[ { "Title\/Name": "Ryan, Edna Minna", "Entry ID": "AWE0004", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ryan-edna-minna\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Pyrmont, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory", "Occupations": "Activist, Feminist, Trade unionist, Writer", "Summary": "Edna Ryan was a leading figure in three eras of feminism in the 20th century. As a feminist and labour activist she is credited with achieving equal pay for women, maternity leave and work based child care. Ryan wrote numerous articles, conference papers, submissions to government and two books, Gentle invaders (1975) and Two thirds of a man (1984).\n", "Details": "Parliamentary and Local Government Career\nLocal\n\nAlderman, Fairfield Municipal Council, 1956-65\nDeputy Mayor 1958\nMember, Prospect County Council retired 1972\n\nState\n\nCandidate, Mosman, 1953\n\nOther Highlights\n\nParticipated in the first International Women's Day 1928;\nOrganised the wives of the timber workers strike 1929;\nMember of Communist Party and International Workers of the World 1920-35c;\nJoined Australian Labor Party 1935;\nOrganised first residential Summer School for women for the Workers Educational Association;\nFirst female Deputy Mayor in NSW 1958;\nAlderman Fairfield Council 1959-65;\nFirst woman president of the largest branch of the Municipal Employees' Union 1960s;\nCampaign manager for future Prime Minister Gough Whitlam;\nFounding member of Women's Electoral Lobby 1972;\nPresented breakthrough submission to the Arbitration Commission to award low paid women workers the same minimum wage as men 1974;\nPublished Gentle Invaders, Australian Women and the Workforce 1788-1974 with Anne Conlon 1975.\n\nRyan campaigned for maternity leave and work-based child care for women workers, was an advocate of women's reproductive rights, and campaigned on the negative impacts of enterprise bargaining and compulsory superannuation on low paid women workers. In 1984 she published Two-thirds of a Man: Women and Arbitration in New South Wales 1902-08. The following year she was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters by the University of Sydney, and in 1995 was again awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters, this time by Macquarie University.\nEdna Ryan had three children - Julia, Lyndall and Patrick - whom she raised alone after the early death of her husband, Jack Ryan.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gentle-invaders-australian-women-at-work\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/two-thirds-of-a-man-women-and-arbitration-in-new-south-wales-1902-08\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-remembered-tributes-from-the-australian-feminist-policy-network-and-union-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/proving-a-dispute-laundry-workers-in-sydney-in-1906\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-and-production-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/talking-back\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/equal-pay-comparable-worth-and-the-central-wage-fixing-system\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-papers-of-beryl-henderson-ms-9360\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-papers-of-edna-ryan-ms-9140-ms-acc09-172\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-1904-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wel-nsw-1972-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/death-of-ms-edna-ryan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/commemorating-our-dear-departed-equal-pay-activists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/back-to-the-future-urgent-issues-for-men-and-women-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-a-political-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-equal-the-history-of-australian-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/comments-for-edna-ryans-funeral\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-matriarchs-twelve-australian-women-talk-about-their-lives-to-susan-mitchell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-decade-of-mary-owen-dinners\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-minna-ryan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australian-parliaments-and-local-governments-past-and-present-a-survey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/on-their-own-terms-profiles-of-five-very-individual-australians-prepared-by-tim-bowden-and-ros-bowden\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/yarn-spinners-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-edna-ryan-1948-1993-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-beryl-henderson-1973-1992-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-and-sylvia-winters-papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jack-kavanagh-collection-deposit-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interviews-with-edna-ryan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-interviewed-by-lucy-taksa-in-the-nsw-bicentennial-oral-history-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-papers-1965-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-further-papers-1961-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-lyndall-ryan-professor-of-australian-studies-university-of-newcastle-sound-recording-interviewer-sara-dowse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pat-richardson-scrapbooks-relating-to-the-womens-electoral-lobby-and-womens-events-1977-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-bowden-interviews-conducted-for-radio-programs-and-documentaries-ca-1975-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-julia-ryan-1947-1982-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-meredith-stokes-circa-1970-1997-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-edna-ryan-unionist-and-author-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/audrey-blake-further-papers-1915-1998\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hunter, Thelma Anna Carmela", "Entry ID": "AWE0006", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hunter-thelma-anna-carmela\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Glasgow, Scotland", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Political scientist, Women's liberationist", "Summary": "Dr Thelma Hunter was a feminist political scientist, whose academic career was mostly spent at the Australian National University (ANU). She described herself as a teacher, scholar and writer. As well as teaching university students, she worked in schools, in adult education and in preparatory courses for mature age non-matriculants seeking university entry. Before establishing her academic career, she contributed occasional articles to UK newspapers, and was later a regular contributor to the Canberra Times. A hobby artist, she offered drawing workshops to staff and students at ANU, having earlier studied art in evening classes in Sydney and at Dartington College, Devon.\nFor Thelma Hunter the personal was political; her academic interests in women's employment, the status of women and the obstacles arising from combining work with marriage and family reflected her own experience. Growing up in an Italian family in Scotland, and later migrating with her family to Australia, Thelma Hunter also identified as a migrant.\n", "Details": "Thelma Cibelli was born at home in Glasgow, the fourth child of Italian migrants; her father Gaetano was the owner of a hairdressing shop. The only child not given an Italian first name, she was called after the actress Thelma Ritter, reflecting her mother Assunta's enjoyment of popular films.\nIn her autobiography she wrote candidly of an unhappy childhood, growing up fearful of an authoritarian, unpredictable, violent father. She took refuge in 'bookish achievements'.\nEducated at the Convent of Mercy, she loved languages, finding French and Latin easy. In 1940 she began an Arts degree at Glasgow University, interrupting her studies when she ran away from home as a rebellious teenager. She lived with her hairdresser sister Lyda, initially working at the Coates thread factory as a stock clerk, and later undertaking secretarial studies. At this time she began keeping diaries (some still in the possession of her family). She joined the wartime Auxiliary Territorial Service in 1940 working as a driver, including driving large trucks despite being small statured (155 cm). During this time she wrote that she 'joyfully' discovered her sexuality. On demobilisation her service record was described as exemplary, despite an incident of being absent without leave when she stowed away to France to win a bet.\nShe met her Scottish husband Alex Hunter at a dance following their demobilisation. Resuming studies at Glasgow University, Thelma switched to political economy, a decision she attributed to her growing sense of social justice. Encouraged by Thelma, Alex followed her to university, studying economics. After living together for a period, during which time Thelma had a backyard abortion, they married at a Registry Office in 1947. Thelma gained a Master of Arts with First Class Honours in 1950 and in 1952 a Diploma in Secondary Education from Jordanhill College, Glasgow. In this time, she worked as a research assistant and began submitting articles published in the Glasgow Herald.\nDuring five years living in Keele, following her husband's appointment to the University of Keele in 1953, Thelma had three children, Stephen, Assunta (known during her school days as Susan) and Maxwell. Thelma taught adult education classes and worked as a relief school teacher, while continuing freelance journalism for the Manchester Guardian.\nThe family migrated to Australia in 1958 when Alex was appointed to the University of Melbourne, where Thelma later tutored in Economics. Thelma began research on women and employment, including interviewing the, by then old and frail, feminist labour activist Muriel Heagney. They moved to Sydney in 1961 when Alex took up a chair at the University of NSW and Thelma began tutoring in the Department of Government at the University of Sydney. During this time she participated with Madge Dawson in a series of television programs Doorway to Knowledge.\nAlex Hunter had a major heart attack shortly after their arrival in Australia and, after other cardiac episodes, Thelma decided to seek fulltime work, facing the very real prospect that she would be supporting the family. Her 1963 application for a fulltime lectureship was unsuccessful - unlike Thelma, the successful male applicant not having a First Class Honours degree nor being a PhD candidate. Thelma was appointed to a lectureship in Political Science at the Australian National University (ANU) in 1965; Alex arriving two months later to take a Senior Research Fellowship in the Research School of Pacific Studies. Thelma's PhD on the politics of national health was conferred in 1969.\nKnown for activities to make new staff and students feel welcome in the ANU community, Thelma was at various times tutor and member of the governing body of Garran Hall, a resident Fellow in Bruce Hall, a board member and the acting Steward of University House. While she was not against having a high table, she usually sat with students at dinners.\nIn 1971 Alex Hunter died suddenly while working in Papua New Guinea. Widowed at 47, Thelma experienced profound depression, a condition which had afflicted her since youth. In her autobiography she courageously examined her experiences of depressive illness, which she attributed to stress, exhaustion and the social isolation arising from employment with no family support. She was also acutely aware of the impacts of a childhood with a violent father; her sense of rootlessness living between worlds of Scottish and Italian identity, and frustration about the constraints imposed on her as a woman.\nAfter her husband's death, Thelma Hunter described her illness as profound. She retired from her Senior Lectureship in 1979 at the age of 56, after six months sick leave from the university; feeling her career potential was still unrealised. She continued her association with ANU as a Visiting Fellow. In 1981 she began a long period of periodic lecturing in Politics at the ANU Centre for Continuing Education.\nIn 1990 Thelma returned to ANU to write her autobiography, which is deeply candid - in contrast to her personal papers in the National Library of Australia, which reflect her academic interests in women's issues, feminism, health policy and Indian politics.\nIn retirement Thelma enjoyed long country walks, which included traversing the high alpine Copland Pass in New Zealand and up and down the south rim of the Grand Canyon in the USA. She resumed art, which she had first studied in evening classes in Sydney; in 1978 gaining a Certificate of Special Studies in Art and Design from Dartington College, Devon, undertaken during long service leave from ANU. Thelma Hunter was a regular book reviewer for the Canberra Times and taught in a university bridging course for mature age entry students and occasional French lessons at Hawker Primary School in Canberra, where the students included two of her six grandchildren.\nThelma Hunter characterised herself as a reforming rather than radical feminist. She contributed to the Association for the Study of Women and Society submission on married women's employment, made to the Parliamentary Joint Committee on the Australian Capital Territory 1971 enquiry into employment opportunities, and gave evidence to that enquiry. She instigated a pioneering course on the political sociology of feminism at ANU and chaired the ANU Women's Studies Committee. Thelma Hunter was the only woman on the selection panel which appointed Elizabeth Reid as the first Prime Minister's Women's Adviser in 1973.\nHer curriculum vitae records her participation in the Australian Association of Adult Education, Women's Electoral Lobby, National Foundation for Australian Women, Federation of University Women, Health Consumers' Association and Voluntary Euthanasia Society, as well as the Australian Political Studies Association (APSA).\nIn a Canberra Times article on 23 September 1981 'Academic feminism gathers strength', Thelma reported on the APSA annual meeting, and the contribution by members of the Women's Caucus, including the Presidential address, carriage of a resolution about inclusion of content about women in new and existing courses and strengthening informal social networks for women inside and outside academia. The APSA Women's Caucus awards the biennial Thelma Hunter Prize for the best PhD thesis on women or gender in politics.\nThelma Hunter's bequest to the National Foundation for Australian Women has supported the development of the online exhibition Women Who Caucus - Feminist Political Scientists.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-papers-of-thelma-hunter-ms-9353\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/not-a-dutiful-daughter-the-personal-story-of-a-migrant-academic\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/academics-informative-and-moving-life-story-not-a-dutiful-daughter-the-personal-story-of-a-migrant-academic\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/with-and-without-a-partner\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-who-caucus-feminist-political-scientists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-employment-of-women-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/review-of-women-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/industrial-court-and-womens-wages\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-status-of-women-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reform-and-revolution-in-contemporary-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womanities-towards-integration-or-segregation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-factors-affecting-the-employment-of-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/married-women-in-academia-a-personal-view\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-and-social-policy-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-travails-of-a-liberal-feminist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-thelma-hunter-1950-1984-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hunter-t-a-c\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sociology-conference-1980-women-in-the-workforce-dr-thelma-hunter\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-e-g-whitlam-correspondence-between-e-g-whitlam-and-dr-thelma-hunter-senior-lecturer-in-political-science-school-of-general-studies-box-10\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-jocelynne-scutt-1982-2010-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-thelma-hunter-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Owen, Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE0011", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/owen-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Balwyn, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Trade unionist, Women's liberationist", "Summary": "Mary Owen was founding Coordinator of The Working Women's Centre Melbourne, 1975-1986, when it was absorbed into the Australian Council of Trade Unions. She was a staff member of AAESDA (Association of Architects, Engineers, Surveyors & Draughtsmen of Australia), 1965 -1975 and a member of La Trobe University Council 1983-1990. She was appointed Deputy Chancellor of La Trobe University 1989. A founding member of Emily's List, Mary Owen was also a Member of the Women's Electoral Lobby (WEL) for over forty-three years. She represented WEL on many Government committees, making a significant impact on policies advancing the status of women, especially the fight for equal pay.\nIn 1986 the first Mary Owen Dinner was organised in Melbourne to celebrate Mary's retirement. Held annually, the event lasted twenty years. There was always a female keynote speaker and the audience, normally in the order of 600 women, wearing the feminist colours of purple, green and white, was a sight to behold. The last dinner was held in 2005.\nMary Owen was a very early supporter of the Australian Women's Archives Project, which began as a community based organisation's response to a request from Mary Owen for help with conserving the records of her long and varied contribution to public life.\nBorn in 1921, Mary was a woman who effected change - and made Australia a better, more equal place for all of us coming after her. She died 23 March, 2017.