, including honorary secretary for 15 years and later, council vice-president and vice-patron. Watson was also employed for 38 years at the Royal Exchange Assurance Company, beginning as a typist and retiring as head of personnel. She participated in the Business and Professional Women's Club of Sydney, and was a member of the Royal Australian Historical Society, The National Trust (New South Wales), the Art Gallery of New South Wales and the Garden Club of Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-jean-watson-b-e-m-f-s-a-g-1908-1993-obituary\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-search-for-a-system-1963-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Crommelin, Minard Fannie", "Entry ID": "IMP0269", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/crommelin-minard-fannie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "'Aston Station', Bombala, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Pearl Beach, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Conservationist, Postmistress", "Summary": "Minard Crommelin worked as a postmistress for over 25 years and was one of the early operators of the \"Morse Telegraph Key\". She was the first postmistress at Woy Woy (1906-1910) and it was during this period that she grew to love the bush of the New South Wales central coast area.\n", "Details": "Minard Crommelin, generally known as \"Crommy\", was educated at Sydney Church of England Girls' Grammar School at Darlinghurst.\nShe began work at fourteen as an unpaid assistant to the postmistress at Mittagong and eventually became an official member of the Postal Service. She worked as a postmistress for over 25 years and was one of the early operators of the \"Morse Telegraph Key\". She was the first postmistress at Woy Woy (1906-1910) and it was during this period that she grew to love the bush of the New South Wales central coast area.\nAfter her retirement in the mid 1930s she visited England and Europe, contacting many conservation and natural history societies (she was a member of 154 of them). On her return to Australia she bought seven acres of land at Pearl Beach, which she donated to the University of Sydney in 1946 to establish the Crommelin Biological Field Station, known as Warrah. She continued to be interested and active in nature conservation and from 1960 onwards donated a total of $17,768 to the Australian Academy of Science, some of which still exists as the Crommelin Conservation Fund. A road in Campbelltown has been named in her honour.\nShe was appointed MBE - Member of The Order of the British Empire (Civil) - 1 January 1959 for flora and fauna.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/crommelin-minard-fannie-1881-1972\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/crommelin-minard-fannie-1881-1972-biographical-entry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-pearl-beach-legacy-minard-crommelin-visionary\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/deed-of-gift-of-land-and-effects-of-m-f-crommelin-at-warra-to-university-of-sydney-for-establishment-of-crommelin-biological-station\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-archives-of-crommelin-minard-fannie-1882-1972\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jones, Marilyn Fay", "Entry ID": "IMP0278", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jones-marilyn-fay\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Dancer, Teacher", "Summary": "Marilyn Jones has been described as 'the greatest classical dancer Australia has produced'. She studied at the London Royal Ballet School and danced with the Royal Ballet from 1957-1958. She was then recruited by Edouard Borovansky as a principal, dancing with the Borovansky Ballet, based in Melbourne, until its closure in 1961. She joined the Australian Ballet on its formation in 1962. In 1963 she married fellow principal dancer Garth Welch and they had two sons, Stanton and Damien, who also became dancers. She danced with the Australian Ballet until 1978, when she took up the position of artistic director of the Company from 1979 until 1982. In 1991 she founded the Australian Institute of Classical Dance and became its artistic director. Other appointments have included director of the National Theatre Youth Ballet from 1996-1998 and director of the National Theatre Ballet School, Melbourne, from 1995-1998. She was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 1 January 1972 for her services to Australian ballet.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marilyn-jones-a-brilliance-all-of-her-own\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-gaolbird-to-lyrebird-a-life-in-australian-ballet\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2001\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marilyn-jones-interviewed-by-michelle-potter-in-the-esso-performing-arts-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-marilyn-jones-kim-walker-and-janet-vernon-picture-don-mcmurdo\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/great-australian-women-of-the-20th-century-electronic-resource\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-ballet-performance-of-coppelia-starring-robert-pomie-and-marilyn-jones-1963-picture-walter-stringer\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dalyell, Elsie Jean", "Entry ID": "IMP0293", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dalyell-elsie-jean\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newtown, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Pathologist", "Summary": "Elsie Dalyell was born on 13 December 1881, the second daughter of James Melville and Jean (n\u00e9e McGregor) Dalyell. After being educated at Sydney Girl's High School, in 1897 she became a pupil-teacher with the Department of Public Instruction. In 1904, sponsored by the department, Elsie Dalyell commenced an arts and science degree at the University of Sydney. She resigned as a teacher in 1905 and transferred to second year medicine. After graduating with first-class honours, Elsie Dalyell became a medical officer at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dalyell-elsie-jean-1881-1948\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elsie-dalyell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Weekes, Hazel Claire (Claire)", "Entry ID": "IMP0294", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/weekes-hazel-claire-claire\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Paddington, New South Wales", "Death Place": "Warriewood, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Broadcaster, Medical practitioner, Zoologist", "Summary": "Hazel Claire Weekes (Claire), zoologist and physician, was born on 11 April 1903 at Paddington, Sydney, eldest of four children of Sydney-born parents Ralph Weekes, musician, and his wife Fanny Florence, n\u00e9e Newland. A brilliant student, she was the first woman to receive a doctorate of science from the University of Sydney. She was a Macleay fellow of the Linnean Society of New South Wales in 1927-29 and 1932-34.\nWeekes was well known abroad, particularly for her major contributions in the field of psychiatry. Applying kindness, understanding and common sense to the treatment of neuroses, she was always available to her patients. In demand as a public speaker on anxiety, she broadcast on radio and appeared on television while in England. Her methods, which involved accepting symptoms and 'floating', were more highly regarded by her patients than by her colleagues, but many of them are now incorporated into the management of anxiety.\n", "Details": "Claire Weekes was educated at Sydney Girls High School; and in 1926 graduated with honours from the University of Sydney, receiving the University Medal in Zoology. She became a demonstrator in zoology and began doctoral research on reptile placentation, her study supported by a Macleay Fellowship from the Linnean Society of NSW and later a Rockefeller Fellowship which enabled her to study at University College London in 1929. Weekes was an exceptional young scientist in the field of evolutionary biology, as indicated by the naming of a species of lizard after her, Lygosoma weekesae, in 1929.\nBefore gaining her D. Sc, Weekes had been misdiagnosed with TB and confined to a sanatorium. On discharge, she suffered from panic attacks. During her time in Europe she overcame her panic, assisted by suggestions from her fianc\u00e9, Marcel Aurousseau, who had observed the experience of shell-shocked soldiers in World War I.\nIn London Weekes' research focus changed and she worked on comparative neurology with another Australian, Sir Grafton Elliot Smith.\nOn her return to Sydney Weekes resumed her work in zoology while hoping to move into medicine. Passionate about music since childhood, Weekes studied singing part-time at the New South Wales Conservatorium of Music where she met the piano teacher and gifted accompanist Elizabeth Coleman, who was to become her lifelong partner. They travelled to Europe in 1935 where Weekes said she intended to study the physiology of voice production. She hoped to become a singer but her dreams of a shared musical career with Coleman did not eventuate. Not wishing to return to the laboratory, on their return to Sydney in 1937, Weekes opened a travel agency and contributed a weekly travel column to The Sunday Sun and Guardian newspaper. The outbreak of war doomed this enterprise and in 1941 Weekes enrolled as a mature age medical student at Sydney University, graduating MB with honours in 1945.\nWeekes went into general practice at Bondi and began to specialize in anxiety and nervous illness, becoming noted for the effectiveness of her treatment. She also consulted at the Rachel Forster Hospital for Women and Children in Sydney. In 1955 Weekes passed the examination for membership of the Royal Australian College of Physicians and opened rooms in Macquarie Street, Sydney. She was appointed a Fellow of the College in 1973.\nIn 1962 she published the first of her five books, Self Help for your Nerves, which became an international bestseller and remained in print for many years. Weekes travelled extensively in the UK and USA, becoming famous for her methods of treatment of anxiety neuroses, publicising her work in the mass media and selling audio and video recordings outlining her approach.\nShe was appointed MBE - Member of The Order of the British Empire (Civil) - 30 December 1978 for medicine and in 1989 was nominated for a Nobel Prize.\nWeekes died on 2 June 1990, just one week after moving into a retirement village in Warriewood, NSW.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-college-history-famous-past-students-hazel-weekes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McCulloch, Deborah Jane", "Entry ID": "PR00042", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcculloch-deborah-jane\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Lecturer, Poet, Teacher", "Summary": "Deborah McCulloch was an English teacher and later a lecturer at Salisbury College of Advanced Education. She became involved in the women's movement in 1971. She was a member of Women's Electoral Lobby (WEL) when it started in South Australia. She was appointed as the first Women's Adviser to the Premier of South Australia in 1976 by Don Dunstan.\n", "Details": "Deborah McCulloch trained as a teacher and worked in South Australia as an English teacher and lecturer. She was active in the Women's Liberation Movement. She was a member of Women's Electoral Lobby (WEL). She was appointed as the first Women's Adviser to the Premier of South Australia in 1976 by Don Dunstan. With Yve Repin she formed FEM Enterprises. She published poetry including Waltzing with Alice (1983) and Three's Company (1992) with Elizabeth Biff Ward and Donna McKimming.\nShe was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by Flinders University in 1994 and was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in June 2005 for service to the community as a proponent of equal opportunities for women, Indigenous Australians and people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-movement-south-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/report-on-womens-non-government-organizations-conference-beijing-china-august-31-september-8-1995-deborah-mcculloch-womens-electoral-lobby\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fresh-evidence-new-witnesses-finding-womens-history\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sylvia-kinder-summary-record\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-deborah-mcculloch-sound-recording-interviewer-deborah-worsley-pine\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-deborah-mcculloch-sound-recording-interviewer-catherine-murphy\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Banner, Esma Mavis", "Entry ID": "PR00124", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/banner-esma-mavis\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Refugee support worker", "Summary": "Esma Banner worked in Europe for the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) as an employment officer (c. 1945-50) and a welfare officer in a displaced persons camp (c. 1950-51).\n", "Details": "Esma Banner left school at fourteen to look after her sick mother. She attended a business college for one year in 1926. She then found a position as a shorthand writer and typist for a business and moved quickly through the ranks to the position of secretary to the Director. She worked there for thirteen years. When her mother died in 1940 she worked with her father in his haulage business as well as for a Sydney solicitor.\nEsma Banner started work with United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) in 1944 in its Sydney office. From 15th to 20th February she attended the 7th meeting of the Committee of the Council for the Far East at Lapstone Hotel, Glenbrook, NSW. She then worked in the Melbourne office of UNRRA for a period of three months. Whilst there she was selected to work in Germany with the International Refugee Organisation (IRO) and left Sydney for London on 28 June 1945. Her position as Area Employment Officer involved travel to places such as Munich, Nellingen, Ludwigsburg, Pforzbeim and Traunstein. Her final position in Germany was in a Displaced Persons' Camp in Pforzheim.\nShe returned to Australia in 1951. A few years later Ms Banner applied to the University of Sydney for a Diploma Course in Social Work and was accepted. On completion of her course she worked for the Department of Social Security for eighteen years at which point she retired.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-esma-banner\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/esma-banner-collection\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fairfax, Ruth Beatrice", "Entry ID": "PR00167", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fairfax-ruth-beatrice\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Lue, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Welfare worker", "Summary": "After marrying John Hubert Fraser Fairfax in 1899, Ruth Fairfax and her husband moved to Longreach, and then later Marinya, in Queensland. She was heavily involved in her local community teaching at the Sunday school, whilst also supporting the Bush Brotherhood and other Anglican organisations. She was awarded the Belgian Medal 'de la Reine Elizabeth' for her local efforts during the First World War. At a meeting in Albert Hall, Brisbane, in August 1922, Fairfax was appointed the first State President of the Queensland Country Women's Association.\n", "Details": "After being elected President of the Queensland Country Women's Association, Fairfax\u00a0went on a\u00a0six month tour of outback Queensland, during which she organised several branches. In 1926 she resigned as President of the Southern Division but remained State President until 1931. In addition to this, she was appointed a Justice of the Peace in 1927.\nVisiting England from March 1929 to December 1930, Fairfax represented Australia at the International Conference of Rural Women's Organisations in London in 1929, and on the Liaison Committee of Rural Women's and Homemaker's Organisations.\u00a0On her return\u00a0to Australia, she lived in Sydney, New South Wales and continued her work for the Country Women's Association (CWA) as the New South Wales secretary until 1946, as well as fulfilling her role as a vice-president of the Associated Country Women of the World in 1934.\nCo-editing a book with Dorothy Catts entitled The Countrywoman in New South Wales, Fairfax also served on the boards of the Adult Deaf and Dumb Society of New South Wales, St Luke's Hospital, Darlinghurst, the general council of the Girl Guides Association, was life governor of the Benevolent Society of New South Wales, a trustee of the Public Library of New South Wales and Chairman of the council of the Australian Board of Missions. In June 1935, Ruth Fairfax was appointed O.B.E.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fairfax-ruth-beatrice-1878-1948\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruth-fairfax\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fifty-years-1922-72\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Thoms, Patience Rosemary", "Entry ID": "PR00216", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/thoms-patience-rosemary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Journalist", "Summary": "Patience Rosemary Thoms was elected as the eighth president of the International Federation of Business and Professional Women at the Eleventh International Congress (1968) in London, England and held that position until 1971. She was the first International President from Australia, and also the first from the Southern Hemisphere. She had previously served as Australian President from 1960-1964. She was the Women's News Editor of The Courier Mail for twenty years from 1956.\n", "Details": "As President of the International Federation of Business and Professional Women (IFBPW), Pat Thoms made it a goal to visit as many affiliates as possible to facilitate two-way communication. During her previous twenty-two years of membership, she had held many positions of leadership in both Brisbane Professional Women (BPW) Australia and the IFBPW and was well qualified for leading the organisation, founded in 1930, into its fortieth year.\nAlthough she lived 13,000 miles from International Headquarters in London, Australia's geographical location meant that she had to pass over or through many countries in order to get to Headquarters. She therefore made it a point to visit as many affiliates as possible on her way to and from Executive Committee meetings. Logging over 200,000 miles during her term of office, President Thoms visited members in twenty-nine countries. The trip that was both the longest in distance and shortest in duration covered 29,000 miles in fifteen days! She wrote a history of the first 25 years of the Australian Federation of Business and Professional Women's clubs, 1947-1972.\nOn her retirement as the Women's News Editor of the Courier Mail in 1976 aged 60, she applied for admission to the Bachelor of Arts program in the School of Modern Asian Studies at Griffith University. She graduated in 1980. She worked part-time for the University as a public relations consultant from 1982 to 1986 before being elected to the University Council as a member of Convocation and an appointee of the Governor-in-Council.\nIn 1981 she became first chair of the new Brisbane College of Advanced Education Council. In 1988, she was elected deputy Chancellor of Griffith University and held the position until 1990. She was admitted to the degree of Doctor of the University in 1990. Griffith University awards the Patience Thoms Indigenous Australian (Honours\/Postgraduate) Scholarship annually. The scholarships are designed to assist Indigenous students moving onto Honours and Graduate studies at the University.\nPatience Thoms regarded herself as a feminist, \"but not a radical one\". In an interview with a female journalist in 1995, she recalled: \"the changes over the years since 1946 when I first became associated with the business and professional women's organization are really quite extraordinary\". \"Today's feminists don't think it's changed enough, and it hasn't. There are many things that still need to be done.\"\nAssociated organisations:\n\nMember of the Queensland Film Board of Review (1974-1985)\nMember of Ethics Committee of the Australian Journalists' Association\nMember of the National Drug Advisory Council\nMember of the Council of Queensland Women\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/history-1968-1971-patience-r-thoms\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/patience-thoms-obe-duniv\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dare, Zara", "Entry ID": "PR00401", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dare-zara\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Shoalhaven, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Scarborough, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Missionary, Policewoman", "Summary": "Zara Dare was 45 years-old when she applied for a\u00a0position as a\u00a0Queensland police officer. She had previously worked in China for the Salvation Army and, upon returning to Australia, she was an organiser of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union.\nZara and her colleague, Ellen O'Donnell, commenced at the Roma Street Police Station in 1931. Neither of the women was sworn in and therefore did not receive the same pay allowances and privileges (including superannuation) as male officers. Zara's work within the police force was restricted to looking after lost children, escorting female prisoners, and working with victims of domestic and sexual violence. Nine years after joining the police force, Zara retired to marry. It was not until 1965 that Queensland police women were officially sworn in and therefore entitled to some of the privileges enjoyed by men.\n", "Details": "The National Council of Women of Queensland (NCWQ) in 1911 drew attention to the need for women and girls in Queensland to be better served in matters of crime. There were no female police officers in Australia at the time and the NCWQ called for women, experienced and educated in social work, to be given the status of police officers. The appointment of two female police in New South Wales in 1915 was not enough to encourage the Queensland Commissioner of Police William Cahill to follow suit. By 1917 Queensland was the only state without female police. Newspapers and community groups began asking why. The Queensland Country Women's Association (QCWA), the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Brisbane, James Duhig, the NCWQ and the Queensland Women's Electoral League (QWEL) all called for the appointment of women in policing.\nIt was not until Irene Longman was elected to State Parliament in 1929 that the opposition to female police began to be broken down. As past president of the NCWQ and a member of the QWEL, Irene made a submission to cabinet in 1930, outlining the necessity for women to handle sensitive cases such as children, girls and women who have been involved in sexual assault cases. Although the decision was not unanimous, Cabinet consented to the appointment of women in the police force.\nZara Dare, along with Ellen O'Donnell, accepted the offer of positions and the women were based at the Roma Street police station. When the time came to review their appointments and make them permanent, the Police commissioner William Ryan stated that they were well paid for the job they were doing, and although there was nothing under the Police Act 1898 to stop them from being sworn in, he considered that their swearing in would reduce the number of male police constables by two. Zara kept her job by agreeing not to be sworn in. She never received the pay allowances and privileges of her fellow police, nor superannuation.\nThe NCWQ continued to lobby to have Zara and Ellen made permanent, but Police Commissioner Ryan made it clear that if they were not satisfied, they were free to resign at any time. When Zara resigned from the police force to marry, the Queensland Times noted her departure with a small article, headlined \"Policewoman Wanted\". A women's police unit, attached to the Criminal Investigation Bureau (CIB), was established soon after Zara's resignation.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/50-firsts-queensland-policewomen-at-work\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ellen-odonnell-and-zara-dare-queenslands-first-policewomen\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/journey-to-equality-an-illustrated-history-of-women-in-the-queensland-police\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/zara-dare-1886-1965\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/police-service-file-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Vaughan, Grace Sydney", "Entry ID": "PR00444", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vaughan-grace-sydney\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Neutral Bay, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, social activist", "Summary": "Grace Sydney Vaughan served in the Western Australian Legislative Council from 1974 to 1980. She drew on her extensive experience as a community and social worker to campaign on issues concerned with poverty, unemployment and welfare.\n", "Details": "Grace Sydney Ingram was born in\u00a0Neutral Bay\u00a0in 1922, the daughter of Archibald James Ingram (postal worker) and Grace Parker Morgan. She was educated at North Sydney Girls High School, then at the University of New South Wales (Diploma of Sociology) and the University of Western Australia, where she completed a Bachelor of Arts and Masters in Social Work. She married Walter Vaughan in Sydney in 1942; they had three children. Her second marriage was to Walter Yewers in 1975.\nGrace Vaughan grew up during the Depression in the 1930s, and experienced directly the poverty that resulted from her father's unemployment. Over the years she worked in a variety of capacities in the fields of social welfare and community planning, as a trainee nurse, at Sydney radio station 2UE, and as a mail contractor when her husband was out of work during the 1960s.\nVaughan moved to Western Australia in 1968, where she worked as a family welfare officer for the Department of Community Welfare, and also as a community social worker and planning consultant. She was elected to the Legislative Council to represent the Australian Labor Party for the South-East Metropolitan Province in 1974. An unfavourable redistribution of electoral boundaries contributed to Vaughan losing her seat in the 1980 election, after only one term. While in Parliament she gained a formidable reputation for speaking forthrightly on unemployment, welfare, poverty, and related social justice issues. She also spoke passionately about the State's position on abortion, and introduced a bill to decriminalise homosexuality. Vaughan, in the face of considerable opposition, was also responsible for the installation of a women's toilet off the Parliament House corridor; previously women had to go down at least one floor to use the bathroom. Grace Vaughan died suddenly after a short illness in Perth in 1984.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/motherboards-and-desert-sands-stories-of-australian-rural-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/we-hold-up-half-the-sky-the-voices-of-western-australian-alp-women-in-parliament\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-register-of-members-of-the-parliament-of-western-australia-vol-2-1930-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/making-a-difference-women-in-the-west-australian-parliament-1921-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-grace-vaughan-president-of-the-international-federation-of-social-workers-1982-1984-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Olley, Margaret", "Entry ID": "PR00468", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/olley-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Lismore, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Painter", "Summary": "Margaret Olley is known as one of Australia's most prized interior and still life painters. She first came to public attention as the subject of Sir William Dobell's winning Archibald portrait in 1948. These days she is regarded as an Australian national treasure. In 1997 her work was the subject of a major retrospective organized by the Art Gallery of New South Wales.\n", "Details": "Margaret Olley began her career painting sets for various theatre groups, before displaying her painting in exhibitions at Royal Queensland Art Society and the Under Thirties Group in Sydney. Her painting New England Landscape won the inaugural Mosman Prize in 1947.\nMargaret later travelled to Europe where she studied art at La Grande Chaumiere in Paris and, in 1952, she exhibited a collection of favourably-reviewed paintings. She returned to Brisbane in 1953 and was commissioned by the Queensland Art Gallery to paint a mural of Paris' Place de la Concorde for an upcoming French art exhibition. She soon received commissions to paint murals in other Brisbane landmarks such as the Grosvenor and Lennon's hotels.\nSince then, Margaret has travelled the globe gaining inspiration for her bold still-life paintings and viewing exhibitions of classic artists such as Van Gogh, Matisse, Miro and Manet. Margaret is regarded as a generous benefactor, having donated many of her works to the Art Gallery of New South Wales. In 1990, she established the Margaret Hannah Olley Trust to produce other artists' works for public donation. In 1994, Olley's generosity to the gallery was celebrated in the Great gifts,great patrons exhibition to which she donated works of Donald Friend, Arthur Boyd, Walter Sickert, Edgar, Duncan Grant and Mathew Smith.\nMargaret has earned countless art prizes and awards for her many works shown in numerous solo and group exhibitions worldwide. In 2006 Margaret was elevated to Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) for her service as one of Australia's most distinguished artists, her support and philanthropy to the visual and performing arts, and her encouragement of young and emerging artists. In 2007 she was appointed a Fellow of the National Art School.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-olley\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-olley-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-olley-ac-1923\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-olley-extract-biographical-notes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-a-life-well-lived\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Beggs, Pamela Anne", "Entry ID": "PR00482", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beggs-pamela-anne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Inverell, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Pamela Anne Beggs joined the Australian Labor Party in 1977 and sat in the Parliament of Western Australia as member for Whitfords from 1983 to 1993.\n", "Details": "Pamela Anne Austin was born in Inverell, New South Wales, to Horace Joseph Austin, a tin miner, and Thelma Ruby Wilson.\u00a0In 1951 the family moved to Greenbushes, Western Australia, a tin mining town about 200 kilometres south of Perth. Pamela was educated at Bridgetown High School and St Joseph's college in Bunbury. Austin spent four years in the Women's Royal Australian Air Force, reaching the rank of commissioned officer, after which she worked for Western Mining and Trace Element Laboratories. She married Thomas Glennie Beggs in 1972; they had three daughters together.\nPamela Beggs credits the Vietnam War with stirring her into political activity, and she was involved in the moratoriums in the early 1970s. She joined the Balcatta branch of the Australian Labor Party in 1977, and began participating actively in election campaigns. She won the seat of Whitfords for the Labor Party in 1983, and in 1985 was instrumental in having significant amendments made to the Sexual Assaults Bill, an achievement of which Beggs was particularly proud. While Minister for Housing and Planning (1989-1990) she tackled the shortage of affordable housing, and was involved with the construction of the Perth to Joondalup railway when she held the Transport portfolio. Beggs was appointed Minister for Tourism, Racing and Gaming in 1986. She retired from politics after losing to Liberal candidate Rob Johnson in 1993.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/we-hold-up-half-the-sky-the-voices-of-western-australian-alp-women-in-parliament\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-register-of-members-of-the-parliament-of-western-australia-vol-2-1930-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/making-a-difference-women-in-the-west-australian-parliament-1921-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirred-by-war-into-a-political-career-the-west-australian-5-march-1986-p-67\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Boyle, Desley", "Entry ID": "PR00487", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/boyle-desley\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Politician, Psychologist", "Summary": "Desley Boyle was an Australian Labor Party politician who represented the electoral district of Cairns in the Queensland Legislative Assembly. She was first elected in the 1998 State Election and is currently (2009) the Minister for Local Government and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Partnerships. Desley was formerly Minister for Tourism, Regional Development and Industry, Minister for Child Safety, as well as Minister for Environment, Local Government, Planning and Women.\u00a0\n", "Details": "Desley's Boyles professional background is as a senior psychologist in her own practice, Desley Boyle and Associates. She holds Masters Degrees in Business Administration and Psychology. Desley has a long history of involvement in the Cairns community: from 1988 to 1994 she was on the Cairns City Council, serving for two years as Deputy Mayor.\nDesley has been actively involved with the following organisations:\n\nPresident, FNQ Employment; \nChairperson, FNQ Family Resource Service; \nSpokesperson, FNQ Friends of the ABC;\nBoard Member, Lifeline FNQ; \nChairperson, Peninsula and Torres Strait Regional Health Authority; \nChairperson, Northern Australia Development Council; \nBoard Member, Cairns Port Authority.\nNorthern Australia Development Council and Lifeline FNQ;\nAustralian Institute of Management;\nCairns Chamber of Commerce;\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/boyle-hon-desley-carole\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/desley-boyle-state-member-for-cairns\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Plumb, Sarah Ann", "Entry ID": "PR00510", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/plumb-sarah-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Lawson, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse", "Summary": "Sarah Plumb was the eldest daughter in a family of seven children, brought up in inner city Sydney, New South Wales,\u00a0at the turn of the twentieth century. A conscientious student, a caring individual and a competent teacher, she trained to be a nurse at the Coast Hospital (later Prince Henry's) in Sydney, after having a conversion experience through her connection with St David's church in Surry Hills. Here she developed an active Christian ministry amongst the nurses. She was accepted for training at the Church Missionary Society home in Melbourne, but was not able to complete service as a missionary for health reasons. She continued to nurse in New South Wales instead.\nIn 1922 she was appointed the first organising secretary of the New South Wales branch of the Australian Nurses' Christian Movement (ANCM) serving until her retirement in 1947, and then as vice-president until her death in 1962. In this role, she provided advice and guidance to many women undertaking nursing training in Sydney, running Bible classes and challenging any lowering of Christian standards in the nurses she advised.\nDuring the Second World War, she was placed in charge of the Church of England National Emergency Fund (CENEF) hut in the grounds of St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney. In this role, she offered nurses in the services\u00a0friendship, food and accommodation.\nSarah Plumb was a skilled administrator, teacher and leader who combined these skills with a Christian commitment, and made a difference to the lives of a significant number of trainee nurses.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-dictionary-of-evangelical-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Renwick, Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "PR00513", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/renwick-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Philanthropist, Suffragist, Welfare worker", "Summary": "Lady Elizabeth Renwick and her husband, physician and politician Sir Arthur Renwick, were prominent in the nineteenth century evangelical reform movement in Sydney, New South Wales. They shared membership and often leadership of many of Sydney's major charitable institutions, especially those relating to the needs of women and children. Their interests included the Institution for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind, the State Children's Relief Board, the Children's Hospital, the Child Studies Association, the Australasian Trained Nurses Association and the Ladies' Sanitary Society, to name only a few.\nLady Renwick's charitable and evangelical work was undertaken through her involvement in the Sydney Female Mission Home, the Sydney City Mission and as president of the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA). She also served as a vice-president of the National Council of Women in New South Wales. A member of the Womanhood Suffrage League of NSW, she supported suffrage for women as a means of promoting evangelical values. She served as vice president of Sydney University's Women's Society while her husband was prominent in university affairs.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-dictionary-of-evangelical-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/philanthropy-and-the-womans-sphere-sydney-1870-circa-1900\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tr-2080-lyceum-club-brisbane-inc-records-1998-2000\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Constable, Hon. Dr. Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "PR00570", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/constable-hon-dr-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Dr Elizabeth Constable was\u00a0an independent candidate elected to the Thirty-Third Parliament of Western Australia for the Legislative Assembly seat of Floreat at a by-election on 20 July 1991 held to fill the vacancy consequent upon the resignation of Hon Andrew Mensaros. The\u00a0electorate was abolished in the redistribution of 1994. She was then elected to the Thirty-Fifth Parliament for Churchlands (new seat) on 14 December 1996. She was\u00a0re-elected in 2001, 2005 and 2008.\n", "Details": "Elizabeth Blanton was born in Sydney in 1943 to Phyllis and Leonard Blanton. She attended Presbyterian Ladies' College in Pymble, and then the University of Sydney, where she studied history and psychology. In 1964 she married Ian Constable, and while living in Boston in the early seventies with Ian and their two sons, completed a Masters in Education at the Harvard Graduate School. The Constable family arrived in Perth, Western Australia, in 1975, where Elizabeth held a tenured lectureship in education for eight years at the University of Western Australia. In 1985 she completed a doctorate in educational psychology. Constable entered the Parliament of Western Australia in 1991, the first woman ever to elected as an Independent, and is currently a member of the Legislative Assembly for Churchlands.\n", "Events": "Member of the Order of Australia (AM): For significant service to the people and Parliament of Western Australia, and to education. (2019 - 2019)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/constable-hon-dr-elizabeth-parliament-of-western-australia-website\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/constable-hon-dr-elizabeth-department-of-premier-and-cabinet-of-western-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/making-a-difference-women-in-the-west-australian-parliament-1921-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bishop, Clare", "Entry ID": "PR00673", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bishop-clare\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Public servant", "Summary": "Clare Bishop graduated in catering and hotel management before joining the Department of Immigration in Canberra in 1970, serving in London 1971-74, Edinburgh in 1975-77 and New York 1977-80. After helping organize the Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting in Melbourne in 1981, she was sent to Cologne to process refugees from Poland, and to the Philippines to process spouse applications. From 1984-86 she was First Secretary in the Australian Embassy in Vietnam, then Consul in New York to 1990. From 1993 until her retirement in 2000, she was responsible for overhauling all the Department's forms.\n", "Details": "Clare Bishop was born in Sydney on 26 June 1945, daughter of neurophysiologist Sir Peter Orlebar Bishop and Hilary Louise ne\u00e9 Holmes, a former nurse. Educated in Sydney at Chatswood Primary School, Roseville College and Abbotsford Anglican School for Girls, she travelled in 1963 with her parents to Massachusetts. After briefly attending a secretarial school she worked first as a volunteer at the Harvard International Students Club, and then as a governess in Paris.\nOn her return to Sydney in 1964 she completed two years of an Arts degree at Sydney University before studying catering and hotel management at East Sydney Technical School. On graduating, she moved to Canberra and worked briefly in a hotel and an employment agency before joining the Professional Migration Section of the Department of Immigration in 1970. She was posted to London from 1971-74, then trained new staff in the Recruitment Section in Canberra,\u00a0before being posted to Edinburgh in October 1975.\nIn 1977 she was cross-posted to New York, returning to Canberra in 1980 where she worked as Ministerial Correspondence Liaison Officer in the Legal and Parliamentary Branch. In 1981 she was seconded to the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet to help organise the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Melbourne. She was then sent to Cologne to process Special Humanitarian Entrants from Poland, to Berne, Switzerland, to process applications from chefs, and then to the Philippines to process women entering Australia on spouse visas. On returning to Canberra she worked as executive to the Australian Institute of Multicultural Affairs on its evaluation of the implementation of the Galbally Report.\nFrom 1984 -86 she served as First Secretary in the Australian Embassy in Vietnam, then as Consul\/ Principal Migration Officer in New York and Area Director in Chicago and Toronto to 1990. Following her return to Canberra she was Executive officer to the National Population Council and\u00a0to the Conference of Commonwealth\/State\/Territory Ministers for Immigration, before becoming Departmental Liaison Officer in the office of the Minister for Immigration, Gerry Hand. From 1993 until her retirement in 2000, she was in charge of overhauling all the Department's forms.\u00a0\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clare-bishop-interviewed-by-ann-mari-jordens-in-the-chief-migration-officers-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bennett, Portia Mary", "Entry ID": "PR00694", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bennett-portia-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist", "Summary": "Portia Bennett was born in Sydney in 1898. In 1913-14 she attended classes under Dattilo Rubbo at the Royal Art Society of New South Wales, then won a scholarship to Julian Ashton's Sydney Art School, where she studied at night between 1915-1919. During the day she attended the Blackfriars Teachers College, where she taught art from 1921-5. In 1925 she married William Wallace and moved to Queensland and then, in 1932, came to Perth, Western Australia. Bennett helped found the Perth Society of Artists, working with Muriel Southern, Florence Hall and Margaret Johnson to establish a place for women artists in Western Australia.\nBennett's preference for architecture over painting as a career is reflected in her fascination with the city and modern recently constructed buildings, and she painted many watercolour studies of the architecture around Perth. This was also in keeping with a Modernist aesthetic - the city as centre for commerce, leisure and display - and a concomitant rejection of traditional pastoral landscapes as subjects for study. Bennett also used conventions of perspective but chose unusual vantage points, which allowed the foregrounding of certain objects which added an abstract quality to works that were highly realistic. As Dr. Sally Quin, curator of the Lawrence Wilson Art Gallery, observed, \"Portia Bennett claims a unique place as observer and interpreter of the city.\" Bennett died in Perth in 1989, aged 91.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beyond-the-image-western-australian-women-artists-1920-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/approaches-to-modernism-the-art-of-portia-bennett-elise-blumann-and-iris-francis-1930s-to-1950s\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/western-australian-art-and-artists-1900-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/work-by-four-perth-women-originally-published-in-the-west-australian-13-september-1933\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/modernisms-back-alley-perth-streets-as-signs-of-the-times\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituary-portia-bennett\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/artist-profile-portia-bennett-1898-1989-the-holmes-a-court-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/western-australian-artists-1920-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-portia-bennett-painter-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jackson Pulver, Lisa Rae", "Entry ID": "AWE6394", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jackson-pulver-lisa-rae\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Stanmore, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Advisor, Educator, Researcher", "Summary": "Professor Lisa Jackson Pulver was appointed Deputy Vice-Chancellor, Indigenous Strategy and Services, at Sydney University in September 2018.\n", "Events": "Awarded a Member of the Order of Australia 'for service to medical education, particularly through the Muru Marri Indigenous Health Unit at the University of New South Wales, and as a supporter of educational opportunities for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.' (2011 - 2011)" }, { "Title\/Name": "McKean, Isabella", "Entry ID": "AWE6431", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mckean-isabella\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Grenfell, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Berowra, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Poultry farmer, War widow", "Summary": "Isabella McKean was widowed when her husband, Scottish-born David Thornton McKean, was killed in action while serving with the AIF on the Western Front on 14 November 1916. For a few years before World War I, McKean worked as a plasterer with the Department of Home Affairs. In 1913, Isabella moved to Canberra from Weddin, where she had been active in church and social events, to join her husband but had trouble finding accommodation. She was living in Berowra when her husband was killed. In 1919 she married a former AIF solider and partly supported herself keeping poultry.\nRead a longer essay on Isabella McKean in the online exhibition War Widows of the ACT: A Forgotten Legacy of World War I.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bridges, Edith Lilian", "Entry ID": "AWE6433", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bridges-edith-lilian\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Yarragee, near Moruya, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Toorak, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Mother, War widow", "Summary": "Lady Bridges was the initial president of the Friendly Union of Soldiers' Wives and Mothers, set up by her friend Lady Helen Munro Ferguson, wife of the Governor General, early in World War I to provide support for families of soldiers of the first AIF. The shock of the death of her husband, Major General Sir William Throsby Bridges, Commander of the first AIF, less than a month after the landing at Gallipoli and the prolonged and very public commemorative ceremonies associated with the return of his body to Australia and his reburial in Canberra, affected her health to the extent that the following year she retired from public life.\nAn adopted child, Edith's life was punctuated by tragedy including the loss of her first-born son soon after birth, the drowning of one of her seven-year-old twin girls in a boating accident on Sydney Harbour and the death of a 17-year-old son at boarding school in England. During World War I in addition to the loss of her husband, she worried constantly about her son Major Noel Bridges DSO, who fought at Gallipoli and the Western Front and was wounded in Flanders in 1918. Born Edith Lillian Francis in 1862 near Moruya, Lady Bridges died in Melbourne in 1926, aged 64, and was buried in St John's Churchyard, Canberra.\nRead a longer essay on Lady Bridges in the online exhibition War Widows of the ACT: A Forgotten Legacy of World War I.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-sir-ronald-craufurd-munro-ferguson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/friendly-union-of-soldiers-wives-and-mothers-australian-imperial-forces-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/soldiers-surveyors-and-selectors-a-genealogy-of-the-cowley-and-simpkins-families-and-associated-branches\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Browne, Ida Alison", "Entry ID": "AWE4343", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/browne-ida-alison\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Paddington, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Edgecliff, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Geologist, Palaeontologist", "Summary": "Ida Alison Browne lectured in palaeontology at the University of Sydney from 1935 to 1950, before working jointly with her husband, William Rowan Browne, a renowned geologist.\nShe was educated at Fort Street Girls' High School in Sydney, before attending the University of Sydney where, in 1922, she graduated with a Bachelor of Science, with First Class Honours. She was awarded the University Medal in geology. In 1932, she was awarded a Doctorate of Science.\nLater in her career, she served as a Member of the Australian National Research Council.\n", "Events": "Appointed Assistant Lecturer in palaeontology at the University of Sydney (1935 - 1935) \nDemonstrator in geology, University of Sydney. (1923 - 1927) \nMember of the Linnean Society from 1924, councillor (1941-50) and president (1945-46). (1924 - ) \nMember of the Royal Society from 1935, vice-president (1942-50), honorary editorial secretary (1950-53) and president (1953-54) (1935 - ) \nPromoted to Lecturer (1940 - 1940) \nPromoted to Senior Lecturer (1945 - 1945) \nReceived a Linnean Macleay fellowship, which she used to undertake geological investigation of the South Coast (1927 - 1927) \nResigned and instead worked from home with her husband William Rowan Browne, a renowned geologist (1950 - 1970) \nReturned to demonstrating at the University of Sydney (1934 - 1934)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/browne-ida-alison-1900-1976-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/browne-ida-alison-1900-1976\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-biographical-dictionary-of-women-in-science-pioneering-lives-from-ancient-times-to-the-mid-20th-century\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irresistible-forces-australian-women-in-science\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-archives-of-browne-ida-alison-1900-1976\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dorothy-powell-albums\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bembrick, Amy Glenthora", "Entry ID": "AWE5390", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bembrick-amy-glenthora\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Grenfell, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Hunters Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Army Nurse, Child welfare worker", "Summary": "Amy Glenthora Bembrick, born at Grenfell New South Wales, served with the Australian Army Nursing Service in World War I in Salonika. After her marriage to Charles William James Gumbley, an Anglican Minister, she was active in Adelaide during the Second World War as 'camp mother' for disadvantaged boys.\n", "Details": "Amy Glenthora Bembrick was born at Grenfell New South Wales on 26 October 1893 to Alfred Bembrick and Elizabeth (nee Fowler). She was descended through her father from Mary Ann Southwell (1837-74) a daughter of Thomas Southwell, a pioneer settler at Parkwood, a property on Ginninderra Creek then in New South Wales now in the Australian Capital Territory. She was related to Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS) nurse, Gladys Boon, and they shared similar experiences during the First World War.\nAfter her family moved to Epping, Amy Bembrick trained at Western Suburbs Cottage Hospital, Croydon, Sydney. She enlisted aged 23 on 10 May 1917 giving her religion as Methodist and naming her father Alfred Bembrick of Epping as her next of kin. She was recruited following a request from the British Government for Australian trained nurses to staff four British military hospitals in Salonika in northern Greece. In response to the request three units, each of 91 nurses, embarked from Australia in June 1917 and a fourth unit in August. The first three units began duty in Salonika in August 1917. The fourth was delayed in Egypt and reached Salonika later. Altogether 42 Australian sisters and 257 staff nurses served in Salonika.\nBritish and French forces had arrived in Greece in 1915 to fight Bulgarian forces invading Serbia, to regain control of the Balkans and prevent enemy forces taking areas leading to the Suez Canal and the Middle East but they saw only intermittent action over the next three years. Most patients at the military hospitals were British soldiers and Bulgarian prisoners of war. Many were not battle casualties but suffering from diseases including malaria, dysentery and black water fever. The Australian nurses, who had enlisted for service overseas with the expectation that they would nurse Australian soldiers, were disappointed that this was never the case in Salonika. They also felt they had been relegated to the war's sidelines with action on the Balkan front little reported at the time. The final battle against the Bulgarians in September 1918 was not reported in the London Times in any detail until 1919.\nAll the nurses in Salonika felt the bitter cold and snow in winter and the intense heat in summer in hospitals set up in tents or primitive huts. In winter there was not enough fuel for the braziers to heat the tents and by morning the blankets on patients were stiff with ice. Most nurses suffered from malaria which was endemic and those with recurrent malaria were repatriated to Australia. By August 1918, 46 nurses had been invalided back to Australia. Nurses wore heavy mosquito nets and clothing that covered every part of their bodies in an effort to ward off mosquitoes but they sometimes discarded extra coverings when they made nursing impossible. The sites of some of the hospitals were near swamps which became quagmires in winter and mosquito breeding grounds in summer.\nAmy Bembrick sailed on HMT Mooltan on 19 June 1917 for Egypt and arrived in Salonika on the Osmaniah in August 1917. She was posted briefly to 52nd British General Hospital (BGH), then to 50 BGH, a hut hospital at Kalamaria on the outskirts of Salonika where she remained for most of her service. At the beginning of February 1919 she left for England where she obtained three months leave from 25 March to do a course in domestic economy at the Battersea Polytechnic, London. Amy boarded SS Canberra to return to Australia on 23 July 1919 and was discharged on 15 September 1919. She had been promoted from Staff Nurse to Sister in Salonika but this was not ratified until just before she left England. She was awarded the British War Medal and the Victory Medal.\nIn 13 July 1922 at Woodford Bridge, Essex, England Amy Bembrick, 28, married Charles William James Gumbley, 30, whom she had met while nursing in Salonika. He was then Corporal Bill Gumley serving with the British Army and he later became an Anglican minister. From 1939 to 1945, the family lived in Adelaide where Rev. Gumbley was rector of St Luke's Church of England, Whitmore Square. During this time Amy was 'camp mother' to hundreds of children from needy families who attended annual boys' camps and she also helped in providing free hot lunches for two hundred children during the winter months.\nAmy Gumbley died on 13 June 1949, aged 56, at All Saints Anglican Rectory, Hunters Hill, Sydney, where her husband had been rector since 1945. She was survived by three daughters, who all trained as nurses, and a son. She is commemorated on the Grenfell World War I Memorial and the Epping World War I Roll of Honour.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guns-and-brooches-australian-army-nursing-from-the-boer-war-to-the-gulf-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/official-history-of-the-australian-army-medical-services-1914-18-vol-iii-problems-and-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/more-than-bombs-and-bandages-australian-army-nurses-at-work-in-world-war-i\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-southwell-family-pioneers-of-the-canberra-district-1838-1938\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mettle-and-steel-the-aans-in-salonika\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bembrick-amy-glenthora-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/s-a-church-worker-dies-in-sydney\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bembrick-amy-glenthora-sern-s-nurse-pob-grenfell-nsw-poe-sydney-nsw-nok-f-bembrick-alfred\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Boon, Gladys Elizabeth Clare", "Entry ID": "AWE5395", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/boon-gladys-elizabeth-clare\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Manly, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Army Nurse, Nurse", "Summary": "Gladys Elizabeth Clare Boon served in the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS) at Salonika, Greece from 1917 to 1919 and then briefly in England before returning to Australia. Trained at Orange Hospital, she nursed at Bathurst District Hospital and Wallsend Hospital before her marriage to Arthur Firkin in 1925.\n", "Details": "Gladys Elizabeth Clare Boon was born at Queanbeyan, NSW on 19 February 1891 to David Boon, a policeman, and his wife Elizabeth (born Southwell). Gladys's mother Elizabeth was a daughter of Thomas Southwell, a pioneer settler at Parkwood, a property on Ginninderra Creek, then in New South Wales: the land now straddles the north-west border of the ACT. After Elizabeth Southwell married David William Boon at Parkwood Methodist Church they lived near Parkwood until David Boon joined the mounted police and was posted to a succession of New South Wales country towns. Gladys's connection to Canberra is through her descent from the pioneer Southwell family.\nGladys Boon trained as a nurse at Orange Hospital graduating with a four-year nursing certificate in February 1915. She continued nursing at Orange Hospital until December 1916 when she resigned as head nurse to nurse at a military hospital, 4th Australian General Hospital (AGH) at Randwick in Sydney. On 3 April 1917 Gladys enlisted in the Australian Army Nursing Service in Sydney. Her enlistment papers describe her as aged 26, her religion as Methodist and her next of kin as her father David Boon of Orange. She gave her birthplace as Goulburn but NSW birth records state she was born at Queanbeyan.\nShe was recruited following a request from the British Government for Australian trained nurses to staff four British military hospitals in Salonika in northern Greece. In response to the request three units, each of 91 nurses, embarked from Australia in June 1917 and a fourth unit in August. The first three units began duty in Salonika in August 1917. The fourth was delayed in Egypt and reached Salonika later. Altogether 42 Australian sisters and 257 staff nurses served in Salonika.\nBritish and French forces had arrived in Greece in 1915 to fight Bulgarian forces invading Serbia, to regain control of the Balkans and prevent enemy forces taking areas leading to the Suez Canal and the Middle East but they saw only intermittent action over the next three years. Most patients at the military hospitals were British soldiers and Bulgarian prisoners of war. Many were not battle casualties but suffering from diseases including malaria, dysentery and black water fever. Australian nurses preferred to serve in Australian-run hospitals and to nurse Australian soldiers. This was never the case in Salonika. In addition they felt they had been relegated to the war's sidelines. Any action in Greece was little reported at the time. The final battle against the Bulgarians in September 1918 was not reported in the London Times in any detail until 1919.\nAll the nurses in Salonika felt the bitter cold and snow in winter and the intense heat in summer in hospitals that were accommodated in tents or primitive huts often in swampy areas which became quagmires after rain. In winter there was not enough fuel for braziers to heat the tents and by morning the blankets on patients were stiff with ice. In summer mosquitoes were a serious problem. Most nurses had bouts of malaria which was endemic and those who suffered recurrent malaria had to repatriated to Australia. Two nurses died in Salonika and, by August 1918, 46 nurses had been invalided back to Australia. Nurses wore heavy mosquito nets and clothing covering every part of their bodies in an effort to ward off mosquitoes but they sometimes discarded extra coverings that made nursing impossible.\nThree months after enlisting Gladys Boon travelled with one of the first groups on RMS Mooltan to Suez and then on to Salonika arriving on 25 July 1917. After short postings to the 60th British General Hospital (BGH) at Hortiach and 52 BGH, she was assigned to 50 BGH, a hut hospital at Kalamaria on the outskirts of Salonika. She remained there for most of her service in Salonika apart from being hospitalised in August 1918 with debility and again the following month with influenza. She was still nursing in Salonika in January 1919 when she was sent to England to nurse at the 3rd Australian Auxiliary Hospital at Dartford where war nerves and neurosis cases were treated. This was her first experience nursing Australian soldiers.\nAt the end of April 1919 Gladys was given three months' leave with pay to attend a course in Domestic Economy at the Battersea Polytechnic, London. This scheme was available to members of the AIF and the AANS to enable them to undertake suitable courses in England to assist them to return to civilian life.\nGladys's course was cut short when her leave was cancelled preparatory to returning to Australia. She received a certificate in domestic economy which included cookery, laundry and domestic work, her record stating that she had shown 'great interest in all subjects' and the 'standard of her work had been very good'. She embarked for Australia on SS Zealandia on 3 July 1919 and was discharged in Sydney. When Gladys Boon returned to Orange late in August 1919 the Orange Leader reported that she looked 'remarkably well'. The Model Band played as the train pulled into the station and the Mayor and a representative of returned soldiers welcomed her home, as well as a crowd of relatives and friends.\nDuring 1920 Gladys Boon nursed at Bathurst District Hospital but resigned early in January 1921. She later nursed at Wallsend Hospital and on 29 July 1925 married Arthur Lawry Firkin of Wallsend at the Methodist Church, Orange. A resident of Wallsend, Gladys Firkin died suddenly at Manly, New South Wales on 25 November 1948.\nShe was awarded the British War Medal and the Victory Medal and is listed on the ACT Memorial and on the Orange Methodist Church Honour Roll.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/official-history-of-the-australian-army-medical-services-1914-18-vol-iii-problems-and-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guns-and-brooches-australian-army-nursing-from-the-boer-war-to-the-gulf-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/more-than-bombs-and-bandages-australian-army-nurses-at-work-in-world-war-i\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-southwell-family-pioneers-of-the-canberra-district-1838-1938\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/seeking-a-cause-resignations-at-bathurst-hospital\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nurse-boon\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/boon-gladys-elizabeth-clare-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mettle-and-steel-the-aans-in-salonika\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/boon-gladys-elizabeth-clare-sern-s-nurse-pob-goulburn-nsw-poe-n-a-nok-f-boon-david-william\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gallagher, Flora", "Entry ID": "AWE5396", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gallagher-flora\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Browns Flat, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Hurstville, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Army Nurse, Nurse", "Summary": "Flora Gallagher served from 1915 to 1918 as a nurse in World War I in Egypt, England and France. She was one of three female Gallagher family members from Browns Flat, a farming settlement between Queanbeyan and Bungendore in New South Wales, which later became part of the ACT, who served overseas as nurses in World War I.\n", "Details": "Flora Gallagher was the first to enlist of the three female members of the Gallagher family of Browns Flat near Burbong, now part of Kowen Forest within the eastern border of the ACT. Flora was born on 18 December 1874, the second youngest daughter of John Gallagher, farmer, and Mary Ann Gallagher (born Craig). Flora trained at St Joseph's Hospital in the Sydney suburb of Auburn and was registered as a trained nurse in March 1909. She enlisted in the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS) in Sydney in October 1915 giving her age as 33 but it appears she would have 40 years of age; her religion was Catholic and she named her mother as her next of kin.\nLess than a month after enlisting Flora Gallagher was travelling to Egypt on HMAT Orsova, as a reinforcement for 2nd Australian General Hospital (AGH) at Ghezireh Palace Hotel which had been taken over to accommodate overwhelming numbers of wounded and sick patients from Gallipoli. Apart from two weeks in hospital with mumps soon after she arrived, Flora spent all of 1916 nursing in Egypt, including at the 14th AGH, stationed in Abbassia after it arrived from Australia, and at British Choubra infectious diseases military hospital in Cairo.\nIn January 1917 Flora was sent to England where she was attached very briefly to the 2nd Australian Auxiliary Hospital (AAH) at Southall and the 3rd AAH at Dartford before being sent to France in February to nurse Western Front casualties. She was attached to the 14th British General Hospital (BGH) at Wimereux, near Boulogne, to nurse Western Front casualties. In the middle of the year she spent three weeks in hospital in England suffering from debility and when she returned she nursed at 25th BGH at Boulogne. For the next year she alternated between nursing at the two hospitals but became increasing unwell.\nLate in August 1918, after more than eighteen months nursing in France, she was sent to England and invalided to Australia. She left almost immediately on the City of Karachi. Back in Australia in October she was operated on for appendicitis at the 4th AGH in Randwick and early in 1919 her army appointment was terminated due to medical unfitness.\nEarly in November 1918, while she was recovering from her appendix operation, Queanbeyan held a public welcome home for Flora Gallagher. The town band marched through the streets to the hall where Mrs Forster Rutledge of Gidleigh, one of whose sons Harry had been killed at Passchendaele and another Tom commanded the 4th Pioneer Battalion on the Western Front, presented Flora with a gold medal and other leading citizens welcomed her. The large gathering danced until midnight.\nIn January 1920, Flora Gallagher, 46, married Lieutenant Frederick Cavin Young, 32, an engineer who had served during the war with the Naval and Military Force at Rabaul. He had suffered numerous attacks of malaria including three severe attacks in 1919.\nFlora, who lived at Penshurst, died in hospital at Hurstville, Sydney on 20 January 1938, survived by her husband, three brothers at Bungendore, her sister Evelyn and niece Janet, both of whom had served overseas in World War I. She was awarded the 1914-15 Star, the British War Medal and the Victory Medal and is commemorated on the ACT Memorial and the City of Queanbeyan Roll of Remembrance.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gallagher-flora-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-army-medical-services-in-the-war-of-1914-1918-vol-i-gallipoli-palestine-and-new-guinea\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-army-medical-services-in-the-war-of-1914-1918-vol-ii-the-western-front\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/official-history-of-the-australian-army-medical-services-1914-18-vol-iii-problems-and-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-long-travail\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gallagher-flora-sern-staff-nurse-pob-queanbeyan-nsw-poe-n-a-nok-m-gallagher-mary\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gallagher, Janet Isobel", "Entry ID": "AWE5397", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gallagher-janet-isobel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Browns Flat, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Army Nurse, Nurse", "Summary": "Janet Isobel Gallagher was one of three female members of the Gallagher family who served overseas with the Australian Army Nursing Service during World War I. She was a niece of Flora Gallagher and Evelyn Gallagher and like them was born at Browns Flat, a farming settlement near Burbong between Queanbeyan and Bungendore in New South Wales, now within the eastern border of the Australian Capital Territory. She enlisted in 1916 and spent most of the War nursing in India with service also in Egypt and England.\n", "Details": "Janet Isobel Gallagher (also known as Jennette) was born on 15 January 1880 to Eliza Jane Gallagher, the eldest daughter of John and Mary Ann Gallagher of Browns Flat in what is now Kowen Forest near the eastern border of the ACT. Janet was raised from birth as their child by her grandparents, John and Mary Ann Gallagher and when she enlisted in the Australian Army Nursing Service, she gave their names as her next of kin.\nJanet trained at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney and was registered as a nurse on 14 July 1915. She nursed for about three months at the military hospital, 4 Australian General Hospital (AGH) at Randwick, before joining the Australian Army Nursing Service when enlistment opened to those who were nursing in Australian military hospitals to volunteer for service in India. When she enlisted on 13 June 1916 she was 35 and her religion was Catholic. She and her aunt Evelyn Gallagher enlisted on the same day and they spent much of the war in the same hospitals.\nShe was among several hundred Australian nurses sent to India at the request of the British Government to nurse in military hospitals in India. As a result many were staffed mainly by Australian nurses who cared initially for sick and wounded evacuated from Mesopotamia, until facilities could be established near the fighting, and for British troops of the Indian Garrison. The Australians were assured that because of the severe Indian climate they would serve there only for six months and then be sent to nurse Australian troops in France or Mesopotamia which is what they wanted to do but this did not eventuate. Many of their patients in India were victims of tropical diseases. Two Australian nurses died of cholera in India.\nJanet Gallagher sailed on the RMS Kashgar and arrived in India on 27 September 1916. Her first posting was to the Gerard Freeman Thomas Hospital in Bombay. In May 1917 she was sent to Deccan War Hospital, a 1500-bed hospital in Poona where she remained for about 18 months. She was promoted to Sister although her promotion does not seem to have been noted officially until late in 1918 after she had left India. In October 1918 she left Bombay for Egypt where she nursed at 31st British General Hospital (BGH) at Abbassia until she left for England at the end of the year. In England she was attached to 2nd Australian Auxiliary Hospital (AAH) at Southall and very briefly to 1st Australian General Hospital before being admitted to hospital sick. She was not fit to resume nursing for nearly three months when she joined 3 AAH at Dartford.\nJanet Gallagher returned to Australia on duty on HMAT Orsova arriving in Sydney on 6 September 1919. She was discharged in Sydney on 23 October 1919 with the rank of Sister. After the war she was told after corresponding with the government that she was entitled only to the British War Medal as her long service in India was not regarded as being in a war zone. She is commemorated on the ACT Memorial and the City of Queanbeyan Roll of Remembrance.\nAfter the war Janet Gallagher continued nursing in Sydney including as a midwife at South Sydney Women's Hospital and later in the northern suburbs of Sydney. She died unmarried at North Sydney on 30 December 1957.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gallagher-janet-isabel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-long-travail\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/official-history-of-the-australian-army-medical-services-1914-18-vol-iii-problems-and-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/with-horse-and-morse-in-mesopotamia-the-story-of-the-anzacs-in-asia-the-australian-nurses-in-india\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gallagher-james-fitzpatrick-sern-4809-pob-glen-innes-nsw-poe-casula-nsw-nok-w-gallagher-janet\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gallagher, Evelyn Melita", "Entry ID": "AWE5398", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gallagher-evelyn-melita\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Browns Flat, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Burwood, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Army Nurse, Nurse", "Summary": "Evelyn Gallagher served from 1916 to 1919 with the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS) in World War I in India, Egypt and England. She was one of three female Gallagher family members from Browns Flat, a farming settlement between Queanbeyan and Bungendore in New South Wales later part of the ACT, who served overseas as nurses in World War I. After the war she was matron of a private hospital at Nowra.\n", "Details": "Evelyn Melita Gallagher, often known as Eva, was born on 12 June 1877 at Browns Flat, a farming settlement near Burbong between Queanbeyan and Bungendore, NSW, now in Kowen Forest within the eastern border of the ACT. She was the youngest daughter of John Gallagher, farmer, and Mary Ann Gallagher (born Craig) and a younger sister of Flora Gallagher and aunt of Janet Gallagher, who both also served as nurses overseas in World War I. Evelyn reached the rank of Charge Sister while serving in India.\nEvelyn Gallagher trained at St Vincent's Hospital Sydney and was registered as a trained nurse on 6 August 1909. From 1913 she was on the Australian Army Nursing Service reserve but apparently waited to enlist until her niece Janet Gallagher, who had been raised as her sister, was qualified and they could enlist together. She and Janet enlisted on 13 June 1916 in Sydney after both had been nursing for nearly three months at 4th Australian General Hospital (AGH), the military hospital in Randwick. When she enlisted Evelyn gave her age as 31 but was probably 38; she was a Catholic and she named her mother Mary Ann Gallagher as her next of kin.\nShe was among several hundred Australian nurses sent to India at the request of the British Government to nurse in military hospitals in India. As a result many were staffed mainly by Australian nurses who cared initially for sick and wounded evacuated from Mesopotamia, until facilities could be established near the fighting and for British troops of the Indian Garrison. The Australians enlisted following a call to nurses serving in Australian military hospitals while waiting for a chance to volunteer. They were assured that because of the severe Indian climate they would serve there only for six months and then be sent to nurse Australian troops in France or England which is what they wanted to do. This did not eventuate. Many of their patients in India were victims of tropical diseases. Two Australian nurses died of cholera in India.\nEvelyn travelled on RMS Kashgar arriving in Bombay on 27 September 1916 and was sent to nurse at the 1000-bed Gerard Freeman Thomas Hospital in Bombay. In May 1917 she was promoted from Staff Nurse to Sister and posted to Deccan War Hospital, a 1500-bed hospital at Poona. At the beginning of 1918 she was transferred to the 100-bed Station Hospital at Belgaum about 500 km south of Bombay and promoted to Charge Sister. Station hospitals were maintained by the Indian Government and were often poorly equipped. Their patients were mainly sufferers from tropical diseases including cholera, dysentery and plague.\nEvelyn Gallagher remained at Belgaum until towards the end of September when she was transferred to Egypt and posted to the 31st British General Hospital (BGH) at Abbassia until the end of the year. Early in 1919 she moved to England where she nursed briefly at 2nd Australian Auxiliary Hospital (AAH) at Southall before being sent to 1AGH at Sutton Veny in Wiltshire, a holding hospital for patients waiting to return to Australia, which also treated many victims of the Spanish flu pandemic.\nIn July 1919 Evelyn left to return to Australia on HMAT Orsova on duty and landed in Sydney on 6 September 1919. She was discharged in Sydney on 23 October 1919 with the rank of Sister. She received the British War Medal and Victory Medal and is commemorated on the ACT Memorial and the City of Queanbeyan Roll of Remembrance.\nAfter the war Evelyn Gallagher was matron of Bridge Road Private Hospital in Nowra, NSW where she nursed until close to her death at Burwood in Sydney on 19 July 1946. She is buried in the Catholic cemetery, Rookwood.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gallagher-evelyn-melita-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-long-travail\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/official-history-of-the-australian-army-medical-services-1914-18-vol-iii-problems-and-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/with-horse-and-morse-in-mesopotamia-the-story-of-the-anzacs-in-asia-the-australian-nurses-in-india\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gallagher-evelyn-melita-sern-staff-nurse-pob-queanbeyan-nsw-poe-n-a-nok-m-gallagher-mary-ann\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McKnight, Alma Alberta", "Entry ID": "AWE5401", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcknight-alma-alberta\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Jerry's Plains near Singleton, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Army Nurse, Nurse", "Summary": "Alma McKnight served overseas with the Australian Army Nursing Service in Egypt from 1917 to 1919. Before enlisting she had nursed briefly at Duntroon Military College Hospital Canberra after training at Dubbo Hospital.\n", "Details": "Alma McKnight was born in 1886 at Jerry's Plains near Singleton NSW, a daughter of Thomas and Marion McKnight. She attended Warkworth Public School near Jerry's Plains and trained as a nurse at Dubbo District Hospital. She was employed as a temporary nurse in May-June 1917 at Duntroon Military Hospital. Like some other nurses she probably chose to gain experience in a military hospital in Australia while waiting to enlist.\nAlma Alberta McKnight enlisted in Sydney on 15 June 1917. She was then nearly 31, her religion was Church of England and she named her sister Mrs Clara Redman of Jerry's Plains as her next of kin. She spent her war service in Egypt although he route to the Middle East was more roundabout than most. She embarked in Melbourne on the Runic on 13 September 1917and travelled to Durban in South Africa where she waited nearly a month for a ship to Egypt via Bombay. By late 1917 nurses were in short supply in Egypt to nurse casualties light horse casualties following the battles at Beersheba, Gaza and Jerusalem.\nIn January 1918 she was posted to 44th British Stationary Hospital at Kantara south of Suez, a main supply depot and hospital centre for British, Australian and New Zealand troops. In June she was sent to the 31st British General Hospital at Abbassia where she remained nursing until well after the war ended, apart from a spell in hospital as a patient in August 1918.\nOn 20 July 1919 she was repatriated to Australia on HMT Morvada on duty and was discharged in Sydney in September. Her final rank was staff nurse; she was awarded the British War Medal and the Victory Medal.\nIn 1928 she at Randwick she married Frank H. Hargreave. She is listed on the Honour Roll of Warkworth Public School, the Singleton Citizens' Memorial and the ACT Memorial. She died in Sydney in 1967.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/official-history-of-the-australian-army-medical-services-1914-18-vol-iii-problems-and-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/more-than-bombs-and-bandages-australian-army-nurses-at-work-in-world-war-i\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/history-of-the-rmc-hospital-5-camp-hospital-and-21-dental-unit\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sisters-of-the-valley-first-world-war-nurses-from-newcastle-and-the-hunter-region\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcknight-alma-alberta-sern-s-nurse-pob-singleton-nsw-poe-n-a-nok-s-redman-clara\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Boelke, Grace Fairley", "Entry ID": "AWE4331", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/boelke-grace-fairley\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Manly, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Doctor, Surgeon", "Summary": "Grace Boelke was one of the first women medical graduates of the University of Sydney. Founder of the Professional Women's Association, she was a strong advocate of improved conditions for women.\nDuring her lifetime, Boelke held positions in a variety of community organisations, including:\n\nVice-President, Town Planning Organisation of New South Wales\nConvenor, Standing Committee on Health, National Council of Women of New South Wales\nVice-President, Australian League of Nations (New South Wales branch)\n\n", "Events": "Appointed resident medical officer at the Maternity Hospital of the Sydney Benevolent Society. Later in her career she was employed by the NSW Government Department of Public Instruction in the medical branch and at Berlei Limited as Medical Director (1892 - 1892) \nFormed the Professional Women's Association, which aimed to bring together professional women interested in improving the conditions of women and children (1912 - 1912) \nGraduated from the University of Sydney with the degrees Bachelor of Medicine (MB) and Master of Surgery (ChM). She and Iza Coghlan were the first women medical graduates of the University of Sydney (1893 - 1893) \nMarried Paul Wilhlem Boelke (1863-1923, born Berlin), also a doctor (1894 - 1894) \nTravelled to Britain and the United States to investigate hygienic research work, especially in relation to women and children (1924 - 1924)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pioneer-women-graduates-of-the-university-of-sydney-1881-1921\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-archives-of-boelke-nee-robinson-grace-fairley-1870-1948-boelke-paul-wilhelm-randolph-1863-1923\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Brewer, Ilma Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE4344", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brewer-ilma-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Botanist, Educator", "Summary": "Ilma Mary Brewer studied and later taught botany at the University of Sydney. She developed new methods of teaching based on the principle that a student learnt more by working at their own pace and through self-instruction. She outlined her methods in Learning more and teaching less: a decade of innovation in self-instruction and small group learning, published in 1985.\nAs well as working in academia, Brewer also spent time working for the Australian military and in private industry in the United States.\nShe attended North Sydney Girls' High School before enrolling at the University of Sydney in the 1930s.\n", "Events": "Appointed a staff associate in the Regional Teacher Training Centre for Health Personnel at the University of New South Wales (1974 - 1974) \nAssistant Lecturer in Biology, University of Sydney (1942 - 1943) \nBachelor of Science, University of Sydney (1936 - 1936) \nDirector of research in a chemical factory in New Jersey, the United States (1946 - 1947) \nDoctorate of Science, University of Sydney (1942 - 1942) \nHolder of a Linnean Macleay fellowship in Ecology in the Botany Department at the University of Sydney. (1937 - 1941) \nHonorary research affiliate in the Department of Anatomy, University of Sydney (1979 - 1984) \nLecturer in Botany\/Biology, University of Sydney (1963 - 1970) \nMaster of Science, University of Sydney (1937 - 1937) \nPromoted to Senior Lecturer in Biological Sciences, University of Sydney (1970 - 1978) \nReceived a special grant from the Vice-Chancellor to establish an audio-visual centre for self-paced, independent study in Plant Anatomy (1969 - 1969) \nRetired (1978 - 1978) \nReturned to the staff at University of Sydney as a part-time Demonstrator (1957 - 1958) \nThe Higher Education Research and Development Society of Australasia granted Brewer honorary life membership in recognition of her contribution to research and development in tertiary education (1982 - 1982) \nWorked with Army Intelligence to map the vegetation in the coastal regions of New South Wales. (1939 - 1945)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brewer-ilma-mary-1915-2006\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/learning-more-and-teaching-less-a-decade-of-innovation-in-self-instruction-and-small-group-learning\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-archives-of-brewer-ilma-mary-1915-2006\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gale, Kathleen Windeyer", "Entry ID": "AWE4346", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gale-kathleen-windeyer\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Lismore, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Headmistress, Teacher", "Summary": "Kathleen (Winnie) Windeyer Gale established the Audley Girls' School in Killara in the late 1920s.\n", "Events": ": Opened the Audley Girls' School, Killara, a day and boarding school for girls (1928 - 1928) \nAppointed Principal of the Boarding School at Roseville Girls' College, Roseville (1947 - 1947) \nGraduated with a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Sydney (1913 - 1913) \nMatriculated Sydney Church of England Grammar School for Girls (1909 - 1909) \nStudied at Cambridge Training College for Women (1926 - 1926) \nThe Audley School closed (1946 - 1946)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pioneer-women-graduates-of-the-university-of-sydney-1881-1921\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-archives-of-gale-kathleen-windeyer-18-1976\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "O'Reilly, Susannah Hennessy", "Entry ID": "AWE4356", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oreilly-susannah-hennessy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Pymble, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Medical practitioner, Obstetrician", "Summary": "Susie O'Reilly was a popular family doctor and renowned as an obstetrician. She was co-founder of the New South Wales Association of Registered Medical Women in 1921 and became life governor of the Rachel Forster Hospital for Women and Children in 1959.\n", "Details": "Susie O'Reilly graduated from the University of Sydney with a Bachelor of Science in 1903 and followed up with a Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery in 1905. Her application for a residential post at Sydney Hospital, made in January of that year, was rejected on the basis that there was no suitable accommodation for a female resident medical officer, a decision that caused much controversy in the local press.\nBetween 1905-07 she worked as the resident medical officer at Royal Adelaide Hospital, the Queen Victoria Hospital in Melbourne and the Royal Hospital for Women, Paddington, Sydney. She joined her father's medical practice in Pymble, Sydney in 1908.\n", "Events": "Appointed life governor of the Rachel Forster Hospital for Women and Children. (1959 - 1959) \nCo-founder of the New South Wales Association of Registered Medical Women. (1921 - 1921) \nConsulting physician, Rachel Forster Hospital for Women and Children (1926 - 1948) \nRetired. (1948 - 1948)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oreilly-susannah-hennessy-susie-1881-1961\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/breaching-the-bastions-susannah-oreilly-pioneer-australian-female-doctor\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dowell-oreilly-papers-1884-1923-with-additional-family-papers-1877-1944\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Whetnall, Tracey Fowler", "Entry ID": "AWE23090768", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whetnall-tracey-fowler\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Public servant", "Summary": "Tracey Whetnall's lifelong dedication to making a difference through supporting Aboriginal people was recognised by her inclusion on the ACT Honour Walk in 2020. She had been appointed the first Indigenous Official Visitor to the Alexander Maconochie Centre in 2011 and also conducted many cultural awareness workshops for staff of the Australian Federal Police and ACT Corrective Services.\nTracey Whetnall was inscribed on the ACT Women's Honour Roll in 2020.\n", "Details": "\"Tracey Fowler Whetnall was born in Sydney Women's Hospital on 30 June 1963, one of the six children of Iris Fowler (nee Dixon), a Dharawal woman, and John Fowler, a Scottish man. Until her marriage in 1981 she lived in Ashcroft, a south-western suburb of Sydney. On leaving school, Tracey joined the Department of Defence, first as a trainee and later with the Army Reserve, where she worked as a cook and met her husband. In 1983, she enrolled in Tranby Aboriginal College, Glebe, where she gained her Year 12 High School Certificate. She joined the NSW Public Service Commission in 1984 where her duties involved supporting the career development of Aboriginal public servants. She divorced her husband that year.\nIn 1988, Tracey moved to the ACT where she undertook various roles in the Australian Public Service. She gave birth to her only child, Shara Fowler, in 1990 and a few years later opened her successful business, Tracey Whetnall Consultancy, designed to promote Aboriginal Cultural Awareness. Throughout the 1990s, Tracey worked intensively with the Australian Federal Police, conducting many training workshops. Conscious of her family's anxiety in dealing with police, she became an Interview Friend, being frequently called to the watch house to ensure that Aboriginal people felt supported during interviews.\nIn 2009, the ACT established its first prison for both male and female detainees, the Alexander Maconochie Centre (AMC). In 2011 Tracey was appointed the AMC's first Indigenous Official Visitor by the Minister for Justice, to whom she reported directly at quarterly meetings. She was empowered under legislation to undertake independent inspections of adult correctional facilities in the ACT, and places outside correctional centres where detainees worked or participated in activities. She received complaints from detainees about any aspect of their detention and was obliged to investigate all such complants. She made recommendations to the Justice and Community Safety Directorate and provided written reports to the Minister on the outcome of such complaints. The Annual Report of the Justice and Community Safety directorate in 2014-15 described its Official Visitors as 'the eyes and ears of the Minister'. Tracey was on the Board of the Gugan Gulwan Association Youth Corporation, established in 1992 to support young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and their families in the ACT and surrounding regions. In 2012-13, for example, Tracey's Consultancy facilitated 11 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Cultural Awareness Training Programs, attended by 187 of its executives and staff and all operational members of ACT Corrective Services, as part of their induction. During NAIDOC Week that year she addressed the 35th Annual Aboriginal Hostels Limited's function in her role as AMC Indigenous Official Visitor. In 2014-15 she reported that she had visited adult correctional centres twice weekly on 43 occasions and found a significant rise in the number of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander detainees. The following year the number of her visits had risen to 96. She attributed this to a futher increase in the number of detainees and recidivists. She believed that many of the detainees' complaints, particularly about their interactions with Indigenous case managers, related to the heavy workloads of these staff members and detainees' misunderstanding of their role and responsibilities. A number of complainents, she observed, seemed unaware of the programs available to them and how participation in those programs could assist in their parole applications or their reintegration into the community. Tracey concluded both her annual reports with the comment 'Most Issues that I have raised over the year are being dealt with by Corrections staff to the best of their abilities \u2026(they) are very approachable about any concerns that I have'. Tracey officially resigned as Official Visitor in 2019 due to ill health.\nA passionate supporter of the South Sydney Rabbitohs, Tracey was also fundamental to the success of Narrabundah's Boomanulla Oval. She was immensely proud of her family's history, reporting that her great-aunt, one of the Stolen Generations, was placed as a domestic for Dame Nelly Melba and that her Indigenous great-grandfather served as a Light Horseman in the First World War, sadly without recognition. Tracey died of cancer on 10 July 2019 aged 56. Her lifelong dedication to making a difference through raising cultural awareness and her achievements as the ACT's first Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Official Visitor and the longest serving in Australia was recognised by the ACT Government by her inclusion on the ACT Honour Walk in 2020.\"\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-report-24\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Waterhouse, Dawn", "Entry ID": "AWE23090744", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/waterhouse-dawn\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Historian, Homemaker, Laboratory assistant", "Summary": "In her long life since her birth in 1923, Dawn Waterhouse was a participant in the development of the Canberra community and the city's evolution as the National Capital from the transfer of the Commonwealth Parliament to Canberra in 1927 to the present day.\nDawn Waterhouse was inscribed on the ACT Honour Walk in 2019.\n", "Details": "Dawn Waterhouse, laboratory assistant, housewife, mother, Canberra identity, community participant and community historian, was born Allison Dawn Calthorpe in Queanbeyan, New South Wales in 1923, the younger daughter of Della (Dell) and John Henry (Harry) Calthorpe. Dawn's mother, Della Ludvigsen, was born in Sydney of an American mother and Norwegian father. Dawn's father, Harry Calthorpe, born at Drake near Tenterfield, New South Wales, lived in Glen Innes and Cootamundra as a young man. He gave his occupation as pastry cook when he enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force on 19 August 1914 just three weeks after the beginning of World War I. He trained in the Middle East and was seriously wounded at Gallipoli on 2 July 1915 while serving with the 1st Light Horse. Struck in the lower jaw by a fragment of a radio hit by a high explosive, his jaw shattered and he lost all but two teeth, leaving him, at that time, unable to chew solid food. After being hospitalised in Egypt for his injuries and shell shock, he was repatriated to Australia towards the end of 1915. After extensive medical treatment in Concord Repatriation Hospital, he became a recruitment sergeant in the Southern Tablelands.\nHarry married Della Ludvigsen in Sydney in 1917 and they had two daughters, Del and Dawn. Dawn described her mother as a modern woman who loved Sydney where she was a roller-skater and dancer. She disliked living in Braidwood, one of their early homes, but became proud of Canberra; she had no affinity for horses but, from the late 1920s, loved driving her own car, a Morris Cowley that bore the number plate ACT 51. Dawn's father suffered very much from his war injuries, but he was a happy person, a good swimmer and horse rider, and played the cornet. After walking off a soldier settlement block at Braidwood, on poor farming land infested with rabbits, Harry Calthorpe became a stock and station agent in Queanbeyan. Soon after, he joined a firm begun by William George (Bill) Woodger and his brother Tom, which became Woodgers & Calthorpe. The firm was joint auctioneer at the auction of the first group of Canberra business and residential leases held on 12 December 1924 at Camp Hill, close to where Parliament House now stands. Registered as a limited company in 1927, Woodgers & Calthorpe continued acting for the Commonwealth in the sale of Canberra leases for the next 35 years.\nWhen Dawn was three, she attended the opening of the Provisional Parliament House (now Old Parliament House) on 9 May 1927 by the Duke of York. She remembered being taken for a joy ride with her family by pioneer aviator Charles Kingsford Smith when he flew to Canberra in his famous aeroplane the Southern Cross a couple of years later. In 1927, the Calthorpe family moved from Queanbeyan to their Canberra home built at 24 Mugga Way on a block Harry Calthorpe bought at one of the first auctions of house leases. Dawn remembered Canberra as just a paddock, but her father assured her, 'one day this will be a city'. The town's 9000 residents struck hard times during the Great Depression when the development of Canberra virtually ceased. In an effort to combat moves to abandon Canberra as the national capital, Bill Woodger and Harry Calthorpe joined a small group named the Kangaroo Club which aimed to 'keep Canberra hopping'. Both invested in Canberra businesses and, through the Canberra Building & Investment Co. Ltd, were active in the development of the Sydney and Melbourne buildings, the nucleus of Canberra's future city centre. Dawn's childhood memories were of riding bikes, looking for fossils at Mugga, swimming in the Cotter River, and roaming wherever she liked. One day she walked from Red Hill to Mount Ainslie and back, a 'long way' and 'such an adventure'. The opening of Manuka Swimming Pool in 1931 was a very clear memory as a sign of the advent of a modern city. 'Dad bought us season tickets at the cost of 12\/6 \u2026 it was absolutely wonderful.' She enjoyed films at the Capitol Theatre Manuka, concerts at the Albert Hall, and celebrations for Empire Day and Wattle Day.\nThe Calthorpe family house was designed by Oakley and Parkes under the direction of architect Ken Oliphant. The firm won a national competition to design houses suitable for the national capital and were the designers of the Prime Minister's Lodge - the Lodge and 24 Mugga Way had identical bathrooms. On one memorable trip to Sydney Dell Calthorpe ordered almost all the furniture and many household items from the Sydney firm Beard Watson & Company. Little was changed over the following decades which explains why the house was described as 'a time-capsule'. Dawn grew up in a comfortable, fashionable house with her own bedroom where she kept her toys. In the back garden there was a special cubby house furnished with a wood stove, chairs and boxes for toys. Originally one of the huts built as temporary accommodation for Canberra's early construction workers, Harry Calthorpe bought it as a playhouse for his daughters. Their home was very cold - it was Dawn's job to collect the kindling - and even though there were two large fireplaces and a fuel stove in the kitchen, the warmth hardly reached the bedrooms and they often suffered from chilblains. The Calthorpe children were brought up strictly, punctuality being especially important. They saw the handle of the feather duster for any infringement of rules. Both parents placed great emphasis on the attractive presentation of meals and good table manners. As the family had many country friends and had their own chooks, both red and white meat were plentiful. The family enjoyed vegetables and fruit from the garden and mushrooms picked in nearby paddocks. The Great Depression of the 1930s impacted the family. When Dawn asked her father what 'prosperous' meant, he said it was when you could afford to go on holidays. The family's holidays at Narooma ceased during the Depression but her parents used to say, 'Oh well, we've got a lovely garden, we'll\u00a0 holiday in the garden'.\nDawn began her schooling at Telopea Park public school in Barton and remained there during the Depression. In these early years, Dawn maintained a competitive relationship with her sister Del, exacerbated when, during these difficult years, her sister, a high achieving student, was able to stay at the fee-paying St Gabriel's school. Opened in 1926 by Anglican Sisters of the Church in the old St John's Rectory near Glebe Park, it soon moved to its permanent site in Melbourne Avenue, Deakin, followed by a name change to the Canberra Church of England Girls' Grammar School. In 1937, when there was more money after the stringent times in the Depression years, Dawn, who described herself as a daydreamer as a student, achieved her wish to be enrolled at Girls' Grammar and soon flourished. That year she was a member of the Junior Athletics team and in 1940 she was a prefect. She loved Grammar, especially her time in the boarding house, and remembered the teachers long after.\nWhen she left school, 'all the boys were heading off to the war so the girls got the jobs'. Dawn was employed as a laboratory assistant at the entomology division of CSIR (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, the forerunner of CSIRO), engaged in experiments feeding mosquitoes and grasshoppers. She learnt how to crutch sheep and drive a gas producer, an improvised wartime attachment that enabled cars to run without relying on petrol which was rationed. Her work took her to Trangie in the central west of New South Wales. In Canberra, entomologist Douglas Waterhouse was her boss and she worked with him on research on blowflies. During World War II, Waterhouse served as a captain in the Australian Army Medical Corps. He was posted to the mouth of the Lakekamu River in the Gulf Province of New Guinea from August to October 1943, testing mosquito repellent and engaged on other medical research projects. He was the inventor of the insect repellent known commercially as Aerogard. In 1944, Dawn Calthorpe and Douglas Frew Waterhouse, the second son of Professor and Mrs E.G. Waterhouse of 'Eryldene' in the Sydney suburb of Gordon (later a house museum), married in the Anglican Church of St John the Baptist in Reid, ACT. Eighty guests attended the wedding reception held at the Calthorpes' home in Mugga Way. 'Doug was a very plain-looking man,' Dawn said years later, 'but absolutely the most witty and very clever. I loved him so much.' Once she married, Dawn, like all married women, was barred from returning to work in any government job. The couple built a house in National Circuit, Deakin, which remained Dawn's home for over seventy years. From the age of 12, she had always hoped to have a large family. After the birth of their daughter Jill, Dawn suffered several miscarriages, and the births of the three boys, Douglas, Jonathon and Gowrie, occurred over the next eighteen years. In 1956, the family accompanied Doug to Yale where he had an academic research appointment. In 1960, Doug became chief of the CSIRO Division of Entomology. While raising a family, Dawn spent some years as honorary director of the Red Cross Blood Bank, studied Australian literature at the Centre for Continuing Education at the Australian National University, joined a multitude of societies including the Canberra & District Historical Society, and was a member of the first committee of the Children's Medical Research Foundation. Her mother-in-law, Janet Waterhouse, inspired in her a love of Ikebana, and in 1954 she was invited to arrange the flowers for the visit of Queen Elizabeth to the Provisional Parliament House and later for the visits of\u00a0 the Queen Mother and Princess Margaret.\nDawn described the early 1960s, when Canberra began a decade of rapid growth, as an exciting era. The Molonglo River was dammed, ready for the rains that turned it into Lake Burley Griffin. A new Commonwealth Avenue bridge straddled the lake and the low-level river crossings were submerged. The Defence departments began the long-planned move to the national capital and their staff and families, at first reluctant to leave Melbourne, came to like living in Canberra. New buildings sprang up everywhere including the Royal Australian Mint in Deakin and the National Library on the southern shore of the lake. Dawn and Doug led a busy social life, entertaining friends, colleagues and overseas visitors with cocktail parties and dinners at home and enjoying the varied gatherings at the increasing number of embassies. Birthdays were the occasion for special festivities with Dawn elaborately decorating home-made cakes. She helped to arrange extensive women's programs for conferences in which her husband was involved. Despite having a busy job that often took him overseas, he was a keen gardener and was always willing to bath the baby and cook for the family whenever his wife was away. From the 1950s, they enjoyed family holidays at Mossy Point on the south coast of New South Wales. Working hard for school fetes, Dawn rarely missed a school event in which her children were involved and was a caring nurse when they were sick. She was an enthusiastic reader, especially of books written by Australian authors, and enjoyed sewing and knitting for the family and for charity.\nAfter Harry Calthorpe died in 1950, Dawn's mother remained living in the Mugga Way house until shortly before her death in 1979. Dawn was always interested in Aboriginal culture and in the mid-1970s, while her mother was still living in the family home, a group of First Nations peoples, several of whom Dawn knew from holidaying at Mossy Point, set up an embassy in the house next door at 26 Mugga Way, owned by a former army officer, John Moloney. Joining Dawn and her mother for afternoon tea, they happily renewed their acquaintance. The Mugga Way embassy, facilitated by John Moloney, was superseded by the more permanent embassy on the lawns in front of Old Parliament House.\nIn the mid-1980s, with increasing awareness of the loss of Canberra's heritage, the Commonwealth Government bought 24 Mugga Way. One of three heritage houses administered by the ACT Historic Places, Calthorpes' House is preserved as a window into a family's life in the 1920s-1950s period, but especially, as most of the furnishings are original, as a time capsule of life in the 1920s. Of the three, it is the most recent in the historical timeline: Lanyon from the convict and squatter era, Mugga Mugga from small settler times, and Calthorpes' House from the early days of Canberra as the national capital. The apostrophe after the 's' in Calthorpes' is to show that it was a family home, not a grand estate. 24 Mugga Way was opened as the house museum on 15 December 1986, coincidentally on Dawn's 62nd birthday. As a volunteer, she enthusiastically helped with the cataloguing and organising public programs, exhibitions, and initiated a group called 'The Friends of Early Canberra'. Calthorpes' House is a treasure house of domestic history. It houses a pianola with dozens of pianola rolls, a gramophone, radio, and Bridge cards reflecting the family's entertainments and pastimes. The Calthorpes bought some new household gadgets, a toaster, iron and fan, but they persevered for some time with an ice chest with blocks of ice delivered regularly and a wood-fired copper with a copper-stick to transfer the boiling clothes to the laundry sink, and a bag of blue for bleach. In harmony with Canberra's planned garden city design, the house is set on a large block with a formal front garden, a side lawn with a favourite prunus tree, and a large back garden with vegetable plots and an orchard. They kept chooks which it was Dawn's job to feed. Near the back fence is the World War II air raid shelter, big enough for two families in event of an enemy attack that, fortunately, never eventuated.\nWell into her 70s, Dawn wrote two books, Chortles, Chores and Chilblains: Cameos of childhood in Calthorpes' House and Janet of Eryldene. She composed carols celebrating the Australian bush, sung by crowds of over one thousand at Christmas festivities held at the historic property, Lanyon. Dawn was a keen collector, especially of items relating to early Canberra and Old Parliament House. She was a strong advocate for the permanent observance of Wattle Day and collected depictions of wattle in all its forms, on china, linen, and stamps, in pictures, as jewellery, in poetry and more. She argued that, as the wattle grew in this country from many thousands of years ago and is in flower somewhere in this land every day of the year, it would be an appropriate symbol of reconciliation. Further advancing this argument, she considered that Wattle Day would be an appropriate supplement to, or better still, a replacement for, Australia Day. Many items in her various collections were later donated to other museums, including the National Museum of Australia and the Canberra Museum and Gallery (CMAG). Not long after CMAG opened in 1998, Dawn and Doug were made its first Life Members.\nEspecially from the age of forty, Dawn took an interest in Bridge, a game in which her mother had excelled. After Doug died on 1 December 2000, she found that playing Bridge was an excellent social outlet and, until a few weeks before her death at the age of 102, took great pleasure in playing with friends in their homes or at the Commonwealth Club in Yarralumla.