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-equal-the-history-of-australian-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-we-know\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-decade-of-mary-owen-dinners\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vale-mary-owen-oam\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/working-women-discussion-papers-from-the-working-womens-centre-melbourne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-political-participation-of-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stress-in-the-workplace\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-rights-in-the-workplace-whats-being-done-to-improve-them\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/living-generously-women-mentoring-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-minna-ryan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/why-have-a-working-womens-centre\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/i-confess-id-rather-work-for-a-few-reforms\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/discrimination-what-does-it-mean\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/what-choice-for-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/what-came-out-of-copenhagen-the-definition-and-relevance-of-education-for-women-in-developing-countries\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-working-womens-centre\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/making-affirmative-action-work\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-a-wastefully-exploited-resource\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/100-years-of-womens-suffrage-1908-2008-reflection-and-celebration\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-owen-dinner-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-8\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-mary-owen-1951-2017-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/owen-mary-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-edna-ryan-1948-1993-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/working-womens-centre-papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-mary-owen-co-ordinator-of-the-working-womens-centre-melbourne-1981-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Street, Jessie Mary Grey", "Entry ID": "AWE0013", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/street-jessie-mary-grey\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Chota Nagpur, Bihar, India", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist, Suffragette", "Summary": "Jessie Street was recognised nationally and internationally for her activism in women's rights, social justice and peace. Street campaigned for equality of status for women, equal pay, the appointment of women to public office and the election of women to parliament. Co-founder of the New South Wales Social Hygiene Association (1916) and Co-founder (1928) and President of the United Associations of Women, she was the only woman on the Australian delegation to the founding conference of the United Nations in 1945 and established the UN Commission on the Status of Women and the Charter of Women's Rights.\n", "Details": "Daughter of Mabel Ogilvie and Charles Lillingston, Jessie was born in India and moved with her family to Yulgilbar on the Clarence River, northern NSW, in 1896. She was schooled in England at Wycombe Abbey School, Buckinghamshire, from 1903, returning to Australia in 1906. She graduated in 1910 with a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Sydney, and became a founding member of the Sydney University Women's Sports Association that same year.\nFrom here, a long and active career began with attendance at the International Alliance of Women Conference in Rome in 1911, and Geneva in 1914. Jessie worked for the New York Protection and Probation Association in 1915. She joined the Feminist Club the following year, becoming President in 1928 and resigning in 1929. In 1916 she was Co-founder with Annie Golding of the NSW Social Hygiene Association. That same year she married Kenneth Street. The pair were to have four children: Belinda (1918), Philippa (1919), Roger (1921) and Laurence (1926).\nIn 1920, Jessie Street became Secretary of the National Council of Women, NSW, and founding member of the Australian League of Nations Union. She was a member of the Women's College Council from 1921-50; member of the Women's League of NSW after its formation in 1926; Foundation Vice-President of the Racial Hygiene Association of NSW in 1926 (renamed the Family Planning Association in 1961); Co-founder of the United Association of Women (UAW) in 1929; and President of the UAW from 1931-42. In 1936, Street was the NSW Vice-President of the Australian Federation of Women Voters. She formed the Council of Action for Equal Pay in 1937, and became President of the Australian Open Door Council the same year. In 1939, Street joined the Australian Labor Party. She was also Australian president of the Society for Cultural Relations with the USSR. The following year she took an equal pay case to the Commonwealth Arbitration Court with Nerida Cohen on behalf of the UAW.\nJessie Street was a member of the NSW Committee of the International Peace Campaign throughout the 1930s-40s. In 1934 she was awarded the Victorian sesquicentennial prize for her song Australia Happy Isle.\nStreet founded and launched the Australian Women's Digest in 1941. In 1941 she was also Chair of the Russian Medical Aid Comforts Committee, and in 1942, formed the NSW branch of the Council for Women in War Work. She initiated the national conference which led to the Australian Women's Charter in 1943. The following year, as the NSW Chair of the Australian Women's Charter, she led a delegation of 13 women to present the Charter to Parliament.\n1943 and 1946 saw two unsuccessful campaigns as Labor candidate for the seat of Wentworth in Sydney, but Street became President of the NSW Peace Council and was the sole woman in the Australian delegation to the founding Conference of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945. She was the founder of the UN Commission on the Status of Women, 1945, acting as Australian representative from 1945-47, and Vice-President in 1947. Between 1957-67, she campaigned for constitutional change to grant the Aboriginal population the right to vote.\nStreet travelled extensively between 1945-64, visiting Washington, London, Moscow (as an official guest of the Soviet Union), Paris (for the Women's International Democratic Federation Conference), New Delhi (as guest delegate to the All India Women's Conference, 1945), and New York (for the Status of Women Commission, January-February 1947 and January 1948). Street was invited to Britain to help organise the World Peace Conference in 1950. She travelled throughout Europe on World Peace business in 1951, attending the Women's Congress in Copenhagen in 1953. She travelled to Geneva to observe the United Nations; to Vienna for the World Peace Council; to China on the invitation of the China Peace Committee; to Madras in 1955 for the All India Congress for Peace and Asian Solidarity; to Helsinki for the World Assembly for Peace; and to New York to attend the UN General Assembly. She chaired a seminar on the Status of Women in London in 1956. Between 1958-59, Street attended peace conferences in Stockholm and New Delhi. She was involved with the UN Status of Women Commission in New York; the International Assembly of Women in Copenhagen; and the 6th World Conference against A & H bombs in Japan, 1960-61.\nJessie Street's autobiography, Truth or Repose, was published in 1966. In 1989 the Jessie Street National Women's Library was established in her honour in Sydney, New South Wales.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/truth-or-repose\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/worth-her-salt-women-at-work-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-at-work\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bird-of-paradise\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/50-years-of-feminist-achievement-a-history-of-the-united-associations-of-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/feminism-and-class-the-united-associations-of-women-and-the-council-of-action-for-equal-pay-in-the-depression\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-a-rewarding-but-unrewarded-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bessie-rischbieth-jessie-street-and-the-end-of-first-wave-feminism-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-feminist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-a-rewarding-but-unrewarded-life-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-a-rewarding-but-unrewarded-life-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-feminist-and-socialist-an-enigma-for-her-class\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dynamic-duo-turned-the-tide-on-injustice\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-annual-lunch\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/who-was-jessie-street\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-equal-the-history-of-australian-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-individual-rights-and-the-national-interest\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/2001-eldershaw-memorial-lecture-founding-fathers-dutiful-wives-and-rebellious-daughters-lecture-presented-to-a-tasmanian-historical-research-association-meeting-on-10-apr-2001\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/street-jessie-mary-grey-1889-1970\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-register-the-womens-college-within-the-university-of-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/uphill-all-the-way-a-documentary-history-of-women-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-a-revised-autobiography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-papers-of-jessie-street\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/newtown-tarts-a-history-of-the-sydney-university-womens-sports-association-1910-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-foundation-for-australian-women-1988-2009-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-and-objects-of-bessie-rischbieth-1900-1967-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/research-notes-notes-for-chapter-on-warden-of-st-pauls-college-1916-44\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nancy-lutton-1918-2007-bulk-1960-2007-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-alexander-gore-gowrie-1835-1987-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-janine-haines-am\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-thurlow-interviewed-by-peter-sekuless-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shirley-andrews-interviewed-by-peter-read-in-the-peter-read-collection-of-interviews-conducted-for-his-book-entitled-charles-perkins-a-biography-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-ca-1910-photograph-by-l-w-appleby\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-jessie-street-at-the-united-womens-conference-in-san-francisco-19-may-1945-picture-photo-by-sam-rosenberg\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-jessie-street-picture-falk\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-kylie-tennant-1891-1989-bulk-1933-1988-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lady-jessie-street\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/general-social-insurance-scheme-jessie-street\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-street-jessie-m-g-plan-for-community-migration\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-jessie-street-to-the-status-of-women-commission-new-york\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-curtin-correspondence-s-jim-spain-john-symons-includes-representations-from-mrs-jessie-m-street-and-thumbs-up-horse-gymkhana-poster\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-jessie-street-forum-of-the-air-sz-21-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-holt-volume-3-of-press-cuttings-as-minister-of-immigration-labour-and-national-service-includes-articles-on-migrants-employment-commonwealth-parliamentary-assoc\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-curtin-correspondence-s\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/status-of-women-general-mrs-jessie-streets-co-ordinating-agency\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/status-of-women-general-mrs-jessie-streets-co-ordinating-agency-2\/ \n \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-chifley-correspondence-s-part-4\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-chifley-correspondence-s-part-5\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-chifley-correspondence-s-part-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-chifley-correspondence-gr-gz\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-chifley-correspondence-stew-sull-j-stewart-mrs-vera-sullivan-includes-representations-relating-to-alfred-stone-430523-flight-sgt-r-s-strickland-letter-from\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-curtin-correspondence-s-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-curtin-correspondence-s-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/co-operative-immigration-from-great-britain-proposals-by-mrs-jessie-street\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/steet-kenneth-whistler-street-jessie-mary-grey-lillingston-evelyn-mabel-constance-versus-armstrong-tancred-de-carteret-bundock-charles-slade-clarence-percy-charies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/asio-surveillance-photograph-of-jessie-street\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-holt-articles-and-press-statements-prepared-by-minister-prior-to-1954\/ \n \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-jessie-m-g-street-departure-from-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/street-jessie-mary-grey-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/osw-office-of-the-status-of-women-third-national-womens-consultative-concil-jessie-street-trust-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/talking-history-episode-2-part-2-jessie-street-the-disappearing-heroine\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/talking-history-episode-1-part-1-jessie-street-the-disappearing-heroine\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/life-matters-international-year-of-the-family-report-home-economics-jessie-street-parenting-plan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-the-disappointment-heroine-part-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-the-disappointment-heroine-part-1-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/passports-of-australian-delegates-returning-from-warsaw-communist-backed-peace-congress\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/essays-on-jessie-street-1976-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-jessie-street\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-vivienne-newson-1942-1971-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bill-morrow-papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-australian-peace-council-1949-1955-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-shirley-andrews-1917-2002-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-jessie-street-circa-1914-1968-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jack-and-jean-horner-interviewed-by-peter-read-in-the-peter-read-collection-of-interviews-conducted-for-his-book-entitled-charles-perkins-a-biography-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australasian-book-society-records-1949-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/feminist-club-of-new-south-wales-records-1928-1973\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/series-01-street-family-papers-of-sir-philip-street-1890-1938\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/united-association-of-women-further-records-1930-1978\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-lady-jessie-street-by-norma-ferris\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/street-jessie-part-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/street-jessie-part-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/street-jessie-part-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/street-jessie-part-4\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-fleming-arnot-personal-and-professional-papers-1890-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/united-association-of-women-records-ca-1930-1970\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1960-1991-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/florence-james-papers-1890-1993\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/william-morrow-recordings-of-addresses-given-by-jessie-street-and-interviews-with-jessie-street-1953-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-wright-interviewed-by-richard-raxworthy-in-the-labor-council-of-new-south-wales-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pethybridge-eva-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-the-sydney-university-womens-sports-association\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruby-rich-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-bowden-interviews-conducted-for-radio-programs-and-documentaries-ca-1975-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irina-dunn-further-papers-1943-1994\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/photographs-relating-to-the-united-associations-of-women-including-portrait-of-jessie-street-1936-1949\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ryan, Lyndall", "Entry ID": "AWE0014", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ryan-lyndall\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Paddington, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Educator, Feminist, Historian", "Summary": "Lyndall Ryan was a member of the first Sydney Women's Liberation Group in 1970. In 1974 she joined the Commonwealth Public Service as a policy analyst on women's health and child care. She became an academic in 1977 and has held positions in Australian Studies and Women's Studies at Griffith and Flinders Universities. She was appointed to the position of Foundation Professor of Australian Studies and Head of School of Humanities at the University of Newcastle in 1998.\n", "Details": "The daughter of Edna Ryan and a committed feminist, Lyndall Ryan was one of the early wave of scholars who examined the extent of violence perpetrated against Aboriginal people by white colonisers. Her book The Aboriginal Tasmanians, first published in 1981 and based on her 1975 PhD thesis, presented a critical interpretation of the early history of relations between Tasmanian Aborigines and white settlers in Tasmania. A second edition was published by Allen & Unwin in 1996, in which she brought the story of the Tasmanian Aborigines in the 20th century up to date.\nHer scholarship since then continued to confront this violent past. In 2013, she led a team of scholars in a four year project to map the frontier massacres in Eastern Australia, a project funded by an Australian Research Council (ARC) grant investigating Violence on the Australian Colonial Frontier, 1788-1960.\nRyan was elected as a Labor member of the ACT Advisory Council in September 1967 and resigned in December 1968.