\nDawn followed developments in Australian politics, not least because she knew Paul Hasluck (later Governor-General) and Gough Whitlam (later Prime Minister) from their Canberra boyhoods. She was surprised by the dismissal of the Whitlam Government with its new ideas in 1975. She believed that Julia Gillard did well as Prime Minister; her view was that women are part of men's strength and ideas. A Canberra patriot all her life, a few negative comments made their way into Dawn's published observations in later years, beginning with her firm view on handling isolation during the Covid pandemic. Speaking from her long experience of living through the Great Depression, World War II, bush fires, drought and epidemics, particularly recurrent polio epidemics when no vaccine was available, she remarked: 'When I was young and had chickenpox or measles, we had three weeks' isolation. I think they are letting people out too early.' In another interview she lamented the poor planning that had allowed parts of Canberra to be overwhelmed with concrete buildings. 'I don't like cement. I don't like the overcrowding and I don't like what seems to be disrespect for the city's poorer citizens,' she said. 'Where has our community spirit gone? I'm so proud I'm a Canberra girl. If only they would stop building with concrete, they have lost the plot.'\nOn 14 June 2021 Dawn received the Order of Australia Medal (OAM) for her service over many years to community history. Stylish and always carefully groomed, Dawn defied her age. In 2022, when she gave a talk at the October meeting of the Canberra & District Historical Society, she was offered a chair and a microphone but did not need either. Her topic was 'Canberra and Blowflies', detailing her collaboration with her late husband in his work on the eradication of blowflies. At her 100th birthday, she listed over 300 close friends and relations, a tribute to her warm personality - albeit a judgemental one at times - and also to have lived every single one of her 102 years (except for about nine months overseas) within a few kilometres of where she was born and grew up. Dawn's secret for a long life was 'always be involved in something' and face life with a 'positive attitude' - 'keep busy'.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dawn-waterhouse-recalls-a-bygone-era-and-rich-memories-of-canberras-past\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dawns-seen-it-all-but-not-like-this\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/feisty-fond-memories-from-dawn-of-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-dead-end-has-plenty-of-soul-canberra-had-few-early-admirers-but-it-did-have-happy-inhabitants-says-dawn-waterhouse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dawn-waterhouse-oam\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Taverner, Lesley Ellen", "Entry ID": "AWE23090880", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/taverner-lesley-ellen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Griffith, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Homemaker, Pool Manager", "Summary": "Lesley Taverner was recognised, together with her husband Owen and son John, for her contribution in managing and conserving the buildings and grounds of Manuka Pool in the Australian Capital Territory from 1955 to 2012 by their inscription on the ACT Honour Walk in 2016.\nLesley Taverner was inscribed on the ACT Women's Honour Roll in 2016 following the Taverner family inscription on the ACT Honour Walk.\n", "Details": "Lesley Ellen Taverner was born on 20 February 1925 in Griffith, NSW, the fifth of fourteen children of Margaret Gladys (nee Wilson) and Arthur Kelly. When she was two, the family moved to Boorowa, where Arthur had a butcher shop. They then moved to Queanbeyan and Canberra, where they initially lived in the former Molonglo Internment Camp in Fyshwick, and Lesley began school. When they later moved to The Causeway, she attended St Christopher's School in Manuka. Her father initially worked at the Yarralumla Brickworks until 1937, then later at the Kingston Power House, where he stoked the furnaces. Her family lived in one of the three weatherboard cottages on site until Arthur died in 1942. Lesley left school at 15 and worked as a waitress in a cafe in Kingston where she met Owen George Taverner, at that time enlisted in the Army. They married in 1943. On his discharge from the Army in 1945, Owen worked in Canberra as a bricklayer and builder. He was a volunteer lifeguard at Casuarina Sands on the Cotter River and from 1947 at the Manuka Pool.\nAfter the Olympic Pool opened in Civic in 1955, the Department of the Interior leased Manuka Pool and in 1956 Owen became its first leaseholder. At that time the Taverner family lived in Bougainville St, Manuka. As the mother of three children, Lesley was busy with home duties during the week but on weekends, when the pool was often crowded, she worked as cashier and sold ice creams at the pool. As the pool initially had no refrigerator, the ice creams were kept cold in canvas bags filled with dry ice. In 1980 their son John, previously a gardener at the Melbourne Botanic Gardens, was recruited to help manage the pool. When Owen retired in 1990, John became its second leaseholder. Owen died in Canberra in 1999 aged 75. Lesley died in Canberra on 26 August 2012 aged 87. The contribution of the Taverner family to Canberra in managing and conserving its buildings and grounds from 1955 to 2012 was acknowledged by their inscription on the ACT Honour Walk in 2016.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-lesley-taverner\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Reed-Gilbert, Kerry", "Entry ID": "AWE2309083", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reed-gilbert-kerry\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wiradjuri Country (Gulgong), New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Artist, Consultant, Educator, Writer", "Summary": "Kerry Reed-Gilbert was an Aboriginal author, editor, educator and activist. A number of books of her poetry were published in her lifetime. She also compiled and contributed to numerous anthologies, and produced non-fiction related to her work as an educator and consultant. Her memoir, The Cherry Picker's Daughter was published in 2019, shortly after her death. Her friend and fellow Wiradjuri writer, Jeanine Leane described her as 'the matriarch of First Nations' Writing in Australia'.\nKerry Reed-Gilbert was inscribed on the ACT Women's Honour Roll in 2019.\n", "Details": "\"Kerry grew up on Wiradjuri country, living in Condobolin NSW, raised within a large extended family by her Mummy and Daddy - Joyce and Ned Hutchings. As she grew up, she came to know the troubled story of her biological parents. Kerry was only three months old when her father, Kevin Gilbert, killed her mother, Goma (nee Scott) in Parkes NSW in 1957. Kerry and her older brother (also called Kevin) were then taken in by their father's older sister Joyce, and Joyce's husband Ned. In her writing and in interviews, Kerry always refers to them as Mummy and Daddy. In addition to Kerry and her brother Kevin, Joyce Hutchings cared for her own three children, and three children of other family members. The Cherry Picker's Daughter describes Kerry's hard and precarious childhood. While being raised by Joyce in a loving home, Kerry and Kevin were officially wards of the state, and lived in constant fear of the 'welfare'. The family were subject to covert and overt racism. Public policies and attitudes of the time meant that access to fairly paid work, adequate housing, and educational opportunities were severely limited. Most of their income came from working as itinerant fruit-pickers (for which they were paid significantly less than non-Aboriginal workers), and from Ned Hutchings's work as a railway fettler, which often kept him away from home. Joyce Hutchings also took on other work like domestic cleaning, cooking, stick-picking and timber-cutting to keep the family afloat. When their home in Condobolin was destroyed by fire, they endured the uncertainty of temporary and makeshift accommodation for some time, until Joyce was able to buy a house in Koorawatha. Although The Cherry Picker's Daughter is described by the publishers as a childhood memoir, it is also Joyce Hutching's story, and a tribute to her resilience and dedication to her family.\nIn 1971 when Kerry was 15, her father was released from jail, and he continued pursuing the activism, art and writing that he had taken up while in prison. Kerry frequently acknowledged that despite the difficulties of her childhood, she was luckier than many other Aboriginal children of the time, as Joyce was able to achieve what many others could not, and keep her family together. Kerry said 'I've got all the goodness of this amazing family. I've got all the principles of this amazing Aboriginal woman - her strength, her dignity\u2026[and] I got the fire in the belly of my old man'. After leaving school Kerry worked as a fruit-picker and became a mother to two daughters. In the late 1980s she lived in Wagga Wagga and pursued further study. Initially undertaking an Associate Diploma in Adult Education, she later completed a Bachelor of Arts in Adult Education. While studying she also worked in women's housing, employment services and literacy programs in Wagga. She attended the 1988 Aboriginal protest at the Tent Embassy with her father in Canberra, this event fuelled her involvement in activism and calls for Aboriginal sovereignty through a treaty.\nIn the 1990s she moved to Sydney and commenced working at the Office of Youth Affairs and established Indigenous employment programs with Telstra. She later started her own business Kuracca Consultancy, providing training in Aboriginal culture and history to government and community organisations, and consultancy services supporting research and evaluation related to Indigenous health, education, homelessness and other social issues. While working to advance human rights and social and educational opportunities for Aboriginal people, Kerry also found time for creative output. She practiced art and photography and had started sharing her poetry, supported by her close friend Anita Heiss. In 1993 she performed some of her poems at Writers in the Park at the Harold Park Hotel and in 1996 Black Woman, Black Life, the first collection of her poetry, was published. In 1997 she compiled and edited Message Stick: Contemporary Aboriginal Writing. In 2000 she also compiled and edited The Strength of Us as Women: Black Women Speak, which she described in the preface as an outlet for Aboriginal women to describe 'their issues, their loves, their hurts'. In an ABC radio interview, she spoke about her hope that Indigenous women's writing would flourish and not just be confined to autobiography and survival stories but might expand into other genres; asking 'why can't we write erotica\u2026or murder mysteries?'.\nKerry moved to Canberra in the late 1990s, to be closer to her youngest daughter and grandchild, and brought her eldest daughter and her children to live there too. Canberra also allowed for improved work opportunities. She was a founding member of Us Mob Writing, a Canberra-based group of emerging and established Indigenous writers. In 2012-13 she co-founded the First Nations Australia Writers Network (FNAWN) and became its inaugural chairperson. The last few years of her life were very productive, despite ill health. Publications she was involved with included A pocketful of leadership in the ACT (2016); Too deadly: our voice, our way, our business. Us Mob Writing (2017) and A pocketful of leadership in First Nations Australia Communities (2017).\nIn 2016 the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS) acquired an extensive collection of 'Aboriginalia' that Kerry had begun accumulating in the 1970s. The collection includes plates, figurines, badges, ashtrays, prints, and velvet paintings.\u00a0Responding to criticism that such material demeans Aboriginal people, she said 'We are masters of our own destiny and we will decide what we see as being culturally right for us. I believe these objects represent who we are as people, from then to now. Each piece represents Aboriginal Australia and we will own them.'\nKerry Reed-Gilbert received a number of awards for her writing and has been acknowledged as a generous mentor and supporter by many other contemporary Indigenous writers. In 2003 she was the recipient of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Arts Board\u00a0fellowship for poetry and writing, which provided a two-month residency in New York. Her name was inscribed on the ACT Women's Honour Roll in 2019. Through her writing and public speaking, she advocated against tokenism, for Indigenous people to be paid fairly for their contributions to public cultural activities and events, and for non-Indigenous writers to be more thoughtful in their portrayal of Aboriginal characters in their writing. She also challenged non-Indigenous Australians to engage with and acknowledge the history of colonisation and dispossession, and its ongoing impact on Aboriginal people. She passed away in Canberra in July 2019 surrounded by her daughters, grandchildren, other family and close friends.\"\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kerry-reed-gilbert-her-eulogy-from-my-heart-anita-heiss-blog\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vale-kuracca-a-tribute-to-kerry-reed-gilbert\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/honouring-the-words-of-the-messenger\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/desperate-measures-kevin-gilbert-with-kerry-reed-gilbert\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kerry-reed-gilbert-interviewed-by-mary-hutchison-in-the-centenary-of-canberra-oral-history-project-2014\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aiatsis-collection\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Musa, Helen Margaret OAM", "Entry ID": "AWE23090832", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/musa-helen-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Pambula, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Arts advocate, Critic, Drama teacher, Dramaturg, Editor, Journalist", "Summary": "Helen Musa enrolled in theatre studies at the University of New South Wales in the early 1960s and spent the subsequent twenty years teaching drama at secondary and tertiary level, including in Malaysia, while involving herself in theatrical productions of all sorts. In 1990 she became the editor of Muse, a monthly arts magazine, later becoming the Arts Editor for The Canberra Times and the founder and convenor of the Canberra Critics Circle. In 2015, she received a Medal in the Order of Australia for her service to the performing and visual arts as a critic and magazine editor and, in 2020, she was inscribed on the ACT Women's Honour Roll for her advocacy for the visual and performing arts in Canberra and Australia.\nHelen Musa was inscribed on the ACT Women's Honour Roll in 2020.\n", "Details": "\"Helen Musa was born to Lillian May (Maysie) Dunn (1915-2008), a double certificated nurse and radiographer, and Gordon Alexander Duff (1907-1964), a civil engineer. The Duff family moved to Forbes in New South Wales early in Helen's life. The younger of two sisters (her elder sister was Diana Robyn Duff, 1942-1968), Helen was educated at Forbes Public School and then Forbes High School. She concluded her schooling (in 1960 and 1961) at Methodist Ladies' College (MLC), at Burwood in Sydney, as a boarder having been awarded the J A Somerville Memorial Scholarship. A home replete with books, questions and ideas, a creative mother who directed and made props for the local musical and dramatic society, and attendance at concerts and plays touring Forbes, introduced and fuelled Helen's interest in acting and theatre. She sang, wrote plays, and was involved in theatrical productions at school and these passions shaped her university studies.\nArmed with a Commonwealth scholarship, she chose to study (1962-65) at the University of New South Wales as it had, in 1959, established the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) and, from 1961, had begun offering courses in theatre studies. She gained a Bachelor of Arts with 1st Class Honours enjoying subjects in both humanities and sciences. The stimulation and ferment of university life led to her involvement in debating, theatre, student politics, the choir at Christ Church St Laurence at Railway Square and writing for Tharunka (the University's student magazine). Early signs of Helen Musa's trademark independence, outspokenness and restless energy appeared consistently in school reports which noted her propensity to talk back and be forthright. She recalls that MLC prescribed Serepax for her, but this was short lived as she had an allergic reaction to it. In December 1966, having begun postgraduate studies earlier that year, she visited England (with a detour to Israel) on a Churchill Fellowship researching English provincial theatre records and how drama was taught there. Returning to Australia she embarked on doctoral studies (later abandoned) during which she tutored part time.\nHer marriage, in May 1965, to Alfred van der Poorten (1942-2010) ended in divorce in 1970 and she became drama teacher at Kambala School in Vaucluse, Sydney. Over the subsequent twenty years she taught at secondary and tertiary levels including at Mitchell College of Advanced Education in Bathurst (1971-72), the University of Newcastle (1973 and 1975-76), and Frensham School for girls in Mittagong (1982-86), all in New South Wales; and at Canberra College of Advanced Education (1974) and Canberra Boys Grammar School (1987), both in the Australian Capital Territory. A significant appointment, intellectually and personally, was as Lecturer in Performing Arts at the Science University of Malaysia, in Penang, teaching acting, directing, stage management, lighting, sound, and the history of western and Asian theatre. Taking up this role in August 1977 enabled her to experience and learn about Asian musical, dance, theatrical and religious forms and traditions and direct plays informed by them. While in Malaysia she directed eight plays including Hamlet in Malay. This introduced her to actor and poet Musa Bin Masran (born 1959) who starred in the production. Despite the play's success its tour was curtailed following criticism that it was 'deeply immoral'. In 1980, while in Malaysia, she married Musa Bin Masran, a devout Ahmadi Muslim, and converted to Islam. They have one son, Omar Musa (born 1984), a poet, novelist, rapper and woodcut artist.\nHelen Musa's first job in theatre, in 1973, was as production and stage manager for the University of New South Wales Opera Company, established by Roger Covell. In 1975 she was Chief Dramaturg and head of play selection for the Australian National Playwrights Conference. As a teacher she balanced the academic with the practical, managing theatrical and other productions with students. In parallel, she worked on community theatrical productions (for example, with Hunter Valley Theatre Company), presented radio programs (for example, on the FM station in Bathurst and on 2CY in Canberra) and wrote reviews for a variety of papers and journals, including The Canberra Times. In the early 1980s she received a special writers grant from the Australia Council to write the history of NIDA and, in 1983, her edition of the stage adaptation of Steele Rudd's On Our Selection was published.\nIn 1990 she established, and has since convened, the Canberra Critics Circle a forum and resource for Canberra reviewers (of all major art forms) working in print and electronic media. The beginning of 1990 marked the start of another significant phase in her career with her appointment as editor of Muse, a monthly arts magazine published in Canberra. Six years later, she joined The Canberra Times as Arts Editor leaving that role a decade later in mid-2007. Following this she wrote for the Capital Magazine, a free bimonthly magazine, and Canberra CityNews, a free weekly magazine. In 2009 she became Arts Editor of the latter. From 2008-2010 she worked for the Asia-Pacific Journalism Centre.\nHer inaugural overseas trip as part of her Churchill Fellowship began a lifelong interest in travel and in the world's cultures, particularly Islam. With the abatement of work commitments, travel, research on behalf of friends and the Australian Dictionary of Biography, studying languages and securing the future of the Canberra Critics Circle continue to be sources of intellectual stimulation. Guided by the dicta that one should question everything, that one should 'say it straight' and cultivate an inner life, she considers herself the eternal optimist. Asked to describe how others might describe her she nominates 'big mouth', 'talks too much' and that her enjoyment of the cut and thrust of debate could seem like 'showing off'. In 2015, Helen Musa received a Medal in the Order of Australia for her service to the performing and visual arts as a critic and magazine editor and, in 2020, she was inscribed on the ACT Women's Honour Roll for her advocacy for the visual and performing arts in Canberra and Australia.\"\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oral-history-recorded-with-helen-musa\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Davidson, Emma", "Entry ID": "AWE24070558", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/davidson-emma\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community activist, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Emma Davidson was first elected to the Legislative Assembly for the Australian Capital Territory as a Member for Murrumbidgee in 2020, after a career in software development, social research and advocacy in the community sector. She was appointed a Minister in the Labor-Greens Government, holding portfolios in Mental Health, Population Health, Corrections and Justice Health, and Community Services. She stood in the 2024 election but was not re-elected.\n", "Details": "Emma-Jane Davidson was born in the Southern Riverina Murray region of country New South Wales in 1974. She grew up on a farm near a small town west of Wagga and moved to Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory after graduating from secondary school. She completed a Bachelor of General Studies at Griffith University in 2005.\nDavidson was employed as a public servant at Centrelink (1993-2000) and has worked in private software development as a Project Manager for Wizard Computer Training (2000-2001) and the Department of Employment and Workplace Relations (2002-2003). She was Director of Information Management at Navy Systems Command (2003-2008) and has owned and managed a small retail business (2006-2012).\nShe has been employed in various project management, social research, and advocacy roles, including her work as Project Coordinator for the Equality Rights Alliance (2010-2012), Website Editor for the Australian Medical Association (2012-2014), Project Manager at Agileware Pty Ltd (2014-2016), and Deputy CEO of Women's Centre for Health Matters (2017-2020).\nDavidson is a Founding Member of the Friends of the Birth Centre Canberra (2007-2009) where she was convenor in 2009 and was President, Maternity Coalition ACT Branch (2008-2010). She is a former Pearce Community Centre Committee Member (2017-2020) and was Secretary (2013-2019), then Convenor (2019-2020), of the Women's Electoral Lobby Australia. She has spoken at TEDxCanberra (2011) and TEDxAdelaide (2011) about the importance of listening to marginalised women and was Executive Producer of TEDxCanberra Women (2013-2015).\nDavidson was elected to the ACT Legislative Assembly as a Member for Murrumbidgee in 2020, holding one of six Green party seats in the 10th Legislative Assembly. Her inaugural speech acknowledged her daughter Sophia, who inspired her to join the ACT Greens when she herself joined. Following her election, she was appointed a Minister in the Labor-Greens Government, holding the portfolios of Mental Health, Population Health, Corrections and Justice Health, and Community Services. She stood in the 2024 election but was not re-elected.\nAn active member of Canberra's roller derby community before her involvement in politics, Davidson sometimes commutes to work by skateboard.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/davidson-emma-legislative-assembly-for-the-australian-capital-territory\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/about-emma-davidson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/why-this-skateboarding-mla-can-thank-her-daughter-for-landing-her-a-new-job\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Henderson, Robyn Lyn", "Entry ID": "AWE24071296", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/henderson-robyn-lyn\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Administrator, Parliamentarian, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "Robyn Henderson is a feminist activist, former politician and public sector manager who has devoted many years to reducing inequalities in Australian society through her work in both non-government and government agencies. She was elected to the ACT House of Assembly in 1979 as Robyn Walmsley, serving until 1985, and was very active in the development of abortion counselling, family planning and women's refuge services in the ACT. She has worked in many areas of social policy and public administration in the NSW State and Commonwealth governments, and on aid projects in Solomon Islands and Timor Leste.\n", "Details": "Robyn Henderson was born in Bathurst, daughter of William and Laurel Henderson (n\u00e9e Sutton). Soon after, the family moved to Queanbeyan, near Canberra, and then to Canberra where Robyn completed her schooling at the Canberra Church of England Girls Grammar School in 1963. There were many discussions about politics and ideas over the dinner table as she grew up, helping shape her determination to work to expose and eliminate discrimination against women and other disadvantaged members of society.\nRobyn's first degree was a Bachelor of Science (Australian National University 1968) and she initially worked as a biochemist in Canberra and Sydney. She subsequently studied political science, women's studies and law, and holds a Bachelor of Arts Honours (ANU 1980), Diploma of Labour Studies (University of Adelaide 1991), Master of Letters in Cultural Studies (University of Central Queensland 1996) and a Bachelor of Laws Honours (University of London 2011).\nOn her marriage in 1969 to barrister (later judge) Stephen Walmsley Robyn changed her surname to Walmsley. They had two children, Claudia and Joshua. Robyn resumed her family name of Henderson when her children completed primary school. In 1993 she married Geoffrey Evans, a soil scientist, farmer and political activist.\nRobyn's early interest in social justice grew rapidly and purposefully as the feminist movement burgeoned in the early 1970s. She joined the just-emerging Women's Electoral Lobby in the lead-up to the election of the Whitlam Labor Government in 1972, and remained an active long-time member. She joined the Australian Labor Party in 1985.\nIn the early 1970s, Robyn became very active in the creation of the Abortion Counselling Service in Canberra, and was vice-president of the ACT Family Planning Association, a member of Women Against Rape, and a Board member of the East and South East Asia and Oceania Region of the International Planned Parenthood Federation. This was not without risk, as she received at least one death threat. Nevertheless, Robyn was an initiator and early supporter of Beryl, Canberra's first women's refuge (1975-1979) and the women seeking its help. She went on to work as the administrator of the Canberra Women's Refuge in 1981-1982, and in 1981 was elected vice-president of the ACT Council of Social Service.\nRobyn (then Walmsley) won election in 1979 to the ACT House of Assembly as a Labor member for the Division of Canberra and was re-elected in 1982. She then served briefly as acting leader of the Party until Maurene Horder was elected leader. Robyn resigned from the Assembly in 1985 and was replaced by Rosemary Follett. During her tenure, Robyn chaired the Assembly's Social Welfare Committee and was closely involved in the development of health, welfare and housing policies at both ACT and national levels.\nRobyn moved to Sydney in 1985, spending the next twenty years working in both non-government and State government sectors, predominantly on social policies in areas ranging from women's development and well-being to childcare, housing, aged care, local government, mental health, and industry and labour force issues. Her roles included:\nNSW State Secretary for Community Aid Abroad (1985-1986)\nDirector of the NSW Council of Social Services (1986-1989)\nExecutive Director of the National Council and the NSW Division of the (then Royal) Institute of Public Administration (1990-1995)\nChief of Staff to Faye Lo Po, NSW Minister for Women, and Fair Trading (1995-1998)\nDirector-General of the NSW Department of Women (1998-2004).\nCommon threads in her positions were extensive organisational change and cultural transformations as well as the development of new standards and approaches to improving social justice outcomes. Sometimes to her personal cost in highly politicised environments, Robyn consolidated a reputation for integrity and fearlessness as an adviser and advocate for policy based explicitly on progressive principles of fairness, equity, social inclusion and the democratic advancement of a civil society.\nRobyn left Australia to join the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI) as advisor to the Solomon Islands' Prime Minister and Head of the Cabinet Office (2004-2006). She worked with senior politicians and public sector officials to reassert basic principles of good public sector governance after a period of violent civil unrest. Robyn re-engineered the Cabinet Office and developed new processes to better coordinate policy across the Solomon Islands Government. She subsequently worked on capacity-building in the Timor-Leste Police Development Program in Dili, Timor Leste (2008).\nFrom the late 2000s Robyn has undertaken several consultancies and then senior posts in the Commonwealth Public Service responsible for strategic intelligence reports, policy papers and program evaluations in agencies including the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research and the federal departments of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research, the Treasury, and Employment and Workplace Relations.\nRobyn was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in 2024 for her significant service to public administration and to social welfare.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/our-mothers-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Horder, Maurene", "Entry ID": "AWE24081179", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/horder-maurene\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Migrant community advocate, Parliamentarian, Teacher", "Summary": "Maurene Horder was elected to the first Australian Capital Territory House of Assembly at its election in 1979. Representing the Australian Labor Party, she was one of the nine members from the electorate of Canberra. She was re-elected in 1982 but resigned in mid-1985 to take up an appointment as a ministerial advisor. Before entering the Assembly Horder was a primary school teacher and a public servant.\n", "Details": "Maureen Horder was the fifth of nine children born to Mary (ne\u00e9 Brown) and Mervyn Horder and was raised in Cabramatta, attending Bethlehem College in Ashfield. Her mother was an elected member and deputy mayor of the Fairfield Council in the 1970s and 1980s and her father was a postal worker. After completing her teacher-training at Salisbury Teachers' College Horder taught in Brighton-Le-Sands. She moved to Canberra in 1972 and worked as a public servant in Treasury and the Department of Education and completed a Bachelor of Applied Science (Applied Geography) degree at the Canberra College of Advanced Education. She changed her name from Maureen to Maurene by deed poll in the 1970s. In 1976 she married a demographer, Dr Graham Harrison (1949-2000) and their two children, Adrian and Virginia Harrison, were both born while she was a member of the Assembly. They lived in the suburbs of Garran, Swinger Hill and Holder.\nHorder was one of the eight ALP members elected to the part-time 18-member ACT House of Assembly at the election held on 2 June 1979. In the First Assembly (1979-1982) the ALP, with the support of the two Australian Democrat members and two independent members, gained a majority and was thus able to elect its President and to fill the plum positions representing the Assembly on ACT statutory and non-statutory bodies. Horder was appointed to the ACT Schools Authority and to the Canberra Week Committee, and was a member of the Assembly Standing Committees on Education and Finance.\nHorder made substantial contributions to the debate and criticisms of the Galbally Report, \u00a0Migrant services and programs: report of the Review of Post-arrival Programs and Services for Migrants, tabled in the Commonwealth Parliament in May 1978. She felt there had been very little consultation with the ACT community on the provision of education programs for newly-arrived migrants, particularly for children and women.\nOther matters Horder discussed in the Assembly in her first term included the staffing formulae for ACT government schools, the need for a commercial tenancy disputes tribunal, and the poor quality of broadcasting services and programs for children in the ACT. She opposed the introduction of tertiary fees and with a Liberal member of the Assembly, Liz Grant, she presented a report on rape law reform.\nAt the election on 5 June 1982 for the second Assembly the Liberal Party, together with the ultra-conservative Family Team, was able to form a majority, so Horder's position on the ACT Schools Authority ended, although she was appointed to a new Police Liaison Committee to promote community involvement with policing. In a surprise move on 7 March 1983 Horder was elected leader of the ALP caucus, defeating Ken Doyle. The Hawke Government had been elected days earlier and it was believed that the new leadership would be able to build a closer relationship with the new federal government and with the incoming minister with responsibilities for the ACT.\nDuring the second Assembly (1982-1986) Horder was a delegate to the National Economic Summit in April 1983, convened by the newly-elected Hawke Government. She was active in opposing the closure of Watson High School, supporting measures to reduce the road toll and the campaign to keep the Belconnen Mall in public hands. She was one of the Assembly's two delegates to the Constitutional Convention held in Adelaide in April 1983 and was a member of the Assembly's Standing Committees on Business, on Development and Planning, and on Health, Housing and Welfare. In August 1984 Horder led a delegation to the Northern Territory, as chair of the Assembly's Select Committee on the Transition of Power to a Territorial Government, for discussions with that Territory's administrators. When foreshadowing the tabling that committee's report in the Assembly Horder called for the federal government to release its White Paper on self-government as soon as possible. Further frustration with the difficulties, delays in providing a timetable and the lack of details from the federal government, coupled with the announcement by the Minister for Territories that the term of the Assembly would be extended by another year, contributed to Horder's resignation from the Assembly on 24 June 1985. The following day her appointment as ministerial adviser to the Honourable Christopher Hurford MP, Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs, was announced, a position she held until the following year.\nWithin the ACT Branch of the ALP Horder was elected Vice-President at its annual conference in June 1980 and President in June 1981, retiring at the June 1982 conference. She stood unsuccessfully for ALP preselection for the federal seat of Fowler before the 1984 election and was also unsuccessful in gaining endorsement for the ALP for the by-election for the State seat of Liverpool in 1989.\nHorder left Canberra in 1985 and held the following positions:\n1990 - 1998\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Southeast Australian Manager, Plastics and Chemical Industries Association\n1999 - 2008\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CEO, National Marine Safety Committee\n2008 - 2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CEO, Migration Institute of Australia and a member of the Migration Registration Authority\n2014 - 2015\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Executive Officer (NSW), Planning Institute of Australia\nHorder has also served on the boards of Sunnyhaven Disability Services, the National Standards Development Organisation, and Clean-up Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/maurene-horder-wikipedia-entry\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mitchell, Josephine", "Entry ID": "AWE2412148", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mitchell-josephine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Human rights activist, Religious Sister, Teacher", "Summary": "Sister Josephine Mitchell has contributed to the education of children and the training of teachers both in Australia and in East Timor. From 1983 she promoted literacy in East Timor through the production and distribution of educational materials in Tetun, now the first-named principal language in its Constitution. She has long been an advocate for Australian government support for East Timor and East Timorese refugees and asylum seekers in Australia.\n", "Details": "Josephine Mitchell was born on 28 December 1930 at Belmore NSW, one of the seven children of First World War veteran, Sydney Charles Mitchell and Kate Mary n\u00e9e Fitzjohn. Educated by the Sisters of St Joseph at Belmore and Dulwich Hill, she completed her secondary education at St Scholastica's College, Glebe. \nJoining the Sisters of St Joseph in 1951, she trained as a teacher in North Sydney and obtained a Certificate of Primary Teaching from the Council of Public Education, Melbourne in 1959. She taught at various regional primary schools in New South Wales before graduating from the University of Queensland with a Bachelor of Arts degree and Certificate of Education in 1966. She was awarded a Diploma of Education at the University of New England in 1971 and a Bachelor of Letters in 1983. Her other qualifications include a Diploma in Theology from the Theology Faculty, Sydney in 1968, a Certificate in Counselling from the Institute of Counselling, Sydney in 1972 and she attended courses in theology, spirituality and training at the Jesuit Centre in Quelph, Canada, and Boston College, USA in 1983. She was a lecturer in teacher education at the Catholic College of Education (now the Australian Catholic University) from 1971 to 1985 and has long promoted social justice, particularly during the two years she served on the Justice Desk of the Australian Conference of Leaders of Religious Institutes from 1982. \nJosephine began working to promote literacy and health-care programs in East Timor from 1983 following the visit to Australia of the Apostolic Administrator of East Timor, Monsignor da Costa Lopes. In 1993, in response to a request by Bishop Belo of the Diocese of Dili, Josephine established the Mary MacKillop Institute of East Timorese Studies (MMIETS). Under her direction the Institute produced and distributed a literacy program consisting of illustrated reading books, teachers' manuals and guides, dictionaries and support materials in the principal language of the East Timorese people, Tetun. Following the destruction of most schools and the Institute's teaching materials in the violence in East Timor in 1999, the project resumed producing and distributing its publications. In 2006 the Institute contributed to the new Tetun curriculum launched by Prime Minister Jose Ramos-Horta on behalf of the Ministry of Education in East Timor in October 2006. Tetun is now the first-named official language of the new nation.\nSince 1997 Sister Josephine has made representations to the Australian Government, conducted media appearances and advocated in conjunction with a range of East Timorese support groups for justice in that country. She also worked to support East Timorese refugees and asylum seekers seeking protection in Australia from 1975 to 1999. Following the disbanding of the MMIETS in 2012, Josephine continued to support the education of disadvantaged women and girls in East Timor. Josephine was a finalist in the NSW Senior Citizen of the Year awards in 2012, and was awarded the Medal of the Order of Timor-Leste in 2014.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/josephine-mitchell-interviewed-by-ann-mari-jordens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Tough, Caitlin", "Entry ID": "AWE25040828", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tough-caitlin\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Public servant", "Summary": "Caitlin Tough was elected to the eleventh Legislative Assembly for the Australian Capital Territory at the election held on 19 October 2024. She was one of the five MLAs elected for the seat of Brindabella and represents the Australian Labor Party.\n", "Details": "Caitlin Tough grew up on the central coast of New South Wales, around Toukley, and joined the ALP while still at school, inspired by Julia Gillard becoming Australia's first female prime minister in 2010. She moved to Canberra to study at the Australian National University where she studied for a Bachelor of Policy Studies, graduating in 2013, and decided to remain in Canberra after graduating, settling in the Lanyon Valley district of Tuggerangong. In 2019 she graduated with a Master of Politics and Public Policy from Macquarie University.\nBefore her election she worked in a Canberra law firm and from 2017 was employed at the Department of Employment and Workplace Relations, and various other departments in the Australian Public Service.\nTough is an Endometriosis Australia ambassador, educating people on the disease and spreading awareness. She is a passionate advocate for improving services and infrastructure for Tuggeranong, supportive of medium density infill in the district and committed to increasing the number of women in parliament.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/caitlin-tough-mla\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sparrow, Pat", "Entry ID": "AWE25120187", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sparrow-pat\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Midwife", "Summary": "Sister Pat Sparrow was a midwife at Crown Street Women's Hospital for over 30 years. She was Sister-in-Charge of the Labour Ward from 1968 until the Hospital closed in 1983. In a review of the official history of Crown Street Women's Hospital she is remembered as 'a quietly spoken, calm, experienced midwife who was always a strong advocate for women'.\n", "Details": "Sister Pat Sparrow completed her general training at St Luke's Hospital, Darlinghurst and then trained as a midwife at Crown Street Women's Hospital from 1946. Apart from leave to do the Tresillian early parenting support\u00a0course and five years working in England and Denmark, she worked at Crown Street Women's Hospital until the hospital closed in 1983. She was the 'night supervisor' from 1960 and the Sister-in-Charge of the Labour Ward from 1968. She attended the International Council of Midwives meeting in Lausanne, Switzerland as one of two Australian official representatives in 1975.\nSister Sparrow alerted Dr William McBride to the correlation between babies born at the hospital with abnormalities and the fact that their mothers were private patients of Dr McBride who had prescribed thalidomide for their morning sickness. Dr McBride subsequently raised his concerns through a letter published in The Lancet in December 1961, which was one of the first published warnings about the drug. Sister Sparrow's role was only publicised much later, reported by former staff of the Crown Street Hospital, and she was reluctant to take any credit, telling Sydney Morning Herald journalists in 1988: 'I really do not want to come into this at all. I am really very sad about the whole thing'. She said to journalist Bill Nicol in 1989 that she hoped that Dr McBride would give nursing staff credit for their observations, but McBride's memoir mentions only her distress 'not only to be waiting for the possibility of deformed babies being born, but knowing the great disappointment of many babies being lost'. Journalist Dr Norman Swan writing after Dr McBride's death in 2018 also mentioned her role, noting that Sister Sparrow had identified that 'Dr McBride had started prescribing thalidomide as an anti-nausea drug when the other obstetricians hadn't'.\nPat Sparrow was a co-author of two books about midwifery in NSW and the Crown Street Women's Hospital; the second book includes her recollections of her training and her work in the labour ward, but there is no mention of thalidomide.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/with-courage-and-devotion-a-history-of-midwifery-in-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-hospital-crown-street-1893-1983-a-family-remembers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/crown-street-womens-hospital-a-history-1893-1983\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcbride-behind-the-myth\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dr-william-mcbride-the-flawed-character-credited-with-linking-thalidomide-to-birth-defects\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/killing-the-messenger\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/review-of-crown-street-womens-hospital-a-history-1893-1983-by-judith-godden\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-foundation-and-the-fall\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lo P\u00f2, Faye", "Entry ID": "AWE0145", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lo-po-faye-2\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cessnock, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Fay Lo P\u00f2 retired in 2003 after a distinguished public career in NSW politics. A long time member of the Australian Labor Party, she served in local government (on the Penrith City Council) before winning the seat of Penrith in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1991. Lo P\u00f2 was re-elected in 1995 and 1999. While an MP, she held a number of portfolios, including Minister for Women, Community Services, Fair Trading and Consumer Affairs. She was Shadow Minister for Housing in 1994-95 while the ALP were in opposition.\nFay Lo P\u00f2 was also heavily involved in local politics in the 1970s and 80s, culminating in a term as Mayor of the Penrith City Council in 1990-1991. She was Alderman of Prospect Electricity (1980-1987, 1991-1992) serving as Chair. From 1986-1987. She was Chair of the NSW Women's Advisory Council, a Member of the Metropolitan Waste Disposal Authority, Chair of the NSW Board of Adult Education and Patron of various groups. She was appointed an AM in 1984.\n", "Details": "Parliamentary and Local Government Career\nLocal Government\n\nMember Penrith City Council 1971-74, 1980-95\nMayor Penrith 1990-91\n\nState Government\n\nElected, New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Penrith 1991, 1995, 1999,\nShadow Minister for Housing, 1994-95\nMinister for Consumer Affairs, 1995\nMinister for Fair Trading, 1995-97\nMinister for Women 1995 to 2003\nMinister for Community Services, Aging and Disability Services, from 1997 to 2003\n\nRetired 2003.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-members-of-the-nsw-parliament\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-members-of-the-parliament-of-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2001\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Booth, Mary", "Entry ID": "IMP0100", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/?post_type=cpt_entry&p=23213", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Physician, Public Health Worker", "Summary": "Mary Booth graduated in Arts from the University of Sydney before studying medicine at the University of Edinburgh (graduating in 1899). On her return to Australia she lectured in hygiene at girls secondary schools in Sydney, and for the Department of Public Instruction and the Sydney Teachers College 1904-1909. In 1910-1912 she helped establish the first school medical service in Victoria and was later involved in household health and welfare. She was the founder and office bearer of many patriotic associations, such as the Anzac Fellowship of Women (president 1921-1956). She was appointed OBE - Officer of The Order of the British Empire (Civil) - 4 October 1918, for her work with the Friendly Union of Soldier's Wives.\nBooth also founded the Women's Club in Sydney in 1901, the Centre for Soldiers Wives and Mothers in 1915 and the Memorial College of Household Arts and Science in 1936, and was involved with the University of Sydney Society for Combating Venereal Disease, the League of Nations Union, the New Settlers' League and the Australian Institute of International Affairs. She had a keen interest in eugenics and was a member of the Anthropometric Committee of the Australian Association for the Advancement of Science from 1908.\n", "Details": "Independent candidate for North Shore in 1920.\nMary Booth was born in Sydney and educated privately, at Airlie School and then University of Sydney. From 1891-1893 she was governess to the children of the Earl of Jersey, then governor of NSW. In 1894 she began studying medicine at the University of Melbourne, but transferred to Edinburgh, from which she graduated in 1899. She returned to Sydney in 1900 but did not practise medicine for long. She taught hygiene at girls' secondary schools, and was lecturer in hygiene for the NSW Department of Public Instruction 1904-09. In 1910-12 she helped establish the Victorian school medical service.\nShe was very active during World War I, founding the Babies' Kit Society and the Soldiers Club. She was on the executive committee of the Universal Service League and campaigned in favour of conscription.\nRunning as an independent feminist, she stood in the first election for which women were entitled to be candidates. Two years later, in 1922, she failed to gain nomination for the Senate election though she was supported by the Women's Reform League.\nIn 1921 she founded the Anzac Fellowship of Women, and remained its president until 1956. From 1921, she was involved in the Dreadnought Scheme which brought out boy immigrants, and from 1925 to 1944 published a monthly magazine, Boy Settler.\nShe was an inveterate joiner and activist and belonged to numerous organizations including the League of Nations Union, the Town Planning Association, and the English Speaking Union.\nHer last major initiative was to found the Memorial College of Household Arts and Sciences in 1936, to which young women went to learn the domestic arts, as Dr Booth believed :\"good wives made good husbands\". After her death and the sale of the property, the funds were used to found the Dr Mary Booth scholarship for women economics students at the University of Sydney.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/booth-mary-1869-1956\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/booth-mary-1869-1956-biographical-entry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-woman-question-in-melbourne-1880-1914\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1947\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-soldiers-club-1915-1923\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/?post_type=cpt_entry&p=23208", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-booth-papers-1899-1957\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-mary-booth-ca-1918-1979-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-booth-a-biography-by-ruth-mackinnon-1969\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rose-family-papers-1749-1974-henrietta-eliza-bertha-rose\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/series-01-mary-booth-papers-1905-1957\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-h-p-philpot-and-g-w-philpot-1912-1985-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Booth, Mary", "Entry ID": "IMP0100", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/?post_type=cpt_entry&p=23214", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Physician, Public Health Worker", "Summary": "Mary Booth graduated in Arts from the University of Sydney before studying medicine at the University of Edinburgh (graduating in 1899). On her return to Australia she lectured in hygiene at girls secondary schools in Sydney, and for the Department of Public Instruction and the Sydney Teachers College 1904-1909. In 1910-1912 she helped establish the first school medical service in Victoria and was later involved in household health and welfare. She was the founder and office bearer of many patriotic associations, such as the Anzac Fellowship of Women (president 1921-1956). She was appointed OBE - Officer of The Order of the British Empire (Civil) - 4 October 1918, for her work with the Friendly Union of Soldier's Wives.\nBooth also founded the Women's Club in Sydney in 1901, the Centre for Soldiers Wives and Mothers in 1915 and the Memorial College of Household Arts and Science in 1936, and was involved with the University of Sydney Society for Combating Venereal Disease, the League of Nations Union, the New Settlers' League and the Australian Institute of International Affairs. She had a keen interest in eugenics and was a member of the Anthropometric Committee of the Australian Association for the Advancement of Science from 1908.\n", "Details": "Independent candidate for North Shore in 1920.\nMary Booth was born in Sydney and educated privately, at Airlie School and then University of Sydney. From 1891-1893 she was governess to the children of the Earl of Jersey, then governor of NSW. In 1894 she began studying medicine at the University of Melbourne, but transferred to Edinburgh, from which she graduated in 1899. She returned to Sydney in 1900 but did not practise medicine for long. She taught hygiene at girls' secondary schools, and was lecturer in hygiene for the NSW Department of Public Instruction 1904-09. In 1910-12 she helped establish the Victorian school medical service.\nShe was very active during World War I, founding the Babies' Kit Society and the Soldiers Club. She was on the executive committee of the Universal Service League and campaigned in favour of conscription.\nRunning as an independent feminist, she stood in the first election for which women were entitled to be candidates. Two years later, in 1922, she failed to gain nomination for the Senate election though she was supported by the Women's Reform League.\nIn 1921 she founded the Anzac Fellowship of Women, and remained its president until 1956. From 1921, she was involved in the Dreadnought Scheme which brought out boy immigrants, and from 1925 to 1944 published a monthly magazine, Boy Settler.\nShe was an inveterate joiner and activist and belonged to numerous organizations including the League of Nations Union, the Town Planning Association, and the English Speaking Union.\nHer last major initiative was to found the Memorial College of Household Arts and Sciences in 1936, to which young women went to learn the domestic arts, as Dr Booth believed :\"good wives made good husbands\". After her death and the sale of the property, the funds were used to found the Dr Mary Booth scholarship for women economics students at the University of Sydney.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/booth-mary-1869-1956\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/booth-mary-1869-1956-biographical-entry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-woman-question-in-melbourne-1880-1914\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1947\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-soldiers-club-1915-1923\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/?post_type=cpt_entry&p=23208", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-booth-papers-1899-1957\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-mary-booth-ca-1918-1979-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-booth-a-biography-by-ruth-mackinnon-1969\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rose-family-papers-1749-1974-henrietta-eliza-bertha-rose\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/series-01-mary-booth-papers-1905-1957\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-h-p-philpot-and-g-w-philpot-1912-1985-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Street, Jessie Mary Grey", "Entry ID": "AWE0013", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/street-jessie-mary-grey\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Chota Nagpur, Bihar, India", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist, Suffragette", "Summary": "Jessie Street was recognised nationally and internationally for her activism in women's rights, social justice and peace. Street campaigned for equality of status for women, equal pay, the appointment of women to public office and the election of women to parliament. Co-founder of the New South Wales Social Hygiene Association (1916) and Co-founder (1928) and President of the United Associations of Women, she was the only woman on the Australian delegation to the founding conference of the United Nations in 1945 and established the UN Commission on the Status of Women and the Charter of Women's Rights.\n", "Details": "Daughter of Mabel Ogilvie and Charles Lillingston, Jessie was born in India and moved with her family to Yulgilbar on the Clarence River, northern NSW, in 1896. She was schooled in England at Wycombe Abbey School, Buckinghamshire, from 1903, returning to Australia in 1906. She graduated in 1910 with a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Sydney, and became a founding member of the Sydney University Women's Sports Association that same year.\nFrom here, a long and active career began with attendance at the International Alliance of Women Conference in Rome in 1911, and Geneva in 1914. Jessie worked for the New York Protection and Probation Association in 1915. She joined the Feminist Club the following year, becoming President in 1928 and resigning in 1929. In 1916 she was Co-founder with Annie Golding of the NSW Social Hygiene Association. That same year she married Kenneth Street. The pair were to have four children: Belinda (1918), Philippa (1919), Roger (1921) and Laurence (1926).\nIn 1920, Jessie Street became Secretary of the National Council of Women, NSW, and founding member of the Australian League of Nations Union. She was a member of the Women's College Council from 1921-50; member of the Women's League of NSW after its formation in 1926; Foundation Vice-President of the Racial Hygiene Association of NSW in 1926 (renamed the Family Planning Association in 1961); Co-founder of the United Association of Women (UAW) in 1929; and President of the UAW from 1931-42. In 1936, Street was the NSW Vice-President of the Australian Federation of Women Voters. She formed the Council of Action for Equal Pay in 1937, and became President of the Australian Open Door Council the same year. In 1939, Street joined the Australian Labor Party. She was also Australian president of the Society for Cultural Relations with the USSR. The following year she took an equal pay case to the Commonwealth Arbitration Court with Nerida Cohen on behalf of the UAW.\nJessie Street was a member of the NSW Committee of the International Peace Campaign throughout the 1930s-40s. In 1934 she was awarded the Victorian sesquicentennial prize for her song Australia Happy Isle.\nStreet founded and launched the Australian Women's Digest in 1941. In 1941 she was also Chair of the Russian Medical Aid Comforts Committee, and in 1942, formed the NSW branch of the Council for Women in War Work. She initiated the national conference which led to the Australian Women's Charter in 1943. The following year, as the NSW Chair of the Australian Women's Charter, she led a delegation of 13 women to present the Charter to Parliament.\n1943 and 1946 saw two unsuccessful campaigns as Labor candidate for the seat of Wentworth in Sydney, but Street became President of the NSW Peace Council and was the sole woman in the Australian delegation to the founding Conference of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945. She was the founder of the UN Commission on the Status of Women, 1945, acting as Australian representative from 1945-47, and Vice-President in 1947. Between 1957-67, she campaigned for constitutional change to grant the Aboriginal population the right to vote.\nStreet travelled extensively between 1945-64, visiting Washington, London, Moscow (as an official guest of the Soviet Union), Paris (for the Women's International Democratic Federation Conference), New Delhi (as guest delegate to the All India Women's Conference, 1945), and New York (for the Status of Women Commission, January-February 1947 and January 1948). Street was invited to Britain to help organise the World Peace Conference in 1950. She travelled throughout Europe on World Peace business in 1951, attending the Women's Congress in Copenhagen in 1953. She travelled to Geneva to observe the United Nations; to Vienna for the World Peace Council; to China on the invitation of the China Peace Committee; to Madras in 1955 for the All India Congress for Peace and Asian Solidarity; to Helsinki for the World Assembly for Peace; and to New York to attend the UN General Assembly. She chaired a seminar on the Status of Women in London in 1956. Between 1958-59, Street attended peace conferences in Stockholm and New Delhi. She was involved with the UN Status of Women Commission in New York; the International Assembly of Women in Copenhagen; and the 6th World Conference against A & H bombs in Japan, 1960-61.\nJessie Street's autobiography, Truth or Repose, was published in 1966. In 1989 the Jessie Street National Women's Library was established in her honour in Sydney, New South Wales.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/truth-or-repose\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/worth-her-salt-women-at-work-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-at-work\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bird-of-paradise\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/50-years-of-feminist-achievement-a-history-of-the-united-associations-of-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/feminism-and-class-the-united-associations-of-women-and-the-council-of-action-for-equal-pay-in-the-depression\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-a-rewarding-but-unrewarded-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bessie-rischbieth-jessie-street-and-the-end-of-first-wave-feminism-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-feminist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-a-rewarding-but-unrewarded-life-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-a-rewarding-but-unrewarded-life-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-feminist-and-socialist-an-enigma-for-her-class\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dynamic-duo-turned-the-tide-on-injustice\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-annual-lunch\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/who-was-jessie-street\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-equal-the-history-of-australian-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-individual-rights-and-the-national-interest\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/2001-eldershaw-memorial-lecture-founding-fathers-dutiful-wives-and-rebellious-daughters-lecture-presented-to-a-tasmanian-historical-research-association-meeting-on-10-apr-2001\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/street-jessie-mary-grey-1889-1970\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-register-the-womens-college-within-the-university-of-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/uphill-all-the-way-a-documentary-history-of-women-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-a-revised-autobiography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-papers-of-jessie-street\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/newtown-tarts-a-history-of-the-sydney-university-womens-sports-association-1910-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-foundation-for-australian-women-1988-2009-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-and-objects-of-bessie-rischbieth-1900-1967-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/research-notes-notes-for-chapter-on-warden-of-st-pauls-college-1916-44\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nancy-lutton-1918-2007-bulk-1960-2007-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-alexander-gore-gowrie-1835-1987-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-janine-haines-am\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-thurlow-interviewed-by-peter-sekuless-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shirley-andrews-interviewed-by-peter-read-in-the-peter-read-collection-of-interviews-conducted-for-his-book-entitled-charles-perkins-a-biography-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-ca-1910-photograph-by-l-w-appleby\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-jessie-street-at-the-united-womens-conference-in-san-francisco-19-may-1945-picture-photo-by-sam-rosenberg\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-jessie-street-picture-falk\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-kylie-tennant-1891-1989-bulk-1933-1988-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lady-jessie-street\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/general-social-insurance-scheme-jessie-street\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-street-jessie-m-g-plan-for-community-migration\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-jessie-street-to-the-status-of-women-commission-new-york\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-curtin-correspondence-s-jim-spain-john-symons-includes-representations-from-mrs-jessie-m-street-and-thumbs-up-horse-gymkhana-poster\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-jessie-street-forum-of-the-air-sz-21-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-holt-volume-3-of-press-cuttings-as-minister-of-immigration-labour-and-national-service-includes-articles-on-migrants-employment-commonwealth-parliamentary-assoc\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-curtin-correspondence-s\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/status-of-women-general-mrs-jessie-streets-co-ordinating-agency\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/status-of-women-general-mrs-jessie-streets-co-ordinating-agency-2\/ \n \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-chifley-correspondence-s-part-4\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-chifley-correspondence-s-part-5\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-chifley-correspondence-s-part-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-chifley-correspondence-gr-gz\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-chifley-correspondence-stew-sull-j-stewart-mrs-vera-sullivan-includes-representations-relating-to-alfred-stone-430523-flight-sgt-r-s-strickland-letter-from\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-curtin-correspondence-s-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-curtin-correspondence-s-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/co-operative-immigration-from-great-britain-proposals-by-mrs-jessie-street\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/steet-kenneth-whistler-street-jessie-mary-grey-lillingston-evelyn-mabel-constance-versus-armstrong-tancred-de-carteret-bundock-charles-slade-clarence-percy-charies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/asio-surveillance-photograph-of-jessie-street\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-holt-articles-and-press-statements-prepared-by-minister-prior-to-1954\/ \n \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-jessie-m-g-street-departure-from-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/street-jessie-mary-grey-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/osw-office-of-the-status-of-women-third-national-womens-consultative-concil-jessie-street-trust-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/talking-history-episode-2-part-2-jessie-street-the-disappearing-heroine\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/talking-history-episode-1-part-1-jessie-street-the-disappearing-heroine\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/life-matters-international-year-of-the-family-report-home-economics-jessie-street-parenting-plan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-the-disappointment-heroine-part-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-the-disappointment-heroine-part-1-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/passports-of-australian-delegates-returning-from-warsaw-communist-backed-peace-congress\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/essays-on-jessie-street-1976-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-jessie-street\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-vivienne-newson-1942-1971-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bill-morrow-papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-australian-peace-council-1949-1955-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-shirley-andrews-1917-2002-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-jessie-street-circa-1914-1968-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jack-and-jean-horner-interviewed-by-peter-read-in-the-peter-read-collection-of-interviews-conducted-for-his-book-entitled-charles-perkins-a-biography-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australasian-book-society-records-1949-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/feminist-club-of-new-south-wales-records-1928-1973\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/series-01-street-family-papers-of-sir-philip-street-1890-1938\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/united-association-of-women-further-records-1930-1978\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-lady-jessie-street-by-norma-ferris\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/street-jessie-part-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/street-jessie-part-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/street-jessie-part-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/street-jessie-part-4\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-fleming-arnot-personal-and-professional-papers-1890-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/united-association-of-women-records-ca-1930-1970\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1960-1991-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/florence-james-papers-1890-1993\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/william-morrow-recordings-of-addresses-given-by-jessie-street-and-interviews-with-jessie-street-1953-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-wright-interviewed-by-richard-raxworthy-in-the-labor-council-of-new-south-wales-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pethybridge-eva-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-the-sydney-university-womens-sports-association\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruby-rich-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-bowden-interviews-conducted-for-radio-programs-and-documentaries-ca-1975-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irina-dunn-further-papers-1943-1994\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/photographs-relating-to-the-united-associations-of-women-including-portrait-of-jessie-street-1936-1949\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Creaghe, Emily Caroline", "Entry ID": "AWE0044", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/creaghe-emily-caroline\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bay of Bengal, India", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Diarist, Explorer", "Summary": "Emily Creaghe was the only woman member of Ernest Favenc's exploring party across Northern Australia in 1883.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/emily-caroline-creaghe-diary-22-dec-1882-5-sept-1883\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pankhurst, Adela Constantia Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE0097", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pankhurst-adela-constantia-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Chorlton upon Medlock, Lancashire, England", "Death Place": "Wahroonga Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist, Pacifist, Political activist, Suffragist", "Summary": "Adela Pankhurst was a feminist and pacifist whose political affiliations shifted from communism to strong anti-communism over her lifetime of activism. Born in England, the daughter of Emmeline Pankhurst, Adela was involved with the British suffrage movement from her teenage years and then the Women's Social and Political Union which was founded by her mother and sisters in 1904. She later became estranged from her family and moved to Melbourne in 1914 partly for health reasons. Once there she worked with Vida Goldstein and the Women's Political Association and campaigned against conscription particularly with the Women's Peace Army. She also joined the Victorian Socialist Party. She married Tom Walsh, a fellow anti-conscriptionist, in 1917. After the war they moved to Sydney and had five children. They were foundation members of the Communist Party of Australia, but soon withdrew. Adela's evolving anti-communism became starkly apparent when, in 1928, she founded the Australian Women's Guild of Empire. Pankhurst used this conservative patriotic organisation as a platform to advocate the need for industrial cooperation, and she frequently spoke out against strikes. She ended her public life in 1943 with her husband's death.\n", "Details": "Adela Pankhurst toured Australia in 1915 with Vida Goldstein and Cecilia John to set up branches of the Women's Peace Army in Sydney, Brisbane and Melbourne.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walsh-adela-pankhurst-1885-1961\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/adela-pankhurst-the-wayward-suffragette-1885-1961\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/feminists-food-and-the-fair-price-the-cost-of-living-demonstrations-in-melbourne-august-september-1917\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/after-the-war-what-being-papers-on-the-duties-of-labor-and-the-unity-and-morality-of-the-nation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-voice-of-the-people-the-peoples-welfare-is-the-nations-strength\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-and-the-empire\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-empire-gazette\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/conditions-in-japan-lecture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/industrial-co-operation-policy-speech-of-the-australian-womens-guild-of-empire\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/is-communism-possible-in-australia-special-to-advance-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brazen-hussies-and-gods-police-fighting-back-in-the-depression-years-revised-version-of-article-published-in-hecate-v-8-no-1-1982\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-enthusiasms-of-adela-pankhurst-walsh\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-womens-guild-of-empire\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pankhurst-adela-constantia-mary-1885-1961\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-unwritten-history-of-adela-pankhurst-walsh\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/thomas-walsh-and-adela-pankhurst-walsh-papers-1905-1961-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/thomas-walsh-and-adela-pankhurst-walsh-papers-1905-1961-microform\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-adela-constantia-mary-pankhurst-walsh-leader-of-suffragette-movement-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Turner, Ethel", "Entry ID": "AWE0151", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/turner-ethel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Balby, Yorkshire, England", "Death Place": "Mosman, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author", "Summary": "Ethel Turner's first book, Seven Little Australians, was published in 1894. Translated into ten languages, it was made into a stage play in 1915 and a film in 1939. In 1953 it was televised in Britain, and in 1973 and 1975 by the Australian Broadcasting Commission.\n", "Details": "Ethel Turner migrated to Australia with her family at the age of eight. While attending Sydney Girl's High School, she published Parthenon with her sister Lillian. She began writing in 1890. Ethel met Herbert Curlewis in 1891, and the pair were married in 1896 when he was an established barrister and she was already a successful writer of children's stories. According to Heather Radi in her anthology 200 Australian Women, Turner contributed a 'Sydney letter' to the Tasmanian Mail and wrote for the children's column of the Illustrated news. The Bulletin accepted her first story in 1892 and she published her first book, Seven Little Australians, in 1894. Radi notes that the book was criticised by some for not conforming to nineteenth century conventions in children's literature, whereby good behaviour is always rewarded, but the book was enormously successful and remains so, with over 40 editions published.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ethel-turner-lilian-turner-and-jean-curlewis-a-family-of-australian-authors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/johns-notable-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-diaries-of-ethel-turner\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/seven-little-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-apple-of-happiness\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/betty-co\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ethel-turner-birthday-book-a-selection-of-passages-from-the-books-of-ethel-turner\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brigid-and-the-cub\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/captain-cub\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-cub-six-months-in-his-life-a-story-in-war-time\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-family-at-misrule\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dark-eleanor-1901-1985\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-sunshine-family-a-book-of-nonsense-for-girls-and-boys\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/my-oath-102-years-of-seven-little-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/authors-illustrators-of-australian-childrens-books\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-writers-a-bibliographic-guide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/turner-ethel-mary-1871-1958\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ethel-turner-literary-papers-and-related-papers-1894-1951\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ethel-turner-1887-1935-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/literary-manuscripts-and-correspondence-1901-1926-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-violet-braddon-1916-1980-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-sir-william-cullen-1880-1935-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-eleanor-dark-1910-1974-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/photographs-19-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-1928-1954-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ada-cambridge-manuscript-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dowell-oreilly-papers-1884-1923-with-additional-family-papers-1877-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/curlewis-family-papers-1881-1966\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Blake, Audrey", "Entry ID": "AWE0226", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blake-audrey\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Neutral Bay, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political activist", "Summary": "Audrey and her husband Jack D. Blake were prominent members the Communist Party of Australia. Both were particularly vocal during the Liberal Party's assault on the CPA and Jack Blake wrote numerous articles and papers on the Cold War. Audrey was the first Secretary of the Eureka Youth League when it was formed during the Second World War.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-proletarian-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/recollections-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-audrey-blake\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blake-audrey-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eureka-youth-league-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/audrey-blake-further-papers-1915-1998\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/audrey-blake-papers-1935-1954-1966-mainly-concerning-the-eureka-youth-league-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/audrey-blake-and-jack-blake-further-papers-1937-2004\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Preston, Margaret Rose", "Entry ID": "AWE0257", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/preston-margaret-rose\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Port Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Mosman Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist", "Summary": "Margaret Preston was the first woman to be commissioned by the Art Gallery of New South Wales to produce a self-portrait. In 1996 one of her hand-coloured woodcuts of a Western Australian banksia from 1929 was commemorated on an Australia Day postage stamp.\n", "Details": "Margaret Rose Mcpherson studied in Melbourne and Adelaide before travelling overseas. In 1919 she married Bill Preston. As a successful teacher and exhibitor, she developed a reputation for her highly decorative and colourful paintings and woodcuts of Australian fauna and flora at a time when European flowers were still considered the norm for gardens and paintings.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-prestons-banksia-woodcut-memorialised\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/100-great-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-book-of-great-australian-women-thirty-six-women-who-changed-the-course-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/birth-certificate-and-manuscript-1875-ca-1924-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McKenzie, Florence Violet", "Entry ID": "AWE0386", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mckenzie-florence-violet\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Greenwich, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Engineer, Servicewoman", "Summary": "In 1923 Florence Wallace (as she was then known) graduated as an electrical engineer from Sydney Technical College and in 1924 became Australia's first certificated woman radio telegraphist and the only woman member of the Wireless Institute of Australia. She was the founder and director of the Electrical Association for Women, established in 1934. In 1939 she founded and directed the Women's Emergency Signalling Corps, which later became the starting point for the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS). Rosemary Broomham wrote in the biography of Florence McKenzie in 200 Australian Women that altogether Mrs McKenzie trained over 10,000 servicemen in Morse, visual signalling and international code, and she trained 3000 women, a third of whom went into the Services. On 8 June 1950 Florence McKenzie was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for her work with the Women's Emergency Signals Corps.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/florence-violet-mckenzie\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cookery-book-and-electrical-guide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-waaaf-in-wartime-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-florence-violet-mckenzie-nee-wallace-obe-astc-elec-eng-fain-mrs-mac-died-peacefully-in-her-sleep-on-sunday-evening-23-may-1982-aged-90\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mckenzie-florence-violet-1890-1982\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-florence-mckenzie-former-patroness-of-the-ex-wran-association-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gould, Ellen Julia (Nellie)", "Entry ID": "AWE0397", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gould-ellen-julia-nellie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Aberystruth, Monmouthshire, Wales", "Death Place": "Neutral Bay, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse", "Summary": "Appointed lady superintendent of the New South Wales Army Nursing Service Reserve (NSWANSR), Nellie Gould left Australia on 17 January 1900 with thirteen nursing sisters to serve in the Boer War as part of the British Army. The nursing contingent returned to Australia in 1902.\nOn 27th September 1914 Nellie Gould enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force and served in Egypt, caring for Gallipoli casualties, followed by service in France and then England. She returned to Australia in January 1919 and was discharged on 3 March. She was unfit to take up nursing duties again and from 1920 she received a war service pension.\nIn 1916 Nellie Gould was awarded the Royal Red Cross Medal (1st class) for her war work.\n", "Details": "Nellie Gould was born to Henry and Sarah (nee Baker) in Wales, her mother died when Nellie was 18 months old. When she was four the family moved to Portugal where she received her early education. Later the family returned to England and Nellie attended Mildmay Park College. She was a teacher and governess before moving to Sydney in 1884.\nOn 19 January 1885, Nellie commenced a two-year nurses training course at the Royal Alfred Hospital, Sydney. She stayed on at the hospital for two years after finishing the course. Nellie was then appointed matron of St Kilda Private Hospital at Woolloomooloo and in 1891 she became matron and superintendent of the training school of Sydney Hospital. She resigned in October 1898 to join the New South Wales Public Health Department and was matron of the Hospital for the Insane at Rydalmere in 1898-1900.\nIn February 1899 Matron Nellie Gould was asked to help form an Army Nursing Service Reserve attached to the New South Wales Army Medical Corps. On 26 May the nurses were sworn in and Nellie Gould was appointed lady superintendent. In charge of 13 nursing sisters, Nellie Gould left in the Moravian for the South African War (Boer War) on 17 January 1900. She returned to Australia in August 1902.\nUpon their return, Nellie Gould and her friend Sister Julia Bligh Johnston opened Ermelo Private Hospital at Newtown, Sydney. She also organized the Army Nursing Service Reserve in New South Wales and was appointed principal matron of the 2nd Military District. After Ermelo was sold in 1912, both Nellie Gould and Julia Johnston joined the Public Health Department.\nOn 27 September 1914 Nellie Gould enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force and served in Egypt, caring for Gallipoli casualties, followed by service in France and then England. She returned to Australia in January 1919 and was discharged on 3 March. She was unfit to take up nursing duties again and from 1920 she received a war service pension.\nNellie Gould was involved in founding the Australasian Trained Nurses' Association (ATNA) and was a council member from 1899 until her retirement in 1921. She also initiated the publishing of the ATNA journal in 1903 and served on the editorial committee. \nNellie Gould died at Neutral Bay on 19 July 1941.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guns-and-brooches-australian-army-nursing-from-the-boer-war-to-the-gulf-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/monash-biographical-dictionary-of-20th-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-nurses-in-the-boer-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/just-wanted-to-be-there-australian-service-nurses-1899-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nightingales-in-the-mud-the-digger-sisters-of-the-great-war-1914-1918\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gould-ellen-julia-nellie-1860-1941\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nurses-narratives-principal-matron-ellen-julia-gould\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nominal-rolls-and-lists-of-medals-and-clasps-for-new-south-wales-military-forces-who-served-in-boer-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/informal-portrait-of-three-nurses-who-accompanied-the-second-contingent-to-the-boer-war-as-members-of-the-nsw-army-medical-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nursing-services-notes-on-australian-nursing-sisters-in-the-history-of-the-australian-army-nursing-service-by-matron-ellen-j-gould-rrc\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gould-ellen-julia-sern-principal-matron-pob-monmouth-wales-poe-cairo-egypt-nok-harley-b-a-mrs\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pocock, Mary Anne (Bessie)", "Entry ID": "AWE0418", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pocock-mary-anne-bessie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Dalby, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Grafton, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Servicewoman", "Summary": "A member of the New South Wales Army Nursing Service Reserve (NSWANSR), Bessie Pocock served in the Boer War. She was awarded the Queen's and the King's South Africa medals and mentioned in despatches. Once again Pocock enlisted in the defence force at the outbreak of World War I. Serving in Cairo and Ismailia (Egypt) Pocock was later a matron on hospital ships. On 2 May 1916 Bessie Pocock was awarded the Royal Red Cross Medal (2nd class) for her service with the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS).\n", "Details": "Before commencing her nursing training at Sydney Hospital in 1890, Bessie Pocock worked as a domestic. Upon completion she joined the hospital staff as a Sister. In 1899 Pocock became a member of the New South Wales Army Nursing Service Reserve (NSWANSR) and served in the Boer War being posted to hospitals in London, Johannesburg and Middleburg. She was mentioned in despatches and awarded the Queen's and the King's South Africa medals. After the war she returned to her position at the Sydney Hospital. From 1907 until 1911 Bessie became matron of the Newcastle Hospital and later (1911-1914) at Gladesville.\nDuring World War I Pocock served with the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) in hospitals at Cairo and Ismailia (Egypt). She was then matron of the Hospital Ship Assaye before being stationed at Marseilles and Wimereux (France), followed by Trois Arbres (Belgium), and then Boulogne and England. On 2 May 1916 Sister Bessie Pocock was awarded the Royal Red Cross Medal (2nd class) and she had been twice mentioned in despatches.\nAfter the war Pocock returned to Gladesville Hospital as matron. Before retiring she set up a convalescent hospital at Chatswood called 'Ismailia.' She remained an active member of the Australasian Trained Nurses' Association of which she became a life member as well as the Australian Army Nursing Service Reserve.\nBessie Pocock never married and was looked after by her nieces until she died on 16 July 1946.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pocock-mary-anne-bessie-1863-1946\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-diggers-makers-of-the-australian-military-tradition\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-nurses-in-the-boer-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/just-wanted-to-be-there-australian-service-nurses-1899-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nightingales-in-the-mud-the-digger-sisters-of-the-great-war-1914-1918\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nominal-rolls-and-lists-of-medals-and-clasps-for-new-south-wales-military-forces-who-served-in-boer-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nursing-sisters-including-sister-mary-a-bessie-pocock-far-left-back-row-mounted-on-camels-in-front-of-the-sphinx\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gantner, Neilma", "Entry ID": "AWE0431", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gantner-neilma\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "San Francisco, California, United States", "Death Place": "Bermagui, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Philanthropist, Writer", "Summary": "Neilma Gantner, along with her son Carillo and brother Baillieu Myer, established The Gantner Myer Collection of Australian Aboriginal Art. Assembled over a four-year period by curator Jennifer Isaacs, the collection was unveiled in San Francisco in September 1999.\nNeilma is the eldest daughter of Sidney and Merlyn (n\u00e9e Baillieu) Myer. Like her three siblings, she was born in San Francisco, California, but raised in Melbourne. Neilma completed her tertiary education at the Universities of Melbourne and Stanford. In 1941 she married Vallejo Gantner (later divorced) and they were to have two sons (one deceased).\nNeilma Gantner was a member of the Executive of International Social Service, and of the Myer Foundation and the Sidney Myer Fund. She worked as a novelist, poet and short story writer under the pseudonym of Neilma Sidney, and founded the Four Winds Cultural Festival (Bermagui, New South Wales).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sunday-evening-stories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/saturday-afternoon-and-other-stories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-eye-of-the-needle\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beyond-the-bay\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beaches\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/journey-to-mourilyan-a-coastal-pilgrimage\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-sweet-cool-south-wind\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-return\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/journey-to-mourilyan-a-coastal-pilgrimage-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-writers-a-bibliographic-guide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fitzpatrick-kathleen-elizabeth-1905-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-1958-1972-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/meanjin-editorial-records-of-c-b-christesen\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-neilma-gantner-1983-1992-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/neilma-gantner-interviewed-by-martin-thomas\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Palmer, Helen Gwynneth", "Entry ID": "AWE0443", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/palmer-helen-gwynneth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kew, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political activist, Teacher, Writer", "Summary": "The second daughter of Vance and Nettie (n\u00e9e Higgins) Palmer, Helen Palmer spent a year in London after being educated at Presbyterian Ladies' College (Melbourne) where she was dux in 1934. Returning to Melbourne she won a scholarship to the University of Melbourne and graduated with a BA and DipEd in 1939. She later obtained a B.Ed. (1952). From 1940 until 1942 she was a teacher in Victorian State schools.\nHelen Palmer enlisted in the Women's Australian Auxiliary Air Force on 18 February 1942 and during her service worked in the education division. After the war she worked with the Commonwealth Office of Education (Sydney). In 1948 she returned to Melbourne teaching in private schools.\nShe made several trips to China and in 1953 published her observations in An Australian Teacher in China. Through the bi-monthly publication Outlook (1957-1970), Helen Palmer provided a forum for vigorous discussion of all issues which were part of a radical critique of Australian politics and society.\nThe author (with Jessie MacLeod) of First Hundred Years (1954) and After the First Hundred Years (1961), she also authored books on Australian literature, popular culture and history. Helen Palmer was also a prominent poet and balladist and is remembered for 'The Ballard of 1891,' that describes the shearers' strike.\nHelen Palmer died on 6 May 1979.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/palmer-helen-gwynneth-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/helen-palmer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/palmer-helen-gwynneth-1917-1979\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/banjo-paterson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/w-g-spence-and-the-rise-of-the-trade-unions\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/our-sugar\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/makers-of-the-first-hundred-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beneath-the-southern-cross\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/after-the-first-hundred-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fencing-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/helen-palmers-outlook\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/conversation-with-helen-palmer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-first-hundred-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-first-two-hundred-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/double-time-women-in-victoria-150-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/150-years-150-stories-brief-biographies-of-one-hundred-and-fifty-remarkable-people-associated-with-the-university-of-melbourne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/helen-gwynneth-palmer-volume-4\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/helen-gwynneth-palmer-volume-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/helen-g-palmer-complaint-re-wharf-officials\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/applications-for-positions-by-palmer-helen-gwynneth-miss\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/author-helen-gwynneth-palmer-and-ronald-james-grant-taylor-address-kirribilli-and-melbourne-title-of-work-prisoners-country-type-of-work-dramatic\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/department-of-information-broadcasting-division-talks-by-helen-palmer-sep-1943-transcripts\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/helen-gwynneth-palmer-volume-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/palmer-helen-gwynneth-service-number-350207-date-of-birth-09-may-1917-place-of-birth-kew-vic-place-of-enlistment-melbourne-next-of-kin-palmer-vance\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/helen-gwynneth-palmer-volume-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/official-history-1914-18-war-records-of-charles-e-w-bean-official-historian\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-helen-palmer-writer-and-educationalist-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-aileen-and-helen-palmer-19-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-helen-palmer-1918-1996-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-aileen-palmer-1935-1979-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/thesis-and-correspondence-1934-1967-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-the-outdoors-the-director-waaaf-group-officer-clare-stevenson-and-a-waaaf-wing-officer-conversing-with-waaaf-officers-who-conducted-a-four-day-bivouac\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/audrey-blake-further-papers-1915-1998\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Daley, Henrietta (Jessie) Shaw", "Entry ID": "AWE0465", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daley-henrietta-jessie-shaw\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Malvern, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Mosman, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "After moving to Canberra with her family in 1926, Jessie Daley became involved with a variety of community associations. She joined the Canberra Society of Arts and Literature, was the first President of the Canberra Ladies' Choir, became a member (later President) of the Canberra Golf Club Associates as well as being a member of the Canberra Women's Hockey Club and school associations.\nIn 1930 Daley became President of the local Girl Guides' association and was district commissioner (1931-1932).\nA member of the Canberra Mothercraft Society, Daley was Vice-President from 1930 until March 1935 when she became President. It was at a difficult time for the society with board disharmony and staffing problems. She resigned as President in May 1935 and was not re-elected.\nDaley became a member of the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA), using her expertise to organise social, sporting and cultural activities as a welcome for newcomers to the city and to raise funds for charity. In 1937 she became Vice-President of the YWCA's Canberra branch and a non-resident member of the national board.\nOn 4 July 1939 Daley was elected Foundation President of the Australian Capital Territory branch of the National Council of Women. The Council worked with the Canberra Relief Society to assist the needy.\nJessie Daley died of cancer on 10 November 1943 at Mosman.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-mothering-years-the-story-of-the-canberra-mothercraft-society-1926-1979\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daley-henrietta-jessie-shaw-1890-1943\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lane, Ethel Marion", "Entry ID": "AWE0475", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lane-ethel-marion\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ulverston, England", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Nurse, Servicewoman", "Summary": "From the 1960s Ethel Lane devoted her time to helping service organisations. A member of the Australian Army Nursing Service during World War II, Lane was associated with the Returned & Services League as well as the War Widows' Guild of Australia.\nLane was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) on 11 June 1990 and appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire on 30 December 1978 for service to the community, in the field of veterans' welfare.\n", "Events": "Completed nursing training at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (1937 - 1941) \nDeputy Chairman of the Board for the War Veterans' Home (1977 - 1977) \nHonorary secretary for the Returned Navy, Army and Air Force Sisters' Sub Branch of the Returned & Services League (1964 - 1978) \nMarried Doctor Raymond Lane (1946 - 1946) \nMember of the Board of Directors of the War Veterans' Home (1974 - 1974) \nNational Vice-President of the Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps Association (1980 - 1980) \nNational Vice-President of the War Widows' Guild of Australia (1979 - 1979) \nNew South Wales State President of the War Widows' Guild of Australia (1977 - 1982) \nSecretary of the New South Wales Memorial Club (1966 - 1975) \nSecretary of the New South Wales State Council of the Returned & Services League (1972 - 1974) \nServed with the Australian Army Nursing Service (1942 - 1946) \nStaff nurse with the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (1942 - 1942)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stalker-ethel-marian\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stalker-ethel-marian-service-number-nfx165741-date-of-birth-05-jul-1918-place-of-birth-ulverston-england-place-of-enlistment-concord-nsw-next-of-kin-stalker-gertrude\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Penman, Alice Maud", "Entry ID": "AWE0476", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/penman-alice-maud\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Servicewoman", "Summary": "President of the Women's Services Sub-Branch of the RSL, Alice Penman served with the Australian Army during World War II. She served in the Middle East as a Voluntary Aid Detachment member and then in Far North Queensland. Penman later served with the Australian Army Medical Women's Service (AAMWS) after the Government of the time decided to distinguish between military and non-military Voluntary Aids.\nDuring the 'Australia Remembers, 1945-1995' celebrations Penman participated in a number of functions emphasizing the work carried out by the Voluntary Aid Detachment Red Cross members.\nOn 13 June 1993 she was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for service to veterans particularly through the Returned & Services League New South Wales and to the Friends of the Northcott Neurological Centre.\n", "Events": "Along with a number of other Voluntary Aids from World War II, Alice Penman spoke about her wartime experiences at a commemorative luncheon as part of the 'Australia Remembers, 1945-1995' celebrations (1995 - 1995) \nAn Army Camp established at Bathurst and VADs worked in canteens, sewed a garment a week for the Red Cross, sold buttons and worked in local and camp hospitals (1939 - 1939) \nAssistant Commandant at Haberfield VAD (1947 - 1947) \nAwarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (1993 - 1993) \nBrown Owl of the 2nd Beecroft Brownies (1952 - 1952) \nFamily moved to Gilgandra, NSW. Joined the Red Cross and Country Women's Association (1962 - 1962) \nFoundation member of the Bathurst Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) (1937 - 1937) \nJoined Women's Services Sub-Branch RSL, and has served in a number of offices including being Women's State Councillor on State Council for 2 years (1946 - 1946) \nOrganised, with the help of Girl Guides, a memorabilia display at St Ives Shopping Centre as part of the 'Australia Remembers, 1945-1995' celebrations (1995 - 1995) \nPresident of the Women's Services Sub-Branch RSL (1995 - 1995) \nSelected to join the Australian Infantry Force (AIF) for service overseas (1941 - 1941) \nServed in Atherton, North Queensland (1943 - 1945) \nServed with the 2\/6 Australian General Hospital at Gaza, Palestine (1941 - 1943) \nVolunteer at the National Artillery Museum at North Fort. Has dressed two static models, one representing the Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS), whose members served at the Fort during World War II and the other wearing a VAD uniform (1987 - 1987) \nWar ended (1945 - 1945)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/penman-alice-maud-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collection-of-poetry-from-the-memorabilia-of-alice-penman-oam\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/their-sacrifice-australia-remembers-1945-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/penman-alice-maud-service-number-nx76505-date-of-birth-17-mar-1918-place-of-birth-rockhampton-qld-place-of-enlistment-unknown-next-of-kin-burns-arthur\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alice-maud-penman-nee-burns-as-a-corporal-served-gaza-ridge-palestine-and-2-6th-australia-general-hospital-atherton-qld-interviewed-by-edward-stokes-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-austral\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/corporal-alice-penman-with-private-h-e-emily-lewis\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/group-portrait-of-members-of-the-first-vad-voluntary-aid-detachment-contingent-to-travel-overseas\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kilo-89-camp-gaza-ridge-palestine-c-december-1941-the-four-voluntary-aid-detachment-vad-occupants-of-tent-no-9-stand-in-front-of-their-quarters\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/studio-portrait-of-nx76505-alice-burns-voluntary-aid-detachment-vad\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Austral, Florence Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE0558", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/austral-florence-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Richmond, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Opera singer", "Summary": "Born Mary Wilson at Richmond, Victoria, she was also known by her stepfather's name, Fawaz, before adopting the name of her country as a stage name prior to her debut in 1922 at Covent Garden. Known as one of the world's greatest Wagnerian sopranos Florence Austral married the Australian virtuoso flautist John Amadio in 1925 and toured widely with him in America and Australia. After the Second World War she returned to Australia almost completely paralysed with multiple sclerosis. She nevertheless taught until her retirement in 1959. Austral died at a nursing home in Newcastle on 16 May 1968.\n", "Events": "Adopted the professional name of Florence Austral (1921 - 1921) \nAfter a farewell concert she left to study Italian opera in New York (1919 - 1919) \nAppeared at Albert Hall during a Sunday concert (1921 - 1921) \nAppeared for benefit concerts during the Second World War (1939 - 1945) \nAppeared with Dame Nellie Melba (1923 - 1923) \nAustral and Amadio returned to Australia for a season of concerts in capital cities and large country towns (1934 - 1935) \nAustral returned to Australia (1946 - 1946) \nAustral returned to London (1936 - 1936) \nDebuted as Brunnhilde in Die Walkure at Covent Garden under the auspices of the British National Opera Company (1922 - 1922) \nGave a concert in Melbourne, Australia (1930 - 1930) \nGave a concert in Sydney, Australia (1930 - 1930) \nJoined Berlin State Opera as principal (1930 - 1930) \nMarried John Amadio at Hapstead, London (1925 - 1925) \nTeaching with the Newcastle branch of the New South Wales State Conservatorium of Music (1954 - 1959) \nToured Holland (1931 - 1931) \nToured Holland (1933 - 1934) \nToured North America (1925 - 1925) \nToured North America (1931 - 1932) \nToured North America (1932 - 1933) \nWon an entrance exhibition to the University Conservatorium (1917 - 1917) \nWon first prize in the mezzo-soprano section and second prize in two others at the South Street competitions, Ballarat, Victoria (1913 - 1913)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/austral-florence-australian-soprano-1894-1968\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/florence-austral-one-of-the-wonder-voices-of-the-world\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/florence-austral-one-of-the-wonder-voices-of-the-world-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/austral-florence-mary-1892-1968\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/when-austral-sang-the-biography-of-florence-austral\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-melba-memorial-conservatorium-of-music\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Tenison Woods, Mary Cecil", "Entry ID": "AWE0568", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tenison-woods-mary-cecil\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Ryde, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Barrister, Child welfare advocate, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Mary Tenison Woods (n\u00e9e Kitson) was the first woman to graduate in law in South Australia. She was admitted to the bar on 20 October 1917. Her application to become a public notary in 1921 led to a change in the law: the existing Act did not include women as 'persons'.\nWhen Mary married in 1924 her partners did not wish to work with a married woman. Mary left the firm and formed a new partnership in 1925, in what may have been the first female practice in Australia. In the mid 1930s, Mary moved to Sydney and worked as a legal editor.\nFollowing the failure of her marriage to Julian Tenison Woods, she moved to Sydney with her son, where she worked as a legal editor. In 1941 she became a member of the Child Welfare Advisory Council (NSW), held many honorary positions and served on a number of boards. Mary lectured at the university on legal aspects of social work and wrote several legal textbooks on a range of subjects.\nIn 1950 Tenison Woods was appointed chief of the office of the status of women in the division of human rights, United Nations Secretariat, New York. During her term two major conventions were adopted: the Convention of the Political Rights of Women (1952), the first international law aimed at the granting and protection of women's full political rights, and the Convention of the Nationality of Married Women (1957) which decreed that marriage should not affect the nationality of a wife.