\nRyan was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in January 2019 for her significant service to higher education, particularly to Indigenous history and women's studies and then posthumously appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in January 2025 for distinguished service to tertiary education, particularly Indigenous history and colonial settlement through research and publications.\n", "Events": "Mejane (1971 - 1971) \nRefractory Girl (1972 - 1972) \nAustralian Academy of the Humanities (2018 - 2018) \nAustralian History, Australian National University, Canberra. (1977 - 1977) \nAustralian Studies, University of Newcastle. (1998 - 2005) \nComparative Social History and Australian Studies, Griffith University. (1977 - 1986) \nFirst Sydney Women's Liberation Group. (1970 - 1970) \nLeichardt Women's Community Health Centre. (1973 - 1974) \nPolicy Analysist, Priorities Review Staff and Women's Affairs Branch, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Canberra. (1974 - 1976) \nQueensland Committee on Discrimination in Employment and Occupation. (1984 - 1986) \nSchool of Humanities, University of Newcastle (1999 - 2003) \nSchool of Humanities, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah Campus. (2004 - 2005) \nSouth Australian Committee, Winston Churchill Memorial Trust. (1996 - 1998) \nWomen's Studies, Flinders University. (1986 - 1998)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-aboriginal-tasmanians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/we-women-decide-womens-experience-of-seeking-abortion-in-queensland-south-australia-and-tasmania-1985-1992\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/origins-of-a-royal-commission\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-equal-the-history-of-australian-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-of-warren-osmond-and-lyndall-ryan-1972-1996-bulk-1974-1982-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-lyndall-ryan-dr-author-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-julia-ryan-1947-1982-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/waterloo-creek-the-australia-day-massacre-of-1838-george-gipps-and-the-british-conquest-of-new-south-wales-melbourne-penguin-1992\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-manning-clark-1907-1992-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dymphna-clark-circa-1930-2000-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/julia-ryan-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-lyndall-ryan-professor-of-australian-studies-university-of-newcastle-sound-recording-interviewer-sara-dowse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-lyndall-ryan-1968-1992-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Reid, Elizabeth Anne", "Entry ID": "AWE0023", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reid-elizabeth-anne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Taree, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Consultant, Educator, Political scientist, Public speaker, Researcher", "Summary": "In 1973 Elizabeth Reid became the first adviser on women's affairs to a head of state, being appointed in this capacity for Australian Labour Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. Reid went on to work as an adviser, administrator, consultant, educator and researcher in an international setting on issues of women and development, health and population. She is currently based in Canberra, a Visiting Fellow, State, Society and Governance Program, College of Asia and the Pacific, at the Australian National University, and an analyst, programmer, consultant and trainer in development and humanitarian assistance.\n", "Details": "Elizabeth Reid graduated Bachelor of Arts with First Class Honours in Philosophy from the Australian National University, Canberra in 1965. She went on to Somerville College, Oxford University, England where she gained a Bachelor of Philosophy in 1970.\nShe returned to the Australian National University as a Philosophy tutor and with Murray Goot published Women and Voting Studies: Mindless Matrons or Sexist Scientism? in 1975, based on a paper presented to the Australasian Political Studies Association conference in 1973. She was campaign manager for an Aboriginal woman candidate in the 1972 Federal election which installed Gough Whitlam as Prime Minister.\nReid then applied and was selected as an adviser to Whitlam in the women and child welfare area. During her work with the Whitlam government, Reid oversaw the Australian Government's arrangements for International Women's Year 1975, convening the IWY National Advisory Committee. She also led the Australian delegation to the Mexico World International Women's Year Conference, 1975, and was the Australian Representative to the United Nations forum on the Role of Women in Population and Development, 1974.\nReid helped resource community initiatives and women's services such as women's refuges, rape crisis centres, women's health centres, child care, and working women's centres. She brought in new policies in equal opportunity, training, employment and housing. Reid emphasised the need for all Cabinet submissions to include an assessment of their impact on women.\nFrom the time of her appointment, Reid and her work came under extreme pressure, both in the way of accolades and criticism. She attracted a high profile in the media, as well as the hopes, expectations, scrutiny, gratitude and criticism of feminists and women all over Australia. Political scientist Marian Sawer suggests Reid as women's adviser took on 'quasi-ministerial status', receiving more letters than anyone except the Prime Minister (Sawer, 1996). Reid resigned in October 1975, moving on to become Adviser to Princess Ashraf Pahlavi of Iran on policy formation and implementation for women (1975-76).\nFrom this time on Reid began working in development and humanitarian assistance, both for the United Nations and in other organizations. She was the founding director and project manager of the United Nations Asian and Pacific Centre for Women and Development (1977-1979). She then worked as Principal Officer in the United Nations Secretariat for the 1980 World Conference of the Decade for Women. From 1981-1984, Reid worked for USAID and for the Peace Corps, based in Zaire, Burundi, Rwanda and Thailand. From 1985-1989 she worked as a consultant largely on HIV and AIDS strategies, education and policy in Australia, Zaire and the Pacific.\nFrom 1989 to 1997 Reid worked out of New York in the United Nations Development Programme, originally as Programme Director for Women in Development, then as Policy Adviser to the Administrator on HIV\/AIDS and Development, and from 1992 was Director of the HIV and Development Programme. In 1996 she was elected as a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia. From 1998-2000 she was Resident Coordinator of the United Nations, and Resident Representative of the UNDP in Papua New Guinea (PNG).\nReid has addressed many conferences as keynote speaker, and her speaking engagements and extensive publication record have been focussed particularly in the areas of HIV education and women in development.\nIn 2001 Reid was made an Officer of the Order or Australia for work nationally and internationally on women and on the HIV epidemic; in the same year she was also named on the Centenary of Federation Honour Role of Women: Firsts and Founders, Victoria.\nSince 2002 she has worked as a Consultant to many countries, churches and other faith based organisations in the Asia Pacific region and in Africa. Her focus has been on assisting with health programs related to the treatment of HIV\/AIDS. From 2002-07, she was Senior Adviser, The Collaboration for Health in PNG a Public Private Partnership for Health. From 2005 she has acted as a consultant to faith based organisations and churches in PNG and the Pacific.\nFrom 2006-10 she served as Senior Adviser, HIV and Development, the PNG Sustainable Development Program (PNGSDP). From 2009 she has worked as an Evaluation Consultant in the Review of the national Nursing Program in Timor-Leste.\nIn 2006 the Australian National University awarded her a Doctor of Letters, Honoris Causa.\nShe is currently Executive Trustee, Serendipity Educational Endowment Fund (SEEF) for the education of children touched by the HIV epidemic in PNG and Board Member of Oxfam Australia.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sisters-in-suits-women-and-public-policy-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-equal-the-history-of-australian-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hiv-and-aids-the-global-inter-connection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-feeling-of-infinity-fourth-kenneth-myer-memorial-lecture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aids-a-time-to-care-a-time-to-act-a-policy-discussion-paper\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aids-and-development-implications-for-australian-non-government-aid-agencies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/proceedings-of-the-who-australian-inter-regional-ministerial-meeting-on-aids\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-and-voting-studies-mindless-matrons-or-sexist-scientism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-child-of-our-movement-a-movement-of-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/creating-a-policy-for-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-and-the-new-international-economic-order-a-critique\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-womens-roll-of-honour-women-shaping-the-nation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/femocrats-and-ecorats-womens-policy-machinery-in-australia-canadaand-new-zealand\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-reid-womens-advisor-to-the-australian-government-the-life-of-elizabeth\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-who-caucus-feminist-political-scientists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-decade-of-mary-owen-dinners\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-preliminary-survey-of-migrant-women-in-the-clothing-trade\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reading-as-a-woman-understanding-generalised-hiv-epidemics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reading-generalised-hiv-epidemics-as-a-woman\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/embracing-disruptions-responding-to-uncertainties-valuing-agency-situating-a-feminist-approach-to-social-protection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/re-thinking-human-rights-and-the-hiv-epidemic-a-reflection-on-power-and-goodness\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elas-question\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-elizabeth-reid-1963-1981-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-reid-interviewed-by-sara-dowse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-advisory-committee-files-single-number-series-with-w-nac-womens-national-advisory-committee-or-nac-prefix\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dowse, Sara", "Entry ID": "AWE0024", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dowse-sara\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Chicago, Illinois, USA", "Occupations": "Feminist, Public servant, Women's rights activist, Writer", "Summary": "Sara Dowse is a prize-winning writer of reviews and Canberra-themed fiction. A feminist and women's rights activist, she was a member of the Women's Liberation Movement and the Women's Electoral Lobby-ACT. She became the inaugural head of the Women's Affairs Section of the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet (now Office of the Status of Women) for the Whitlam government.\n(This entry is sponsored by generous donation from Christine Foley.)\n", "Details": "Born in Chicago, USA, Sara Dowse (nee Rosenthal) grew up in Hollywood, the daughter of an actor mother and celebrity lawyer father. Born of Jewish parents, she experienced anti-semitism in her early years, and left for Australia at nineteen (in 1958) when she married a visiting Australian footballer.\nShe studied Arts at Sydney University, and after experiencing sexism as a pregnant student and in society generally, she became what has been described as an 'old-style feminist'.\nShe arrived in Canberra in 1968 and worked as a journalist, publisher's field editor and tutor at the Canberra College of Advanced Education. She was a member of the Women's Liberation Movement and the Women's Electoral Lobby-ACT, and became the inaugural head of the Women's Affairs Section of the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet (now the Office of the Status of Women) for the Whitlam government. At the time of her appointment, she was dubbed 'Supergirl' by the press.\nDowse became spokesperson for 130 organisations that opposed the removal of lawfully performed abortions from the medical benefits scheme.\nAfter a publicised resignation from the public service, she worked as a teacher at The Australian National University, a reviewer for newspapers and journals, and became a writer of novels and short stories. She has also been an interviewer for the National Library of Australia's Oral History Program. She was forty-five when her first novel, West Block, based on her experiences in the Prime Minister's department, was published in 1983.\nDowse's other books include Silver City (1984), Schemetime (1990), Sapphires (1994) - a largely autobiographical work about rediscovering Jewish roots - and Digging (1996). She has contributed to Worth Her Salt: Women at Work in Australia (1982); Leaving School, It's Harder for Girls (1983); Women, Social Welfare and the State (1983), Sisterhood is Global (1984) and Home Grown Anthology (1993).\nShe was a member of Seven Writers - a group of seven Canberra-based writers whose work vividly portrayed life 'beneath the surface of Canberra' - and as part of this collective she contributed to Canberra Tales (1988), republished as The Division of Love in 1996, an anthology of short stories about life in Canberra. The work received an ACT Bicentennial Award.\nDowse has also been awarded the AIPS\/APSA Women in Politics Prize (1982); 3M\/Royal Blind Society Talking Book of the Year (1994); ACT Book of the Year (1995); ACT Book Reviewer of the Year (1995 and joint winner in 1997 with Marion Halligan). She was short-listed for the Steele Rudd Award (1995) and long-listed for the IMPAC Dublin Prize (1996). She has also been the recipient of an Australia Council fellowship; a Harold White Fellowship (1991) and an ACT Literary Fellowship (1996).\nSara Dowse has five children.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-equal-the-history-of-australian-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/femocrats-and-ecorats-womens-policy-machinery-in-australia-canadaand-new-zealand\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-writers-a-bibliographic-guide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-division-of-love-stories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/digging\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sapphires\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/schemetime\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/silver-city\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/west-block-the-hidden-world-of-canberras-mandarins\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/as-the-lonely-fly\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-ward-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-reid-interviewed-by-sara-dowse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-sara-dowse-public-servant-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-seven-writers-group-between-1986-and-approximately-2000\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-brenda-walker-1989-1996-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-drusilla-modjeska-1959-2006-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dorothy-green-1943-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-1972-96-amirah-inglis-geoff-page-amy-witting-marion-eldridge-sara-dowse-les-murray-philip-hodgins-1988-94-includes-congratulations-on-banjo-award-for-to-the-burning-bush\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-marion-halligan-circa-1970-circa-2003-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-elizabeth-reid-1963-1981-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hmss-0131-word-festival-canberra-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-curtis-brown-australia-pty-ltd-1962-2002-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ann-turner-1901-2009-bulk-1975-2004-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hmss-0154-majura-womens-group-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/susan-ryan-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-sara-dowse-1958-2007-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/julia-ryan-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-lyndall-ryan-professor-of-australian-studies-university-of-newcastle-sound-recording-interviewer-sara-dowse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-gae-margaret-pincus-lawyer-sound-recording-interviewer-sara-dowse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-helen-garner-author-sound-recording-interviewer-sara-dowse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kathleen-taperell-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/meredith-edwards-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-in-the-academy-of-the-social-sciences-in-australia-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/amirah-inglis-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cassandra-pybus-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carmel-bird-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/linda-jaivin-interviewed-by-sara-dowse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anne-summers-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ryan, Susan", "Entry ID": "AWE0025", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ryan-susan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Randwick, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educator, Parliamentarian, Senator", "Summary": "Susan Ryan was appointed the first Labor Senator for the Australian Capital Territory, in 1975. In the Federal Parliament she was the Minister Assisting the Prime Minister Bob Hawke on the Status of Women 1983-88 and the Minister for Education, 1984-87. She presided over the passage of the federal government's Sex Discrimination Act 1984 and the Affirmative Action (Equal Opportunities in Employment) Act 1986. A complete record of her parliamentary service, including a link to her first speech, can be found in the Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia (see below).\nFrom July 2011 to 2016 she held the newly created position of Age Discrimination Commissioner with the Australian Human Rights Commission. She was also the Disability Discrimination Commissioner from July 2014 to 2016.\nSusan Ryan died on 27 September, 2020. She was a woman of many firsts; a trailblazer for Labor women in parliament. As former prime minister, Julia Gillard, observed, 'Every Australian's life has been improved by her leadership on gender equality.'