\nOn 13 June 1959 Mary Tenison Woods was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for public service, especially with the United Nations. Previously she had been appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 8 June 1950 for services to child welfare.\n", "Events": "After moving to Sydney with her son, she worked as legal editor with Butterworth's Book Company (1930 - 1950) \nAppointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for public service, especially with the United Nations Organization (1959 - 1959) \nAppointed appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to child welfare. (1950 - 1950) \nAppointed Chief of the Office of the Status of Women in the Human Rights Division of the United Nations (1950 - 1958) \nBecame a partner in the reconstituted firm of Johnstone, Ronald & Kitson (1919 - 1919) \nFirst woman to be admitted to the Bar in South Australia (1917 - 1917) \nFounder of the New South Wales St Joan's Social and Political Alliance (1946 - 1946) \nGraduated from the University of Adelaide, (LLB) (1916 - 1916) \nHer husband's name was removed from the roll for misuse of trust funds. The couple separated. (1927 - 1927) \nJoined Dorothy Somerville in practice, as her former partners preferred not to work with a married woman (1925 - 1925) \nKitson's application to become a public notary led to a change in the law: the existing Act did not include women as 'persons' (1921 - 1921) \nLectured part time at the University of Sydney on legal aspects of social work (1940 - 1950) \nMary Kitson married barrister and solicitor, Julian Gordon Tenison Woods, they were to have one son (1924 - 1924) \nNominated (unsuccessfully) to be the Australian representative on the United Nations Organization Status of Women Commission (1948 - 1948) \nPublished Juvenile Delinquency (1937 - 1937) \nSat on the board of the Women's Australian National Services (1940 - 1945) \nServed on the New South Wales Board of Social Studies at the University of Sydney (1941 - 1949) \nServed on the New South Wales Board of Social Study and Training (1935 - 1940) \nShe received grants from the Carnegie Corporation to research delinquency (1930 - 1930) \nWrote two articles for the Sydney Morning Herald highlighting problems at Parramatta and at the Gosford Boy's Home (1944 - 1944)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-tenison-woods\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-tenison-woods-social-and-political-activist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/capital-issues-and-economic-organization-regulations-as-amended-to-date-and-continued-in-force-by-the-commonwealth-defence-transitional-provisions-act-1946\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/butterworths-commercial-legislation-service-being-a-complete-digest-of-acts-of-parliament-regulations-and-orders-of-the-commonwealth-and-all-states-of-australia-including-notes-on-decisions-of-the\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/butterworths-digest-of-commercial-legislation-1947-being-a-complete-digest-of-acts-of-parliament-regulations-rules-and-orders-of-the-commonwealth-and-all-states-of-australia-which-relate-to-commerc\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/digest-of-commercial-legislation-being-a-complete-digest-of-acts-of-parliament-regulations-rules-and-orders-of-the-commonwealth-and-all-states-of-australia-which-relate-to-commerce\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/digest-of-war-legislation-in-australia-being-a-complete-digest-of-acts-of-parliament-regulations-rules-and-orders-by-laws-proclamations-and-notices-of-the-commonwealth-and-all-states-of-australi\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ex-servicemens-legislation-being-the-re-establishment-and-employment-act-1945\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/juvenile-delinquency-with-special-references-to-institutional-treatment\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/landlord-and-tenant-and-land-sales-control-legislation-of-new-south-wales-being-the-landlord-and-tenant-amendment-act-1948-and-war-service-moratorium-regulations\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/landlord-and-tenant-commonwealth-regulations\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/price-regulations-consolidated-and-annotated-being-prices-regulations-as-amended-to-date-and-continued-in-force-by-the-commonwealth-defence-transitional-provisions-act-1946\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/three-women-of-faith-gertrude-abbott-elizabeth-anstice-baker-and-mary-tenison-woods\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tenison-woods-mary-cecil-1893-1971\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-mary-cecil-tenison-woods-barrister-legal-author-and-editor-and-child-welfare-reformer-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Heysen, Nora", "Entry ID": "AWE0596", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heysen-nora\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Hahndorf, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist", "Summary": "The daughter of South Australian landscape painter Sir Hans Heysen, Nora Heysen was the first woman to win the Archibald portrait prize (1938) and the first women to be appointed as an Australian war artist on 12 October 1943. During her service Heysen completed over 170 works of art. Following the war she travelled to England and in January 1953 married Dr Robert Black, who was to become the Head of Tropical Medicine at the University of Sydney. On 26 January 1998 Nora Heysen was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia for her service to art as a painter of portraits and still life subjects.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heysen-nora-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nora-heysen\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/youll-be-sorry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-1938-the-first-woman-to-win-the-archibald-prize\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/conversation-with-nora-heysen\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hidden-from-view-manuscript-nora-heysen-twentieth-century-australian-artist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nora-heysen-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nora-heysen-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-cautious-gaze\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-remarkable-artist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/visions-of-life-in-belated-focus\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/painting-of-the-week-no-10-portrait-study-1933-nora-heysen-born-1911\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nora-heysens-back-to-paint-memory-lane\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/noted-artist-nora-heysen-dies-at-92\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/painter-made-her-own-mark\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/her-voyage-was-lit-by-a-fathers-fire\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trailblazer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nora-heysen-1911-2003\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nora-heysen-1913-2003-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-nora-heysen-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nora-heysen-interviewed-by-denise-hickey-in-denise-hickey-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nora-heysen-interviewed-by-heather-rusden-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wedgwood, Camilla Hildegarde", "Entry ID": "AWE0628", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wedgwood-camilla-hildegarde\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England", "Death Place": "St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Anthropologist, Educator", "Summary": "Camilla Wedgwood, the fifth of seven children of Josiah and Ethel (n\u00e9e Bowen) Wedgwood, came to Australia in 1928 to lecture in anthropology at the University of Sydney. She then lectured at the University of Capetown, South Africa and at the London School of Economics and Political Science before being granted a fellowship to study the lives of women and children on Manam Island, New Guinea by the Australian National Research Council. Later Wedgwood became principal of Women's College at the University of Sydney and held this position until her appointment in the Australian Army Medical Women's Service, at the express wish of General Sir Thomas Blamey. She developed policies for postwar educational reconstruction in Papua New Guinea. Following her discharge Wedgwood returned to lecturing. A member of the Australian Student Christian Movement she was also involved with the Rachel Forster Hospital for Women and Children, the Anthropological Society of New South Wales, the Australian Federation of University Women and the Australian Institute of International Affairs.\n", "Events": "Assistant lecturer in the Department of Social Studies at Bedford College, London (1926 - 1927) \nAssistant lecturer with the London School of Economics (1931 - 1932) \nCarried out research work in Nauru Island (1935 - 1935) \nCouncil member of the Royal Anthropological Institute (1931 - 1932) \nFellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (1924 - 1924) \nGranted a fellowship by the Australian National Research Council for research work in Manam Island, New Guinea (1932 - 1934) \nHeld the Arthur Hugh Clough scholarship (1923 - 1923) \nHeld the Bathurst scholarship (1924 - 1924) \nHonorary lecturer in Anthropology at the University of Sydney (1936 - 1944) \nJoined the Society of Friends (1925 - 1925) \nLecturer in the Department of Anthropology with the University of Sydney (1928 - 1929) \nLieutenant-colonel, in the Australian Army Medical Women's Service, attached to the Army Directorate of Research and Land Headquarters School of Civil Affairs (1944 - 1946) \nMember of the British Social Hygiene Council (1931 - 1932) \nPassed anthropology tripos (1924 - 1924) \nPassed with first-class honours the English tripos (1922 - 1922) \nPrincipal of the Women's College at the University of Sydney (1935 - 1944) \nQualified as Master of Arts (MA) (1927 - 1927) \nSenior lecturer in native administration at the Australian School of Pacific Administration (now ITI, International Training Institute) (1949 - 1949) \nService in New Guinea (1944 - 1945) \nStudied anthropology at Newnham College, Cambridge, under W E Armstrong and A C Haddon (1920 - 1920) \nTaught at the Institute of Education at the University of London (1947 - 1948) \nTemporary lecturer in the Department of African Life and Languages with the University of Cape Town (1930 - 1930)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wedgwood-camilla-hildergarde\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/youll-be-sorry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wedgwood-camilla-hildegarde-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/malekula-a-vanishing-people-in-the-new-hebrides\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/education-in-the-pacific-islands-a-selective-bibliography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/plays-for-young-pupils\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-hiri\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/development-and-welfare-in-the-western-pacific\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-camilla-wedgwood-1928-1954-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/manam-island-territory-of-new-guinea-and-nauru-1932-1935-picture-c-h-wedgwood\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-archives-of-wedgwood-camilla-hildegarde-1901-1955\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/typescript-research-notes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-camilla-hildegarde-wedgwood\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ernest-william-pearson-chinnery-1897-1971-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-camilla-wedgwood-1913-1955-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-relating-to-asopa-courses-1949-1956-1988-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-june-epstein-1935-1999-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dunkley, Louisa Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE0647", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dunkley-louisa-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Richmond, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Longueville, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Trade unionist", "Summary": "Louisa Dunkley co-founded the Victorian Women's Post and Telegraph Association in 1900. A campaigner for equal pay for women, she joined the Postmaster-General's Department in 1882. By 1890 Dunkley had passed the proficiency tests and transferred to the Chief Telegraph Office as a telegraphist. In the 1890s she helped to establish a committee of women telegraphists and postmistresses to present a case for equal pay, with their male colleagues in the Post and Telegraph Department of Victoria. They received increases in salary, though not equality with men telegraphists. Because the male union discourages female members the Victorian Women's Post and Telegraph Association was established in 1900 with Dunkley as vice-president. She represented the association at the telegraphists' conference in October 1900 at Sydney, where she met her future husband, Edward Charles Kraegen, secretary of the New South Wales and Commonwealth Post and Telegraph associations from 1885 to 1904.\n", "Events": "Became interested in unionism from her experience of unfair conditions in pay and status of women workers in the Victorian public service. With colleagues presented a case for equal pay. They received an increase in salary, though not equality with men. (1890 - 1890) \nElected a delegate to attend all-colonies telegraphists conference held in Sydney. Her advocacy of equal pay and status under new Commonwealth conditions was endorsed. (1900 - 1900) \nFederal electorate seat of Dunkley was created. (1984 - 1984) \nFollowing her marriage to Edward Charles Kraegen, they had two children, she resigned from the Postmaster-General's Department. (1903 - 1903) \nJoined the Postmaster-General's Department as a junior assistant. (1882 - 1882) \nOne of the founders of the Victorian Women's Post and Telegraph Association. (1900 - 1900) \nPassed proficiency test and transferred to the Chief Telegraph Office as a telegraphist. (1890 - 1890) \nStudied telegraphy and qualified as an operator. (1888 - 1888) \nVice-President of the Victorian Women's Post and Telegraph Association (1900 - 1904) \nWorked in Melbourne metropolitan post and telegraph offices. (1888 - 1890)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dunkley-louisa\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dunkley-louisa-margaret-1866-1927\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pioneers-of-our-industrial-the-women-telegraphists-of-melbourne-and-their-union-1895-1920\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/communicators-and-their-first-trade-unions-a-history-of-the-telegraphist-and-postal-clerk-unions-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-the-victorian-post-office\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Greville, Henrietta", "Entry ID": "AWE0650", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greville-henrietta\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Dunedin, New Zealand", "Death Place": "Lakemba, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Trade unionist", "Summary": "Henrietta Greville established her life-long involvement with the labour movement when she moved to the goldfields at West Wyalong, following the breakdown of her marriage to John Collins. Here she pegged out a claim, sold meals to the miners and helped establish a branch of the Political Labor League, as well as meeting her future husband, miner and union organizer, Hector Greville. To help support her family Greville, at times, worked as a seamstress. Later she became an organizer for the Australian Workers' Union, the Women Workers' Union, and for some time acted as its delegate at the Trades and Labor Council. As a Labor candidate, Greville was defeated for the federal seat of Wentworth in 1917 and the state seat of Vaucluse in 1927. Greville became associated with the Workers' Educational Association of New South Wales in 1914 when she joined an economics class. By 1918 she was branch secretary at Lithgow, became a member of the executive in 1919 and the first woman president in 1920. Greville was still active with the association in 1954, at the age of 94. On 1 January 1958 Henrietta Greville was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for social welfare services in New South Wales.\n", "Events": "Aged 94 directed a group of women studing sex hygiene for WEA (1954 - 1954) \nAppointed Member of the Order of the British Empire for social welfare services in New South Wales (1958 - 1958) \nBecame a life-member of the Union of Australian Women (1945 - 1945) \nCampaigned against conscription (1916 - 1917) \nDelegate to Trades and Labor Council (1890 - 1890) \nFirst woman to be elected president of WEA (1920 - 1920) \nJoined the first tutorial class of the Workers' Educational Association (WEA) of New South Wales and studied economics for two years (1914 - 1914) \nJoined the Labor Party (1891 - 1891) \nLabor candidate for the New South Wales State seat of Vaucluse (1927 - 1927) \nMarried Hector Greville a miner and union organizer (1894 - ) \nMarried John Collins a jeweller at Albury Registry Office (1881 - ) \nMoved with her parents Henry and Rebecca (n\u00e9e Hutchinson) Wyse and siblings from New Zealand to Victoria (1866 - 1866) \nOrganiser for the Australian Workers Union (1890 - 1890) \nOrganizer for the White Workers' Union and attacked the working conditions and wages of female shirt-makers (1908 - 1908) \nPresident of the Labor Women's Advisory Council (1938 - 1938) \nStood, unsuccessfully, for the Federal electorate seat of Wentworth, representing the Women's Central Organising Committee of the Australian Labor Party (1917 - 1917) \nWorked for the Rockdale branch of the Original Old Age and Invalid Pensioners' Association (1940 - 1940)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/more-than-a-hat-and-glove-brigade-the-story-of-the-union-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/henrietta-greville-veteran-labor-pioneer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greville-henrietta-1861-1964\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/william-morrow-recordings-of-addresses-given-by-jessie-street-and-interviews-with-jessie-street-1953-1960\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "MacLeod, Barbara Denise", "Entry ID": "AWE0661", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/macleod-barbara-denise\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bunbury, Western Australia", "Death Place": "Mollymook, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Former primary school teacher Barbara MacLeod joined the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service in 1954. During her service she served in every Australian state except Western Australia. In 1976 MacLeod became the first woman officer of any service to attend the Australian Administrative Staff College (AASC). Three years later she was the first woman naval officer of Captain's rank to be posted to a male Captain's position. In 1982 MacLeod became an Honorary Aide-de-Camp (ADC) to Queen Elizabeth. She was the first Australian woman to be appointed as an ADC, a post which had to be relinquished on her retirement. On 9 June 1975 Naval Officer Barbara MacLeod became a Member of the Order of Australia. She was also awarded the Queen's Silver Jubilee Medal (1977) and the National Medal (1977) and Bar (1979).\n", "Events": "Advised on the setting up of the Wrans' quarters at HMAS Albatross, the naval air station at Nowra, NSW (1963 - 1963) \nAppointed a member in the Military Divisions of the Order of Australia (1975 - 1975) \nAppointed Aide-de-Camp to Queen Elizabeth and required to attend Royal functions whenever the Queen was in Australia (1982 - 1982) \nAppointed Director of Navy Industrial policy and responsible for policy on housing, leave and pay (1979 - 1984) \nAppointed Director of the WRANS (1973 - 1979) \nAwarded Bar for the National Medal (1979 - 1979) \nAwarded the National Medal (1977 - 1977) \nAwarded the Queen's Silver Jubilee Medal (1977 - 1977) \nCommand WRANS officer to flag officer commanding East Australian Area (1971 - 1973) \nCommenced Officer Training Course (1954 - 1954) \nCommissioned as a probationary Third Officer (1954 - 1954) \nCompleted Advance Course at the Australian Administrative Staff College (AASC) (1976 - 1976) \nFirst woman sent by Defence to the Australian Administrative Staff College (1970 - 1970) \nFoundation member of the Australian Naval Institute (1975 - 1975) \nGraduated from the Western Australian Teachers College (1950 - 1950) \nJoined the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS) as a Direct Entry Officer Candidate (1953 - 1953) \nPrimary school teacher in Western Australia (1951 - 1953) \nPromoted to Chief Officer (1972 - 1972) \nPromoted to First Officer (1962 - 1962) \nPromoted to Second Officer (1958 - 1958) \nVice-president of the Australian Naval Institute (1975 - 1978)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ships-belles-the-story-of-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service-in-war-and-peace-1941-1985\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/requiem-for-a-wran-new-south-wales-ex-wrans-association\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-barbara-macleod-former-chief-officer-wrans-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Shore, Ivy (Billie)", "Entry ID": "AWE0777", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shore-ivy-billie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brunswick, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Paddington, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist", "Summary": "Ivy Shore won the Portia Geach Memorial Art Award (Australia's richest and most prestigious art award for women painters only) with her first entry - a portrait of Della Elliott- in 1979. She went on to win \"Most Highly Commended\" prizes in the 'Portia' three times thereafter, making her the top winner in the history of the award.\n", "Details": "Ivy Shore was born in Brunswick, Victoria on 14 January 1915. She was the youngest of seven children born to New South Wales engineer John Williams and Elka (n\u00e9e Zandover - who came originally from Warsaw and was a leading light in the South Australian suffragette movement. Ivy remembers a photo of her mother being carried shoulder-high by other suffragettes, on the front page of an Adelaide newspaper). Ivy's parents moved often because John Williams was employed in jobs that varied from manager of the government battery at Mt Leonora in Western Australia to managing building projects in Victoria. When he died of influenza in 1919 the family was living in Melbourne, but after John was buried in Coburg Cemetery Elka took the children to Adelaide and settled near the beach at Glenelg. This was where Ivy grew up, in a big house always full of visitors and a happy environment always filled with friends. Ivy's childhood friends (like Lillian Appleton) always called her Billie. After finishing school Ivy trained as a seamstress. In 1936 Ivy met Irvine Alfred (Ray) Shore (b.13 Feb 1903 in Rosatala, South Australia) who was a rising star in financial management. When Ray pursued Ivy, she rejected him at first and ran away to Sydney with her best friend Lillian. But Ray followed her there, and they were eventually married at St Jude's Church of England Randwick on 12 November 1938. They initially lived in Carrington Road, Randwick, and Ray established the offices of Ray Shore Pty Ltd (Financiers) in Castlereagh Street Sydney. Ray's business prospered and by 1950 they had two boys Harvey (14 February 1947) and Russell (29 April 1949) and had moved into a big house at 1 Black Street, Vaucluse. But the marriage did not proceed smoothly, and by 1957 it was failing. Ivy was encouraged by her friends to seek an interest outside the Vaucluse home. Some of them had recently enrolled for art classes with a new painter in Sydney who had just been made a fellow of the Royal Art Society and sold his first Archibald entry to the Art Gallery of NSW. They encouraged Ivy to enrol in his classes too. The new painter was Graeme Inson.\nIn 1960, Ivy and Ray Shore separated. The home in Vaucluse was sold, and Ivy bought a house at 29 Ocean Street Woollahra. She lived there until she died in 1999. Ivy's relationship with Graeme Inson now strengthened. In 1962, Ray Shore died. Soon afterwards, Graeme also moved into 29 Ocean Street and it also became his home until he died in 2000. Ivy looked after Graeme's domestic needs and shared his professional and social life. Their relationship was extremely harmonious in almost every aspect. Through the 60s Ivy continued to develop her artistic skills under Graeme's tutelage, and he in turn eventually dubbed her \"my greatest student.\" Ivy painted many landscapes and still-life, but always loved portraits best.\nGraeme was a strict teacher, who allowed little variance in his Meldrum Method of tonal impressionism. But Ivy was brave enough to follow her own instincts, and develop her own artistic technique beyond the strict Meldrum Method. She also wanted to enter art competitions, but she felt that entering major competitions like the Archibald would put her in conflict with Graeme. So instead she focused on the Portia Geach Memorial Art Award, Australia's richest art competition for women painters only. In 1976, Ivy entered the 'Portia' for the first time with a portrait of Margaret Shore. This was selected by the judges for hanging, and it now hangs permanently at Cheltenham Girls High School where Margaret became a celebrated headmistress.) In succeeding years Ivy continued to enter the 'Portia' with portraits of actress June Salter (1977) and Lorna O'Regan (1978). Her portraits continued to be hung every year.\nIn 1979, Ivy won the Portia Geach Art Award with her portrait of Kondelia (Della) Elliott, wife of celebrated communist leader of the Australian Seaman's Union Elliot V. Elliott. Ivy's winning entry in the 'Portia' was also her first departure from the strict Meldrum Method taught by Graeme Inson. This departure charmed the 'Portia' judges (including John Coburn and Lady Fairfax) but annoyed Graeme to the extent that he actually walked out of the family celebration and went to live in his studio (which by now had moved from Rowe Street to a building in Sussex Street that had once been The Dundee Arms Hotel.) He later apologised and returned home after a week. Graeme claimed he had been upset by Ivy's departure from the Meldrum Method. Others said he was just miffed that Ivy had beaten him to win a prestigious award, though this does not seem likely because the 'Portia' is open to women artists only. Whatever the reason, they agreed to differ in their styles, and Ivy continued to develop hers, and to enter her developing style in the Portia Geach each year. Her 1980 portrait of Cranbrook School teacher George Woodger was again hung in competition. Her 1981 self-portrait was again hung and was specially 'Commended' by the judges. Her 1982 self-portrait Triptych was again hung and won the 'Highly Commended Award.' So too did her 1986 self-portrait. Ivy's paintings continued to be hung in the 'Portia', and were also hung on many occasions by the judges of the Royal Easter Show Art Prize Exhibition. She was approached often to enter portraits for the Archibald Prize, but her teacher Graeme Inson was also competing for that prize, so Ivy typically chose harmony over honours and left the Archibald to him. Graeme declared that Ivy's work had achieved a 'unique excellence', and took pride in calling her 'my greatest student'. But he continued to express displeasure at her developing style. So Ivy used her 'Portia' prize-money to have a studio built to her specifications by architect Peter Moffitt above the garage of her Woollahra home, and did all her painting from there - away from Graeme's sight. This allowed harmony to remain in their relationship. However a continuing resistance from Graeme eventually slowed Ivy's output. She last entered the 'Portia' with a self-portrait called \"Looking Back\" (1992), which showed herself looking at the floating images of her face from previous 'Portia' self-portraits. In 1993, she painted \"Influences\" - a tribute to the five people who had most influenced her developing style. It showed Henry Henke, Robert Haines, Justin O'Brien, Graeme Inson and Lloyd Rees at a dinner table, with Graeme Inson holding forth as usual with a wine glass in hand. This painting now hangs in The Dundee Arms Hotel with others, including Graeme's most loved portrait of Ivy herself, as part of a permanent exhibition mounted as a tribute to Inson and Shore by the Sheraton Group, following their acquisition of the building in 1985.\nWith this portrait, Ivy ceased painting. She later said it became a choice between her art and her relationship with Graeme Inson - and she chose her relationship! Happily this endured. Ivy continued to look after Graeme's affairs and his classes when he began to travel overseas on extensive painting trips. Their extensive correspondence that resulted from these trips was compiled into a manuscript by Graeme and is now preserved in the archives of the Art Gallery of NSW. Ivy also looked after Graeme when he was diagnosed with bowel cancer in 1996 and successfully operated on.\nIn 1998, Ivy herself became ill with a swollen spleen. This was eventually removed, but during the operation (at St Vincent's Hospital in Paddington) cancer was discovered. This developed quickly and, sadly, Ivy died on 25 August, 1999. She was cremated in the North Shore Crematorium and her ashes were scattered by Graeme and her two children on the Rose Garden at Centennial Park where she had often taken her children when they were small so they could feed the ducks in the nearby pond.\nGraeme Inson continued to live in Ivy's home - for just nine months. On 9 May, 2000 he became suddenly ill while teaching a class of his students, and was rushed to St Vincent's Hospital where Ivy had died nine months earlier. He spent a peaceful night. But on the following morning - 10 May - Graeme suddenly had a massive heart attack and died. His friends said he died from a broken heart!\nGraeme was cremated in the same chapel as Ivy, at the North Shore Crematorium, and his ashes were scattered beside hers on the Rose Garden in Centennial Park by his step-sons Harvey and Russell Shore. Their mortal remains now rest together on a bed of roses - a requiem this artistic couple - who always loved laughter - would have truly appreciated.\nHer work hangs in many galleries and private collections around Australia and overseas in the United Kingdom and in Paris (France). Ivy was cherished to the end of her rich life and beyond by her sons Harvey and Russell, by many in the Arts community, and by an extraordinarily large circle of loving friends.\nLove life and share it, and remember that you are the hero of your own story. IVY SHORE.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ainsworth, Eve", "Entry ID": "AWE0856", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ainsworth-eve\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Eastlakes, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Eve Ainsworth was born in Adelaide, South Australia and was adopted in infancy by the couple whose name she was given. In 1941 she was called up for duty with the Australian Army Nursing Service and went to the Middle East later that year. On her return to Australia Eve nursed in Queensland, until her marriage in 1944.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-eve-ainsworth-sound-recording-interviewer-joan-durdin\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fry, Edith", "Entry ID": "AWE0995", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fry-edith\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "England", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist", "Summary": "Edith Ada Fry was born in England in 1858, the eighth child of James Kight and Amelia Fry and the youngest sister of Arthur Fry. When the family came to Sydney in the early 1870s they lived at \"Sunnyholt\", Blacktown; after her father's death in 1896 Edith moved with her mother and sister Katie to \"Headingley\" in Coogee and later to the North Shore. Edith was prominent in the early days of the women's movement in New South Wales; in the early 1890s she joined the Womanhood Suffrage League of New South Wales, was a member of its council and later honorary treasurer. It was during this time that she met Rose Scott, who became a close friend. A founding member in 1896 of the National Council of Women of New South Wales, she held various offices and was later appointed Honorary Life Vice-President. She was one of the Council's delegates at the Quinquennial Meeting of the International Council of Women held in Rome in 1913. She was also a founding member of the Women's Club in 1901, served on the Executive in its formative years and was made an Honarary Life Member. Edith Fry died in Sydney in 1940.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/box-09-fry-family-papers-of-edith-fry-1881-1940\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bensusan, Julia", "Entry ID": "AWE1011", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bensusan-julia\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Charity worker", "Summary": "Julia Bensusan was founding secretary of the Sydney Foundling Institution, later renamed the Infants' Home, Ashfield. She served on the Board from 1874 until her death in 1878. All members of the first committee were described as ' women of prominence in Australia\u2026 who tried to use their influence to improve social conditions'.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/betrayed-and-forsaken-the-official-history-of-the-infants-home-ashfield-founded-in-1874-as-the-sydney-foundling-institution\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-julia-r-bensusan-scrapbook-1862-1878\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Vanzella, Enrica", "Entry ID": "AWE1025", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vanzella-enrica\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Silea, near Treviso, Veneto, Italy", "Death Place": "Batlow, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Farmer", "Summary": "Enrica Vanzella migrated to Australia in 1929 to join her father who was already in the country. In 1936 she married Bill Vanzella and moved to the family orchard, 'Alta Villa' in Batlow, New South Wales. Enrica was president of the Batlow Women's Bowling Club, the Southern Highlands District Women's Bowling Association and the Batlow and District Garden Club.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/enrica-vanzella-this-is-my-life-autobiography-of-enrica-vanzella-nee-boscariol-apr-1999\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Archer, Caroline Lillian", "Entry ID": "AWE1071", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/archer-caroline-lillian\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cherbourg Aboriginal Reserve, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Coonabarabran, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal rights activist", "Summary": "Caroline Archer was born in 1922 and is best known for her leadership in the 1970s of the One People of Australian League (OPAL), an organisation that sought to promote the interests of Aboriginal people. She was appointed executive officer of OPAL in 1972, becoming the first Aboriginal person to hold the position.\n", "Details": "Caroline Archer was born at Cherbourg Aboriginal Reserve, where she received poor education and suffered from malnutrition. After working as a domestic servant at 'Whetstone' station near Inglewood, she moved to Brisbane, working first in a private home and then at the Canberra Hotel (1935-49), where she learnt to operate the switchboard. In 1950 she was employed as a PMG switchboard operator. On 29 December 1951 she married Fredrick Archer, a photographer; they had two daughters and a son. She opened an Aboriginal art shop, where she gave training to Aboriginal women.\nIn 1972 she was asked to run the Miss OPAL quest and was subsequently appointed the first Aboriginal executive officer of OPAL (the One People of Australia League). As State president of OPAL she travelled interstate to federal conferences and to lobby politicians. She was also nominated for election to the National Aboriginal Consultative Committee but failed to win election.\nCaroline spent much of her time teaching Aboriginal culture to children all over Queensland and in Canberra. She died at Archer, Coonabarabran on her way back to Brisbane from Narrabri on 8 September 1978.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/archer-caroline-lillian-1922-1978\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/death-of-two-opal-workers-joyce-wilding-and-caroline-archer-of-one-people-of-australia-league\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/my-people-my-lifes-work\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aias-newspaper-clippings\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Reading, Fanny", "Entry ID": "AWE1072", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reading-fanny\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Karelizt, Belarus, Russia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Medical practitioner, Women's rights activist, Zionist", "Summary": "Fanny Reading, medical practitioner and activist for Zionist and Jewish women's causes, was born near Minsk in Russia in 1884. After her family migrated to Australia, Reading taught Hebrew to private students before entering the University of Melbourne to study music and later medicine. Graduating in 1922, she moved to Sydney to join her brother's medical practice. In 1923, inspired by the visit of Zionist emissary Bella Pevsner, she founded the Council of Jewish Women - a Zionist organisation which was also active on a range of women's issues, both Jewish and non-Jewish.\n", "Details": "Reading's father fled Russia for Ballarat soon after her birth. Fanny and her mother spent some time in London before they were able to join him, and the family relocated to Melbourne in the early 1900s. During WWI, due to hostility towards the Germans, they changed their name from Rubinovich to Reading.\nIn 1925 she travelled to the United States, Europe and Palestine. She attended the Sixth Quinquennial Conference of the International Council of Women held in Washington DC as an alternate delegate of the ten-person Australian delegation. In 1929 she organised a conference in Sydney at which the National Council of Jewish Women was formed.\nReading was active in many other organisations, including the National Council of Women and the Socialist Club, of which she was vice president in 1929. She was also vice president of the Youth Aliyah (which assisted Jewish orphans in Israel) and in 1948 she (unsuccessfully) represented this group in a libel suit against Smith's Weekly which had alleged that they raised money to buy weapons to fight the British in Palestine. Through both the National Council of Jewish Women and the Australian Jewish Welfare Society she was also active in immigration reception work in the 1930s, particularly assisting Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2010 - 2010) \nFounder and Vice-President, Jewish Young People's Association (1911 - 1911) \nFounder and President, National Council of Jewish Women of Australia (NCJWA) (1923 - 1931)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-angel-of-kings-cross-the-life-and-times-of-dr-fanny-reading\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/service-to-women-dr-fannys-lifestyle\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/not-merely-housewives-australian-jewish-women-paper-presented-to-australian-jewish-historical-society-meeting-1980-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-changing-role-of-women-in-australian-jewrys-communal-structure\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dr-fanny-reading\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-law-of-loving-kindness-a-tribute-to-dr-fanny-reading-founder-of-the-national-council-of-jewish-women-of-australia-in-1923\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/perspectives-from-the-australian-jewish-community\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/making-a-difference-a-history-of-the-national-council-of-jewish-women-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/official-report-of-the-second-jewish-womens-conference-of-australasia-under-the-auspices-of-the-national-council-of-jewish-women-of-australia-held-at-sydney-n-s-w-march-8th-to-16th-1932\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/first-jewish-womens-conference-may-21st-to-27th-1929\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/meeting-new-migrants-on-the-wharves-a-significant-part-of-national-council-of-jewish-women-history-from-the-1920s-to-the-1950s\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beginning-with-esther-some-distinguished-jewish-women-of-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dr-fanny-reading-v-smiths-weekly\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reading-fanny-1884-1974\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographers-historians-as-surrogate-family\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sailing-from-past-memories-towards-safe-harbours-sea-change-healing-and-transformation\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/queenie-symonds-interviewed-by-brenda-factor-in-the-nsw-bicentennial-oral-history-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dr-fanny-reading-papers-photographs-and-realia-ca-1890-1974\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Clare, Monica", "Entry ID": "AWE1087", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clare-monica\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Dareel, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal leader, Aboriginal rights activist, Administrator", "Summary": "Monica Clare was the daughter of an Aboriginal shearer and an English women who died in childbirth when Monica was two years old. Taken into care at the age of seven, she and her brother grew up in a variety of foster homes in Sydney. After learning the finer arts of domestic service, Monica went out to work as a waitress and a factory hand.\nIn the 1950s, Monica became interested in Labor Politics. Her second husband, the trade unionist Leslie Clare, encouraged this interest and also encouraged her to be active in Aboriginal politics. She became the Secretary of the Aborigines Committee of the South Coast at Wollongong during the 1960s and, subsequently, of an Aboriginal committee called the South Coast Illawarra Tribe, from 1968 to 1973.\nMonica Clare worked tirelessly for the political and social equality of Aboriginal people, and their independence. She died suddenly on National Aborigines Day, 13 July 1973.\n", "Details": "Monica Clare was born in 1924, at Dareel on the Mooni River, ten miles from Mungindi, on the Queensland side of the border. Her father was an Aboriginal shearer, and her mother, surnamed Scott, was English. The family roamed the upper Darling until Monica's mother died in childbirth in c.1926. In 1931 Monica and her younger brother were taken by Child Welfare. They were first taken to 'Yasmar' Home, Haberfield, in Sydney, and then to Redmyre Road, Strathfield, where Monica learned domestic service. By 1932 the two children were fostered to Bill and Stella Woodbury who owned a farm near Spencer on the lower Hawkesbury River. During World War Two, Monica worked as a servant, in the W.D.&H.O. Wills cigarette factory, as a waitress at a Greek caf\u00e9, and in Peggy Page, a well-known Sydney dress factory. Her first marriage ending in divorce, Monica became interested in Labor politics. In 1956 she met Leslie Clare, a well-known secretary of several trade unions, and decided to move to Wollongong. Leslie was sympathetic to Aboriginal people and took her to various Aboriginal missions along the New South Wales coast. They married in 1960.\nMonica was the Secretary of the Aborigines Committee of the South Coast at Wollongong during the 1960s and subsequently of an Aboriginal committee called the South Coast Illawarra Tribe, from 1968 to 1973. She worked tirelessly for the political and social equality of Aboriginal people, and their independence. She died suddenly on National Aborigines Day, 13 July 1973, before she could revise and rewrite the manuscript for her autobiographical book Karobran: The Story of an Aboriginal Girl which was published in 1978.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karobran-the-story-of-an-aboriginal-girl\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-been-writing-blak\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/yesterdays-words-the-editing-of-monica-clares-karobran\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stories-of-herself-when-young-autobiographies-of-childhood-by-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/review-of-review-of-karoban\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-monica-clare\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-monica-clare-1978-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "James, Florence", "Entry ID": "AWE1103", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/james-florence\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Gisborne, Gisborne, New Zealand", "Death Place": "Manly, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Writer", "Summary": "Florence James (1902-1993) was a novelist, editor and reviewer. She was born in New Zealand and educated at Sydney University where she began her long association with Dymphna Cusack. Together James and Cusack wrote two books, 'Four Winds and a Family', a story for children, and 'Come in Spinner' which won the Sydney Daily Telegraph prize in 1948.\nFlorence James went to England in 1927. She shared a bedsitting room with Christina Stead for a short time, and worked mainly as a journalist and independent literary agent until her return to Australia in 1938. James went to England again in 1947 and from 1951 worked as an independent literary agent and reader for Constable and Co. and for Richmond, Towers and Benson Limited. While in London she acted as a talent scout for Australian and New Zealand writers including Mary Durack, Nene Gare, Maurice Shadbolt, David Martin and Sylvia Ashton-Warner.\nJames maintained a close friendship with many of the women she met at University and with the writers whose work she promoted. In the early 1970s she became an active member of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Australia. James married William ('Pym') Heyting in 1932. They divorced in 1948. They had two daughters. Florence James died in 1993.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/yarn-spinners-a-story-in-letters-dymphna-cusack-florence-james-miles-franklin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/come-in-spinner-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/florence-james-papers-1890-1993\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nancy-cato-1939-1995-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-and-literary-papers-1887-1954-microform\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wilhelm, Eileen Vimy", "Entry ID": "AWE1137", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wilhelm-eileen-vimy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Crystal Brook, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Health worker, social activist, Volunteer", "Summary": "Vim Wilhelm was named after the Vickers Vimy, a reconditioned WWI fighter bomber that flew from London to Australia and landed on the day she was born. Her father, Roy Klopper, was an early enthusiast of flying and had built his own aeroplane as a young man. Her mother, Jessie Sullivan, was a midwife and matron of the local hospital at Crystal Brook, north of Adelaide, South Australia. They named their daughter Eileen Vimy but she was nearly always Vim. Jessie died when Vim was ten, and Vim left school at the age of twelve to look after her four siblings. She picked up her formal education again at the age of seventeen when she went to Royal Adelaide Hospital to be a nurse. In 1943 she married a young doctor, Don Wilhelm (with whom she had two children), and graduated top of the state in 1944.\nOnce graduated, Vimy trained as a family planning nurse at the Marie Stopes Centre in London and learned to appreciate the worth of volunteering. Returning to Australia in 1960 and with some encouragement from Ruby Rich of the Racial Hygiene Association, Vimy joined the Family Planning Association of Australia (FPAA), where she eventually served as president and chief executive officer, on a full-time, volunteer basis. \"She ran the organisation as efficiently as she appears to have done everything else in her life,\" notes a friend. \"She turned it from an organisation that had virtually no profile at all, into one that was respected by the medical community and by the community at large.\" She was later appointed Patron of the Australian Federation of Family Planning Associations (AFFPA), and in 1976 was awarded the Order of Australia in recognition of her pioneering work in family planning. Between 1976 and 1997, Vimy held the Presidency of the NSW Committee of UNICEF and was elected a Life Member in 1994.\nAfter leaving UNICEF in 1997, Vim, at the age of 78, immediately offered her services to the University of New South Wales alumni association as a volunteer.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Moyle, Alice Marshall", "Entry ID": "AWE1152", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moyle-alice-marshall\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bloemfontein, South Africa", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Ethnomusicologist", "Summary": "Alice Marshall Moyle was an ethno-musicologist of high renown whose work is always referred to whenever Aboriginal music is studied in schools and tertiary institutions. A talented musician, she was prompted by a talk by A.P. Elkin, then Professor of Anthropology at the University of Sydney, to undertake a study of some recordings of Aboriginal music he had made. She was awarded the Master of Arts (Hons) for this work in 1957. She then undertook her own field trips to complete the first systematic attempt to identify and musically characterise the many different styles and genres of Aboriginal music found in northern and central Australia. Her doctoral thesis, awarded in 1975, was one outcome of this work.\nMoyle was a founding member of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies (AIAS) and became a Research Officer there from 1964 to 1965. From 1966-73 Moyle was AIAS Research Fellow in Ethnomusicology, based at Monash University and later a Research Fellow and Research Officer at the Institute in 1973 and 1974 respectively. Her work included the documentation of Aboriginal sound instruments, the history of Aboriginal music and dance through film, field recordings, archaeo-musicology, analysis, taxonomy, and the cataloguing and indexing of ethno-musicological material held in the Institute. She took a great interest in the preservation of recorded sound material and was the guiding force behind the establishment of the 'Sound Archive' at the (then) AIAS.\nMoyle also played a key role in the establishment of the Musicological Society of Australia and in 1982-83 served as the Society's National President. She was later instrumental in forming a branch of the International Council for Traditional Music in Australia. She became a Member of the Order of Australia - General Division on Australia Day 1977, was elected as an Honorary Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities on 4 November 1994, and received a degree of Doctor of Music (honoris causa) from the University of Sydney in 1989 and another from the University of Melbourne in 1995.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/musical-connections-the-life-and-work-of-alice-moyle\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ms-3501-alice-moyle-collection\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alice-moyle-collection\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sykes, Roberta (Bobbi)", "Entry ID": "AWE1199", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sykes-roberta-bobbi\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Townsville, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Administrator, Health worker, Journalist, Writer", "Summary": "Roberta (Bobbi) Sykes was born and brought up in Townsville, Queensland. She left school at 14 and trained as a nurse. In 1971 she moved to Sydney, and in 1972 helped establish the Aboriginal Tent Embassy in Canberra. She worked as Education and Publicity Officer for the newly founded Aboriginal Medical Service in Redfern, and began a ten-year career as a freelance journalist. She has written poetry and film reviews, and contributed to contemporary discussions on a wide range of indigenous issues.\nFrom 1975 to 1980 Bobbi Sykes was an adviser on Aboriginal health and education to the New South Wales Health Commission, following which she moved to the United States and completed her doctorate on Aboriginal education at Harvard University. Upon her return to Sydney, she continued writing and lecturing. She has held appointments at Charles Sturt and Macquarie universities and has worked as a consultant.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dr-roberta-sykes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/murawina-australian-women-of-high-achievement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/while-my-name-is-remembered\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/snake-cradle-snake-dancing-and-snake-circle-autobiographical-trilogy\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/love-poems-and-other-revolutionary-actions\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/black-majority\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/black-women-in-australia-a-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mum-shirl-an-autobiography-with-the-assistance-of-bobbi-sykes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-who-do-and-women-who-dont-join-the-womens-movement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-aboriginal-australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-history-society-and-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-judith-wright-1944-2000-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Blaxell, Margaret Anne", "Entry ID": "AWE1270", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blaxell-margaret-anne\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Political candidate, Public servant", "Summary": "Margaret Blaxell was an active and long-term member of the ALP. She was an ALP candidate for Ermington in 1991 and House of Representatives candidate for Dundas in 1983 and 1984.\n", "Details": "Margaret Blaxell worked as a nurse and public servant. She joined the ALP in 1974, and was campaign director for the seats of Dundas in 1977 and Ryde in 1978, 1981 and 1984. She was appointed to Ryde Hospital Board and Ryde-Hunters Hill Area Health Service.\nShe was married to Greg Blaxell, and they had three sons.\n", "Events": "BA Sydney (1984 - 1984) \nGeneral Nursing Certificate (1959 - 1959)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ekman, Emma Delaney", "Entry ID": "AWE1273", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ekman-emma-delaney\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Normanhurst, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political candidate", "Summary": "A once-only candidate, Emma Ekman was Democratic Labor Party candidate for Hawkesbury in 1973. She was married to Russell Ekman, with whom she had a daughter and a son.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McGill, Edna Betty", "Entry ID": "AWE1278", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcgill-edna-betty\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Bayview, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Migrant community advocate, Political candidate, Public Education Advocate", "Summary": "Although she only stood for election once (Council for the Defence of Government Schools candidate for Heathcote in 1971), Edna McGill spent a lifetime campaigning for public education.\n", "Details": "At the time of her campaign, Edna McGill had lived in the Heathcote area for more than two decades. She had been the Secretary of the Heathcote Progress Association for six years, the Heathcote Bush Fire Brigade, and the Parents and Citizens Associations of primary and secondary schools in the area over 15 years.\nHer interest in public education did not wane. In 2003, she was a member of the Board of the NSW Community Language Schools. In 2004, she shared the first Meritorious Service to Public Education award with Professor Tony Vinson and Mr Jim Harkin. The citation on the award stated that \"for more than 40 years, Edna McGill has made an outstanding contribution to education in NSW \u2026her contribution covers such areas as curriculum, support for multicultural education, the education of indigenous students and for anti-racism programs\"\nShe was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia in 1986 for services to education and the community. She was a former Chair, Treasurer and member of Ethnic Communities' Council, and in 2005 was a member of the Management Committee.\nShe died at home on 24 August 2016 at home in the company of her beloved son Peter and friend, Julie.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Morcom, Elfrida Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE1280", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/morcom-elfrida-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community advocate, Office worker, Political candidate, Trade unionist", "Summary": "Described by her son, Simon Morcom, as a \"Lifelong fighter for peace and justice, tempered with an off-key sense of humour. A mentor and an inspiration,\" Elfrida Morcom was a Communist Party of Australia candidate for Collaroy in 1956 and 1965 and candidate for the Warringah Shire Council in 1965.\n", "Details": "At the time of her campaign, Elfrida Morcom had lived in the French's Forest area for 15 years and was widely known for her advocacy of the needs of the district. She was an active trade unionist, and a member of the Railway for Warringah Committee and the local Progress Association.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Robinson, Elizabeth Esther", "Entry ID": "AWE1285", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/robinson-elizabeth-esther\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Hobart, Tasmania, Australia", "Death Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political activist, Political candidate, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "Elizabeth Robinson was a remarkable woman and an Independent candidate for Newcastle in 1932.\n", "Details": "\"That before marriage, contracting parties should obtain compulsory certificates of health, that the school age be extended to sixteen years, that sex education be taught in the schools, that maternity hospitals should be staffed with specially-trained medical men exclusively for this branch of medicine and that there be an immediate and drastic reduction of parliamentary salaries - is part of the policy of Mrs. E.E. Robinson, who is seeking parliamentary honors in the Newcastle district.\" (Parliamentary scrapbook 1932)\nElizabeth Robinson was the daughter of John and Harriett Quintal, her father being originally from Pitcairn Island, and she was born and raised in Tasmania. Before her marriage in 1913 to Henry Charles Robinson, she worked in the Tasmanian Post and Telegraph Department. She was a first class telegraphist at the age of 13.\nFrom her earliest years, Elizabeth Robinson was involved in temperance and humanitarian work. She began preaching at the age of 18 in the Congregational Church and before she was 22 had twice been presented with a purse of sovereigns in recognition of her work for the spiritual and social welfare of young people. She held a strong belief in the benefit of social clubs for young people.\nAt the time of her campaign, she had been resident in Newcastle for five years, and had founded the Women's Citizens Association to engage in the relief of distress. She was a well-known public speaker, both in Tasmania and in Newcastle.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Anderson, Irene Joyce", "Entry ID": "AWE1326", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anderson-irene-joyce\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Housewife, Office worker, Political candidate, Political party organiser", "Summary": "An active and life long member of the ALP, Irene Anderson was interested in social justice, particularly for women. She was an ALP candidate for Kirribilli in 1973.\n", "Details": "Irene Aspinall married Joe Anderson, long-time General Secretary, Painters & D, Meg.\nIrene joined the Australian Labor Party in Marrickville and subsequently held branch office positions in the Dulwich Hill, North Sydney and Ben Boyd-Cammeray branches. She was a delegate to the Labor Women's Organising Committee for more than 20 years, and was Treasurer of it in 1964. She was also a delegate to State and Federal Electorate Councils over many years.\nShe was one of the Australian Delegation to the International Alliance of Women Conference in India in 1973.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Barkl, Blanche", "Entry ID": "AWE1348", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barkl-blanche\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Dalmeny, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political candidate", "Summary": "A once-only candidate for State Parliament (Liberal Party candidate for Bankstown in 1950), Blanche Barkl instead became a successful local councillor. She was Alderman for the Bankstown Municipal Council from 1948-54 and 1959-62, and was Bankstown Mayor from 1951-53.\n", "Details": "Blanche Barkl was the first woman elected to Bankstown Municipal Council (1948), and the first woman elected Deputy Mayor (1949) and Mayor (1951-53). She also served as Divisional Commissioner, Girl Guides Sir Joseph Banks Division. She and her husband, Jim, had two daughters.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australian-parliaments-and-local-governments-past-and-present-a-survey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Barron, Evelyn", "Entry ID": "AWE1350", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barron-evelyn\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wallaroo, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Legislative councillor, Parliamentarian, Political candidate", "Summary": "A lifelong political and social activist, Evelyn Barron served a full 12-year term in the Legislative Council of New South Wales (1964-76) as a member of the ALP. Prior to this she had unsuccessfully run as an ALP candidate for Collaroy in 1953.\n", "Details": "Evelyn Barron joined the ALP in 1938. She was a member of the Central Executive of the party from 1957 to 1964, and president of the Women's Central Organising Committee in 1964.\nShe was President of the NSW Women Justices Association, 1958-60, President of the League of Women Voters, 1961-62. Evelyn Barron was also active in a number of other organisations including the Civilian Widows' Association, the Good Neighbour Council, the NSW National Council of Women, and the Australian Women's Charter Movement.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Beaver, Aileen Winifred", "Entry ID": "AWE1358", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beaver-aileen-winifred\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Metalworker, Political candidate, Trade unionist", "Summary": "A prominent unionist and social justice campaigner, Aileen Winifred Beaver ran as a Communist Party of Australia candidate for Auburn in 1978, for Elizabeth in 1981 and for the seat of Sydney in the House of Representatives in 1977, 1983 and 1984.\n", "Details": "Aileen Beaver left high school aged 14 and has been a union activist all her working life.\nTowards the end of the 60s Aileen Beaver decided to seek work in the metal industry in a successful effort to build support for a campaign to reintroduce equal pay in that industry. Women metal workers had been given equal pay during the second World War 'to protect men's jobs', but this was removed when the war ended. She is credited as a writer and performer in the 1975 documentary 'Don't Be Too Polite Girls' which addressed these issues.\nAt the first Women's Liberation Working Women's Conference in Melbourne, Aileen tabled questionnaires completed by women in her Malleys workshop. The data revealed that women workers were often as concerned about being treated with respect as workers as they were about pay.\nAnother measure of her success was her role as secretary of the Shop Committee in the male-dominated workforce at Malleys. She was also active in the Building Workers' Women's Committee, and the Working Women's Group of Women's Liberation. Equal pay, peace, abortion rights, childcare and International Women's Day were prominent in the activities of the groups in which she worked. While at Malleys, in cooperation with Turkish women in the community, Aileen also successfully campaigned to establish a childcare centre in Auburn for their children.\nShe retired to the Blue Mountains where she remained a diligent activist and advocate for the regeneration of natural bushland.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aileen-beaver-oral-history-interview\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aileen-beaver-oral-history-interview\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Braithwaite, Jean Pollock", "Entry ID": "AWE1380", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/braithwaite-jean-pollock\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educator", "Summary": "A once-only candidate, Jean Pollock Braithwaite stood as an Australia Party candidate in the 1973 Fuller elections.\n", "Details": "At the time of the election (1973), Jean Braithwaite was reported as having worked in teachers' colleges and universities for the previous eleven years. Before that she taught in schools, both in NSW and abroad, and had taught literacy skills to all age groups in evening technical colleges. Jean is known to have obtained a MA and a Dip Ed. She was married, with two daughters.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Brauer, Doris Edna", "Entry ID": "AWE1381", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brauer-doris-edna\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Epping, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political candidate", "Summary": "A committed member of the Democratic Labor Party, Doris Edna Brauer ran for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Eastwood in 1965 and as a candidate in the House of Representatives for Parramatta in 1972. She was married to Frank Brauer (died 1992) and the mother of seven children.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cable, Peggy May", "Entry ID": "AWE1388", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cable-peggy-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman", "Summary": "An idealist, Peggy May Cable ran for election twice. She was Australian Democrats candidate in the 1978 Wentworthville and 1981 Seven Hills elections.\n", "Details": "Peggy Cable joined the Australian Democrats in 1977, attracted by their philosophy of honesty, tolerance and compassion.\nShe had not had an easy life. When her first marriage ended in divorce, leaving her with a son to bring up, Peggy set up Cable's Calculating and Secretarial Service and worked in a hotel at night to meet her expenses. The business was providing employment for up to 70 staff by 1981. Peggy was remarried by the time of her 1981 campaign. She was predeceased by her son, Dale.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Christian, Millicent Lilian", "Entry ID": "AWE1400", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/christian-millicent-lilian\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Johannesburg, South Africa", "Death Place": "St Ives, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Political candidate, Teacher", "Summary": "Millicent Christian was a once-only candidate who was a lifetime activist for equality, peace and freedom. She ran for the Raleigh seat in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1947 as an Independent Labor candidate.\n", "Details": "Millicent Christian was the daughter of Charles and Letty Luckett. Her family moved from South Africa to England and then to New South Wales. She was educated at St Michael's Sisterhood, Bloemfontein, South Africa, Warral Provisional School and Tamworth High School, New South Wales, Australia. She won a University Scholarship to enable her to study medicine at Sydney University in 1922, but the scholarship required her father's permission and he refused it.\nMillicent left home, and attended Sydney University, living at Women's College on the Ann Hargrave Scholarship 1923-25. She graduated BA 1926, Dip Ed 1927.\nShe taught at Burwood Boys' School, and West Kempsey and Young High Schools 1927-28. In 1929 she married a farmer, Cecil Aubrey Christian, and they had three daughters. After he died she brought up her daughters alone.\nShe taught at Wenona School, North Sydney, and Presbyterian Ladies' College, Pymble.\nShe joined the United Associations of Women in 1945 and later became Vice President of the United Association of Women and the Honorary Secretary to the Conference of the Australian Women's Charter. She was instrumental in establishing the United Associations of Women Award for a female undergraduate in the school of history at the University of New South Wales in 1982, and in 1983 the UAW Prize for a female engineering student at the University of Technology, Sydney.\nShe was an active member of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom from 1964. Millicent was also a member of the ALP for over 40 years, a delegate to many State conferences and held branch and electorate council office. She was a member of the North Sydney Business and Professional Women's Club.\nIn 1978 the Ku-Ring-Gai Council awarded her a Distinguished Citizen Award in recognition of her work in the local area, where she was president of the Ku-Ring-Gai Historical Society from 1976-79. She was an inveterate writer of letters to the Editor, and a passionate bridge player, playing on the day before her death despite her serious illness. When asked who influenced her to become a feminist, Millicent Christian replied \"A domineering, male chauvinist father\".\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-register-the-womens-college-within-the-university-of-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Day, Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE1415", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/day-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Alderman, Political candidate", "Summary": "Mary Day was a well known alderman (North Sydney Council, 1980-92c) but an unsuccessful candidate for parliamentary election as an Independent candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for North Shore in 1988.\n", "Details": "Mary Day was an outspoken and controversial Councillor on North Sydney Council, when she ran against the Mayor and MLA, Ted Mack in 1988. The antagonism between them was well known and had been the subject of comment for some years.\nMary Day had, seven years earlier, won what the Sydney Morning Herald called \"a famous victory\", when, after twelve years of court cases (including one to the High Court of Australia) she won her case against a home unit development which had adversely affected her harbour view. The developer was compelled to demolish one story of the building in order to restore the view. Not surprisingly, Mary Day's manifesto stressed her capacity to represent the lower north shore electors and her lack of political ambition and conflict of interest.\nMary Day died at Wollongong Hospital on Tuesday 16 November 2010. Her funeral service was held at Sussex Inlet Community Church on Tuesday 23 November 2010. She is survived by her husband, John Day.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australian-parliament-and-local-government-an-updated-history-1975-1992\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dodkin, Marilyn", "Entry ID": "AWE1423", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dodkin-marilyn\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Historian", "Summary": "Marilyn Dodkin was an Australian Labor Party activist and historian who contested the New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Middle Harbour in 1988.\n", "Details": "Marilyn Dodkin joined the ALP in 1976, and held office at local and electorate level. She was a delegate to Annual Conference many times and in 1986 was a proxy delegate to the National Conference.\nMarilyn completed a Bacheloir of Arts at the University of New England, a Master of Arts at the University of Sydney and a PhD at Macquarie University. She worked as Research Officer for Gary Punch MP 1983, and in 1984 became the Administration Officer of the Australian Workers Union. She served on the North Sydney Technical and Further Education Committee and was a founding member of the Status of Women Committee which encouraged women to participate in politics.\nMarilyn married in 1961 and had two daughters. She is the author of Brothers: eight leaders of the Labor Council of NSW (UNSW Press, 2001), Bob Carr, the reluctant leader (UNSW Press, 2003) and Goodnight Bobby: one family's war (UNSW Press, 2006).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Duncan, Ruby Mildred", "Entry ID": "AWE1429", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/duncan-ruby-mildred\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Armidale, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Office worker", "Summary": "Ruby Duncan was a social and political campaigner, particularly for women and children. She stood as an Independent candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Drummoyne in 1932.\n", "Details": "Ruby Duncan worked as a typist in an importer's office. She campaigned, with Millicent Preston Stanley, for change in the law to give mothers equal guardianship of children. She was very involved with Housewives' Progressive Association during period that membership grew from hundreds to 80,000. She also worked for alleviation of Depression distress among unemployed women, and on a scheme for placing women on small land holdings in buses with kitchenettes and verandahs for homes.\nShe was the first President, and a life Vice President, of the League of Women Voters, which organization marked her 90th birthday with a reception in her honour. She died in Armidale, aged 98.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gray, Mary Lorna", "Entry ID": "AWE1461", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gray-mary-lorna\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "RydeRyde, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Secretary", "Summary": "Mollie Gray only ran for election once: a Democratic Labor Party candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Lane Cove in 1959.\n", "Details": "Mollie Gray was office supervisor for the ALP for four years but when the split occurred, she resigned her job and joined the Democratic Labor Party. In 1959 she ran the office for the Party Secretary, J. T. Kane, who was running for the seat of Concord in the same election.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Boswell, Jennifer", "Entry ID": "AWE1486", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/boswell-jennifer\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political candidate", "Summary": "Jennifer Boswell ran for election to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Charlestown on behalf of the Christian Democrat party in 1999 and then again in 2003.\n", "Details": "Jennifer Boswell was retired when she ran for the seat of Charlestown in 2003. She was then a volunteer with the Newcastle City Mission. Her stated aim was to help people with personal and educational problems.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dethridge, Susan Margery", "Entry ID": "AWE1535", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dethridge-susan-margery\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Councillor, Journalist, Writer", "Summary": "Sue Dethridge was a popular and influential local councillor for the Bellingen Shire Council from 1987-2003. She served as Mayor from 1991-1999. Dethridge stood unsuccessfully as an Independent for Coffs Harbour in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1995.\n", "Details": "Susan Dethridge was a freelance journalist and inveterate writer of letters to the editor on many subjects. As Mayor, she produced a regular column in the Bellingen Courier Sun, drawing attention to local issues with the use of amusing or poignant anecdotes. On being diagnosed with breast cancer, she fought for improved support and treatment of cancer patients.\nDethridge was a long term local councillor and was the popularly elected Mayor of Bellingen from 1991 to 1999. Having moved to the town of Dorrigo in 1974 and seen it revived by tourism, she was active in promoting tourism as an antidote to the decline of country towns. She was a member of the Regional Development Board from 1997 to 1999, and Australia's Holiday Coast Regional Development Council from 2000 to 2002.\nDethridge was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in 2003 for services to local government. The award was made early due to the state of her health. She died, of breast cancer, that same year and was survived by her husband Barry Dethridge and their three children.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australian-parliament-and-local-government-an-updated-history-1975-1992\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Francis, Susan", "Entry ID": "AWE1556", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/francis-susan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Nurse", "Summary": "In 1927 Susan Francis stood as a Labor candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Bondi. She then stood as a Lang Labor candidate in the Waverley Municipal Council elections of 1932.\n", "Details": "Susan Francis was born on 14 October 1877 in Brisbane, one of five children. She became a domestic servant, though she called herself a housekeeper, when she married Arthur Rawlins, known as Francis, in 1897. They had three children, two of whom survived to accompany her to Sydney in 1911.\nFrom the early 1920s Nurse Francis, although unqualified, advertised herself as a midwife and attended many births in inner city Sydney. She was the subject of two enquiries before the Nurses' Registration Board in 1927 and 1930 but was never prosecuted. She was well known for her work during the influenza epidemic of 1918-1919, and widely liked for her tireless help for the poor.\nSusan Francis was active in the Labor Party and ran in the seat of Bondi in 1927, gaining 22.7% of the votes. She was president, then secretary of the Labor Women's Organising Committee from 1928 to 1935 and led delegations to ministers, organised public meetings campaigned for candidates and was a delegate to the State Conference of the party. She was one of three delegates from New South Wales to the Interstate Women's Conference in 1930.\nDuring the depression in the 1930s, Susan Francis helped to set up a hostel for homeless women and girls which opened in 1931, and she became matron of such a hostel in 1935.\nThe regard in which she was held by the Labor Party was shown by the huge function put on in her honour in the Empress Room of Mark Foy's department store, when she married again, in 1936. She subsequently became known as Nurse Francis Wilkes, and remained an active member of the ALP until her death in 1946.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/francis-susan-1877-1946\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ghent, Doreen Olive", "Entry ID": "AWE1564", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ghent-doreen-olive\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political candidate", "Summary": "Doreen Ghent stood only once for election: as a Liberal candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Bass Hill in 1971. In 1941 she married John Wentworth Ghent (d. 22 September 2000) who stood for the seat of Bankstown at the same election.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kavanagh, Edna Louise", "Entry ID": "AWE1623", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kavanagh-edna-louise\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Lithgow, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Communist", "Summary": "Edna Kavanagh was an early candidate for election and only ran once: as a Communist Party of Australia candidate in the 1930 New South Wales Legislative Assembly election for Dulwich Hill. She lived most of her life in the fruit growing districts of NSW, at Little Hartley, Bilpin, Young. She had one son, Bill.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lee, Madge Graham", "Entry ID": "AWE1645", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lee-madge-graham\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political candidate", "Summary": "Madge Graham Lee was a Liberal candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Liverpool in 1953. At the time of her campaign, Madge Lee was a mother of four (their father was John Stuart Burman) and married to John Francis Lee, her second husband.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Maio, Florence Yvonne", "Entry ID": "AWE1662", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/maio-florence-yvonne\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Auburn, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Executive secretary", "Summary": "Florence Yvonne Maio had no luck in gaining election to parliament as a Liberal candidate in the following elections: New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Granville in 1978, 1981 and 1984; House of Representatives for Reid in 1980 in 1983. However Florence was elected to the Parramatta City Council from 1983 to 1991.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australian-parliament-and-local-government-an-updated-history-1975-1992\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pennington, Marjorie Valmai", "Entry ID": "AWE1713", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pennington-marjorie-valmai\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political candidate", "Summary": "Marjorie Valmai Pennington was a Liberal Party candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Bligh in 1976 and Canterbury in 1978. She was married to Dennis Pennington, and had three children.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Renshaw, Emily Anastasia", "Entry ID": "AWE1728", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/renshaw-emily-anastasia\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Parkes, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Alderman, Justice of the Peace, Public servant", "Summary": "Emily Renshaw was well known throughout the central west of New South Wales. She was Alderman of the Parkes Municipal Council from 1956-59, 1962-65 and 1971-74. She was also an ALP candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Dubbo in 1973 and for the NSW Senate in 1975.\n", "Details": "Emily Renshaw was a long term member of the ALP and widely known in country New South Wales. In 1975, when she was sixth on the party's ticket, she polled better than the three male candidates at 3, 4, and 5.\nShe had a long career in local government in Parkes, and was active in many local organizations. With Molly Edwards, she founded the Meals on Wheels scheme in Parkes.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australian-parliaments-and-local-governments-past-and-present-a-survey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/31-years-a-council-stalwart-obituary\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Williams, Mary Jamieson", "Entry ID": "AWE1807", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/williams-mary-jamieson\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Katoomba, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political candidate", "Summary": "Mrs Mary Jamieson Williams was a pioneer of the women's movement and a staunch temperance worker. She ran for election to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of North Shore in 1925 as an Independent.\n", "Details": "Mrs Mary Jamieson Williams had been engaged in temperance work in Scotland and South Wales before she arrived in Australia with her husband, the Reverend T. Jamieson Williams, a Presbyterian minister.\nOn arrival in Australia, she first joined the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) in Tamworth in 1913 and was President 1913-1916. The Williams moved to Nowra where she became President of the Nowra Temperance Union 1917-1921. She was elected the Recording secretary for Australasia at the Triennial Convention of the WCTU in Perth in 1918 and held the office until at least 1926. In 1923 she attended two European conferences, representing the WCTU and the Council of Women's Union of Service at the International Women's Suffrage Congress in Rome and, at the invitation of the Danish Government, the International Anti-Alcohol Congress in Copenhagen. She also took part in the Scottish No-License Campaign while she was abroad.\nMrs Jamieson Williams formed the Manly branch of the WCTU in 1921, and became State Treasurer 1925-26, and President 1926-1929. She was active in many areas of interest to women, presenting petitions to Members of Parliament on the status of women, speaking in favour of amendments to the Liquor Bill in 1929, writing letters to the paper on women police, child endowment and the Vagrancy Bill.\nWhen she ran for election as an independent candidate for North Shore in 1925, The Sydney Morning Herald described her as particularly strong on international affairs and kee4nly interested in problems affecting her sex.\nIn 1930 she attended the Pan Pacific Conference in Honolulu which led to the formation of the Pan Pacific Women's Association. She was also a delegate to the NSW National Council of Women.\nMrs Jamieson Williams was one of the few women who had conducted church services.\nIn 1933 she was appointed an Australian delegate to the League Of Nations.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/golden-records-pathfinders-of-womans-christian-temperance-union-of-n-s-w\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womans-christian-temperance-union-of-new-south-wales-1882-1976\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-mary-jamieson-williams-1933-1935-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Greenman, Sabina", "Entry ID": "AWE1827", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greenman-sabina\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Alderman, Campaign manager", "Summary": "Sabina Greenman was a successful alderman for the Leichhardt Municipal Council from 1956-59. She ran once for election to parliament in the unwinnable seat of Balmain in the 1959 New South Wales Legislative Assembly. She was an early member of the Liberal Party. Sabina was also campaign director for Elton Lewis in 1954 for the Federal seat of Martin and in 1958 for the seat of Dalley. Sabina Greenman was married to Charles Greenman, with whom she had a daughter, Kathleen. She was a great grandmother at the time of her campaign in 1959, when Elton Lewis was her campaign director.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gullett, Lucy Edith", "Entry ID": "AWE1829", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gullett-lucy-edith\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Medical practitioner, Philanthropist", "Summary": "A pioneer for women doctors and a tireless committee-woman, Lucy Gullett was inspired by the success of the Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital in Melbourne to found a hospital run by women for women. The Rachel Forster Hospital for Women and Children, as it became, opened in 1922. Gullett was also a one-time candidate (Independent) for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of North Sydney in 1932.\n", "Details": "Lucy Edith Gullett was born in Melbourne, daughter of journalist Henry Gullett and his wife Lucy (n\u00e9e Willie). The family later moved to Sydney, where Lucy Gullett was educated at Sydney Girls' High School and the University of Sydney. She completed a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery in 1901 and became first resident medical officer at the Crown Street Women's Hospital. From 1902 she was resident surgeon at the Hospital for Sick Children in Brisbane. In 1906, Gullett's father bought her a general practice in Bathurst, NSW, but five years later she returned home to live with her unmarried sister, Minnie.\nLucy Gullett seemed to collect eccentric characters. Her sister was 'a Shakespeare 'buff', an enthusiastic member of the Lunacy Reform League of Australia, and a generous supporter of stray animals, drunks and ex-patients from lunatic asylums to whom she devoted most of her inheritance', according to Ann Mitchell of the ADB. In 1922, Gullett set up the Rachel Forster Hospital for Women and Children (Sydney) with Dr Harriet Biffin, who was known for visiting her patients in a dog-cart and had a 'flair' for Greek. Her mother, Mrs Henry Gullett, wrote the 'fashionable intelligence' of the Ladies' Column in the Australasian under the pseudonym Humming Bee. The Gullett family were comfortably off, and Lucy and Minnie were able to persuade their sisters to contribute to a commission from Bertram Mackennal costing \u00a310,000, installed in 1926. The six-figure group was a Shakespeare memorial proposed by Henry Gullett before his death in 1914.\nLucy Gullett was a member of Queen's Club. She travelled to Europe during the first World War to serve in a French Red Cross military hospital in Lyons. She was honorary physician to the Renwick Hospital for Infants (1918-32). Later, from 1934-49, she was on the council of the Sydney District Nursing Association. In 1932 she stood unsuccessfully as women's candidate for the Legislative Assembly seat of North Sydney, but was elected to the executive committee of the United Associations of Women in 1935, serving as vice-president in 1936-38 and 1943.\nGullett's plans for what became the Rachel Forster were inspired by the success of Melbourne's Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital, and she founded the New South Wales Association of Registered Medical Women in 1921 to get things started. Like so many hospitals, the Rachel Forster began as an outpatient dispensary. Gullett and Biffin 'shouldered most of the early financial responsibility', according to the hospital history. In 1941 Gullett announced her next project, and the Lucy Gullett Convalescent Home was opened in Bexley in November 1946. Described as 'short and thickset like her father', Lucy Gullet was 'unfailingly kind-hearted' and had 'instant rapport with the working-class women who were her patients'. On her death in 1949, the majority of her \u00a315,918 estate was left to her family.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gullett-lucy-edith-1876-1949\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rachel-forster-hospital-the-first-fifty-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-activism-and-altruism-in-australian-womens-philanthropy-1880-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-women-philanthropists-in-australian-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dr-lucy-edith-gullett\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hearnshaw, Marion Lilian", "Entry ID": "AWE1839", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hearnshaw-marion-lilian\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Lindfield, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political candidate", "Summary": "Marion Hearnshaw was a wife and mother whose life was inextricably connected to politics and social action. She was a Liberal Party candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Parramatta in 1962 and an Independent in the 1965 Eastwood elections.\n", "Details": "Marion Hearnshaw was the daughter of a Methodist minister and married the Reverend Dan Oakes, a Methodist missionary in New Guinea who was lost on the Montevideo Maru, in 1942. In 1947 she married Eric Hearnshaw, (English-born 1893-1967), who was the Liberal member for Ryde and later Eastwood in the NSW Legislative Assembly. They had 6 children, 3 sons and 3 daughters.\nMarion Hearnshaw and Lady Barwick (wife of the Liberal MHR for Parramatta 1958-64) frequently held morning teas in their respective homes for their husbands' constituents, though they maintained the guest list was non-political and non-sectarian.\nWith her husband, she visited every school in the Eastwood electorate annually and wrote a column in the local paper on mothers and children and their problems. She also regularly took small groups of women to Parliament House so they could see the parliamentary system in action. When she stood for the state seat of Parramatta in 1962, it was held by the ALP and she was pleased to carry the Liberal banner.\nEric Hearnshaw, who was Opposition Whip, lost the Liberal preselection in 1965 to J. A. Clough, who had previously been the MLA for Parramatta (1956-59) and in the 1965 election, Marion Hearnshaw ran as an independent against the endorsed Liberal. Her campaign stressed that she had been active in the public political life of the Eastwood Electorate for 18 years, without mentioning the infighting. She was particularly concerned with education, training and apprenticeships.\nShe died in June 2000 and left her body to the University of Sydney.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ivey, Malinda Angelina", "Entry ID": "AWE1857", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ivey-malinda-angelina\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Rozelle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Social worker", "Summary": "Malinda Ivey stood for election unsuccessfully more times than any other woman in the history of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. She was an Independent candidate in the following elections:\nNew South Wales Legislative Assembly for Balmain in 1941, 1947 and 1950.\nHouse of Representatives for West Sydney in 1940,1943 and 1946.\nHouse of Representatives for Martin in 1949 and 1951.\nIn 1944 Malinda stood as a Democratic Party candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Balmain. She was well known amongst many Sydney women's organizations. At the time of her death, she has been honorary State Secretary of the NSW Returned Servicemen's League Central Council of Women's Auxiliaries for some time.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Job, Beverly Hunter", "Entry ID": "AWE1859", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/job-beverly-hunter\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political candidate", "Summary": "Beverly Job only ran for election once: as an Independent in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Wakehurst in 1962. She married Cecil Job.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Loney, Nance", "Entry ID": "AWE1890", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/loney-nance\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kalamunda, Western Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Engineer, Political candidate", "Summary": "Nance Loney, a once only candidate (ALP, New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Vaucluse, 1981), took an active part in matters of politics and public policy as a member of \u00a0the New South Wales Labor Party and activist groups such as Citizens for Democracy, the Labor Women's Conference, the nuclear non-proliferation movement, Eastern Suburbs Friends of the ABC and Labor for Refugees.\n", "Details": "Nance Loney was educated at Banbury High School, the University of Western Australia (BSc) and RMIT. She worked for 2 years as a hospital laboratory technician and then as a Methods Engineer in Textiles after graduating in science. She moved from Western Australia to Sydney in 1960 and from 1977 worked in the computing branch of the State Rail Authority.\nShe was active in anti-uranium and disarmament movements, and was a Republican. A member of the Australian Computer Society and the Australian Transport Officers Federation, she was a director of the Trans National Co-Operative from 1979.\nNance Loney joined the ALP in 1975 and held office at local and electorate level. She continued to take an interest in public affairs in later life, submitting a motion to the Australian Republican Movement's conference in 2002, and making a personal submission to the Commonwealth parliament's Joint Standing Committee on Treaties on the subject of the US\/Australia Free Trade Agreement in April 2004. In 2004 she was on the executive committee of the NSW branch of the Friends of the ABC and assisted the ALP candidate, David Patch in his 2004 House of Representatives campaign for the seat of Wentworth.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mackenzie, Olwyn Bernice", "Entry ID": "AWE1895", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mackenzie-olwyn-bernice\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political candidate", "Summary": "Olwyn Bernice Mackenzie was Alderman in the Ryde Municipal Council from 1968-71 and in the Bellingen Shire Council from 1985-91. In between these two stints in local politics she ran as an Independent in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for Eastwood in 1971.\n", "Details": "Olwyn Bernice Mackenzie was born in Petersham, Sydney on 25 September 1920, the eldest of three daughters of Gwen and Thomas Arkinstall. Her father abandoned his wife and children at the start of the Depression and the girls were brought up by their mother to struggle and care for others. Olwyn was encouraged by her musical mother and developed a talent for singing and piano at the Conservatorium of Music, where she was a contemporary of June Bronhill and Lily and Olga Kolos. She studied under Isolde Hill, daughter of Alfred and Miri Hill, the well known Australian composers.\nIn 1937, she and her sister, Carol, joined the communist-led New Theatre League and subsequently the Communist Party. She remained a member until the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956, but she had long disapproved of the Party's attitude to women's issues.\nHaving left school early, she studied for her Leaving Certificate as a private study candidate and achieved it in 1950. She went on to graduate from the University of Sydney, Bachelor of Arts with honours in linguistics and social anthropology.\nOlwyn Mackenzie was the first woman to be elected to the Ryde Municipal Council and made a substantial contribution to the Council's efforts to clean up the Parramatta River. She was elected to the Bellingen Shire Council in 1985 - 91 and was Deputy President for one term. She was Vice President of the Country Public Libraries Association, President of the Northern Zone in 1991, Member of the Bellinger River Hospital Board, on the Management Committee of the Bellinger River Senior Citizens Centre and the Bellinger River Catchment Management Committee. She was Chairperson of the Gumbaingirr Aboriginal and Community Liaison Group in 1993 and was one of the driving forces behind the 1993 historic 40-kilometre \"Back to Bellingen\" walk over the Bowraville mountain, which helped to heal the scars left by the expulsion of the Aboriginal community in the 1920s.\nIn the 1990s she lived in the Potts Point area of Sydney and was Chairperson of the Kings Cross towards 2000 committee, a body which focused on making Kings Cross a healthier and safer place. She was also a Member of the National Council of Social Service; helped to establish the NSW Aged Care Alliance; was a member of the Central Sydney Area Health Service Board, the Council on the Ageing, the Kings Cross Community Drug Advisory Team, and helped to establish the Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre. She was State Secretary of the Combined Pensioners' and Superannuants' Association from 1994 to 1996.\nShe was awarded the medal of the Order of Australia in 2005 for services to the community particularly in the central Sydney Area. When she moved back to the Bellingen area in the late 1990s to be close to family, she remained active, being an executive member of the Board of Warrina Women's and Children's Refuge, Vice President of the Coffs Harbour branch of the Country Women's Association and a member of the Coffs Harbour Committee of Reconciliation Australia.\nOlwyn Mackenzie was survived by five of her six children. At her funeral, members of the Gumbaingirr nation performed a smoking ceremony to help her spirit on the way. It was the first time this had been done for a white person in the region's history.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mackinolty, Judith", "Entry ID": "AWE1896", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mackinolty-judith\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Historian, Swimmer, Teacher", "Summary": "An ALP candidate whose other life as a historian and teacher was distinguished. Judith Mackinolty was a candidate for the Hills Shire Council elections in c.1962 and in the 1973 New South Wales Legislative Assembly elections for the Hills.\n", "Details": "Judith Macinolty was born in Melbourne in 1931, the daughter of a pharmacist, Les Allen and his wife Mary. She won a scholarship to MacRobertson Girls' High School, from which she matriculated to Melbourne University in 1949. By this time she had also been a member of the Victorian state swimming team and had won a state backstroke championship in 1947. She represented Melbourne University and Victoria in interstate competitions and remained a life long swimmer.\nShe graduated from the University of Melbourne with a BA, then MA with majors in English and history, with a particular interest in Australian history. In 1953, she married John Macinolty, then a country solicitor in Gippsland, later Dean of the Faculty of Law, University of Sydney. They had two children.\nJudy Macinolty taught at Northmead and Doonside High Schools, and was Head Teacher History at Doonside 1970-73. In 1972 she began a Master's degree, her thesis being published as Sugar Bag Days; Sydney workers and the challenge of the 1930s depression. She was President of the NSW and Australian History Teachers' Associations.\nDuring the 1970s and 1980s she lectured at the Macquarie and NSW universities and held a research fellowship at the University of Sydney.\nHer last formal work was as a project officer with the NSW Bicentennial Council. She was associated with many activities concerned with reconciliation, and worked to achieve agreement between white and Aboriginal communities around Myall Creek which resulted in a memorial acknowledging the massacre there.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mitchell, Jean Barbara", "Entry ID": "AWE1920", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mitchell-jean-barbara\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Armidale, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Councillor, Nurse", "Summary": "In 1970, Jean Mitchell became the first woman elected to the Uralla Shire Council. The following year she unsuccessfully stood as an Independent candidate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly election for Armidale. She was nominated by a group of independents to stand again the sitting MLA, Davis Hughes, when the ALP failed to stand a candidate. Her campaign was directed by Peter Wright, who was then the President of the New State Movement. She said her candidature was a result of an economic crisis brought about by the instability of the coalition government.\nJean was a qualified nursing sister and had been an acting Hospital Matron. She had been a member of the Council of the Armidale Presbyterian Ladies' College and was well known in the area for community and welfare work and for her service as a show judge. She was married to Wendell James Mitchell, with whom she had one son Hugh.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "O'Kelly, Norah", "Entry ID": "AWE1943", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/okelly-norah\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Roseville, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman", "Summary": "Norah O'Kelly and her husband Charles, managed a large block of furnished flats in Darlinghurst for more than twenty years. They were active members of the Liberal Party and took part in many campaigns in parliamentary and local elections. Norah contested the 1962 elections for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of King. Her candidacy seemed to have been motivated by her belief that \"every Liberal everywhere should have the right and opportunity of voting for a Liberal\".\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Robey, Ilse Bertha Sophie", "Entry ID": "AWE1982", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/robey-ilse-bertha-sophie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Vienna, Austria", "Death Place": "Hunters Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Medical secretary", "Summary": "Ilse Robey was a widely travelled, well educated candidate for the Australian Democrats who contested the following elections:\nNew South Wales Legislative Assembly, Gordon, 1978, 1981\nHouse of Representatives, Bradfield, 1980.\n", "Details": "Ilse Robey came to Australia before World War II, after being educated at Vienna University and gaining a doctorate and an interpreter's diploma.\nShe held a variety of jobs in Australia, including work for an American film distribution agency and an organisation which dealt with social services, immigrant education and public relations. She returned to Europe in the trade commissioners office of an Australian embassy, and while there became foreign editor of a leading central European daily newspaper.\nOn her return to Sydney she worked for an accountant, before becoming a medical secretary.\nShe became a foundation member of the Bradfield branch of the Australian Democrats in 1977.\nAt the time of her first campaign she was a widow and had three adult children. She stressed reform of the State's education and transport systems.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Saxby, Nancy", "Entry ID": "AWE1998", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/saxby-nancy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Woodburn, Northumberland, England", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Farmer, Housewife", "Summary": "Nancy Saxby ran for parliament only once: New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Blacktown, 1950. When she won Liberal Party preselection against nine other candidates, she was a poultry farmer at Bossley Park, near Fairfield in Sydney's western suburbs. After the election, she expressed her disappointment that there were not more women candidates, but she herself did not run again.\nNancy Saxby joined the Women's Auxiliary of the Australian Air Force in 1942 and was a section officer when she was selected to work in close contact with General Macarthur's Headquarters in Brisbane. During the course of this duty she visited American bomber groups in North Australia. She then worked with the Directorate of Public Relations in Sydney and was promoted in 1944 to the rank of Flight Officer. She had married Keith Hamilton Saxby in 1938 as a widow 'Agnes Gunn' and changed her name back to Gunn by deed poll by 1954. Her son, John Herbert Gunn, was a sub-lieutenant in the Royal Australian Navy.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/first-woman-to-contest-blacktown\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dear-descendants-recollections-for-a-gunn-family-history\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Skaife, Joan Cicely", "Entry ID": "AWE1999", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/skaife-joan-cicely\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman", "Summary": "Joan Skaife was a once only candidate for election to the Legislative Assembly: a Liberal Party candidate for the seat of Tuggerah in 1981. At the time of her candidature she was active in Wyong Little Athletics and was a long term member of Wyong Bowling Club. Joan Skaife was educated at Oatley Public School and Sutherland High School and ran a small business in the fashion industry.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Scobie, Grace Locke", "Entry ID": "AWE2001", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scobie-grace-locke\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bombay, India", "Death Place": "Bondi, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Business inspector", "Summary": "A lifelong activist in social and industrial politics, Grace Scobie became disillusioned with Labor politics during the First World War, and subsequently concentrated on women's organizations and children's welfare. She stood for the Soldiers and Citizens Party in the election for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Eastern Suburbs in 1920. Twelve years later she was an Independent seeking election to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Bondi.\n", "Details": "Daughter of Robert Scobie, Labor MLA for Wentworth 1901-04, and The Murray 1904 to his death in 1917. Like her father, Grace was a member of the Labor Party until the conscription split, when she campaigned for conscription.\nShe was appointed an industrial inspector with the Department of Labour and Industry in 1916, and became a member of the State Children's Relief Board. Generally considered by the labour movement to be pro-employer, she was censured by Labor News in 1920 for condoning the harsh treatment of illegitimate children. During her campaign for the State electorate of Eastern Suburbs in 1920, for the Soldiers and Citizens Party, she was described by the Daily Telegraph as 'the incarnation of vivacity and feminine vigour'.\nFrom the 1920s she concentrated on women's politics, becoming active in a number of more conservative women's organizations, such as the National Council of Women, and the Professional Women Workers' Association. Her independent campaign for the State electorate of Bondi in 1932 was supported by the United Associations of Women. She was an office bearer in both the Australian Federation of Women Voters and the Feminist Club. Grace worked as an Inspector of factories and shops and received an OBE in 1918.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scobie-grace-locke-1876-1957\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Townend, Christine Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE2027", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/townend-christine-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Leura, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Writer", "Summary": "Christine Townend was a passionate woman whose life and talents were devoted to the cause of animal care and liberation. As an Australian Democrats member she contested the following elections: New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Willoughby 1978, 1984; House of Representatives, Grayndler, 1977; Senate, NSW, 1983. In 1988 Christine stood on behalf of the Environment Group in the New South Wales Legislative Council elections.\n", "Details": "Christine Townend grew up in the lower North Shore area of Sydney and became a writer early in her life. She had poetry, short stories and four novels published by the time of her first campaign. From early in her career she was concerned to protect the environment and stop cruelty to animals, and was a prolific writer of letters to the editor of the Sydney Morning Herald on these subjects. She founded Animal Liberation in 1976, after being strongly influenced by Peter Singer's book of the same name. She and Singer together founded Animals Australia (then ANZFAS) in l980.\nShe joined the Australian Democrats and ran for election on their ticket four times, always emphasising care for the environment and animals. In time she became discouraged by the lack of results of her campaigns in Australia.\nWhen she joined Milo Dunphy and Alice Oppen to run for the Legislative Council in 1988, under the banner of the Environment Group, she was Secretary of the Australian and New Zealand Federation of Animal Societies, a member of the NSW Animal Welfare Advisory Council and the CSIRO Advisory Committee on the Ethics of Animals in Research.\nIn 1990 she became managing trustee of 'Help in Suffering', an animal shelter and registered Indian charitable trust, based in Jaipur. In 1992 she and her husband went to live in India, working as volunteers until 2007 at the animal shelter and conducting a program to control the spread of rabies in Jaipur. During this time she also founded two new animal shelters in Darjeeling and Kalimpong. A biography of her life, Christine's Ark, by journalist John Little, was published by Macmillan in 2007.\nChristine was a writer of both fiction and non-fiction. Her first book The Beginning of Everything and the End of Everything Else, published in 1974, has been described as being ahead of its time in 'challenging literary and social conventions' in its themes of feminism and 'sexuality, race class and religion'. After her first two novels, Christine wrote a series of non-fiction books about animal welfare, of which Pulling the Wool, A New Look at the Australian Wool Industry (Hale & Iremonger, l986) was the most influential. Two of her books, The Hidden Master (2002), and The Teaching of Vimala Thakar (2010) (Motilal Banarsidass) examine the Indian spiritual tradition. Christine was also an artist, having held solo exhibitions and illustrated book covers.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kirkby, Elisabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE2066", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kirkby-elisabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bolton, United Kingdom", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor, Broadcaster, Farmer, Parliamentarian, Scriptwriter", "Summary": "Elisabeth Kirkby, a member of the Australian Democrats, was a member of the directly elected New South Wales Legislative Council from 19 September 1981 to 25 June 1998 and was State Parliamentary Leader of the Democrats for that period. For a complete record of her parliamentary service see the link to the New Suth Wales Parliament below. After leaving State Parliament she served as a Councillor of Temora Shire Council from 1999 to 2004.\nMilitary Service: Auxiliary Territorial Service 1942-1945.\nElisabeth, who was granted retention of title of 'Honourable' for life, worked as a parliamentarian, actor, script writer, radio public affairs commentator and grazier. She became Australia's oldest university graduate at the age of 93 in 2014, when she was awarded a PhD from the University of Sydney.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elisabeth-kirkby-wikipedia-entry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-hon-elisabeth-kirkby-oam-1921-2026\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Furley, Mabel Eileen", "Entry ID": "AWE2068", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/furley-mabel-eileen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Mosman", "Death Place": "Mosman, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Homemaker, Parliamentarian, Public servant", "Summary": "Mabel Furley was a Liberal Member of the New South Wales Legislative Council between 14\/11\/1962 and 22\/4\/1964 (1 years 5 months 9 days). She was elected to fill a casual vacancy and in 1935 was appointed an OBE.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/furley-mabel-eileen-1900-1985\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Roper, Edna Sirius", "Entry ID": "AWE2075", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/roper-edna-sirius\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Alberton, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Leura, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Homemaker, Jeweller, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Edna Roper was an ALP member of the New South Wales Legislative Council for over twenty years. She was elected in 1957 and then re-elected in 1970. She served as Deputy Leader of the Opposition between 3\/12\/1973 -13\/5\/1976 (2 years 5 months 11 days) and was Deputy Leader of Government between 14\/5\/1976 - 17\/10\/1978 (2 years 5 months 4 days). She was a delegate to the International Women's Year conference in Mexico in 1975.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Buckland-Fuller, Dorothy", "Entry ID": "AWE2127", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/buckland-fuller-dorothy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Port Said, Egypt", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist, Human Rights Advocate, Migrant community advocate, Peace activist, Sociologist", "Summary": "Dorothy Buckland-Fuller was a sociologist and social activist of some longstanding, with a distinguished career in ethnic and multicultural politics, particularly as they impact upon women of culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. She was a peace activist, an environmentalist, a feminist and committed to the cause of reconciliation with indigenous Australia.\nOf Greek heritage, Buckland-Fuller had a long involvement with the Greek Community of New South Wales, and her valuable contributions were acknowledged in 2001 when she was granted Life Membership to the Council of the Greek Orthodox Community of Sydney and New South Wales. In 1974, she established the Australian-Migrant Women's Association, an organisation designed to bring together immigrant and Australian-born women.\nShe was active in the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, serving as president in 2002-4. As a sociologist, she taught and conducted action research. Her life has been a case of putting that theory to practice. In her own words, she was an 'action oriented person'.\nDorothy Buckland-Fuller passed away in Sydney on 5 July 2019. She will be remembered for her words resounding in the ears of all those who knew her over her great life: \"I will continue to work for equal rights for all and the betterment of our society for as long as I live\".\n", "Details": "Dorothy Buckland-Fuller's extensive CV, when read chronologically and with regard to her own memories, is a living history of the development of multicultural policies in Australia. She arrived in Australia in 1961, having lived in England for the previous fourteen years. (Her husband was an engineer working for the British Overseas Air Corporation [BOAC].) She became involved with the Greek Community in Sydney and worked for them in the late 1960s in a part time capacity as a secretary and Community Development Planner. While working, she studied at the University of New South Wales, completing her BA in 1969, and her MA Qual (the equivalent of Honours) in Sociology in 1972. She then commenced post graduate studies in the newly developing research area, 'The sociology of migration'. While a postgraduate, she worked in the New South Wales Health Department, in schools and Baby Health Centres undertaking research. She also lectured and tutored in various departments at the University of New South Wales. Her research was presented as part of a report entitled Participation to the New South Wales Parliament in 1978, and was regarded as pioneering in its focus on migrant women's issues and needs.\nThe list of Dorothy's paid and voluntary positions is extensive, as is the list of awards and acknowledgements for her services to the community. The list below is indicative and by no means exhaustive.\n", "Events": "Acknowledged for her valuable contribution to the Greek orthodox Community of Sydney and New South Wales (2001 - 2001) \nAppointed to the role of part-time Commissioner responsible in the Area of Women (1977 - 1981) \nFor services to the community (1977 - 1977) \nFor services to the community (1977 - 1977) \nHonoured for contribution to the community (2006 - 2006) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001) \nMember (1977 - 1978) \nPlaque awarded on International Women's Day for contribution to the welfare of women (2002 - 2002) \nThe inquiry and subsequent report resulted in radical changes benefiting immigrant women in the workplace (1980 - 1981)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/double-disadvantage-migrant-and-aboriginal-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-the-greek-orthodox-community-of-new-south-wales\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Merenda, Francesca", "Entry ID": "AWE2148", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/merenda-francesca\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "North Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Darling Point, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Welfare worker", "Summary": "Francesca Merenda began work with Department of Immigration in 1969 as the first ever Italian speaking welfare worker. She was a member of the group appointed by Malcolm Fraser in 1977, and chaired by Sir Frank Galbally, to review post-arrival migrant programs and services.\nFrancesca Merenda had a long association with Co.As.It. Italian Association of Assistance, including as a member of the Board of Directors after the Association was incorporated in 1984.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-experience-of-wartime-internment-an-interview-with-francesca-merenda\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Windeyer, Mary Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE2168", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/windeyer-mary-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Hove, Sussex, England", "Death Place": "Tomago, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Charity worker, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "Mary Windeyer was president of the Women's Suffrage League of New South Wales from 1891-1893, and co-founder of the Ashfield Infants' Home and the Temporary Aid Society.\n", "Details": "Born in England, the second daughter of nine children of Jane (n\u00e9e Ball) and Reverend Robert Thorley Bolton, Mary migrated to Sydney with her parents while still a toddler. She married William Charles Windeyer in 1857 and the pair had nine children, including one daughter who died in infancy. Three years after their marriage, William was elected to parliament. He rose from Solicitor-General to Attorney-General, to Judge.\nHeather Radi describes Mary Windeyer as a 'charity organizer and champion of orphans' welfare and women's suffrage'. She pushed for better care of orphanages, and favoured foster care with loving families. She helped to establish what later became the Ashfield Infants' Home - a foundling hospital, open to mothers with illegitimate children - and opened her own cottage home for orphans. In the 1880s, following her husband's promotion of legal forms allowing for desertion as a case for divorce, she began to push for increased employment opportunities for women. With Lucy Osburn she organised an Exhibition of Women's Industries, promoting nursing as a profession, and raising enough money to set up a Temporary Aid Society to help women in financial difficulty by providing them with small loans. Later, with her daughter Margaret and others, Mary helped to establish a women's college at the University of Sydney.\nMary Windeyer became Lady Windeyer in 1891 when William was knighted. That year she was honorary secretary for the second Australasian Conference on Charity and a committee member of the Thirlmere Home for Consumptives. She was president of the Women's Suffrage League of New South Wales from 1891 until 1893 and a member of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. She sponsored, Radi tells us, a 'silk-growing cooperative, a shorthand writers and typists' society, and hospital training for nurses' and organised the women's industries section of New South Wales' exhibit in the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, USA. In 1893, Lady Windeyer's proposal for a women's hospital led to the opening of a district service that became the Women's Hospital in Crown Street, Sydney.\nLady Windeyer died in 1912 and was buried in the Anglican section of the Raymond Terrace cemetery. Her estate was valued at \u00a311,408.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/windeyer-mary-elizabeth-1837-1912\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-activism-and-altruism-in-australian-womens-philanthropy-1880-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-windeyers-chapters-of-family-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-women-philanthropists-in-australian-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-lady-mary-windeyer-and-margaret-windeyer-1894-1926-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-w-c-windeyer-1838-1944-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/windeyer-family-papers-1827-1928\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/windeyer-family-papers-1829-1943\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/photographs-relating-to-the-windeyer-family-1829-1943\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Looveer, Lia", "Entry ID": "AWE2170", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/looveer-lia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Narva, Ida-Viru, Estonia", "Death Place": "Castle Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Migrant community advocate, Office Manager", "Summary": "Born in Estonia in 1920, Lia Looveer came to Australia with her husband and daughter in 1949, settling in Sydney in 1952. She was an active member of the Estonian community in Sydney and was office manager for the Estonian weekly newspaper Meie Rodo, between 1956-1966.She was Secretary of the Captive Nations Council of New South Wales and Secretary General of the United Council of Migrants from Communist Dominated Europe in Australia in 1968.\nLooveer joined the Liberal Party of Australia, New South Wales division, in 1955, and was a member of its Migrant Advisory Committee and of the federal Liberal Party's Advisory Committee on Ethnic Affairs, 1976-1981, as well as a member of the State Council over the same period. She is a foundation member of the Ethnic Communities' Council of N.S.W. Looveer was awarded the British Empire Medal in 1978 and received a Heritage Award from the Liberal Party of Australia, N.S.W. Division, in 2002.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/estonian-archives-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/captive-nations-council-of-new-south-wales-records-1953-1998-together-with-the-records-of-the-united-council-of-migrants-from-communist-dominated-europe-in-australia-1953-1966\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joint-baltic-committee-records-1952-2000\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jones, Margaret Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE2175", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jones-margaret-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Bondi, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist", "Summary": "Margaret Jones was Literary Editor for the Herald and worked as a journalist in the London and New York bureaus of John Fairfax Ltd, before becoming Foreign Editor for the Sydney Morning Herald in the 1970s. She reported from North Korea and North Vietnam, and was staff correspondent in Peking, China. Described as a 'trailblazer for women journalists', Jones wrote for the Herald newspaper for a total of thirty-three years.\n", "Details": "Margaret Jones was the youngest of six children. Her father, John, worked on the Rockhampton Harbour Board for 40 years. She received a Catholic education at Rockhampton and spent a period at teachers' college in Brisbane, before working as a journalist on the Mackay Mercury and as a stringer for the ABC. Moving to Sydney, she worked on The Daily Mirror.\nIn 1954, despite ongoing prejudice against women in journalism, she joined the Herald. Two years later she resigned to work in England and Paris, before joining The Sun-Herald in 1961. In 1965 she received her first foreign posting, to the Herald's New York offices. There she worked, though not entirely in harmony, with Lillian Roxon. The following year she became the paper's first Washington correspondent. Barred from the National Press Club because of her sex, and consequently deprived of access to important functions and major speeches, her work was hindered, but she managed a successful stint in Washington, covering Lyndon Johnson's presidency and the Vietnam War.\nIn 1969 she moved to London, covering subjects from the IRA to the Beatles. She returned to Sydney to become literary editor of the paper. By the early 70s, the ratio of women to men on the staff had risen from 1:11 to 1:6. In 1972 Jones joined the successful campaign to allow women full membership of the Sydney Journalists Club. The following year, she was appointed foreign correspondent in Beijing (then Peking), the first to hold the position for the Herald since WWII.\nIn 1976, Jones gave the Paton-Wilkie-Deamer Newspaper Address organised by the Journalists' Club, Sydney, and the New South Wales branch of the Australian Journalists' Association. She was the first woman journalist to be invited to do so. According to Jones, 'the integrity of the press, or lack of it, is among the most topical of all subjects today, arising out of the upheavals in the Government of Australia over the last year or so'. Her primary concern was the tendency - on both sides of politics - to use the press as a 'whipping boy', carrying the blame for all misfortune. The credibility of the press, said Jones, was 'at a pretty low ebb - just about the lowest I can remember', but censorship or greater control of the press was not the solution. Jones used the address to reflect upon the dangers of a controlled press based on her own experiences as a reporter in China from 1973. China's two national newspapers, the Renmin Ribao and the Kwangming Ribao, were the only newspapers that foreigners were permitted the read. The papers were under the strict control of government, and could only report positive news - great feats, economic gains, general prosperity. Foreign correspondents, too, were carefully monitored and not permitted to write about any subject that touched on the health of Chairman Mao, dissension in the leadership, or defence. A 'warning system' ensured their compliance - after two warnings, foreign correspondents would be forced to leave.\nIn 1980 Jones returned to London as European correspondent. Following her retirement in 1987, she served on the Australian Press Council from 1988-98. Her publications include Thatcher's Kingdom, The Confucius Enigma, and The Smiling Buddha.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/thatchers-kingdom-a-view-of-britain-in-the-eighties\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-confucius-enigma\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-smiling-buddha\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pressures-on-the-press\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/southern-africa-defence-and-aid-fund-in-australia-records-1961-1981-together-with-the-records-of-community-aid-abroad-australia-southern-africa-group-1981-1987\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-phelan-papers-1866-1996%e2%86%b5nancy-phelan-literary-manuscripts-with-working-papers-including-correspondence-1866-1996\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/salmon-family-malcolm-salmon-papers-1927-1986\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kerr, Beatrice Maude", "Entry ID": "AWE2217", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kerr-beatrice-maude\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Aquatic performer, Diver, Swimmer", "Summary": "Raised at Albert Park, Melbourne, Beatrice Kerr and her four siblings were taught to swim by their mother, Eliza Sophia. Kerr began her competitive swimming career in Geelong and in Melbourne, at Brighton and Albert Park. In 1905 she won the Australasian amateur championship, and the 100 yards and 120 yards in the Victorian championships, and completed 366 swimming and diving performances at Princes Court, Melbourne. The following year she won forty-three swimming prizes in Western Australia. Kerr's fastest time for the 100 yards was 1 minute, 21.4 seconds, and for the mile, 27.5 minutes, but she did not hold world records nor did she compete in the Olympic Games.\nFollowing her rival, Annette Kellermann, Kerr travelled to the United Kingdom in 1906. She issued a public challenge to Kellerman that year, but did not receive a response. Kerr began a busy season of performances, appearing in theatrical swimming events. According to Judy Nelson, Kerr was renowned for swimming techniques including the revolving waterwheel, and for her diving displays, as well as for her daring, spangled swimming costumes. She returned to Australia in 1911 and retired from professional swimming the following year when she married Griffith Ellis Williams. The pair had one son and lived at Bondi, Sydney.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kerr-beatrice-maude-1887-1971\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wolinski, Naomi", "Entry ID": "AWE2230", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wolinski-naomi\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sandhurst (Bendigo), Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Bowler, Sports administrator, Welfare worker", "Summary": "Following her husband Ury, Naomi Wolinski took up lawn bowls in the late 1920s, playing at the Wollstonecraft Bowling Club. In 1930 she co-founded the New South Wales Ladies' (Women's) Bowling Association, serving as inaugural vice-president, honorary secretary (1931-32), and president (1933-58), and becoming a life-member in 1938. She also co-founded the association's journal, (Women's) Bowls News, and chaired its editorial committee for nearly ten years.\nWolinski used her influence in women's bowling circles to organise fundraising and the production of clothing for servicemen during wartime. She was elected foundation president of the Australian Women's Bowling Council in 1947, and was vice-president (1938-50) and president (1950-64) of the National Council of Amateur Sports Women of New South Wales.\nIn 1953 Naomi Wolinski was awarded Queen Elizabeth II's coronation medal and in 1960 she was appointed M.B.E.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wolinski-naomi-1881-1969\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Raisbeck, Rosina", "Entry ID": "AWE2264", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/raisbeck-rosina\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ballarat, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Opera singer", "Summary": "Rosina Raisbeck enjoyed a successful career in London and performed on the club circuit across Australia in the 1960s, before joining the Australian Opera in 1971. She was still singing with the company at the age of 72.\n", "Details": "Raisbeck was born in Ballarat to English and Italian parents, and grew up in Maitland. After success on the club circuit in New South Wales, she entered the New South Wales Conservatorium in 1942. Raisbeck won the Sun Aria and ABC Concerto and Vocal competitions in 1946. She auditioned at Covent Garden, London, and performed her debut role as Maddalena in Rigoletto the following year.\nRaisbeck was a soloist in Beethoven's Ninth Symphony as part of the Queen's coronation celebrations in 1953. She sang with Sadler's Wells Opera in London, and with the Elizabethan Trust Opera Company at home in Sydney. In 1961, after her divorce from James Laurie, she returned to Sydney with her son, Jim. She joined the Australian Opera company ten years later. Raisbeck's last public appearance was at the 80th birthday concert of Dame Joan Sutherland, her friend and colleague, in October 2006.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/raisbeck-rosina-singer-programs-and-related-material-collected-by-the-national-library-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/royce-rees-collection-of-sydney-theatre-photonegatives-1946-1967\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bridges, Patricia Marie", "Entry ID": "AWE2280", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bridges-patricia-marie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Golfer, Sports administrator", "Summary": "In 2006, Patricia Bridges was awarded the first ever life membership of the newly established golfing organisation, Golf Australia. It was a fitting tribute to her for her years of service to the sport. Throughout a career in golf administration that spanned four decades, she has held several positions on the executive of the Australian Ladies' Golf Union, including president. In 1994, at the age of seventy-two, she was appointed Chairman of the Women's Committee of the World Amateur Golf Council, the first Australian man or women to hold an executive position on an International Golf Committee. In the same year, she negotiated exclusively with Holden to sponsor the resurgence of the Women's Australian Open Championship. The trophy for the winner of the Women's Australian Open is named the Patricia Bridges Bowl, in her honour.\nPatricia Bridges was respected for her organisational skills and her ability to move with the times. At an media conference in 2006 announcing the timing and whereabouts of the 2007 Women's Open, organisers played a video of some of the up and coming women players. Bare midriffs were once banned in women's golf but plenty were on show throughout the video. One shot showed images of a young woman with a tattoo on her lower back. 'Good grief,' muttered a member of the crowd. 'Why not?' responded Mrs. Bridges.\n", "Events": "Appointed Australian Team Selector (1969 - 1969) \nAppointed to the Australian Ladies' Golf Union (1964 - 1964) \nElected president of the Australian Ladies' Golf Union (1970 - 1970) \nElected to her third term as president of the Australian Ladies Golf Union (1991 - 1991) \nFor services to Golf and the Community (1981 - 1981) \nInvited to travel to the United States to investigate promoting a Women's Open Tournament in Australia (1970 - 1970) \nRe-elected president of the Australian Ladies Golf Union (1976 - 1976)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bridges-built-for-womens-open\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lluka, Rosemary", "Entry ID": "AWE2492", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lluka-rosemary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Swimmer", "Events": "Swimming - 4 x 100m Medley Relay (1960 - 1960)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hayter, Ellen Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE2742", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hayter-ellen-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Warra, Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Byron Bay, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Nurse", "Summary": "Mary Hayter (known always more formally as Mrs. Hayter or, in wartime, as Lieutenant Hayter) was an active community worker and nursing sister who served with distinction in WWII.\n", "Details": "Mary Hayter was the daughter of English-born Thomas Edward Adams and his Australian wife, Marion Bruce Gales. Aged 18, she began nurse's training at the Tenterfield District Hospital. She worked as a nursing sister at the Glendore Private Hospital, Gympie, Queensland, before enlisting for service in WWII (Service Number QX23505 (Q70253)). During the War, as Lieutenant Hayter, she was attached to 12 units and served in England, the Gaza Ridge, and Nazareth. En route to Singapore from Nazareth, the ship carrying her unit was diverted to Colombo and Bombay as news arrived of the fall of Singapore. The nurses spent over seven weeks on the water before reaching Port Moresby, and were subsequently shunted from port to port.\nIn 1944, Mary married Eric Herbert Barnard Hayter (1900-1988) at St John's Cathedral, Brisbane. They had one daughter, Erica Mary Hayter, born 11 November 1946. Mary was heavily involved in her local community, offering her time to the All Souls' Anglican Church; the Red Cross; the R.S.L, the A&I Society, the Poultry Society, Friends of Feros, the Church Army and St Luke's Private Hospital in Sydney. In 1974 she was awarded an MBE for services to the community.\nMrs. Hayter suffered from a stroke shortly after her 90th birthday, in June 2000, and passed away in the Byron Bay Hospital in September of that year.\nInformation for this entry was provided by Harold Bruce Edmonds, son of Hayter's cousin Dorothy Ada Edmonds (n\u00e9e Greaves, 1906-1989).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Byles, Marie Beuzeville", "Entry ID": "AWE2745", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/byles-marie-beuzeville\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ashton-On-Mersey, Cheshire, United Kingdom", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Conservationist, Lawyer, Mountaineer", "Summary": "Marie Byles was the first woman to qualify to practise law in New South Wales. As Honorary Solicitor, she worked with Jessie Street to change the law regarding women's guardianship of their children. Establishing her own legal practice allowed her to devote herself to bushwalking, mountaineering and conservation of the environment. She was responsible for reserving Bouddi Natural Park north of the Hawkesbury River. A Pacifist, Byles was a devotee of Gandhi and developed an interest in Buddhism. A founding member of the Buddhist Society of New South Wales, she became an international authority on Buddhism and wrote several books on the subject.\n", "Details": "Marie Byles was born in 1900, the year of Queen Victoria's death, to Ida Unwin Byles (a cousin of publisher Sir Stanley Unwin) and Cyril Beuzeville Byles, an expert in railway signalling. Cyril was offered a position with New South Wales Railways and the family moved to Sydney in 1911. Marie was educated at Presbyterian Ladies College (PLC) Croydon, then Pymble. She was Head Prefect and Dux.\nByles studied Arts, then Law, at the University of Sydney. In 1918 an Enabling Act was passed in NSW, allowing women to practise law. Marie won the Rose Scott Prize for International Law and attracted media attention on her graduation. She worked with many women's organizations including Jessie Street's United Association of Women to help change the laws regarding women's rights in marriage and divorce, and, in particular, the guardianship of their own children.\nA bushwalker, Byles was drawn to mountaineering and travelled the world by cargo boat in 1929 to gain experience in high altitude climbing in Scotland, Norway and Canada. She climbed Mt Cook in New Zealand and returned to that country twice more to climb virgin peaks and map unexplored areas, before leading an international expedition to south China in 1938.\nOn returning to Sydney from her round-the-world voyage, Byles established her own legal practice, knowing that she would struggle to be given the respect she deserved by a patriarchal legal profession that saw women as secretaries and clerks. She employed an all-female staff, training them as highly skilled paralegals, and was committed to profit-sharing. The proficiency and loyalty of her staff allowed Byles to spend extended periods of time on overseas expeditions.\nAn early member of the Sydney Bushwalkers Club, Byles joined with others who were committed to conserving the natural environment and saving it from development. As Honorary Solicitor for the Federation of Bushwalking Clubs, she helped to get large amounts of land reserved in State Parks. In particular she wanted to reserve a stretch of coastline north of the Hawkesbury River that she had explored as a young woman. She achieved this in 1935 and became a Trustee of Bouddi Natural Park. She was notorious for organising regular working bees that saw up to a hundred people making tracks and installing water tanks etc.\nByles served as President of the Federation of Bushwalking Clubs for some years as well as editing its journal. With Paddy Pallin, the camping equipment provider, she founded The Bush Club, a specialised bushwalking club for people not interested in doing exhausting overnight bushwalks. The club attracted many European refugees who were glad for the opportunity to become acquainted with their new country but needed to report to the police every night.\nOn a bushwalking expedition to Bouddi in 1941, Byles suffered a collapsed arch and this restricted her bushwalking involvement. The failure of her attempt to reach the summit of a virgin peak in south China in 1938 shattered her and eventually inspired her interest in philosophy and Eastern spirituality. She travelled to India in 1953 and wrote about the life of the Buddha in Footsteps of Gautama Buddha. A devotee of Gandhi, she named the cottage that she had built next to Pennant Hills Reserve 'Ahimsa' after Gandhi's principle of non-violence. She wrote a book, The Lotus and the Spinning Wheel, on the comparisons between Buddha and Gandhi.\nByles learned of a form of meditation taught by Buddha, 'Vipassana', and travelled to Burma to do an intensive retreat at the Maha Bodhi centre in Mandalay. She wrote a book about her experiences, Journey Into Burmese Silence, that helped guide a new generation towards the spirituality of the East. Byles was a founding member of the Buddhist Society of NSW, the first society of Western Buddhists in Australia. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, she opened her home to Quakers and Buddhists for silent meditation and discussion groups.\nByles travelled to Japan to investigate Zen meditation and discovered the Ittoen spiritual community. She published a book on their teacher's philosophy, and wrote her own book, Paths to Inner Calm. In 1966 she was attacked while sleeping on the verandah of her home in Cheltenham. She was hospitalised and convalesced at the home of her friend, the writer Florence James, in the Blue Mountains. Suffering constant headaches, she learnt about the Alexander Technique and studied under the only teacher in Sydney. When he died Byles wrote a book on the exercises called Stand Straight Without Strain.\nIn 1974 Byles was honoured by the Women Lawyers Association for 50 years in the practice of law. Mary Gaudron and Elizabeth Evatt (recently Justices of the High Court) attended.\nSuffering from cancer, and refusing hospitalisation or painkillers, Marie Byles died at home on 21 November 1979. She bequeathed her home and the nature reserve on which it stands to the National Trust of NSW.\nThis entry was researched and written by Anne McLeod.\nExcerpted from the Dictionary of Sydney, relating to Byles' pioneering role in the law:\nIn her efforts to become an articled clerk (part of requirements for legal qualification at the time), she had some discouraging encounters with law firms - one male solicitor viewed Marie's potential as a mere typist. Eventually she was articled to Stuart Thom & Co on 6 June 1924. To obtain the requisite training with the master solicitor, her father had to pay \u00a3200 for her articles. The usual cost for male graduates was, in contrast, \u00a3100. Marie's father also had to provide her with suitable clothing for work. Unfortunately, the articles proved to be a soul - destroying experience. A change of workplace was made possible with the intervention of Sir John Peden, the Law Dean of Sydney University. Henry Davis & Co agreed to employ Marie in a role as managing clerk.\nShe was also active in the United Associations of Women and the National Council of Women of New South Wales.\nBy the 1930s, the practice employed five other women and sought to obtain the services of female barristers when they were available, including Sibyl Morrison. The legal practice dealt with matters of probate, conveyancing and debt recovery.\nIn 1952 Marie became the first female master solicitor when articled clerk Margaret Crawley joined her practice. By this time, the work premises were inappropriate and Marie created a private company to purchase land at 2A Hillview Avenue, Eastwood. Here she built the Berangie Chambers, an Aboriginal word meaning 'friend'. Marie designed the building to ensure the space was airy and filled with light. The practice moved here in 1953. In the late 1950s, she continued to consciously employ married women and promoted their professional development. Marie even offered to sponsor her law clerks to study for the Solicitors' Admission Board exams.\nIn 1970, she sold her business to Helen Larcombe, who had been the first female solicitor to practise in Newcastle in 1957.\nIn 1974, Marie celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of becoming a solicitor, and shared the occasion with two eminent judges, Judge Elizabeth Evatt and Judge Mary Gaudron.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1920 - 1960)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/byles-marie-beuzeville-1910-1979\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-women-in-the-legal-profession-in-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cross, Zora Bernice May", "Entry ID": "AWE2782", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cross-zora-bernice-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor, Author, Journalist, Poet, Print journalist, Teacher", "Summary": "Zora Cross was, among other things, a poet and author of children's verse. She wrote for the Brisbane Daily Mail as a freelance journalist, and was drama critic for the magazines Green Room and the Lone Hand.\n", "Details": "The daughter of Australian-born parents, accountant Ernest William Cross and his wife Mary Louisa Eliza Ann (n\u00e9e Skyring), Zora Cross was educated in Sydney from 1905. She began work as a primary school teacher, but left the profession to give birth to a daughter who died as an infant. She married actor Stuart Smith in 1911, but insisted upon living separately. The marriage was dissolved in 1922. Zora gave birth to a son, Norman Garvin, in 1914, after a 'mysterious love affair' (ADB), and later had two daughters - Davidina and April - to her de facto husband, Bulletin 'Red Page' editor David McKee Wright. The eldest, Davidina, predeceased her mother in 1941.\nZora's first book of poems, A Song of Mother Love, was published in Brisbane in 1916. That same year she attempted publication of her first novel, on an Aboriginal theme, but was unsuccessful. In 1917 she published a second collection of poetry, Songs of Love and Life, comprising sixty love sonnets: 'the first sustained expression in Australian poetry of erotic experience from a woman's point of view' (ADB). A number of poems were published in the Bulletin. The Lilt of Life, published in 1918, ran along similar lines, but the inspiration behind the poems - Zora's relationship with David Wright, who had four sons to Margaret Fane - was the stuff of scandal. Zora also wrote verse for children, including The City of Riddle-mee-ree in 1918, and Elegy on an Australian Schoolboy, in memory of her soldier brother, in 1921.\nWhen David Wright died suddenly in 1928, Zora supported herself and her three children by working as a freelance journalist (particularly for the Brisbane Daily Mail), teacher of elocution, actor and drama critic. She attempted to write a trilogy of novels on a Roman theme, but never completed the work. She died of heart disease in the home she had shared with Wright at Glenbrook, in the Blue Mountains, and was buried at Emu Plains.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1930 - 1960)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-city-of-riddle-me-ree\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daughters-of-the-seven-mile-the-love-story-of-an-australian-woman\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elegy-on-an-australian-schoolboy\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-lilt-of-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/songs-of-love-and-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-hectic-age\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cross-zora-bernice-may-1890-1964\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1800-1936-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dreyer, Marien", "Entry ID": "AWE2784", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dreyer-marien\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Mornington, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Darlinghurst Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Journalist, Playwright, Print journalist, Radio Journalist", "Summary": "Marien Dreyer wrote numerous scripts for the Australian Broadcasting Commission from the 1940s to the 1960s, and was author of the popular New Idea column 'This Week with Marien Dreyer' from 1955 to 1962.\n", "Details": "Daughter of a New Zealand-born journalist, Joseph Dreyer, and his Australian wife Mary Oulton (n\u00e9e Rosson), Marien was educated at a convent school until the age of 14. She worked as a stenographer and took on a number of jobs in Sydney before returning to Melbourne in 1940, where she worked as telephonist for the Australian Imperial Force. Marien married Rodney Beaumont Lovell Cooper, and the pair settled in Sydney in the 1940s. They were to have two sons.\nIn Sydney, Dreyer produced a large number of stories and plays for magazines and radio broadcasts with scripts including 'The Windows of Heaven', 'The Big Wind', and the autobiographical 'Story of a Lame Duck' (Dreyer lost a leg while still a child). From 1955 to 1962, she wrote the popular New Idea column, 'This Week with Marien Dreyer'. She won the Walkley Award in 1959 as co-writer of a non-fiction magazine article for New Idea entitled 'The Day I Wiggled My Big Toe'. Dreyer's satirical play, Bandicoot on a Burnt Ridge, won her the Journalists' Club \u00a31,000 award for 1962-63. In 1966, she assisted stipendiary magistrate Arthur Debenham with the authorship of his memoirs, Without Fear or Favour. She was a prolific writer of letters to the editor, many of which were published in the Sydney Morning Herald.\n", "Events": "Best Magazine Feature Story (Non-Fiction), 'The Day I Wiggled My Big Toe' (with Harry Cox), New Idea and People (1959 - 1959)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dreyer-marien-oulton-1911-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Riddell, Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE2835", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/riddell-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Napier, New Zealand", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Poet, Print journalist", "Summary": "Born in New Zealand in 1910, Elizabeth Riddell was recruited as a journalist to work in Sydney straight from school. In 1939 she started work on The Sun newspaper, during World War Two she opened and ran the Daily Mirror's New York bureau, and in the 1960s, she became senior interviewer and critic for the arts pages of The Australian. Several books of her poetry have been published over the years.\n", "Events": "Best Newspaper Feature Story, The Australian - News Limited (1968 - 1968) \nBest Newspaper Feature Story, The Australian - News Limited (1969 - 1969)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-elizabeth-riddell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-elizabeth-riddell-bondi-1984-picture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/this-difficult-island\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-untrammelled\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-the-midnight-courtyard\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-elizabeth-riddell-picture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-riddell-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poems-ca-1960-1994-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-elizabeth-riddell-1982-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dale-spender-papers-1972-1995\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Horin, Adele", "Entry ID": "AWE2877", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/horin-adele\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Print journalist", "Summary": "Adele Horin was an opinion writer and journalist at the Sydney broadsheet paper, The Sydney Morning Herald. She had a Saturday column on the paper's \"comment\" page. Horin's writings usually dealt with social issues.\n", "Events": "Best Feature, either in a Newspaper or Magazine, The National Times, Sydney (1981 - 1981)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/adele-marilyn-horin-1951-2015\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fisher, Mary Lucy (Lala)", "Entry ID": "AWE2888", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fisher-mary-lucy-lala\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Gladesville, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Editor, Journalist, Poet, Print journalist", "Summary": "Lala Fisher lived in London and worked as a journalist between 1897-1901. On her return to Australia she lived in Charters Towers and worked for various papers, including the radical New Eagle and Steele Rudd's Magazine. Later, in Sydney, she became the owner\/editor of Theatre Magazine from 1909 to 1918.\nFisher published several volumes of poetry. She was a founding member of the Society of Women Writers.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1897 - 1920)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fisher-mary-lucy-lala-1872-1929\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/by-creek-and-gully-stories-and-sketches-mostly-of-bush-life-told-in-prose-and-rhyme-by-australian-writers-in-england\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lala-fisher-obituary\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/earth-spiritual-verses\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fotheringhame, Pattie", "Entry ID": "AWE2897", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fotheringhame-pattie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Scotland", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Editor, Journalist, Newspaper Proprietor, Print journalist", "Summary": "Pattie Fotheringhame was Sydney's first female journalist and the pioneer of photo-engraving in Sydney. She was 'discovered' by her brother-in-law, W.H Traill, editor of the Sydney Mail, in 1878 when he heard her telling a story to a group of children. He learned that the story was her own creation and so employed Fotheringhame to write a weekly piece for the paper. Following Traill to the Bulletin she wrote the Woman's Letter as 'Mab' for almost seven years until she married James Fotheringhame.\nFotheringhame bought Young Australia from Louisa Lawson and she continued it for thirty years with her sister-in-law Josephine Fotheringhame. She also owned the weekly Splashes, and edited the monthly paper The Sphere for six years. She also contributed lighter pieces to The Soldier and The Commonwealth Home. At her busiest, she was writing for six newspapers simultaneously\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1880 - 1920)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/austlit-the-australian-literature-resource\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wallace, Theodosia Ada", "Entry ID": "AWE2910", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wallace-theodosia-ada\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Double Bay, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Print journalist", "Summary": "Educated at the University of Sydney, (she received her B.A. in 1891) Theodosia Wallace tried teaching before she swiftly moved into journalism. Coming from a family of journalists, perhaps this was hardly surprising.\nAt the age of 20 she wrote a social column for the Melbourne Argus and Australasian as 'Biddy B.A.' She also contributed to the Sydney Morning Herald and later joined its staff, writing mainly on temperance and feminist subjects, such as the passing of the Married Women's Property Act, free kindergartens and changes to the laws on prostitution. The Herald started a weekly feature, 'A Page for Women', in September 1905 and Theodosia was appointed editor for the page.\nTheodosia Wallace also established a presence in regional newspapers. She wrote syndicated letters for the Orange Leader and a Dubbo newspaper. In the Newcastle Herald, under the pseudonym 'INO', her weekly column 'An Idle Woman's Diary' ran from 1920. She was the first head of the Country Press Association's press-cutting service, working there for about thirty years. She was a founding member of the Society of Women Writers.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1892 - 1930)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wallace-theodosia-ada-1872-1953\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pen-portraits-women-writers-and-journalists-in-nineteenth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Todd, Ellen Joy", "Entry ID": "AWE2911", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/todd-ellen-joy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Woolwich Arsenal, Kent, Australia", "Death Place": "Double Bay, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Editor, Journalist, Print journalist", "Summary": "Ellen Todd migrated to Australia with her husband, Robert Henry Todd, in 1887. They eventually settled in Sydney, where Ellen established a solid career in journalism. In a period spanning over thirty years, she contributed to the Echo, Illustrated Sydney News and to Louisa Lawson's Dawn. She supplied book reviews and theatrical and musical critiques to the Australian Town and Country Journal, as well as the obligatory social notes.\nFrom January 1906 until 1923, Todd was foundation editor of the weekly Woman's Budget, a journal which claimed to be 'WRITTEN by WOMEN for WOMEN'. The magazine featured items on cookery, dressmaking and fashion, as well as articles of wider interest and provided an outlet for women writers. Circulation under Todd's editorship was estimated to have reached 150,000 weekly.\nFrom 1933 until 1940 Ellen Todd worked in an honorary capacity for the Empire Gazette, edited by Adela Pankhurst Walsh. Ellen's recollections of social and artistic life in Sydney were published under the title of Looking Back in 1938.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1906 - 1940)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/todd-ellen-joy-1861-1948\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/looking-back-some-early-recollections-of-mrs-r-h-todd\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Benjamin, Sophia (Zoe)", "Entry ID": "AWE3667", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/benjamin-sophia-zoe\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Hunters Hill Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Kindergarten teacher", "Summary": "Zoe Benjamin was a kindergarten teacher who founded and edited Australian Kindergarten Magazine. She was a lecturer at the Kindergarten Training College and gave broadcasts on the ABC's Kindergarten of the Air. Benjamin's publications included Education for Parenthood (1944), Talks to Parents (1947) and The Schoolchild and His Parents (1950).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/benjamin-sophia-zoe-1882-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dunlop, Eliza Hamilton", "Entry ID": "AWE3684", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dunlop-eliza-hamilton\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "County Armagh, Ireland", "Death Place": "Wollombi, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Ethnographer", "Summary": "Eliza Dunlop arrived in Sydney with her family in 1838. She studied local Aboriginal language and song, and published poetry in The Australian, the Maitland Mercury and the Sydney Gazette. Dunlop's play, The Cousins of Aledo, is held in the Mitchell Library, Sydney.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dunlop-eliza-hamilton-1796-1880\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-aboriginal-mother-and-other-poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/milson-family-newscuttings-and-other-miscellaneous-material-1880-1955\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/isaac-nathan-sheet-music-published-in-sydney-1842-1862\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gallagher, Kitty", "Entry ID": "AWE3691", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gallagher-kitty\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ireland", "Death Place": "Bundarra, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Drover, Farmer", "Summary": "Kitty Gallagher was transported to Australia with her husband Frank following their involvement in the 1798 Wexford Rebellion. They ran a small cattle run near Scone in the Hunter Valley. After Frank's death, Kitty worked for Henry Dangar as a drover, moving cattle between the Hunter Valley and his Myall Creek property. Gallagher dressed in men's work clothes, drove bullock teams, and hoed, reaped and ploughed fields. She is remembered by Gallagher Mountain, near Scone, and Kitty Gallagher's Swamp in the Bundarra district of New South Wales.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-wallabadah-manuscript-the-early-history-of-the-northern-districts-of-new-south-wales-recollections-of-the-early-days\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gibbs, Cecilia May", "Entry ID": "AWE3692", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gibbs-cecilia-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydenham, Kent, United Kingdom", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Illustrator", "Summary": "May Gibbs emigrated with her family to South Australia in 1881. She studied art in London, but returned to live in Perth, where she worked for the Western Mail. She moved to Sydney in 1913. Gibbs became known for her witty illustrations and her work was in demand. The first in her famous bush babies series, Gumnut Babies, was published in 1916. Snugglepot and Cuddlepie followed in 1918. Her cartoon strip, 'Bib and Bub', appeared in the Sydney Sunday News from 1925, while a second strip, 'Tiggy Touchwood', was published in the Sunday Sun under the pseudonym of Stan Cottman. May Gibbs was appointed MBE in 1955.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gibbs-cecilia-may-1877-1969\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/may-gibbs-mother-of-the-gumnuts\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/an-interview-with-may-gibbs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-may-gibbs-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/about-us-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alphabet-book\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bib-and-bub-in-gumnut-town\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bib-and-bub-their-adventures\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/boronia-babies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gumnut-babies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/chucklebud-and-wunkydoo\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-adventures-of-snugglepot-and-cuddlepie\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/flannel-flowers-and-other-bush-babies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-further-adventures-of-bib-and-bub\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gum-blossom-babies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/little-obelia-and-further-adventures-of-ragged-blossom-snugglepot-cuddlepie\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-magic-of-may-gibbs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/more-funny-stories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mr-and-mrs-bear-and-friends\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nuttybub-and-nittersing\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prince-dande-lion-a-garden-whim-wham\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scotty-in-gumnut-land\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wattle-babies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Goodisson, Lillie", "Entry ID": "AWE3693", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/goodisson-lillie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Holyhead, Wales", "Death Place": "Cremorne Point Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Campaigner, Nurse", "Summary": "Lillie Goodisson established the Myrnong Private Hospital in St Kilda in the 1890s. In 1926 she founded the Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales (later Family Planning Association) to promote sex education and to eradicate venereal disease. The Association opened a free clinic in Sydney in 1933. A friend of Ivy Brookes, Mrs Goodisson was an executive member of the National Council of Women.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Harwood, Marian Fleming", "Entry ID": "AWE3697", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/harwood-marian-fleming\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Greenock, Renfrewshire, Scotland", "Death Place": "Bellevue Hill Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Peace activist, Philanthropist, Teacher", "Summary": "Marian Harwood was a committed member of the New South Wales branch of the Peace Society, becoming vice-president in 1913. She founded the journal Pax in 1912, and established a library of peace literature. Harwood funded the Sydney office of the Peace Society and offered prizes to children in state secondary schools for essays on peace. She also gave money to several Sydney hospitals and children's homes. Marian Harwood had a strong interest in feminist organisations. She wrote several monographs on subjects that ranged from the life of Rose Scott, to the success or otherwise of international peace conferences, and to the study and performance of Shakespeare's plays.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/harwood-marian-fleming-1846-1934\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-growth-and-decline-of-a-liberal-anti-war-movement-in-australia-1905-1918\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/peace-conferences-at-home-and-abroad-with-some-general-news-about-the-peace-movement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-hope-of-europe-and-some-thoughts-which-it-awakened\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shakespeare-cult-in-germany-from-the-sixteenth-century-to-the-present-time\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reminiscences-of-the-late-miss-rose-scott-as-founder-president-and-life-long-friend-of-the-peace-society-new-south-wales-branch\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jenkins, Jemima Matcham", "Entry ID": "AWE3703", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jenkins-jemima-matcham\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Belchalwell, Dorset, United Kingdom", "Death Place": "Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Pastoralist, Property manager", "Summary": "Jemina Jenkins emigrated to New South Wales with her mother and siblings in 1801, following the death of her father. In 1810 she married Austin Forrest, but he was killed barely a year later after being thrown from a horse. Their daughter died in infancy. Jemima's second marriage was to Robert Jenkins in 1813. She bore two sons. In 1822, Robert Jenkins, too, died after falling from his horse.\nAs a widow of two marriages, Jemima Jenkins owned property at Richmond and Lake Illawarra, and she expanded her holdings from there. She acquired over 4,444 hectares of grazing land. By the 1828 census she had 9,075 acres with 2,000 cattle and 320 sheep. Jenkins also owned property in Sydney, and supervised a store in George Street selling wine and glassware. She later sold this to buy land near Campbelltown.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jollie-Smith, Christian Brynhild Ochiltree", "Entry ID": "AWE3705", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jollie-smith-christian-brynhild-ochiltree\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Communist, Lawyer, social activist, Solicitor", "Summary": "Christian Brynhild Ochiltree Jollie-Smith studied law at the University of Melbourne, graduating with a Bachelor of Laws in 1911. She was admitted as a barrister and solicitor by the Supreme Court of Victoria on 1 October 1912. She practiced as a solicitor in Melbourne from 1914, was appointed professional assistant in the Crown Solicitor's Office, Melbourne.\nJollie-Smith was a foundation committee-member of the Communist Party of Australia. A socialist and member of the Communist Party, Jollie-Smith published the Australian Communist journal. Her own work, The Japanese Labour Movement, was published in 1919. After moving to Sydney, Jollie-Smith established her own successful legal practice. In 1924 she became the second woman admitted as a solicitor in New South Wales. Jollie-Smith mainly dealt with political and industrial cases, and championed the working class. She was often employed by trade unions, or by those engaged in anti-eviction disputes during the depression years. Jollie-Smith regularly contributed to the Communist publication, Workers' Weekly, and to Tribune.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-japanese-labor-movement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jollie-smith-christian-1885-1963\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/christian-jollie-smith-a-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kelly, Ethel Knight", "Entry ID": "AWE3706", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kelly-ethel-knight\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "St John, New Brunswick, Canada", "Death Place": "Darlinghurst Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor, Author", "Summary": "Ethel Kelly graced the stage at St John in Canada in 1893, to great acclaim. She was married young, but widowed shortly afterward, and used her maiden name in subsequent acting work in the United States. She arrived in Sydney in 1903, and, after touring with a production of Are You a Mason?, married metal merchant Thomas Herbert Kelly. An energetic woman, Ethel Kelly organised fancy-dress balls, acted in matinee productions to raise money for hospitals, wrote her own plays, took on work as a journalist for Smith's Weekly (she conducted the woman's page from 1922-23), and wrote two novels - Why the Sphinx Smiles (1925) and Zara (1927) - and a memoir, Twelve Milestones (1929).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kelly-ethel-knight-1875-1949\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/frivolous-peeps-at-india\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/twelve-milestones-being-the-peregrinations-of-ethel-knight-kelly\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "MacKillop, Mary Helen", "Entry ID": "AWE3719", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mackillop-mary-helen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Religious Sister", "Summary": "Mary Mackillop was appointed head of the Penola Catholic School in 1866. In March of that year she was formally committed into the Institute of the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart. In 1871, almost half the members of the Institute were dismissed by Bishop Sheil, and Mackillop was excommunicated for alleged insubordination. The excommunication was lifted as early as February 1872, when she was reinstated as superior of the Institute. She was elected superior general under the new Roman Constitutions in 1875. Mackillop founded a teacher training centre for the Institute in Sydney in 1888, enabling it to become a leader in Catholic education.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mackillop-mary-helen-1842-1919\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-mackillop-1842-1909-slide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-mackillop-a-woman-before-her-time\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-mackillop-an-extraordinary-australian-the-authorised-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-and-flora-correspondence-between-mary-mackillop-and-her-mother-flora-mcdonald-mackillop\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-mackillops-sisters-a-life-unveiled\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Macleay, Frances Leonora (Fanny)", "Entry ID": "AWE3720", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/macleay-frances-leonora-fanny\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "London, United Kingdom", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Charity worker", "Summary": "Fanny Macleay arrived in Sydney with her family in 1826. There she met Lady Darling, the Governor's wife, who called upon her to look after the charitable work that was being undertaken in Lady Darling's name. In this way, Fanny became treasurer and secretary of Sydney's Industrial School for Girls. She married Thomas Cudbert Harington in June 1836, less than two months before her death.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pottie, Eliza", "Entry ID": "AWE3742", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pottie-eliza\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Belfast, Ireland", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Evangelist, Social reformer", "Summary": "Eliza Pottie emigrated with her family in the 1840s, and settled in New South Wales. Pottie was a founder and committee member of the Sydney Female Mission Home for unmarried mothers. She was also involved with the Home of Hope for destitute women, and the Lisgar Servants' Training Home for orphanage girls. She served on the ladies' committee of the Society for the Relief of Destitute Children, and in 1886 was appointed to the Government Asylums Inquiry Board ladies' committee. Pottie also became president of the Ladies' Sanitary Association, and joined the YWCA.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pottie-eliza-1837-1917\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Reibey, Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE3743", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reibey-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bury, England", "Death Place": "Newtown Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Convict", "Summary": "Mary Reibey was orphaned as a girl and arrested in 1791 after disguising herself as a male, James Burrow, and attempting to sell a stolen horse. As James Burrow she was sentenced to seven years transportation and arrived in the colony on 7 October 1792. Through marriage to her husband Thomas Raby, with whom she had seven children, Mary grew wealthy. She continued to accumulate property after his death, though the family fortune was strained by the misadventures of two of her sons-in-law.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reibey-mary-1777-1855\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-reibey-molly-incognita-a-biography-of-mary-reibey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dear-cousin-the-reibey-letters-twenty-two-letters-of-mary-reibey-her-children-and-their-descendants-1792-1901\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ryan, Mary Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE3747", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ryan-mary-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "St Johns Wood, Timaru, New Zealand", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Justice of the Peace, Political party organiser", "Summary": "A justice of the peace, Mary Ryan worked unofficially as a social worker in Portland, New South Wales, throughout the depression of the 1930s. She became president of her local Labor Party branch and was active in the Country Women's Association. In 1943, Ryan was appointed by Chifley to the Commonwealth Housing Commission.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ryan-mary-margaret-1886-1968\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "West, Winifred May", "Entry ID": "AWE3762", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/west-winifred-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Frensham, Surrey, England", "Death Place": "Bowral, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Headmistress", "Summary": "Winifred West arrived in Sydney in 1907 and took up work as an illustrator for the Australian Museum. In 1913 she founded the Frensham boarding school for girls at Mittagong, 120km out of Sydney. She remained there as headmistress until 1938. West built up a solid reputation based upon the philosophy of Frensham with its experimental curriculum and emphasis on the arts and physical education. She was a great inspiration to many of her students.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-winifred-west\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/west-winifred-mary-1881-1971\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cox, Martha Caldwell", "Entry ID": "AWE3766", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cox-martha-caldwell\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "South Australia", "Death Place": "Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Pastoralist, Pioneer", "Summary": "Martha Cox married selector David Cox, and lived and worked with him on their property in the Condobolin (western) district of New South Wales. Under harsh and isolated conditions, she cooked for workers, carried out household chores and farm work, and made her own butter, cheese, jam and soap. Toward the end of her life, she composed a detailed journal of her days on the land.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-book-of-great-australian-women-thirty-six-women-who-changed-the-course-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Horseman, Marie Compston (Mollie)", "Entry ID": "AWE3821", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/horseman-marie-compston-mollie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Rochester, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Katoomba, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Cartoonist, Journalist", "Summary": "Mollie Horseman worked professionally as a cartoonist and illustrator for over forty years. In 1963 Everybody's Magazine called her 'Australia's only woman cartoonist'. While this was obviously not the case, she was probably the most visible woman working in the field. At their annual ball in 1956, her colleagues in the Australian Black and White Artists' Club 'smocked' her (presented her with an artist's smock decorated by fellow members) and she was later voted Sydney Savage Club 'Cartoonist of the Year'. In 1964 she was the only woman in a group photograph of forty-three professional cartoonists and one of nine women among 140 cartoonists in the survey exhibition Fifty Years of Australian Cartooning.\nAlthough she was always able to draw, she was propelled forwards when she came to the attention of Norman Lindsay . Rose and Norman employed the teenage Mollie to be their children's governess. So impressed was he, recommended her to the National Art School. For financial reasons, she did not complete the course, but it was enough to sharpen her skills to ensure that she received regular employment. She worked regularly for Smith's Weekly and the Bulletin and her humorous cartoons made her a household name in the 1930s. Perhaps her best known characters were 'The Tipple Twins' two secretaries who regularly created office havoc in the pages of the Rydge's Business Journal, for which she freelanced in the 1940s. Many of her drawings may be found in the Mitchell Library, at the State Library of New South Wales.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1928 - 1968)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/horseman-marie-compston-mollie-1911-1974\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heritage-the-national-womens-art-book-500-works-by-500-australian-women-artists-from-colonial-times-to-1955\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collection-of-cartoons-and-caricatures-by-various-artists-1890-1917-1980-together-with-placemats-and-posters-for-journalists-functions-and-dinners-1978-1998\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mollie-horseman-cartoon-drawings-and-photograph-ca-1955-1965%e2%86%b5mollie-horseman-cartoon-drawings-and-photograph-ca-1955-1965\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/selection-of-cartoon-drawings-from-smiths-weekly-ca-1930-1950\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lyons, Elvira Marie", "Entry ID": "AWE3966", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lyons-elvira-marie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Social worker", "Summary": "Elvira Lyons was a founder of Sydney's Catholic Welfare Bureau in 1941.\n", "Details": "The daughter of a schoolteacher, Elvira Lyons was educated at Brisbane Grammar School and embarked upon a business career, working for Nestles until 1928. In 1934, Lyons completed a Certificate in Social Studies at the BSST. She became secretary of the Royal Society for Mothers and Babies (later known as Tresillian), and continued to serve the Society until 1955. Lyons also became a member of the CTSWA and an executive member (later president) of the NSW branch of the Australian Association of Social Workers. She was a founder of Sydney's Catholic Welfare Bureau in 1941. Throughout the 1940s and early 1950s, Lyons and her sister Kathleen offered support to new migrants seeking employment and housing in Sydney.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-professionalisation-of-australian-catholic-social-welfare-1920-1985\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Swanton, Mary Hynes", "Entry ID": "AWE3969", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/swanton-mary-hynes\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "West Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Tailoress, Trade unionist, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "Mary Swanton was an staunch labour activist who was particularly concerned about the conditions endured by working women. Born in Melbourne, she moved to Perth, Western Australia, in 1889 where she worked as a tailoress. She was a member of the Australian Native's Association, a strong supporter of women's suffrage and a founding member (secretary) of the Perth branch of the Australian Women's Association.\nIn 1900 she became the foundation president of the Perth Tailoresses' Union until its amalgamation with the Tailors' Union in 1905. She was elected to the presidency of the combined union in 1910. Swanton was also a foundation member of the Karrakatta Club, and a friend and associate of reformist women such as Katharine Susannah Prichard.\nA lifelong commitment to the cause of labour did not limit her criticism of the movement when it ignored women's working conditions.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/swanton-mary-hynes-1861-1941\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australia-an-annotated-guide-to-records-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-the-thick-of-every-battle-for-the-cause-of-labor-the-voluntary-work-of-the-labor-womens-organisations-in-western-australia-1900-1970\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-hynes-swanton-papers-1896-1940\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hall, Eliza Rowdon", "Entry ID": "AWE3971", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hall-eliza-rowdon\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Potts Point Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Philanthropist", "Summary": "In 1912, Eliza Hall used her inheritance to establish the Walter and Eliza Hall Trust. Funds were distributed in New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland. A significant proportion of Victoria's share went toward the establishment of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute in Melbourne.\n", "Details": "Eliza Rowdon Kirk was born in Melbourne, the eldest daughter of George Kirk (a Yorkshire-born butcher) and his wife Elizabeth, n\u00e9e Wippell. In 1874 she married Walter Russell Hall. Walter was born in Herefordshire, England, and arrived in Sydney with little money. He became an agent for Cobb & Co., taking over the firm with James Rutherford and others in 1861. By the time he left Cobb & Co. in the mid-1880s he was a wealthy man. From here his wealth grew via an investment in the Mount Morgan Gold Mining Co. Ltd., registered with a capital of \u00a31 million in 1886. Walter Hall made many anonymous donations to institutions and individuals including a gift of \u00a31,000 to charities when his horse Reviver won the Metropolitan in 1900. He gave \u00a35,000 to the Patriotic Fund during the war in South Africa and \u00a310,000 to the Dreadnought Fund.\nWalter and Eliza had no children, but took care of two orphaned cousins. When Walter died in 1911 his estate was valued at \u00a32,915,513 with Eliza his principal beneficiary. Shortly afterwards she put aside \u00a31 million to benefit the community in commemoration of her husband. She was persuaded to link her own name with her husband's in this endeavour, and the terms of the trust deed for the Walter and Eliza Hall Trust were made public in May 1912. The income was distributed according to the derivation of Walter's wealth: half went to New South Wales, one quarter to Queensland, and one quarter to Victoria. The deed was drawn up under Eliza's instructions and stipulated that income be used for the relief of poverty, advancement of education, advancement of religion (Church of England), and general benefit of the community. In each state, one third of the income was to be used for the benefit of women and children. A large share of Victoria's allocation went to the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Research in Pathology and Medicine in 1916.\nOn her death in 1916, Eliza bequeathed her estate - valued at \u00a31,180,059 - to relations, friends and servants, with a number of pictures and statues left to the Melbourne and Sydney art galleries.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hall-eliza-rowdon-1847-1916\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-activism-and-altruism-in-australian-womens-philanthropy-1880-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-women-philanthropists-in-australian-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-dictionary-of-evangelical-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/king-family-further-papers-being-mainly-of-dr-hazel-king-regarding-kelso-king-ca-1841-1982\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Burkhill, Emma", "Entry ID": "AWE3988", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burkhill-emma\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cooling, Kent, England", "Death Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Matron", "Summary": "Emma Burkhill was the first Matron at Broken Hill, New South Wales.\n", "Details": "Emma Burkhill trained as a nurse in England before marrying Joseph Orman and migrating to Australia in 1866. The pair had two sons, only one of whom - Alfred Orman - survived infancy. After Joseph's death, around 1870, Emma married John Burkhill, a pharmacist at Mount Gambier, South Australia. In 1871, Emma Burkhill became Matron at the Mount Gambier Hospital. She later moved to Menindee, New South Wales, where her daughter Emma Ethel was born in 1878. She had a second daughter, Alice. Following the establishment of the Broken Hill Proprietary Company in the 1880s, Emma Burkhill moved to Broken Hill to offer medical assistance to the growing population of miners and their families. The hospital at Broken Hill consisted of a wood and iron room alongside a large tent that was built to house the many patients suffering from typhoid. When a new hospital was built in 1889, Emma Burkhill was appointed as its first Matron.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Alfonsi, Teresa (Tess) Vera", "Entry ID": "AWE3992", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alfonsi-teresa-tess-vera\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Oneta, Lombardy, Italy", "Death Place": "White Cliffs, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Miner", "Summary": "Tess Alfonsi was the first woman miner in Broken Hill, New South Wales.\n", "Details": "Teresa Bazzica was born in the small village of Oneta, Italy, and migrated to Australia in 1915 at the age of 8. Her father had migrated three years earlier and worked as a fitter and turner in Western Australia. From 1921 Tess was living in South Australia, using her knowledge of 23 Italian dialects to work as an interpreter, but she subsequently moved to Broken Hill. There she found work at a bar and met German mine-worker Louis Kumm. The pair were married in 1927.\nWith Lou, Tess camped out beyond Broken Hill and began mining for mica using a hammer-tap drill. Living off rabbits and kangaroo-tail soup, they slept in a humpy made from potato sacks sewn together. After weeks of toil they had packed five tons of mica into bags ready to sell, but the entire haul was stolen as it awaited collection in a mule cart by the road. Almost defeated, the Kumms began mining again - this time for feldspar and, once they realised its value, for beryl. They founded the Triple Chance Mine and were rewarded with success. A stone cottage replaced the humpy. Often left to guard the mine alone, Tess used her .303 rifle to fend off snakes and claim-jumpers alike, and she survived several explosions and mine accidents.\nLou Kumm was a hard worker but a heavy drinker and in 1954, he and Tess were divorced. Ten years later Tess married her foreman, Dominic Alfonsi (also spelt Alfonzi or Alfonso in contemporary reports). She continued her work, opening a total of 23 mines in New South Wales with several more in South Australia and, at one time, supplying 90% of the nation's feldspar requirements.\nIn 1975, N. Saddington of the Australian Lapidary Magazine profiled Tess Alfonsi and 'couldn't resist asking her what she thought of women's liberation. The answer was a gentle snort. She has done a so-called man's job for nearly 50 years and her reply was, \"Anyone can do anything they want to; there is no such word as can't. A woman may not be able to do some things as well as some men, but she should still go ahead and do it\".' The following year, a correspondent for Woman's Day was reporting with disbelief that 'she's only 1.5 metres tall and weighs little more than 59 kilos. Yet Tess Alfonzi is tougher than a buffalo and hardier than the salt bush that grows by her home'. By then nearly 70 years old, Tess was still wielding 'a hefty pick and a geologist's hammer' to crush and sort various grades of ore, and driving a front-end loader. She was, wrote Woman's Day, the only woman in Australia to operate her own mine.\nTess and Dominic Alfonsi retired to White Cliffs, New South Wales. Catholic by faith, Tess was community-minded and did a great deal of work for the New South Wales Spastic Council. In 1980 she was awarded the Order of Australia. From 1987, she was honoured by the presentation of an award in her name to an outstanding female student undertaking mine-related studies at the Broken Hill TAFE College.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tess-of-broken-hill-lady-with-a-pickaxe\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dont-tangle-with-tess\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/profile-on-mrs-tessie-alfranso-sic\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alfonsi-collection-on-display-soon-at-sulphide-street-station-rail-museum\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alfonso-kumm-sic-quiet-wedding\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/at-66-shes-still-a-hard-rock-miner\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-hills-annie-gets-her-gun\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/theresa-alfonzi-interviewed-by-murray-walker-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alfonsi-alfonzi-tess\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/broken-hill-social-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Braithwaite, Maria", "Entry ID": "AWE4000", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/braithwaite-maria\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Avoch, Scotland", "Death Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Advocate, Author", "Summary": "Maria Braithwaite was an advocate and member of the Broken Hill Temperance Movement, and a writer whose short stories were published in Australian weekly newspapers.\n", "Details": "Maria Black migrated from Scotland to Australia with her family in 1865, and grew up on cattle farms in Finnis in South Australia and Kaniva in Victoria.\nIn 1890, Maria married Edward James Braithwaite, a blacksmith, with whom she moved to Broken Hill after the birth of their third child.\nWriting under the pseudonym Jack Rugby, Maria had many short stories and serials published in weekly newspapers. Two of her short stories were chosen for an anthology published by the Sydney Mail in 1907 entitled The Red Kangaroo.\nMaria became active in the Broken Hill Temperance Movement, and much of her writing was dedicated to this cause. She was also involved with the Barrier Boys' Brigade, an organisation established in 1898 devoted to the \"Spiritual, Moral, Social, Physical and Intellectual Improvement\" of the young men of Broken Hill, and wrote for their magazine, the Barrier Boys' Budget.\nA horse lover and champion show jumper from the age of sixteen, Maria continued to ride in Broken Hill, successfully competing at horse riding events at the Silver City Show.\nAt the end of her life, illness forced Maria to give up her advocacy and writing, and she died at the age of 66 in February 1927.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-red-kangaroo-and-other-australian-short-stories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-history-of-broken-hill-its-rise-and-progress\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Petkovich, Maria", "Entry ID": "AWE4003", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/petkovich-merica-maria-zaknich\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Blato, Kor\u010dula, Croatia", "Death Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Business owner, Red Cross Worker", "Summary": "Maria Petkovich arrived in Broken Hill, New South Wales, in 1961. With her husband, Petar, she owns and runs South Dry Cleaners and Wilson's Dry Cleaners in Broken Hill, New South Wales. Maria is a volunteer with the Australian Red Cross.\n", "Details": "Maria Zaknich travelled from Croatia to Melbourne on the Orsova with her mother and sister in May 1961 to be reunited with her father, Tony, after six years apart. The family settled in Broken Hill, New South Wales, where Tony was working and living with his parents. Maria and her sister Katie were enrolled at Broken Hill's Alma School and attended English language classes at the Napredak Club. As teenagers they helped their mother to look after her twin baby boys, and worked on the weekends to supplement the family income. Both girls left high school after two years to work full time.\nMaria married a fellow Croatian, Petar Petkovich, who came from the same town as the Zaknich family. They had two children, Miroslav and Inga. Petar and Maria ran the Okeh Caf\u00e9 in Argent Street for nine years before buying two dry cleaning businesses in Broken Hill.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sharing-the-lode-the-broken-hill-migrant-story\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Edes, Nydia Ivy", "Entry ID": "AWE4014", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edes-nydia-ivy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kadina, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Councillor, Feminist", "Summary": "Nydia Edes was the first female Alderman on the Broken Hill City Council and a recipient of the Queen's Silver Jubilee Medal who worked tirelessly throughout her life for the improvement of women's conditions.\n", "Details": "Nydia, the youngest of 8 children, was born in the mining town of Kadina in South Australia in 1901. Her father, Walter George Thomson, was a mining engineer. After his death in 1907, Nydia's mother Mary Louisa was left to raise her large family on her own.\nAt the age of 16, Nydia became secretary of the Moonta ALP Ladies' Committee, signalling the beginning of her long connection to the Australian Labor Party (ALP). She was also the secretary of the campaign committee for her cousin John Pedler, who became the local member of the South Australian State parliament. As mining in the Copper Triangle district in South Australia began to slow in the 1920s, Nydia's older siblings married and sought work in other towns. With her mother and older sister Sarah, Nydia moved to Broken Hill in 1926, joining other family members who had moved there looking for work.\nNydia was employed at Goodhart's department store and joined the Shop Assistants Union and the local branch of the Labor Party. She eventually became Mr Goodhart's assistant and was one of the principal buyers for the store. In 1931 she married Cecil Edes, a timberman who worked for the Zinc Corporation, and in 1933 gave birth to their daughter Margot.\nThe challenge of bringing up a child and maintaining a household did not prevent Nydia's continued involvement in politics. In May 1939, she helped form the Women's Auxiliary of the ALP in Broken Hill and remained a member for fifty years, serving intermittently as president, secretary and treasurer. Throughout her life, Nydia campaigned for women's rights, specifically equal pay for equal work, equal opportunity and legal equality. She was a regular contributor of letters and articles to the local press on the subject of issues concerning women. She strongly believed that women could and should contribute to local government, and wrote to the local paper that \"it is only a simple matter of commonsense to have a woman actively participating in civic affairs\". Accordingly, in 1962, Nydia ran for the council election as an ALP candidate and became the first female Alderman on the Broken Hill City Council. In 1968, following her disagreement with a caucus decision, Nydia tended her resignation from the Labor party and ran successfully as a Labor Independent in the next election. She held her office as Alderman until 1974.\nIn addition to her political activity, Nydia was a tireless volunteer for numerous and diverse community organisations. In the depression years, Nydia worked for local charities providing food, clothing and healthcare to struggling families, and during World War Two she served for six years with the Broken Hill and District Hospital Red Cross Voluntary Service Division. In 1935, Nydia was made a Justice of the Peace. She was a founder of the first rural branch of the Women Justices' Association in Broken Hill and became its first president. Nydia was a member of the Housing Advisory Commission from 1950 until 1970 and was secretary of the Far West Children's Health Scheme. She was a member of the Board of Directors of the Broken Hill and District Hospital for 30 years, and was awarded Life membership in 1971. In recognition of her services to the community, she was awarded the Queen's Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977.\nIn spite of her time consuming political and voluntary work, Nydia never let her commitments encroach upon family life. A traditional Christmas dinner was the only sacrifice that her daughter Margot White recalls, as Nydia's position on the Hospital Board involved visiting every patient in the hospital on Christmas morning.\nNydia died in Broken Hill on June 26, 1992.\nThis entry was prepared and written by Georgia Moodie.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/people-and-politics-in-regional-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/room-for-us-says-woman-councillor\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-nydia-edes-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edes-nydia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-margot-white\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nydia-edes\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Carl, Annie", "Entry ID": "AWE4015", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carl-annie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tipperary, Ireland", "Death Place": "Silverton, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Publican, Teacher", "Summary": "Annie Carl operated the 'Travellers Rest' lodging house in Silverton, New South Wales. She was one of the first teachers in the town.\n", "Details": "Annie Walsh migrated to Australia with her parents, Mathew Walsh and Frances Ann (nee Kennedy), on the Victory in March 1854. Theirs was a large family. Annie moved to South Australia with her sisters, one of whom - Elizabeth - married George Miller in 1869. Miller was licensee of the Menindee Hotel, and offered employment there to Annie and another sister, Jane. On 26 June 1877, Annie married Charles Carl, known in the district as German Charlie.\nCharles and Annie Carl became licensees of the Small Thorns Hotel at Mt Gipps in 1877 and remained there for four years before moving to Silverton, where Charles built the Nevada Hotel. The Carls had five children: William (born 1878), Julia (born 1879), Wilhemina Margaret (born 1881), Jullian (1883) and Geraldine Ann (born 1887). Only William and Wilhemina survived infancy. \nCharles Carl died in 1904. In Silverton, Annie ran the Travellers Rest lodging house, helped with community projects, and held evening classes to teach illiterate adults to read and write.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/silverton-a-brief-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Caspersonn, Lusitania", "Entry ID": "AWE4042", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/caspersonn-lusitania\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Royal Palace, Lisbon, Portugal", "Death Place": "Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Pharmacist", "Summary": "Lusitania Browne, born in Portugal, married Dr Solomon Caspersonn in 1846. They moved to Australia and lived in Brighton, Victoria, between 1850-1857. The family moved to Albury 1857. Lusitania became a pharmacist and was quite possibly the second woman to work as one in New South Wales.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Strang, Marion", "Entry ID": "AWE4050", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/strang-marion\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Edinburgh, Scotland", "Death Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse", "Summary": "Marion Strang established a home for the elderly at Broken Hill, New South Wales, in the 1930s.\n", "Details": "Marion Strang (nee Kerr) was born in 1871 in the district of St. Georges, Edinburgh, Scotland and was baptized in that city in St. Georges Church in Charlotte Square. The daughter of Alexander and Ruth Kerr (nee Johnston), Marion married David Strang in July 1897. They had a daughter, Jane. \nDavid Strang migrated to the United States in 1910, to settle in Utah, although it appears that Marion did not follow him there. Instead, she migrated from Scotland to Australia in 1925, arriving in Adelaide aboard the Hobson's Bay on November 1 1925, following her daughter, who had migrated one year earlier. (It appears that Jane had no knowledge of her father's movements during this period, only discovering that he was still alive after her mother's death in 1941.) \nAfter arriving in Adelaide, Marion moved to Broken Hill where Marion found work at the Broken Hill and District Hospital. She became head nurse in charge of the section of the hospital for elderly persons. In 1932, when that section was closed by the New South Wales government for economic reasons, Marion rented a home in Wolfram Street to house those who had nowhere to go. With barely any money remaining, she raised a loan on her property back home in Scotland in order to furnish the home. Local businessman Frank Griff, together with the Broken Hill Country Women's Association and many Broken Hill miners, assisted with financial contributions. The Old Folks Home, as it was known, moved to larger premises at Williams Street in 1939. Marion Strang stayed on as night nurse until her death in 1941.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wee-hoose-for-auld-folk\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/old-folks-home-new-building-is-nearly-ready\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/with-the-old-folks-in-the-wee-hoose\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/death-of-matron-strang\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/old-folks-now-living-in-their-new-home\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/strang-marion-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kernot, Rhoda Joan", "Entry ID": "AWE4053", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kernot-rhoda-joan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Magill, South Australia", "Death Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse", "Summary": "Rhoda Kernot opened the La Balfour hospital in Broken Hill, New South Wales, in 1924.\n", "Details": "Rhoda Kernot was the daughter of Ellis Edwin Kernot and Christina Mary Ann Mackay. Ellis Edwin was the son of Edwin Wight Kernot and Joan Matthews. Joan was the daughter of Thomas Matthews, who sailed from Pitney, Somerset Shire, on the Moffatt and arrived in South Australia in December 1839. Rhoda's siblings were William Charles Kernot and Mary Ruby Smythe Kernot.\nRhoda Kernot attended the Central Public School in Broken Hill and worked at Torpy's Boot Emporium in Argent Street. She was a promising pianist but had to have the first finger of her right hand amputated after an accident during a fierce storm, and she began training as a nurse. She worked at the Broken Hill District Hospital between 1918 and 1921, when she moved to Adelaide, but she returned in 1924 to open her own hospital, La Balfour, on the corner of Williams and Oxide Streets. She moved the hospital to 190 Wills Street in 1926, but fell on hard times during the depression years and began working for doctors in town including Dr. William MacGillivray, Dr. Ian MacGillivray, and Dr. Franziska Schlink.\nRhoda Kernot married Henry Boyd Clark, himself the son of grazier Thomas Clark and his wife Jane Elizabeth Ford. Henry and Rhoda had two children: Patricia Margaret and Edwin Wight Boyd Clark. A family tree is held at the Outback Archives, Broken Hill, and materials belonging to Rhoda including photographs and medical instruments are held by the Broken Hill Railway Museum.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kernot-rhoda\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dwan, Ellen (Sister Mary Patrick)", "Entry ID": "AWE4060", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dwan-ellen-sister-mary-patrick\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Borrisleigh, near Templemore, Ireland", "Death Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Religious Sister", "Summary": "Sister Mary Patrick was one of the first six nuns to form the Sisters of Mercy at Broken Hill, New South Wales.\n", "Details": "The first six nuns to arrive in Broken Hill came from Singleton in the Diocese of Maitland, and founded the St Joseph's Convent in February 1889. They were: Ann Agnes Callen (Sister Mary Josephine), Margaret Hennessy (Sister Mary Clement), Sarah Gallagher (Sister Mary Gertrude), Ellen Dwan (Sister Mary Patrick), Margaret Morris (Sister Mary Ita) and Mary Griffin (Sister Mary Evangelist). Sister Mary Josephine was appointed Reverend Mother of the Sisters of Mercy by Bishop Dunne. Under her leadership, they visited the sick and poor of Broken Hill, provided a home for orphans, and opened five schools in the town by 1896.\nEllen Dwan was raised near Templemore in Ireland, and would have known of Sister Mary Clement's departure for Australia in the early 1880s. Ellen herself was educated at the St Brigid's Missionary School at the Convent of Mercy Callen in County Kilkenny with a view to joining the Australian Mission. With other Postulants - including Margaret Moris - she made the journey to enter the Singleton Novitiate in November 1885. Days after being received as Sister Mary Patrick in July 1886, she departed for Braxton and became a founding member of the Braxton Convent. She spent some time at the Scone Convent before being professed at Singleton on 24 September 1888, and volunteered to join the Broken Hill Community.\nSister Mary Patrick was in Broken Hill for just two years before she died from heart disease exacerbated by influenza contracted during visits to the sick.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Morris, Margaret (Sister Mary Ita)", "Entry ID": "AWE4061", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/morris-margaret-sister-mary-ita\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Callen, Ireland", "Death Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Religious Sister", "Summary": "Sister Mary Ita was one of the first six nuns to form the Sisters of Mercy at Broken Hill, New South Wales.\n", "Details": "The first six nuns to arrive in Broken Hill came from Singleton in the Diocese of Maitland, and founded the St Joseph's Convent in February 1889. They were: Ann Agnes Callen (Sister Mary Josephine), Margaret Hennessy (Sister Mary Clement), Sarah Gallagher (Sister Mary Gertrude), Ellen Dwan (Sister Mary Patrick), Margaret Morris (Sister Mary Ita) and Mary Griffin (Sister Mary Evangelist). Sister Mary Josephine was appointed Reverend Mother of the Sisters of Mercy by Bishop Dunne. Under her leadership, they visited the sick and poor of Broken Hill, provided a home for orphans, and opened five schools in the town by 1896.\nMargaret Morris was educated at St Brigid's Missionary School in Callen, Ireland, before making the journey to Australia to enter the Singleton Convent in November 1885. With Sister Mary Gertrude (Ellen Dwan) she volunteered to join the Broken Hill Community and went on to teach at the high school there for many years. She was Superior at Broken Hill from 1929 to 1941, Superior at Mt Barker in 1911, and Superior at Condobolin from 1942 to 1946.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Barnes, Ivy Vera", "Entry ID": "AWE4064", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barnes-ivy-vera\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Frewville, South Australia", "Death Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political party organiser, Welfare worker", "Summary": "Ivy Barnes was a foundation member of the women's branch of the Australian Labor Party in Broken Hill, New South Wales. She was the wife of Edwin John Barnes, who was Mayor of Broken Hill from 1934 to 1937.\n", "Details": "Ivy Barnes was one of eight children of William Henry Sandy and Edith Alice Sandy (nee Payne). She married Edwin John Barnes on 21 December 1914 in Kadina, South Australia, and moved with him to Broken Hill in 1923. They had five children: Jean, May, Edna, George and Albert.\nEdwin was elected Mayor of Broken Hill in 1934, and Ivy became involved in raising funds for the sick and needy of the town. She took over the Clothing Fund from former Mayoress Catherine Cleeland, distributing parcels of clothing from a depot at the Protestant Hall in Beryl Street. She was also a foundation member of the women's branch of the Australian Labor Party in Broken Hill, and served as vice-president.\nIvy Barnes suffered a stroke at the age of 47, rendering her unconscious for several days before she passed away. The Town Hall flag was flown at half mast. Edwin was remarried to Ivy's sister, Dorothy Alice Sandy. He passed away in 1964.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Barker, Jane Sophia", "Entry ID": "AWE4072", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barker-jane-sophia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "England", "Death Place": "Randwick, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Evangelist, Teacher", "Summary": "Jane Barker established St Catherine's Anglican boarding school for girls at Waverley, New South Wales.\n", "Details": "Jane Barker was the wife of Bishop Frederic Barker. Growing up, she was greatly influenced by her father, Irishman John Harden, her mother, and her pious aunt Agnes Ranken. Jane ran the family home after her mother's death, and married Frederic Barker - then vicar of the Liverpool parish of Edge Hill - when she was in her mid-thirties. They arrived in Australia in 1855 following Barker's invitation to be second bishop for the See of Sydney. Jane travelled widely with her husband and established an Anglican boarding school for girls, St Catherine's, at Waverley. She served on various ladies' committees and taught at the Randwick Sunday School.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-dictionary-of-evangelical-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lord, Pamela", "Entry ID": "AWE4089", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lord-pamela\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Rose Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Grazier, Volunteer", "Summary": "Pam Lord moved to Thackaringa Station in outback New South Wales with her husband John in 1948. Conducting regular hospital visits since 1965, she offered more than fifty years of service to the Royal Flying Doctor Service Women's Auxiliary in Broken Hill.\n", "Details": "Pam Peters was educated at Girton College (now Pembroke) in Adelaide. At sixteen she began to visit the Lords, family friends living at Thackaringa Station in New South Wales, 40km from Broken Hill. She and John Lord became firm friends and were married several years later, in 1948, at St Peter's College Chapel in Adelaide. Pam willingly gave up her university Arts course and moved to Thackaringa to take on the role of station-owner's wife, a world apart from the Adelaide social scene of beach holidays and Friday night dances. Already a competent horse rider, she relished station life and soon turned her hand to cooking for eight men, cranking the engine for electricity and, on the odd occasion, dispatching poisonous snakes. John and Pam had two children, Sally and David. After several years of South Australian school correspondence lessons they attended boarding school in Adelaide.\nPam Lord joined the Royal Flying Doctor Service Women's Auxiliary in 1965, volunteering for hospital visits. In those early years she was delegated to provide patients with cakes and sweets, toiletries and even cigarettes, or to run errands for them and write letters on their behalf. As the number of Auxiliary members dwindled, Pam became the sole hospital visitor for the Auxiliary in Broken Hill, remaining in this role until she was in her eighties. Today the Auxiliary has a stronger focus on fundraising and finds terrific support in this endeavour from Broken Hill residents. In 2008, it was able to raise $65,000 for the Flying Doctor Service. One of the Auxiliary's biggest fundraising campaigns is the Christmas Pudding Drive - 25 women bake for two weeks to produce and sell 2,000 Christmas puddings. She was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in January 2009 for service to the Broken Hill community, particularly through the Base Hospital and the Royal Flying Doctor Service Women's Auxiliary.\nIn 2018, John and Pam Lord celebrated their platinum wedding anniversary - 70 years.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-pam-lord\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McHugh, Selina", "Entry ID": "AWE4097", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mchugh-selina\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Mallala, South Australia", "Death Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Blacksmith", "Summary": "Selina McHugh was the first woman blacksmith in the Broken Hill district.\n", "Details": "Selina was the seventh daughter of John McHugh and Elizabeth Melbourne. With her nine siblings, she grew up in South Australia and was married in Adelaide to John Frederick Hearn. The couple moved to Silverton, but John passed away several years later, in December 1898. As a widow Selina began work as a blacksmith - she was the first woman blacksmith in the Broken Hill district. \nIn September 1903 Selina married Joseph Boundy, an early settler in Broken Hill who had established a dairy and a blacksmithing workshop of his own. Their combined blacksmith business remained open until 1931.\nThis entry was prepared and written by Georgia Moodie.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Caskey, Constance Sybil", "Entry ID": "AWE4098", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/caskey-constance-sybil\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Adelaide, South Australia", "Death Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse", "Summary": "Constance Caskey was a pastoralist who lived with her husband and four children on a remote pastoral property near Menindee, New South Wales.\n", "Details": "The eldest child of Amelia Maria and Norman Salisbury Laffer, Constance was known to family and friends as Consie, and grew up in Adelaide with her younger sister Lorna and brother Peter. She attended St Peters' Girls College until she gained her Leaving Certificate, when she moved to the Presbyterian Girls' College and became one of the foundation scholars there.\nConsie undertook an 18-month nurse training course at the Mareeba Babies Hospital at Woodville, which she completed in October 1926. In February of the following year, she transferred to the Royal Adelaide Hospital, where she completed her General Nursing Training and became Head Nurse in 1929. She left South Australia in 1930 to do a midwifery course at the Royal Hospital for Women in Sydney, and from 1937 was working at the Broken Hill and District Hospital in the Isolation and Medical wards.\nOn 7 May 1938, Consie married Ronald Leslie Caskey and moved to Byrnedale Station, near Menindee, New South Wales. The couple had four children, and in 1945 Consie began teaching them through the New South Wales Correspondence School. She became a member of the Women's Auxiliary of the Royal Flying Doctor's Service, and was voted Treasurer of the Menindee branch. In the early 1950s she also held the position of Treasurer of the Menindee Gun Club.\nAfter her husband's death in 1974, Consie left Byrnedale Station and moved to Broken Hill. She became president of the Penguin club, a public speaking group, and became a member of the Broken Hill Historical Society in 1985.\nThis entry was prepared and written by Georgia Moodie.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/constance-caskey-interviewed-by-jenny-salmon-for-the-new-south-wales-western-division-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ravlich, Manda", "Entry ID": "AWE4099", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ravlich-manda\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kozica, Vrgorac, Yugoslavia", "Death Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community advocate", "Summary": "Manda Ravlich emigrated to Broken Hill from the former Yugoslavia, and became a central figure in the town's emerging Yugoslavian community.\n", "Details": "Manda was born and grew up in Kozica, former Yugoslavia. At the age of 19 she married Ante Ravlich, who had returned to Yugoslavia after travelling to Australia for work in 1911. Manda gave birth to their eldest child, Nick, on 6 March 1923, and later that year Ante returned to Australia. Ante worked on sugar cane plantations in Queensland in order to pay for his wife's and his sister Mara's fare to Australia.\nAfter spending five weeks journeying by ship, Manda and Mara finally arrived in Australia in December 1924. They were supposed to be disembarking at Sydney and travelling to Cairns to join Ante, however they were met at Port Adelaide by Mr Okmazich, a friend of Ante. He informed Manda that her husband was waiting for her in Broken Hill, where he had found employment working in the mines.