\n", "Details": "Susan Ryan was awarded her BA from the University of Sydney in 1962, and MA in English Literature from the Australian National University in 1972. She worked as a school teacher in 1963 and then tutor in English Literature at ANU between 1970-72.\nRyan was a founding member of the Belconnen Branch of the ALP in 1969, and was later Vice-President of the Branch. She was delegate to the ALP ACT Branch Council between 1973-76. She was also a founding member of the Women's Electoral Lobby, ACT Branch. Ryan attended the World Conference on Women in Mexico City in 1975 and the United Nations Decade for Women Conference in Copenhagen in 1980. She was a member of the ALP Federal Policy Committee on Women and Education Officer of the International Women's Year Secretariat.\nElected as one of the first of two Senators for the ACT and the first Labor Senator for the ACT in 1975, Ryan served on a number of parliamentary committees between 1975-83. She was a member of the Council of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies 1981-83; member of the Opposition Shadow Ministry, Dec 1977-March 1983; Minister for Education and Youth Affairs, Hawke Labor Government, 1983; Minister Assisting the Prime Minister on the Status of Women, 1983-88; Minister for Education, Dec 1984; and Special Minister of State including responsibilities for the bicentenary, the National Campaign Against Drug Abuse and the implementation of the Australia Card program. She advocated for the Senate to pass the Sex Discrimination Bill 1982 and enact the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination, the Sex Discrimination Act 1984 and the Affirmative Action (Equal Opportunities in Employment) Act 1986. Ryan resigned as Minister and Senator in January 1988. She was awarded the Order of Australia in 1990.\nFollowing her resignation she worked as Publishing Editor of Penguin Books in 1988, Executive Director of the Plastics Industry Association Inc in 1989 and CEO of the Association of Suerannuation Funds of Australia from 1993 to 1997. She was also the Independent Chair of the IAG and NRMA Superannuation Plan, President of the Australian Institute of Superannuation Trustees from 2000 to 2007 and a member of the ASX Corporate Governance Council from 2003 to 2007. She also held a number of positions at the University of New South Wales. She was Pro-Chancellor and Council member from 1998, Chair of the UNSW Risk Committee from 2002 and Chair of the Arts and Social Sciences Advisory Council from 2010.\nAfter retirement from politics, Ryan also remained involved in progressive causes, including as deputy chair of the Australian Republican Movement from 2000 to 2003, and as an advocate of an Australian bill of rights. She remained committed to eliminating all forms of discrimination, returning to the public sphere in 2011 to do so when she was appointed the inaugural Age Discrimination Commissioner. She expanded her remit to include the responsibilities of the Disability Discrimination Commissioner when the two roles were merged in 2014.\nSusan Ryan died on 27 September 2020. In later life, when reflecting upon her role as the architect of the Sex Discrimination Act 1984, which outlawed discrimination on the basis of sex, marital status, and pregnancy, she observed that it was 'probably the most useful thing I've done in my life'.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/taking-tiger-mountain-by-strategy-the-task-of-opposition-catching-the-waves-susan-ryan-at-the-hawke-institute\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-long-wave-still-rolling\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/catching-the-waves\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-equal-the-history-of-australian-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-ordinary-lives-pioneering-women-in-australian-politics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ryan-the-hon-susan-maree-ao\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-susan-ryan-author-and-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/susan-ryan-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mass-media-regulation-1980-jul-by-senator-susan-ryan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-julia-ryan-1947-1982-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-peter-ryan-1927-2010-bulk-1962-1996-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-kathleen-abbott-1964-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/statement-by-bob-hawke-on-ministerial-arrangements\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-1967-1983-including-letters-by-thomas-shapcott-geoffrey-blainey-michael-costigan-senator-susan-ryan-les-hiatt-mary-tully-beau-riel-colin-scrimgeour-austin-byrne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sound-recordings\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/perth-pen-centre-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-craig-mcgregor-1961-2005-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pat-richardson-scrapbooks-relating-to-the-womens-electoral-lobby-and-womens-events-1977-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-hon-susan-maree-ryan-ao\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jackson, Mavis", "Entry ID": "AWE0035", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jackson-mavis\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Masulapatam, India", "Death Place": "Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Microbiologist", "Summary": "Mavis Jackson was a microbiologist. She founded International House (University of Melbourne) and served as President of the Lyceum Club from 1973-75.\n", "Details": "Mavis Jackson was educated at the Methodist Ladies College, Melbourne and the University of Melbourne (BSc 1931-35). She was one of only two women on the University of Melbourne SRC in her final year. During World War II she worked as a volunteer microbiologist with the Australian Army Medical Corps and as a Blood Transfusion Officer at Heidelberg Military Hospital.\nIn 1942 Mavis married Alan Vaughan Jackson and raised three children - Ian, Prue and Trevor. Though officially she left the workforce after marrying, she did return to establish the cytology unit at the Alfred Hospital in 1962, and ran it for the next fifteen years.\nJackson was a foundation member of the International House Council from 1955, and Chair 1973-79. She was a member of the board of management at Yooralla Children's Hospital School 1957-60; of the National Council of Women 1957-60; and of the executive Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria 1967-84. She served as President of the Victorian Society of Cytology in 1966.\nJackson was awarded honorary life membership of the Lyceum Club (having joined in the early 1930s). She was President of the Club from 1973-75 and twice a member of the general committee. In 1999 she was honoured as a \"living treasure\".\nIn 1967 Jackson was named a Member of the Order of the British Empire in recognition of her community service work. Ten years later, in 1977, she was awarded the Queen's Jubilee Medal for community service.\nMavis Jackson she was grandmother many times over.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituaries-mavis-jackson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituary-mrs-mavis-jackson-mbe-1913-2000\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Galbraith, Jean", "Entry ID": "AWE0040", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/galbraith-jean\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tyers, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Botanical collector, Botanist", "Summary": "Galbraith, a prominent Victorian naturalist, joined the Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria in 1923 and in 1970 was awarded their Australian Natural History Medallion. In 1950 she published Wildflowers of Victoria which by 1970 had gone to three editions.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-jean-galbraith-1900-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-to-david-sharpe-from-professor-thomas-cherry-and-jean-galbraith-1965-march-2-1969-november-7-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-jean-galbraith-field-naturalist-and-author-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-marian-eldridge-1942-1997-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Coleman, Marie Yvonne", "Entry ID": "AWE0042", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/coleman-marie-yvonne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Educator, Feminist, Journalist, Medical Social Worker, Public servant, Researcher, social activist, Statutory Office Holder", "Summary": "Marie Coleman was the first woman to head a Commonwealth Government statutory agency, and the first woman to hold the powers of Permanent Head under the Public Service Act. She was founding Secretary of the National Foundation for Australian Women, one of the NFAW Board of Directors who worked to establish the Australian Women's Archives Project (AWAP), and remains active in community organisations and public life in her retirement. She was awarded the Public Service Medal in 1989 for contributions to public administration. In 2001 she was awarded the Centenary Medal. In 2011 she was appointed Officer of the Order of Australia.\n", "Details": "Marie Burns was an only child, born in Dubbo, New South Wales (NSW) in March 1933. Her father John Alexander Burns (Alex) was at that time a porter with the Railways Commission of NSW, and the family lived at Nevertire, a small railhead west of Dubbo. Her mother, Kathleen (Nunan) Burns was a former shop assistant with Western Stores, Dubbo (where she had been apprenticed), and her maternal grandmother, Annie Klintworth (formerly Nunan, nee Manners) lived in Dubbo with her second husband Samuel Klintworth.\nThe small family moved around remote and rural NSW as Alex pursued promotion. Marie's initial experience with education came through boarding at the small Hunter Valley town of Singleton for six months, to attend pre-primary school; thereafter until a move to Nimmitabel on the Monaro of Southern NSW in 1940 she was educated by correspondence through the NSW Government Education Department's Blackfriars Correspondence School. She was subsequently educated at Dubbo Primary School, Orange Primary School, Orange High School, and Lithgow High School.\nShe entered the University of Sydney in 1950. She studied Economics and Philosophy for an Arts degree, followed by a Diploma in Social Studies. From 1950-1952 she was a resident of the Women's College, University of Sydney. During her University career she was a member of the Student Representative Council, the Board of Manning House, and editor of the student newspaper Honi Soit - at that time only the second woman to hold that position. She represented the University in district women's cricket and Inter-Varsity women's cricket; she represented the University in Inter-Varsity and international debating.\nAfter leaving University she worked briefly as a society page reporter for the Sydney Daily Telegraph and for the Royal Empire Society as publicist. In January 1954 she traveled to the USA and then the United Kingdom where, after a period teaching for the London County Council, she married James Harry Coleman, of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, in 1956. The couple returned to live in Melbourne. She became a scriptwriter for the Australian Broadcasting Commission, in both radio and early television, and then established her own public relations business.\nThree daughters were born, Carolyn Margaret Coleman, Susan Dinah Coleman, and Elizabeth Burns Coleman.\nIn 1964 Coleman became medical social worker at the Preston and Northcote Community Hospital and subsequently Social worker for the Asthma Foundation of Victoria, before joining the Victorian Council of Social Service as Director. Following the (Federal) election in 1972 of the Whitlam Labor Government she was invited to head the newly created Social Welfare Commission.\nIn 1976, following the election of the Fraser Liberal-National Coalition Government, she was appointed Director of the Office of Child Care. During this period the Commonwealth commenced support for Aboriginal Child agencies, expanded provision of full day care services, before and after school care and school holidays programs, and created a system of child care in women's refuges, and of youth refuges. In 1982 she became Special Adviser in the Social Welfare Policy Secretariat. This entity was subsequently re-formulated and renamed several times.\nIn 1983, at the invitation of the Government of South Australia, she carried out a review of Early Childhood Services in that state, which was followed by the re-structure of public administrative arrangements in that field. In 1989 she became a foundation member of the National Foundation for Australian Women. In 1990 she accepted a posting as Senior Visiting Fellow at the Australia New Zealand Studies Centre at Pennsylvania State University in the United States of America. During this period she represented the Australian Government at the meeting of the United Nations final Preparatory Committee for the 1993 Rio \"Earth Conference\". In 1994 she returned to Australia as Acting Director of the Australian Institute of Family Studies in Melbourne, Victoria. In 1994-5 she returned as First Assistant Secretary to the Commonwealth Department of Health and Community Services to review funding for family planning services.\nShe retired from the Australian Public Service in 1995, recommencing journalism as a regular columnist with the Canberra Times. This continued through to 2003.\nShe was a consultant and subsequently Director of the Indigenous Social Development Institute, working in Cape York communities in Far North Queensland on adolescent indigenous family development. This continued until 2003. She was appointed as first Chair of the Management Assessment Panel for the Australian Capital Territory, and subsequently in addition as the Alternate Chair of the Care Coordination Panel.\nDuring the celebrations marking the Centenary of Federation of the Commonwealth of Australia, she was awarded the Commonwealth Honours System's Centenary Medal for services to public administration, the Centenary Medal of the Australian Institute of Public Administration for services to public administration, and placed on the Victorian Parliament's Honour Roll of Women, in recognition of services to Victoria and the Nation. In 2006 she was placed on the ACT Honour Roll of Women and awarded an EDNA. This award was created in 1998 to honour the life and work of Edna Ryan and is awarded to feminists whose activity has advanced the cause of women.\nIn 2003 she became Chair of the Advisory Board to the Hindmarsh Education Centre, at the Quamby Youth Detention Centre, Australian Capital Territory. She retired in 2007.\nIn 2011 she was appointed ACT Senior Australian of the year and appointed Officer in the General Division of the Order of Australia 'for distinguished service to the advancement of women, particularly through the National Foundation for Women and the Australian Women's Archives Project'.\nIn 2012 she continues to work for the Australian Women's Archives Project and for the Social Policy Committee of the National Council for Australian Women. She is also Chair of the Management Assessment Panel and the Care Coordination Panel of the ACT.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-black-grapevine-aboriginal-activism-and-the-stolen-generations\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tireless-activist-for-womens-movement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/web-savvy-and-wired-into-the-womens-movement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-marie-coleman\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burns-family-portraits\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/early-scenes-from-roseby-park-and-brewarrina\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-marie-coleman-former-head-of-the-federal-office-of-child-care-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-marie-yvonne-coleman-ao\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Medd, Ruth", "Entry ID": "AWE0043", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/medd-ruth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Stoke, Trent, England", "Occupations": "IT professional, Public servant, Public speaker", "Summary": "Ruth Medd has served on the Board of Directors for the National Foundation for Australian Women since 1997. Her ongoing interest in the advancement of women is focused on increasing women's representation on Boards of Management and educating women about investment. She has been a senior manager in the telecommunications field.\n", "Details": "Ruth completed a Bachelor of Science and Diploma in Computing Science from Adelaide University. She has also studied Accounting at the Australian National University.\nRuth was appointed Executive Director of the Australian Association of National Advertisers (1997-98); Senior Executive, Telstra (1991-96); and General Manager, Australian Broadcasting Tribunal (1988-91).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bates, Daisy May", "Entry ID": "AWE0050", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bates-daisy-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tipperary, Ireland", "Death Place": "Prospect, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Anthropologist, Journalist", "Summary": "A self-taught anthropologist, Daisy Bates conducted fieldwork amongst several Indigenous nations in western and southern Australia. She supported herself largely by writing articles for urban newspapers on such topics as 'native cannibalism' and the 'doomed' fate of Indigenous peoples. Bates also published her work on Indigenous kinship systems, marriage laws, language and religion in books and articles. She was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for Aboriginal welfare work in 1934.\nBates' birth year was changed from 1863 to 1859 on 16 January 2018 after consulting the references in Bob Reece's work Daisy Bates: Grand dame of the desert and Susanna De Vries' book Desert Queen: The many lives and loves of Daisy Bates.\n", "Details": "Daisy May Bates first arrived in Australia in 1884 and worked as a governess in Berry, New South Wales from 1884-1885. She worked on the Review of Reviews in London, 1894-1899, gaining expertise in journalism.\nFrom 1899-1900 she was at the Trappist mission, Beagle Bay, north of Broome and in 1904 was appointed by the Western Australian government to research the tribes of the State. Bates was a member of an expedition led by A.R. Radcliffe-Brown to study the social anthropology of Aboriginal people of north-west Australia in 1910.