\nThe two women travelled to Broken Hill by train and arrived at the house that Ante had bought in a horse and sulky. The house was a little old log cabin with running water but no electricity and dirt floors in the kitchen. Life in Broken Hill was a shock for Manda. The landscape and climate were vastly different from her home in Yugoslavia, and she had to deal with cultural and linguistic barriers as she spoke little English. Manda also struggled with home sickness and a sense of isolation as there were only five other Yugoslav women in Broken Hill when she arrived. Manda and Ante had two more children: Millie, who was born in October 1925, and Stanislav in 1927.\nWhile her husband worked in the mines, Manda had to supplement their income by taking in Yugoslavian men working in the mines as boarders. On top of her own housework and looking after her children, Manda washed and cooked for these young men, sometimes taking in six at a time, to make an extra 25 shillings a fortnight. Manda and Ante's hospitality extended to other members of the Yugoslavian community in Broken Hill, and their house became a meeting place where one could enjoy a game of cards and a glass of wine. During the Depression in the 1930s, many young Yugoslavian men came to Broken Hill from West Australia looking for jobs, and Manda, compelled to help these men with no wives or families, housed, fed and washed for them free of charge.\nManda and Ante returned to visit Yugoslavia for the first time in 1959. They were both active members of the Broken Hill Napredak Club. Manda died in Broken Hill in 1991, aged 89.\nThis entry was prepared and written by Georgia Moodie.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sharing-the-lode-the-broken-hill-migrant-story\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/broken-hill-social-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/manda-ravlich-interviewed-by-edward-stokes-in-the-broken-hill-social-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Newman, Jocelyn Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE4166", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/newman-jocelyn-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Berry, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Farmer, Hotelier, Lawyer, Parliamentarian, Solicitor, Volunteer", "Summary": "A member of the Liberal Party of Australia, Jocelyn Newman served as a Senator for Tasmania in the Senate of the Australian Parliament from 1986 until 2002, when she resigned. She held the Ministerial portfolios in the Howard Government of Social Security from 1996-98; Family and Community Services from 1998-2001. She held the portfolio of Minister Assisting the Prime Minister on the Status of Women for two separate periods, from 1996-97 and from 1998-2001.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-politics-voices-from-the-commonwealth\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/so-many-firsts-liberal-women-from-enid-lyons-to-the-turnbull-era\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-jocelyn-margaret-newman-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-jocelyn-newman-1975-2000-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jocelyn-newman-interviewed-by-norman-abjorensen-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-jocelyn-and-kevin-newman-1975-2001-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/subject-files-compiled-in-the-course-of-parliamentary-duties\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-senator-jocelyn-newman\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cowper, Robina Fordyce", "Entry ID": "AWE4171", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cowper-robina-fordyce\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sandridge, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Lay preacher, Magistrate, Religious Leader, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "Robina Cowper was a religious worker and woman's activist with a talent for public speaking. A trained teacher, she and her husband, Charles, were members of the Augustine Congregational Church in Hawthorn throughout the 1890s.\nBy 1901, she had become a member of the Collins Street Independent Church and became fully immersed in the administrative life of the church, becoming one of its delegates to the Congregational Union in 1912. In 1913 she was elected to the union's home mission committee and the women's home mission committee executive. She was the first woman on the Congregational Union executive committee (1922-25) and a founding member of the executive of the Congregational Women's Association in 1923.\nIn all her activities she advocated women's rights and this advocacy extended beyond the church. She was recognised as an energetic and effective public speaker and preacher was invited to do so regularly. She lobbied the government on a variety of social issues on social justice issues such as the need for more women in the police force, protection of children, and temperance. She was an organiser for the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. In 1928 she was appointed a special magistrate of the Children's Court in Melbourne, Victoria.\nCowper had dealings with representatives from all church denominations and maintained that the Congregationalists led the way when it came to the representation of women. The other denominations, apparently, were 'pickled in sex as to their ideas'.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cowper-robina-fordyce-1866-1948\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rowland, Caroline Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE4191", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rowland-caroline-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kentish Town, London, England", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Religious Leader, Teacher", "Summary": "Caroline Rowland was an English born, German trained nun of the Ursuline order who made profession in October 1873, taking the religious name Mary Cordula. A casualty of the 1877 Falk laws that dissolved and\/or expelled teaching religious orders throughout the German Empire, she returned from Germany to England in 1878 where she helped to establish, in Greenwich, a school for girls which still flourishes under the Ursulines.\nIn 1882, after accepting an invitation from Bishop Elzear Torreggiani to come to Australia, twelve sisters, including Sister Cordula, arrived in Sydney, to join him in the vast diocese of Armidale in northern New South Wales. They arrived in the inland town on 12 September, 1882. Here they established a day and boarding school for girls which grew rapidly: St Ursula's College, Armidale, drew its students from all over New South Wales and Queensland and even from Victoria. They also took responsibility for the parochial primary school which had existed under lay administration since the 1850s.\nSister Cordula proved herself to be an adaptable and energetic teacher, business woman and administrator. She held various offices in the religious community: treasurer several times after 1885, superior (1898-1904 and 1905-11) and mistress general of the boarding school (1911-19). \nShe was well loved and much admired, and developed a reputation as a fair and broadminded person. Her friendly manner endeared her to the members of her own religious community as well as to the wider local community.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/this-land-of-promise-the-ursuline-order-in-australia-1882-1982\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/archives-of-the-ursulines-of-the-roman-union\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gibbons, Geraldine Scholastica", "Entry ID": "AWE4196", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gibbons-geraldine-scholastica\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kinsale, Cork, Ireland", "Death Place": "Marrickville, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Religious Sister", "Summary": "Born and educated in Ireland, Geraldine Gibbons arrived in Sydney, New South Wales with her family in 1834. She and a sister joined the newly-arrived Sisters of Charity, and on 17 July 1847 Geraldine was professed as Scholastica, beginning work in the Female Factory at Parramatta. On 9 April 1848 she went to Sydney to establish a home for penitent women in Campbell Street. The home was moved to Carter's Barracks in Pitt Street in March 1849.\nAt around the same time, the Archbishop of Sydney, John Bede Polding decided to found an order following Benedictine rules but suited to Australian conditions. He found a group of volunteers and requested Mother Scholastica to be superior of both orders. On 2 February 1857 she helped to establish the Community of the Good Shepherd which took the name of the Good Samaritan to avoid confusion with a similar congregation in Europe. She acted as a Novice Mistress and Superior for the Good Samaritans for nearly ten years, wearing the habit of the Charity order while living with the Good Samaritans. Both the Samaritans and the Sisters of Charity prospered under her leadership.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-wheeling-years-sisters-of-the-good-samaritan-1857-1957\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gibbons-geraldine-scholastica-1817-1911\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/archives-of-the-sisters-of-the-good-samaritan\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Clarke, Marian", "Entry ID": "AWE4285", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clarke-marian\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Neithrop, Oxfordshire, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Headmistress, Painter", "Summary": "Marian Clarke was the founding headmistress of Abbotsleigh, an Anglican girls' school in Sydney, New South Wales.\n", "Details": "Marian Clarke was educated in Germany before attending University College in Bristol. She passed the Cambridge local examination in 1880 and began her career in girls' education the same year.\nBetween 1880-1884 she taught at the High School for Girls, Manchester. She migrated to Australia in December 1884, arriving in Sydney to work at her sister's school at Normanhurst.\nIn 1885 Marian opened her own school, Abbotsleigh, in North Sydney, moving the school to Parramatta in 1888. Ten years later in 1898 she moved the school to its current premises at Wahroonga.\nIn December 1913 she sold the school to Margaret Murray and went to Paris to study painting. In Europe during the first world war, she worked for the British Red Cross Society between 1916-19, and was placed in charge of a hostel in Somerset for nurses recovering from fatigue.\nAfter the war Clarke travelled extensively in Europe and Africa and studied painting. Aged 71, her first painting was accepted by the Salon de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Artistes Fran\u00e7ais in Paris.\nShe returned to Australia in 1928 and died in 1933.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clarke-marian-1853-1933\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-marian-clarke-1885-1913\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bailey, Margaret Ann Montgomery", "Entry ID": "AWE4287", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bailey-margaret-ann-montgomery\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Headmistress, Teacher", "Summary": "Margaret Ann Montgomery Bailey was the longest serving headmistress of Ascham School. She experimented with new learning methods, introducing the 'Dalton plan', a philosophy of learning which emphasises self-responsibility and independence, into the senior school in 1922.\nShe was educated at the Newnham School for Girls, Toowoomba, and attended the University of Sydney, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in 1900.\n", "Details": "After graduating from University of Sydney, Margaret Bailey returned to Queensland to teach. She had two stints at Rockhampton Girls' Grammar (1900-03, 1908-11) with a stint at Girton College, Toowoomba (1903-1907) in between.\nFor two years between 1912-14 she studied abroad. Upon returning she joined the staff at Ascham School in Darling Point, Sydney, which she purchased with another staff Her most adventurous move as principal was the 1922 introduction into the senior school of a modified version of the 'Dalton plan', a philosophy of learning which emphasises self-responsibility and independence. She resigned as principal of Ascham in 1946.\nAs the principal of Ascham School from 1916 to 1946, Bailey was active in the Headmistresses' Association of Australia and the New Education Fellowship.\nShe also served as vice-president and president of the Sydney University Women Graduates' Association, and was an executive member of the Australian Federation of University Women.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bailey-margaret-ann-montgomery-1879-1955\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ascham-school-website\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Robinson-Val\u00e9ry, Judith", "Entry ID": "AWE4294", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/robinson-valery-judith\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Academic", "Summary": "Dr Judith Robinson-Val\u00e9ry was a leading international figure in the study of French literature. She completed her undergraduate studies at the University of Sydney, staying at the Women's College while Betty Archdale was in charge, and received her doctorate at the Sorbonne, Paris.\nRobinson-Val\u00e9ry was the first woman to be appointed a full professorship at the University of New South Wales, taking up her appointment in the foundation chair of French and as the head of the school of Western European Languages on 21 February 1963.\nIn 2005, she was awarded France's highest decoration, the Legion of Honour (Chevalier).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judith-robinson-valery\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/archives-of-judith-robinson-valery\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-judith-robinson-valery-academic-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Roseby, Gertrude Amy", "Entry ID": "AWE4297", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/roseby-gertrude-amy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand", "Death Place": "Wahroonga, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Headmistress", "Summary": "Gertrude Amy Roseby was headmistress of Redlands (Sydney Church of England Girls' Grammar School), Neutral Bay from 1911 to 1945. She was also a strong supporter of the peace movement. In 1958 she was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (OBE).\n", "Details": "Education\nGertrude Amy Roseby was privately tutored before entering the University of Sydney. She graduated in 1895 with a Bachelor of Arts and second-class honours in logic and mental philosophy.\nCareer\nLate 1890s: Following her graduation she joined the staff at Rockhampton Girls' Grammar School, Queensland, where she taught for eight years.\n1905: Travelled to Britain, where she completed a diploma of pedagogy at the University of London and taught briefly at Wyggeston School for girls, Leicester.\n1908: Returned to Australia, taking up the position of resident headmistress at Ascham, Darling Point.\n1911: Bought Redlands, Neutral Bay, a school with 35 day-girls and 8 boarders, with her sister Mabel.\n1945: Retired and sold Redlands to the Church of England.\nCommunity work\n1946-1950: Chairman, Sydney Kindergarten Training College council.\n1951-1963: Treasurer, Wybalena Hostel for Girls in Burwood.\nIn addition to her progressive views on education, Roseby was a committed pacifist. During the 1930s she belonged to the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, and the Congregational (Women's) Peace Fellowship (Congregational Women's Fellowship for the Study of World Affairs).\nRoseby was also an active member of the National Council of Women of New South Wales.\nIn 1958 she was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (OBE).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/roseby-gertrude-amy-1872-1971\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pioneer-women-graduates-of-the-university-of-sydney-1881-1921\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hynes, Sarah", "Entry ID": "AWE4313", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hynes-sarah\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Danzig, Prussia, Germany", "Death Place": "Randwick, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Botanist, Public servant, Teacher", "Summary": "Sarah Hynes was the first woman to hold a government appointment in science in New South Wales. In 1934 she was appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE).\n", "Details": "Sarah Hynes was born in Danzig, Prussia and lived in England until migrating to Australia with her family in 1884, when her father became managing director of the Australasian Steam Navigation Co.\nShe was educated at Edinburgh Ladies' College, London, and at Chichester College, Sussex. She received a botanical certificate from South Kensington Museum, Science and Art Department.\nAfter travelling to Australia, she enrolled at the University of Sydney and graduated in 1891 with a Bachelor of Arts and a major in botany. In 1892 she became the first woman to join the Linnean Society of New South Wales, which promotes the cultivation and study of the science of natural history.\nShe began her career in science as a teacher at Sydney Technical College in 1897. In 1898 she was offered a position as botanical assistant at the Sydney Technological (Powerhouse) Museum, thereby becoming the first woman to hold a government appointment in science in New South Wales. She later transferred to the herbarium at the Botanic Gardens but clashed with her male superior, ultimately leading her to transfer to the Department of Public Instruction in 1910.\nIn 1913 she returned to teaching, first at Cleveland Street then at Petersham High Schools, seeing out her career in 1923 at St George Girls' High School.\nIn 1934 she was appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hynes-sarah-1859-1938\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1926-1934-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McArthur, Annie Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE4316", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcarthur-annie-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ararat, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Honolulu, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Anthropologist", "Summary": "Annie Margaret McArthur led a distinguished career as an academic and an international consultant in the field of nutrition. Her research interests included Aboriginal Australia, Papua New Guinea and the Pacific. She paid particular attention to the contribution of women to the food supply and subsistence.\nIn 1965, McArthur was the first woman to be offered a tenured position in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Sydney.\nWhen McArthur died in 2002, she bequeathed property to the University of Melbourne. The McArthur Fellowship, for postdoctoral studies in the humanities and social sciences, was subsequently established in her honour.\n", "Events": "Appointed Lecturer at University of Sydney - the first woman to be offered a tenured position in the Department of Anthropology (1965 - 1965) \nAssistant Research Officer at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), where she was involved in the development of waterproof containers to transport food to troops in the Pacific. (1943 - 1945) \nAwarded Doctorate of Philosophy in social anthropology (1962 - 1962) \nBachelor of Science, University of Melbourne (1941 - 1941) \nDied in Honolulu (2002 - 2002) \nDiploma in Nutrition, Australian Institute of Anatomy (1946 - 1946) \nDiploma in Social Anthropology, University of London (1952 - 1952) \nLeft Sydney to resettle in Hawaii, where she continued her studies of the ethnography of the Kunimaipa peop (1976 - 1976) \nMarried Dr Douglas Oliver, a retired Professor of Anthropology from Harvard (1976 - 1976) \nMaster of Science, University of Melbourne (1942 - 1942) \nMember of the New Guinea Nutrition Research Unit, Commonwealth Department of Health (1947 - 1947) \nNutrition consultant for the Food and Agriculture Organisation in Africa (1964 - 1964) \nNutrition consultant for the Food and Agriculture Organisation to the government of Indonesia. (1961 - 1961) \nNutritionist, Australian-American scientific expedition to Arnhem Land (1948 - 1949) \nPromoted to Senior Lecturer, University of Sydney (1970 - 1970) \nReceived the Emslie Horniman Studentship from the Royal Anthropological Institute of London, which she used to continued her research in Papua. (1955 - 1956) \nReceived the Walter Mersh Strong Research Fellowship from the University of Sydney, which she used to carry out anthropological and nutritional fieldwork among the Kunimaipa people of Papua (1953 - 1955) \nResearch Officer, Department of Economics, Institute of Advanced Studies at the Australian National University (1962 - 1962) \nSenior Fellow, East-West Centre, Hawaii (1973 - 1974) \nSocial Anthropology Consultant for the World Health Organisation to the government of Malaya (1958 - 1960) \nTaught part-time at the London School of Economics and the London School of Hygiene (1965 - 1965) \nTemporary lecturer in Anthropology, University of Manchester (1963 - 1963)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituary-annie-margaret-mcarthur-1919-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-archives-of-mcarthur-annie-margaret-1919-2002\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Praed, Annie", "Entry ID": "AWE4317", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/praed-annie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "England", "Death Place": "Darling Point Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Dentist", "Summary": "Annie Praed enrolled in the first dentistry course at the University of Sydney. In 1938 she was the first woman to graduate with a Doctor of Dental Science (DDSc) from the University of Sydney. She was actively involved in the Society of Dental Science and helped to found the New South Wales Branch of the Australian Dental Association.\n", "Events": "Completed her Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) at the University of Sydney (1906 - 1906) \nEnrolled in the first dentistry course run by the University of Sydney (1901 - 1901) \nHonorary Demonstrator in operative dentistry at the United Dental Hospital of Sydney (1940 - 1948) \nHonorary Dental Surgeon and Clinical Instructor at the United Dental Hospital of Sydney (1912 - 1940) \nPractised as a dentist (1899 - 1901) \nQualified as a licentiate of Dental Surgery at the University of Sydney (1904 - 1904) \nRan a sole practice in Sydney, specialising in prosthodontics (1914 - 1940) \nThe first woman in Australia to graduate with a Doctor of Dental Science (DDSc) at the University of Sydney (1938 - 1938) \nWent into partnership with fellow dentistry graduate Margaret Barnes (1910 - 1913)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/praed-annie-1873-1948\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/praed-annie-1873-1948-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dentistry-women\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Taylor, Dorothy Rhodes", "Entry ID": "AWE4320", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/taylor-dorothy-rhodes\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Serbia", "Death Place": "Sydney?, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Geographer", "Summary": "Dorothy Rhodes Taylor was one of the first women employed in the Department of Geography at the University of Sydney. She co-authored The Geographical Laboratory (1925) with her better known brother, Thomas Griffith Taylor.\nDorothy Rhodes Taylor was born in Serbia where her British father, James Taylor, was employed as a mining engineer. She migrated to New South Wales with her family in 1892\/1983. She attended Abbotsleigh College, Parramatta.\n", "Details": "Taylor began her career in geography when, in 1921-22, she held the position of map drawer attendant in the Department of Geography at Sydney University. From there she enrolled in a Bachelor of Science, studying geology and geography and graduating in 1928. Whilst an undergraduate, she worked as a demonstrator in geography at Sydney University. Also as an undergraduate, she co-authored, with her brother, Associate Professor Thomas Griffith Taylor, The Geographical Laboratory .\nAfter graduation she was appointed acting lecturer in the Department of Geography at the University of Sydney in 1929. She remained a demonstrator in the department until 1931.\nShe enjoyed temporary stints as a temporary assistance at Fisher Library at Sydney University in 1948, 1950 and 1953.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-geographical-laboratory\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-archives-of-taylor-dorothy-rhodes-1882-19\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Marks, Gladys Hope", "Entry ID": "AWE4330", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marks-gladys-hope\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Paddington, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Teacher, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "Gladys Hope Marks was a lifelong supporter of women's rights. She was active in a range of feminist groups, including the National Council of Women of New South Wales. A gifted linguist, she taught French at the University of Sydney in the 1920s and 30s.\nThe New South Wales branch of the Australian Federation of University Women established the Gladys Marks memorial fund to assist mature women to complete courses at the university.\n", "Events": "Appointed Acting Lecturer in French, University of Sydney (1916 - 1916) \nAppointed officier d'Acad\u00e9mie by the French government; awarded les Palmes Acad\u00e9miques. (1934 - 1934) \nAppointed to a permanent position as Lecturer in French (1922 - 1922) \nAttended the International Women's Congress in Copenhagen. (1924 - 1924) \nAttended the International Women's Congress in Rome (1914 - 1914) \nBecame an honorary life vice-president of the National Council of Women of New South Wales (1934 - 1934) \nEnrolled in Arts at the University of Sydney, despite opposition from her father (1905 - 1905) \nGraduated with a Bachelor of Arts and prizes for English, French and German. (1908 - 1908) \nInternational Secretary, National Council of Women of New South Wales (1921 - 1926) \nPresident, Australian Federation of University Women (1930 - 1934) \nRetired (1943 - 1943) \nServed as acting head of department (1936 - 1936) \nServed as acting head of department - the first female acting-professor at the University of Sydney. (1929 - 1929) \nStudied phonetics part-time at the Sorbonne, Paris. (1914 - 1914) \nTaught in private schools for girls before travelling extensively in Europe. (1908 - 1913) \nVice-President, Sydney University Women's Union (1919 - 1921)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marks-gladys-hope-1883-1971\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-archives-of-marks-gladys-hope-1883-1970\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Clark, Marie Coutts", "Entry ID": "AWE4349", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clark-marie-coutts\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Middlesbrough, Yorkshire, England", "Death Place": "Grafton, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Physicist, Researcher, Teacher, University teacher", "Summary": "Marie Coutts Clark was a physicist and spectrochemist at the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Research Organisation (CSIRO).\nClark was educated at North Sydney Girls' High School and then the University of Sydney, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in 1932. She subsequently completed a Radio Engineering Diploma Course at Sydney.\nBetween 1932-1940 she taught at schools in Kyogle, Coffs Harbour, Yass and Griffith (all in New South Wales).\nDuring the Second world War she worked at the (Amalgamated Wireless Australia) AWA Material Testing Laboratory (1940-45).\nShe then spent the rest of her professional life (1947-1970) employed as a Demonstrator in Physics at the University of Sydney, as a research officer in the Division of Radiophysics (CSIRO) and as a spectrochemist.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irresistible-forces-australian-women-in-science\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marie-coutts-clark-2\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marie-coutts-clark\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marie-coutts-clark-records\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McNamara, Matilda Emilie Bertha", "Entry ID": "AWE4447", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcnamara-matilda-emilie-bertha\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Posen, Prussia (Poland)", "Death Place": "North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Bookseller, Feminist, Political activist", "Summary": "Bertha McNamara's experience as a widow trying to rear six children prompted her interest in radical politics. She published pamphlets on socialism and with her second husband, William McNamara, opened a radical bookshop in Castlereagh Street in Sydney in the 1890s. She was a member of the Social Democratic Federation of Australasia and of the Womanhood Suffrage League of New South Wales. In addition she was a founder of the Labor Women's Central Organising Committee.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcnamara-matilda-emilie-bertha-1853-1931\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Armstrong, Yvonne", "Entry ID": "AWE4463", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/armstrong-yvonne\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Orange, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Farmer", "Summary": "Yvonne Armstrong ran an orchard with her husband, Cliff, outside Orange in New South Wales.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/yvonne-armstrong\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brilliant-ideas-and-huge-visions-abc-radio-australian-rural-women-of-the-year-1994-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/yvonne-armstrong-interviewed-by-ros-bowden-in-the-women-of-the-land-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Vickers, Bess", "Entry ID": "AWE4469", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vickers-bess\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Orange, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Farmer", "Summary": "Bess Vickers was New South Wales nominee for the ABC Rural Woman of the Year Award in 1994, for the central west district.\n", "Events": "Nominated for ABC Rural Woman of the Year in NSW (1994 - 1994)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1994-abc-rural-woman-of-the-year-regional-winners\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bess-vickers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brilliant-ideas-and-huge-visions-abc-radio-australian-rural-women-of-the-year-1994-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bess-vickers-interviewed-by-ros-bowden-in-the-women-of-the-land-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-of-the-land-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Howarde, Kate", "Entry ID": "AWE4719", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/howarde-kate\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "London, England", "Death Place": "Kensington Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor, Director, Producer, Scriptwriter, Theatrical director", "Summary": "Kate Howarde, born Catherine Clarissa Jones in England and migrating to New Zealand as a child, was the first woman to direct a feature film in Australia.\nShe married the musician William Henry de Saxe in April 1884 and their only child, Florence Adrienne, was born not long after on 5 December 1884. William Henry de Saxe left soon after Florence was born and died c.1899.\nCatherine de Saxe adopted the stage name Kate Howarde in the 1890s. By the late 1890s, her theatre production company, the Kate Howarde Company was based in Australia and was reported to be extensively touring through New Zealand and all Australian States. In addition to managing the tours, Howarde controlled all finances, wrote and directed many of the performances, songs and pantomimes and performed herself.\nHer biggest success was the comedy Possum Paddock (1919). Written, produced and presented by Howarde, the play told the story of the financial and romantic problems of a bush family. The success of the play convinced Howarde to turn the play into a film which she starred in, produced, co-scripted and co-directed with Charles Villiers. This made her the first woman in Australia to direct a feature film. Australian censors removed a scene from the film in which an unmarried mother imagines drowning her baby. The film was released in Sydney on 29 January 1921 and was well received throughout Australia and New Zealand.\n", "Details": "The Kate Howarde Company included Kate's two younger brothers and one of her two sisters. Her brother Billie Howarde and brother-in-law Harry Craig ran the company when she travelled overseas.\nHowarde travelled to San Francisco in 1906 and made a living writing theatre reviews for newspapers. She then travelled to London, where, it is reported, she married her second husband, vaudevillian Elton Black.\nBetween 1914 and 1917, the Kate Howarde Company presented successful weekly shows at the National Theatre, Balmain, Sydney. These shows included her own productions The White Slave Traffic (1914) and Why Girls Leave Home (1914).\nHowarde's biggest success was the comedy Possum Paddock (1919). Written, produced and presented by Howarde, the play told the story of the financial and romantic problems of a bush family. The success of the play convinced Howarde to turn the play into a film which she starred in, produced, co-scripted and co-directed with Charles Villiers. This made her the first woman in Australia to direct a feature film. Australian censors removed a scene from the film in which an unmarried mother imagines drowning her baby. The film was released in Sydney on 29 January 1921 and was well received throughout Australia and New Zealand.\nThe success of Possum Paddock financed a ten month tour for the entire company throughout South Africa, the United States and Great Britain. Upon the company's return to Australia, Howarde made no further films, however continued to tour with her theatrical company and continued to write her own plays. These plays include the comedy Gum Tree Gully (1924), and the dramatic works The Limit (1921), The Bush Outlaw (1923), Find Me A Wife (1923), Common Humanity (1927) and The Judgment of Jean Calvert (1935).\nHowarde died 18 February 1939 from cerebral thrombosis.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/celebrating-kate-howarde\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/howarde-catherine-clarissa-kate-1864-1939\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/possum-paddock-original-release\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/howarde-kate-documentation-howarde-kate-set-of-22-negatives\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/howarde-kate-two-frames-showing-two-people-talking-to-a-couple-in-a-car-film-fragment\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Tory, Ethel Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE4787", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tory-ethel-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Subiaco, Western Australia", "Death Place": "Batemans Bay, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Academic, Teacher", "Summary": "Ethel Tory was a teacher of French and Latin and an advocate for drama and language studies, particularly French. She taught French and Latin in Western Australian schools and at the University of Western Australia before undertaking further study in French literature in Paris. She was appointed a lecturer in French at the Australian National University in 1961 and promoted to Senior Lecturer in 1965. In 1970, she published an edition of Giraudoux's play Intermezzo for use in schools and universities. She retired in 1977 but continued to teach French and to support drama studies at the Australian National University through donations and a bequest on her death in 2003.\n", "Details": "Ethel Tory was born on 27 July 1912 in Subiaco, Western Australia. Her parents were Frank Bertram Tory, a legal manager and estate agent, originally from Blandford, Dorset and Ethel Marion Victoria Johnson, born in Guildford, Western Australia. The daughter Ethel was known as 'Two-ee' to distinguish her from her mother.\nEthel attended the St Mary's Church of England Girls' School in West Perth and completed her Leaving Certificate in 1930. She enrolled in a Bachelor of Arts at University of Western Australia in 1933, after spending two years living with family in Dorset and in Grand Luce, Sarthe in France. She graduated with 1st class honours in French in 1936 and added Honours in Latin in 1938. She then enrolled in a Diploma of Education at the University of Western Australia which was awarded in 1940. During the war, she taught in Western Australian private schools and was also employed by the Censor's Office in the Department of Information to scan mail written in French or Latin. In 1941 she won the Hackett Research Scholarship from the University of Western Australia which allowed her to conduct research into French literature.\nIn 1946 she was appointed a tutor in French at the University of Western Australia and then in 1947 as a lecturer in Latin. In October 1947 she attended the University of Paris (La Sorbonne) on a French government scholarship and was awarded a Dipl\u00f4me de litt\u00e9rature fran\u00e7aise contemporaine (mention honorable) in 1948. She remained in France teaching, translating and undertaking research which resulted in the award of Docteur de l'universit\u00e9 (mention tr\u00e8s honorable) in 1961 from the University of Paris. Her doctoral thesis was entitled 'Giraudoux et l'ideal'.\nIn 16 February 1961, Ethel took up an appointment as Lecturer in French, School of General Studies, Australian National University (ANU), joining the Department of Modern Languages under Professor Derek Scales. 1961 was the first year in which the ANU had undergraduate enrolments as undergraduate students had previously been enrolled in the Canberra University College. She was promoted in 1965 to Senior Lecturer in French and was acting head of the department in 1969 and again in 1974-1975 when it was the Department of Romance Languages.\nApart from her university teaching, she was passionate about the theatre and a long-term supporter of Alliance Fran\u00e7aise in Canberra. She published an edition of Giraudoux's play Intermezzo in 1970 for use by secondary and university students. She retired in 1977 and moved to Malua Bay on the South Coast where she continued to teach for the Eurobodalla branch of Alliance Fran\u00e7aise.\nEthel Tory was appointed a Chevalier dans l'Ordre des Palmes Acad\u00e9miques by the French government in 1992 for services to French culture. In 1995 the Ethel Tory Drama Endowment was established by the Australian National University from donations she made. She made a large bequest to the University on her death in 2003 to support academics and students in drama and languages. The Ethel Tory Languages Scholarship assists a number of students each year to study languages overseas.\nIn 2011, a state-of-the-art languages centre was opened in the Baldessin Building at the Australian National University and named the Ethel Tory Centre in her honour.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ethel-tory-profile\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ethel-tory-papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anu-calendar-master-set\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-report-1977\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Churcher, Betty", "Entry ID": "AWE4846", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/churcher-betty\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Wamboin, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Art educator, Arts administrator, Director", "Summary": "Titles\/ Honours\n\u2022 2012 ACT Senior Australian of the Year\n\u2022 2009 Australia Council's $10,000 Visual Arts Emeritus Medal\n\u2022 2005 New South Wales Premier's Award for Script Writing for the documentary series, The Art of War 2004-2005\n\u2022 2004 HonDUniv (Queensland University) 2004\n\u2022 2003 Honorary Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities\n\u2022 2001 - Centenary Medal\n\u2022 HonDLit (Curtin University)\n\u2022 1996: AO - Officer of the Order of Australia, in recognition of service to art and to the community as Director of the Australian National Gallery\n\u2022 1996 The Australian newspaper's Australian of the Year\n\u2022 1996 HonLLD (ANU)\n\u2022 1995 HonDA (RMIT)\n\u2022 1990 AM - Member of the Order of Australia, in recognition of service to the arts, particularly in the field of arts administration and education\n\u2022 1988 Fulbright Scholar\nBetty Churcher AO AM FAHA was director of the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra from 1990-1997 where she was nicknamed \"Blockbuster Betty\" because of the large-scale exhibitions of famous artworks she organised to make art relevant and accessible to the community. Betty Churcher has been a pioneer and role model for women in the art world: she was the first woman to head a tertiary institution when she was Dean of the Art and Design School, Phillip Institute of Technology (now RMIT University), the first female director of a state art gallery when appointed to the Art Gallery of Western Australia and the first female director of the National Gallery of Australia.\n", "Details": "Betty Churcher was born Elizabeth Ann Dewar Cameron, the second child and only daughter of Scottish-born William Dewar Cameron, and Queenslander Vida Margaret n\u00e9e Hutton. Churcher felt her mother and grandmother focused their attention on her older brother, making her acutely aware of the unfairness of gender differentials in her family during childhood. She cites this awareness as formative, saying that as a child she felt that 'just about everything I wanted to do, I couldn't because I was a girl'.\nFeeling an outsider at her first school but born with the ability to draw, Churcher said of her time at Buranda State School\n\"my friends - could outrun, out-jump and out-spell me but they couldn't out-draw me. Drawing was my way of creating order in a confusing world.\" (Notebooks, p. 2)\nShe describes how she first had her eyes opened to art in 1939 when she was seven and her parents took her to the Queensland Art Gallery where she saw 'Evicted', an 1887 painting by Blandford Fletcher (http:\/\/qagoma.qld.gov.au\/collection\/international_art\/blandford_fletcher):\n\"I really wanted to be able to do it. It was the magic of being able to evoke an image with such precision and full of \u2026 Emotion \u2026It was as though the artist had opened up a glimpse of the past \u2026 as if time had parted \u2026I marvelled that an artist had that power.\" (Canberra Times, 1993)\nThe young Betty Cameron's artistic talent was evident in her early years. She won The Sunday Mail Child Art Contest in 1944 and 3rd prize the following year. She initially studied art with Patricia Prentice at Somerville House School and later studied art privately with Caroline Barker and Richard Rodier Rivron.\nA bequest from her maternal great-grandmother enabled Churcher to attend Somerville House, a private girls' school in Brisbane from 1938-1946. Here she met Patricia Prentice, art teacher and watercolourist who introduced Churcher to art history, ballet and music and encouraged her to travel to broaden her horizons.\nChurcher's father had other plans; he decided there would be no more schooling for his daughter once she reached the age of fifteen, believing education 'spoiled a girl'. Fortunately for Churcher, headmistress Frances Craig intervened. She encouraged William Cameron to allow his daughter to stay at school by offering to waive the fees if Churcher taught art in the junior school art. Cameron agreed and Churcher progressed to her senior year.\nAfter finishing school, Churcher returned to Somerville House as a teacher of art and art history and also taught at two other private girls' schools in Brisbane - Clayfield College and Moreton Bay College. She loved conveying her enthusiasm and passion. \"That's when I first felt the joy of being able to share an enthusiasm\".\nShe joined the Younger Artists Group of the Royal Queensland Art Society, along with future significant artists like Margaret Olley, Margaret Cilento, Peter Abraham, Harold Lane and Joy Roggenkamp. Churcher first exhibited with them in 1948 and was considered one of the most promising members. Her work was included in Queensland Art Gallery's 1951 'Exhibition of Queensland Art', and 'Queensland Artists of Fame and Promise'.\nAs Chair of the Younger Artists Group, Churcher led the charge to establish a travelling art scholarship which she won, setting off for London in early 1952 where she initially studied with Stuart Ray at The South West Essex Technical College before gaining a place at the Royal College of Art. She won the Princess of Wales Scholarship for the best female student's entrant portfolio and had three happy years at the Royal College from 1953-1956.\nIn London Churcher met and married Roy Churcher who was studying painting at the Slade School of Fine Art. Betty Churcher won the Royal College composition prize, graduated ARCA with a First Class pass, won the RCA Drawing Prize and the much coveted Travelling Scholarship which took her and Roy to Europe for three months.\nIn 1957 Betty and Roy Churcher returned to Brisbane for what was to be a brief visit to her parents but Roy fell in love with the place and they stayed, setting up a studio and giving classes. Although she painted and exhibited during that time, by the end of 1959 Churcher said the fire went out of her belly about painting and she gave it up. Unsure of her ability to be both a good mother and a good painter she said motherhood, which she loved, gave her 'an out'. When her youngest son started school in 1971 Churcher took a full-time lecturing job at Kelvin Grove Teachers' Training College, where she wrote her first book - \"Understanding Art\" - for which she won a Times Literary Award. She remained at Kelvin Grove for seven years, taking her husband and four sons to London for a one-year sabbatical during which she completed an MA at London University's prestigious Courtauld Institute. Her thesis topic, that Alfred Barr's exhibition policy at New York's Museum of Modern Art in the 1930s and 1940s influenced the emerging school of Abstract Expressionist painters in New York, shaped her future career and gave her time at Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) and contact with the likes of Jackson Pollock's widow - painter Lee Krasner, Robert Motherwell and Philip Gunson.\nThe Courtauld MA made her 'hot property' back in Australia and from 1979-1987 she taught at the School of Art and Design at Phillip Institute of Technology (now RMIT University, Melbourne) rising to become Dean in 1982.\nIn 1987 Churcher was headhunted by Robert Holmes \u00e0 Court as Director of the Art Gallery of Western Australia. She had doubled attendance figures by late 1980 when she was invited to apply for the position of Director of the National Gallery of Australia (NGA) in Canberra after founding director James Mollison's resignation. She was appointed by a selection panel headed by former Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam.\nChurcher's appointment was controversial and her first years at the National Gallery were made difficult by serious management and building maintenance problems and resistance from existing staff members to her directorship. Her arrival in February 1990 coincided with public service cuts and Churcher faced a budget slide into the red. Her program of cuts through voluntary redundancies was unwelcome and her decision to change the name from the Australian National Gallery to the National Gallery of Australia aroused more controversy. But in the face of all this, Churcher directed a number of highly successful major exhibitions that made significant profits for the Gallery and introduced the Australian public to works that had not previously been shown in Australia. Previously the National Gallery had accepted exhibitions from other institutions. Churcher set in motion the pattern of the Gallery compiling its own exhibitions, using their own curatorial skills and insights. The exhibitions included curator David Jaff\u00e9's Rubens and The Italian Renaissance (1992) which made a profit of around $1 million, and Michael Lloyd's Surrealism: Revolution by Night (1993), the first major surrealist exhibition to include Australian works.\nAfter eight years, in July 1997, Churcher retired from the NGA and moved into another phase of professional life as presenter of television series on art including the ABC's Take Five, Proud Possessors, The Art of War, Focus on John Olsen, The Hidden Treasures of the National Library and The Hidden Treasures of the National Library plus the SBS series, The Art of War.\nIn 1998 the Australian National University appointed her an adjunct professor at the Centre for Cross-Cultural Research.\nChurcher lost the sight in her right eye to melanoma in 2003 and has lost some sight in her left eye as a result of macular degeneration. In 2006 she travelled to London and Madrid to commit to memory those pictures that she most wanted to hold in her mind's eye before her sight further deteriorated. Out of this she produced her latest book \"Notebooks\", featuring drawings and commentary on some of her favourite paintings. \"Notebooks\" was shortlisted for the 2012 Indie Awards for a non-fiction book.\nBetty Churcher lived with her husband Roy in the NSW countryside near Canberra where their second son maintains the hobby vineyard on the banks of the Yass River. They had four children and seven grandchildren. She died on March 30, 2015.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/notebooks\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/betty-churcher\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/betty-churcher-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/losing-her-sight-but-not-passion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sunny-surrealism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/giulia-jones\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/betty-churcher-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/double-take\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/evicted\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-art-of-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/molvig-the-lost-antipodean\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/understanding-art-the-use-of-space-form-and-structure\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/former-director-of-national-gallery-of-australia-betty-churcher-dies-aged-84\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/betty-churcher-cultural-giant-loses-battle-with-cancer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-betty-churcher-1989-2008\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-betty-churcher-director-of-the-national-gallery-of-australia-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/betty-churcher-interviewed-by-sheridan-palmer-in-the-australian-art-from-1950-to-the-present-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lomax, Alice Christina", "Entry ID": "AWE4862", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lomax-alice-christina\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Majura, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Death Place": "Campsie, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Publican, shopkeeper, Teacher", "Summary": "Alice Mayo was a third generation Australian, the daughter of William Mayo and Mary Ann Warwick. Her grandfather, Albert Mayo, had arrived as a convict in 1839 and lived and worked in the Duntroon area. Alice Mayo married Harold Vere Chumleigh in 1913. They were divorced in 1934 and she married Ferdinand Lomax in 1935. She worked as a school teacher as well as running a florist shop in Double Bay and a lingerie shop in Penfold's Buildings in Sydney. She played the piano as well as tennis. She grew up in Majura and lived between there and Sydney until the time of her second marriage. She and Ferdinand Lomax ran hotels at Boree Creek and Brown Mountain before retiring to Batehaven. Ferdinand Lomax died in 1969. Alice Lomax lived to the age of 101, only moving to a Nursing Home at the age of 99.\n", "Details": "Alice Mayo had one brother and seven sisters, one of whom was married to Claude Lomax. She also had extended family in the Canberra area; several uncles having settled there. She seems to have come from a family of independent women. Her mother was a postmistress in Canberra before her marriage in 1880, while in 1907 the 'Misses Mayo' were running the Majura Refreshment Rooms in Queanbeyan. A year later another 'Miss Mayo' offered board and residence in the same town. In 1911, Alice Mayo's sister, Elizabeth, took up a position as a probationary nurse at Queanbeyan Hospital.\nAlice Mayo's first husband, Harold Vere Chumleigh was a soldier, a colourful character who appears to have reinvented himself and had several wives. Alice Chumleigh sued for divorce in 1934 on the grounds of desertion. Her husband had been transferred to Townsville in 1928. Alice Chumleigh was living with her sister, Ethel Sells, who had divorced her own husband in 1922, in Marrickville in Sydney.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/chumleigh-harold-vere-1880-1970\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-alice-christina-lomax-canberra-pioneer-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Poole, Ruth Lane", "Entry ID": "AWE4870", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poole-ruth-lane\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Limerick, Ireland", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Interior designer", "Summary": "Ruth Lane Poole was an interior designer whose most notable commission was to design and furnish the interiors of the Prime Minister's Lodge and the Governor-General's residence in Canberra in time for the opening of Parliament House in May 1927. She also designed the interiors for Westridge House in Yarralumla, which was the residence for the Principal of the Australian Forestry School, a position held by her husband Charles Lane Poole from 1927 to 1944.\n", "Details": "Ruth Johnstone Pollexfen was born in Limerick, Ireland, one of eleven children of Henrietta and Frederick Pollexfen. When her parents separated in 1900, she became a ward of her cousin Susan Mary (Lily) Yeats, sister of the poet and playwright William Butler Yeats, and moved to London. In 1902, Ruth returned to Dublin with her cousins Lily and Elizabeth (Lollie) who founded the Dun Emer Press workshop where Lily ran the embroidery section, with Ruth as her apprentice, and Lollie who had trained in printing at William Morris's Kelmscott Press managed the Press. In 1908, the sisters founded Cuala Industries at nearby Churchtown, which ran the Cuala Press and a workshop where Ruth taught young women various crafts so that they could earn a living. Samples of Ruth's embroidery, and publications produced by the two presses, are held by the National Gallery of Ireland.\nRuth met Charles Lane Poole in Dublin and he proposed to her by letter from the Transvaal in southern Africa. When they married in Dublin in July 1911, she was given away by her cousin, WB Yeats. Ruth remained in Ireland while Charles worked in Sierra Leone for five years, then they both moved to Perth in 1916 where Charles took up the position of Conservator of Forests. When they left Western Australia in 1922, they had two daughters Charlotte (born 1913 in London) and Mary (born 1918 in Perth). A third daughter Phyllis was born back in Ireland in 1922. Ruth and her daughters remained in Ireland while Charles worked in Papua and then in New Guinea. When Charles was appointed the Commonwealth's Forestry Adviser in 1925, charged with setting up the Australian Forestry School (among other things), the family returned to Australia and lived in South Yarra in Melbourne.\nIn September 1925 Ruth Lane Poole designed a room featuring craftwork in Australian timber and wool in the Melbourne Town Hall for the Victorian Arts and Crafts Society, and began contributing articles to the Australian Home Builder (later renamed Australian Home Beautiful). In the following years she wrote regularly on interior design for magazines and newspapers, and advised clients of Melbourne's Myer Emporium on interior decoration.\nIn March 1926 she was commissioned by the Federal Capital Commission to design and furnish the interiors of the Prime Minister's Lodge and the Governor-General's residence in Canberra. This involved designing the interior colour schemes, selecting and ordering all the furnishings (including glassware, tableware and household linen) and designing furniture and supervising its construction. Both residences needed to be ready for the opening of Parliament House on 9 May 1927 for their occupants: Prime Minister Stanley Melbourne Bruce and his wife Ethel in the Lodge, and Lord and Lady Stonehaven, with their guests the Duke and Duchess of York, in the Governor-General's residence, Yarralumla.\nThe Lane Pooles moved to Canberra at the end of 1927 and moved into Westridge House in Banks Street, Yarralumla in early 1928. Ruth also designed the interiors for this building as it was the new residence for the Principal of the Australian Forestry School. Her husband Charles was the Acting Principal of the School and Inspector-General of Forests for the Commonwealth Forestry Bureau, positions he held from 1927 to 1944.\nWhile living in Canberra, Ruth Lane Poole was prominent in developing the social and cultural life of the national capital. Ruth organised tennis parties and balls for students at the Australian Forestry School, creating decorative schemes for the annual balls. She designed and created the flag for the Australian Forestry School, featuring a large tree and the motto 'Mihi cura futuri' (I have a care for the future). The design also features above the entrance of the Australian Forestry School Building, opened in November 1927, in the Canberra suburb, Yarralumla.\nThe Lane Pooles moved to Manly in Sydney in 1945. Charles died in 1970, and Ruth four years later, aged 89.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-brief-history-of-the-australian-forestry-school\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/charles-and-ruth-lane-poole\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/living-with-ruth-lane-poole-an-interior-legacy\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/key-items-on-the-lane-pooles\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-forestry-school-correspondence-files\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-forestry-school-flag\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruth-lane-poole-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/furniture-designs-for-prime-ministers-lodge-and-government-house-canberra-picture-ruth-lane-poole\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-charles-edward-lane-poole-1905-1970-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pencil-drawings\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Faupula, Sioana", "Entry ID": "AWE4901", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faupula-sioana\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kolomotua, Tonga", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community Leader, Teacher", "Summary": "Tonga-born Sioana Faupala graduated from Sydney Teacher's College in 1959. She taught at the Queen Salote College before marrying Halote Faupula in 1966. From 1972-82 she and their three children lived on the Yirrkala Mission in Arnhem Land following her husband's appointment as its Methodist minister. There she taught in the Yirrkala Primary School. After subsequent appointments to Uniting Church parishes in Dee Why and Kurri Kurri in NSW, Halote retired to Canberra where he died in 2000. Sioana worked in the Pacific Manuscript Bureau at the Australian National University's College of Asia and the Pacific, participated in Tongan language broadcasts and was an active member of the Multicultural Women's Advocacy and the City Uniting Church's social welfare programs. She was also a Uniting Church Elder, assistant Chair of its Tongan congregation and President of both the Canberra Tongan and Pacific Islands United Associations.\n", "Details": "Sioana Faupola was born in Kolomotua Tonga on 23 February 1938, the first of the seven children of Ana Palu and Salesi Manoa Havea, a magistrate, Member of Parliament and later Minister for Police in the government of Tonga. Following her graduation from the Queen Salote College, from 1957-59 she undertook teacher training at Sydney Teacher's College. On her return to Tonga in 1960 she taught at the Queen Salote College before her marriage in 1966 to Halote Faupula, then a teacher of agriculture. Following her husband's ordination as a Methodist Minister in 1972, Sioana and her three young children accompanied him to the Methodist mission at Yirrkala on the Gove Peninsular, Arnhem Land, where she lived from 1972-82. She taught for three years at the Yirrkala Primary School then worked as an assistant to its Principal. In 1982 she moved with her husband to Dee Why, where he was appointed Minster in the Uniting Church, and to Kurri Kurri in the Hunter Valley in 1993 when he transferred to that parish. On his retirement in 1997 she moved to Canberra where her husband became an associate Minister in the City Uniting Church where he died in 2000. Sioana worked in the Pacific Manuscript Bureau of the College of Asia and the Pacific at the Australian National University, translating and collating documents of the nineteenth century Wesleyan missionary to Tonga, Shirley Wildemar Baker. She participated in Canberra Multicultural Radio and SBS Tongan broadcasts, was an active member of the Multicultural Women's Advocacy and was President of the Queen Salote College Ex-students' Association. She was also an Elder in the City Uniting Church where she taught Sunday school, participated in its support services for women and the homeless, and was Assistant Chair of its Tongan congregation, Toe Talatalanoa. From 2010 Sioana was President of the Tongan Association of Canberra and President of the Pacific Islands United Association.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sioana-faupula-interviewed-by-ann-mari-jordens-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Metcalfe, Thelma Constance", "Entry ID": "AWE4933", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/metcalfe-thelma-constance\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Fitzroy, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Emu Plains, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Thelma Metcalfe was president of the Australian National Council of Women from 1957 to1960. She also held office in a variety of other organisations, including as president of the NCW of NSW 1948-1960. During her term of office as national president, she stressed the importance of regional activism and work towards improving social and economic conditions, particularly for women in the Asia-Pacific area, most urgently in Papua New Guinea. Metcalfe's presidency also saw ANCW attention directed towards redressing inequality issues relevant to women, varying education standards in Australia, the declining value of child endowment, and the financial hardships of deserted wives. In light of her extensive community involvement, an ANCW obituarist claimed she was regarded as 'the best authority on the women's organisations in NSW'.\n", "Details": "Thelma Constance Vagg was born on 10 September 1898 in Fitzroy, Melbourne, the daughter of Victorian-born parents Harry Vagg, farmer, and his wife Emily Anne, n\u00e9e Sallery. She was educated at Albury District School and the University of Sydney (BA, 1922; Dip. Ed. 1923). She taught languages in NSW public schools before marrying John Wallace Metcalfe, deputy principal librarian of the State Library of NSW, on 3 March 1934. She then accompanied him on a 6-month tour of libraries in the USA and Europe, for which he was funded by a Carnegie Corporation of New York travel grant, and thereafter worked with him in the Free Library Movement, a citizens' group formed in 1935 to lobby for a system of public libraries to serve the needs of all the people. In November 1935, the Sydney Morning Herald published an article she wrote on 'Andrew Carnegie: Father of Libraries'. Thelma remained John's loyal supporter in his many library activities as deputy and principal state librarian, founder of the Australian Institute of Librarians (now Australian Library and Information Association) and director of the first university library school at the University of NSW. Thelma's teaching experience, interest in languages and libraries, and her overseas travel fostered a commitment to education and international awareness that she brought to her leadership roles in the National Council of Women.\nThelma Metcalfe was an office bearer in the NSW and\/or Australian NCW for 40 years. In the NSW Council she was secretary (1941-1948) under Ruby Board's presidency, then president (1948-1960), a regular delegate to ANCW from 1946, and state convenor for migration from 1962 until 1981. It was through her hard work and dedication as Council secretary in the war years that the Nutritional Advisory Council was set up in1942, and, in cooperation with president Ruby Board, she helped found the Housekeepers' Emergency Service in 1943. Meals on Wheels in NSW began as a pilot project in the early 1950s, operating from a church in Newtown. Under the sponsorship of NCW NSW, led by Metcalfe, the program grew to become a statewide community service. She was also instrumental in establishing the Children's Film Council in 1950 (later the NSW Council for Children's Films and Television) and presided over it during her period as NCW NSW president. The Council provided valuable comment and guidance for parents in a period of rapid growth in the film and television industries. Metcalfe's NCW and other work was acknowledged by an MBE awarded for community services in 1956. In 1970, NCW NSW marked her 30 years of service to the organisation with an honorary life vice-presidency.\nMetcalfe was elected to represent the Australian National Council of Women at the Jubilee Women's Convention in 1951 and served as president of ANCW from 1957 to 1960, then as national convenor for migration 1962-1964. During her presidency, ANCW focused on redressing discrimination against married women in the workforce; increasing representation and participation of women in local, national and international forums; urging government ratification of the 1951 ILO convention on equal pay as well as putting its conditions into effect; lobbying state and federal governments for correlation of standards between state education systems; and agitating for measures to deal with the declining value of child endowment as well as the financial hardships of deserted wives. Metcalfe's particular interest and expertise in migration saw her represent the ANCW at the 10th and 11th annual Citizenship Conventions in Canberra in 1959 and 1960, and on the National Executive Committee of World Refugee Year 1959-1960.\nIn 1959, Thelma Metcalfe also represented the International Council of Women at the conference of the UN Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE, now Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific or ESCAP) held in Brisbane. This experience and her involvement in the Pan Pacific and Southeast Asian Women's Association led her to stress the importance of regional activism and work towards improving social and economic conditions for women in the Asia-Pacific area. All Councils were especially urged to focus on education in Papua New Guinea. The final conference of Metcalfe's ANCW presidency in 1960 saw discussion of the possibility of an ICW conference or executive meeting being held in Australia, or, alternatively, a regional conference. Metcalfe favoured the latter, believing it would gain government financial support in helping cement good relations with Asian countries. Although it did not eventuate during her presidency, an Asia-focused ICW seminar on International Understanding was held in Brisbane in 1964, with some support from the federal government, and the idea of a larger conference simmered in Council circles and came to fruition in an ICW regional conference on population issues in 1973, held in Sydney and supported financially by the UN and the Australian government.\nThelma Metcalfe also held office in a great many other organisations, remaining active in most till her last illness. She was a long-term member and president of the Lyceum Club, a founding member and, later, president of the Good Neighbour Council of NSW, an early member of\nNSW Pan-Pacific and Southeast Asia Women's Association from its re-establishment in 1954 and its president from 1963 until 1968, and for many years the Council delegate to and vice-president of the NSW branch of the UN Association of Australia. She was also active in the British Drama League, the NSW committee for International Children's Book Week and the Arts Council of Australia, NSW. She once remarked that she was the 'best Annual Meeting attender in Australia'.\nHer NCW obituarist, Jean Arnot, wrote that Thelma Metcalfe would be remembered for her 'significant work \u2026 in the cause of human welfare, for her perseverance, for her tolerance, for her good humour and for her great capacity for objectivity'. She died on 18 May 1984 at Emu Plains after suffering physical disability for some years.\n", "Events": "Pan Pacific and S. E. Asia Women's Association NSW (1963 - 1968)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1959\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/metcalfe-thelma-constance-1898-1984\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ashton, Queenie", "Entry ID": "AWE4960", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ashton-queenie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Stoke Newington, London, England", "Death Place": "Carlingford, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Radio actor, Stage actor", "Summary": "Read more about Queenie Ashton in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Barlow, Mary Kate", "Entry ID": "AWE4967", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barlow-mary-kate\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Limerick, Munster, Ireland", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Charity worker", "Summary": "Read more about Mary Kate Barlow in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Brinsmead, Hesba Fay", "Entry ID": "AWE4995", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brinsmead-hesba-fay\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Murwillumbah, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Writer", "Summary": "Read more about Hesba Brinsmead in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-hesba-brinsmead-1906-circa-1989-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hesba-brinsmead-interviewed-by-suzanne-lunney-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/h-f-brinsmead-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-4\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-hesba-brinsmead-writer-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Brown, Jocelyn", "Entry ID": "AWE4999", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brown-jocelyn\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Camden, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Author, Florist, Garden designer", "Summary": "Read more about Jocelyn Brown in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cooke, Constance Mary Ternent", "Entry ID": "AWE5025", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cooke-constance-mary-ternent\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kent Town, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": " Turramurra, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal rights activist", "Summary": "Read more about Constance Mary Ternent Cooke in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cox, May", "Entry ID": "AWE5029", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cox-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Emerald Hill, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Mosman, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Lifesaver, Patriotic fund raiser, Swimmer", "Summary": "Read more about May Cox in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Daly, Anne", "Entry ID": "AWE5040", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daly-anne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "County Tipperary, Ireland", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educationist, Religious Sister", "Summary": "Read more about Ann Daly in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Davis, Beatrice Deloitte", "Entry ID": "AWE5046", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/davis-beatrice-deloitte\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bendigo, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Hunters Hill Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Editor, Literary mentor", "Summary": "Read more about Beatrice Davis in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-peter-ryan-1927-2010-bulk-1962-1996-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Egan, Katherine Rose", "Entry ID": "AWE5068", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/egan-katherine-rose\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Walmer, Kent, England, United Kingdom", "Death Place": "Lewisham Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Charity worker", "Summary": "Read more about Katherine Rose Egan in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Glanville-Hicks, Peggy", "Entry ID": "AWE5096", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/glanville-hicks-peggy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "St Kilda, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Paddington, SydneyPaddington, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Composer, Music critic", "Summary": "Read more about Peggy Glanville-Hicks in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-wendy-beckett-1928-1997-bulk-1987-1997-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wendy-beckett-collection-of-interviews-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hall, Edith Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE5112", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hall-edith-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Disability rights activist, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "Read more about Edith Hall in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Healy, Evelyn Myrtle", "Entry ID": "AWE5123", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/healy-evelyn-myrtle\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Gladesville, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Community activist, Peace activist", "Summary": "Read more about Evelyn Myrtle Healy in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/audrey-blake-and-jack-blake-further-papers-1937-2004\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Healy, Mary (Mother Gertrude)", "Entry ID": "AWE5125", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/healy-mary-mother-gertrude\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Dublin, Ireland", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Hospital administrator, Religious Sister", "Summary": "Read more about Mary (Mother Gertrude) Healy in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jolliffe, Anne Comrie", "Entry ID": "AWE5152", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jolliffe-anne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Longford, Tasmania, Australia", "Death Place": "Leura, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Animator", "Summary": "Read more about Anne Jolliffe in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/first-female-animator-worked-on-beatles-yellow-submarine\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jones, Caroline", "Entry ID": "AWE5154", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jones-caroline\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Broadcaster, Journalist", "Summary": "Read more about Caroline Jones in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Events": "Most Outstanding Contribution to Journalism - Australian Story (2013 - 2013)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Levy, Julia", "Entry ID": "AWE5189", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/levy-julia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bath, Somerset, England", "Death Place": "Potts Point, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Jewish community leader, Philanthropist", "Summary": "Read more about Julia Levy in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Locke, Lilian Sophia", "Entry ID": "AWE5195", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/locke-lilian-sophia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Labour movement activist, Suffragist", "Summary": "Read more about Lilian Locke in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Long, Joan", "Entry ID": "AWE5196", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/long-joan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Rushworth, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Filmmaker, Scriptwriter", "Summary": "Read more about Joan Long in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Macready, Agnes", "Entry ID": "AWE5206", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/macready-agnes\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Rathfriland, Down, Northern Ireland", "Death Place": "Ryde, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Nurse, War Correspondent", "Summary": "Read more about Agnes Macready in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Martin, Jean Isobel", "Entry ID": "AWE5211", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/martin-jean-isobel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "East Malvern, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Mona Vale, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educator, Sociologist", "Summary": "Read more about Jean Isobel Martin in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-martin-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Park, Ruth", "Entry ID": "AWE5259", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/park-ruth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Auckland, New Zealand", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Writer", "Summary": "Read more about Ruth Park in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruth-park-further-papers-1929-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/william-fraser-interview-with-ruth-park-about-her-life-1992\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruth-park-letters-received-from-dame-mary-gilmore-15-january-1946-28-april-1953-including-two-letters-to-darcy-niland-11-september-and-28-september-19\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruth-park-and-darcy-niland-album-of-literary-manuscripts-ca-1950s\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruth-park-further-literary-papers-1938-1994\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruth-park-papers-1938-1976-together-with-the-unrelated-correspondence-of-eve-langley-1960-1961\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruth-park-further-papers-1982-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruth-park-and-darcy-niland-literary-papers-1950-1992\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruth-park-and-darcy-niland-papers-relating-to-les-darcy-ca-1906-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruth-park-and-darcy-niland-further-literary-papers-1930s-1993\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Roe, Jillian Isobel (Jill)", "Entry ID": "AWE5284", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/roe-jillian-isobel-jill\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tumby Bay, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Pearl Beach, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Historian", "Summary": "Jill Roe was a distinguished Australian historian and academic who wrote an important biography of the Australian writer Miles Franklin. She published her memoir, Our Fathers Cleared the Bush, about her childhood on the Eyre Peninsula in 2016.\nRead more about Jill Roe in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Events": "Appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) (2007 - 2007)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/our-fathers-cleared-the-bush-remembering-eyre-peninsula\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jill-roe-miles-franklin-biographer-remembered-as-one-of-australias-greatest-historians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-marilyn-lake-1964-1999-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Standley, Ida", "Entry ID": "AWE5315", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/standley-ida\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Child welfare worker, Community worker, Teacher, Welfare worker", "Summary": "Read more about Ida Standley in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Tabberer, Maggie", "Entry ID": "AWE5326", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tabberer-maggie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Parkside, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Entrepreneur, Fashion Designer, Fashion editor, Model, Publisher, Television personality", "Summary": "Read more about Maggie Tabberer in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Macartney, Alexandrina Vans (Nina)", "Entry ID": "AWE5412", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/macartney-alexandrina-vans-nina\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ballarat, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "BalmainBalmain, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Volunteer, War Worker", "Summary": "Based in Canberra from 1911 to 1916 while her husband was an instructor at the Royal Military College, Duntroon, Nina Macartney was a committee member of the Federal Territory War Fund from August 1914.\n", "Details": "Born on 20 Oct 1884, Alexandrina Vans 'Nina' Macartney (nee Zichy-Woinarski), was the first of seven children (5 girls and 2 boys) born to Flora Dundas 'Teeyah' Robertson (1860-1939) and Dr Stanislaus Emill Antony Zichy-Woinarski (1857-1920), medical practitioner, of Ballarat, Victoria. She married Captain Henry Dundas Keith Macartney (1880-1932) at St Peter's Anglican Church, Mornington, Victoria, on 18 December 1912; they had no children ('Mainly About People', 1912, p. 3; 'Personal News', 1912, p. 5; 'Family Notices', 1912, p. 8).\nNina's husband was attached to the instructional staff of the newly founded Royal Military College, Duntroon, from 1911 until 1916, when he embarked for overseas service, and again from 1919. There is no record of where Nina lived during her husband's service overseas.\nIn August 1914, soon after Britain declared war against Germany in August 1914, Nina attended a meeting of women residents of Canberra and the Federal Territory convened by the Jane Miller, wife of the Federal Territory Administrator and Secretary of the Department of Home Affairs. Jane Miller told the assembly she wished to initiate a movement 'for the purpose of helping our soldiers and sailors who are at the present moment on active service upholding the British Empire in the great war now\u2026 and for relieving distress amongst the relations of soldiers and sailors or the poor.' She proposed a division of districts each with a representative who would appeal for funds and distribute collecting boxes. All contributions were to be strictly voluntary. She suggested money collected be sent to swell the War Food Fund that had been established by the Sydney Chamber of Commerce.\nThe War Food Fund served two purposes: to help soldiers, and to benefit Australian workers on the home front by purchasing Australian produced foodstuffs and products thus providing employment at a time when work might become very scarce. The Queanbeyan Age reported that the women present enthusiastically approved Jane Miller's scheme and appointed a committee that included Nina Macartney: 'Mesdames Miller, Broinowski, Piggin, and Brown, of Canberra; Mesdames Macartney and Barnard of the Royal Military College; Mrs. E. G. Crace, of Gininderra, and Mrs. Sheaffe, of Tharwa.' ('Patriotic Fund Canberra', 1914, p. 2).\nNina's and Jessie Barnard's work appears to have been behind the scenes. In illustration of the hierarchy of military life, it is Ida Parnell, who is mentioned at Duntroon's fundraising social events.\nNina died in Balmain, New South Wales, Australia on 27 March 1965.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/duntroon-the-royal-military-college-of-australia-1911-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-official-history-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1914-1918-australia-during-the-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/patriotic-fund\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/macartney-henry-dundas-1880-19320\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mainly-about-people\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-news\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/family-notices-weddings\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Southwell, Louisa", "Entry ID": "AWE5419", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/southwell-louisa\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ramsay, Huntingdonshire, England", "Death Place": "JuneeJunee, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Red Cross leader, Volunteer", "Summary": "Louisa Southwell was the founding president of the Hall branch of the Red Cross Society, which was founded in May 1916. She became vice-president in 1917 when Blanche Crace took over the presidency.\n", "Details": "Born on 13 October 1844 in Ramsay, Huntingdonshire, England, the daughter of Edward Smith and Mary Kilby, Louisa married into the well-established Southwell family of Parkwood near Hall when she wed John Southwell on 4 June 1867 at Parkwood Church, Gininderra. She gave birth to seven children - Albert 1868, Eva Annie 1869, Amelia Alma 'Milly' 1871, William Shelton 1873, Raymond 1875, Sydney Roland, 1879 and Edward John Thomas, 1881. Her husband erected the first building in Hall and opened a post office and store in 1888, farmed several properties in the Hall and Queanbeyan areas, served as a Justice of the Peace and sat as a magistrate on the Queanbeyan Bench. Louisa and John were both active in the community; Louisa taught Sunday School after it was established in association with the local Methodist Church at Bedellick in 1882. John Southwell died on 21 October 1912, leaving Louisa a widow.\nOn 16 July 1915 Louisa's son Raymond enlisted with the Australian Expeditionary Force (AIF) and served in France with the 3rd Reinforcements to the 8th Field Ambulance, the 5th Division Sanitary Section and the 5th Artillery Group. Despite being court martialled for possessing a camera with films which were confiscated by military authorities in France (and returned to him in 1926), he was promoted to Sergeant. Mentioned in Despatches for conspicuous service by Sir Douglas Haig on 16 March 1919, Raymond was discharged 5 September 1919. He was the only one of Louisa's five sons to enlist in the AIF.\nOn the 24 May 1916 the women of Hall founded a Red Cross Society branch under Louisa's presidency, with Mrs E. Brown as treasurer and Mrs George Southwell, secretary. The new branch organised a patriotic picnic and sale of gifts in November 1916. They raised \u00a386\/6\/3 in their first year, made 67 articles of clothing and assembled 25 Christmas parcels for soldiers.\nBy November 1917 Blanche Crace had taken over the presidency, perhaps because by then Louisa was 73 years old and the demands of the work may have taken its toll on her health. She did, however, remain as vice-president. The group continued to be busy fundraising, knitting and sewing. In 1917, the 75 members raised \u00a3214\/14\/4 and contributed 188 items of clothing to soldiers at the battlefront or in hospital. During 1918-1919 the Hall membership had dropped to 69 but the branch raised \u00a3177\/5\/3 and made 296 articles of clothing, including shirts, pyjamas, socks, mufflers, mittens, gloves, balaclavas, hospital and kit bags, dusters, washers, pillow slips, handkerchiefs and bandages. They distributed funds to the New South Wales Red Cross parent branch in Sydney, the French Red Cross, the War Chest, to prisoners of war in Germany and Turkey, and to various special celebrations such as France Day. The group displayed creativity and a sense of fun in some of their fundraising ventures; in May 1918 the Goulburn Evening Penny Post reported that the Hall Red Cross had held a fundraising cricket match between the ladies and the gentlemen, with the men handicapped by wearing hobbles and batting with pick handles ('Gininderra', 1918, p. 2).\nThe branch gave up active work in October 1919 - war had ended so there was no longer the need of the previous years. The Hall schoolteacher Charles Thompson penned a tribute to the women that was published in the Queanbeyan Age and Queanbeyan Observer on 28 October 1919 acknowledging the challenges of such a group in a rural area. He wrote that many of the Red Cross members had been compelled to travel eight miles to attend meetings and had to convey provisions in all weathers. 'Nevertheless', he wrote 'this noble band of lady workers were fully determined that the brave lads who have dared their all for the sake of King and country, should not be wanting in comforts and necessaries if their exertions and nimble fingers could supply the want'. When the Hall branch closed it donated the remaining balance of \u00a350 to provide a four-bed ward in a soldiers' convalescent home ('Gininderra', 1919).\nLouisa moved to Junee, New South Wales to be near her children William, Edward and her daughter Milly. She died at Junee on 1 December 1926 and was buried with her husband John at Hall cemetery in the Australian Capital Territory.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-southwell-family-pioneers-of-the-canberra-district-1838-1938\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ginninderra-forerunner-to-canberra-a-history-of-the-ginninderra-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/raymond-southwell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/southwell-raymond\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/southwell-raymond-service-number-9082-place-of-birth-ginninderra-n-a-place-of-enlistment-liverpool-nsw-next-of-kin-uncle-southwell-mark\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Evans, Ada Emily", "Entry ID": "AWE5543", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/evans-ada-emily\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Essex, England", "Death Place": "Kurkulla, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Teacher", "Summary": "Ada Emily Evans began her professional life as a teacher, but later blazed a trail for women in the legal profession. In 1902, at the University of Sydney, she was the first woman in Australia to earn a Bachelor of Laws, graduating at a time when New South Wales law did not allow her to practise. She was admitted to the NSW Bar in 1921 after changes to the legislation, thus becoming the first woman to be admitted to the bar in New South Wales.\n", "Details": "Ada Emily Evans was born on 17 May 1872 in Essex, England. Ada and her family immigrated to Sydney in 1883. Her mother came from a legal family and Ada was convinced of the necessity for women lawyers to remedy the prejudices of the entirely male legal system. When Ada enrolled in the Sydney University Faculty of Law, the Dean, Professor Pitt Cobbett, would not accept women law students. Ada enrolled when he was absent on leave and could not prevent her entry. Upon his return, Professor Cobbett told Ada that 'her frame was so light that she should become a doctor'. Nevertheless, Ada continued her studies and in 1902 became the first Australian woman to complete her law degree.\nAda Evans applied to be registered at the Supreme Court as a student-at-law. She was rejected on the basis that a legal practitioner had to be a \"person of good fame and repute\" and the legal definition of \"person\" did not include being a woman. From 1902 until 1918, Ada campaigned for her admission. During those years, she wrote articles on women's issues for the Australian Star newspaper under the pen-name \"A.L.B\", postulated to be an acronym for \"a lady barrister\".\nIn 1918, legislation was passed to allow women to enter the legal profession in New South Wales. In 1921, Ada Evans became the first woman to be admitted to the New South Wales Bar. Ada never practised due to the lapse of time since her graduation, poor health and family commitments. Confident and intelligent, Ada Evans was also an expert pistol shot and golf player. She died at Kurkulla on 27 December 1947.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/evans-ada-emily-1872-1947\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ada-evans-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-women-in-the-legal-profession-in-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Moore, May", "Entry ID": "AWE5676", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moore-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wainui, New Zealand", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "May Moore was a successful photographer who worked initially in New Zealand and then in Sydney. She specialised in portraits of prominent people and artists, including society\/celebrity portraits, with some wedding and children's portraits. Moore is known to have introduced bromide paper and mounting boards to New Zealand.\n", "Details": "May Moore was born on 4 January 1881 in Wainui, New Zealand, one of seven children (the eldest daughter and Mina the second eldest). Their father, Robert Walter Moore, was an English immigrant who worked at timber cutting and farming, and their mother was Sarah Jane, n\u00e9e Hellyer. Her parents were not wealthy but were able to save enough money to purchase a small property in the small rural town of Wainui twenty miles north of Auckland where they brought up a family. Prior to this they had lived in various forestry camps.\nMay's hobby as a child was drawing and in 1900 she was admitted into the Elam School of Art and Design in Auckland, where she studied painting. Following graduation she was able to support herself financially through her sketches. In 1907 she participated in the New Zealand International Exhibition held in Christchurch, setting up a stall and selling her pencil sketches for 2\/6 as well as pen and ink portrait sketches for 5\/-. May moved to Wellington in 1908 and rented a space in a photographic studio where she painted portraits of prominent people, such as Sir Joseph Ward and his family, using oil paint.\nHer sister Mina, who was a teacher, travelled to Australia and on her return to New Zealand gave up teaching to pursue her new found interest of photography. At this time the Alexander Orr studio next door to May's was placed on sale and the two sisters purchased it for \u00a3170, which was quite a large sum of money at the time. Prior to Orr closing his studio, May was able to learn camera handling skills from the existing staff and Mina the printing process, all of this in the space of six weeks.\nThe Moore sisters were keen theatre-goers and were exposed to the impact of theatrical lighting and dramatic poses; this was to feature in the iconic style they developed. At the time, their clientele included many actors and in fact their earliest work was photographing the entire cast of an American theatre company.\nThey were pioneers in the use of bromide papers and mounting boards in New Zealand and became very popular for their work, establishing a reputation for producing quality portraiture. Their characteristic style saw photographs taken close up, often head and shoulder shots, strong side lighting of half of the face, set against a dark background, a technique that allowed the sitter's face to stand out, but which also created a sense of intrigue itself further intensified with the use of sepia tones. Jack Cato noted in his book The Story of the Camera in Australia that when they were starting out, they had to make do with the 'meagre light from an ordinary room \u2026' However, he also wrote that this made their work so distinctive, that there was no need for either of them to sign their portraits (which they both did) because they were so obviously and exclusively their own. All their photographs used this low key approach, with a strong light on one side of the face and shadow on the other. 'It was the light Rembrandt used for his paintings and was particularly suitable for men' (Cato 136)\nDuring 1909-1910 May became unwell and took time off work. She travelled to Sydney for a holiday, and while there she got in touch with her creative friends and began her photography work again. She was encouraged by Alfred Hill to move her studio to Australia and Arthur Hill, the amateur art photographer, helped her find a studio and gain commissions. May rented a studio in the Bulletin building where she photographed cartoonists such as L. Hopkins 'Hop' and Low. She decided to stay on in Sydney and set up a permanent studio, which may have been at 139 King Street, furnishing the reception area with Persian rugs and employing a number of staff.\nIn 1911 Mina visited May and they worked together until Mina moved to Melbourne where she set up her own studio. In 1914, with the outbreak of World War 1, both May and Mina were kept busy photographing hundreds of young soldiers before they set off for the battlefields in North Africa and Europe. The majority of their sitters however were people associated with the Arts, artists, actors, musicians, cartoonists and fashion designers. They would take the time to familiarise themselves with their sitters, so that they could capture their personalities. .On the 13 July 1915 May married Harry Wilkes, a dentist who closed his own practice to manage her studio as it was doing very well. The couple shared a love of literature and the Arts.\nMay was described as a tall, striking and confident woman who dressed in loose Bohemian clothing. She retired in the late 1920s due to ill health but continued her creative endeavours through her miniature landscape painting which she did on commission.\nUp until 1928 her photographs were published in a number of magazines including The Home, Triad, Theatre and The Lone Hand. In fact, her portrait of the actress Lily Brayton as Cleopatra appeared on the cover of the Christmas issue of The Lone Hand. May reflecting on her career was to say 'When I commenced work \u2026 some of the cut and dried photographers held up their hands in horror. It was necessary, they said, to stick to the beaten track, stodgy backgrounds and stiff accessorised. I had my own ideas, and determined, sink or swim to put them into practice.' (Ebury)\nShe died on the 10 June 1931 as a result of a spinal disease associated with the cancer that she had been suffering. Six months following her death a tribute exhibition of her work was held at the Lyceum Club, Sydney.\nCollections\nArt Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia\nArt Gallery of South Australia, Australia\nCastlemaine Art Gallery and Historical Museum\nLa Trobe Collection, State Library of Victoria, Melbourne, Vic., Australia\nMacleay Photograph Collection, Macleay Museum Collection, NSW, Australia\nNational Gallery of Victoria. The Shaw Research Library, Vic., Australia\nNational Gallery of Australia, Canberra, Australia\n", "Events": "May Moore exhibited at the New Zealand International Exhibition (1907 - 1907) \nMay Moore exhibited her painted miniatures on ivory at the NSW Society of Women Painters (1907 - 1907) \nMay Moore featured in National Portrait Gallery exhibition Mirror with a Memory: Portraiture in Australia (2000 - 2000) \nMay Moore featured in National Portrait Gallery travelling exhibition The Reflecting Eye: Portraits of Australian Visual Artists. (1996 - 1996) \nMay Moore featured in the George Paton Gallery exhibtion Australian Women Photographers 1840-1950 (1981 - 1981)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-an-actress\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heritage-the-national-womens-art-book-500-works-by-500-australian-women-artists-from-colonial-times-to-1955\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-story-of-the-camera-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/making-pictures-australian-pictorial-photography-as-art-1897-1957\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annie-may-and-mina-moore\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australians-behind-the-camera-directory-of-early-australian-photographers-1841-to-1945\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mirror-with-a-memory-photographic-portraiture-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/i-was-only-a-maid-the-life-of-a-remarkable-woman-may-moore-reminiscences-of-may-moore-as-related-to-members-of-her-family-and-to-her-friends\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beyond-the-picket-fence-australian-womens-art-in-the-national-librarys-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-reflecting-eye-portraits-of-australian-visual-artists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moore-annie-may-1881-1931\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/versatile-may-moore-photographs-miniatures-and-domesticity\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/may-moore\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/may-moore-and-mina-moore\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-first-for-women-photographers-in-australia-quick-thinking-and-ladders-got-the-top-shots\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/may-moore-australian-and-new-zealand-art-files\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moore-may-photography-related-ephemera-material-collected-by-the-national-library-of-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Adam, Margarita", "Entry ID": "AWE5679", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/adam-margarita\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Annandale, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Editor, Indexer, Lawyer", "Summary": "Margarita Adam (nee Teddo) graduated from the University of Sydney with a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1966 and was admitted to the New South Wales Bar on 18 March of that year. She had not been at the Bar long before she took up legal reporting, for which she adopted the use of a pseudonym derived from her initial and surname. Adam, whose reports appeared in the New South Wales Reports, the Argus Reports and the Australian Law Reports, remained on the practising barristers' list until the mid-1970s. She obtained work with Butterworths as an editor and indexer.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-and-new-zealand-citator-to-uk-reports-1558-1972-covering-the-law-reports-1865-1972-weekly-law-reports-1853-1972-all-england-law-reports-1558-1972-including-reprint-and-extension-volume\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/western-australian-law-reports-1865-1969-index-digest\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/all-england-law-reports-1936-1970-all-england-law-reports-reprint-1558-1935-and-all-england-law-reports-reprint-extension-volumes-1895-1935\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bowles, Lesley Roscoe", "Entry ID": "AWE5684", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bowles-lesley-roscoe\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Caringbah, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Lesley Roscoe Nield (later Bowles) graduated from the University of Sydney with a Bachelor of Arts in 1938. After undertaking articles with H. (Halse) Millett and R. C. (Robert Campbell) Cathels of Sydney, she was admitted as a solicitor on 21 November 1941. On 12 February 1954, the now Lesley Roscoe Bowles was admitted to the New South Wales Bar. She did not, however, practise as a barrister. For a number of years until his retirement in 1962, Bowles was clerk to her father, Mr Justice John Roscoe Nield of the Supreme Court of New South Wales. In 1969, Bowles graduated from the University of Sydney with a Bachelor of Laws. She practised with the firms Greenwell & York and Hickson, Lakeman & Holcombe.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-women-in-the-legal-profession-in-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Craft, Lilian Jessie", "Entry ID": "AWE5685", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/craft-lilian-jessie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Woolwich, Kent, England", "Death Place": "Cammeray, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Public servant, Solicitor", "Summary": "Lilian Jessie Craft (nee Goldsmith) has the distinction of having been the first woman in New South Wales to become a solicitor by undertaking the Solicitors' Admission Board course. She was also the first woman solicitor to practise in the regional New South Wales city of Goulburn, when she was managing clerk to the city's firm of Ian R. Duffy and Galland in 1947. The then Goldsmith attended Fort Street Girls' High School. On 1 November 1933 a notice in The Sydney Morning Herald announced that she had been serving articles of clerkship with Keith Ewington Whitehead Solicitor of Sydney and of her intention to apply to be admitted as an attorney-solicitor and proctor. She was admitted on 17 November 1933. In 1938, she travelled overseas for a year. When she returned, she set up her own practice and also took on responsibility for the practice of Horace Archy Teakle, who went into the army. (She herself joined the Women's Royal Australian Navy Service (W.R.A.N.S.), on 10 July 1945). In the late 1940s Goldsmith worked in the State Crown Solicitor's Office. She married in 1949. With her retirement from practice as a solicitor in 1959, Craft transferred to the Bar roll as a non-practising barrister. She was appointed permanent convenor of the regular meetings of the informal Society of Women Lawyers, the forerunner to the Women Lawyers' Association of New South Wales.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-women-in-the-legal-profession-in-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Joseph, Sally", "Entry ID": "AWE5688", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joseph-sally\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Vaucluse, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Sally Joseph was one of the first solicitors to work at the Aboriginal Legal Service in Redfern, Sydney. She graduated from the University of Sydney with a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1967, the same year in which she was appointed to the Commission of the Peace for the State of New South Wales. Although admitted to the New South Wales Bar, Joseph did not practise as a barrister, instead working briefly at the Commonwealth Crown Solicitor's Office before being admitted as a solicitor on 11 February 1972. She practised at the Aboriginal Legal Service and later in the eastern Sydney suburb of Vaucluse.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McGarry, Kathleen Patricia", "Entry ID": "AWE5693", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcgarry-kathleen-patricia\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Bondi, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Playwright, Writer", "Summary": "Kathleen McGarry was the fourth woman to be admitted to the New South Wales Bar. The third and youngest child of Patrick McGarry, a former member of the Legislative Assembly of Murrumbidgee in south-western New South Wales, and Mary McGarry (nee Myres), McGarry lived at Ardenclutha in Hunter's Hill on Sydney's North Shore and was educated by the Sisters of Charity at St Vincent's College, Potts Point. She continued to be associated with the College after she had left, particularly through the Ex-Students' Dramatic Society. At the University of Sydney she spent time at Sancta Sophia College and was a member of the University's Catholic Women's Society. She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1928 and a Bachelor of Laws in 1935. On 6 March 1936 McGarry became the first Catholic woman to be admitted to the New South Wales Bar. She did not practise, however, and after an early stint at the Parliamentary Draftsman's Office, appears to have abandoned the law and turned her attentions to the arts, producing plays and skits for the theatre and radio. McGarry had been an early student of the Independent Theatre School of Dramatic Art and impressed audiences with her prowess on the stage. She earned a number of prizes for her artistic abilities, including second prize in the Catholic broadcasting station 2SM's 'Search for Talent' competition in 1935. As a member of the Catholic Women's Association, with which she was deeply involved, she learned Braille and applied her knowledge to translate the Roman Missal. She was said to be fluent in French and German.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Malor, Jean Lewis", "Entry ID": "AWE5695", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/malor-jean-lewis\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Western Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Editor, Lawyer", "Summary": "Jean Malor has the distinction of having been the first female student to graduate from the University of Sydney with first-class honours in Law. Although admitted to practise in 1937, Malor rejected going to the New South Wales Bar in favour of a career with the Law Book Company of Australasia Pty Ltd. (This may have been because her brother, Ronald, soon to be killed in the Second World War, was already a promising junior at the Bar). With the outbreak of war, she became honorary secretary of the Law School Comforts Fund. Malor remained at the Law Book Company until she was 60, rising to become senior legal advisor and senior editor and highly regarded for her knowledge and proficiency. In 1973, she was appointed chairwoman of the Commonwealth Computerisation of Legal Data Committee, one of a number of committees and professional organisations to which she gave much of her time and expertise over many years. Retained by Butterworths Pty Ltd in 1977, she was editor responsible for The Australian Current Law Digest and Commonwealth Statutes Annotations. She continued to work until she was in her 80s. On 3 June 1978, Malor's prodigious legal knowledge and lifelong dedication as an editor were recognised when she was awarded an OBE for her services to the legal profession.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-malor-interview-interview-with-paddy-mullin-jean-malors-daughter-by-juliette-brodsky-2-july-2010\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Moore, Patricia Audrey", "Entry ID": "AWE5696", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moore-patricia-audrey\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "East Lindfield, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Pharmacist", "Summary": "Patricia Audrey (Pat) Moore (formerly Voss, nee Kelly) initially worked as a pharmacist before becoming a highly regarded patent barrister of the New South Wales Bar and a senior member of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal. She undertook the Materia Medica course at the University of Sydney and graduated in 1946. As a teaching fellow in pharmacy at the University, for a time the then Miss Patricia Kelly was the only woman on the School's teaching staff. In 1950 she was president of the Women's Pharmacy Association, which boasted over 100 members across New South Wales. In 1953 Moore (then as the recently married Mrs John Voss) left for London with her husband, a doctor: he to attend the Royal College of Physicians; she to pursue postgraduate study in pharmacy. She was admitted to the Bar on 4 June 1971 along with friend and fellow pioneer Priscilla Flemming, who became the first woman in private practice at the New South Wales Bar to take silk. She read with Ken Handley, who later took silk and became a judge of the New South Wales Court of Appeal, and she was frequently briefed by Pat Hinch, a well-known woman solicitor. Moore also served as a part-time member of the Social Security Appeals Tribunal.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-at-the-new-south-wales-bar-the-years-to-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/early-women-students\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rudlow, Klara", "Entry ID": "AWE5698", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rudlow-klara\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Austria", "Death Place": "Balmain, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Journalist, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Dr Klara Rudlow was a refugee who arrived in Australia on 24 September 1938 from Vienna where she had worked as a judge's associate and journalist. Despite her experience, and being equipped with a Doctor of Laws from the University of Vienna (which she had obtained in 1933), her qualifications were not recognised in New South Wales and her facility with the English language was insufficient for her to obtain articles. It was not until 4 December 1953 that Rudlow, having undertaken the Barristers' Admission Board course, was finally admitted to the Bar. In the intervening years she had worked as a translator and interpreter (she spoke several languages). Rudlow also broadcast and wrote on cultural and assimilation issues. In 1951 she travelled to Europe under the auspices of the International Refugee Organisation. She had scarce work at the Bar and coached students undertaking the Solicitors' and Barristers' Admission Board examinations as a means of augmenting her income. On 13 March 1959, Rudlow was admitted as a solicitor and from 1960 had her own practice. She subsequently lived and worked in Darling Street, Balmain for many years, volunteering for the Balmain Association and even standing for local government, although she was not successful.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-at-the-new-south-wales-bar-the-years-to-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Smith, Nancy Gordon", "Entry ID": "AWE5702", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/smith-nancy-gordon\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Wollstonecraft, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Secretary, Solicitor", "Summary": "Nancy Gordon Smith graduated with a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Sydney in 1959, followed by a Master of Laws degree in 1970. Although admitted to the Bar, she did not practise as a barrister. On 16 August 1964 she was admitted as a solicitor. At the time of her death she held the positions of Senior Solicitor and Deputy Secretary to the Reserve Bank of Australia.\nThe University of Sydney awards two prizes in Smith's memory. The Nancy Gordon Smith Postgraduate Prize may be awarded annually on the recommendation of the Board of Postgraduate Studies of the Faculty of Law, University of Sydney, to the most proficient candidate for the degree of Master of Laws by coursework.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Trevelyan, Kathleen Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE5704", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trevelyan-kathleen-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Christchurch, New Zealand", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Secretary", "Summary": "Kathleen Trevelyan (nee Hayes) was an early chairman of the Discrimination Board and also served as an alderman at the Ku-ring-gai Council in the 1960s. Trevelyan attended New Zealand's Epsom Girls' Grammar in Auckland and studied Arts at Victoria College, Wellington. In 1938, she was appointed secretary of the Wellington branch of the Society for the Promotion of the Health of Women and Children, also known as the Plunket Society. After coming to Sydney in the late 1930s, she worked in Chalfont Chambers, later becoming judge's associate to Mr Justice (later Sir) Bernard Sugerman of the Land and Valuation Court. During her associateship, she undertook a Bachelor of Laws degree at the University of Sydney, graduating in 1959. On 29 February 1957, she became the seventh woman to sign the Bar Roll of counsel and to actively practise at the New South Wales Bar. She had a broad practice with an emphasis on family law. In time she became the head of chambers at Parramatta. In the 1960s, she was honorary secretary and then vice-president of the Women Lawyers' Association of New South Wales.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/excerpt-of-unpublished-memoir-supplied-by-kathleens-son-sean-trevelyan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Agar, Bernice", "Entry ID": "AWE5972", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/agar-bernice\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bowen, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Edgecliff, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Bernice Agar was a highly successful portrait photographer based in Sydney, whose work featured prominent Australian society figures. Agar was also an early fashion photographer. Widely published, her glamourous works were characterised by a strong preference for artificial light and crisp outlines. Her technique favoured strong frontal lighting. Few of her society portraits survive today.\n", "Details": "Bernice Agar was a highly successful portrait photographer of Australia's society figures and an early fashion photographer.\nAgar was born in Bowen, Queensland, in 1885, to William and Isobel Agar. She was the youngest daughter of the family. She trained at the Bain Photographic Studios in Toowoomba Queensland where she worked until 1918 as chief photographer. By 1917 she had made a name for herself, with people reportedly coming 'from all over Australia to be photographed by her.' The Darling Downs Gazette described her as being 'just a slip of a girl. She is a born artist, [whose work is] fascinating, not only is it artistic but she gets an absolute photograph. Her posing is uncommon and original' (1917).\nIn 1918, Agar moved to Sydney where she opened her own studio, the Bernice Agar Studio, situated in Denison House, George Street. She specialized in stylish portraits of leading artists and society women, such as Thea Proctor, and the opera singer Clara Butt. In line with methods adopted by women photographers in the UK she would invite society figures to pose for her, providing them with free prints and selling the images to magazines, a practice also adopted by the Australian portrait photographers May and Mina Moore.\nAgar's work was very popular during the 1920s and the success she enjoyed enabled her to employ a number of assistants including her sister Alice, who worked as a retoucher. Much of her work was published in the magazine Society, as well as Sydney Ure Smith's The Home magazine (1914-1926), and it was 'characterized by a strong preference for artificial light and crisp, clear outlines' (Australian Gallery Directors Council 10). The 1920s in Australia was a time when magazines such as The Home started to publish the names of its fashion photographers, a new development that undoubtedly contributed to Agar's success (Maynard 96-97).\nAgar's technique involved the use of strong frontal lighting and compositions where the face, and the shapes and lines of the accessories and clothing, were highlighted, resulting in photographs which Barbara Hall describes as being 'softly etched with shadows.' For Hall, 'the result was often a portrait that showed women as arrogant, smouldering, penetrating, cool, sylph-like, formidable or discerning' (Hall 62), while other commentators have said they 'exude glamour and style'(National Library of Australia, Beyond the Picket Fence). Agar herself was known to be a very private, fashion conscious woman who dressed beautifully. Her niece recalls that Agar herself was as glamorous as any of her photographs - an observation that is confirmed by her self-portrait.\nIn 1933 Agar, in a quiet ceremony, married James W. Hardie, a Sydney accountant. The society papers reported that she wore 'a frock of parchment satin covered with a velvet coat of the same shade with a lovely collar of sable, into which she had tucked a spray of orchids. Her small brown velvet hat matched her furs, and the \"tout ensemble\" was very charming indeed.' It was at this point in her life that she gave up her studio and work. The couple did not have any children.\nOnly 16 tinted head studies of her family prior to her magazine work exist today. In addition to these, there are a small number of surviving photoprints of the society women and fashion photographs that were reproduced in magazines.\nJack Cato, in The Story of the Camera in Australia, wrote that Bernice Agar 'for over a decade held first place for her beautiful portraits of society women. When she married and retired, the leading camera men of this country breathed a sigh of relief' (Cato 136).\nBernice Agar died in Edgecliff, Sydney in 1976.\nCollections\nCaroline Simpson Library & Research Collection, Historic Houses Trust\nFerguson Collection, National Library of Australia\nNational Gallery Australia - holds the Portrait of Bernice Agar\nNational Library of Australia holds the only known surviving 'society portrait' taken by Agar; it is the photograph of the opera singer Clara Butt\n", "Events": "Active as a professional studio photographer (1918 - 1929) \nBernice Agar exhibited her work at the Bain Photographic Studio (1917 - 1917) \nBernice Agar featured in the exhibition Australian Women Photographers 1840-1950 (1981 - 1981) \nBernice Agar featured in the exhibition Beyond the Picket Fence (1995 - 1995) \nBernice Agar featured in the exhibition The Reflecting Eye: Portraits of Australian Visual Artists (1996 - 1996)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-first-for-women-photographers-in-australia-quick-thinking-and-ladders-got-the-top-shots\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bernice-agar-is-responsible-for-these-charming-studies-of-children\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bain-studio-exhibit\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/november-brides\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beyond-the-picket-fence-australian-womens-art-in-the-national-librarys-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-story-of-the-camera-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-reflecting-eye-portraits-of-australian-visual-artists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bernice-agar\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bernice-agar-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "How, Louisa Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE5980", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/how-louisa-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "England, United Kingdom", "Death Place": "Heaton, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Elizabeth Louisa How is the earliest known Australian female amateur photographer. The subjects of How's portrait photography include members of her merchant family, friends, staff, and visitors to the How's family residence at 'Woodlands,' North Sydney. How's landscape photography recorded views of Sydney Cove, Government House, Campbell's Wharf, and views around her house and garden. How's salted paper prints were developed using half-plate glass negatives.\n", "Details": "Elizabeth Louisa How is the earliest known Australian female amateur photographer.\nElizabeth Louisa How was born 1821 in England, and she married James How, a labourer from Melvern, Cambridgeshire. They had two sons, William, born in 1844 and Edward, born in 1848.\nThe family migrated to Australia under the assisted passage scheme arriving in Port Phillip, Melbourne, Victoria, aboard the 'Royal George,' on 28 November 1849. On arriving in Melbourne, James How gained employment with the merchant and wharf owner Joseph Raleigh. Records show that by 1857 he was listed as one of the principal directors of a merchant and shipping business How, Walker & Co., which had originally been started by a relative, Robert How. During this period the family moved to a property called 'Woodlands,' where they resided until 1866. It was next door to the present-day Admiralty House at Kirribilli Point, North Sydney, NSW.\nThe records do not show what or who inspired Elizabeth Louisa How's interest in photography. It has been established that she acquired a copy of the English publication Art Journal for 1850. The particular issue she obtained included a number of articles dealing with the development of photography; one of her early photographs was based on an engraving of a portrait which she saw in this volume, that of the Dowager Countess of Darnley after the painting by Sir Thomas Lawrence. Some scholars have suggested that she may also have gained some training from professional studios in England as well as obtaining her photographic materials from the same source. However, others consider it more likely that obtained her photographic supplies in Sydney from the dealer William Hetzer, who was known for his salted paper prints using half-plate glass negatives, since this was the same process that How worked with.\nThe Australian National Gallery in Canberra holds an album of 48 salted paper prints attributed to How. The album includes photographs dating from October 1858 to January 1859. The subjects are largely portraits of How's family, friends, staff and visitors to their house in Woodlands. The friends who appear in these photographs are the merchants George S. Caird, Robert P. Paterson and Hendricks Anderson, the explorer William Landsborough with his Aboriginal companion, 'Tiger,' and the settler Charles Morison from Glenmorison, New England. She also photographed Sydney Cove, Government House, Campbell's Wharf, and views around her house and garden.\nHer photograph of John Croker, taken in Sydney on the 25 December 1859, was shot on the veranda of her house, a position that provided her with adequate lighting. She set up the photograph to appear as if it was taken indoors by moving a side table and armchair outside and by draping a piece of fabric in the background to appear as if it were a curtain (Davies 31).\nThe fortunes of the How Merchant Company declined in the 1860s, and in 1866 How shifted from Woodlands to Calingra at Woollahra, Sydney. Her husband James died in about 1869 and a year later Louise moved to Heaton, also in Woollahra. Little is known of her and her children's movements after this date, other than they relocated several more times. It is also unclear how long she continued to pursue her interest in photography. She died aged seventy-two, in 1893.\nTechnical\nHow produced salted paper prints using half-plate glass negatives.\nCollections:\nArt Gallery of New South Wales\nNational Gallery of Australia\nNational Museum, Canberra\n", "Events": "Louisa How's work featured in Art Gallery of New South Wales exhibition (1995 - 1995) \nLouisa How's work featured in Mirror with a Memory: Photographic Portraiture in Australia exhibition (2000 - 2000) \nLouisa How's work featured in Women Hold Up Half the Sky (1995 - 1995)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mirror-with-a-memory-photographic-portraiture-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/louisa-elizabeth-how\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-mechanical-eye-in-australia-photography-1841-1900\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shades-of-light-photography-and-australia-1839-1988\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/louisa-elizabeth-how-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/louisa-how\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/louisa-elizabeth-how-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/masterpieces-of-australian-photography\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/persons-on-bounty-ships-arriving-at-port-phillip-assisted-passage-1849-51\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lyons, Molly", "Entry ID": "AWE6029", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lyons-molly\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Whangarei, New Zealand", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Molly Lyons was an amateur photographer. Working in the Pictorialist style, she is best known for her travel photography.\n", "Details": "Molly Lyons was born Molly Augusta Winifred Rye in New Zealand. She married John Hanssen Rees in Pitt Street Congregational Church in October 1933. John Rees was accidentally electrocuted in April 1942. They had two children.\nShe married the photographer Leo Aloysius Lyons in Wollongong, New South Wales, 1944. The couple lived in Port Kembla, near Wollongong, NSW.\nLyons took up photography following her marriage and the couple travelled extensively throughout the world with their children. Her husband's interest in chemistry, metallurgy and vulcanology took them to Africa, the Americas, Asia and Europe. They photographed their travels and sold their work to a variety of publications such as Walkabout, Australian Women's Weekly and also to photographic journals. In 1949, one of Molly Lyons' photographs of Port Arthur, Tasmania, was featured on the front cover of Australasian Photo-Review.\nThey also collaborated in writing articles such as Molly's photograph Smokes of Industry, c.1947, which accompanied an article written by her husband, entitled 'Industrial Pictorialism.' The photograph depicts a train travelling on a curved railway track through an industrial locality. The track divides the photograph into two: on the right side is the dark factory and on the left, rock formations. The photograph constructs an ambient scene. Softly focussed, the smoke bellowing out of the chimneys replaces the mist usually found in Pictorialist work.\nSome of her other works were influenced by urban life and contemporary artistic trends. Metropolis, a shot of Liverpool Street, Sydney, was photographed from above and may have been influenced by Fritz Lang's 1926 film, Metropolis. Lyons' photograph Cubist Monster is a close up architectural shot taken upside down, so that it appears as an 'image of random angular shapes' (Kerr 210).\nLyons observed that she 'always approached photography for the fun I got out of it. My work was aimed at the beauty of pictures. I loved Pictorialism and worked very hard to do something different from Leo - he was a lot more interested in technical, architectural kinds of work' (Design and Art Australia Online).\nThe Lyons participated in many exhibitions, exhibiting in and judging amateur photography competitions. They also taught photography, but were not members of any photographic society. Lyons received a certificate of merit at the Adelaide International Salon in 1947.\nAfter the death of her husband in 1984, Molly Lyons continued her travels and photographic practice. She died in 2012 (probate notice in Sydney Morning Herald 10.10.2012).\nCollections\nNational Library of Australia\n", "Events": "Molly Lyons was awarded the Certificate of Merit at the Adelaide International Salon. (1947 - 1947) \nMolly Lyons' work featured in Photography Salon(s) (1899 - ) \nMolly Lyons' work featured in the Adelaide International Salon. (1947 - 1947)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tasmanian-travelogue\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/net-fishing-from-an-ocean-beach\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alison-mcmaugh-b-1928\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/molly-lyons\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heritage-the-national-womens-art-book-500-works-by-500-australian-women-artists-from-colonial-times-to-1955\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nsw-marriage-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nsw-marriage-records-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Zammit, Josephine", "Entry ID": "AWE6127", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/zammit-josephine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "St Julian's, Malta", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor, Broadcaster, Community worker", "Summary": "Josephine Zammit emigrated to Australia from Malta with her husband Charles in 1952. In the late 1960s the couple became Australian representatives of the Malta Emigrants' Commission and Josephine became involved in radio broadcasting as part of her welfare work with migrants. She was a pioneer of ethnic station 2EA in Sydney and continued her active involvement with ethnic radio broadcasting until the mid-1980s.\nIn 1978 she was awarded an MBE in the 'ethnic community' category, the first Maltese woman in Australia to be honoured in that way.\n", "Details": "Josephine Darmenia was born into a middle class family of six children in St Julian's, Malta, on 6 August 1925. Axis bombing of Malta's south-east coastal cities led to the children's evacuation inland. After the War, she became a school teacher and in 1947 married Charles Zammit, of Hamrun, who ran a building company.\nJosephine Zammit (nee Darmenia), MBE, emigrated to Australia from Malta with her husband Charles in 1952. In the late 1960s they became Australian representatives of the Malta Emigrants' Commission and Josephine became involved in radio broadcasting as part of her welfare work with migrants.\nIn the 1960s, she was involved with the Malta Single Young Women's Scheme which assisted young women travelling alone in their settlement in Sydney and Melbourne.\nHer Maltese broadcasts in Sydney began in 1971 with station 2CH, run by the NSW Council of Churches. During the Whitlam government years, with ethnic radio now supported by government, she was a pioneer of ethnic station 2EA and continued her active involvement with such broadcasting until the mid-1980s.\nA woman of immense energy and perseverance, in the early 1970s, she established the Maltese-Australian Women's Association and later the Maltese-Australian Social and Welfare Association.\nShe was a foundation member of the NSW Ethnic Communities Council and the NSW Ethnic Consultative Council which later became the NSW Ethnic Affairs Commission.\nIn 1978 she was awarded an MBE in the 'ethnic community' category, the first Maltese woman in Australia to be honoured in that way.\nWhile personally socially conservative and a devout Catholic, Josephine was typical of the new Maltese women after the War who did not want to be tied to the home. Her faith and her mother's example of kindness and joviality led her to devote herself in Sydney to the service of newcomers in need.\nShe died in Sydney on 14 May 1988.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-josephine-zammit-1964-1985-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-josephine-zammit-maltese-community-worker-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Perry, Grace Amelia", "Entry ID": "AWE6128", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/perry-grace-amelia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Berrima, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Editor, Medical practitioner, Poet, Writer", "Summary": "Grace Amelia Perry studied medicine at the University of Sydney. She had a home-based medical practice at Five Dock and served as an honorary physician at the Renwick Hospital for Infants and as an honorary paediatrician at the Fairfield District and South Sydney Women's hospitals.\nAs a child, Grace had written poetry and three collections were published by Consolidated Press Ltd. She began writing poetry again in 1961 and the following year she joined the Poetry Society of Australia.\nGrace was editor of Poetry Magazine from 1962-1964. After being expelled from the poetry society in 1964, she established a new Magazine Poetry Australia, which she edited until her death.\nPerry won a medal at the New South Wales premier's literary awards in 1985 and was appointed AM the next year. After failing to receive funding for two projects and feeling abandoned by her supporter, Grace committed suicide at her Berrima home on 3 July 1987.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-grace-perry-1963-1972-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Clarke, Marian Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE6162", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clarke-marian-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Writer", "Summary": "Marian Margaret Clarke was a journalist and \"ABC weekly\" staff writer.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-margaret-clarke-1937-1996-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gotto, Ainsley", "Entry ID": "AWE6170", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gotto-ainsley\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Woollahra, SydneyWoollahra, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Interior designer, Public servant, Secretary, Stenographer", "Details": "Ainsley Gotto completed a stenography course at Canberra Technical College in 1961. In 1968 she as appointed principal private secretary to then Prime Minister John Gorton. She remained working for Gorton until 1972, when she took up a position at Drake International. She remained with the company until 1978. After this time Gotto worked in television in addition to various other business ventures, including an interior design consultancy and her own company, Ainsley Gotto International. For a time, Ainsley was the national president of the Australian chapter of Women Chiefs of Enterprises International.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ainsley-gotto-circa-1940-2013-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ainsley-gotto-interviewed-by-jenny-clameister-peter-barlow-and-bob-cribb-in-the-john-gorton-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-ainsley-gotto-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-cyril-and-paddy-pearl-1853-2009-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sutton, Fay", "Entry ID": "AWE6180", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sutton-fay\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "CoogeeCoogee, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Campaigner, Conservationist, Environmentalist", "Details": "Conservation campaigner Audrey Fay Sutton grew up in Geelong, Victoria. In 1948 she graduated from the University of Melbourne having studied zoology, economic geography and politics. Fay became involved in the environment movement during the early 1970s.\nFrom 1979 until her death, Fay was a council member of the Australian Conservation and was also instrumental to the formation of Greening Australia. Fay was an executive councillor of the Nature Conservation Council of New South Wales from 1980 to 2000 and was involved in several other groups and committees whose focus was on environmental issues.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-fay-sutton-19-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-fay-sutton-enviromentalist-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hyde, Miriam Beatrice", "Entry ID": "AWE6184", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hyde-miriam-beatrice\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Composer, Lecturer, Musician, Pianist, Poet, Tutor, Writer", "Summary": "Miriam Hyde was one of the Australia's leading pianists and composers of the twentieth century.\n", "Details": "Miriam Beatrice Hyde undertook initial studies with her mother before winning a scholarship to the Elder Conservatorium at the age of twelve, where she studied under William Silver. She gradated with a Mus. Bac. In 1931 and won the Elder Scholarship to the Royal College of Music., London. During her three years at the College, Miriam won three composition prizes and was soloist in two piano concerti with major London orchestras, including the BBC.\nMiriam returned to Adelaide, South Australia, in 1931 and here she wrote orchestral music for South Australia's Centenary pageant, Heritage, produced in the Tivoli Theatre.\nIn order to seek greater opportunities, Miriam moved to Sydney and taught for several years at Kambala School. During this time, she remained active as a composer, recitalist, teacher, examiner, lecturer and writer. For a period during the Second World War, whilst her husband was a prisoner of war (POW), she returned to Adelaide and taught piano and musical perception and the Elder Conservatorium.\nMiriam was Patron of the Music Teachers' Associations of New South Wales and South Australia, in addition to the Blue Mountains Eisteddfod and the Australian Musicians Academy. She was also Honorary Life Member of the Fellowship of Australian Composers, the Victorian Music Teachers' Association, and the Strathfield Symphony Orchestra.\nIn 1981 Miriam was awarded an OBE and in 1991 an AO. She also received the International Woman of the Year Award (1991-92) and an Honorary Doctorate by Macquarie University. In 2002 Miriam accepted the Award for Long-Term Contribution to the Advancement of Australian Music at the APRA\/Australian Music Centre Classical Awards and in 2004 she received a further APRA\/Australian Music Centre Award.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-miriam-hyde-1927-1996-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miriam-hyde-interviewed-by-larry-sitsky-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miriam-hyde-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letter-of-miriam-hyde-1966\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-of-miriam-hyde-1997-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-of-miriam-hyde-1997-2004-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-miriam-hyde-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/works-by-miriam-hyde-from-the-australian-music-centre-archive\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poem-by-miriam-hyde-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/manuscript-music-of-miriam-hyde-music\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/manuscript-book-of-songs-music-by-miriam-hyde\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-malcolm-southwell-1981-1982-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/six-letters-from-miriam-hyde-to-carmichael-1997-2001\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/notes-1970-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/music-scores-1950-1973-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-beatrice-tange-1921-1970-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-australian-musical-association-1952-1995-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/photocopies-of-letters-to-wilcher-from-miriam-hyde-1972-2004\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-from-composers-performers-of-importance-to-fred-blanks-also-some-political-leaders\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1910-1988-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bainton, Helen", "Entry ID": "AWE6185", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bainton-helen\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Musician, Pianist, Singer, Violinist", "Summary": "Helen Bainton was a musician for thirty years for the Sydney Symphony Orchestra. Both her mother and father, Edgar Leslie Bainton, were musicians.\nHelen was first taught by her father, before becoming a graduate of the Royal College of Music. She had received a scholarship to the College for five years. Helen broadcast a number of recitals with the BBC and taught at Downehouse School, Newbury. In Australia she taught singing at the Pymble Ladies' College and played violin in the New South Wales Conservatorium Orchestra.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/notes-1970-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-helen-bainton-musician-for-30-years-in-the-sydney-symphony-orchestra-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-from-composers-performers-of-importance-to-fred-blanks-also-some-political-leaders\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Stevenson, Jean Lloyd", "Entry ID": "AWE6188", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stevenson-jean-lloyd\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Carlton, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Poet, Public servant, Stenographer, Typist", "Summary": "Jean Stevenson was a poet and friend of Dame Mary Gilmore. She received an honourable mention in an essay competition. 'Mary Gilmore: Dreamer and Doer', through the Henry Lawson Memorial and Literary Society in Melbourne, in 1939. She worked as a typist at the Australian Forestry School in Canberra, the Department of Defence in Melbourne and the Department of Air in Penrith, moving to Woodford in the Blue Mountains in 1955.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-jean-l-stevenson-1932-1959-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-l-stevenson-further-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Smyth, Bene Gibson", "Entry ID": "AWE6195", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/smyth-bene-gibson\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "North Sandridge, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Composer", "Summary": "Bene Gibson Smyth was an Australian composer of songs for children.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-bene-gibson-smyth-1923-1946-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Spate, Virginia Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE6204", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/spate-virginia-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Reading, United Kingdom", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Art historian", "Summary": "Virginia Spate was born in the United Kingdom, moving to Australia with her family in 1951. She holds Bachelor of Arts (Honours) and Masters degrees from the University of Melbourne and a PhD from Bryn Mawr College, Pennsylvania.\nVirginia Spate returned to the UK in 1967, where she was a teacher for the Inner London Education Authority, the Bath Academy of Art and the Central School of Art. She was appointed to the Department of Art History at Cambridge University in 1970 and in 1979 became Power Professor of Fine Art at the University of Sydney, a position, she held until her retirement in 2003.\nDuring this time, Virginia Spate secured a home for the large collection of contemporary art purchased through the Power Bequest, which became known as the Museum of Contemporary Art. She organised or contributed to a number of major exhibitions, notably The Revolutionary Decades: French Painting 1760-1830 (1980-81); Dreams, Fears and Desires (1984); Claude Monet, Painter of Light (1985-6); Monet and Japan (Canberra 2001). She has published books on John Olsen, Tom Roberts and Claude Monet.\nVirginia Spate was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Humanities in 1981. She was honoured with the award of a Centenary Medal in 2001, the Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres in 2003 and Companion in the Order of Australia in 2018.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-virginia-spate-1840-2013\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-virginia-spate-author-and-arts-administrator-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/virginia-spate-art-artist-files-australia-and-new-zealand-virginia-spate\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/virigina-spate-art-forum-lecture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-aboriginal-memorial-9th-birthday-lecture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/virginia-spate-artist-file\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Blackburn, Helen Carola", "Entry ID": "AWE6211", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blackburn-helen-carola\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Orange, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Aviator, Journalist, Pilot, Writer", "Summary": "Helen Blackburn developed a passion for aviation whilst living in America during the early 1940s. She gained her commercial licence in 1945 and later became the federal secretary of the Australian Women Pilots' Association.\nHelen's other passion was shell collecting, which she undertook for a number of institutions. In 1984 she donated her extensive collection to the National Museum of Australia.\n", "Details": "Bryony Helen Dutton was born in 1918 and grew up on Anlaby Station, the oldest stud sheep station in South Australia, with her three siblings. Due to ongoing teasing by other children about her first name, Bryony, she decided to go by her middle name, Helen.\nHelen married U.S. serviceman Captain William Curkeet in 1942 and the pair moved to America. Although their marriage was short-lived, it was her time in America that sparked her passion for aviation. She learned to fly when the United States Government sponsored the Civil Pilot Training Scheme. At the age of 26, she was trained in US Air Force single-primary trainers and gained her commercial license in c.1945. For a time, Helen served as federal secretary of the Australian Women Pilots' Association, as well as president of the Australian section of the Ninety-Nines Inc. In addition to being an ongoing member of both of these organisations, Helen was also a member of the British Women Pilots' Association.\nHelen married Richard Blackburn in 1951 and together they moved to Adelaide and started a family. Here she joined the Royal Aero Cub of South Australia where she flew Tiger Moths. Both Helen and her husband were keen flyers and they spent numerous hours roaming Australia by air. For seventeen years they owned a Cessna 172, which they eventually sold in 1979.\nRichard was appointed resident judge of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory in 1966. With her family relocated to the Northern Territory, Helen pursued her passion for collecting shells; a passion which had developed during family holidays at Rocky Point when she was young. Helen often combined her love of aviation and shell collecting, flying to remote areas in her plane in search for shells. She regularly visited Queensland's Great Barrier Reef, and the Kimberley in northwest Australia during the late 1960s.\nDue to her skills and reputation for shell collecting, Helen collected for several major institutions, including the Australian, Darwin, Tasmanian and Western Australian Museums, the CSIRO and the University of New South Wales. In fact,\u202fone of the shells she presented to the Australian Museum had never before been described, so it was named in her honour:\u202fCryptomya blackburnae.\nIn 1971, the Blackburn's moved to Canberra, where Richard took up a position with the ACT Supreme Court. This allowed Helen to broaden her collection to include shells from the New South Wales south coast. In 1980 Helen published a book on shells, which was entitled Marine shells of the Darwin area and in 1984, Helen offered her seashell collection to the National Museum of Australia, which was gratefully accepted.\nIn addition to aviation and shell collecting, Helen Blackburn was passionate about pollution and enjoyed writing. Prior to having a family, she had worked as both a free-lance journalist and short story writer.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-richard-arthur-blackburn-1922-1995-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-helen-blackburn-pilot-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-geoffrey-dutton-1898-1998-bulk-1961-1998-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/helen-blackburn-talking-to-margaret-travers-in-orange-nsw-on-30-december-1995-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lady-helen-blackburn-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-lady-helen-blackburn-1944-1990-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dutton, Ninette Clarice Florence", "Entry ID": "AWE6221", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dutton-ninette-clarice-florence\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Botanical artist, Broadcaster, Enamellist, Gardener", "Summary": "Ninette Dutton published a number of books on the Australian landscape and gardening which she often illustrated with her own botanical drawings. Ninette also studied art in both Europe and America, establishing herself as an enamellist and often holding exhibitions of her work.\n", "Details": "Ninette Dutton\u202fwas educated at Creveen School, North Adelaide, and later at Woodlands, before studying Social Science at the University of Adelaide. During World War Two Ninette served as a driver with the Women's Australian Auxiliary Air Force.\nIn the 1950s Ninette worked in Oxford and studied at the Ruskin School of Art. She then went on to learn enamelling in Kansas during the 1960s. From the 1970s to the 1990s Ninette published books and delivered radio programs on cooking, flowers, gardening and the seasons. She also wrote a weekly column titled 'The passionate gardener' for Adelaide's Advertiser.\nNinette Dutton was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) in 1994 in recognition of service to the community and to the arts as an artist, particularly as an enameller.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ninette-dutton-1890-2007-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ninette-dutton-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-ninette-dutton-artist-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ninette-dutton-manuscript-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-from-geoffrey-and-ninette-dutton-1982\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-curtis-brown-australia-pty-ltd-1962-2002-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/geoffrey-and-ninette-dutton-1980-1984\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-holdsworth-galleries-1969-1996-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Galene, Ruth", "Entry ID": "AWE6236", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/galene-ruth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Berlin, Germany", "Death Place": "SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Ballerina, Choreographer, Dance teacher, Dancer", "Summary": "Ruth Helfgott was born in Berlin, Germany, in 1929. With the increased threat to Jewish people in Germany, Ruth's father moved the family to Sydney in 1938. Here Ruth received formal dance training from Madame Getrud Bodenwieser. She danced briefly with the Borovansky Ballet and then joined Ballet Rambert during its Australian tour of 1947-1949. She left Australia with Ballet Rambert when the company returned to England.\nIn England, Ruth trained under Russian ballerina Vera Volkova before joining the Roland Petit company in Paris and then, after studies with Victor Gsovsky, the Marquis de Cuevas company.\nRuth returned to Australia in the early 1950s and joined the National Theatre Ballet. In 1953 she married Peter Frank and the following year she opened a ballet school in Northbridge and formed the Yongala Ballet.\nIn the 1960s Ruth choreographed a number of ground breaking ballets for Ballet Australia. The year 1967 saw her perform her own ballet at the Montreal Expo and attend classes at the New York City Ballet and the Martha Graham School of Modern Dance. At this time she also accepted an invitation to work as a guest choreographer at the Batsheva Dance Company in Tel Aviv. Later in 1967 Ruth formed the professional company, The New Dance Theatre, which was renamed Red Opal Dance Theatre in 1989.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ruth-galene-circa-2006-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruth-galene-interviewed-by-michelle-potter-for-the-keep-dancing-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-ruth-galene-modern-dancer-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Friend, Gwen", "Entry ID": "AWE6238", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/friend-gwen\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "BalgowlahBalgowlah, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Set designer, Writer", "Summary": "Gwen Friend, sister of artist Donald Friend, was a partner with Fifi Banvard in the theatrical company Fifi Banvard Productions. Gwen was responsible for set design, props, lighting, costumes and make-up. The company played a season at the Theatre Royal in Hobart, from July 1950 to March 1951, to great acclaim.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gwen-friend-theatrical-photographs-and-programs-ca-1920-1961-various-photographers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gwen-friend-papers-relating-to-the-theatre-and-fifi-banvard-productions-1903-1965\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-gwen-friend-1955-1994-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-about-fifi-banvard-and-gwen-friend-2005-jan-31-2005-may\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Scheinberg, Gisella", "Entry ID": "AWE6240", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scheinberg-gisella\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Budapest, Hungary", "Death Place": "SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Art dealer, Bookkeeper, Gallery Owner, Tailoress", "Summary": "Born in Hungary in 1921, Gisella Scheinberg survived the holocaust, making several escapes from concentration camps as she did. She married and, shortly after, came to Australia in 1948.\nShe was a hardworking businesswoman who eventually created some independent wealth. In 1969 she opened the successful Holdsworth Galleries in Woollahra, which she ran for 28 years. She made her mark in the art world both as a shrewd businesswoman and a great supporter of struggling young artists. She would often take artists to attend doctors' appointments and when AIDS was the scourge of many artists, she offered practical and emotional support.\nOn Australia Day 1985 Gisella was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) 'for service to the arts'.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-gisella-scheinberg-gallery-owner-and-director-of-holdsworth-gallery-sydney-sound-recording-interviewer-diana-ritch\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-gisella-scheinberg-art-gallery-director-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-gisella-scheinberg-1969-1994-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Waddell, Thea Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE6243", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/waddell-thea-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Elizabeth BayElizabeth Bay, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Patron", "Details": "Thea Mary Hogg was born in 1925 to dentist Owen and his wife Kathleen (McDonald). After contracting bovine tuberculosis as a girl, resulting in damage to one eye and some facial paralysis, Thea finished primary school at Blue Mountains Church of England School in Springwood, New South Wales.\nThea won a scholarship to attend Kambala girls school in Rose Bay and there she received her Intermediate Certificate in 1940. Despite her studies, Thea's father decided she should train for employment rather than go on to university study.\nThea passed the matriculation exam at a business college however she suffered a relapse of tuberculosis and was bedridden for months. Through fear of becoming blind, Thea began to learn braille. After her recovery she volunteered at the American Officer's Club.\nSoon after, Thea obtained employment as fashion editor for\u202fTops in Fashion, and in 1944 applied for a scholarship to Wellesley College in Massachusetts, United States. Unfortunately her application she was unsuccessful due to her eye condition.\nAfter gaining an advertising diploma in 1948, Thea sailed to England on the same ship as her soon-to-be husband Thomas William Waddell. The pair married in London in 1950 and honeymooned in France, Switzerland and Italy. Afterwards, Thea worked with the Festival of Britain.\nBack in Sydney in 1951, Thea worked with\u202fVoice, an independent monthly review of current affairs. She also went on to complete a Bachelor of Arts degree at Sydney University, majoring in English literature and language. Thea sat on the Kambala school council and became a life member of the National Trust. She also wrote the text for Hidden Gardens of Sydney, which was published in 1977.\nIn 1972 Thea became a volunteer at the Art Gallery of New South Wales. She also supported the Museum of Contemporary Art and the National Institute of Dramatic Art, and was the director of the Sydney Theatre Company.\nThea was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia on Australia Day, 1994, 'for service to the Art Gallery of New South Wales'.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-thea-waddell-1963-2000-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/thea-waddell-interviewed-by-helen-topliss-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-from-thea-waddell-1984\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Barnard, Charlotte", "Entry ID": "AWE6261", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barnard-charlotte\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, Northumberland, United Kingdom", "Death Place": "MosmanMosman, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author", "Summary": "Charlotte Barnard was born in 1909 to parents Arthur Michael and Katie Terry. She was the sister of explorer and author Michael Terry (1899-1981) and Hilda Francis Terry.\nCharlotte was also an author, producing two books: The last explorer: the autobiography of Michael Terry and The Prince's men: a story of the Jacobite Rising of 1715 .\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-charlotte-barnard-1985-1989-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Poynton-Baker, Maxine", "Entry ID": "AWE6273", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poynton-baker-maxine\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "Maxine Poynton-Baker was a long-time friend of Sydney John Tomholt, an Australian playwright and critic.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-maxine-poynton-baker-relating-to-sydney-tomholt-1930-1981-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/maxine-poynton-baker-interviewed-by-diana-ritch-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Deagan, Elizabeth Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE6326", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/deagan-elizabeth-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Greenwich, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-elizabeth-mary-deagan-1976-1998-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Deagan, Carole Fay", "Entry ID": "AWE6327", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/deagan-carole-fay\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Feminist, Women's advocate, Writer", "Summary": "Carole Fay Deagan was involved in many women's and children's issues, particularly the matter of child care.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-carole-deagan-1973-1978-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Baker Clinch, Sally", "Entry ID": "AWE6333", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/baker-clinch-sally\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist", "Summary": "Journalist Sally Baker Clinch worked as a feature writer for the Sunday Sun and also as an assistant editor for Women's Day.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-sally-baker-clinch-circa-1959-2005-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Nicholas, Hilda Rix", "Entry ID": "AWE6340", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nicholas-hilda-rix\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ballarat, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Delegate, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist", "Summary": "Hilda Rix Nicholas made a significant contribution to Australian art in the period between the First and Second World Wars. Her art also achieved a high level of success and recognition in France.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-hilda-rix-nicholas-1885-1971-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gepp, Kathleen Jessie", "Entry ID": "AWE6348", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gepp-kathleen-jessie\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Albury, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Red Cross Worker", "Summary": "Kathleen Gepp was involved in the Australian Red Cross and held various positions within the organisation including Honorary Public Relations Officer, the Junior Red Cross National Secretary and the National Director of the Junior Red Cross.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/family-papers-1911-1960-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rivett, Eleanor Harriett (Nell)", "Entry ID": "AWE6350", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rivett-eleanor-harriett-nell\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Dover, Tasmania, Australia", "Death Place": "Killara, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Missionary", "Summary": "Eleanor (Nell) Rivett worked in girls' education in India from 1907 to 1947 with the London Missionary Society. She was the secretary of the Bengal Women's Education League and the Bengal Advisory Board on Women's Education.\nEleanor was educated at the University of Melbourne and graduated with both a Bachelor and Master of Arts.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-elizabeth-long-relating-to-the-rivett-family-circa-1860-1960-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Deamer, Mary Elizabeth Kathleen Dulcie", "Entry ID": "AWE6497", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/deamer-mary-elizabeth-kathleen-dulcie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Christchurch, New Zealand", "Death Place": "Randwick, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor, Journalist, Novelist, Playwright, Poet, Writer", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dulcie-deamer-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Barton, Charlotte", "Entry ID": "AWE6613", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barton-charlotte\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "London, England", "Death Place": "Oldbury Sutton Forest, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Feminist, Governess, Grazier", "Summary": "Born Charlotte Waring in London in 1796, Charlotte sailed for Sydney in 1826 employed to teach the children of Hannibal Macarthur. On the voyage she became engaged to James Atkinson who was returning to his property at Oldbury, Sutton Forest; they married on 29 September 1827 and had four children. When the youngest, Louisa, was only two months old James Atkinson died aged 34, leaving Charlotte to manage a large holding, run far-flung outstations and control convict labour in a district beset by bushranging gangs. In need of male protection, she married the Oldbury superintendent, George Bruce Barton, who turned out to be violent, unpredictable, a drunkard and mentally disturbed, from whom she made a daring escape with her children. Fiercely independent, Charlotte succeeded in challenging the male-dominated legal system and retaining custody of her children. In 1841 while receiving no money from the Atkinson estate, she wrote A Mother's Offering to Her Children, the first children's book published in Australia. Charlotte died at Oldbury on 10 October 1867.\n", "Details": "Charlotte Waring Atkinson Barton (1796-1867), governess, grazier, feminist, author, was baptised in London on 13 March 1796, third daughter of Albert Waring, a barrister of independent means, and his wife Elizabeth Turner, who died when Charlotte was less than two. Reputed to be a child prodigy, from the age of ten Charlotte attended a school in Kent where she was instructed in the 'general branches of polite female education' including music, drawing and French. She studied painting under the celebrated painter, John Glover, then President of the Society of Painters in Water-colours. Immediately after leaving school at the age of about fifteen she was engaged as a governess in the family of John Lochner of London and Enfield, under an arrangement that allowed her to continue her education. After about four years she took a position in the family of Thomas Trafford, of Trafford Park, Lancashire, where she was in charge of five children, the eldest fifteen. Two years later she resigned because of ill health.\nAt 30 she was engaged by Harriet King, to teach the children of her brother-in-law, Hannibal Macarthur at his property The Vineyard in New South Wales at the very high salary of \u00a3100 a year. She sailed for Sydney on the Cumberland in 1826 on the voyage displeasing Harriet King by becoming engaged to James Atkinson, a leading agriculturalist and grazier in New South Wales. Atkinson was returning to his property at Oldbury, Sutton Forest, after publishing his book, An Account of the State of Agriculture and Grazing in New South Wales (1826). Charlotte dismissed Harriet King's criticism of her engagement saying she 'must be mistress of her own actions'.\nCharlotte Waring took up her position with the Macarthurs but left after seven months marrying James Atkinson on 29 September 1827 at St Paul's Church of England, Cobbity. Her first child, Charlotte Elizabeth, was born at Oldbury on 22 July 1828; (Jane) Emily on 6 June 1830; James John Oldbury on 7 April 1832 and (Caroline) Louisa Waring on 25 February 1834. Two months after the birth of Louisa, James Atkinson died suddenly at the age of 34. Charlotte was left to manage a large property, run far-flung outstations, control convict labour in a district beset by bushranging gangs where there was a breakdown of law and order, as well as care for her children.\nIn need of a protector, on 3 March 1836 at All Saints' chapel, Sutton Forest, Charlotte married George Bruce Barton, superintendent at Oldbury. Her remarriage changed her legal position from being custodian of Oldbury to merely the lessor's wife. The executors of Atkinson's will, John Coghill and Alexander Berry, leased the property to Barton, who proved to be violent, unpredictable, a drunkard and mentally disturbed. In 1839 Charlotte fled from him with her children down the precipitous Meryla Pass through the wild gorges of the Shoalhaven River to a coastal outstation at Budgong where she continued their education, particularly inculcating a love of nature. In 1840 the family moved to Sydney and Charlotte applied for legal protection from Barton. In an unrelated matter that is an indicator of Barton's violent disposition, he was tried for murder in February 1854 at the Bathurst Circuit Court and found guilty of manslaughter. Charlotte's relations with the executors deteriorated, Berry referring to her as 'a notable she-dragon'. She became involved in long-running legal battles, Atkinson v. Barton and Others, in which she fought to retain custody of her children and financial support. At one stage the master in equity determined that they should be taken from her and educated in boarding schools but this decision was overturned.\nAt a time when she was receiving no money from the Atkinson estate, Charlotte published A Mother's Offering to Her Children (1841). The first children's book to be published in Australia, it was a collection of instructional stories arranged in the form of a dialogue between a mother and her four children. The anonymous author was 'A Lady Long Resident in New South Wales', but a contemporary review in the Sydney Gazette, where the book was printed, identified Charlotte Barton. Despite the disruption of continuing legal cases, Charlotte maintained a close-knit family life in an atmosphere of learning and scholarship. In 1846 the family returned to Oldbury. There, and later in Sydney and at Kurrajong, she particularly fostered the talents of her youngest daughter Louisa. Survived by a son and two daughters, Charlotte died at Oldbury on 10 October 1867 and was buried in the family vault at All Saints' graveyard, where her first husband was interred.\nCharlotte was a small woman, 5 ft 1\u00bd ins (156 cm) tall, of 'particularly handsome and brilliant' appearance with 'full large black eyes, black hair which curled naturally and fine features', well educated, with artistic talent and a great interest in natural history. Fiercely independent, as an abused wife and sole parent she succeeded in challenging the male-dominated legal system.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-patricia-clarke-1887-2010-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/journal-kept-on-board-the-cumberland-bound-from-england-to-new-south-wales-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jones, Shirley", "Entry ID": "AWE6622", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jones-shirley\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Napier, New Zealand", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Editor", "Summary": "Shirley Jones was instrumental in establishing the Jessie Street Women's Library Association, now the Jessie Street National Women's Library, in Sydney.\n", "Details": "Shirley was born Shirley Hannah in New Zealand on 11 September 1927. The family was living in Napier when the earthquake struck in 1931, which was her earliest memory. Later they moved to Hastings where she was Dux of the High School, which at the time was co-ed. From there she went on to study Science at the University of Auckland, living at St Margaret's College, Otago, Dunedin, until 1949. In 1950 she married Gwynne Trevallyn Jones (19 September 1925 - November 2015) in Hastings. In 1954 they went to Oxford where Gwynne was undertaking a D Phil. In 1958 with his degree completed they moved to Australia, to Armidale where he had been appointed a lecturer in the history department of the University of New England. There she had two children, Meredith and Nicholas.\nIn 1963 they moved to Sydney, where Gwynne had been appointed to the history department of Sydney University. In 1966 they went on sabbatical and spent most of their time in Salzburg, Austria.\nBack in Sydney, when the children were old enough to go to school Shirley began work as an assistant editor at the department of coal research at CSIRO, but she resigned in 1973 to go on sabbatical again to Salzburg.\nBack in Sydney she became an editor once more in the Office of the Supervising Scientist, which was a statutory office set up by parliament to oversee the uranium mines, especially in Kakadu National Park (now inside the department recently restructured as the Department of Agriculture, Water and Environment).\nIn the 1980s she and a number of her friends became exasperated with the difficulty of finding some published books written by women in Australia and material about women in the area generally. They determined to establish a specialist women's library to collect such works. Together with Lenore Coltheart, an association was started and the first Annual General Meeting of the Jessie Street Women's Library Association was held in August 1989. Sir Laurence Street, Jessie's son, agreed to be a Library patron and was later joined by the Hon Elizabeth Evatt and poets, Judith Wright and Oodgeroo Noonuccal (formerly Kath Walker). the Library was incorporated in March 1990 and became a registered charity with tax-deductible status. Shirley worked tirelessly for the next twenty years to establish it on a firm footing, which involved finding it a suitable location and linking the association to women's libraries around the globe. She found various locations, including the rooms in the basement of the city Town Hall, before it was finally settled in Ultimo. During this time she did a round the world trip to visit as many other women's libraries as she could access. The Newsletter was begun to keep members in touch with developments. When she eventually retired from the board of management, the library was established on a firm footing.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Melba, Nellie", "Entry ID": "IMP0003", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/melba-nellie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Richmond, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Opera singer", "Summary": "Dame Nellie Melba (n\u00e9e Helen Porter Mitchell) was an internationally renowned opera singer, celebrated for her magnificent coloratura (soprano) voice.\n", "Details": "Melba's musical training began in Melbourne at Presbyterian Ladies' College, and continued in France under Mathilde Marchesi. Her operatic debut was in Brussels, in 1887.\nMelba went on to perform in London, Paris and New York before returning to Australia to tour in 1902. She also toured Australia in 1909, 1911, 1924 and 1928. She founded a women's singing school in Melbourne and wrote a singing manual and a memoir.\nMelba was appointed to The Order of the British Empire, Dame Grand Cross (Civil) on 3 June 1927 for services to Australia. She was also appointed to The Order of the British Empire, Dames Commander, on 15 March 1918 for giving fund-raising concerts to assist war wounded during the First World War.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/melba-nellie-1861-1931\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nellie-melba-the-first-australian-diva\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/popular-australian-singers-from-the-early-years-of-sound-recording-sound-recording-volume-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nellie-melba-a-contemporary-review\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nellie-melba-the-legend-still-lives\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/melodies-and-memories-introduction-and-notes-by-john-cargher\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/red-plush-and-black-velvet-the-story-of-dame-nellie-melba-and-her-times\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/melba-method\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/melodies-and-memories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dame-nellie-melba\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dame-nellie-melba-and-j-c-williamson-ltd-grand-opera-seasonjune-july-august-1924-souvenir\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dame-nellie-melba\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/100-great-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-womens-roll-of-honour-women-shaping-the-nation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/evensong\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dame-nellie-melba-death-in-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/death-of-dame-nellie-melba-australias-greatest-singer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituary-dame-nellie-melba\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-nurses-since-nightingale-1860-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-shire-of-lilydale-and-its-military-heritage-the-first-world-war-and-its-effect-on-the-community\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/melbas-keys-to-past\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/double-time-women-in-victoria-150-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victoria-the-first-century-an-historical-survey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-book-of-great-australian-women-thirty-six-women-who-changed-the-course-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-relating-to-australia-1856-1889-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/account-book-1902-1903-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-file-of-information-on-dame-nellie-melba-ca-1961-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scrapbook-ca-1911-1937-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-ca-1916-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nellie-melba-papers-1901-1903\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/van-straten-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cochran-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-lemmone-john-1861-1949\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/percy-grainger-outgoing-correspondence\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miscellaneous-papers-re-caroline-chisholm-and-dame-nellie-melba-c1833-c1953-microform\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-fritz-bennicke-hart-1898-1951-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collection-of-papers-relating-to-dame-nellie-melba-1911-1928-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/family-papers-ca-1869-ca-1945-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-19-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-manuscript-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-discovery-of-a-nellie-melba-archive-1971-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dame-nellie-melba-circa-1908-1970-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dame-nellie-melba-1895-1923-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scrapbooks-1924-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scrapbook-1909-1931-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-melba-memorial-conservatorium-of-music\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-nellie-melba-to-rose-and-percy-grainger\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-melba-letters\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-letters-between-percy-grainger-and-nellie-melba\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collection-of-pamphlets-containing-souvenir-concert-programmes-and-australian-biographies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-and-diary-1911-1931-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1845-1870-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fitton, Doris Alice", "Entry ID": "IMP0028", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fitton-doris-alice\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Santa Ana, Manila, Philippines", "Death Place": "St Leonards, SydneySt Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor, Theatrical director", "Summary": "Doris Fitton was an actor who, with a number of others, established the Independent Theatre in Sydney in 1930 and kept it going until its closure in 1977. The theatre provided a training ground for young Australian actors and playwrights. She was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 31 December 1981 for Services to the theatre (as Mrs Mason).\n", "Details": "Doris Fitton was the daughter of Walter Fitton, an English accountant, broker and cigar manufacturer, and his wife, Janet Cameron, an Australian. She came to Australia in 1902 with her mother and older sister, Janet. She was educated at Loreto Convent, Ballarat and took acting classes with Gregan McMahon. Fitton had her first acting role in Melbourne with J C Williamson in 1915.\nDoris Fitton married solicitor Norbert Mason in Sydney in 1922 and had two sons.\nFrustrated at the lack of opportunity for acting, she and nineteen other actors established the Independent Theatre in Sydney 1930. It remained in existence for forty-seven years, closing in May 1977. The theatre provided young Australian actors and playwrights with opportunities to develop and display their talents. They staged more than four hundred productions, the most controversial being Sumner Locke Elliott's Rusty Bugles.\nAlthough her students and peers loved and respected her, she was known for her dictatorial personality. Her autobiography entitled Not without heat and dust, was published in 1981.\nShee gained public recognition for her commitment to theatre in Australia with her appointment to the OBE in 1955, the CBE in 1975 and the DBE in 1982.\nDoris Fitton died in Sydney on 2 April 1985.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/my-brief-strut-upon-the-stage\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/not-without-dust-and-heat-my-life-in-theatre\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/conversation-with-doris-fitton\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/doris-fitton\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fitton-dame-doris-alice\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-golden-age-of-australian-radio-drama-1923-1960-a-history-through-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fitton-dame-doris-alice-lucy-walkden-1897-1985\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-relating-to-the-canberra-repertory-society-1945-1975-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gallagher, Monica Josephine", "Entry ID": "IMP0030", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gallagher-monica-josephine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "Monica Gallagher has been associated with church and other community groups in her voluntary work. Her positions have included associate member of the New South Wales division of Australian Church Women, member of the advisory committee of the Festival of Light, past chairman of the Appeal Committee, Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA), Sydney, and board member of the Save the Children Fund, New South Wales from 1992-1994. She was chairman of the Friends of St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney, from 1983-1987 and later from 1998-2000, as well as executive director of the Flower Festival Committee from 1996-1997. The Catholic church acknowledged her work with the award of the Papal Honour, Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice in 1981. She gained the Good Citizen Award for Outstanding Community Service in 1979. She was appointed as Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 12 June 1976 for services to the community.\n Source: Who's who in Australia 2002, p 719\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-dame-monica-gallagher-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kramer, Leonie Judith", "Entry ID": "IMP0037", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kramer-leonie-judith\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Educator, Professor", "Summary": "Leonie Kramer was notable as an academic and public figure, particularly as Chairman of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation from 1982-1983 and professor of Australian literature at Sydney University from 1968, and later chancellor from 1991-2001. She supported conservative educational values in the face of progressive approaches and campaigned against the adoption of a republican form of government in Australia. She was appointed as Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 31 December 1982 for services to literature and the public.\n", "Details": "Daughter of Alfred and Gertrude Gibson.\nLeonie Kamer was educated at the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Melbourne, the University of Melbourne, where she gained a Bachelor of Arts in 1945, and Oxford University, where she gained a Doctor of Philosophy in 1953. During her postgraduate years at Oxford she tutored at St Hughes College. She married Harold Kramer in 1952, and produced two daughters.\nHer academic career blossomed with her appointment as lecturer in English in 1958, then later senior lecturer and associate professor in English at the University of New South Wales. She remained there until 1968 when she was appointed professor of Australian Literature at the University of Sydney. She was visiting professor at Harvard University's Chair of Australian Literature Studies from 1981-82.\nThe work of Henry Handel Richardson has been the major focus of her critical writing and she edited the Oxford History of Australian Literature1981, which argues the case for Australian literature as a branch of European literature. She also edited a number of publications on Australian Literature. Her list of publications is included in the Published Resources section.\nShe enhanced her public profile when she accepted the position of Chairman of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation from 1982-83, having served as a member of the ABC board from 1977.She served on a number of other boards and committees which included the Secondary Schools Board from 1976-82, the Council of the National Library from 1975-81, the National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters from 1977-81, fellow of the Senate of the University of Sydney from 1969-74 and member of the Universities Council from 1977-86. Other appointments include serving on the boards of the ANZ bank and Western Mining Corporation, senior fellow of the Institute of Public Affairs and commissioner of the NSW Electricity Commission.\nIn 1986 she received the inaugural Britannica Award for the 'dissemination of learning for the benefit of mankind'. Other awards include an honorary DLitt from the University of Tasmania, an honorary LLD from both the University of Melbourne and the Australian National University. She was appointed OBE in 1976 and DBE in 1983.\nHer association with the University of Sydney continued with her appointment in 1989 as Deputy Chancellor and then in 1991 Chancellor, a position she held until 2001, when she resigned in controversial circumstances.\nShe upheld traditional educational values, and was a prominent member of the organisation called 'Australians for a constitutional monarchy' which was established in 1992 in response to growing republican sentiment and actively campaigned against a republican system of government for Australia when a referendum was held on the question in 1999.\nShe died at Elizabeth Bay on 20 April 2106.\nSources: 'Kramer, Leonie Judith', The Oxford Companion to Australian History, OUP, Melbourne, 2000; 'Kramer, Dame Leonie Judith (1924-'; The Australian Encyclopaedia, vol. 5, 6th ed., 1996; 'Kramer, Dame Leonie Judith', Who's who in Australia 2002.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kramer-dame-leonie-judith-1924\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kramer-leonie-judith-1924\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-d-hope\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-companion-to-australia-felix\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/henry-handel-richardson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/myself-when-laura-fact-and-fiction-in-henry-handel-richardsons-school-career\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-anthology-of-australian-literature\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-history-of-australian-literature\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/henry-kendall\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/language-and-literature-a-synthesis\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/james-mcauley-poetry-essays-and-personal-commentary\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituary-dame-leonie-kramer-a-celebrated-academic-and-a-potent-conservative-voice\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-craig-mcgregor-1961-2005-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Taylor, Florence Mary", "Entry ID": "IMP0064", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/taylor-florence-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "near Bristol, England", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Architect, Engineer, Publisher", "Summary": "Florence Taylor was the first woman architect, structural engineer and civil engineer in Australia. For her contribution to architecture and civil engineering, Taylor was appointed an Officer of the British Empire on 8 June 1939 and later a Commander of the British Empire on 10 June 1961.\n", "Details": "Florence Taylor, the eldest of five daughters, of John and Eliza (n\u00e9e Brooks) Parsons immigrated to Australia with her family. She attended Presbyterian Ladies' College (Sydney), and commenced clerical work at an architectural and engineering firm, after her father passed away suddenly.\nRealising that draftsmen received a higher scale of pay, she decided to obtain the qualification and enrolled in evening classes at Sydney Technical College - the only female in the class. Between 1900 and 1902 she was apprenticed to the office of Sydney architect Edmund Garton, where she was allocated the less interesting menial tasks. In 1902 she transferred to the office of John Burcham Clamp where she remained until she completed her studies in 1907. In that year her employer Clamp nominated her for associate membership of the New South Wales Institute of Architects. Her membership was granted 13 years later in 1920.\nOn 3 April 1907, she married George Augustine Taylor, an architect-engineer, whose hobbies included aviation and gliding. Florence Taylor, who shared her husband's interests, became the first woman to attempt a glider flight in Australia, on 5 December 1909. She flew from the Narrabeen sand hills near Sydney, in a guilder built by her husband, to became the first woman to fly a heavier-than-air machine in Australia.\nUpon marriage the Taylors established their own company, the Building Publishing Company, a producer of trade and professional journals. Also the Taylors were founding members of the Town Planning Association in New South Wales in 1913.\nAfter her husband's death in 1928, Florence Taylor continued to manage the company until she retired due to ill health in 1961, although she scaled down the company publishing list. Throughout her life Taylor continued to produce town planning schemes.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/taylor-florence-mary-1879-1969\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1968\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-womens-roll-of-honour-women-shaping-the-nation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/architects-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-book-of-great-australian-women-thirty-six-women-who-changed-the-course-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/florence-m-taylor-illuminated-address-presented-to-florence-m-taylor-by-the-australian-american-co-operation-movement-1946\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kerwin-maegraith-recording-of-readings-from-his-autobiography-little-moments-with-big-people-n-d-together-with-readings-from-his-biography-of-architect-florence-mary-taylor-ca-1969\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/taylor-family-photographs-ca-1884-1968\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lorelei-booker-papers-ca-1890-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-florence-mary-taylor-engineer-architect-and-publisher-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cassab, Judy", "Entry ID": "IMP0077", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cassab-judy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Vienna, Austria", "Death Place": "Randwick, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist", "Summary": "Judy Cassab is one of Australia's best known portrait painters and the winner of many prestigious art awards including the coveted Archibald Prize. Austrian-born and of Hungarian parents, Judy Cassab emigrated to Australia in 1951 with her husband and two children. In Australia, she quickly gained a reputation for her distinctive expressionist technique and portrait abilities. In 1969 Judy was appointed as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for her service to the visual arts. In 1988 she was also appointed as an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO). Following the publication of her diaries in 1995, Sydney University conferred upon her the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters (Hon. PhD). In 1996 she also won the Nita B. Kibble Award for women writers.\n", "Details": "When she was 12, Judy Cassab began two practices that would become lifelong rituals; she started painting and began to keep a diary. Later in life, in a retrospective moment, the internationally renowned portrait painter and published diarist explained how painting and writing came to feature so prominently in her life:\n'I had always thought that I expressed my thoughts with a brush. I never knew that I could write. Writing, I thought, is just a habit like washing my teeth; I could not go to bed without doing it. I do not feel anxious about my paintings. I can always paint others. It is different with the diaries. I lost the first 11 years of my diaries when they were left in my childhood home in Beregsz\u00e1sz and perished during the war. I lost everything else I had there. But objects, even beautiful objects are replaceable. One can never recapture a 12-year-old self.'\nJudy Cassab was born Judy Kaszab in Vienna, Austria, in 1920, to Hungarian parents. In 1929 the Kaszab family returned to Hungary where her parents separated and Judy spent the rest of her childhood years living in her grandmother's house.\nIn 1939, only after making him promise that their marriage would not stand in the way of her being a painter, Judy married Jancsi Kampfner. Jancsi not only kept the promise throughout their long marriage but was sometimes the one who had to creatively enforce it when Judy herself was willing to put her traveling aspirations aside if it meant being able to stay with her husband and young children. Judy recalls that during one of her crying fits about a proposed overseas trip, Jancsi who was staying behind with the children, finally exclaimed 'we are only half of your life. Stop being such a coward.'\nThe first years of their marriage were plagued with the horrors of World War II. Jancsi was sent to a forced slave labour camp and was one of the few to survive. It was Jancsi who, nonetheless, encouraged Judy, if the opportunity were to arise, to flee to Budapest to study painting. She did. Between 1939 and 1949 she studied art in Prague and the Budapest Academy and although her studies were interrupted by Nazi occupation, she managed to survive by going underground and hiding her Jewish identity. It was the first time in my life,' she says, 'that I was not a girl, not a woman, not a human being, but a Jew'. After many years of hardship and loss, in 1951, already an accomplished painter, Judy, Jancsi and their two Budapest-born sons, were able to emigrate to Australia.\nSince her first solo exhibition at the Macquarie Galleries in Sydney in 1953, Judy Cassab has held well over fifty solo exhibitions throughout Australia as well as in Paris and London. In 1969, as the only woman to have won the Archibald Prize twice and having collected another 10 major art prizes, Judy Cassab was appointed as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for her service to the visual arts. In 1988 she also appointed as an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-a-life-judy-cassab-1920\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/diaries\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judy-cassab-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judy-cassab-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/artists-represented-judy-cassab\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judy-cassab-4\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judy-cassab-a-selection-from-the-gallery\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judy-cassab-selected-solo-shows\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-portraits-ten-original-lithographs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judy-cassab-diaries\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/contemporary-australians-1995-96\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-dictionary-of-women-artists-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judy-cassab-artists-and-friends\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judy-cassab-places-faces-and-fantasies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-australian-art\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/monash-biographical-dictionary-of-20th-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/notable-australians-the-pictorial-whos-who\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-international-whos-who-of-women-a-biographical-reference-guide-to-the-most-eminent-and-distinguished-women-in-the-world-today\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-records-of-the-rudy-komon-art-gallery-1959-1984\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judy-cassab\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judy-cassab-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judy-cassab-interviewed-by-barbara-blackman-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-judy-cassab-1944-2006-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cassab-judy-artist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-rudy-komon-art-gallery-1959-1984-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cutler-family-papers-1909-1995\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Browne, Grace Johnston", "Entry ID": "IMP0101", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/browne-grace-johnston\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Scotland", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Gynaecologist, Obstetrician", "Summary": "Grace Browne was Director of the New South Wales Division of Maternal and Baby Welfare 1937-1964 and was a part-time lecturer in Maternal and Child Health at the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, University of Sydney 1946-1964. She was president of the Australian Federation of Medical Women, and also president of the Australian Federation of University Women. Grace Browne was appointed MBE - Member of The Order of the British Empire (Civil) - 13 June 1959, for her work as director of Baby Welfare in the New South Wales Health Department.\n", "Details": "Grace Cuthbert Browne was the youngest of a family of five. The family came to Australia when her father was appointed to insurance company, Sydney Marine Underwriters. The family lived in Lindfield, NSW and Grace attended Ravenswood School at Gordon from 1913 - 1917. In her own words (De Berg Tapes: National Library Tape 619) Grace described Ravenswood as \"a very interesting school, the academic training was regarded as important and in those days this was exceptional.\" Grace completed her Leaving Certificate in 1917 and won an exhibition to Sydney University to study medicine.\nShe married Professor F J Browne D.Sc., M.D., F.R.C.S.Ed, F.R.C.O.G University College Hospital, University of London\nMEDICAL\nMB, Ch M University of Sydney\nFirst Resident Medical Officer at RNSH\nGP in country and city for 12 years\nHonorary Medical Officer before 1937\nRachel Forster Hospital for Women and Children\nTresillian Mothercraft Home - Royal Society for Welfare of Mothers and Babies\nLane Cove Baby Health Centre - Dept. Public Health\nDirector Maternal & Baby Welfare Dept. Public Health in NSW from 1937 until retirement\nMember Maternal Mortality & Perinatal Committee, Dept. Public Health (formerly secretary 1939-1965)\nMember Committee on Maternal & Child Health, National Health and Medical Research Council for over 20 years\nMember Child Welfare Advisory Council NSW - advisor to Minister of Health\nMember Board of Social Studies until transfer to University\nMember National Fitness Council NSW\nMember Council Bush Nursing Association for 25 Years\nLecturer in Maternal & Child Health, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine University Sydney to 1965\nMedical Officer, Grosvenor Hospital, Dept Health 1965-1970\nHonorary Organiser Medical Group on Health Education with Headmistress Association Independent Girls Schools NSW\nWorld Health Organisation travelling scholarship 1950-1951\nPROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS & ROYAL COLLEGES\nMember Australian Medical Association (AMA) - Fellow 1972\nRep. Women Medical Practitioners on Council of Australian Medical Association NSW Branch 1966-1969\nMember Australian Paediatric Association\nFellow Royal College Obstetrics & Gynaecology\nMember Royal Australian College of General Practitioners\nMember Convocation: Macquarie University from 1965\nMember Convocation: ANU 1975\nMember Council Ravenswood School for Girls 1961- 1975\nMember Aust & NZ Association for Medical Education\nMember Aust Obstetrics & Gynaecological Research Society\nMember Aust Council Scientific Study of Mental Retardation\nCOMMUNITY ORGANISATIONS & SOCIETIES\nInternational\nVice-President Medical Women's International Association\nNational\nPresident Australian Federation of University Women\nPresident Australian Federation of Medical Women\nAustralian Convenor Standing Committee for Health for Aust National Council of Women\nState - NSW\nPresident Public Medical Officers' Association\nPresident Medical Women's Society NSW\nPresident Sydney University Women Graduates Association\nVice-President Australian Physiotherapy Association (NSW)\nMembership of Community Organisations\nInstitute of International Affairs, Arts Association Sydney University, The English Speaking Union, The Victoria League, The National Trust of Australia, The Art Gallery Society NSW, The Elizabethan Theatre Trust, The Friends of the Opera, Public Health Association, Council of Social Services, Fellow of Royal Institute of Public Administration.\nCLUBS\nThe Queens Club, Avondale Golf Club, The Soroptimist Club of North Sydney\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/browne-grace-cuthbert-1900-1988-biographical-entry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cuthbert-browne-grace-johnston-1900-1988\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/grace-cuthbert-browne-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/grace-cuthbert-browne-papers-1908-1989-collected-by-kathleen-commins\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/archives-of-ravenswood-school-for-girls\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bowden, Rosalind (Ros)", "Entry ID": "IMP0123", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bowden-rosalind-ros\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ceylon", "Death Place": "Forster, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Broadcaster, Journalist", "Summary": "Ros Bowden, interviewer and broadcaster with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, worked in the Radio National Social History Unit and on the 'Coming Out Show'.\nBetween 1977 and 1989 she conducted interviews for various radio programmes broadcast on the ABC.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-of-the-land-stories-of-australias-rural-women-as-told-to-ros-bowden\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/on-their-own-terms-profiles-of-five-very-individual-australians-prepared-by-tim-bowden-and-ros-bowden\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-bowden-interviews-with-people-who-knew-ida-leeson-former-mitchell-librarian-1985\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-relating-to-women-of-the-land-stories-of-australian-rural-women-1995-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-of-the-land-oral-history-project\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-bowden-interviews-conducted-for-radio-programs-and-documentaries-ca-1975-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-country-womens-association-sound-recording-australias-largest-womens-organisation-researched-and-presented-by-ros-bowden\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-chipman-interviewed-by-ros-bowden-in-the-australian-antarctic-division-oral-history-collection\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Isbister, Jean Sinclair (Clair)", "Entry ID": "IMP0131", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/isbister-jean-sinclair-clair\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Paediatrician", "Summary": "Jean Sinclair Isbister (known as Clair) was a consultant paediatrician at the Royal North Shore Hospital, New South Wales, from 1949 and published many books on motherhood under the name Clair Isbister. She was appointed to The Order of the British Empire - Officer (Civil) on 1 January 1969 for services to medicine.\n", "Events": "For services to medicine (1976 - 1976) \nFor services to mothers and babies (1969 - 1969)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1968\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fount-of-knowledge-on-mothercraft\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituary-dr-clair-isbister-12-9-1915-20-8-2008\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dr-clair-isbister\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dr-clair-isbister-2\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clair-isbister-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-clair-isbister-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fall, Constance Amy", "Entry ID": "IMP0152", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fall-constance-amy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Birmingham, England", "Death Place": "Narrabeen, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse", "Summary": "Constance Fall's distinguished war service in the Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps was acknowledged with a Mention in Dispatches on 1 April 1941 and the award of the Royal Red Cross medal on 16 April 1942, when she was serving with the 1st Australian General Hospital in the Middle East. Born in England of Australian parents, and educated there, Constance Fall completed her nursing training in Launceston, Tasmania. After her war service she assumed the position of matron-in-charge of the King George V Hospital in Sydney, New South Wales from 1948-1960 and from 1961 became matron of the New South Wales Masonic Homes in Glenfield. She was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1976 for services to the Red Cross Society.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fall-constance-amy-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/honours-and-awards-gazetted-database\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/periodical-awards\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fall-constance-amy-service-number-nx262-date-of-birth-13-oct-1903-place-of-birth-birmingham-england-place-of-enlistment-sydney-nsw-next-of-kin-fall-louis\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-lieut-constance-amy-fall-former-principal-matron-australian-general-hospital-middle-east-1942-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "O'Harris, Pixie", "Entry ID": "IMP0189", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oharris-pixie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Illustrator", "Summary": "Pixie O'Harris was an artist and author particularly of children's books. On 1 January 1976 she was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) for services to the Arts. In 1953 she was awarded the Queen's Coronation Medal and in 1977 she received the Queen's Silver Jubilee Medal. In 1977 she became patron to the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children in Sydney.\n", "Details": "Pixie O'Harris was the daughter of George Frederick and Rosetta Elizabeth (n\u00e9e Lucas). Her father was an artist who was chairman of the Royal Art Society Cardiff. The fifth of nine children she was educated at Sully village school and Allensbank Girl's School Wales. At age 14 she was a member of the South West Art Society.\nThe Harris family migrated to Australia in 1920 and settled in Perth before moving to Sydney the following year. It was while on the ship to Australia that she adopted the name 'Pixie.' Being referred to as 'the Welsh pixie' and not liking the name Rona, she decided to use Pixie. A change in her surname followed after a printer at the Sydney Morning Herald added an apostrophe to her second initial.\nDuring her career she contributed poems, stories and illustrations to many publications as well as illustrating the work of other authors. These included Frank Dalby Davison, Lydia Pender and Kenneth. On 16 July 1928, Pixie O'Harris married Bruce Pratt, editor of the Australian Encyclopaedia. At the time of the births of her three daughters, she found the hospitals cold and clinical and decided to paint fairy-style murals for children. Over 50 children's hospital wards, schools, day nurseries and baby clinics throughout New South Wales have been decorated with her work.\n", "Events": "Appointed to the Order of the British Empire - Member (Civil) (1976 - 1976) \nArtist (1925 - 1928) \nAwarded Queen's Coronation Medal (1953 - 1953) \nCaricaturist for the Triad magazine (1924 - 1924) \nEditress of Humour (1936 - 1939) \nFashion artist, Perth Western Australia (1920 - 1920) \nMarried: Bruce Pratt and had three children (1928 - 1928) \nPatron of the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children (Sydney) (1977 - 1977) \nRecipient of the Queen's Silver Jubilee Medal (1977 - 1977)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/authors-illustrators-of-australian-childrens-books\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-writers-a-bibliographic-guide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pixie-oharris-papers-1913-1987\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pixie-oharris-further-associated-papers-1910-1994\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hilliard, Winifred Margaret", "Entry ID": "IMP0198", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hilliard-winifred-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Nowra, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Welfare worker", "Summary": "Winifred Hilliard was appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire on I June 1977 for 'Aboriginal welfare'. She was later awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia on the Queen's birthday list, 1989, for 'service to Aboriginal welfare, particularly the Pitjantjatjara people'.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/arts-and-crafts-of-pitjantjatjara-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-winifred-hilliard-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/winifred-m-hilliard-summary-record\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Valadian, Margaret", "Entry ID": "IMP0213", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/valadian-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia", "Death Place": "Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educator", "Summary": "Margaret Valadian was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) on 26 January 1986 and Civil Member of the Order of the British Empire on 12 June 1976 for services to the Aboriginal Community.\n", "Events": "Awarded the honourary degree of Doctor of Letters from Macquarie University (1995 - 1995) \nBorn: daughter of O. Valadian (1936 - 1936) \nChair, Aboriginal Art Advisory Council (1970 - 1970) \nCompleted Master of Education, University of Hawaii (1969 - 1969) \nCompleted Master of Social Welfare, State University of New York (1973 - 1973) \nDepartment of Native Affairs, Western Australia (1966 - 1966) \nDeputy Chair, New South Wales Board of Adult Education (1984 - 1987) \nDirector, Aboriginal Education Centre, University of Wollongong (1978 - 1978) \nDirector, Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Teacher Aides Development Program (1976 - 1978) \nFounder and co-director, Aboriginal Training and Cultural Institute (Sydney) (1978 - 1990) \nGraduated Bachelor Social Studies, University of Queensland (first Aboriginal graduate of this university) (1966 - 1966) \nMember, Council of the Order of Australia (1998 - 2002) \nResearch Officer, Department of Territories Papua New Guinea (1964 - 1964) \nSocial Planning consultant, Schools Commission Canberra (1974 - 1974) \nVisiting Professor, Rural Education at the University of Alaska (1984 - 1984) \nWelfare worker, Welfare Board Northern Territory (1961 - 1962) \nWinner: Alumnus of the Year Award, The University of Queensland's Alumni Association (1996 - 1996)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-aboriginal-australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-history-society-and-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-education-development-or-destruction-the-issues-and-challenges-that-have-to-be-recognised\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/never-too-late-videorecording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/report-of-the-first-national-aboriginal-teacher-aide-three-day-workshop-and-one-day-seminar-held-at-the-bardon-professional-development-centre-brisbane-june-19-22-1978-hosted-by-queensland-depart\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-adult-education-paper-presented-at-national-conference-on-adult-aboriginal-learning-perth-september-1988\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-identity-instruction-and-interaction-at-an-experimental-training-workshop-at-a-n-u-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-womens-health-report-on-conference-on-health-notes-role-of-traditional-healers-problems-facing-aborigines-recommendations-for-health-care-programme-source-v-25\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/theyre-helping-aborigines-to-help-themselves-aboriginal-training-and-cultural-institute-m-valadian-and-mcnamara-teaching-management-skills-balmain\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hurman, Edith Myra", "Entry ID": "IMP0234", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hurman-edith-myra\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Medical practitioner", "Summary": "Edith Hurman, after commencing her early education in Perth, finished her medical training at Sydney University in 1922 and overcame many obstacles in order to become the first doctor to set up private practice in Cudal, New South Wales in 1925. With Muriel Amanda Rodda, a trained nurse, she was instrumental in the establishment of the town's hospital in 1928. Edith Hurman remained in Cudal and worked in that hospital until her retirement in 1961. She subsequently wrote a booklet entitled The beginnings, in 1980, in which she told the story of how the Cudal Hospital was established. She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire for her services to medicine in New South Wales on 1 January 1966.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-beginnings-the-story-of-how-the-cudal-hospital-began\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Appleford, Alys (Alice) Ross", "Entry ID": "IMP0247", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/appleford-alys-alice-ross\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ballarat, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Cronulla, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Nursing administrator, Servicewoman", "Summary": "During World War I Alice Ross-King (as she was then known) was a Sister in the Australian Army Nursing Service. Mentioned twice in despatches, she was awarded the Military Medal on 28 September 1917 and the Royal Red Cross Medal on the 4 June 1918. She married Lieutenant-Colonel Sydney T Appleford of the Australian Army Medical Corps on 21 August 1919. They had four children. She assisted her husband in establishing a first-aid military unit and during the 1930s became involved with the Red Cross Voluntary Aid Detachments. Appleford enlisted in the Australian Army Medical Women's Service during World War II. She was promoted to the rank of Major in September 1942 and awarded the Florence Nightingale medal by the International Red Cross in 1949.\nAlice Appleford died on 17 August 1968 at Cronulla, Sydney and is buried in Fawkner Cemetery, Melbourne.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2008 - 2008)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ross-king-alice-1891-1968\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/appleford-alice-ross\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/twentieth-century-women-of-courage\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-diggers-makers-of-the-australian-military-tradition\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/just-wanted-to-be-there-australian-service-nurses-1899-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nightingales-in-the-mud-the-digger-sisters-of-the-great-war-1914-1918\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/army-medical-dental-corps-nurses-and-specialists-applications-for-a-commission-in-the-a-a-m-c-voluntary-aid-detachments-v-a-d-a-r-appleford-box-69\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/appleford-alice-ross-service-number-v500148-date-of-birth-05-aug-1891-place-of-birth-ballarat-vic-place-of-enlistment-v-a-d-headquarters-vic-next-of-kin-appleford-s\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ross-king-alice-service-number-staff-nurse-place-of-birth-ballarat-vic-place-of-enlistment-n-a-next-of-kin-mother-king-c-h\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/end-of-war-awards-submissions-by-quartermaster-general-and-director-general-of-medical-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/major-a-r-appleford-rrc-mm-assistant-controller-australian-army-medical-womens-service-inspecting-the-kits-of-members-who-are-on-draft-to-northern-areas\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/her-excellency-lady-zara-gowrie-wife-of-the-governor-general-of-australia-inspecting-members-of-the-australian-army-medical-womens-service-at-the-115th-heidelberg-military-hospital\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/major-a-r-appleford-rrc-mm-assistant-controller-conducting-a-kit-inspection-of-members-of-the-australian-army-medical-womens-service-on-draft-for-northern-areas\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/officers-at-the-conference-of-assistant-and-deputy-assistant-controllers-australian-army-medical-womens-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/officers-at-the-conference-of-assistant-and-deputy-assistant-controllers-australian-army-medical-womens-service-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/major-a-r-appleford-rrc-mm-assistant-controller-australian-army-medical-womens-service-victorian-lines-of-communication-area\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/major-a-r-appleford-rrc-mm-with-captain-p-williamson-australian-army-medical-womens-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-leaders-of-the-australian-red-cross-voluntary-aid-detachment-vad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/captain-w-j-j-mcgee-assisted-by-major-a-r-appleford-member-of-the-red-cross-mm\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/captain-w-j-j-mcgee-assisted-by-major-a-r-appleford-member-of-the-red-cross-mm-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ross-king-alice-mm-sister-b-1887-d-1968\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Nowland, Kathleen Regina", "Entry ID": "IMP0288", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nowland-kathleen-regina\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse", "Summary": "Kathleen Nowland began work as Staff Nurse at the No.4 Australian General Hospital (Prince of Wales) in June 1919. In 1924 she was appointed Staff Nurse at the Repatriation General Hospital, \"Rosemount\", Windsor, Queensland and was later promoted to the position of Senior Sister. Other positions held by her included Matron, Repatriation Sanatorium, Edward Millen Home, Western Australia (1938-1942); Matron, Lady Davidson Home, Turramurra (1942-1948); Matron, Prince of Wales Hospital (1948-1950) and Matron, Repatriation Sanatorium, Lady Davidson Home (1950-1954). She was awarded the Imperial Service Medal in recognition of her work as Matron, Lady Davidson Repatriation Hospital, 1 March 1955. She died on her 92nd birthday.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/honours-and-awards-imperial-service-medals-date-of-award-1-march-1955-recipients-nowland-miss-kathleen-and-knowles-frederick-william\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ardill, Louisa", "Entry ID": "PR00090", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ardill-louisa\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "London, England", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Evangelist, Matron, Social worker", "Summary": "Louisa Ardill was matron-superintendent of the Home of Hope for Fallen Women (later the South Sydney Women's Hospital) in New South Wales.