\nOver more than twenty years Bates camped at several locations in South Australia and Western Australia; Eucla, 1912-1914; near Yalata, 1915-1918; and near Ooldea, 1918-1934; She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for Aboriginal welfare work on January 1, 1934. She was a member of the British Royal Anthropological Institute and the Australasian Anthropological Institute.\nBates wrote her autobiography 'My natives and I' in a tent at Pyap, South Australia, 1935-1940. This was serialised in The Adelaide Advertiser and later edited and published as The Passing of the Aborigines in 1938. Her articles appeared in several newspapers, including The Catholic Record, The Western Mail, The Adelaide Advertiser, and The Children's Newspaper.\nShe lived in Wynbring, east of Ooldea, South Australia from 1941 until old age and failing health led her to return to Adelaide in 1945, where she remained until her death in 1951.\nBates is remembered in an ambivalent light by Indigenous and non-Indigenous folk-lore, and has been represented in children's literature, theatre, film and opera. According to the Australian Dictionary of Biography, Bates was given the affectionate name 'Kabbarli', meaning 'grandmotherly person'; the Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia records that Anangu people living at Yalata have referred to Bates as 'Daiji Bate mamu' ('mamu' meaning ghost or devil) and as 'that poor old lady at Ooldea.'\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daisy-bates-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/first-in-their-field-women-and-australian-anthropology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bates-daisy-may-1863-1951\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/100-great-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kabbarli\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/down-the-hole-up-the-tree-across-the-sandhills-running-from-the-state-and-daisy-bates\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daisy-bates-keeper-of-totems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daisy-bates-in-the-desert\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-perth-and-bibbulmun-biographies-and-legends\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-native-tribes-of-western-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portraits-of-australian-women-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kabbarli-a-personal-memoir-of-daisy-bates\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tales-told-to-kabbarli-aboriginal-legends-collected-by-daisy-bates\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daisy-bates-the-great-white-queen-of-the-never-never\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-passing-of-the-aborigines-a-lifetime-spent-among-the-natives-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/social-organization-of-some-western-australian-tribes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aborigines-of-the-west-coast-of-south-australia-vocabularies-and-ethnographical-notes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-marriage-laws-and-some-customs-of-the-western-australian-aborigines\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kabbarli-a-film-about-daisy-bates\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/imagined-destinies-aboriginal-australians-and-the-doomed-race-theory-1880-1939\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-sphere-the-empires-illustrated-weekly-london\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-papers-of-daisy-bates\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daisy-may-bates\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/an-evaluation-of-daisy-bates-passing-of-the-aborigines-london-john-murray-ltd-1972\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reflections-profiles-of-150-women-who-helped-make-western-australias-history-project-of-the-womens-committee-for-the-150th-anniversary-celebrations-of-western-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-aboriginal-australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-history-society-and-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-writers-a-bibliographic-guide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/uphill-all-the-way-a-documentary-history-of-women-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/efforts-made-by-western-australia-towards-the-betterment-of-her-aborigines\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-alexander-gore-gowrie-1835-1987-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-1918-1946-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sir-john-burton-cleland-1878-1971-papers-principally-relating-to-anthropology-and-medicine\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1907-1940-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-daisy-bates-1833-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bates-daisy-may-aa-23\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daisy-mary-bates-correspondence-1910-1942\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daisy-bates-summary-record\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-to-john-mathew-ca-1905-1913-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daisy-may-bates-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letter-to-a-j-vogan-relating-to-mrs-bates\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alvis-brooks-interviewed-by-marian-hinchcliffe-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-daisy-bates-ethnologist-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/field-diaries-notebooks-and-other-data-relating-to-fieldwork\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daisy-bates\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-relating-to-daisy-bates-comments-on-her-manuscript-of-the-native-tribes-of-western-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/white-mother-to-a-black-race-by-mrs-daisy-bates\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/you-would-have-loved-her-for-her-lore-the-letters-of-daisy-bates\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/series-of-ceremonies-eucla-district-natives-daisy-bates\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-daisy-bates-1905-1921-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-of-daisy-bates-1941-1943-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-1901-1951-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-and-diary-1911-1931-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-daisy-bates-1905-1913-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1907-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1907-1940-manuscript-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/request-that-publicity-in-ireland-be-given-to-work-done-by-mrs-daisy-bates-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bates-mrs-daisy-may\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-eleanor-witcombe-1941-1987-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-elizabeth-salter-1922-1980-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1920-1956-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/typescripts-and-photographs-ca-1947-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kathleen-hilfers-summary-record\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-1943-44\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letter-to-fitzherbert-21-8-31-and-vocabularies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/georgina-king-papers-1889-1930\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letter-to-fitzherbert-12-8-31-incl-ibaris-information\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letter-to-fitzherbert-5-4-32-and-vocabularies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-from-daisy-bates-on-the-treatment-of-aborigines\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letter-to-fitzherbert-9-11-31-and-vocabularies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/georgina-king-papers-1888-1921\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-from-daisy-bates-1905-11\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/draft-letter-and-queries-and-remarks-a-w-hewitt-to-daisy-bates-10-september-1905-and-6-november-1905\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-with-the-national-library-and-photocopies-of-photographs-relating-to-the-funeral-of-daisy-bates\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nancy-lutton-1918-2007-bulk-1960-2007-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ernest-william-pearson-chinnery-1897-1971-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aborigines-friends-association-summary-record\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/darwin-nt-adelaide-sa-daisy-bates\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collection-of-papers-on-western-australian-history-1829-1966-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letter-1928-nov-10-ooldea-to-phoebe-kirwan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/susanna-de-vries-papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dorothy-green-manuscript-collection-1918-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rory-barnes-manuscript-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-william-hurst-1918-1956-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-robinson-summary-record\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ernestine-hill-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Clarke, Adrienne Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE0065", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clarke-adrienne-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Botanist, Medical scientist", "Summary": "Clarke, a scientist with the Plant Cell Biology Research Centre at the University of Melbourne from 1982, received a Personal Chair in Botany at the University of Melbourne in 1985 and became Lieutenant Governor of Victoria in 1997.\nClarke was the first female Chairperson of the CSIRO, a position which she held from 1991 until 1996.\n", "Details": "Adrienne Clarke was educated at the University of Melbourne, where she completed her Bachelor of Science in 1958, and PhD in 1963. In 1991 she was awarded an AO.\nClarke's prolific career began in the 1960s when she worked as a Research Fellow with the Institute of Dental Research, United Dental Hospital of Sydney, 1964; Visiting Instructor, Department of Endocrine Physiology, Baylor University, Houston, Texas, Jan-Jun 1967; Research Fellow, Department of Biochemistry, University of Michigan, July-Dec 1967; and Lecturer in Biochemistry, University of Auckland, 1968-69.\nThe following decade and a half saw her work with the University of Melbourne as follows: Research Fellow, Asthma Foundation, Department of Medicine, 1969-73; Research Fellow, School of Botany, 1974; ARGC Research Fellow, School of Botany, 1975-77; Lecturer in Botany, 1978; Senior Lecturer in Botany, 1979; Reader in Botany, 1981; Director, Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, 1982 onward; and Professor, School of Botany, 1985 onward.\nShe was appointed Chairman of CSIRO from 1991-96; and Lieutenant-Governor of Victoria from 1997.\nAdrienne Clarke is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (1988), Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (1991), Mueller Medal winner (1992), and Foreign Associate, US National Academy of Sciences (1994).\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clarke-adrienne-elizabeth-1938\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ragbir-singh-bhathal-1949-2006-bulk-1996-1999-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Guilfoyle, Margaret Georgina", "Entry ID": "AWE0075", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guilfoyle-margaret-georgina\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Belfast, County Antrim, Northern Ireland", "Death Place": "Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Dame Margaret Guilfoyle was the first woman to be appointed to federal Cabinet with portfolio, when, in 1975 she became Education and then Social Security Minister in the Fraser Liberal Government. In 1980 she became the first woman to hold an economic portfolio when she became Minister for Finance. On 31 December 1979 Margaret Guilfoyle was appointed to the Order of the British Empire (Dames Commander) for her services to public and parliamentary service. She left parliament in 1987.\n", "Events": "Board Member, Australian Institute Family Studies (1993 - 2000) \nBorn: daughter of William and Elizabeth (n\u00e9e Ellis) McCarthy (1926 - 1926) \nChair, Judicial Remuneration Tribunal (1995 - 2001) \nDeputy Chair, Infertility Treatment Authority (1996 - 1996) \nDirector, Australian Children's Television Foundation (1989 - 1989) \nDirector, Jack Brockhoff Foundation (1990 - 1990) \nFederal Minister, Assisting the Prime Minister in Child Care Matters (1975 - 1976) \nFederal Minister, Education (1975 - 1975) \nFederal Minister, Finance (1980 - 1983) \nFederal Minister, Social Security (1975 - 1980) \nFederal Shadow Minister, Taxation and Finance (1983 - 1984) \nHonorary National Treasurer, Young Women's Christian Association Australia (1968 - 1976) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001) \nMarried Stanley Martin Leslie Guilfoyle (1952 - 1952) \nMember, Appeal Committee for Hall Residence University Papua New Guinea (1970 - 1973) \nMember, National Health and Medical Research Council (1998 - 2000) \nMember, National Mental Health Research Institute (1988 - 2001) \nPresident Board Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (1993 - 1995) \nSenator, Victoria (1971 - 1987) \nState Chairman Women's Section Liberal Party (1967 - 1970) \nTrustee, Mark Fitzpatrick Trust (1990 - 1990)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-womens-roll-of-honour-women-shaping-the-nation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/so-many-firsts-liberal-women-from-enid-lyons-to-the-turnbull-era\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/parliamentarians-questionnaires-1982-1983-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hon-dame-margaret-georgina-constance-guilfoyle-ac-dbe\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Neumann, Hanna", "Entry ID": "AWE0080", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/neumann-hanna\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Lankwitz (Berlin), Steglitz-Zehlendorf, Germany", "Death Place": "Ottawa, Ontario, Canada", "Occupations": "Mathematician", "Summary": "Hanna Neumann was Professor and Head of the Department of Pure Mathematics, School of General Studies, Australian National University from 1964-71. Previously she worked as Lecturer and Senior Lecturer in Mathematics at the University of Hull and University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, 1946-63.\nNeumann became a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 1969.\n", "Details": "Neumann completed her D. Phil. At Oxford in 1944. She typed her thesis on a card table by a haystack when the weather permitted. Much of it was written in a caravan by candlelight. This was the only accommodation she could find in Oxford during World War Two.\nShe completed her education in Germany, at the Auguste-Viktoria-Schule and the University of Berlin. In 1938 she joined her fianc\u00e9, Bernhard Hermann Neumann in Britain. A Jewish refugee from Germany, he held a lectureship in mathematics at the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, Cardiff. They were married on 22 December 1938 and went on to have five children.\nIn Australia as Professor of Pure mathematics at the Australian National University, she quickly became involved with secondary school teachers in the implementation of the mathematics syllabus for the Wyndham scheme in New South Wales. Together with a colleague in the first term of 1964, they ran a once-a-week course for teachers entitled 'The language of sets in school mathematics'. She maintained a direct involvement with secondary teachers of mathematics for the rest of her life.\nHer own research was focused mainly on group theory; on problems related to free products with amalgamations, embeddings and varieties of groups. In her entry for the Australian Dictionary of Biography Kenneth Fowler stated that 'she found joy and beauty in the study of mathematics'.\nShe died while making a lecture tour of Canada organised by the Commonwealth Universities Interchange Scheme. \n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hanna-neumann-1914-1971\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hanna-neuman\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hanna-neumann-1914-1971-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hanna-neumann-includes-list-of-publications\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/neumann-hanna-aas-biographical-memoir-3-2-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/neumann-johanna-hanna-1914-1971\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-research-leaders-in-the-australian-learned-academies-1954-to-1976\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hanna-neumann-collection\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Whitlam, Margaret Elaine", "Entry ID": "AWE0100", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whitlam-margaret-elaine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bondi, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Social worker, Sportswoman, Swimmer", "Summary": "Recognised as a National Living Treasure, Margaret Whitlam achieved public figure status after 1972 as the wife of Labor Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. She was outspoken on many issues affecting women and was appointed to the National Advisory Committee for International Women's Year in 1974.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/my-day-first-edition\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-life-and-times\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-matriarchs-twelve-australian-women-talk-about-their-lives-to-susan-mitchell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/my-other-world\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-whitlam-1938-third-british-empire-games-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gough-whitlam-margaret-whitlam\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prime-ministers-wives\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-advisory-committee-files-single-number-series-with-w-nac-womens-national-advisory-committee-or-nac-prefix\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pat-richardson-scrapbooks-relating-to-the-womens-electoral-lobby-and-womens-events-1977-2002\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cato, Nancy", "Entry ID": "AWE0104", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cato-nancy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Noosa, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Environmentalist, Journalist, Poet", "Summary": "Nancy Cato was an acclaimed author. She published several historical novels and biographies and two volumes of poetry. Cato was also a strong campaigner for environmental conservation.\n", "Details": "Schooled at the Presbyterian Ladies College, in Adelaide, South Australia, Nancy Cato began her professional writing career as a cadet journalist on the Adelaide News at age 18. Later an art critic for the same newspaper, she also became a freelance writer. In 1950 she edited the Jindyworobak Anthology.\nActively involved in the Fellowship of Australian Writers and the Australian Society of Authors during the 1950s and 1960s, Cato's books include Green grows the vine, Brown sugar and All the rivers run, which was made into a TV mini-series. She published other prose works in addition to two volumes of poetry, and contributed to Australian literary magazines. A major work was Mister Maloga, the story of Daniel Mathews and his Maloga Mission to Aboriginal people on the Murray River in Victoria.\nCato married Eldred Norman, and travelled extensively overseas with him; the pair had one daughter and two sons.\nNancy Cato strove for ultimate skill as a writer, and for protection of the Australian environment, particularly in the face of developers on the Sunshine Coast in Queensland. She was awarded the Alice Award by the Society of Women Writers in 1988; the Advance Australia award for environmental campaigning; an Honorary Doctor of Letters, University of Queensland; and was a Member of the Order of Australia (AM).\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1935 - 1941)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prize-winning-author-dies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/all-the-tributes-flow-for-noosas-literary-icon\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lifelong-affair-with-the-river\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/author-brought-authentic-voice-to-literature\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/murray-novel-brought-fame-fortune\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/author-shared-pioneer-spirit\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collection-of-unpublished-letters-and-poems-also-manuscript-and-signed-published-copy-of-her-novel-northwest-by-south\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mister-maloga-daniel-matthews-and-his-mission-murray-river-1864-1902-1976\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-cato-manuscript-collection-1967-1992\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nancy-cato-1939-1995-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-cato-papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/florence-james-papers-1890-1993\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-cato-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dale-spender-papers-1972-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/literary-papers-1969-1981-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gwen-harwood-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lyons, Enid Muriel", "Entry ID": "AWE0105", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lyons-enid-muriel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Duck River, Smithton, Tasmania, Australia", "Death Place": "Ulverstone, Tasmania, Australia", "Occupations": "Politician", "Summary": "Dame Enid Lyons AD GBE was the first woman elected to the Australian federal Parliament, in 1943. She was also the first woman in federal Cabinet. She was appointed as a Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) on 11 May 1937 for her public services to Australia and as a Dame of the Order of Australia (AD) on 26 January 1980.\n", "Details": "Originally a teacher, Enid had a long-held interest in politics. In 1915 she married Joseph Lyons, who became Prime Minister of Australia in 1931. The couple had 12 children.\nIn 1943 Enid Lyons was elected to the House of Representatives for the seat of Darwin (in Tasmania) as a candidate for the United Australia party, where she demonstrated her concern with issues surrounding maternity care, child endowment, women's representation in parliament and discrimination in employment.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/significant-tasmanian-women-dame-enid-lyons-ao-1897-1981-first-woman-to-be-elected-to-the-commonwealth-parliament\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/list-of-electoral-divisions-named-after-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dame-enid-lyons\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-writers-a-bibliographic-guide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/uphill-all-the-way-a-documentary-history-of-women-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dame-enid-lyons-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/liberal-women-federation-to-1949\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-ordinary-lives-pioneering-women-in-australian-politics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-book-of-great-australian-women-thirty-six-women-who-changed-the-course-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/so-many-firsts-liberal-women-from-enid-lyons-to-the-turnbull-era\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prime-ministers-wives\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-alexander-gore-gowrie-1835-1987-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-janine-haines-am\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-on-various-australian-women-19-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dame-enid-muriel-lyons-1931-1974-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dame-enid-lyons-a-tribute-sound-recording-presented-by-the-australian-broadcasting-commission\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dame-enid-lyons-interviewed-by-mel-pratt-in-the-mel-pratt-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-jack-and-jean-horner-1956-2003-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/subject-files-of-prime-minister-john-gorton\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irina-dunn-further-papers-1943-1994\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-of-joseph-aloysius-lyons-as-prime-minister-and-leader-of-the-opposition\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Holt, Lillian Rose", "Entry ID": "AWE0113", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/holt-lillian-rose\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cherbourg Aboriginal Settlement, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Educator", "Summary": "Lillian Holt was a member of the first generation of Aboriginal high school and university graduates and had an impressive track record of full time work, study and concomitant achievements. She traversed new terrain in order that younger ones might follow.\nLillian worked or studied full time since the age of 17. She worked as an educator in Aboriginal affairs and education \"25 hours a day, eight days a week\"! She was appointed as a University of Melbourne Fellow in 2003 -2005, prior to that she was Director of the Centre for Indigenous Education, University of Melbourne.\nLillian Holt passed away on her birthday in February 2020, at the age of 75.\n", "Details": "In 1960, at a time when Aboriginal students rarely attended secondary school, Lillian was among the first dozen Aboriginal students to go to Murgon High School, Queensland, following her sister's entry to the school the previous year. There she studied for her junior certificate (year 10).\nIn the early 60's Lillian became secretary of the Opal Younger Set, Opal, Brisbane. Opal held monthly dances for the Aboriginal community and Lillian was instrumental in organising family occasions for the Aboriginal community in Brisbane.\nIn 1967 she returned to study for her senior (year 12) matriculation in order to enter university, as there was no special entry nor mature age entry in those days. Hence, she competed openly in the mainstream and gained her matriculation in one year studying at Hubbard Academy in Brisbane.\nIn 1977 Lillian completed a Bachelor of Arts at the University of Queensland, with majors in English and Journalism. She was awarded her Master of Arts by the University of Northern Colorado in 1980, and by 2000 had enrolled as a PhD candidate at the University of Melbourne.\nLillian is the first Aboriginal person to have worked for the Australian Broadcasting Commission (now Corporation) in Queensland. Her four years at Brisbane (1962-1966) were followed by a further four working in administration for Sydney's ABC. She was the first Aboriginal Executive Officer for the National Aboriginal Education Committee, Canberra (a federal advisory body to the Commonwealth government) in 1978; and the first Aboriginal principal at Tauondi, Port Adelaide (an adult Aboriginal community college) from 1990-1996. She worked for sixteen years (1980-1996) at Tauondi, firstly as teacher, then deputy principal, then principal.\nLillian has been a public speaker for the past twenty years; her vast number of speaking engagements include the UN (Millennium Forum) New York (2000), the Sambell Oration for the Brotherhood of St Laurence (1993); and the Anglican National Conference (1995) entitled 'Towards the end of the century: What does it mean to be human?'. Her work has been published in a number of journals, magazines, and anthologies. Her speaking engagements have taken her around the world, to England, Kenya, Tanzania, Sweden, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, the USA, Brazil, Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore, Papua New Guinea, Spain, Guatemala, India, Egypt, South Africa, Morocco, Hong Kong, Japan, the Czech Republic, France, and Greece.\nLillian's committee membership has included International Council of Adult Education, Asian South Pacific Bureau of Adult Education (Sri Lanka), and the Australian Association of Adult and Community Education, Canberra. She has also served on the Port Adelaide Centre Ministerial Advisory Committee, the Catholic Education Commission - Aboriginal Consultative Group, the South Australian Aboriginal Education Training Advisory Committee - Ministerial Appointment, the Board of Management, Tandanya (National Aboriginal Cultural Institute) - Ministerial Appointment, the Brotherhood of St Laurence - Melbourne - 'Future of Work' Project - Patron, and the Labour and Employment Aboriginal Reference Group - Warren Snowden Committee.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/one-aboriginal-womans-identity-walking-in-both-worlds\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-traps-that-come-with-the-trappings-a-conversation-with-lillian-holt-interview-conducted-by-tapping-carmel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-justice-democracy-and-adult-education\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/work-an-aboriginal-perspective-the-twelfth-sambell-memorial-oration\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/challenging-outcomes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Edwards, Meredith Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE0118", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edwards-meredith-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Lecturer, Public servant, Researcher", "Summary": "Professor Meredith Edwards AM has enjoyed an extensive career as lecturer, researcher and policy analyst in economics. She is best known for developing policies around AUSTUDY, Child Support, HECS and long-term unemployment initiatives. She is currently Emeritus Professor, Australia and New Zealand School of Government ( ANZSOG) Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra.\n", "Details": "Born in Sydney and the eldest of three sisters, Meredith Edwards was educated at Canberra High School where she was Vice-Captain. She went on to complete a Bachelor of Commerce (Degree with Honours) at the University of Melbourne (1963) and later, in 1983, a PhD in Public Finance at the Australian National University.\nEdwards began her academic career from 1963 with a post at the University of Malaya, followed by the Australian National University and the Canberra College of Advanced Education. She also served on government-appointed consultative committees and was seconded to the Office for the Status of Women in 1983. She went on to work in the Commonwealth Public Service until 1997.\nEdwards worked in many departments: as Special Advisor on Youth Allowances in both the (then) Department of Education and the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet (1983-1985), focussing on rationalisation of Australia's youth allowances and the introduction of AUSTUDY; in the Department of Social Security (1986-1990) assisting a Cabinet Sub-Committee on Child Support Policy and as Head of the Social Policy Division; in the Department of Health, Housing and Community Services (1990-1992) as Director of the National Housing Strategy; and in the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet (1993-1997) as Head of a Taskforce on long term unemployment issues and later as Deputy Secretary of that Department. She was a member of the Women's Electoral Lobby, with particular focus on childcare and economic matters, and often acted as WEL's economic spokesperson.\nIn addition, Edwards was a member of the Wran Committee on Higher Education Funding (1988-1989). She is a member of the Australian Statistics Advisory Council, a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Management (FAIM), a Member of the Advisory Board of the Centre for International and Public Law at the Australian National University and was President of the Economic Society of Australia and New Zealand (ACT Branch) from 1994-1996.\nShe was appointed Deputy Vice-Chancellor of the University of Canberra in August 1997 -2002 when she also became Professor. In 1999 she became Director of the National Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra, a position she held until 2004.\nIn 2008 she was made a Member of the Board of the Council for Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences and since 2009 she has been Chair, Board of Closing the Gap Clearing House as well as Member, Committee of Experts on Public Administration, United Nations.\nProfessor Edwards has published numerous articles and presented many papers in the area of policy development and analysis, particularly in the areas of economics and tax in the family, child support, housing, poverty, women in government, and governance. Her recent book Social Policy, Public Policy: From Problem to Practice is based on case studies taken from her time working with the Commonwealth Public Service.\nProfessor Edwards was awarded the Order of Australia (AM) in 1992.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/social-policy-public-policy-from-problem-to-practice\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/inside-agitators-australian-femocrats-and-the-state\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sisters-in-suits-women-and-public-policy-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/face-to-face-the-power-of-sisterhood\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-burton-girls\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-meredith-edwards-1974-2002-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-meredith-edwards-academic-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-julia-ryan-1947-1982-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-womens-electoral-lobby-1952-2010-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/meredith-edwards-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-academy-of-the-social-sciences-in-australia-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/meredith-edwards-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-in-the-academy-of-the-social-sciences-in-australia-collection-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Walling, Edna Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE0119", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walling-edna-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "York, Yorkshire, England", "Death Place": "Buderim, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Landscape designer, Photographer, Writer", "Summary": "Edna Walling is best known for her contribution to Australian landscape architecture design. She was also a talented amateur photographer, and used the many photographs of gardens she took to illustrate the books and articles she wrote. Walling also created portrait photography.\n", "Details": "Edna Walling was born on 4 December 1896 in Yorkshire, England, and was the second daughter of William and Margaret Walling. Her father was a businessman, who had been keen on having a son; when Edna was born he was disappointed on having another daughter. He treated her as he would a son, involving her in exploring the countryside around Devonshire and woodworking.\nIn 1911, when Walling was 14 years old, the family moved to New Zealand. Shortly after this relocation her father travelled to Australia on his own, and in 1914 the whole family joined him there.\nFrom 1916-1917 Walling trained at Burnley Horticultural College; following this she gained employment as a gardener, and eventually commenced a career as a landscape designer. She designed gardens for some of Melbourne's wealthiest families, such as those owned by Dame Nellie Melba, Dame Elisabeth Murdoch, Mrs Harold Darling, Sir Clive and Lady Steele and Sir William and Lady Irvine, many of whom had large country properties in the Western District of Victoria and the Riverina in New South Wales. Her landscape designs followed the English tradition and were influenced by the work of Gertrude Jekyll and William Robinson.\nWalling photographed these gardens as a means of documenting her work, and she used these photographs in her illustrated books on gardens, and to complement the many articles she wrote. She also worked as a journalist, writing for a number of magazines, including Australian Home Beautiful, as well as for many newspapers on gardening and landscape design. She produced numerous illustrated books - Gardens in Australia (1943), Cottage and Garden in Australia (1947), A Gardener's Log (1948) and The Australian Roadside (1952).\nThese titles featured her drawings, garden plans and photographs.\nShe also designed and built her own house at Mooroolbark, east of Melbourne, which she called Sonning. The house was burned down during the 1936 fires, but she rebuilt it and purchased more land to create the Bickleigh Vale village on 18 acres. In 1948 she purchased a property near Lorne on the Great Ocean Road, on which she built a cottage. Walling wrote about this property in The Happiest Days of My Life.\nDuring her lifetime Walling designed a number of villages but unfortunately few were built. In 1967 she moved to Queensland, settling in Bendles, at Buderim, where she designed an Italian inspired village (but was not able to build it due to her advancing age).\nWalling died on 8 August 1973 in Queensland.\nTechnical\nEdna Walling used a Rolleiflex camera with a twin lens and worked in black and white.