\n", "Details": "Louisa Wales directed a number of evangelical missions in England before migrating to New South Wales in 1884 to join George E. Ardill's Blue Ribbon Gospel Army. Once in Australia, she joined the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and travelled throughout New South Wales promoting temperance and campaigning for women's suffrage. On 8 September 1885 she married George Ardill and joined in his evangelistic endeavours. She was an active member of the Sydney Rescue Work Society, and co-editor of its magazine, The Rescue.\nLouisa Ardill became matron-superintendent of the Home of Hope for Fallen Women. Based in Sydney, it was connected with the Home Training School and Lying-in Hospital, where Louisa - who held a Diploma of the London Obstetrical Society - ran training courses for midwives. The home was renamed the South Sydney Women's Hospital in 1905.\nGeorge and Louisa Ardill had two children: Dr Katie Ardill-Brice and George E. Ardill, Junior.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-dictionary-of-evangelical-biography\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bardsley, Doris", "Entry ID": "PR00119", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bardsley-doris\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Gorton, Lancashire, England", "Death Place": "Mosman, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Child welfare advocate, Nurse, Public servant, Trade union official", "Summary": "Born in Gorton, Lancashire, England, Doris Bardsley came to live in the Brisbane area of Queensland prior to World War 1. Trained at the Diamantina Hospital for Chronic Diseases, she completed her midwifery certificate in Melbourne before returning to Queensland (Qld) to serve as matron at St Denis's Hospital in Toowoomba. In October of 1923, Bardsley joined the staff of the maternal and Child Welfare Service, devoting the rest of her life to the expansion of child-welfare services, as well as the improved education and training of ante-natal nurses.\n", "Details": "Doris Bardsley was appointed sister-in-charge of Queensland Government Baby Clinics on 9th April 1925 and oversaw the expansion of baby clinics during her twelve year term.\nDuring the 1920s, Bardsley was a delegate to the National Council of Women of QLD, supporting the expansion of child-welfare services and mothercraft education. In addition to this, she was a member of the technical sub-committee of the Mothercraft Association.\nShe was appointed the position of acting-superintendent of infant-welfare in 1937, becoming superintendent in 1939. In this position, Bardsley helped with the development of residential homes for mothers and babies with feeding problems, introduced a correspondence service which offered ante-natal advice, and initiated mothercraft courses in secondary school.\nIn 1942, Bardsley secured an agreement\u00a0from the registrar-general to notify baby clinic services of all births in country areas.\nServing as a councillor of the Qld branch of the Australasian Trained Nurses' Association (1926-57), she was awarded the position of state president in 1949, and later national president in 1951. In this position, Bardsley represented Australian nurses overseas.\nShe served on the International Council of Nurses from 1951, on the grand council and on the education committee.\nAn advocate for the development of post-graduate education in the field of nursing, Bardsley later went on to become a founding member (1948), vice-president and president (1952-53) of the College of Nursing, Australia. She was elected a fellow in 1962.\nBetween 1953 and 1961 she served as an adviser-in-nursing to Queensland's Department of Health and Home Affairs.\nBardsley was also a member of the Florence Nightingale Memorial Committee of Australia at a state and national level.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/new-lamps-for-old\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bardsley-doris-1895-1968\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Concannon, Gertrude", "Entry ID": "PR00198", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/concannon-gertrude\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Maryborough, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Wyongah, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Arranger, Author, Composer, Music adjudicator, Music teacher, Musician, Opera singer, Pianist", "Summary": "Gertrude Concannon was a highly successful Australian-trained lyric soprano. Later in her life she contributed to Australian music with equal significance through her teaching, composition, and encouragement of younger musicians.\n", "Details": "Born in Maryborough, Queensland, to English migrant parents, Concannon was placed at the age of three into the care of the local convent following the death of her mother. She completed her education at the convent and had her first vocal training from a Mr Charles Kenningham. In 1918, she entered the Garcia School of Music, Sydney, as a student of the distinguished teacher Madame Ellen Christian, whose mentorship had an inestimable influence on the young singer. Remaining at the School for seven years, Concannon completed singing and piano diplomas and gave numerous public recitals, concerts, and radio broadcasts.\nConcannon subsequently embarked upon an international career spanning nearly 15 years. She departed for the United States of America in 1925, where she sang and learned her craft with a number of opera companies. She moved to England in 1928 and in the ensuing decade maintained a busy opera and recital schedule. She also toured extensively in Europe, Africa, India, Singapore, and Burma. All the while, Concannon was acutely conscious of her Australian identity. She deliberately programmed Australian works in many of her recitals. She also wrote of her travels in newspaper and magazine articles and in her unpublished autobiography, Around the World in Song, intending to relay her experiences for the benefit of others.\nOn her permanent return to Australia at the outbreak of the Second World War, Concannon commenced a busy vocal teaching practice in Sydney, establishing a studio of her own in Darlinghurst in 1939 and taking over the students of the late Madame Christian two years later. She also became actively involved in the eisteddfod movement as an adjudicator. She married Jack Degnian in 1943. Concannon's settlement in Sydney allowed her to renew her passion for songwriting and composing. She had commenced composing in her teens, and one of her songs, At Evening, was published in 1924.\nConcannon joined the Bread and Cheese Club Songwriters' and Composers' Group in the 1940s, and in 1950 was president of the NSW branch. She received numerous prizes from this group for her works, including prizes presented in 1950 by Alfred Hill in serious and light ballad categories for her songs The Swing Song and Lullaby.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gertrude-concannon\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hunt, Fanny Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "PR00336", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hunt-fanny-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Reading, England", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Headmistress", "Summary": "Fanny Elizabeth Hunt was the first woman to graduate with a Bachelor of Science from the University of Sydney, graduating in 1888. She was appointed as first headmistress of Ipswich Girls Grammar School in 1892. Fanny Hunt was in charge of the school from its opening in 1892 until 1901, when she resigned because of ill-health. Her family had relocated to Toowoomba and after a restorative holiday Fanny Hunt founded Girton College in Toowoomba in about 1905. In 1915 the family moved to Sydney and settled at Rose Bay. Fanny Hunt died in Sydney in 1941.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-first-one-hundred-years-ipswich-girls-grammar-school\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-fanny-hunt\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-fanny-hunt\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Morrison, Catherine", "Entry ID": "PR00507", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/morrison-catherine\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "WahroongaWahroonga, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Religious worker, Youth worker", "Summary": "Catherine Morrison grew up in the Presbyterian Church in the Riverina District of New South Wales and Victoria, and was associated with St Enoch's church in Newtown, Sydney at the height of it's influence. She was active in the Presbyterian Fellowship Union of New South Wales on Sydney's North Shore in the 1920s and 30s, holding various executive positions during this time. In the 1940s, she was secretary of the Presbyterian Women's Federation, an organisation that promoted action on social questions and women's status in the church. One initiative was to unite all Presbyterian Women's organisations.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-dictionary-of-evangelical-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Norbury, Emily", "Entry ID": "PR00508", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/norbury-emily\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "England", "Death Place": "SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Church worker, Deaconess, Evangelist", "Summary": "Emily Norbury migrated from England to Sydney, New South Wales, in 1937. A skilled youth worker with acknowledged leadership skills, she was appointed senior tutor at the (Anglican) Deaconess House in Sydney. Ordained in 1939, she was appointed head deaconness and continued in this office until her death in 1944.\nAlthough associated with the Deaconess Institute for only seven years, Deaconess Norbury presided over a period of growth in enrolment numbers and the introduction of missionary training courses to the curriculum offered by the institute.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-dictionary-of-evangelical-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mayo, Florence Josephine", "Entry ID": "AWE6427", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mayo-florence-josephine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Carlton, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Single mother, War widow", "Summary": "During World War I, Queanbeyan citizens, at a public meeting held soon after news that her husband, Private John Charles Mayo, had been killed in action at Bullecourt in 1917, decided to provide a home for Florence Mayo and her two young daughters. Raising money proved more difficult than expected and Florence, described as 'a plucky woman', partly financed her land and weatherboard cottage by taking out a mortgage. She lived in Queanbeyan for the rest of her life.\nRead a longer essay on Florence Mayo in the online exhibition War Widows of the ACT: A Forgotten Legacy of World War I.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mayo-florence-josephine-beneficiary-of-mayo-john-charles-service-number-5402\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Perry, Florence", "Entry ID": "AWE6428", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/perry-florence\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Manchester, Lancashire, England", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Mother, War widow", "Summary": "Florence Eckersley, born on 25 April 1886 in Manchester, England, married Manchester-born Joseph Perry (birth name Rigby) in 1907 and had two children. The family arrived in Australia before World War I and Joseph Perry was employed as a groom at Duntroon Military College, Canberra. Immediately war was declared, he was recalled to England, embarking on 17 October 1914 to join his battalion in Manchester. Florence and her two children were left behind living in Sydney where, two years later, she heard that her husband had drowned on 18 November 1916 while on active service. She was left a widow with two children then aged four and three. She married George Holland in Sydney in 1919.\nRead a longer essay on Florence Perry in the online exhibition War Widows of the ACT: A Forgotten Legacy of World War I.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Andrew, Rose", "Entry ID": "AWE24070410", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/andrew-rose\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Blackpool, England", "Death Place": "Batemans Bay, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community activist, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Rose Andrew was elected an independent member of the sixteenth ACT Advisory Council in September 1961. She served one three-year term during which she supported community development such as proposing a heated swimming pool be built in Canberra. One of two female members of the Council, she did not seek re-election in 1964. Prior to being elected to the ACT Advisory Council she was President of the Canberra branch of the Country Women's Association of Australia (CWA) in 1959.\n", "Details": "Rose Andrew was born in Blackpool, England, the daughter of Harvey Ashworth, a farmer, and Alice Hughes. Rose was living at 207 George Street East Melbourne within walking distance of the city of Melbourne and employed as a clerk when she married Walter Dudley Andrew, public servant, at St Peter's Church of England, East Melbourne on 1 July 1937. At this time, her parents were separated; her father lived in London and her mother was living in Cranbourne, south of Melbourne, then a small farming community.\nBy the 1950s, the Andrew family was living at 5 Dampier Crescent in the inner south Canberra suburb of Forrest, and Walter was working for the CSIRO. Walter and Rose, known in the family as Posey, had three children John, Robert and Helen. \u00a0They remained \u00a0in Canberra \u00a0apart from a period in 1955, when they were living at Deniliquin, a grazing district in south-west New South Wales, apparently in connection with Walter's work with the CSIRO.\nBack in Canberra, Rose was involved in several community organisations and clubs in the later 1950s including Legacy, the Business and Professional Women's Association, the Canberra Penguin Club a public speaking club, and the National Council of Women. In 1959, she was president of the local Country Women's Association. Her concern for community and domestic issues was demonstrated during this period, when she wrote a Letter to the Editor of The Canberra Times concerned about hygiene standards for bread deliveries, and the inconvenience of butchers' opening hours for households.\nRose Andrew was elected an independent Member of the sixteenth ACT Advisory Council in September 1961. She was one of only two female members in the eight-member Council, joining long-serving Ann Dalgarno, who had been the sole female member in the previous Council.\nDuring her time on the Council, Rose Andrew's most successful motion was for the construction of a heated swimming pool and ice rink. She argued that Canberra's climate called for a heated swimming pool so that local swimmers weren't at a disadvantage to those in warmer parts of Australia. The plan included an ice rink so that residual heat from the rink could be used to heat the pool. This proposal may have paved the way for the pool and ice rink eventually built in Phillip and opened in 1971.\nAnother significant motion she led was for the establishment of a Milk Authority for the ACT. This came from rises in milk prices which she considered to be exploitative of Canberra buyers, emphasising its effect on housewives. The motion was rejected by the council in June 1962, but she continued to advocate for the change, proposing it again in April 1963. She finally dropped the plan in 1964, after accepting the reasons given by the Minister for the Interior against its implementation.\nHer other actions on the Council included leading a motion to ban boxing in the ACT, which was defeated with the Council instead proposing a Boxing Commission to enforce new regulations, and a proposal for a Voluntary Ambulance Contribution Fund, also defeated. She supported the establishment of a local government for the ACT, a motion to end the death penalty in the ACT, and a motion to improve apprentices' wages and working conditions.\nRelated to her time on the CWA, she often contributed opinions in support of her female constituents to discussions with the Council. This was evident in her advocacy for the Milk Authority, as well as arguing against increases in bread prices and telephone charges concerned with their effect on Canberra's housewives.\nRose Andrew did not contest the 1964 election and as far as is known did not take any further part in public life. By the mid-1960s the family had moved to Kandy, Ceylon, and later lived in Argentina, apparently because of Walter's work.\nRose died at Batemans Bay NSW on 7 October 1998, age 87 years. She was buried in the Anglican Lawn section of Woden Cemetery where her mother had been buried in the next grave nearly 50 years before. Her gravestone gives details of Rose's rich family life but does not mention her public life.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-to-the-editor-canberra-bread-and-meat-deliveries\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/back-in-office\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/council-calls-for-warm-swimming-pool\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/better-pay-conditions-sought-for-apprentices\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-criticise-bread-increase\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Taylor-Farrell, Myra Juliet", "Entry ID": "AWE26022510", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/taylor-farrell-myra-juliet\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kilrush, County Clare, Ireland", "Death Place": "Mosman, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Inventor", "Summary": "Myra Taylor-Farrell was a prolific inventor who was born in Ireland and migrated to Australia as a child. She applied for patents for many of her inventions which included a corset without hard stays, a 'stitchless button' (press-stud), a baby sling and defence equipment including a 'rifle, shell and machine-gun proof' barricade.\n", "Details": "Myra Taylor-Farrell was born in Ireland, migrated to Australia as a child and was educated in Broken Hill at St Peter's School, founded by her parents, Marcus and Harriett Welsh. Marcus was an Irish Protestant clergyman and Harriett, born in Australia, was the daughter of an engineer. They had married in New Zealand before returning to Ireland, and then emigrating to Australia in 1880.\nFrom a young age Myra was able to come up with practical inventions as solutions to problems she identified: her first invention at the age of 10 was for a self-locking safety pin.\u00a0In a newspaper article in 1915, she described her process of identifying a problem and thinking about it, then 'sleeping on it'. On waking, she would write down, from right to left, the details of how to construct a device to solve the problem, then use a mirror to copy those details from left to right so they could be read.\nAmong her many inventions were: a device to copy and adjust for size sewing patterns from print directly to fabric, a 'truss for rectifying slackness in facial muscles', a corset without hard stays, a 'stitchless button' (press-stud), a baby sling, an automated fruit picker and packer, a folding pram hood, a collapsible washing line for limited spaces, and a 'rifle, shell and machine-gun proof' barricade and a long-range 'rayless' light (both of these were acquired by the Defence Department in World War 1). She applied for patents for many of her inventions from 1905 and these applications with their detailed drawings are held by the National Archives of Australia, some of which have been digitised.\nShe married William Taylor in 1906 who was suffering from tuberculosis and she treated him with another of her inventions, an inhaler. After his death in 1912 in Adelaide, she married William George Farrell in 1919 in Sydney and lived in Mosman until her death in 1957.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mosmans-marvellous-myra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/remarkable-success-of-a-woman-inventor-who-was-educated-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/woman-inventor-mrs-myra-juliet-taylor-versatile-and-imaginative\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/application-for-letters-patent-for-an-invention-by-myra-juliet-farrell-titled-truss-for-rectifying-slackness-in-facial-muscles\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/application-for-registration-of-a-design-by-myra-juliet-farrell-for-belt-corselet\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/application-for-registration-of-a-design-by-myra-juliet-farrell-for-step-in-belt-corset\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/application-for-registration-of-a-design-by-myra-juliet-farrell-for-inhaler\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/application-for-registration-of-a-design-by-myra-juliet-farrell-for-inhaler-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/application-for-registration-of-design-by-myra-juliet-farrell-for-head-gear\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/application-for-registration-of-a-design-by-myra-juliet-farrell-for-appliance-to-relieve-the-strain-of-carrying-an-infant\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/an-improved-stayette-for-body-wear\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/improvements-in-and-connected-with-hoods-of-perambulators-and-the-like\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/improved-device-to-facilitate-carrying-an-infant\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ethnic Childcare Development Unit", "Entry ID": "AWE2133", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ethnic-childcare-development-unit\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Marrickville, Sydney, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Training institution", "Summary": "The Ethnic Childcare Development Unit was established in 1980, one of many initiatives funded through grant-in-aid programs that emerged in the wake of the Galbally Review of Migrant Post-arrival programs and services. It's aim was to train immigrant women, many whom had overseas qualifications that were not recognised, to work in child-are centres and introduce multicultural programs.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-vivi-koutsianidis-germanos\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Durack, Sarah (Fanny)", "Entry ID": "AWE2288b", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/durack-sarah-fanny\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "Sarah (Fanny) Durack battled local swimming authorities to become the first Australian woman to compete at the Olympic Games. In 1912, at Stockholm, she won the gold medal in the 100 meters freestyle event, beating her compatriot and training partner, Wilhelmina (Mina) Wylie. She went on to break numerous world records until she retired from competitive swimming in 1921.\n", "Details": "Consequat ac felis donec et odio pellentesque. Vitae nunc sed velit dignissim. Id semper risus in hendrerit gravida. Egestas congue quisque egestas diam in. Morbi tristique senectus et netus et. Laoreet id donec ultrices tincidunt arcu non sodales. Tincidunt augue interdum velit euismod in pellentesque massa. Non curabitur gravida arcu ac tortor. Viverra justo nec ultrices dui sapien. Convallis aenean et tortor at risus viverra adipiscing at. Phasellus vestibulum lorem sed risus ultricies tristique nulla aliquet. Ac feugiat sed lectus vestibulum mattis ullamcorper velit sed. Quisque non tellus orci ac auctor augue mauris augue. Felis eget nunc lobortis mattis aliquam. Vel orci porta non pulvinar neque laoreet suspendisse interdum consectetur. Ac tincidunt vitae semper quis lectus.\nNon curabitur gravida arcu ac tortor. Viverra justo nec ultrices dui sapien. Convallis aenean et tortor at risus viverra adipiscing at. Phasellus vestibulum lorem sed risus ultricies tristique nulla aliquet. Ac feugiat sed lectus vestibulum mattis ullamcorper velit sed. Quisque non tellus orci ac auctor augue mauris augue. Felis eget nunc lobortis mattis aliquam. Vel orci porta non pulvinar neque laoreet suspendisse interdum consectetur. Ac tincidunt vitae semper quis lectus.\nIn egestas erat imperdiet sed euismod nisi porta lorem mollis. Et pharetra pharetra massa massa ultricies mi. Vivamus arcu felis bibendum ut tristique et. Mi sit amet mauris commodo quis imperdiet massa. Aenean euismod elementum nisi quis.\nConsequat ac felis donec et odio pellentesque. Vitae nunc sed velit dignissim. Id semper risus in hendrerit gravida. Egestas congue quisque egestas diam in. Morbi tristique senectus et netus et. Laoreet id donec ultrices tincidunt arcu non sodales. Tincidunt augue interdum velit euismod in pellentesque massa. eleifend quam adipiscing. Scelerisque varius morbi enim nunc faucibus a pellentesque sit amet.\n", "Events": "Gold Medalist at the Stockholm Olympics - Swimming - 100m Freestyle ( - ) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women ( - )" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian Women's Charter", "Entry ID": "AWE0017", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-charter\/", "Type": "Cultural Artefact", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist Manifesto", "Summary": "The Australian Women's Charter was a program of reforms put forward by women for incorporation into government planning of postwar reconstruction. Described as 'the feminist agenda for postwar reconstruction' and 'a landmark feminist manifesto', the charter documented a wide range of issues and objectives that were discussed at the Australian Women's Conference For Victory in War and Victory in Peace, held in Sydney in November 1943. It ranged over a series of issues - women's right to paid work, the necessity for adequate child care, the particular needs of rural and Aboriginal women amongst them - and reflected the conference participants' agenda for women in the post war world, an agenda that was influenced heavily by women's wartime experiences. A series of publications, programs and follow-up Charter conferences were organized to plan and campaign for the implementation of its aims.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-equal-the-history-of-australian-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/left-wing-ladies-the-union-of-australian-women-in-victoria-1950-1998\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/50-years-of-feminist-achievement-a-history-of-the-united-associations-of-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-documents-and-essays\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/girdled-for-war-womens-mobilisations-in-world-wat-two\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-manuscript-australian-womens-charter\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1944-1967-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alice-henry-papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-della-and-ev-elliott\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nancy-lutton-1918-2007-bulk-1960-2007-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1960-1991-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/united-association-of-women-records-ca-1930-1970\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-jessie-street-circa-1914-1968-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pethybridge-eva-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daisy-marchisotti-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Elsie Women's Refuge", "Entry ID": "AWE0018", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elsie-womens-refuge\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Glebe, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Women's refuge", "Summary": "Elsie Women's Refuge was the first refuge set up in Australia for women and children escaping a violent home who had nowhere to sleep. The refuge offered advice and assistance in relation to the legal, welfare and health systems.\n", "Details": "When a group of Sydney feminists met to celebrate International Women's Day at the Teacher's Federation auditorium in Sussex St Sydney on 10 March 1974, the speakers at its forum 'Women in a Violent Society' addressed a crime then not recognised in law and generally ignored by police - domestic violence. Three Women's Liberation members, Anne Summers, Jennifer Dakers and Bessie Guthrie responded immediately. On 16 March, armed only with broom handles and shovels, they broke into two adjoining terrace houses in Glebe, 'Elsie' and 'Minnie' (73 and 73 Westmoreland St), left vacant due to the NSW Builders Labourers 'green ban' on the then Askin Government's redevelopment of a number of Sydney's architectural and historic sites. There they established the first domestic violence refuge in the world.\nElsie's founders conducted extensive media interviews to raise public awareness of this service, and raised money in whatever way they could. Donations of food, white goods and playground equipment quickly followed. The visit of Bill Hayden, Minister for Social Security in the Whitlam government, resulted in the refuge receiving a one-off Commonwealth government grant of $24,250, enabling its move to more spacious premises in Derwent St, Glebe. By mid-1975, eleven women's refugees had been established by volunteers nationwide, initially without government funding. The thousands of women and children seeking protection in these refuges convinced the Whitlam Government to respond to this previously unacknowledged social need by funding them from 1975.\nIn 1981, under Premier Neville Wran, the NSW Government became the first Australian government to conduct an inquiry into domestic violence. While this led to significant policy changes, funding remained uncertain and inadequate until 1985, when refuges were granted secure funding through the Commonwealth-State Supported Accommodation Assistance Program. By 1999, 25 years after the opening of Elsie, there were over 300 refuges Australia-wide. On 29 August 2014, the management of Elsie Women's Refuge and 44 other shelters in New South Wales, was outsourced to the St Vincent de Paul Society under the NSW Government's Going Home Saying Home policy.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-refuge-funding-a-new-south-wales-case-study-1970-to-1990s\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-equal-the-history-of-australian-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/memorable-summers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ducks-on-the-pond-an-autobiography-1945-1976\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/forty-years-of-the-elsie-refuge-for-women-and-children\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elsie-womens-refuge-records-ca-1974-2014\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/first-ten-years-of-sydney-womens-liberation-collection-ca-1969-ca-1980\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "International Women's Day", "Entry ID": "AWE0020", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/international-womens-day\/", "Type": "Event", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Celebration", "Summary": "March 8 is International Women's Day (IWD), celebrated throughout the world. Australian governments first officially recognised the day in March 1974, when Prime Minister Gough Whitlam announced Australia's participation in the United Nations' International Women's Year for 1975. Since then International Women's Day has become a regular event in every State and Territory, with a program stretching over the full week.\nThe first IWD was held on 19 March 1911 in Germany, Austria, Denmark and other European countries. The date was reputedly chosen by German women because, on the same date in 1848, the King of Prussia had promised votes for women among other reforms. The promise was made in the face of an armed uprising, and remained unfulfilled (see www.isis.aust.com\/iwd\/stevens\/firstiwd.htm)\nThe first unofficial IWD in Australia took place in the Domain in Sydney on March 25 1928, organised by the Militant Women's Movement and calling for equal pay for equal work; an 8 hour day for shop girls; no piece work; the basic wage for the unemployed and annual holidays on full pay.\nAnother rally took place in 1929 in Sydney and Brisbane. The late Edna Ryan - feminist and unionist - took part, and during the Whitlam years she successfully campaigned on equal pay before the Industrial Relations Commission. The movement spread, especially among trade union women.\n(entry researched and written by Marie Coleman) \n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-equal-the-history-of-australian-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-international-womens-day-in-words-and-images\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/international-womens-day-ephemera-material-collected-by-the-national-library-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/international-womens-day-ephemera-material-in-the-riley-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/international-womens-day-committee-summary-record\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1948-1981-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brisbane-international-womens-day-committee-ephemera\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ephemera-relating-to-womens-movement-organisations\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/report-on-i-w-d-celebrations-cairns-branch-1964-apr-14-by-val-davis\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/7592-international-womens-day-1979-collection-1979\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collection-of-publications-on-the-womens-liberation-movement-assembled-by-the-leichhardt-womens-community-health-centre\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ephemera-on-women-including-material-on-feminism-womens-liberation-international-womens-day-celebrations-equal-employment-opportunity-violence-against-women-and-exploitation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ephemera-on-women-including-material-on-feminism-international-womens-day-celebrations-equal-employment-opportunity-womens-health-domestic-violence-rape-and-exploitation-of-women-also-includ\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/speech-by-the-prime-minister-the-hon-e-g-whitlam-q-c-m-p-at-an-international-womens-day-reception-melbourne-8-march-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irene-bell-summary-record\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/message-to-the-international-womens-day-committee\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/message-for-international-womens-day-lunch\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oh-15-international-womens-day-oral-history-8-mar-1993\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/international-womens-day-committee-research-project-summary-record-sound-recording-interviewers-celia-frank-and-kirstin-marks\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pat-richardson-scrapbooks-relating-to-the-womens-electoral-lobby-and-womens-events-1977-2002\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Manning House Women's Union", "Entry ID": "AWE0068", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/manning-house-womens-union\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Union", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kibble Awards for Women Writers", "Entry ID": "AWE0137", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kibble-awards-for-women-writers\/", "Type": "Award", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The Kibble Awards for Women Writers were established by Nita May Dobbie in memory of her aunt Nita Bernice Kibble. They recognise female writers who have published fiction or nonfiction classified as 'life writing'.\nThere are two Kibble awards; the major Kibble Award, worth $20,000 and the Dobbie encouragement award, valued at $2500.\nIn 2008 Adelaide-based Carol Lefevre, who left school at 16 to sing in a rock band, won the Kibble Award for her first novel, Nights in the Asylum. Karen Foxlee, a nurse-turned-author from Gympie in Queensland, snared the Dobbie encouragement award for her debut work, The Anatomy of Wings.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nita-bernice-kibble\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-sic-nurse-takes-out-prize\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Nita May Dobbie Literary Award", "Entry ID": "AWE0139", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nita-may-dobbie-literary-award\/", "Type": "Award", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "This award was established in 1992 in memory of Nita May Dobbie, a librarian and research officer.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jessie Street National Women's Library", "Entry ID": "AWE0187", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-national-womens-library\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The Jessie Street National Women's Library is a specialist library which aims to promote awareness of the cultural heritage of Australian women. It includes a library and archival collection which focus on issues of importance to women, as well as documenting the lives and experiences of women. Its collection of books was founded by a donation of 500 feminist books. The collection now includes feminist journals, an oral history collection, fiction, posters and archival materials.\n", "Details": "Street address: Ultimo Community Centre 523-525 Harris Street Ultimo (crn Harris & William Henry Streets)\nPostal address: GPO Box 2656 Sydney NSW 2001\nTel: (02) 9571 5359\nEmail: info@nationalwomenslibrary.org\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-jessie-street-national-womens-library\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-fleming-arnot-personal-and-professional-papers-1890-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irina-dunn-further-papers-1943-1994\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ex-Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (NSW)", "Entry ID": "AWE0390", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ex-womens-royal-australian-naval-service-nsw\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Ex-Armed services organisation", "Summary": "On 28 June 1963 a Steering Foundation Committee was formed to set up an association for members who had served in the WRANS. The Ex-Women's Royal Australian Naval Service was established on 20 September 1963.\nThe Association aims to provide social contact and to look after the welfare of members through self-help funding.\nMembership of the Association is available to any female who served with the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS) as well as female Navy sailors since 1985.\nAt the end of the World War II (the last wartime WRAN was discharged in 1948) ex-personnel set about re-establishing their lives in peacetime. For many this involved raising a family. By 1963, almost 20 years after the war's end, a group of 'girls' found that there was still a common bond (from the war years) between them and decided to place an advertisement in the North Shore Times about plans to start an association.\nOnce established, monthly meetings were held, for many years, at \"Johnny's\" Naval House at Grosvenor Street Sydney. The area known as the ground floor \"Snake Pit\" and the \"Wrannery\" on the first floor were popular meeting places. An open invitation was extended to 'country girls' to attend meetings when they were in Sydney.\nDuring the 1980s Johnny's Naval House was refurbished and now houses the Sydney Futures Exchange. Meetings were moved to the Gallipoli Club and later the City of Sydney RSL. Meetings are still held here on the second Friday of each month, 3rd Floor, City of Sydney RSL, 565 George St at 1300 hrs. Any Ex-Wran, or serving sailor is most welcome.\nThe Association produces a magazine (six times per year) The 'Ditty Box' through which information is disseminated. Members are advised of the changes in conditions\/benefits and entitlements available from the Department of Veterans' Affairs. Also listed are social functions and news, as well as changes to the contact registry.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-ex-womens-australian-naval-service-assoc-nsw\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ex-womens-australian-naval-service-assoc-nsw\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "New South Wales Army Nursing Service Reserve (NSWANSR)", "Entry ID": "AWE0398", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/new-south-wales-army-nursing-service-reserve-nswansr\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Armed services organisation", "Summary": "The Army Nursing Service Reserve was established in 1899 and attached to the New South Wales Army Medical Corps. This was the first official female army nurses' organisation in the Australian colonies. Nurse Nellie Gould was appointed lady superintendent of the Reserve. On the 17 January 1900 Nurse Gould left with thirteen nursing sisters to serve in the Boer War as part of the British Army. The nursing contingent returned to Australia in 1902. The Reserve was replaced by the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS), that was formed post Federation.\n", "Details": "New South Wales Army Medical Corps attached to Imperial Draft Contingent - Roll of individuals entitled to the South Africa Medal and Clasps:\n\nGould, Ellen Julia - Lady Superintendent\nJohnstone, Julia Bligh - Superintendent\nAustin, Anne - Sister\nFrater, Penelope - Sister\nGarden, Anna Gardiner - Sister\nHoadley, Emily - Sister\nLister, Elizabeth Ward - Sister\nMartin, Marion Philippe - Sister\nMatchett, Annie L - Sister\nNewton, Nancy - Sister\nNixon, Elizabeth - Sister\nPocock, Mary Annie - Sister\nSteel, Mabel - Sister\nWoodward, Theresa E - Sister\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guns-and-brooches-australian-army-nursing-from-the-boer-war-to-the-gulf-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/just-wanted-to-be-there-australian-service-nurses-1899-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nominal-rolls-and-lists-of-medals-and-clasps-for-new-south-wales-military-forces-who-served-in-boer-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/informal-portrait-of-three-nurses-who-accompanied-the-second-contingent-to-the-boer-war-as-members-of-the-nsw-army-medical-corps\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian Women's Army Service Association (NSW)", "Entry ID": "AWE0433", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-army-service-association-nsw\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Ex-Armed services organisation", "Summary": "The Australian Women's Army Service Association (NSW) was established in Sydney, New South Wales, in 1948 for the purpose of organising an Australian Women's Army Service reunion. This became an annual event held at various venues and organised by a number of committees over the years.\n", "Details": "The Association was born of an informal meeting held in 1948 for the purpose of organising an Australian Women's Army Service reunion. This became an annual event held at various venues and organised by a number of committees over the years.\nIn 1950 it was proposed that any profit accruing from the reunion should be used to establish a fund with a view to forming an AWAS Association. At the final meeting of the 1954 Reunion Committee, it was advised that the AWAS Association was now a registered charity organisation and in future would be known as AWAS Reunions (NSW). It would work on behalf of the Women's Wing of the War Veterans' Home.\nBy 1956, due to lack of interest, the Chief Secretary's Department was advised that it was impossible to convene an Annual General Meeting and suggested that the registration of the AWAS Reunions (NSW) should no longer be continued, as it was not possible to abide by the Constitution originally submitted.\nNonetheless, the annual reunions continued and were well attended. On 19 February 1960, a meeting was held and a draft of a proposed new Constitution was read. It was decided to circulate copies at the 1960 Reunion and, at a meeting held the following year, it was resolved that the Constitution or Rules of the Association, as circulated, would become effective as from 17 February 1961.\nThe reunions continued each year at the Anthony Horderns Gallery. 1962 was a special year, being the 21st Anniversary of the formation of the Service, and this engendered much interest amongst those who served in the AWAS. Over 200 ladies had to be turned away from the reunion due to lack of space. A new venue was needed.\nCollections were always held at the reunion and over the years many needy causes benefited from the money given. As a special effort to mark the 21st Anniversary, a tree planting ceremony was arranged. An Australian Gum - Lemon Eucalyptus, was planted in Hyde Park on the western side of the War Memorial by Miss Joyce Whitworth (an AWAS Senior Officer), in the presence of Lt-General Sir John Northcott. A suitable plaque was placed beside the tree.\nFormer members of the AWAS had been marching since 1946 in the Anzac Day March, and activities on this day had been organised by Mrs Amy Taylor. Each year more joined the ranks and soon Anzac Day became the second big event on the ex-AWAS calendar.\nIn 1965 the format for the Annual Reunion was changed from a buffet meal to a sit-down dinner. This was a year of special interest to the AWAS Association, bringing as it did the announcement that Mr (later Sir) Roden Cutler had been appointed Governor of New South Wales. The AWAS were particularly pleased, as the Governor's wife - Lady Helen Cutler (n\u00e9e Miss Helen Morris), had been a member of their organisation. Congratulations and good wishes were sent, followed by a letter asking if Lady Cutler would accept Patronage of the Association and attend the Silver Anniversary Reunion on 28 October 1966. Both requests were accepted.\n1967 saw the introduction of the AWAS Association badge. An amendment was passed this same year at the Annual General Meeting, altering the Constitution to include the words \"(New South Wales)\" in the Association title.\nIn 1962 the word \"Anniversary\" was used for the first time because it was the 25th year since the formation of the Service. Each subsequent Reunion has been known as \"\u2026 Anniversary Reunion\", the 30th being held in 1971.\nAt the Annual General Meeting held on 23 March 1972, Miss Joyce Whitworth stood down as President after 13 years in the Chair and a new executive was elected with Mrs Amy Taylor as President. On 4 September 1972 the AWAS Association (NSW) was registered under the Charitable Collections Act and received a new Certificate of Registration under the title of AWAS Association (NSW). A Welfare Trust Fund was approved with administrators to be the President, Secretary and Treasurer of the Association, with any two of these as signatories on all Trust Fund cheques.\nA new President, Miss Joan Lethbridge, was elected in 1974. Plans went ahead for a new Banner to be ready for the 1975 Anzac Day march. Miss Lethbridge remained President for four years. In 1978 Mrs Amy Taylor was again elected President and still holds this position.\nThe AWAS Association (NSW) has gone from strength to strength over the years. This is mainly due to the hard working ladies who have served on the Executives and Committees. With the membership over the 1000 mark, the Association is the largest ex-Servicewomen's organisation in NSW. The Association was a foundation member of the Council of Ex-Servicewomen's Assns (NSW) and supported this organisation with the Building of \"Friendship Court\", 12 units within the complex of the War Veterans' Retirement Village at Narrabeen. The money that was raised came from all centres of the State.\nThe magazine Khaki, which is posted to all financial members, has become a very popular means of communication with members, particularly those in country areas. Khaki gives the members a chance to share in the activities of the Association.\nWelfare is a very time consuming job and the Welfare Officer, with a good knowledge of the numerous and frequently changing pension systems, ably attends to those who seek help. As members grow older, the burden on the Welfare Department increases, but committee members assist with hospital visiting, while numerous fund raising efforts over the years and donations from members have ensured that any call for welfare could be met without financial worry. The Association was able to finance the publishing of Women in Khaki, a book written by a member of the AWAS about the Service.\nMembership is growing as ex-Australian Women's Army Servicewomen seek the fellowship of their own kind: this spirit of friendship, born during the service days, has never died.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/khaki-australian-womens-army-service-association-nsw\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/khaki-clad-and-glad-30-years-after\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/copy-photographic-prints-of-the-australian-womens-army-service-association-new-south-wales-activities-during-world-war-ii\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-army-service-association-nsw-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Council of Action for Equal Pay", "Entry ID": "AWE0499", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/council-of-action-for-equal-pay\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Social action organisation", "Summary": "The Council of Action for Equal Pay (CAEP) functioned as a single issue pressure group with affiliates from trade unions and women's organisations. Its primary aim was to agitate for the implementation of equal pay through the dissemination of information and to support individual organisations in their fight for equal pay. Its formation marked the first conscious movement for equal pay in Australia. Muriel Heagney, a strong advocate of 'the rate for the job' was influential in its establishment and was the driving force of the organisation as its honorary secretary-treasurer from 1939 until its demise.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gender-class-and-work-the-council-of-action-for-equal-pay-campaign-in-australia-during-world-war-11\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/muriel-heagney-and-the-council-of-action-for-equal-pay-1937-1948\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/feminism-and-class-a-study-of-two-sydney-womens-organisations-during-the-great-depression-and-second-world-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1936-1968-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jobs for Women Campaigns", "Entry ID": "AWE0639", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jobs-for-women-campaigns\/", "Type": "Event", "Birth Place": "Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The first Jobs for Women Campaign in Wollongong, New South Wales commenced during the early 1970s. At the time mining companies of the area traditionally employed men. The women of Wollongong campaigned for the right to be employed in the steelworker positions at Australian Iron and Steel, a subsidiary of BHP. During the campaign women chained themselves to the fences of the steelworks, distributed leaflets and dressed as men to complete a shift. The campaign set a precedent for the employment of women in all non-traditional areas of work, when BHP commenced employing women in the industry.\nThe economic circumstances of the 1980s made the women launch the Jobs for Women Action Campaign. Once again they circulated leaflets - in six languages, established a \"Tent Embassy,\" appealed to the NSW Counsellor for Equal Opportunity and won a court case under the NSW Anti-Discrimination Act.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sally-bowen\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-women-of-wollongong\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Female Orphan Institution", "Entry ID": "AWE0703", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/female-orphan-institution\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The Female Orphan School was set up in George Street, Sydney, by Governor King in 1801 to house destitute young girls. When it was officially opened on 17 August, 1801, 31 girls aged between the ages of 7 and 14 were in residence. By 1829 the population had grown to 152 and included some Aboriginal children. On 30 April, 1850 the Male Orphan School, which had been relocated at Liverpool in 1823 was closed. The remaining residents moved to the Female Orphan School site at Parramatta and the two establishments amalgamated to form the Protestant Orphan School, which operated until 1886.\n", "Details": "The Female Orphan Institution (also known as the Female Orphan School) was established in 1800 by Governor King to care for orphaned and abandoned children in the colony of NSW. Located in Lieutenant William Kent's house in George Street, Sydney, the orphanage was supported financially by port duties and the income generated from allocated parcels of land (a secular equivalent of the glebe). When it was officially opened on 17 August, 1801 31 girls aged between the ages of 7 and 14 were in residence. The girls were taught spinning and sewing and some were taught reading and writing. Evidence given by Governor Bligh to the British Select Committee on Transportation in 1812 suggested that there was little emphasis on education, and that the Institution had instead become a clothing factory and a source of domestic servants for colonial households.\nIn 1813 Governor Macquarie laid the foundation stone for the new Female Orphan Institution, a grand, purpose-built building on the northern bank of the Parramatta River. It was opened to pupils in 1818. The George Street, Sydney site became the Male Orphan School.\nBy 1829 the female orphanage housed 152 girls from a cross-section of colonial society-including Aboriginal communities-though most girls had convict parents or mothers. Many had one parent living. Girls were accepted from two years of age (lowered from the original age limit of five), they received a basic education and were placed as domestic servants at thirteen.\nSupervision of the orphanage was initially the responsibility of a voluntary committee of distinguished individuals appointed by the Governor-magistrates, government officials, clergy and settlers. The first committee was comprised of two Anglican Chaplains, Rev. Samuel Marsden and Rev. Richard Johnson, Mrs King (the Governor's wife) and Mrs Paterson (wife of the Lieutenant- Governor), the surgeon William Balmain and John Harris, surgeon, magistrate and officer-in-charge of police. In March 1926, the management, care and superintendence of both the Male and Female Orphan Schools became the responsibility of the Clergy and School Lands Corporation. From 1833 the Female and Male Orphan Schools continued under the control of the Colonial Secretary.\nA resident Matron (and her husband, the Master) was responsible for the daily management of the orphanage. The first Matron was Mrs John Hosking (1800-1820), followed by Mary Collicott, Susannah Matilda Ward (1821-) and Sarah Sweetman (1823-1824). The Wesleyan missionary William Walker and his wife Cordelia Walker (nee Hassall) took up the positions in 1825, bringing with them a number of girls from the Blacktown Aboriginal settlement, where they had previously worked. They resigned following difficulties with Archdeacon Scott, the official Visitor of colonial schools, and were succeeded in mid-1827 by the Reverend Charles Pleydell Neale Wilton and his wife. Wilton was succeeded in turn by Captain Alexander Martin, RN, and his wife.\nOn 30 April, 1850 the Male Orphan School, which had been relocated at Liverpool in 1823 was closed. The remaining residents moved to the Female Orphan School site at Parramatta and the two establishments amalgamated to form the Protestant Orphan School.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/children-of-the-back-lanes-destitute-and-neglected-children-in-colonial-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-education-and-care-of-destitute-orphan-neglected-and-delinquent-children-in-new-south-wales-1801-1890-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tears-often-shed-child-health-and-welfare-in-australia-from-1788\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-female-orphan-school-paramatta-the-influence-of-location\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/family-policy-and-orphan-schools-in-early-colonial-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/parramattas-female-orphan-institution-mary-collicott-the-convicts-well-born-wife\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-female-orphan-institution-1814-rydalmere-hospital-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/agency-detail-female-orphan-school\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nsw-orphan-school-index-1817-1833\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lilias-stuart-humphreys-collection-ca-1800-1987-compiled-ca-1960-1987\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-rachel-roxburgh-1794-1896-bulk-1960-1986-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/view-of-female-orphan-school-near-parramatta-1st-june-1825\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Institute of Sisters of Mercy of Australia", "Entry ID": "AWE0704", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/institute-of-sisters-of-mercy-of-australia\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Religious organisation", "Summary": "The Institute of Sisters of Mercy of Australia evolved from the seventeen individual congregations operating in Australia before 1981. It forms part of the world-wide network of Mercy Sisters. Catherine McAuley founded the Sisters of Mercy in Dublin, Ireland in 1841. In 1846 the Sisters of Mercy came to Australia. Ursula Frayne, a friend of Catherine McAuley, arrived with six Sisters and settled in Perth , Western Australia, later moving to Melbourne. By 1954 the seventeen distinct autonomous groups had emerged through the processes of amalgamation and division. In 1953 eight of the autonomous groups formed the Australian Union of Sisters of Mercy, and in 1957 the remaining nine groups joined to form the Australian Federation of the Sisters of Mercy, which by 1981 became the Institute of Sisters of Mercy of Australia. The Mercy Sisters describe this structure as 'a unique mode of governance continuing to express the traditional Mercy thrust towards decentralisation and unity but giving a clearer sign of the equally strong concern for a deep unity of spirit.' The Sisters of Mercy are committed to those most vulnerable in our society and wish to share God's loving kindness with others.\n", "Details": "The Congregations are located in Adelaide, S.A., Ballarat East, Vic., Bathurst, N.S.W., Brisbane, Q'land, Cairns, Q'land, Goulburn N.S.W., Grafton, N.S.W., Gunnedah N.S.W., Melbourne, Vic., North Sydney, N.S.W., Parramatta, N.S.W., Perth, W.A., Rockhampton, Q'land, Singleton, N.S.W., Townsville, Q'land, West Perth, W.A., Wilcannia-Forbes, N.S.W. and Papua New Guinea.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-advent-of-the-sisters-of-mercy-bathurst-1866\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/centenary-the-sisters-of-mercy-south-australia-1880-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-labourers-friends-sisters-of-mercy-in-victoria-and-tasmania\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/institute-of-sisters-of-mercy-of-australia-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-delicate-balance-pictures-reflecting-the-living-and-working-of-the-sisters-of-mercy-north-sydney-1865-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/centenary-of-sisters-of-mercy-branxton-greta-parish-1886-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beginnings-1902-2002-100-years-of-the-sisters-of-mercy-and-catholic-secondary-education-in-shepparton\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/music-on-the-hill-one-hundred-years-of-the-sisters-of-mercy-and-catholic-education-casterton-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-sisters-of-mercy-in-the-south-east-1880-1980-a-local-history-of-the-sisters-of-mercy-in-the-south-east-of-south-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/valiant-women-letters-from-the-foundation-sisters-of-mercy-in-western-australia-1845-1849\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beyond-our-dreams-a-century-of-the-works-of-mercy-in-queensland\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/channels-of-mercy-a-history-of-mercy-schools-in-the-south-west-of-western-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/held-in-our-hearts-a-story-of-the-sisters-of-mercy-of-the-goulburn-congregation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/these-women-women-religious-in-the-history-of-australia-the-sisters-of-mercy-parramatta-1888-1988\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ursula-frayne-a-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-federation-of-the-sisters-of-mercy-of-australia-community-organisation-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/institute-of-sisters-of-mercy-of-australia-community-organisation-records\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "The Grail", "Entry ID": "AWE0709", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-grail\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Religious organisation", "Summary": "The Grail is an international women's movement , which describes itself as 'a spiritual, cultural and social movement of women grounded in Christian faith and committed to the vision of a world transformed into a global community of justice and peace'. It was established in Sydney in 1937 after the arrival in 1936 of members of the Women of Nazareth, an international lay Catholic women's organisation with its headquarters in The Netherlands. It sought a new and significant role for lay women Catholics in the church. In the view of Sally Kennedy, author of Faith and Feminism, ( Sydney 1985), 'it combined a strong sense of women's potential in the Catholic Church with a realistic appraisal of women's powerlessness in it, and a high level of pragmatism to overcome this'. Its original focus was on the concept of specialised long-term training of youth leaders. Its focus is now 'upon women's education and personal development, on social and cultural critical analysis and organised action grounded in conviction'. It has centres in Sydney and Melbourne.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-and-feminism-catholic-womens-struggles-for-self-expression\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/truly-feminine-truly-catholic-a-history-of-the-catholic-womens-league-in-the-archdiocese-of-sydney-1913-87\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-breaking-boundaries-a-grail-journey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-grail-records\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Youth and Education Services, Australian Red Cross", "Entry ID": "AWE0717", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/youth-and-education-services-australian-red-cross\/", "Type": "Concept", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The Australian Junior Red Cross was founded in New South Wales in August 1918 by Mrs Eleanor MacKinnon, initially with the aim of involving children in the support of recuperating soldiers who were using existing Red Cross facilities, and then extending to concern about the needs of the children of soldiers. Over the years, the Junior Movement's aims have evolved to focus on the development of an humanitarian ethos amongst young people, through education programs, and activities that encourage active citizenship and community participation.\n", "Details": "The Australian Junior Red Cross shares the honour, with Canada, of being the first of their kind. Established in August 1914, the Australian Junior Red Cross was founded by Mrs Eleanor MacKinnon in New South Wales. Initially Juniors supported soldiers using existing Red Cross facilities. Gradually the movement supported children of soldiers, children who were sick, and children in need in their own right. The first movements were formed with the aims of improving health, preventing disease and mitigating suffering. This increasingly extended to personal health, an ethos of citizenship and service, and international friendship, over the years.\n The School Circles of the Junior Red Cross, run by their own office-bearers and led by a patron, were affiliated to their nearest branch of the British Red Cross Society. In 1919, the Junior Red Cross received a national mention through the annual report of the New South Wales Division. In the 1930s, all States became involved and membership expanded. With more than 120,000 members in 1936, a national publication was planned, a \"Younger Set\" ran recreational clubs, and the Junior Red Cross was providing children's homes and an almoner for patient after-care, depending on the State.\nThe Junior Red Cross expanded in World War II, again contributing to soldiers' comfort. By 1946, plans were underway for a national secretary of the Junior Red Cross and a Links of Service to retain school graduates. By 1964, the Junior Red Cross was thriving in Papua New Guinea, then an Australian territory, and had a branch of the air in Western Australia. In the 1970s, it changed its name to Red Cross Youth and sought to make young people more central to the organisation as a whole, leading to greater Asian-Pacific and international initiatives. In 1995, Junior Red Cross and the Student Community Initiative Project became part of the new Youth and Education Service (YES) Department. Focusing on people under 30 years of age, the Department currently encompasses Red Cross Community Action, the Red Cross Community Challenge, the Red Cross Community Leaders Program and the Youth Connect Unit. Youth is a focus of Strategy 2005.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-red-cross-society-reports\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/50-years-service-to-humanity\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-more-things-changethe-australian-red-cross-1914-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/look-what-you-started-henry-a-history-of-the-australian-red-cross-1914-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/report-to-the-21st-international-conference-istanbul\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/publications-junior-red-cross-and-australian-red-cross-youth\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-reports-of-the-australian-red-cross\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/minutes-and-meeting-papers-national-council\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-reports-of-red-cross-divisions-and-blood-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/junior-red-cross-and-australian-red-cross-youth-records\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Girl's Realm of Service and Good Fellowship", "Entry ID": "AWE0739", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/girls-realm-of-service-and-good-fellowship\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Social support organisation", "Summary": "The Girl's Realm of Service and Good Fellowship was an Australian branch of a Guild founded in London in 1900. Its main aim was to encourage girls to help other girls. In 1934 their stated aim was to assist girls who show promise and ability to undertake an approved course of training when lack of means from any other source would prevent them from so equipping themselves. The Guild ceased to exist in 1976 and donated its assets to the University of New South Wales for a scholarship.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-guild-gazette-the-official-organ-of-the-girls-realm-guild-of-service-and-goodfellowship-in-n-s-w\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/girls-realm-guild-of-service-and-good-fellowship-records-1890-1976\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Catholic Women's League, Archdiocese of Sydney", "Entry ID": "AWE0750", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/catholic-womens-league-archdiocese-of-sydney\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Social support organisation", "Summary": "The Catholic Women's League was established in 1913 as the Catholic Women's Association,(later became the Legion of Catholic Women in 1941 and in 1959 the Catholic Women's League). Its aim was to provide Catholic women of Sydney with a broader society, one which crossed parish boundaries and provided them with a focus for social life. As it evolved, the Parish branches became the power base, with women contributing to parish life as Catechists, Eucharistic Ministers, through hospital visitation, care and support groups, welcoming committees, discussion groups and fundraising. The Catholic Women's League continues to provide a voice for Catholic women in Church and society by addressing social and moral issues affecting family life, particularly women and children. It is affiliated with the Catholic Women's League Australia Inc.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/truly-feminine-truly-catholic-a-history-of-the-catholic-womens-league-in-the-archdiocese-of-sydney-1913-87\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-catholic-womens-league-the-first-twenty-five-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/catholic-womens-league-sydney-faith-fellowship-fun\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/catholic-womens-league-archdiocese-of-sydney-records\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women and the Australian Church (WATAC)", "Entry ID": "AWE0780", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-and-the-australian-church-watac\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Kurri Kurri, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Religious organisation", "Summary": "Women and the Australian Church was established in 1984 as a means of changing the understanding of the role of women in the Australian church and in society. It was initiated by the women Religious within the Catholic church and has been supported ideologically and to some extent financially by the Religious Orders of both men and women. It has developed into a network of local and regional groups in the various states of Australia. Men are included in the membership. Although Catholic by origin, it encourages membership from other religious denominations.\n", "Details": "On its establishment as a national project of the Religious women and men of Australia, Women and the Australian Church Inc (WATAC) nominated the primary task to be consciousness raising of women on Christian feminist issues. It has a membership of approximately 2000. WATAC is committed to 'a participative, inclusive model of church which commits women to work towards new forms of partnership with men and with each other in the church', and to 'the emergence of the feminine as intrinsic to an understanding of God, to human wholeness and thereby to church renewal'. The name, WATAC emerged from the ideas of the founding committee who wanted to include all women regardless of whether they were active members of an institutional church.\nSeparate groups operate in the Australian states and territories.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/woman-and-man-one-in-christ-jesus-report-on-the-participation-of-women-in-the-catholic-church-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-and-the-australian-church-records\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Benevolent Society of New South Wales", "Entry ID": "AWE0880", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/benevolent-society-of-new-south-wales\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Welfare organisation", "Summary": "The Benevolent Society of New South Wales was the first charitable organisation to be established in Australia. It aims were 'to relieve the poor, the distressed, the aged, the infirm,' to discourage begging and to 'encourage industrious habits' among the poor and to provide them with religious instruction. In 1820 a Ladies Committee was established to attend cases of poor married women during their confinement. This service marked the beginning of the District Nursing service in Australia. In line with the changing needs of pregnant women, the Benevolent Society built and opened the Royal Hospital for Women in 1905 and was responsible for its administration until 1992 when it handed it over to the state government. The Society continues to work in the field of social welfare in New South Wales.\n", "Details": "In 1823 the initial Ladies' Committee severed its connection with the Benevolent Society and continued to operate as a separate society. By 1878 the Benevolent Society had appointed a Ladies' Committee to assume responsibility for interviewing all applicants for admission to the Asylum, which had been established in 1821. \nAfter incorporation of the Society in 1902, the first board of directors included three women, the first to be elected to the Board of Management. They were Mrs Binney, a subscribers' representative, Mrs Buzacott and Mrs Cruickshank, government nominees. Lady Renwick was president of the Ladies' Committee while her husband, Sir Arthur Renwick was the president of the Benevolent Society.\nThe Ladies' Committee had suggested the name of Royal Hospital for Women and had been responsible for furnishing the new hospital together with funds from individual donors. Nevertheless, by 1913 the Society decided to disband the Ladies' Committee believing it had outlived its usefulness. The official reason for its demise was that the executive powers that the Ladies' Committee sought were not provided for under the Act of Incorporation. The real reason appeared to be their interference in the day to day operation of the hospital, which had caused tension between the matron, the medical staff and the Committee. The longest serving member of the Committee, Mrs N Paton was co-opted on to the Board of the Society as a director.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-very-present-help-caring-for-australians-since-1813-the-history-of-the-benevolent-society-of-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-records-of-the-benevolent-society-of-new-south-wales-1813-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-development-of-the-benevolent-sydney-asylum-1788-1855\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/povertys-prison-the-poor-in-new-south-wales-1880-1918\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/benevolent-society-of-new-south-wales-records-1813-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/benevolent-society-of-new-south-wales-records-1813-1995-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dr-ian-cope-papers-relating-to-the-history-of-the-royal-hospital-for-women-paddington-the-historical-committees-of-the-benevolent-society-of-new-south-wales-and-the-royal-hospital-for-women-and-the\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Commission for Australian Catholic Women", "Entry ID": "AWE0926", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/commission-for-australian-catholic-women\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Social action organisation", "Summary": "The Commission for Australian Catholic Women (CACW) was established on the recommendation of the Report on the Participation of Women in the Catholic Church in Australia, which was presented to the Australia Catholic Bishops Conference on 12 April 1999. Its aim is to promote the participation of women in the Catholic Church of Australia. Its commissioners include representatives from Adelaide, Sydney, Ballarat, Melbourne, Whyalla, Perth and Mt Isa. The Commission meets four times annually and works to facilitate the decisions and proposals of the Bishops to build a more inclusive church. The inaugural Chair of the Commission was Geraldine Hawkes.\n", "Details": "The purpose of the Commission is to act as a focal point for ongoing dialogue and integration of ideas relating to women and their participation in the Catholic Church in Australia, and assist in the implementation of the decisions and recommendations concerning the participation of women in the Catholic Church in Australia. It has responsibility also for assisting in the implementation of the recommendations arising in response to the publication Woman and Man: One in Christ Jesus, a report on the participation of women in the Catholic Church in Australia by the Australian Catholic Bishops' Conference.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/woman-and-man-one-in-christ-jesus-report-on-the-participation-of-women-in-the-catholic-church-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/history-of-the-commission-for-australian-catholic-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/commission-for-australian-catholic-women-records\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Golding Centre for Women's History, Theology and Spirituality", "Entry ID": "AWE0944", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/golding-centre-for-womens-history-theology-and-spirituality\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Tertiary education institution", "Summary": "The Golding Centre for Women's History, Theology and Spirituality was established in April 2003 on the initiative of Dr Sophie McGrath and Dr Rosa MacGinley who understood the necessity of providing a sound academic basis for the Catholic Church's response to the need for Catholic women to recover their history, theology and spirituality. The Centre comprises a three member team with members based on the campuses of McAuley-Banyo (Queensland), Mt Saint Mary (New South Wales), and St Patrick's (Victoria). A multi-disciplinary centre, it is situated within the Institute for the Advancement of Research with outreach to the various appropriate Schools within the University faculties.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/summary-history-of-the-golding-centre\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/golding-centre-for-womens-history-theology-and-spirituality-records\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sydney Female Refuge Society", "Entry ID": "AWE0961", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sydney-female-refuge-society\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Welfare organisation, Women's refuge", "Summary": "The Sydney Female Refuge Society was established in 1848 and had premises in Pitt St and at Glebe. It aimed to assist prostitutes abandon their work by cutting them off from the world and by requiring them to conform to the aims and practices of the institution. The middle-class Ladies' Committee enforced strict moral codes coupled with religious instruction to rehabilitate the Refuge inmates. By providing them with laundering and needlework skills they were enabling them to find alternative work once they left, but at the same time required them to work at those tasks while at the Refuge. The minimum period of stay was eighteen months, although the actual time inmates stayed varied.\n", "Details": "Although nominally under the control of men, in practice the Society was administered by women. Constitutionally the Ladies' Committee was an 'advisory body', but became increasingly powerful and by 1870 the women were firmly entrenched and resisted encroachment on to their sphere. In accordance with Protestant evangelical ideas all members of the Ladies' Committee were required to be married as a way of presenting to the inmates of the refuge the ideal of the respectable marriage.\nThe tasks of the Ladies' Committee were numerous. For example two women visited the refuge twice a week; four met as a subcommittee each week and all met once a month. The Ladies' Committee employed and determined the salaries of all the employees, for example a matron, teacher, bible woman and laundress, supervised their work and made all the decisions affecting the domestic economy of the refuge. They decided upon the admission and discharge of each inmate, found work for those who required it on discharge and supervised the progress of each inmate. The Men's Committee produced the annual reports, ran the annual meetings and the subscriptions were generally made in the husbands' names only.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sectarianism-and-purity-within-the-womans-sphere-sydney-refuges-during-the-late-nineteenth-century\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-annual-report-of-the-sydney-female-refuge-society\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/philanthropy-and-the-womans-sphere-sydney-1870-circa-1900\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sydney-female-refuge-society-records-1863-1911\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Infants' Home (Ashfield, New South Wales)", "Entry ID": "AWE0965", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/infants-home-ashfield-new-south-wales\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Ashfield, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Social support organisation, Welfare organisation", "Summary": "Originally established as the Sydney Foundling Hospital in 1874, it became the Infants' Home in 1877. It assumed responsibility for the care of infants of single mothers and destitute parents and provided a temporary home for the mothers. Its management comprised an all female Board until 1973, when the first male joined. It was the first organisation to move from residential care to long day care in the early 1970s and the third family day care scheme to commence operations in New South Wales. The Family Centre of Early Intervention commenced in 1978.\n", "Details": "The members of the first committee comprised Mrs E B Parnell, President, Mrs Julia Bensusan, Secretary, Mrs G F Wise, Treasurer, Mrs (later Lady) E Deas Thomson ( daughter of Governor Bourke and wife of the Colonial Secretary), Lady Murray, Mrs Henry Moore, Mrs Fischer, Mrs Alexander, Mrs Holt, Mrs John Smith and Mrs St John. Mrs John Eales, Mrs Goodenough and Mrs Dumaresq joined in the first year.\nRules for admission to the institution were laid down by July 1874. They required firstly for each application to be dealt with on its merits; secondly, for the infant to be no older than three months; thirdly for the mother to produce satisfactory evidence of her previous respectability and fourthly there had to be proof that the father had deserted the baby and be beyond the reach of the law to enforce him to support it.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/betrayed-and-forsaken-the-official-history-of-the-infants-home-ashfield-founded-in-1874-as-the-sydney-foundling-institution\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/happenings-at-home\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/infants-home-ashfield-constitution-and-rules\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/infants-home-ashfield-n-s-w-records-1874-1966\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sydney Home Nursing Service", "Entry ID": "AWE0972", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sydney-home-nursing-service\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Social support organisation", "Summary": "The Sydney District Nursing Association was established in 1900 on the initiative of the Anglican Christian Social Union, which considered the care of the sick to be part of its Christian responsibility. It supplied trained nurses to visit the sick and poor in their own homes. In 1906 it made the decision to co-operate with other religious organisations, thereby becoming a non-denominational association. By 1935 the Association was incorporated as a second schedule hospital, governed by a board of directors appointed by the Government. The Association expanded rapidly after 1956 with the passing of the Home Nursing Subsidy Act with the result that by 1967 decentralisation of the service was a priority. The name was changed to the Sydney Home Nursing Service in 1967. The Sydney Home Nursing Service is the largest single organisation in New South Wales delivering community nursing care.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/going-the-extra-mile-a-pictorial-history-of-the-sydney-home-nursing-service-1900-2000\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/history-of-home-nursing-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1985-special-article-history-of-home-nursing-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sydney-district-nursing-association-records-1904-1982\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australasian Trained Nurses' Association", "Entry ID": "AWE0973", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australasian-trained-nurses-association\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Trade Union", "Summary": "The Australasian Trained Nurses' Association (ATNA), Australia's first nursing association, was formed in New South Wales in 1899, with branches subsequently established in Queensland in 1904, South Australia in 1905, Western Australia in 1907 and Tasmania in 1908. It sought to improve the status of nurses through registration and to develop standards of training in hospital schools of nursing. The Association commenced publication of its journal entitled Australasian Nurses' Journal, (ANJ) in 1904. The state branches eventually came to form branches of the Australian Nursing Federation, which was established in 1924.\n", "Details": "The specific objects of the Australasian Trained Nurses' Association were:\n1. To promote the interests of trained nurses in all matters affecting their work as a class.\n2. To establish a system of registration for trained nurses.\n3. To afford opportunities for discussing subjects bearing on the work of nursing.\n4. To initiate and control schemes that will provide nurses with an allowance 'during incapacity for work caused by sickness, accident, age or other necessitous circumstances'.\nThe Association began in the larger training hospitals on the initiative of senior medical practitioners and nurses. It comprised an annually elected Council of seventeen members, including five qualified medical practitioners, five matrons or superintendents of nurses, five sisters and nurses, with two honorary members.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-pursuit-of-nursing-excellence-a-history-of-the-royal-college-of-nursing-australia-1949-99\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/labour-of-love-the-history-of-the-nurses-association-in-queensland-1860-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australasian-trained-nurses-association-records-1899-1976%e2%86%b5%e2%86%b5%e2%86%b5%e2%86%b5%e2%86%b5title-australasian-trained-nurses-association-records-1899-1976\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/royal-victorian-college-of-nursing-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "New South Wales Bush Nursing Association", "Entry ID": "AWE0976", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/new-south-wales-bush-nursing-association\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Membership organisation", "Summary": "The New South Wales Bush Nursing Association was formed in 1911 on the initiative of Lady Dudley, wife of the Australian Governor-General. She enlisted the support of the National Council of Women in her strategy to organise an effective nursing service in rural areas. Under vice-regal patronage the Association was assured of success, with the state government providing the first subsidy in 1912. It was disbanded in 1975 when the Health Commission took over management of the Bush Nursing Centres and most were converted to Community Health Centres.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-bush-nursing-journal\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-report-16\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/memorandum-of-association-and-articles-of-association-of-the-n-s-w-bush-nursing-association\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/n-s-w-bush-nursing-association-records-and-pictorial-material-1911-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1937-1944-relating-to-the-service-of-ray-alberta-cross-with-the-new-south-wales-bush-nursing-association-with-newspaper-cutting\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nicholas-enright-printed-material-1924-1936-1959-1989\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian Women's Ski Club", "Entry ID": "AWE0978", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-ski-club\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Sporting Organisation", "Summary": "The Australian Women's Ski Club was founded in Sydney in September 1932 and a Victorian branch was formed in November of the same year. The New South Wales branch was disbanded in March 1963. The Victorian branch continues to operate at Mt Buller, Victoria.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-ski-club-records-1932-1964\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Aboriginal Girls", "Entry ID": "AWE0979", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cootamundra-domestic-training-home-for-aboriginal-girls\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Cootamundra, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Cootamundra, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Training institution", "Summary": "The Cootamundra Home began as the Cootamundra hospital, in operation from 1897 to 1910, and reopened in 1911 as the Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Aboriginal Girls. It was maintained by the Aborigines Welfare Board until 1968 and was then passed over to the care of the NSW Department of Youth and Community Services and eventually closed its doors in 1974.\u00a0 This was the place where Aboriginal girls were placed after forcible removal from their parents under the Aborigines Protection Act of 1909. The idea was to segregate 'part-Aboriginal' children from their families and assimilate them into the mainstream community. The girls were not allowed to remain in any contact with their families, and were later sent to work as domestic servants. The building that housed the Home was later taken over by the Aboriginal Evangelical Fellowship as a Christian vocational, cultural and agricultural training centre called Bimbadeen College.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-aboriginal-australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-history-society-and-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cootamundra-girls-home-four-eras-of-occupation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cootamundra-girls-home-and-former-residents\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cootamundra-girls-home-and-former-residents-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oral-history-of-cootamundra-girls-home\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cootamundra-the-aboriginal-girls-home\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sydney Ladies' Miniature Rifle Club", "Entry ID": "AWE0983", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sydney-ladies-miniature-rifle-club\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Sporting Organisation", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sydney-ladies-miniature-rifle-club-papers-1907-19\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sutherland Waratah Women's Bowling Club", "Entry ID": "AWE0984", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sutherland-waratah-womens-bowling-club\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sutherland, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sutherland, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Sporting Organisation", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joan-stilgoe-n-s-w-r-s-l-later-sutherland-waratah-womens-bowling-club-1963-1995-a-short-history-1998\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Endeavour Women's Inter-club Bowls and Social Club Inc.", "Entry ID": "AWE0985", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/endeavour-womens-inter-club-bowls-and-social-club-inc\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Sporting Organisation", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joan-stilgoe-a-history-of-endeavour-womens-inter-club-bowls-later-endeavour-inter-club-bowls-and-social-club-inc-1962-1995-written-and-compiled-by-joan-and-ralph-stilgoe-2001\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian Comforts Fund", "Entry ID": "AWE0988", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-comforts-fund\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Voluntary organisation", "Summary": "The Australian Comforts Fund was established in August 1916 to co-ordinate the activities of the state based patriotic funds, which were established earlier in World War I. Mainly run by women, they provided and distributed free comforts to the Australian 'fit' fighting men in all the battle zones. They became divisions of the Australian Comforts Fund. The Council of the Fund comprised two delegates from New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland and one from the states of Western Australia, South Australia and Tasmania. The Executive headquarters was located in Sydney. It ceased operation on 10 April 1920 and was reconstituted in World War II in June 1940 and ceased operation again on 27 June 1946.\n", "Details": "The state bodies in World War I were: New South Wales: the 'Citizens' 'War Chest' Fund; Queensland Patriotic Fund; South Australia: League of Loyal Women; Tasmania: 'On Active Service Fund'; Australian Comforts Fund, Victorian Division; Victoria League of Western Australia.\nDuring World War II the state bodies were called : The Lord Mayor's Patriotic and War Fund of New South Wales; the Australian Comforts Fund, Victorian Division; the Australian Comforts Fund, Queensland Division; the Australian Comforts Fund, Tasmanian Division; the Fighting Forces Comforts Fund SA Inc; the Victoria League Camp Comforts Fund ( W A )\nAustralian Comforts Fund commissioners conducted its activities in the field, holding honorary rank as officers of the Army or Air Force.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/proud-story-the-official-history-of-the-australian-comforts-fund\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-history-of-the-australian-comforts-fund-being-the-official-record-of-a-voluntary-civilian-organisation-which-during-the-great-war-1914-1919-and-until-the-return-of-all-the-australian-troops-19\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-comforts-fund-papers-1916-1919\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "The Australian Women's Conference for Victory in War and Victory in Peace", "Entry ID": "AWE1022", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-womens-conference-for-victory-in-war-and-victory-in-peace\/", "Type": "Event", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Conference, Feminist conference", "Summary": "The Australian Women's Conference for Victory in War and Victory in Peace was held in November 1943, organised around the theme 'A War to Win, a World to Gain'. In a feat of organisational excellence, given the restrictions placed on interstate travel during war time, ninety-one women's organisations from around Australia met in Sydney, Australia, to discuss post war reconstruction and the 'problems that will effect women and children in the post war period.' The Australian Women's Charter, which documents the resolutions brought forward during the conference and is considered a landmark feminist manifesto, was an important outcome of the conference.\n", "Details": "Described as 'the largest and most representative feminist conference held until that time', the 1943 Australian Women's Conference for Victory in War and Victory in Peace brought together representatives of over ninety women's organisations across a range of political ideologies to consider the problems of post war reconstruction, and the role of women within the 'new order' when peace returned. Organised by the President of the United Associations of Women, Jessie Street, the conference, held in Sydney, New South Wales in November 1943, has been referred to as 'the high point of feminist solidarity and political mobilisation in the twentieth century'. Organised at a time when planning for peace was a politically bi-partisan priority, the conference addressed the complexity of women's lives and interests but focused on one over-riding question: how would these be advanced in the planning of post war reconstruction? An important outcome of the conference was the development of a charter of rights for women in the post-war world. The Australian Women's Charter, regarded as a land-mark feminist manifesto, was endorsed by the conference and represents a moment in time when Australian women prioritised the single category of gender over other political categories.\nThe conference did not emerge from a vacuum. As early as 1941, the United Associations of Women (U.A.) had begun discussing the needs and roles of women in post war reconstruction. A Women's Forum for Social and Economic Reconstruction was established; this forum held several important discussions. In 1942 the U.A. called a conference to consider 'problems concerning women under war conditions'. Given the wide ranging subject matter which included: the status of Australian girls marrying American troops; the need for canteens in factories and schools; the provision of cr\u00e8ches and kindergartens etc. for the children of working women; the investigation of conditions surrounding rationing and the brownout, the conference attracted a lot of attention and left a lot of matters unresolved.\nThe women of the U.A decided that a national conference was required. A separate committee, comprised of women from the U.A., as well as non-members with connections to a wide range of women's groups, set about organising the conference. Preparation for the conference included consulting with as many women's organisations as possible prior to the conference, in order to amass the resolutions which, when adopted, became the Australian Women's Charter.\nAfter the conference, 20,000 copies of the Charter booklet were distributed to individuals and organisations in Australia and overseas. The Australian Women's Charter Movement was established to provide concrete follow-up activity based on the resolutions outlined in the Charter. State conferences were organised, charter deputations lobbied members of the federal parliament on specific points and a follow up conference was organised in 1946. Representations of fewer organisations attended this conference, held in Sydney, New South Wales, in August 1946, however, there were a number of overseas delegates in attendance. Nevertheless, while it is true that the 1943 conference reflected the politics of unity that accompanied some forms of war-time political activism, the 1946 conference reflected the changes in the global political climate that developed in the post war period. Representatives of some of the more conservative women's organisations had difficulty finding common ground with women like Jessie Street, president of the U.A., given their leftist connections. Maintaining a united feminist front became increasingly difficult as the world plunged into a new, cold war.\nIn order to demonstrate the extent of unity amidst diversity that was present at the conference, the following list names all the organisations that were represented at the conference:\nNew South Wales:\n\nAustral India League\nAustralian Institute of Sociology\nAustralian Railways' Union - Women's Auxiliary\nAustralian Labor Party (Official)\nAustralian Labor Party (State)\nAustralian Labor Party (Concord West Branch)\nAustralian Federation of Women Voters (N.S.W. Committee)\nAustralian Association of Scientific Workers (N.S.W. Division)\nAustralian Women's Party\nAmalgamated Hospital Employees' Association\nAmalgamated Engineering Union\nBoard of Social Studies\nBalmain Council - Alderman Gallimore\nBankstown Women's Committee\nCommunist Party\nCare of the Child in Wartime Committee\nCommonwealth Temporary Clerks Association\nCouncil for Women in War Work\nChristian Social Order Movement\nDomestic Employees' Union\nFellowship of Australian Writers\nFriendship with Russia League\nFederation of Infants' School Clubs\nFriday Club\nGirls Friendly Society\nGlebe Council - Alderman Pitt\nGreenwich Women's Committee\nGuildford Comforts Fund\nGranville Mothers' Club\nHairdressers' Union\nHotel, Club and Restaurant Employees' Union\nHumane Movement\nIronworkers' Union\nMunicipal and Shire Council Employees' Union\nNational Council of Jewish Women\nNew Education Fellowship\nOur New Order\nPresbyterian Women's Federation\nPrinting Industries Union\nRoseville Group, United Associations of Women\nRecreation and Leadership Movement\nSeamen's Union, Women's Auxiliary\nSheet Metal Workers' Union\nSydney Women's Cooperative Guild\nTeachers' Federation\nTextile Workers Union\nTravellers' Aid Society\nUnited Associations of Women\nWomen's Christian Temperance Union\nWatson Labor Women's Auxiliary\nWidows of the A.I.F. Association\nWomen for Canberra\nY.M.C.A.\n\nCountry\n\nNewcastle Housewives Association\nNewcastle Social Hygiene Committee\nWomen' Auxiliary, Coal and Shale Employees Federation, Newcastle\nCrippled Children Society, Newcastle\nNewcastle Trades Hall Council\nKatoomba P. & C. and Mothers' Clubs\nKatoomba Crippled Children's Society \nKatoomba R.S.S.I.L.A., Women's Auxiliary\nKatoomba Congregational Church, Women's Guild\nLithgow Child Care Committee\nDemocratic Housewives Association, Wollongong\nGoulburn A.R.U. Women's Auxiliary\nWest Maitland Branch, United Associations of Women\n\nQueensland\n\nNational Council of Women\nY.W.C.A.\nWomen's Auxiliary, Townsville Trades and Labor Council\nWomen's Auxiliary, Maryborough Trades and Labor Council \nFederated Clerk' Union\nStoremen and Packers' Union\nTown and Country Women's Association\n\nVictoria\n\nWomen's Christian Temperance Union\nCouncil for Women in War Work \nCommunist Party\nMunitions Workers Union\n\nTasmania\n\nHousewives Association \nR.S.S.I.L.A. Guild of Remembrance\nNational Council of Women\nCouncil for the Mother and Child\nWomen's International League\n\nSouth Australia\n\nAdelaide Jewish Women's Guild\nJewish Red Cross Society\nWomen's Christian Temperance Union\nLeague for the Protection of Aboriginal Women\nCommunist Party\n\nWest Australia\n\nHotel, Club and Caterers' Union\nCouncil of Churches\nHousewives Association\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/drb-mitchell-to-director-commonwealth-investigation-branch-7-june-1941\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-left-with-delegates-to-the-second-australian-womans-charter-conference-in-sydney-in-1946\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-documents-and-essays\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-equal-the-history-of-australian-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/girdled-for-war-womens-mobilisations-in-world-wat-two\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1960-1991-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/united-association-of-women-records-ca-1930-1970\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-jessie-street-circa-1914-1968-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "The United Associations of Women", "Entry ID": "AWE1023", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-united-associations-of-women\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist organisation", "Summary": "The United Associations of Women (U.A.) was one of the most radical feminist groups of the mid twentieth century. It was formed in Sydney, New South Wales, in 1929 by women who perceived a need for a more politically forceful alternative to the range of Australian women's organisations already in existence. Concerned that groups like the National Council of Women and the Feminist Club had become, by the late 1920s, social clubs rather than political lobby groups, Jessie Street, who had been an office-bearer of both the aforementioned organisations, but had become increasingly frustrated by their conservativism, took action. A series of meetings late in 1929 involving Street and other like-minded women such as Linda Littlejohn, Ruby Rich and Adela Pankhurst Walsh culminated in the establishment of the United Associations on 18 December 1929. The UA was extremely active throughout the 1930s and 40s, and played a major role in organising the Australian Women's Charter Conference in 1943.\n", "Details": "The interwar period saw Australian women establishing clubs and joining organisations at an extraordinary rate. The battle for woman suffrage had been won, but there was still much to be achieved by and on the behalf of women. By the late 1920s, however, many committed feminists felt that the existing women's organisations were too conservative and not forceful enough in their attempts to achieve gender equality. Inspired by the activities of a group of similarly dissatisfied English feminists (The Open Door Council), whose singular aim was to focus on women's economic needs and their rights to equal work for equal pay, regardless of marital status, a number of prominent Australian feminists joined forces to form the United Associations of Women Workers (UA). Jessie Street resigned from the Feminist Club in 1929 to become the UA's first president. She was joined by the presidents of three other important New South Wales women's organisations: Mrs. A Roberts of the Women's League; Mrs Dougall-Laing of the Women's Service Club and Mrs. Linda Littlejohn of the Women Voters' Association. Jessie Street was elected president, with the leaders of the other organisations becoming vice presidents. In quick time, the membership of the organisation grew to well over 200. Mary Bennett, Ada Bronham, Dymphna Cusack and Ruby Rich were all members at one time or another.\nThe new association operated under the motto 'For freedom and equality of status and opportunity' and had a wide range of objectives. They aimed to:\n1. Achieve by legislation, administration, organisation or any other means considered advisable, a real equality of status, opportunity and liberties for mean and women.\n2. Secure equal pay for men and women and equality in all laws, rules and regulations.\n3. Secure economic independence for married women.\n4. Improve the legal status of mothers.\n5. Promote an equal moral standard for men and women.\n6. Support the candidature of qualified women for public office, who shall have pledged themselves to support constitutional methods and who shall be endorsed by the Council.\n7. To promote the welfare of children.\n8. To promote the study of social, political and economic questions.\n9. To promote international peace and understanding.\n10. To secure an amendment to the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia to provide that men and women shall have equal rights in Australia and all territories under the jurisdiction of the Commonwealth Government.\nThe women of the UA campaigned vigorously to achieve these aims in the 1930s and 40s. The highpoint of this political activism, arguably, was seen when representatives of over ninety women's organisations met in Sydney, Australia, in November 1943, at the Australian Women's Conference for Victory in War and Victory in Peace. Organised at a time when planning for peace was a politically bi-partisan priority, the conference focused on one over-riding question: how would women's interests be advanced in the planning of post war reconstruction? An important outcome of the conference was the development of a charter of rights for women in the post-war world. The Australian Women's Charter, regarded as a land-mark feminist manifesto, was endorsed by the conference and represents a moment in time when Australian women prioritised the single category of gender over other political categories.\nOnce the war was over, however, this fragile unity was shattered as the politics of the cold war came to impact upon the politics of postwar feminism. Many of the more conservative women's groups were confronted by Jessie Streets communist sympathies and chose to break ties with the U.A. For instance, the U.A.'s relationship with the Australian Federation of Women voters was harmed to breaking point by Cold War tensions. Furthermore, as time progressed, some of the U.A.'s causes were taken up my other political groups: the trade union movement, for instance, took up the struggle for equal pay. In the 1960s many of its objectives were met, as married women entered the workforce and some women achieved equal pay. A victim of it's own success, the organization continued to assist with the major campaigns of the 1970s, however, its membership and financial base had by the late 1970s could no longer support it as an independent entity.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-equal-the-history-of-australian-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/girdled-for-war-womens-mobilisations-in-world-wat-two\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-documents-and-essays\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/50-years-of-feminist-achievement-a-history-of-the-united-associations-of-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/information-from-special-branch-new-south-wales-police-19-march-1957\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-to-prime-minister-john-curtin-6-april-1942jessie-streets-complaint-about-staff-of-the-department-of-airs-response-to-a-delegation-originally-filed-by-the-prime-ministers-department\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/united-association-of-women-records-ca-1930-1970\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1960-1991-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-jessie-street-circa-1914-1968-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kathleen-m-m-sherrard-papers-ca-1918-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/united-association-of-women-further-records-1930-1978\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/photographs-relating-to-the-united-associations-of-women-including-portrait-of-jessie-street-1936-1949\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian Federation of Graduate Women - New South Wales", "Entry ID": "AWE1036", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-federation-of-graduate-women-new-south-wales\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Lobby group, Social support organisation, University club\/society", "Summary": "The national body of the Australian Federation of University Women was renamed to the Australian Federation of Graduate Women (AFGW) in December 2009. Presumably, this was when the New South Wales branch also changed its name.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-short-history-of-the-n-s-w-association-of-university-women-graduates\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eleanor-m-hinder-papers-1837-1963-together-with-the-papers-of-a-viola-smith-ca-1850-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kathleen-m-m-sherrard-papers-ca-1918-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/s14-australian-federation-of-university-women-afuw\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian Women Pilots' Association", "Entry ID": "AWE1092", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-pilots-association\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Bankstown, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Membership organisation", "Summary": "The inaugural meeting of the Australian Women Pilots' Association (AWPA), was held at the Royal Aero Club of New South Wales at Bankstown on 16 September 1950. Thirty-five women became charter members. Nancy Bird Walton, the catalyst for the formation of the Association was elected founding president, with Maie Casey wife of the Governor-General at the time, R. G. Casey, its patron. The aims of the Association include encouraging women to gain flying licenses of all types, maintaining pilot networks in state and local areas where women in aviation can meet and exchange information, promoting training, employment and careers in aviation and assisting in the future of aviation through public interest, safety and education. Full membership is open to any female pilot who holds or has held a pilot's licence.