\nCollections\nEdna Walling Collection, State Library of Victoria\nPrivate Collections\nContent added for original entry in the Register, last modified 4 May 2009\nThe Walling family lived in the village of Bickleigh, Devon, before migrating to New Zealand, and then to Australia in 1914. In Bickleigh, Edna Walling's father William had trained his daughter in woodwork and honed her skills in perspective and scale. Father and daughter also enjoyed walking together through the English countryside. Walling's future garden designs were to reflect elements of this countryside, and of the various English gardens they visited.\nAfter completing a course in horticulture at Burnley College in 1917, Walling commenced work as a jobbing gardener. In 1921 she purchased three acres of land at Mooroolbark and built her first home from local and second hand materials. This home was named Sonning after Gertrude Jekyll's Deanery Garden of the same name, which she had visited in England.\nIn 1922 Walling purchased a further 18 acres of land adjacent to Sonning. The houses she built became the village of Bickleigh Vale. Between the 1920s and 1960s Walling's commissions included designing the lily pond for Coombe Cottage, Dame Nellie Melba's residence in Coldstream, Vic.; Durrol for Mrs Stanley Allen, Mount Macedon, Vic.; and the Cruden Farm garden for Mrs Keith Murdoch (now Dame Elisabeth), Langwarrin, Vic. She also undertook commissions in Hobart, Tasmania, and designed villages at Port Pirie, South Australia (never completed) and Mount Kembla, New South Wales, for Broken Hill Associated Smelters Pty Ltd.\nDuring this period Walling wrote four books: Gardens in Australia (1943), Cottage and Garden in Australia (1947), A Gardener's Log (1948) and The Australian Roadside (1952). She wrote articles for The Australian Women's Mirror, The Australian Home Builder and The Australian Home Beautiful. In a letter held by the State Library of Victoria's Edna Walling Collection (La Trobe Australian Manuscripts), Walling declines an invitation to join the Australian Society of Authors by saying:\n'Actually, you know, I am not a writer. I merely made a record of the work I had done, which the Oxford University Press published. I also wrote The Australian Roadside as my contribution to conservation work of this country\u2026 The books were only achieved through the great help of my teacher friend, Miss Lorna Fielden, without whose assistance I doubt if they would ever have seen the light of day. And so, much as I appreciate the honour you have bestowed on me I don't really think I have any right to be counted amongst the illustrious names appearing in your Society'\nWalling's ABC Radio talks include On Making a Garden (1941), Improving the Farm and Curing Erosion and The Farmers' Friends (1951). In 1967, Walling moved to a cottage - 'Bendles' - at Buderim, Queensland. She died there in 1973.\n", "Events": "Edna Walling's work featured in Beyond the Picket Fence: Australian Women's Art in the National Library Collections (1995 - 1995) \nEdna Walling's work featured in The Living Sculptures of Edna Walling (1995 - 1995)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gardens-in-australia-their-design-and-care\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cottage-and-garden-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-roadside\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/country-roads-the-australian-roadside\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-wallings-year\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-edna-walling-book-of-australian-garden-design\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-garden-magic-of-edna-walling\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-gardeners-log\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-to-garden-lovers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/on-the-trail-of-australian-wildflowers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-vision-of-edna-walling-garden-plans-1920-1951\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-edna-walling-website\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-walling-landscape-designer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gardens-in-time-in-the-footsteps-of-edna-walling\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beyond-the-picket-fence-australian-womens-art-in-the-national-librarys-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-walling\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-walling-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-happiest-days-of-my-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heritage-the-national-womens-art-book-500-works-by-500-australian-women-artists-from-colonial-times-to-1955\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walling-edna-margaret-1895-1973\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-for-the-garden\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mooroolbark-village-given-heritage-protection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-markdale-experience\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/exchange-of-correspondence-and-accounts-1937-feb-5-aug-14-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1962-1970-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1937-1964-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-jean-galbraith-1900-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cuming-smith-company-limited\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/university-of-melbourne-photograph-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-edna-walling-architect-and-horticulturalist-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-walling-australian-art-and-artists-file\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walling-edna-photography-related-ephemera-material-collected-by-the-national-library-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-ca-1940-ca-1970-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Delahunty, Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE0123", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/delahunty-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Mary Delahunty won the seat of Northcote (Legislative Assembly) for the Australian Labor Party, in a by-election in August 1998. She held the ministerial portfolios of Education, the Centenary of Federation, Planning, Arts and Women's Affairs. Before entering politics, she was Managing Director of her own media consultancy company, also a former ABC journalist and long time member of the Journalist's Union. She retired from politics at the state election in November 2006.\n", "Details": "Born: 7 June 1951.\nDelahunty received a BA (Hons) in Political Science from La Trobe University, before commencing a career in television news, current affairs and the arts. She reported nationally and internationally for the ABC and commercial television stations, producing numerous documentaries and anchoring live broadcasts.\nDelahunty is known for presenting ABC TV news (Melb.) and current affairs programs, the 7.30 Report and Four Corners. She also hosted the ABC's national arts program, Sunday Afternoon.\nIn 1983, Delahunty was awarded the Gold Walkley for journalism, for the story 'Aiding and Abetting' an investigation of the use and misuse of Australian aid moneys. She has been a four times recipient of the Deafness Society Clear Speaking Award.\nShe was one of the early Foundation members of Emily's List and the first Labor woman candidate to be supported by Emily's List in Victoria and then win. Also she was the Victorian convenor and foundation member of the Australian Republic Movement and elected delegate to the People's Convention on the Republic (held Canberra 2000), as well as being a former Director and long time supporter of the Victorian Women's Trust.\nDelahunty is a Governor of the Dromkeen Children's Literature Collection and Patron of P.A.L.S. (partnership and linking for the seriously mentally ill).\nMarried to Jock Rankin (passed away 2002) with two children, she enjoys reading, theatre, dance and riding.\n", "Events": "Best Television Current Affairs Report - with Alan Hall (1983 - 1983) \nGold Award (with Alan Hall) - Best Piece of Journalism - Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1983 - 1983)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-delahunty-member-for-northcote\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-delahunty-member-for-northcote-minister-for-education-arts-and-the-centenary-of-federation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carrying-on-the-fight-women-candidates-in-victorian-parliamentary-elections\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/media-entertainment-and-arts-alliance-australia-records-of-the-w-g-walkley-awards-1956-1999\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Turner, Ethel", "Entry ID": "AWE0151", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/turner-ethel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Balby, Yorkshire, England", "Death Place": "Mosman, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author", "Summary": "Ethel Turner's first book, Seven Little Australians, was published in 1894. Translated into ten languages, it was made into a stage play in 1915 and a film in 1939. In 1953 it was televised in Britain, and in 1973 and 1975 by the Australian Broadcasting Commission.\n", "Details": "Ethel Turner migrated to Australia with her family at the age of eight. While attending Sydney Girl's High School, she published Parthenon with her sister Lillian. She began writing in 1890. Ethel met Herbert Curlewis in 1891, and the pair were married in 1896 when he was an established barrister and she was already a successful writer of children's stories. According to Heather Radi in her anthology 200 Australian Women, Turner contributed a 'Sydney letter' to the Tasmanian Mail and wrote for the children's column of the Illustrated news. The Bulletin accepted her first story in 1892 and she published her first book, Seven Little Australians, in 1894. Radi notes that the book was criticised by some for not conforming to nineteenth century conventions in children's literature, whereby good behaviour is always rewarded, but the book was enormously successful and remains so, with over 40 editions published.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ethel-turner-lilian-turner-and-jean-curlewis-a-family-of-australian-authors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/johns-notable-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-diaries-of-ethel-turner\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/seven-little-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-apple-of-happiness\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/betty-co\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ethel-turner-birthday-book-a-selection-of-passages-from-the-books-of-ethel-turner\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brigid-and-the-cub\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/captain-cub\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-cub-six-months-in-his-life-a-story-in-war-time\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-family-at-misrule\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dark-eleanor-1901-1985\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-sunshine-family-a-book-of-nonsense-for-girls-and-boys\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/my-oath-102-years-of-seven-little-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/authors-illustrators-of-australian-childrens-books\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-writers-a-bibliographic-guide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/turner-ethel-mary-1871-1958\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ethel-turner-literary-papers-and-related-papers-1894-1951\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ethel-turner-1887-1935-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/literary-manuscripts-and-correspondence-1901-1926-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-violet-braddon-1916-1980-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-sir-william-cullen-1880-1935-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-eleanor-dark-1910-1974-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/photographs-19-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-1928-1954-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ada-cambridge-manuscript-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dowell-oreilly-papers-1884-1923-with-additional-family-papers-1877-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/curlewis-family-papers-1881-1966\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Reid, Margaret Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE0161", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reid-margaret-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Crystal Brook, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Parliamentarian, Solicitor", "Summary": "Margaret Reid is the first woman to have been elected President of the Senate. She held this position for six years, from 20 August 1996 to 18 August 2002. In 2004 she was appointed Officer of the Order of Australia for her service to the Australian Parliament and the community.\n", "Details": "Margaret Reid obtained her Bachelor of Laws from Adelaide University and worked as a barrister and solicitor before entering Federal Parliament. She was Deputy Government Whip in the Senate from 18 November 1982 to 4 February 1983, Deputy Opposition Whip from 21 April 1983 to 14 September 1987 and Opposition Whip from 14 September 1987 to 9 May 1995. On 9 May 1995, Reid became Deputy President of the Senate and Chair of Committees and President of the Senate in August 1996.\nReid was awarded the Queen Elizabeth 11 Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977 and the Order of Polonia Restituta in 1987. She is married with two sons and two daughters.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-hon-margaret-reid-senator-for-the-australian-capital-territory\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-senator-margaret-reid\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-margaret-reid-relating-to-andrew-fisher-2001-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-margaret-reid-1969-2003-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-reid-interviewed-by-barry-york-in-the-old-parliament-house-political-and-parliamentary-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-margaret-reid-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/liberal-party-policy-on-act-self-government\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gallagher, Katy", "Entry ID": "AWE0165", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gallagher-katy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Senator, Union organiser", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Katy Gallagher was elected to the Legislative Assembly for the Parliament of the Australian Capital Territory, representing the electorate of Molonglo, in October 2001. She was re-elected in 2004, 2008 and 2012 and served as Chief Minister from 16 May 2011 to 2014.\nIn 2014 Gallagher resigned from the ACT government to seek preselection to the Australian Senate. She was appointed to fill the casual vacancy caused by the retirement of Senator Kate Lundy in 2015, and elected in her own right a year later, in 2016. After a brief interruption during the parliamentary eligibility crisis of 2018, when she was forced to stand down because she had not renounced her British citizenship prior to her nomination in 2016, she was re-elected as Senator for Canberra in 2019.\nIn 2022, she was appointed Minister for Finance, Minister for Women, Vice-President of the Executive Council, and Minister for the Public Service in the Labor Government.\n", "Details": "After receiving her secondary education in Canberra, Gallagher obtained her Bachelor of Arts degree from the Australian National University, graduating in 1990. She was a project worker for the Woden Community Service and from 1994 to 1997 worked for People First ACT, an organisation providing advocacy and support to individuals with an intellectual disability. She has been active in the community and union sectors for over ten years. She has advocated for both adults and children with intellectual disabilities and for the industrial interests of workers as a Community and Public Sector Union national organiser.\nWhilst an MLA for the ACT, Gallagher held a variety of portfolios, including Regional Development, Health and Higher Education, Community Services and the Office for Women. She held the positions of Deputy Chief Minister and Treasurer before she became Chief Minister in 2011.\nAs a senator in opposition, Gallagher served as Shadow Minister for Mental Health, Shadow Minister for Housing and Homelessness, and Shadow Minister Assisting the Leader on State and Territory Relations. She was promoted to Shadow Minister for Small Business and Financial Services in 2016, the year she was also appointed as Manager of Opposition Business in the Senate. In 2020 she served as Chair of the Senate Select Committee on COVID-19. In 2022, she was appointed Minister for Finance, Minister for Women, Vice-President of the Executive Council, and Minister for the Public Service in the Labor Government.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/katy-gallagher-mla\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/senator-the-hon-katy-gallagher-parliament-of-australia-website\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hmss-0375-canberra-centenary-time-capsule\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hmss-0154-majura-womens-group-records\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Tucker, Kerrie", "Entry ID": "AWE0167", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tucker-kerrie\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Editor, Librarian, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the ACT Greens, Kerrie Tucker was elected to the Legislative Assembly for the Australian Capital Territory representing the electorate of Molonglo in 1995. She served in the Parliament until 2004.\n", "Details": "Prior to being elected to the Assembly, Tucker was an editor and librarian at the Canberra Environment Centre. In the Legislative Assembly she served on a number of Select Committees including budget estimates and inquiries into gambling and superannuation funding and was Chair of the Standing Committee on Social Policy 1995-1998. In 1998 she became Chair of the Assembly Standing Committee on Education, Community Services and Recreation.