\n", "Details": "The precursor to the formation of the Australian Women Pilots' Association was the meeting of women pilots which Nancy Bird Walton had called in 1949 to discuss their work during World War II. As a result of this discussion the women pilots developed an interest in each other, which in turn led to the formation of the Association the following year. Maie Casey's patronage assisted the Association in its attempts to gain widespread recognition and respect. In the view of Nancy Bird Walton the AWPA initiated the return of many old hands into flying as they wanted to regain their licences after many years on the ground.\nThe AWPA operates with a national executive and state branches. Association members meet annually for a four day conference and annual general meeting, which is held in a different state each year.\nNancy Bird Walton became patron after Maie Casey's death in 1981.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/my-god-its-a-woman-the-autobiography-of-nancy-bird\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/airnews-australian-women-pilots-association\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/newsletter-australian-women-pilots-association\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/careers-for-pilots\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/federal-treasurers-report-australian-women-pilots-association\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/membership-list-australian-women-pilots-association\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/minutes-of-the-annual-general-meeting-of-the-australian-women-pilots-association\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-pilots-association-twenty-one-years-of-history-from-16th-september-1950-researched-and-compiled-by-marie-richardson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-pilots\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nancy-bird-walton-1933-2005-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-lady-helen-blackburn-1944-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-australian-women-pilots-association-circa-1950-2005-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sometimes-the-pilot-wears-a-skirt-1920-1970-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-pilots-association-scrapbooks-1926-1980\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cummeragunja Reserve", "Entry ID": "AWE1093", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cummeragunja-reserve\/", "Type": "Place", "Birth Place": "Murray River, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal Mission or Reserve", "Summary": "Cummeragunja Reserve was established in New South Wales in 1883 when some of the Aboriginal residents from Maloga Mission, five miles down the river, moved in order to be free of the strict religious lifestyle. It became a thriving and prosperous community and a site of Aboriginal activism in the early twentieth century. On 9 March 1984 the title deeds for the land passed to the Yorta Yorta people through the newly created Yorta Yorta Land Council. Today, many Aboriginal families reside on Cummeragunja.\n", "Details": "By the turn of the century Cummeragunja reserve was a prosperous community, and by 1908 it became a neat village with 300 residents. Its communal farming was appreciated by local farmers who persuaded the Aborigines Protection Board to commit funds to expand farm production on the reserve. However, in 1915 the local farmers committee was abolished, and the Board took over. The Aborigines Protection Act 1909 empowered reserve managers to remove residents for misconduct or because it was believed they should be earning their living elsewhere. Soon, the police started to remove 'half-caste' children to the Board's training institutions. Many families responded by fleeing across the Murray to Victoria to live in riverbank camps. On 6 February 1938 about 170 residents walked off the mission in protest of the way they were treated by the Manager, and crossed the river to settle in Victoria. Some of the women were especially vocal, including Margaret Tucker, Geraldine Briggs and others.\nIn 1953, Cummeragunja was closed as a station and reduced to reserve status. Despite the Board's assimilation policies, the few remaining residents agitated for the right to begin farming again. In 1965, the company Cummeragunga Pty Ltd was registered. On 9 March 1984 the title deeds for the former reserve passed to the Yorta Yorta people through the newly created Yorta Yorta Land Council. Today, many Aboriginal families reside on Cummeragunja.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-aboriginal-australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-history-society-and-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barmah-chronicles\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/return-to-cummeragunja-hyllus-maris-and-her-mother-mrs-geraldine-briggs-speak26-8-85\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/land-rights-in-south-east-australia-the-long-struggle\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/genealogies-of-aboriginal-families-from-cummeragunja-and-moonculla-now-living-in-goulburn-valley-and-murray-river-towns-including-shepparton-echuca-swan-hill-and-deniliquin-and-descendants-now-livin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/genealogical-data-on-the-aborigines-of-australia-gathered-during-the-harvard-and-adelaide-universities-anthropological-expedition-1938-39\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-colonial-to-state-border-a-federation-history-of-the-social-construction-of-the-border-between-new-south-wales-and-victoria-as-a-frontier-barrier-and-contact-zone\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/basket-weaving-cummeragunja\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aborigines-in-society-the-man-from-cummeragunja\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/an-unfashionable-concern-with-the-past-the-historical-anthropology-of-diane-barwick\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women's Abortion Action Campaign, Sydney", "Entry ID": "AWE1097", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-abortion-action-campaign-sydney\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Women's Rights Organisation", "Summary": "The Women's Abortion Action Campaign was established in Sydney in 1972 as one element of the Women's Liberation Movement. Its main focus was to mobilize support for the repeal of abortion laws, which involved primarily public meetings, demonstrations and conferences. It also lobbied members of parliament before elections and disseminated information about the legal status and availability of abortion.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/right-to-choose-a-womens-health-action-magazine\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/abortion-is-a-womans-right-to-choose\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/abortion-a-womans-right-to-choose-compiled-by-aus-womens-department-womens-abortion-action-campaign-sydney-womens-abortion-action-coalition-melbourne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/who-decides-perspectives-on-the-abortion-campaign\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminist-organisations-1970-1985-a-research-guide-from-feminist-publications\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-abortion-action-campaign-records-1970-1998\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/julia-trubridge-freebury-further-papers-1960s-2004\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Girls' Secondary Schools' Club, Sydney", "Entry ID": "AWE1110", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/girls-secondary-schools-club-sydney\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Membership organisation", "Summary": "The Girls' Secondary Schools' Club was formed in Sydney in 1927, registered under that name in 1928 and incorporated as a limited liability company. It provided a meeting place in the city for members of the ex-student unions of, initially, ten independent girls' schools. Membership rose from 400 in 1928 to 1800 after World War II. The club rooms were initially located in Castlereagh Street until 1930, when the Club relocated to the Gowings building in Market Street, Sydney, where it remained until its closure, due to falling membership and increased costs, in 1994.\n", "Details": "The Club operated a number of circles such as the Dramatic Circle, the Art Circle, the Debating Circle, the Literary Circle, the Music Circle, and during World War II, the War Work Circle. The Social Committee arranged functions and outings for members. In 1977 the Club published Edith Gent's history of the Club entitled 'Fifty years in retrospect: a history of the Girls' Secondary Schools' Club Sydney 1927-1977\u2032.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/girls-secondary-schools-club-sydney-records-1927-1994\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Queen Victoria Club", "Entry ID": "AWE1116", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/queen-victoria-club\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Voluntary organisation", "Summary": "The Queen Victoria Club was established in 1901 as the Women's Liberal League of New South Wales. In 1907 it changed its name to the Queen Victoria Club. It aimed to foster friendship between women, assist musical artists and promote the love of good music. As a way of achieving its aims, the Club held monthly 'musicales' under the patronage of the Governor's wife and established two scholarships at the Sydney Eisteddfod, one for piano and the other for violin. It sponsored also, scholarships for violin and cello at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music. From 1970 until 1994 the Club met in the rooms of the Girls Secondary Schools' Club in the Gowings Building, Market Street, Sydney. The Club was dissolved in 1995, with the remaining funds used for the establishment of a piano scholarship at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music.\n", "Details": "Members included Sybil King, president 1958-1979, Edna Gibbins, president 1980-1955 and Beryl Green, secretary 1966-1995.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/queen-victoria-club-records-1937-1995\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "SDN Children's Services Inc.", "Entry ID": "AWE1119", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sdn-childrens-services-inc\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Woolloomooloo, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Welfare organisation", "Summary": "SDN Children's Services Inc. was the first organisation in Australia to provide all day care for children. The Sydney Day Nursery was established in 1905 in Woolloomooloo on the initiative of a group of young women with an interest in young children's care and education as a result of their involvement in the Sydney Kindergarten Union. The organization aimed to 'preserve family life, to educate mothers in child health and to save babies from death and from becoming State wards'. The Day Nursery catered for infants and toddlers ranging in age from a few weeks to three years. By 1927 the Association had established five centres. It changed its name in 1931 to become the Sydney Day Nursery and Nursery Schools Association Inc. and in 1934 it established the Nursery School Teachers Training College. It changed its name again in 1999 to become SDN Children's Services Inc. This new name reflected an expansion of services for children other than centre based long day care.\n", "Details": "The women who established the Sydney Day Nursery Association did not want their new organisation to be a 'cold, remote charity, but an institution started by fellow women, who fully realise the difficulties that beset the paths of working mothers'.\nWomen supported the Nursery financially through the formation of Circles, each of which was required to raise ten pounds a year to maintain a cot in the House.\nIn addition to increasing the number of centres, the Association established the Nursery School Teachers Training College in 1934 to train teachers to work with children from birth to eight years of age. It ultimately merged with the Sydney Kindergarten Teachers College to become a faculty within the Sydney College of Advanced Education. In 1994 the Institute of Early Childhood Studies became the Institute of Early Childhood located at the Macquarie University Campus.\nSydney women have continued to work in an honorary capacity as Executive and Board members to maintain and extend the services available to pre-school children with twenty-two centres currently operating.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/do-and-learn\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/early-childhood-play-activities-compiled-by-christine-richardson-in-conjunction-with-staff-of-sydney-day-nursery-nursery-schools-association-inc-cover-illustration-robyn-hutchison\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-report-the-sydney-day-nursery-and-nursery-schools-association\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-report-sydney-day-nursery-association\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sdn-sydney-day-nurseries-childrens-services-inc-records-1905-2006\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sdn-archive\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "2WG Women's Club", "Entry ID": "AWE1243", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/2wg-womens-club\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "One of Australia's early radio clubs, the 2WG Women's Club was an important fundraising group as well as an essential communication tool for women in the Wagga Wagga region with its twice daily broadcasts and weekly meetings especially for women.\n", "Details": "Established in the 1930's, the club ran daily broadcasts for women from its Wagga Wagga station through to the 1960's. Using code names where preferred, women joined the club to exchange greetings or news items on air during the two 45-minute daily sessions allocated to them. Each Thursday members met at the radio premises for a 'Bushell's Tea Party', sharing afternoon tea and a sing-a-long.\nFundraising was the focus of the 2WG Women's Club, and members continued to help finance local facilities in times of economic hardship. The Haven Nursing Home, which was established to provide local care for the elderly and celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2004, is testament to this prodigious fundraising activity.\nThe full history of the 2WG Women's Club - a history that \"records the contribution of isolated and rural women in the middle decades of the twentieth century to the social fabric of the community\" - can now be explored using the Wagga Wagga City Library's archival holdings.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/2wg-womens-club-collection\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Association of Non-English Speaking Background Women of Australia", "Entry ID": "AWE2118", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/association-of-non-english-speaking-background-women-of-australia\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Migrant Women's Organisations", "Summary": "The Association of Non-English Speaking Background Women of Australia (ANESBWA) was established in 1987, with the aim of promoting access and equity for the culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) women of Australia. The founding members argued that women could not rely on the male heads of existing multicultural, ethnic and feminist organisations to represent their interests and that they must speak up for themselves.\nAs well as networking with women in state and territory Ethnic Community Councils, ANESBWA sought to link up with existing organisations that catered for women, such as social, cultural and political groups. A key feature of the organisation was that it was not ethnically aligned and was therefore in a position to cut across multicultural politics to lobby on behalf of all CALD women.\nAccording to an executive member of the organisation, ANESBWA ceased operating in 1997, due in large part to the federal government of the day removing funding. It was deemed by the Coalition government that migrant women of CALD background should simply function under the auspices of FECCA (the Federation of Ethnic Community Councils of Australia), thus ignoring the women's need for an autonomous voice. Nowadays, CALD women are represented by the Network of Immigrant and Refugee Women of Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/double-disadvantage-migrant-and-aboriginal-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/issues-for-non-english-speaking-background-women-in-multicultural-australia-australian-office-of-multicultural-affairs-policy-options-papers-series\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/matina-mottee-interviewed-by-nicola-henningham-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-the-association-of-non-english-speaking-background-women-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-womens-constitutional-convention-1997-1998-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/association-of-non-english-speaking-background-women-of-australia-anesbwa-records-and-sound-recordings-1985-2000\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian-Migrant Women's Association", "Entry ID": "AWE2128", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-migrant-womens-association\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The Australian-Migrant Women's Association was established by Dorothy Buckland-Fuller in 1974 to bring together immigrant and Australian-born women to discuss matters of common interest. Buckland-Fuller, who had some influence within the Greek community in New South Wales, was concerned that Greek women were often too inward looking. She wanted to expose them to new ideas and open lines of communication between them and other women of culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds.\nBuckland-Fuller was assisted by International Women's Year funding in 1975 to promote the initiative. She received a small grant to assist in running a program of monthly meetings as the premises of the Greek Orthodox Community of New South Wales in Sydney. These meetings brought together about one hundred women at a time from different ethnic communities, as well as Buckland-Fuller's friends from the Women's Electoral Lobby and academic circles.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/double-disadvantage-migrant-and-aboriginal-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-the-greek-orthodox-community-of-new-south-wales\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Greek Orthodox Community of New South Wales", "Entry ID": "AWE2129", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greek-orthodox-community-of-new-south-wales\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Lakemba, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The Greek Orthodox Community is one of Australia's oldest organisations representing Greek migrants. Apart from operating churches, it provides a wide range of migrant related social services, including afternoon Greek schools, kindergartens and aged care hostels. In more recent times, it has taken on board the need to meet its members' cultural and artistic aspirations. This has involved a shift in emphasis towards promoting and supporting cultural initiatives not only of Greek\/Australians of New South Wales but of all Australia.\nIn the 1970s and 80s the organisations premises were used to host meetings of the Australian-Migrant Women Association, an organisation established by Dorothy Buckland-Fuller with the aim of broadening the horizons of Australian-Greek women.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-the-greek-orthodox-community-of-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-vivi-koutsianidis-germanos\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ethnic Affairs Commission - New South Wales", "Entry ID": "AWE2130", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ethnic-affairs-commission-new-south-wales\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Government Agency", "Summary": "On June 2, 1976 the newly elected Australian Labor party Premier, Neville Wran, announced his cabinet's decision to establish an Ethnic Affairs Commission. Under the Ethnic Affairs Act, 1976 ( Act No. 76, 1976) (3) the Ethnic Affairs Commission's initial work involved the research and investigation of ethnic affairs with special emphasis on promoting the integration of different ethnic groups. The constitution and functions of a Commission to implement policy decisions in this area was also examined.\nThe Ethnic Affairs Commission interacted with a number of new government bodies all concerned with equal opportunity issues in society. These included the Anti-Discrimination Board which came into operation in June 1977 to address racial discrimination, the Review of New South Wales Government Administration which dealt with recruitment, promotion and equality of opportunity and the Women's Coordination Unit of the Premier's Department which had responsibility for creating opportunities for migrant women.\nIn 1978 the Ethnic Affairs Commission submitted its report, Participation, which outlined a concept of multiculturalism that went beyond preserving cultural heritage to a society where minority groups would achieve total participation in the New South Wales social and political system.\nTo implement this philosophy of equal opportunity Participation recommended that a Commission should be established as a strong and stable body to ensure that all elements of the New South Wales Government Administration come to regard ethnic affairs as part of their ordinary, day to day attitudes and thinking.\nA new Ethnic Affairs Commission was established as a permanent government authority on 1 December 1979. It was established under the terms of the Ethnic Affairs Commission Act, Act No. 23, 1979. (7)\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-other-australia-experiences-of-migration\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ukrainian Women's Association in Australia of New South Wales", "Entry ID": "AWE2142", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ukrainian-womens-association-in-australia-of-new-south-wales\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Cowra, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The first branch of the Ukrainian Women's Association was formed on September 13th, 1949 in Cowra migrant camp. Mrs. I Polensly was the inaugural president. Ukrainian women were holding meetings in all the migrant centres across Australia, however Cowra is always considered to be the cradle of the U.W.A in Australia\n", "Details": "The Ukrainian women who came to Australia in the period immediately after the second world war were highly organised at a very early stage. This, in part, can be explained by the fact that they regarded themselves to be simply 'renewing' pre-existing associations that were established in the Ukraine some years earlier. The National Women's Council founded in Ukraine in 1919 served Ukrainian women during the period of Ukrainian independence and continued its work in exile in Prague, Czechoslovakia until 1937 when the Ukrainian Women's Association in Lvov, Western Ukraine took upon itself the task of founding another co-ordinating centre - the World Association of Ukrainian Women. World War 2, however, terminated the work of this co-ordinating body.\nAs well as organising events and services for the local community, the organisation took a keen interest in the position of women back in the Ukraine. They circulated petitions to bring attention to human rights abuses of women under the Soviet system. For instance, the following petition was circulated in 1975:\n'Among the violations are an alarming number of arrests and the persecution of Ukrainian women, who have been sentenced under the Criminal Code for simply raising their voices in defence of basic human rights and dignity, opposing the forced russification of the Ukrainian language and culture, and objecting to the state imposition of atheism and suppression of the freedom of worship and the pervasive police control of private and family life.\nTherefore, in the name of humanity and justice and in the spirit of the International Year of Women, we petition this House of parliament to intervene before the Government of the USSR and request it to grant amnesty to Ukrainian and other political prisoners in the USSR, and to allow them to return to their families and homeland with the restoration of all their citizen's rights. In particular we request that you intervene on behalf of the following women political prisoners:\nStasiv-Kalynec Iryna Onufrivna, Strokata_Karavanska Nina Antonivna, Svitlychna nadia Alexeivna, Shabatura Stefania Mychailivna, Oksana Popvych, inmates of camp p\/ja ZH\/CH 385\/3 Potma, Mordovian ASSR, USSR.\nUnder these conditions, it was impossible for some immigrants to leave their politics at the door.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ukrainian-womens-association-in-australia-of-n-s-w-records-1949-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ukrainian-womens-association-in-australia-of-n-s-w-further-records-1949-1995\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women's Network", "Entry ID": "AWE2147", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-network\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Migrant Women's Organisations", "Summary": "From the time of her election to parliament, Franca Arean was hopeful of forming a \"network\" of women of all backgrounds who could meet informally, exchange ideas and help and support each other. In January 1984, she sent a letter to twenty to thirty women asking them to come to a meeting at Parliament House. They met in Feb 1984 for the first time, and the Women's Network - Australia was born. The first Women's Network guest was Frederika Steen, the head of a newly established Women's Desk at the Department of Immigration and Ethnic Affairs in Canberra.\n", "Details": "The women who gathered for the 1984 meeting decided that there was a need for a women's network so that women from the older established groups, such as Anglo-Celtic, the Italian or Greek women, who had gone through the difficulties of the early years could advise and be supportive of the new groups of women, such as the Indo-Chinese, Laotian, Central American and Moslem women. They decided to meet for a few hours every two months, to have guest speakers and to be completely unstructured. Meeting in parliament house was regarded as symbolically important , as many of the women felt it was a seat of power from which they felt alienated and, at best, intimidated by.\n'Meeting the ministers' was a regular event at the network gatherings. Sometimes these meetings happened away from parliament house. There was a social evening in 1985, a Chinese dinner in honour of the then Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs was arranged.. Nearly 200 women attended, but the minister didn't talk. Instead, five women were chosen to speak on a range of issues, including the problems encountered by Isolated Arabic speaking women, migrant women in the bureaucracy, Multicultural education, Child care in the Western Suburbs and Tenosynovitis. None of the women had ever spoken in front of a minister before.\nBy 1985, the number of members of the network had grown to 300.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/double-disadvantage-migrant-and-aboriginal-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/franca-arena-papers-ca-1960-2000\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-the-migrant-and-indigenous-women-action-group\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/franca-arena-correspondence-1984-1996-concerning-the-womens-network\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Greek Young Matrons' Association", "Entry ID": "AWE2150", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greek-young-matrons-association\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The formation of the Greek Young Matrons' Association was an overt attempt by second generation parents of Greek heritage to ensure that their children married Australian born Greeks like themselves. By providing them with an organisation which would offer social activities and cultural events in which young Greek people could participate, the organisers hoped that young Greeks would marry within the community.\n", "Details": "The Greek Young Matrons' Association organised children's concerts (performed in language) and debates for teenagers to participate in. The association also had an annual Ball at which young Greek girls of the second and third generation could make their debut and become known, and possibly seen and selected by an appropriate Greek Australian young man. The organisation was mainly made up of upper middle and middle class second generation Greek women. Parents hoped that participation in this organisation meant that their children would not only marry an Australian born Greek but probably a person from a similar social class.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greeks-in-australia-100-years-of-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Captive Nations Council of New South Wales", "Entry ID": "AWE2171", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/captive-nations-council-of-new-south-wales\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "In 1959 the U.S. Congress authorised and requested the President of the United States to proclaim the third week in July as Captive Nations Week. The Captive Nations Week Committee was founded in Sydney in 1965 to organise the inaugural, and subsequently annual, commemoration of Captive Nations Week in Australia. In 1971 the Committee changed its names to the Captive Nations Council of New South Wales to reflect, in part, its broadening scope of activities. Foundation member organisations comprised the Byelorussian Association of N.S.W., Central Council of Croatian Associations in Australia, Estonian Society of Sydney, Hungarian Council of N.S.W., Latvian Federation of Australia and New Zealand, Australian Lithuanian Community (Sydney District), Polish Association in N.S.W., Australian Romanian Association, Association of Australian Slovaks, Agency for Free Slovenia and Ukrainian Council of N.S.W.; by 1982 the Afghan Association in Australia and the Vietnamese Volunteer Youth in N.S.W. had become member organisations. In 1988 the Council made a submission to the Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs on the War Crimes Amendment Bill, 1987. The work of the Captive Nations Council of New South Wales wound down after the fall of Communism in Central and Eastern Europe.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/captive-nations-council-of-new-south-wales-records-1953-1998-together-with-the-records-of-the-united-council-of-migrants-from-communist-dominated-europe-in-australia-1953-1966\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "The United Council of Migrants from Communist Dominated Europe in Australia", "Entry ID": "AWE2172", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-united-council-of-migrants-from-communist-dominated-europe-in-australia\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The United Council of Migrants from Communist Dominated Europe in Australia was established in Sydney in September 1953. Representatives from various national organisations made up the Council. It sought to co-ordinate the groups' anti-Communist activities and actions aimed at liberating their respective homelands from Communist control. The Advisory Committee was composed of Australian representatives, including State politicians, Douglas Darby and Eileen Furley, and Federal politician, W. C. Wentworth.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/captive-nations-council-of-new-south-wales-records-1953-1998-together-with-the-records-of-the-united-council-of-migrants-from-communist-dominated-europe-in-australia-1953-1966\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "The Joint Baltic Committee", "Entry ID": "AWE2173", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-joint-baltic-committee\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The Joint Baltic Committee was formed by representatives of the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian communities in Sydney in 1952. Estonian-born Lia Looveer was the founding Secretary and served in that position until 2002. In June 1940 the respective homelands of Looveer and her Committee members had been occupied and annexed by Soviet Russia. A year later began the mass deportation of thousands of people from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania to remote regions of the U.S.S.R.. The Committee held an annual Commemoration Concert, organised to pay tribute to their compatriots who were deported and suffered under Soviet oppression for more than 50 years. The Committee liaised with Federal and State politicians to campaign for the defence of human rights and fundamental freedoms in, and independence of, the Baltic States. In 1986 the House of Representatives passed the Baltic Resolution which, in part, 'reinforced Australia's non-recognition de jure of the incorporation of the Baltic States into the Soviet Union'.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joint-baltic-committee-records-1952-2000\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Netball Australia", "Entry ID": "AWE2241", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/netball-australia\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Sporting Organisation", "Summary": "A national body for netball in Australia was founded at a meeting on August 26-27, 1927 when the All Australia Women's Basket Ball Association was formed in conjunction with an interstate basketball carnival. Foundation Members of the association included:\n\nThe City Girls' Amateur Sports Association in New South Wales\nThe Adelaide Women's Basket Ball Association in South Australia\nThe Melbourne Girls' Basket Ball Association in Victoria\nThe Australian Ladies' Basket Ball Association in Queensland\nThe Basket Ball Association of Perth in Western Australia\n\nTasmania affiliated soon after, competing in carnivals since 1933. The Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory became full members in 1975 and 1977 respectively.\nIn 1970, in accordance with the change of the game's name to 'netball', the association became known as the All Australia Netball Association. In 1993, the name changed again to Netball Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/netball-australia-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sydney University Women's Sports Association", "Entry ID": "AWE2242", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sydney-university-womens-sports-association\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Sporting Organisation", "Summary": "The Sydney University Women's Sports Association (SUWSA) was established on August 5, 1910 when twenty-four women committed to 'further the interests of sport among University women' by becoming 'full active members during the season 1911'. The action was prompted by the continual refusal of the Sydney University (men's) Sports Union, founded in 1890, to admit the women rowers, tennis and hockey players, to their membership.\nEffectively, this meant that the women had no access to facilities, including University playing fields; the men did not want any 'Newtown Tarts' using the Sports Union's Oval. Consequently, the concerned women undergraduates, who included Jessie Lillingston (Street) amongst their number, decided that a united body of sportswomen, speaking as one, would have a louder voice and therefore more chance of acquiring the facilities they needed. Once incorporated, the organisation received moral and financial support from senior women in the University and some interested men amongst the lecturing staff.\nFrom these beginnings, the SUWSA grew in membership and effectiveness, always retaining its underlying aims of :\n\nproviding women with a democratic, balanced schedule of physical activity,\nresponding to the needs of its members,\nproviding facilities and equipment to support all women, not just elite athletes,\ncreating opportunities for all students to exercise and maintain a healthy lifestyle.\n\nChanging social, political and economic contexts that accompanied the new millennium made it difficult for the SUWSA to continue in its historic form. The year 2002 marked the end of the SUSWA and the beginning of a new era for Sport at Sydney University. In a meeting on 3 September 2002, members agreed to combine with the Sydney University Sports Union to create a new body called Sydney University Sport. Said the Executive Director at the time, Ann Mitchell, 'some may have had regrets [about the decision] but combining resources was seen as the best way forward.'\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/newtown-tarts-a-history-of-the-sydney-university-womens-sports-association-1910-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-the-sydney-university-womens-sports-association\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sydney Empire Games", "Entry ID": "AWE2251", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sydney-empire-games\/", "Type": "Event", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Sports Event", "Summary": "The Sydney Empire Games were planned to form part of the celebrations for the sesquicentenary of the foundation of the City of Sydney, which also marked 150 years of white settlement in Australia. The celebrations went for three months between January 26 (Australia Day) and April 25 (ANZAC Day). The Games were held during the week of 5-12 February.\n98 Australian men (68) and women (30) competed with athletes from fifteen Empire countries in seven sports (athletics, boxing, cycling, lawn bowls, rowing, swimming (including diving) and wrestling. Women could only compete in two of those categories (athletics and swimming). Of the 16 medals won by Australians in the pool, women won 9. Of the 29 won on the track, they won 10, 5 of them gold medals to Decima Norman. She was the unrivalled star of the games.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gaelic Football and Hurling Association of Australasia (Women's)", "Entry ID": "AWE2682", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gaelic-football-and-hurling-association-of-australasia-womens\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Sporting Organisation", "Summary": "Gaelic Football was the preserve of men in Australia until 1994 when some Irish girls living in Sydney decided that anything the men could do they could do equally as well. With the support of their State association they organised games on an ad hoc basis and were successful to the extent that they played a demonstration game at the 1994 Australasian Championships. Much to the surprise (and delight) of spectators the game was of a very high standard and extremely well received.\nAs a result of the initiative in Sydney those visiting from interstate and New Zealand returned to their home bases and set out to develop women's football locally. The development was rapid and in 1995 the first women's football Australasian Championships were contested by New South Wales, Western Australia, Victoria and Aucklan, with New South Wales victorious. Subsequent to 1995, all affiliates have ongoing State leagues and their State teams have participated at the Championships\nPresently there are 30 teams playing in Perth, Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane and Auckland.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "St Mary's College, Gunnedah", "Entry ID": "AWE2705", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/st-marys-college-gunnedah\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Gunnedah, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educational institution", "Summary": "St Mary's College is a co-educational Catholic independent school situated in Gunnedah in the north-west region of New South Wales. Students are drawn from Gunnedah and the surrounding area for up to one hundred kilometres. Culturally the student body is relatively homogeneous, with the majority being from English-speaking Anglo backgrounds, with a small group of indigenous and Asian students.\nJudith Carney's St Mary's College Gunnedah: A Profile of the First Hundred Years 1879 - 1979 presents the story of the foundation and growth of St Mary's College, Gunnedah, and the work of the Sisters of Mercy of Gunnedah Congregation who founded, staffed and managed it during the first hundred years of its existence.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "The Australian Women's Weekly", "Entry ID": "AWE3520", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-womens-weekly\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Magazine", "Summary": "Launched in 1933, the Australian Women's Weekly is the most widely read magazine in the history of Australian publishing. The brainchild of George Warnecke, who was editor-in-chief of the magazine 1933-1938, the Weekly was originally owned and operated by Douglas Frank Hewson Packer, entrepreneur and newspaper proprietor, and Edward Granville (Ted) Theodore, former Federal Treasurer and Deputy Prime Minister in the Scullin Government. As a 'women's interests' publication, the Weekly offers feature articles on lifestyle, home decoration, cooking, fashion and beauty, parenthood, health and wellbeing, and current affairs. Today it enjoys a readership of 2.5 million, including well over half a million men, and it forms an important part of the Australian Consolidated Press holdings.\n", "Details": "In November 1932, Frank Packer and Ted Theodore purchased the World, a struggling afternoon newspaper owned and operated by the Australian Workers' Union in Sydney, and re-branded it as the Star. Approached by Sir Hugh Denison, who enjoyed a monopoly over the Sydney newspaper market, they were offered \u00a386,500 to close the paper if they agreed not to publish a morning, evening or Sunday newspaper within a 300-mile radius of the city for three years. Packer and Theodore accepted the offer, but the Weekly was a way of skirting the embargo: it would be a women's newspaper, and it would be self-sufficient. George Warnecke envisioned the Weekly as a publication with an Australian outlook; appealing to all sections of society; and offering an element of news in every article, whether it concern fashion, cookery, or parenting. When the first issue appeared in Sydney on June 10, 1933, it was printed in black-and-white newspaper format and priced at twopence per copy: 'the biggest value in the world'. It had sold out by lunchtime.\nThe Weekly was an instant hit. A Victorian edition was launched as early as September 1933. A South Australian edition followed in 1934; a Tasmanian edition in 1935; and a Western Australian edition in 1936. By 1937, New Zealand had its own edition. A special Women's Weekly radio session was broadcast in 1934, first on 2UW Sydney, then 2GB. Listeners could tune in from 2pm every week day with Dorothea Vautier. That same year, the magazine boosted sales with its new Homemaker section, reflecting widespread interest in the material quality of home life. By the middle of the decade it was offering readers a free novella - usually a romance story - with every copy. With the Australian Woman's Mirror, Woman's Budget and New Idea as its main competitors, the Weekly came to dominate the market.\nEarly editions of the Weekly bravely and critically broached the subject of the status of women in Australian society. A series called Careers For Women encouraged women to consider all sorts of employment opportunities: as lawyers, chemists, or even engineers. In addition to the more predictable fashion pages and social notes, the publication included book and theatre reviews, stories of women of achievement, and articles that 'sniped at the prevailing sexism' or advocated equal pay. It was careful, though, not to move too far from social orthodoxy, and when Alice Jackson was appointed acting editor in 1934, the Weekly became 'more feminine, less feminist'. Jackson was a trained teacher who had worked for the Sunday Times and the Daily Guardian, where she introduced her Shopping Bureau advice column, before joining the staff of the Weekly during its first year of operation. Historian Denis O'Brien notes that, although the Weekly had been launched by Warnecke as a 'straightforward women's newspaper\u2026, the Women's Weekly of random nostalgia, satire and affectionate anecdote is mostly that of Alice Jackson's creation'. Light-hearted material, such as the enduringly popular Mandrake the Magician comic, found favour from 1934 onward. Jackson's style must have struck a chord: sales climbed by 60,000 in her first year as editor.\nWith Jackson at the helm, Warnecke was free to travel to Europe to explore new printing technologies, and to investigate the latest developments in women's papers abroad. From this vantage point, he offered regular reports on world affairs in the lead-up to World War Two. O'Brien finds that 'topical, first-hand reporting of that sort from abroad was unique in Australian women's publications; it even gave the Weekly an edge over daily newspaper rivals'. In 1936, Packer and Theodore imported a new high-spiced colour printing press from the United States at a cost of \u00a3130,000. Circulation had increased to half a million within a few years.\nFrom its inception, the Weekly was keen to emphasise the number of women journalists on its staff. Adele (Tilly) Shelton Smith joined the Melbourne office in 1933, later moving to Adelaide, then Sydney. In 1938, Dorothy Drain and Esme Fenston joined. Both women would go on to enjoy lengthy careers at the Weekly; both went on to take up the position of editor (Fenston for two decades); and both were instrumental to the development of the publication. Other well known women journalists of the era were Jean Williamson, Eve Gye and Joyce Bowden. The Weekly did have a male news editor, Leslie Haylen, who left in 1942 to enter politics.\nIn the years before the war, the Weekly tended to divert attention from the inevitable, and softened war-related news items. From mid-1939 it was even publishing a separate monthly fashion supplement. Once fighting had commenced in earnest, it did offer regular reports on the events of war; it consistently provided patterns for readers to sew socks for soldiers; and it published rousing poetry by Dame Mary Gilmore, including the immensely popular No Foe Shall Gather Our Harvest (1940) and Singapore (1942). It was careful, though, to retain its positive tone. The Weekly was 'unashamedly propagandist\u2026 Daily newspapers could depict the carnage; the Weekly was there with a cheering cup of tea for the survivors'. Good news was emphasised; themes of service and patriotism constantly reiterated. Reports were published from London under the name of Mary St Claire, who was, in fact, several persons, but primarily the journalist Anne Matheson. From October 1940 to September 1945, Adele Shelton Smith's regular section, Letters From Our Boys, gained enormous popularity. Shelton Smith became the first accredited female correspondent from Australia to be sent to Malaya, and filed reports for the Weekly designed to reassure wives and mothers that their boys were in fine shape with high morale. In the event, some criticised her writing (and Bill Brindle's photographs - particularly one of a smiling taxi dancer wearing a Digger's hat) for making it look as if the boys were having far too good a time. Shelton Smith was deeply upset by this interpretation of her journalism, but the matter found some resolution later. Alice Jackson, too, was given accredited war correspondent status and sent regular reports from abroad.\nDuring wartime, resources developed for the Weekly despite printing restrictions, and it began publishing coloured photographic covers. By mid-1946 it was selling 700,000 copies per week. In fact, the Weekly 'became something of a textbook on post-war domestic rehabilitation', offering advice on house plans and home furnishings. It also began to focus heavily on fashion, employing Mary Hordern (younger sister of Gretel Packer, Frank's wife) as a fashion contributor, and holding four annual Paris fashion parades between 1946-1949. From 1947, Dorothy Drain began penning her own column, 'It Seems To Me'. It remained a popular feature of the magazine for sixteen years.\nIn 1950, the Weekly published a serialised version of Nevil Shute's A Town Like Alice. That same year, Alice Jackson resigned as editor of the Weekly and Esme Fenston took over. Fenston was, writes O'Brien, a woman of above-average intelligence but unassuming character: 'everything in her professional and private background was orthodox, stable and firmly planted in simple virtues'. Throughout the 1950s, the magazine adopted a safe, unthreatening tone, while 'the emancipated woman had almost disappeared' from its pages. Emphasis was once again squarely on the family, and notions of the ideal wife and mother. Sales did not suffer for this, and circulation reached 800,000. Fenston introduced the Weekly national portraiture prize in 1955. Anything on the subject of the royal family guaranteed sales, and a special edition of the magazine in 1954 showcasing images from Queen Elizabeth's royal visit sold 950,000 copies. Sales following her second visit in 1963 reached one million - features on the Queen outranked the Beatles in popularity.\nLike Fenston, the Weekly had spent its formative years immersed in orthodoxy, and though the decade of the 1950s was and is famous for a certain amount of parochialism, there were a number of societal shifts underway that required some innovative thinking at the publishing house. To begin with, the role of editor began to call upon substantial entrepreneurial skill. Balance sheets had to add up; advertising quotas were of paramount importance. The Weekly was popular with advertisers - its influence was strongly felt - and it was often used to peddle a particular message. When the Australian fruit market experienced a glut of oranges, the Weekly ran competitions for recipes containing oranges. It promoted Australian wool with a series of fashion awards. It ran competitions for domestic budgeting. It 1951 it managed to popularise square-dancing by holding a national contest with prize money of \u00a36,000.\nFenston was juggling market pressures, but she was also juggling a changing readership. An increasing percentage of the population was aged under 21, and the Weekly needed to appeal to younger readers. From 1954, a separate Teenager supplement was included with the magazine. By 1959, Teenagers' Weekly had been launched as a lift-out. As the 1960s ushered in new attitudes about marriage, families, women and sexual relationships, those simple virtues so valued by Fenston and others were constantly challenged. In essence, the magazine remained fairly conservative with continuing features on diets, cooking, knitting, hairdos, beauty, gardening, and children. With time, though, it had to be less careful about adopting a moral stand on subjects like sex before marriage, or cohabitation between unmarried couples. Public curiosity about sex was burgeoning, and the Weekly's lift-outs on health and medicine shifted their focus accordingly. An article on the contraceptive pill in 1964 peaked circulation numbers for the decade. Fenston herself suggested a long feature that same year on sexual knowledge among girls and women, asking readers 'what do you tell your daughter?' and 'what did your mother tell you?'.\nThe focus on attracting younger readers continued, and by 1974 the Weekly was said to be read by 54% of Australian girls aged between 14 and 19 years. Even knitting patterns were aimed at teenagers. A Disc Digest column discussed pop records, and an American comic strip, Teena, was popular. More adventurous feature articles found favour throughout the 1970s, including this one - Sex and the Working Woman - in November 1974:\nThere's good news and bad news about the sex life of the working woman. The good news is she's never been as free to enjoy it, however, whenever, wherever, and, presumably, with whomever she pleases. The bad news is she seems not to be taking advantage of the good news\u2026 Despite what you hear at the hairdresser or read in the marriage manuals, there is a growing suspicion that the working woman is giving more and more time and effort to the call of duty and less and less to the joys of sex.\nThe employment of feminist and journalist Kay Keavney from 1965 made for a refreshing shift in tone in some editions of the Weekly: Keavney was a specialist in feminist affairs, and secured an exclusive interview with Germaine Greer for the magazine in 1972. Despite this, the magazine as a whole kept its traditional flavour, discussing homes, fashion, and gardens, and publishing romantic serials. An article entitled '1,000 Authentic Aboriginal Words' in 1975 did not lead into any kind of political discussion around the country's indigenous population. Rather, it was a list of words in various Aboriginal dialects that translated to mean 'camp', 'fireplace', 'river', 'seaside' etc, that readers might like to use when naming their homes according to topographical location. On the subject of women's rights, the magazine was distinctly cautious in approach and often came under attack by women activists who found copious examples of sexism and anti-feminism in its back issues. Yet the Weekly had come to its prominent position precisely by keeping to majority tastes, not by stirring controversy, and this was a strategy that it was reluctant to dispense with. Fenston defended its editorial policy not to enter into party politics: this did not imply that women were uninterested or incapable of understanding politics, she said, but simply that the magazine sought to attract mass circulation and was therefore obliged to select material 'of the broadest appeal'. Decisions on the choice of articles were, she pointed out, always made by women, and the magazine continued to publish features on married women and work, for example, or the position of women in the workforce.\nEsme Fenston died in 1972; Frank Packer followed just two years later. There was some continuity with the employment of Dorothy Drain as editor, but she held the position for just five years before retiring, and the Weekly entered a new phase. In 1975, a young Ita Buttrose was appointed as editor, passing the baton to Dawn Swain just one year later upon her promotion as editor-in-chief of women's publications at Consolidated Press. Meanwhile, the Weekly was increasingly challenged by competition for advertising from the new colour television. This, coupled with uneconomic use of newsprint and a large page size, meant the publication was in financial trouble. With Kerry Packer at the helm of the organisation, the decision was made in 1979 to convert the magazine to a square-backed glossy publication using coated paper from Finland, with pages glued to a spine instead of stapled.\nBy 1980, the Weekly was selling for 50c a copy, and included a regular television supplement. That year the magazine also included an innovative editorial feature, The Voice of the Australian Women, canvassing the responses of 30,000 women to a questionnaire around abortion, national service, the dole, health funds and education. Special editions of the Weekly on the marriage of Prince Charles and Princess Diana in 1981 sold in unprecedented numbers. Nonetheless, in the face of rising costs, it was decided in 1983 to release the magazine as a monthly publication while retaining the name of the Australian Women's Weekly. Today, under the editorship of Deborah Thomas, and with a circulation of 530,000, the Weekly continues as one of Australia's most popular magazines.\n", "Events": "Continuous Publication (1933 - )", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-weekly-a-lively-and-nostalgic-celebration-of-australia-through-50-years-of-its-most-popular-magazine\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/75-years-of-the-australian-womens-weekly-memories-and-great-moments-from-australias-most-loved-magazine\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-weeklys-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1922-1982-manuscript-on\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Broken Hill Women's Memorial", "Entry ID": "AWE4054", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/broken-hill-womens-memorial\/", "Type": "Cultural Artefact", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The Broken Hill Women's Memorial stands as a tribute to the solidarity of Broken Hill women who supported their menfolk during union disputes in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries.\n", "Details": "On Friday 30 March 2001, the Women's Memorial in Broken Hill was officially unveiled by Martin Ferguson, Shadow Minister for Regional Development, Transport, Infrastructure, Regional Services and Population. Standing in the town square facing Chloride Street, it was constructed by Zanon Memorials from two pieces of grey polished granite, each weighing 1.2 tonnes. The photograph of a contemporary family used in the memorial was reworked by Doug Banks.\nThe idea for a women's memorial was conceived in 1986, when Broken Hill women organised financial and moral support for their men during a major industrial dispute. In June that year, 400 women marched down the main street in support of the union cause, just as Broken Hill women had done in the great strikes of 1919 and 1892. Fundraising efforts in 1986 left the women with a surplus of $1,000 after the dispute had ended, and it was decided to use those funds to erect a women's memorial. Extra funding came from the mining union.\nUpon the unveiling of the memorial, the Construction Forestry Mining Energy Union (CFMEU) president Eddie Butcher addressed the crowd. The monument was dedicated to the women of Broken Hill, he said, 'who over the years have not been recognised for what they have contributed to the community. They were the unsung heroes as they stood by their men, through the toughest and darkest hours of mining history. Women are the backbone of Broken Hill's society and they truly deserve the recognition that this monument will give them'.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rebel-women-women-and-class-in-broken-hill-1889-1917\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/celebration-of-women-recognition-of-fight-for-family-and-community\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-richest-lode-broken-hill-1883-1988\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-memorial-broken-hill\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Broken Hill Munitions Annexe", "Entry ID": "AWE4103", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/broken-hill-munitions-annexe\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The Broken Hill Munitions Annexe opened in 1942 for the manufacture of wartime munitions and employed dozens of Broken Hill women.\n", "Details": "Mirroring a trend that took place throughout Australia, unprecedented levels of female participation in the workforce were attained in Broken Hill during World War II. A significant employer of women in wartime was the Munitions Factory that opened in Broken Hill in 1942. In January 1941, members of Broken Hill's peak union body, the Barrier Industrial Council, and of the Unemployed Union organised a demonstration in favour of the establishment of a factory in order to create jobs. The project to build Munitions Factory received the financial support of the Mining Managers' Association on condition that the building be used to house a permanent trade annexe after the war. From September 1941 the site for the building in the Duke of Cornwall Reserve was leased to the Broken Hill Technical College by the mining companies, and building commenced in June of the following year.\nIn August 1942, a Women's Employment Office was established at the Broken Hill Court House, and married women were also able to register for employment, despite a long-standing and strictly abided union policy that women would not work after marrying. The factory opened in November, employing over 300 women and 80 men to create nose cone assemblies for 25-pound shells. When interviewed by the Barrier Miner newspaper, the manager of the factory, Mr J. L. Mayson, assured its readers that there was \"no strain attached to the work\" and that the \"work standard [was] quite within the reach of an average girl\". The women employed were responsible for overseeing the smooth operation of the machinery and for checking the quality of the finished part. Photos of the women at work supervising the munitions machines and on their lunch break in the canteen give a strong impression of the sense of pride, enjoyment and accomplishment that these women would have experience. (see Gallery Tab)\nIn 1946, the building was handed over to the Technical College and became know as the Broken Hill Technical College Annexe.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/broken-hill-a-pictorial-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/managers-praise-for-the-broken-hill-ammunition-factory\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/minutes-of-the-broken-hill-technical-college-advisory-committee\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Broken Hill Union Ban on Married Women Working", "Entry ID": "AWE4104", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/broken-hill-union-ban-on-married-women-working\/", "Type": "Concept", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "For over fifty years, union policy in Broken Hill prohibited married women from taking on paid employment unless they were professionally trained. Clerical and retail positions were to be kept open for young unmarried women or widows.\n", "Details": "By the mid-1920s Broken Hill had become a fully unionised city and all workers, whether they worked on the mines or in town, had to have an 'O.K.', or union ticket, to be eligible for employment. Union tickets were distributed by the powerful peak union body, the Barrier Industrial Council. With the exception of the six years during World War Two when the bar on married women was lifted, the Barrier Industrial Council excluded women from paid employment after they married. The policy was intended to encourage young women to stay in Broken Hill by ensuring that there were positions available for them when they left school. An article in the Barrier Miner in March 1957 explained the policy as an attempt to 'combat the difficulty of girls leaving school and struggling to find work'. The article also described the three-point-plan devised and adopted by the union: employers were requested not to offer employment to married women; to dismiss women if they married and make their position available for a single girl; and to put off married women first in cases of retrenchment. Teachers and other professionally trained married women were allowed to continue working on condition that there were no qualified single women available for the role. Women working in unskilled or low-skilled professions such as shop assistants, receptionists and domestic staff would lose their jobs upon marriage.\nThis long-standing union policy was challenged in 1981 by Mrs Jeanine Whitehair, who was employed as the most senior of five dental assistants at the Town Dental Clinic in Broken Hill. After her marriage in November 1980, Jeanine was one of three people who lost their jobs at the clinic purportedly for economic reasons. With the support of the New South Wales Equal Opportunities Board, Jeanine was successful in her attempt to seek reinstatement. This was a landmark case which not only engendered a significant shift in the nature of women's employment in Broken Hill, but also signalled the beginnings of the erosion of the power of the Barrier Industrial Council.\nThis entry was researched and written by Georgia Moodie.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/union-closes-book-ban-on-married-women-in-shops\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-against-the-barrier-smh\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/exploring-peak-union-purpose-and-power-the-origins-dominance-and-decline-of-the-barrier-industrial-council\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jeanine-looks-back-on-a-turbulent-time\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fighting-for-whats-right\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-up-against-the-barrier\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "St Margaret's Hospital", "Entry ID": "AWE4210", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/st-margarets-hospital\/", "Type": "Place", "Birth Place": "Surry Hills, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "St Margaret's Hospital, known initially as St Margaret's Maternity Home, was founded by Gertrude Abbott in 1893. Located in Elizabeth Street in Strawberry Hills it was founded 'to provide shelter and care for unmarried girls of the comparatively respectable class. In 1904 the hospital started an outpatients service, and in 1910 St Margaret's Hospital for Women moved to its final location on Bourke Street in Surry Hills. The work of the maternity hospital and midwifery training was continued from this base until 1998. At its peak, St Margaret's was the third largest maternity hospital in Sydney. The site was continually extended and rebuilt and specialist services and training courses added, including obstetric and gynaecology training of doctors.\nSt. Margaret's Private Hospital was opened in 1946 to assist in the funding of the public facilities. St. Margaret's Children's Hospital operated from 1967-1979 for the specialist care of infants and children, particularly the intensive care needs of neonates.\nSt. Margaret's Public Hospital closed in June 1993, followed by the closure of the Private Hospital in June 1998. The site of the Children's Hospital, reused as the Gertrude Abbott Nursing Home, opened in 1982 and remains in operation\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/st-margarets-hospital-darlinghurst-n-s-w-records-1894-1998\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dominican Sisters of Eastern Australia and Solomon Islands", "Entry ID": "AWE4250", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dominican-sisters-of-eastern-australia-and-solomon-islands\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Maitland, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The Catholic Diocese of Maitland was established in 1886 with the Right Rev Dr James Murray serving as Bishop. Presiding over the spiritual well-being of Catholics residing in a geographic area that spread north all the way to the Queensland border and west as far as far as could be reached, Bishop Murray knew the task was enormous, much too big for the Sisters of the Good Samaritan, who arrived in the area two years earlier, to deal with on their own. \nRecognising the tradition of the Dominicans as educators, and acknowledging Catholic education in the diocese as a priority, he called upon their Irish leaders to support a long term plan. Dominican Sisters provided a unique possibility. Not only could they continue the work of the schools for the less fortunate, as did the Josephites and Good Samaritan Sisters, but they could also educate young women who would have the financial backing and social standing to become the first of generations of Catholic teachers for the people of the Maitland Diocese.\n", "Details": "Upon the arrival of the Dominicans, the Good Samaritans left and returned to Sydney. For the next eight years, the Dominicans remained the only Congregation of women in the Maitland diocese. Within fifty years their ranks grew to include a further twenty-six Irish women and 138 Australian Sisters. They had founded communities and schools in Maitland, Newcastle, Tamworth, Sydney, Moss Vale and Mayfield and set up a school for children with impaired hearing at Waratah.\nIn contemporary times the range of activities of the Dominican Sisters of Eastern Australia and Solomon Islands has expanded beyond New South Wales to include ministering in the A.C.T., Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania and the Solomon Islands. Australian and Solomon Islands Sisters are involved in education at all levels, administration and research; country and city parish ministry; hospital and university chaplaincy; in nursing and family planning; retreat centres and spiritual direction; pastoral care, counselling and welfare; working among aboriginal and migrant communities; with the materially poor, with those who have a physical or intellectual handicap, drug and alcohol dependency and Aids; with the homeless; with those in prison and their children and with asylum seekers.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/website-of-the-dominican-sisters-of-eastern-australia-and-solomon-islands\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dominican-pioneers-in-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ancient-tradition-new-world-dominican-sisters-in-eastern-australia-1867-1958\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/archives-of-the-dominican-sisters-of-eastern-australia-and-the-solomon-islands\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Abbotsleigh", "Entry ID": "AWE4284", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/abbotsleigh\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educational institution", "Summary": "Abbotsleigh was founded by an English woman, Marian Clarke, in 1885. An Anglican school for girls, it was first located in a terrace in North Sydney. The school then moved to Parramatta in 1888, and finally to its current premises in Wahroonga.\nAbbotsleigh was one of the first girls' school to have a sports field, which was opened in October 1901.\n", "Details": "The following women have been associated with Abbotsleigh School.\nHeadmistresses have included:\n1885-1913: Marian Clarke\n1913-1924: Margaret Murray\n1924-1930: Dorothea Poole\n1931-1954: Gladys Gordon Everett\n1954-1957: Ruth Hirst\n1958-1970: H .E. (Betty) Archdale\n1970-1987: Kathleen McCredie\n1988-1995: Diane Nicholls\n1996-2004: Judith Wheeldon\n2006-current: Judith Poole\nPast students have included:\nUna Parry Boyce AM, OBE\nMargaret Enid (Peg) Christian, OAM.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clarke-marian-1853-1933\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/abbotsleigh-a-walk-through-time\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-lily-and-the-lion-a-history-of-abbotsleigh\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collection-of-pamphlets-on-education-and-schools\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ascham School", "Entry ID": "AWE4286", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ascham-school\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educational institution", "Summary": "Located in the eastern suburbs of Sydney, Ascham School is one of the oldest private girls' schools in Australia.\nThe school was founded by Marie Wallis in 1886 with nine pupils in a Darling Point terrace. She named the school after Roger Ascham, tutor to England's Queen Elizabeth I.\nAscham's teaching is influenced by the Dalton Plan, a philosophy of learning which emphasises self-responsibility and independence. Developed in the United States of America, the Dalton Plan was introduced to Ascham by its longest serving headmistress, Margaret Bailey, in 1922.\nFormer pupils of Ascham include Linda Littlejohn and Virginia Clare Walker.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-search-for-marie-wallis-founding-principal-of-ascham-school-1886-to-1902\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ascham-remembered-1886-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ascham-school-website\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ascham-charivari\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/archives-of-ascham-school\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Association of Women Employees of the University of Sydney", "Entry ID": "AWE4288", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/association-of-women-employees-of-the-university-of-sydney\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic Organisation", "Summary": "The Association of Women Employees of the University of Sydney (AWEUS) was formed in July 1980 to represent the interests of women on campus. It was open to all women on the university staff. An annually elected executive met to discuss matters concerning the improvement of the status of women on campus, e.g. Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) policies and childcare facilities. It also gathered information on cases of discrimination and sexual harassment.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/s66-association-of-women-employees-of-the-university-of-sydney-aweus\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sydney University Boat Club", "Entry ID": "AWE4289", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sydney-university-boat-club\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Sporting Organisation", "Summary": "The Sydney University Boat Club was founded in 1897. The following year a boat was purchased with the assistance of the registrar, professors and Louisa Macdonald, Principal of the Women's College.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pioneer-women-graduates-of-the-university-of-sydney-1881-1921\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women's Collective, University of New South Wales", "Entry ID": "AWE4290", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-collective-university-of-new-south-wales\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Kensington, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Kensington, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political organisation", "Summary": "The Women's Collective raised awareness of issues concerning women on campus at the University of New South Wales and it also organised activities for women. It was one of the clubs and societies affiliated with the Students Union at the University of New South Wales.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-collective-university-of-new-south-wales-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "University of New South Wales Wives Group", "Entry ID": "AWE4291", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/university-of-new-south-wales-wives-group\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Kensington, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Social organisation", "Summary": "The University of new South Wales Wives Group was stablished at the New South Wales University of Technology (renamed the University of New South Wales in 1958) in 1950 as the Technical Education Women's' Group. The Group acted primarily as a social organisation in welcoming the wives of new staff members and students to the University.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/university-of-new-south-wales-wives-group-kensington-womens-group\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "U Committee", "Entry ID": "AWE4292", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/u-committee\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Kensington, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Philanthropic organisation, Social organisation", "Summary": "The U Committee exists to raise funds for the University of New South Wales through activities such as the Book Fair and the sale of memorabilia. It has supported numerous scholarly and community activities including the University of New South Wales Art Prize and Travelling Scholarship, the Literary Fellowship and the Kensington Lectures for High School Students. Women played a leading role in the group.\nThe last book fair was held in May 2012 and the U Committee officially disbanded in 2013.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unique-providers-money-raising-and-the-university-of-new-south-wales-u-committee-1963-1993\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/u-committee-collection\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ravenswood School for Girls", "Entry ID": "AWE4295", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ravenswood-school-for-girls\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educational institution", "Summary": "Ravenswood School for Girls was founded by Mabel Maude Fidler in 1901. Classes took place in a schoolroom erected on the block adjacent to her home, 'Ravenswood', in Gordon, Sydney. While it was a non-sectarian private day school for girls, boys were enrolled in 1901 but the older ones departed by July the same year. They continued to be enrolled until 1913 in the Infants area and again during the war years but only in Kindergarten.\nFidler sold the school to the Methodist Church in 1924, by which point it had 180 pupils. The school became a Uniting Church school in 1977.\nRavenswood continues to operate today and has an enrolment of 1 130. It has always remained and grown on the original site at Gordon and is a member of the Alliance of Girls' Schools (Australasia).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ravenswood-educating-girls-1901-2001\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ravenswood-school-for-girls-our-heritage\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/archives-of-ravenswood-school-for-girls\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sydney University Women Undergraduates' Association", "Entry ID": "AWE4298", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sydney-university-women-undergraduates-association\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educational Association, Social organisation", "Summary": "The Sydney University Women Undergraduates' Association was formed in 1899. It ran a variety of social activities for women students.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pioneer-women-graduates-of-the-university-of-sydney-1881-1921\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/s119-su-woman-undergraduates-association\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "The Sydney University Women Evening Students' Association", "Entry ID": "AWE4299", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-sydney-university-women-evening-students-association\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educational institution, Social organisation", "Summary": "The Sydney University Women Evening Students' Association was established in April 1911 to cater for the needs of evening students, many of whom were teachers.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pioneer-women-graduates-of-the-university-of-sydney-1881-1921\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/s77-women-evening-students-association-s-u\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sydney University Women's Society", "Entry ID": "AWE4300", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sydney-university-womens-society\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Philanthropic organisation, Social support organisation", "Summary": "The Sydney University Women's Society was established in 1891 with the object of assisting \"anyone requiring and deserving help\".\nAmong other activities, members of the Society worked at Lewisham Hospital, Newington asylum for aged women, the Woolloomooloo girls' club and the Harrington Street night school for girls at Millers Point.\nToday the re-named Sydney University Settlement Neighbourhood Centre works primarily with the Aboriginal community and other disadvantaged groups in Chippendale, Redfern, Darlington and Waterloo.\n", "Events": "Settlement House was opened, with Sarah Evans becoming the first resident Settler (1908 - 1908) \nThe Society was incorporated under the Sydney University Settlement Incorporation Act. (1959 - 1959) \nThe Society was renamed the Sydney University Settlement. (1913 - 1913) \nThe University Settlement purchased a property at Chippendale with the financial assistance of Dorette (Dorothea) Margarethe Maccallum and her (1925 - 1925) \nUnder considerable financial pressure, the University Settlement became a neighbourhood centre. (1973 - 1973)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pioneer-women-graduates-of-the-university-of-sydney-1881-1921\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-settlement-a-history-of-the-university-of-sydney-settlement-and-the-settlement-neighbourhood-centre-1891-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/s32-settlement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/maccallum-lady\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "University of Sydney Women's Group", "Entry ID": "AWE4308", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/university-of-sydney-womens-group\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Social organisation", "Summary": "The Women's Group was formed by wives of University of Sydney staff and women academics in 1949.\nIt is still active today and meets at the Women's College. It organises a range of social events and excursions\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/s39-womens-group\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women's Studies Conference Committee", "Entry ID": "AWE4309", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-studies-conference-committee\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic Organisation", "Summary": "On 7 May 1984 the University of Sydney Senate appointed a Committee to organise functions to mark the Centenary of the First Women Graduates.\nOne of the functions organised by the Committee was the Women's Studies Conference, held from 20 September to 22 September 1985 at the Women's College. A separate Steering Committee was appointed for this purpose.\nThe Conference was attended by almost 500 people and around 60 papers were presented.\nAt the Plenary Session of the Conference, a motion was passed asking the Senate to formalise their recognition of the importance of this area of study by the creation of a Chair in Women's Studies.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-studies-conference-to-be-national-event\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/s94-womens-studies-conference-committee\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women's College within The University of Sydney", "Entry ID": "AWE4314", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-college-within-the-university-of-sydney\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Newtown, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educational institution", "Summary": "Established in 1892, The Women's College within the University of Sydney was the first residential university college for women in Australia and has been in continuous use as a university college for women for well over a century. From modest and financially challenging beginnings, it developed into (and remains) a flourishing institution, particularly after 1916 when it finally received equivalent financial endowment to that of the male colleges.\nThe College's first home was a rented house in Glebe. It moved to its own building within the University grounds in May 1894. Designed by the architectural firm of Sulman & Power, the College's first permanent home still forms the heart of the present building complex and is heritage listed. In 2009 the College accommodates 250 women undergraduates and 30 postgraduates. It is a progressive organisation that is proud of its tradition of being at the forefront of education and social theory and championing women's rights, academic thought and leadership.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-history-of-the-womens-college-within-the-university-of-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-from-louisa-a-womans-view-of-the-1890s-based-on-the-letters-of-louisa-macdonald-first-principal-of-the-womens-college-university-of-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-mask-designed-by-louisa-macdonald-verses-composed-by-c-j-brennan-and-j-le-gay-brereton\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/archives-of-the-womens-college-university-of-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-mask-designed-by-l-m\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marie-coutts-clark-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-college-university-of-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-by-louisa-macdonald-1892-1898\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "The McDonagh Sisters", "Entry ID": "AWE5332", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-mcdonagh-sisters\/", "Type": "Family", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Business owner, Film producer", "Summary": "Paulette, Phyllis and Isobel were the eldest of seven children of John Michael McDonagh, the surgeon to J.C. Williamson's theatrical companies, and his wife Annie.\nThese three remarkable sisters made history by becoming the first Australian women to own and run a film production company.\nRead more about the McDonagh Sisters in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women Lawyers Association of New South Wales", "Entry ID": "AWE5568", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-lawyers-association-of-new-south-wales\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist organisation, Professional Association", "Summary": "The Women Lawyers' Association of New South Wales was formally established in 1952, making it the first formal association of its kind in Australia. It's key objectives, as set out in the constitution, were:\n\nto provide a common meeting ground for women lawyers;\nto foster the growth of a corporate spirit among women lawyers;\nto make suggestions and work for the reform of the law and the administration of the law particularly as affecting women and children;\nto assist with such movements for the advancement of women as the Association may from time to time decide;\nto participate as a body in matters of interest to the legal profession;\nsuch other objects as the association shall in general meeting from time to time decide.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-women-in-the-legal-profession-in-new-south-wales\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wendy's Secret Garden", "Entry ID": "AWE5757", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wendys-secret-garden\/", "Type": "Place", "Birth Place": "Lavender Bay, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The public garden known as 'Wendy's Secret Garden' was established in 1992. It was named informally by local residents after Wendy Whiteley who cleared the derelict land and established the gardens. The land belongs to the NSW State Railways but had been neglected for decades. In October 2015 it was leased to North Sydney Council on 30 year lease with a 30 year option. It is now a popular location for weddings and tourists.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wendy-whiteley-and-the-secret-garden\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women Barristers Forum - New South Wales Bar", "Entry ID": "AWE5944", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-barristers-forum-new-south-wales-bar\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "Formally established in 2004, the Women Barristers Forum (WBF) is a section of the New South Wales Bar which was created to promote and support women at the New South Wales Bar.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "District Court of New South Wales", "Entry ID": "AWE5961", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/district-court-of-new-south-wales\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The District Court of New South Wales is the intermediate court in the state's judicial hierarchy. It is a trial court - the largest in Australia - and it has an appellate jurisdiction. The Court's judges, of which there are more than 60, also preside over a number of tribunals. The District Court Act 1858 (22 Vic No 18), which was assented to on 12 November 1858, established district courts and divided the then Colony of New South Wales into Districts. The District Court Act 1973 established a single District Court of New South Wales, with a state-wide criminal and civil jurisdiction.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian Human Rights Commission", "Entry ID": "AWE5965", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-human-rights-commission\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "Formerly known as the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, the Australian Human Rights Commission is Australia's national human rights watchdog. An independent statutory body which reports to the Parliament of Australia through the Attorney-General, it was established on 10 December 1986 and comprises: a president and seven commissioners; Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner; Age Discrimination Commissioner; Children's Commissioner; Disability Discrimination Commissioner; Human Rights Commissioner; Race Discrimination Commissioner and a Sex Discrimination Commissioner\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rural Australians for Refugees (RAR)", "Entry ID": "AWE6254", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rural-australians-for-refugees-rar\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Advocate", "Summary": "Rural Australians for Refugees (RAR) was established in numerous New South Wales towns in 2001, with public meetings in Bowral and Armidale. Further public meetings were held in Cootamundra and Lismore and groups were launched in Orange and Goulburn. RAR then spread to Victoria, followed by other Australian states.\nThe group was originally founded by Anne Coombs, Susan Varga and Helen McCue.\nRAR consists of Australian citizens living in rural and regional areas who aim to change Australia's policy on refugees and asylum seekers towards a more humane approach.\nToday RAR:\n- Aims to raise public awareness of the issues involving asylum seekers and refugees\n- Writes letters to newspapers and politicians\n- Meets members of parliament to challenge inhumane policies\n- Provides practical help to local refugees\n- Fundraises for asylum seekers and refugees\n- Attends rallies and vigils\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-rural-australians-for-refugees-2000-2008-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/helen-mccue-interviewed-by-ann-mari-jordens-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pakies Club", "Entry ID": "AWE6274", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pakies-club\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Social organisation", "Summary": "The Pakies Club was founded in 1929 by Mrs Augusta ('Pakie') MacDougall, wife of theatre director Duncan MacDougall. The club operated on two floors at 219 Elizabeth Street, Sydney, and was a meeting place for artists and writers.\nThe caf\u00e9, a Little bit of Paris, boasted colourful modernist d\u00e9cor and was known for monthly 'international' nights featuring aspects of the culture and cuisine of a particular country.\nA journal entitled Urgewas produced by Club members between 1933 and 1935.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1928-1994-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Playworks", "Entry ID": "AWE6328", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/playworks\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Arts organisation", "Summary": "Playworks was established in 1985 and identified itself as the national women's performance writing network. The aim of the organisation was to increase the number of women writing for performance. In late 2006 the Australia Council for the Arts consolidated both Playworks and the Australian National Playwrights Centre (ANPC) and a new organisation, PlayWriting Australia, was established.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-playworks-1984-2006-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/playworks-women-writers-workshop-programs-and-related-material-collected-by-the-national-library-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-edna-ryan-1948-1993-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women's Pioneer Society of Australasia", "Entry ID": "AWE6362", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-pioneer-society-of-australasia\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The Women's Pioneer Society of Australasia is an organisation of female descendants of early colonial pioneers, government officials, military personnel, free settlers and convicts.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/list-of-members-1937-1938-1948-jun-30-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-pioneer-society-of-australasia-programs-and-invitations-ephemera-material-collected-by-the-national-library-of-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Muslim Women's National Network Australia (MWNNA)", "Entry ID": "AWE6459", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/muslim-womens-national-network-australia-mwnna\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Advocacy organisation, Voluntary organisation", "Summary": "The Muslim Women's National Network Australia represents a network of Muslim women's organisations and individuals throughout Australia.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Womanhood Suffrage League of New South Wales", "Entry ID": "AWE6463", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womanhood-suffrage-league-of-new-south-wales\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political organisation, Women's Rights Organisation", "Summary": "The Womanhood Suffrage League of New South Wales was formed out of the Women's Literary Society in 1891. The League led the fight for women's suffrage in New South Wales.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pamphlets-relating-to-australian-womens-suffrage\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/adelaide-petition-no-2-in-favour-of-equal-voting-rights-for-both-sexes-in-elections-for-federal-parliaments-from-womens-suffrage-league-of-new-south-wales\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Catholic Women's League Australia, New South Wales Inc.", "Entry ID": "AWE6465", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/catholic-womens-league-australia-new-south-wales-inc\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The Catholic Women's League Australia, New South Wales Inc., can trace its origins back to the foundation of the Catholic Women's Association in Sydney in 1913.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sydney Girls High School", "Entry ID": "AWE6466", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sydney-girls-high-school\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educational institution", "Summary": "Established in 1883, Sydney Girls High School is the oldest state girls school in New South Wales.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-l-a-s-garvin-1883-1926-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sydney Women's Film Group (SWFG)", "Entry ID": "AWE6486", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sydney-womens-film-group-swfg\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist organisation, Women's organisation", "Summary": "The Sydney Women's Film Group viewed and discussed current work by women filmmakers.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sydney Lyceum Club", "Entry ID": "AWE6487", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sydney-lyceum-club\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The first Sydney Lyceum Club was established by writer Agnes Rose Soley (Rose De Boheme) in 1914.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "North Sydney Girls High School", "Entry ID": "AWE6488", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/north-sydney-girls-high-school\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Crows Nest, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "North Sydney Girls High School, located on Lane Cove Road, Crows Nest, was officially opened by the Education Minister on 27 January 1914. The building was the first in the state to be purposefully built for the higher education of public school girls.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women's Progressive Association", "Entry ID": "AWE6498", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-progressive-association\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The Women's Progressive Association was formed by Annie Golding and her two sisters, Belle and Kate, in 1901. The Association had broken away from the Women's Suffrage League and was more closely aligned with the labour movement and the concerns of working class women and their families.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women's Electoral Lobby New South Wales", "Entry ID": "AWE6512", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-new-south-wales\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist organisation, Lobby group", "Summary": "Beatrice Faust, the founder of the Women's Electoral Lobby (WEL) in Victoria, went to Sydney to set up WEL in New South Wales in 1972. Beatrice addressed a meeting at the house of Julia Freebury and, after deliberation, Caroline Graham, June Surtees and Wendy McCarthy agreed to become co-conveners of the Sydney branch and thus, the founding conveners of WEL in NSW.\nThe first public meeting of the WEL in NSW was held on 17 June 1972 and 40 women attended.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Methodist Ladies' College (MLC), Sydney", "Entry ID": "AWE6518", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/methodist-ladies-college-mlc-sydney\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Burwood, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Burwood Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educational institution", "Summary": "The Methodist Ladies' College, Burwood, was opened as the Wesleyan Ladies College in January 1886 with 12 students. After being named the Burwood Ladies' College from 1899, the name Methodist Ladies' College was officially used from 1914.\nIn June 1977 the school was officially renamed MLC school after the Methodist Church was subsumed into the new union of the Methodist, Presbyterian and Congregational Churches.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mlc-school-archives\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "MLC School", "Entry ID": "AWE6519", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mlc-school\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Burwood, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educational institution", "Summary": "In June 1977 the Methodist Ladies' College Burwood was officially renamed MLC school after the Methodist Church was subsumed into the new union of the Methodist, Presbyterian and Congregational Churches.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mlc-school-archives\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Methodist Ladies' College (MLC), Launceston", "Entry ID": "AWE6524", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/methodist-ladies-college-mlc-launceston\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Launceston, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Launceston, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "In 1979 Methodist Ladies' College Launceston merged with Oakburn College and Scotch College to form Scotch Oakburn College.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scotch-oakburn-college-archives\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Oakburn College", "Entry ID": "AWE6525", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oakburn-college\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Launceston, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Launceston, New South Wales, Australia" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sydney Church of England Girls' Grammar School", "Entry ID": "AWE6542", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sydney-church-of-england-girls-grammar-school\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educational institution", "Summary": "The Sydney Church of England Girls' Grammar School was opened on 17 July 1895 at 65 (now 55) Victoria Street, Darlinghurst. In 1901, with 100 students now enrolled, the school moved to its current location in Forbes Street, Darlinghurst.\nIn 1995 the schools name was officially changed to SCEGGS Darlinghurst.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "SCEGGS Darlinghurst", "Entry ID": "AWE6543", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sceggs-darlinghurst\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educational institution", "Summary": "In 1995 the Sydney Church of England Girls' Grammar School changed its name to SCEGGS Darlinghurst.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Frensham School", "Entry ID": "AWE6549", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/frensham-school\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Mittagong, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educational institution", "Summary": "Frensham, an independent boarding and day school for girls, was established by Winifred West and Phyllis Clubbe in 1913. Winifred was the head of the school from the time it opened until 1938.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women's International League for Peace and Freedom - New South Wales Branch", "Entry ID": "AWE6550", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-international-league-for-peace-and-freedom-new-south-wales-branch\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The first New South Wales Branch of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) was formed by Isabel Swann and Amy Wilkins in Newcastle in 1920.\nAfter ceasing operations in 1939, WILPF NSW was revived by Margaret Holmes in Sydney in 1959.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "New South Wales Ladies' Golf Union", "Entry ID": "AWE6561", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/new-south-wales-ladies-golf-union\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "Formed in June 1903, the New South Wales Ladies' Golf Union (LGU) was made up of 20 clubs by 1910. The LGU changed its name to Women's Gold NSW in 1996.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "St Catherine's School", "Entry ID": "AWE6580", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/st-catherines-school\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Waverley, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "St Catherine's School is the oldest independent Anglican girls' school in Australia. The school was established by Mrs Jane Barker in 1856 as a means of educating the daughters of the clergy.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/minutes-agendas-and-financial-statements-of-st-catherines-school-council\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fort Street Girls' High School", "Entry ID": "AWE6591", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fort-street-girls-high-school\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fort-street-high-school-archives\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sydney University Women's Union", "Entry ID": "AWE6597", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sydney-university-womens-union\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The Sydney University Women's Union was founded in 1914 to 'manage the affairs of University women'. Their constitution was adopted by the Senate in 1915, but the Union did not start its work until March 1917.\nThis was the second group with the name 'Sydney University Women's Union' at the University. The first Women's Union was founded in c.1891 as the Sydney University Women's Association. The Association was renamed in c.1910 to the Sydney University Women's Union and again in 1915, to the Sydney University Women's Council. This decision was made 'in order to leave the latter name free for adoption by the new women's organisation to be formed within the University.'\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sydney University Women Graduates' Association", "Entry ID": "AWE6598", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sydney-university-women-graduates-association\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "In 1920 the Women's Council was renamed the Sydney University Women Graduates' Association. The newly-renamed Association became part of the Australian Federation of University Women, which was affiliated with the International Federation of University Women.\nAccording to the University of Sydney Calendar of 1920, the 'Association exists to further such interests as University women have in common, and to encourage its members to take an active interest in the University, and in such national and international affairs as may be considered of special important to all University women.'\nThe name of the Sydney University Women Graduates' Assocation was changed to the N.S.W. Association of University Women Graduates in 1959.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sydney University Women's Association", "Entry ID": "AWE6599", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sydney-university-womens-association\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The Sydney University Women's Association was founded in May 1892 by Louisa MacDonald. The aim of the Association was to bring 'all women Graduates and Undergraduates together from time to time for social and intellectual purposes, and of taking cognizance of all matters affecting their well-being.'\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rachel Forster Hospital for Women and Children", "Entry ID": "AWE6603", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rachel-forster-hospital-for-women-and-children\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Redfern, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Redfern, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Hospital", "Summary": "The New Hospital for Women was renamed the Rachel Forster Hospital for Women and Children when it was relocated to Redfern in 1925. The original hospital was co-founded by Dr Lucy Gullett and opened in January 1922. The Hospital was recognised as a public hospital in 1931.\nIn 1963 the name was changed to the Rachel Foster Hospital and four years later the first all-male ward was opened.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "N.S.W. Association of University Women Graduates", "Entry ID": "AWE6610", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/n-s-w-association-of-university-women-graduates\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "At a General Meeting on 9 July 1959, a motion was passed to change the name of the Sydney University Women Graduates' Association to the the N.S.W. Association of University Women Graduates. The change of name was not reflected in the Sydney University Calendar until 1961.\nAccording to the 1961 Calendar, the 'N.S.W. Association of University Women Graduates exist[ed]\u2026 to co-operate, through the Australian Federation of University Women, with the International Federation of University Women' as well as to 'further such interests as university women in N.S.W. have in common and to encourage women graduates to take an active interest in the universities in N.S.W.'\nAt the General Meeting on 28 June 1974, a decision was made to change the name of the Association to the Australian Federation of University Women - New South Wales.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian Federation of University Women - N.S.W.", "Entry ID": "AWE6611", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-federation-of-university-women-n-s-w\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "In mid-1974 the N.S.W. Association of University Women Graduates was renamed the Australian Federation of University Women - N.S.W.\nPresumably, the New South Wales branch of the Australian Federation of University Women changed its name in 2009, at the same time the national body became the Australian Federation of Graduate Women (AFGW).\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jean Arnot Luncheon", "Entry ID": "IMP0129", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-arnot-luncheon\/", "Type": "Event", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The inaugural Jean Arnot Luncheon was held at Parliament House, Sydney, on 8 April 1994, and originated from Jean Fleming Arnot's 90th birthday celebrations a year earlier at the same venue.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-arnot-memorial-luncheon-book-of-honour-1994-1997-being-a-selected-compilation\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women's Action Against Global Violence (WAAGV)", "Entry ID": "PR00082", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-action-against-global-violence-waagv\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Peace organisation, Political organisation, Social action organisation", "Summary": "Women's Action Against Global Violence (WAAGV) was formed in Sydney in the early 1980s, as an organisation that aimed to support \"women and children of all races and cultures in their struggle against violence and oppression\". WAAGV was distinctly anti-nuclear, citing the nuclear arms race and its direct link to uranium mining, as well as the desecration of Australian Aboriginal land, the endangerment of workers' health and environmental instability as the basis for the group's opposition to uranium mining.\nWAAGV organised and supported numerous protests and events, including the Pine Gap Peace Camp, 1983, an all women's peace camp at Lucas Heights, women's only dances and a 'Die-In', a peaceful action that was intended as a symbolic representation of nuclear attack. The group felt that it was necessary to retain a women only composition as it provided an environment where women could speak out, enabling a correction of a gender imbalance that was identified within the decision making process in other groups.\nThey had strong links to other women's peace groups including Feminist Anti-Nuclear Group (FANG) and Women Against Nuclear Energy (WANE) in Adelaide.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/feminist-anti-nuclear-group-fang-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-against-nuclear-energy\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irina-dunn-papers-ca-1980-1984-with-papers-collected-relating-to-early-feminists-1873-1983\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Edna Ryan Awards", "Entry ID": "AWE6464", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-awards\/", "Type": "Award", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The Edna Ryan Awards were established in 1998 by the Women's Electoral Lobby NSW. The Awards honour Edna Ryan's life and work and are awarded to women who have made a feminist difference.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Crown Street Women's Hospital", "Entry ID": "AWE6516", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/crown-street-womens-hospital\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Haymarket, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Surry Hills, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Hospital", "Summary": "Originally founded by Dr James Graham in 1893 in Hay Street, the Women's Hospital moved to Crown Street, Surry Hills, in 1897. The Board of the Women's Hospital met for the first time on 13 August 1895.\nFrom 1900, Crown Street became a teaching hospital in obstetrics for medical students at the University of Sydney. By 1943, the hospital had become the largest maternity hospital in the state.\nThe Crown Street Women's Hospital closed on 31 March 1983.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/crown-street-womens-hospital-a-history-1893-1983\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-hospital-crown-street-1893-1983-a-family-remembers\/", "Archival Resources": "" } ]