\n\u00a0\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kerrie-tucker-act-greens-website\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-kerrie-tucker-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/newspaper-clippings-clippings-mention-kerrie-tucker-and-other-act-greens-mlas\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Longman, Irene Maud", "Entry ID": "AWE0170", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/longman-irene-maud\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Franklin, Tasmania, Australia", "Death Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Irene Longman was the first woman to both stand for and be elected to the Queensland Parliament. She was a member of the Country and Progressive National Party for the electorate of Bulimba from 11 May 1929 to 11 June 1932. Longman moved Address-in-Reply to the Governor's Opening of Parliament Speech on 21 August 1929.\n", "Details": "Irene Longman was educated at Sydney Girls' High School and Redlands (SCEGS) North Sydney. After obtaining a Kindergarten Teaching Diploma she taught at Normanhurst, Sydney Girls' Grammar School and Rockhampton Girls' Grammar School.\nAn activist in many women's organisation Longman was President of the National Council of Women of Queensland from 1920 to 1924; Honorary President Queensland Citizenship League; Honorary President Queensland Association for the Welfare of the Mentally Deficient; Vice-President of the Queensland Branch Lyceum Club; Vice-President of the Queensland Womens' Peace Movement and Officer of the Creche and Kindergarten Association.\nAlso Longman is responsible for the first Queensland women police officer and for changing the meeting place of the Children's Court from its meeting place in the precinct of the Police Court.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-equal-the-history-of-australian-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-members-of-the-legislative-assembly-from-1929\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-republic-for-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/childbearers-as-rights-bearers-feminist-discourse-on-the-rights-of-aboriginal-and-non-aboriginal-mothers-in-australia-1920-50\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/longman-irene-maud-1877-1964\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/liberal-women-federation-to-1949\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/so-hard-the-conquering-a-life-of-irene-longman\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-ordinary-lives-pioneering-women-in-australian-politics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-the-queensland-parliament-1929-1994\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-irene-longman-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/om92-82-country-and-progressive-party-elections-clippings-1926-1935\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/om83-01-ogg-margaret-ann-manuscript-1824-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/m-1065-mamie-okeeffe-papers-1970s-1980s\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Coonan, Helen Lloyd", "Entry ID": "AWE0195", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/coonan-helen-lloyd\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Businesswoman, Feminist, Lawyer, Parliamentarian, Solicitor", "Summary": "Helen Coonan is a former Australian politician, who was a Liberal member of the Australian Senate representing New South Wales from July 1996 to August 2011. On 26 November 2001, she was appointed Minister for Revenue and Assistant Treasurer in the Howard Government. She was re-elected in 2001 and 2007. From 2004-07, she served as Minister for Communications, Information Technology and the Arts.\nSince leaving politics in 2011, Coonan has transitioned into the corporate world, and vouches for the seminal importance of the law, including legal training, legal practise and legal experience as a common thread underpinning her capacity to perform across a diverse professional and public landscape for a very long time.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Helen Coonan for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Helen Coonan and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\nI first thought about doing a law degree when I received a telephone call from a reporter on the Wagga Daily Advertiser on an afternoon late December in 1964. He broke the news of my success in the HSC (then the Leaving Certificate). During the course of an ensuing interview for the paper the next day, he asked what I wanted to do with such a splendid result. I said that I wanted to go to University and would probably study Arts. But it was then that I started to think about a combined Arts\/Law degree, the only combined law degree then available.\nI didn't know much about law. I had read \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" like just about everyone else had, but no one in my family, friends or acquaintances were lawyers. In fact I had never met one! There were no mentors or role models nor supporters or boosters to turn to for guidance. And yet almost instinctively I knew that this was what I wanted to do.\nEven as a young country girl growing up on a property as part of a small rural community, I was intrigued by the notion that people could right wrongs and help those in need. I thought I could recognise injustice where I saw it, especially in point, that of domestic violence and powerlessness and the dreadful consequences for families utterly without redress. A friend of my mothers who suffered horrific domestic violence was eventually forced to leave her home, a family property that had been in the husband's family for generations and flee with her children to live in poverty and dependence on her relatives. I recall thinking \"how can that be fair and why couldn't more be done to help her?\"\nI graduated in 1970 and was admitted to practice in March 1971 at a time when practicing women lawyers were thin on the ground. Challenges came thick and fast and I quickly learnt to find pathways through the thickets with my Plan B strategy that I have honed throughout my career and that has always served me well. I can truly say never be afraid of Plan B if Plan A does not work!\nI became an active member of the Women's Electoral Lobby and began to get many women referred as clients, in various levels of distress and need. I was working in a commercial law firm doing general commercial work including, corporate structures, insurance and tax advice with a \"big end of town\" type of clientele. Soon the waiting room became populated by women in kaftans, children in strollers, sticky lollies and sticky hands next to suited and serious businessmen, with things corporate on their minds!\nI was frenetically busy. I represented these women in Court during the day and worked into the small hours to represent the corporate clients at night.\nEventually after several months of this, the senior partner came to my office. He closed the door and we had a pleasant conversation about my prospects until it became clear that the women who did not exactly fit the firm's clientele would need to go elsewhere. I said: \"But they have nowhere else to go\".\nThat evening my husband (an early feminist if ever there was one) said to me: \"Why don't you just start your own firm and continue what you are doing\"?\nThis was a huge risk. Here I was on track for a partnership and wanting to start a family. Diverting course to start my own firm then was not on the agenda.\nBut faced with an unpalatable choice, I embarked on Plan B. At the age of 25, full of bravado and self-belief, I set up Coonan & Associates in 1975. I believe it was the first women orientated legal firm of its kind. The lesson learnt is that Plan B can be the best choice if you have the insight to see the possibilities and confidence to take a few risks.\nAs it happened, that decision set me on a course that led to personal and professional success and public recognition. It freed me up to pursue my passion for advocacy on issues I cared about.\nWith some other like-minded women, I lobbied government, raised funds and set up the corporate model for the first women's refuge in Sydney - The Elsie Women's Refuge in Glebe - followed by another half dozen dotted around the metropolitan area. I then turned attention to a Women's Health Centre at Leichhardt and Liverpool and a Women's Legal Centre. I embarked on an awareness campaign against what was then blatant discrimination against women in the workplace, in employment and in their relationships. I discovered the power of television and media to help the cause, and even agreed to be a regular panellist on Beauty and the Beast, provided the genuine letters I got could be treated seriously and information provided on air!\nI fought for changes through political advocacy and legal representation on issues as diverse as tax deductibility for child care to recognition of property and inheritance rights for de facto and same sex relationships. I was appointed Chair of the Law Foundation and in that role embarked on a strategy to save the Public Interest Advocacy Centre that was facing an uncertain future. I worked with others on the NSW anti-discrimination legislation and advocated for reform of the divorce law. After the passage of the Family Law Act it needed to be monitored for unintended consequences. One issue that concerned me was the inability of the Court to deal appropriately with superannuation assets. It was a source of great satisfaction to me that years later as the Assistant Treasurer, I was able to get this reformed so that now superannuation assets belonging to one spouse can be treated as matrimonial property subject to the courts powers to divide these assets on divorce. It was an area where I had developed expertise. I was recently interviewed for the ABC Four Corners 50th anniversary program and was shown old footage of me talking about the need for women to look beyond marriage for their economic security. I realised just how long I have been banging on about the feminization of poverty and it is still relevant today.\nEven though it would take another 15 or so years to get there, I knew that my heart was in politics and my destiny would be in Parliament. I also knew that my legal training and knowledge was a key plank in my toolkit to get there.\nBut I had a young son and so much still to achieve in the law. In 1983 my firm which had morphed into Coonan & Hughes, with the addition of a partner John Hughes and several employed solicitors merged with a larger commercial firm, Gadens. I became a partner there and it was an opportunity to hone my commercial skills with different legal work and a different client base.\nDuring this partnership I accepted a secondment to work in a large business law firm in New York and was admitted to the New York Bar. In legal practice, advocacy is my passion and on returning to Australia I resigned my partnership and was admitted to the Bar in July 1986. I was fortunate to be invited to join the Eleventh Floor Wentworth Chambers in Phillip Street and to enjoy the professional guidance and friendship of legendary clerk Paul Daley. I also enjoyed the collegiality and friendships (which last to this day) of male colleagues who were the members of these chambers. For most of my time on the Eleventh Floor I was the only women in a Chamber set of 20 or so men. It was probably the best chambers in Sydney with able and capable barristers who were generous with their time and advice. Getting a room in these Chambers was a critical component of my success at the Bar.\nI do recognise, however that many if not most women at the Bar do it tough. It can be difficult to get suitable chambers and to get work that demonstrates what you are capable of. As a minister tasking work for the Commonwealth, as a rule I would look out for women juniors to make sure they would get exposure and experience with important briefs. I hope getting good women advocates is now a matter of course.\nI spent 10 rewarding years as a barrister handling complex commercial cases, corporate collapses and building construction cases. Included in my case list was acting as counsel for the liquidator of Spedley Securities. Getting to grips with the anatomy of a deposit taking bank that had been artificially propped up by shareholders for years together with the investigation, litigation and recovery of creditors money was a rewarding and informative experience. I have always liked David and Goliath type contests and another memorable win was acting for around 800 Tooheys hoteliers whose \"goodwill' in their hotels had been cancelled by the acquisition of the Tooheys business by Austotel, an entity associated with Mr Alan Bond. It was this background in these types of commercial disputes that prepared me to later have the experience and capacity as a Minister to work on solutions to major and complex national problems such as the government's response to the insurance crisis following the collapse of HIH.\nMy next strategic career decision cropped up rather suddenly with an opportunity to put myself forward as a candidate for preselection for the Liberal Party. At the time I had just concluded a long construction case involving contract overruns for security installations in six power stations in NSW. It was financially rewarding but a rather formulaic dispute that had lasted almost for one year. It also coincided with my son completing his HSC. Psychologically I was probably ready for the next stage of my evolving career. I had a week to decide whether to nominate or whether to continue my career at the Bar, and work towards being appointed silk and eventually the possibility of judicial appointment. That was the conventional career path and I was well along that track. If I won the preselection, it would mean largely abandoning the momentum I had worked so hard to build as a barrister; it would mean an atmospheric drop in income and it would mean huge disruption and loss of privacy for my family. On the other hand was the lure of a new direction at the highest level of politics - the chance to leverage my skills and experience and make a real difference to the lives of Australians. It was the itch I had to scratch and I was determined not to die wondering! Once again, I chose Plan B but this was an enormous risk.\nI transitioned from being a barrister to full time politics on election to the Senate in 1996. It was a huge adjustment. Politics is not for the faint hearted or the thin skinned! Early on, I was often asked if I missed the law. My answer was: \"At times yes I do, compared to politics; the law is such a gentle profession\"!\nHowever, fortune favoured me as I made my way in the Senate and I have my fair share of firsts as a woman in politics.\nThe then Prime Minister, John Howard, gave me a great vote of confidence when he promoted me straight from the back bench to the key portfolio of Assistant Treasurer in 2002. I was at the time the only woman in the history of Federation to hold a Treasury portfolio. It was the gateway to handling major economic reforms in tax, superannuation, insurance and financial literacy. I had responsibility for the Australian Tax Office and for the prudential regulator of financial institutions, APRA. It enabled me to sit on the Expenditure Review Committee with the Treasurer and Finance Minister and to play a key part in formulating the Federal Budget.\nFor all of these tasks a good working knowledge of legal principle and practical experience proved invaluable. An example is the role I was to play in delivering the Government's response to the major national insurance crisis in 2003 that gripped the nation after the collapse of HIH. My portfolio responsibilities included oversight of the Australia Prudential Regulatory Authority (APRA) and much work was required to reform regulation of financial institutions to ensure capital adequacy and valuation of assets to prevent similar collapses in the future. It was this work that set up Australian financial institutions to be better able to deal with the head winds from the Global Financial Crisis.\nBut prudential reforms were only one side of the aftermath of the HIH collapse which saw liability classes of insurance become either unavailable or unaffordable whether you were running a pony club, an architect's office or delivering a baby! It was a national problem and together with the co-operation of the State Treasurers I was able to convene a Ministerial meeting that comprehensively reviewed and reformed tort law in each State, set up professional standards schemes in return for capped liability for professionals and embarked on a major rescue of medical indemnity that has lasted to this day. I don't believe I could have delivered and implemented a comprehensive solution to this crisis without having a sound practical grasp of the legal framework that would underpin national reform of insurance.\nFortune smiled on me again in 2004 when I was promoted to Cabinet as the Minister for Communications, Information Technology and the Arts which remain a major passion to this day. It was a large and complex portfolio that required handling telecommunications, the privatization of Telstra and media reform. I became the shareholder Minister for both Telstra and for Australia Post. My career was further boosted by promotion to Deputy Leader of the Senate with the immense privilege of participating in the daily leadership meeting with the PM, Treasurer and Senate Leader to discuss the political landscape and tactics of the day. And of course sitting at the Cabinet table was much like having a seat on the top Board in the country.\nDuring my time in politics, I was able to see first-hand the real and positive difference women in politics can and do make - it is a different and essential voice to the proper representation of all Australians. I am proud to have been the most senior woman Minister in that Government, to have been given responsibility for large economic portfolios and to learn the inner workings of Government. I believed that I had been an effective leader and made the most of this opportunity.\nI have now transitioned into challenging new roles in the corporate world, and I can vouch for the seminal importance of the law, including legal training, legal practise and legal experience as a common thread underpinning my capacity to perform across a diverse professional and public landscape for a very long time. Having spent 15 years as a solicitor, 10 years at the Bar and 15 years in Parliament including many years where I had the Ministerial carriage of major reforms for the benefit of all Australians, I am grateful that I took that leap of faith as a 17 year old to grasp the opportunities that the law can deliver!\nThe general information (below) has been sourced from publicly available resources.\nCountry born and bred, Coonan moved to Sydney to complete a combined Arts\/Law degree at Sydney University. After graduating she started the first women-orientated legal firm in 1975. The firm later merged with a business law firm of which she became a partner.\nDuring a secondment to the United States in 1985, Coonan was admitted to practice as an Attorney in the Supreme Court of New York. The following year she returned to Sydney and specialised as a commercial barrister at the Sydney Bar. The Chief Justice appointed her as a Supreme Court Mediator in 1992.\nBefore entering Federal Parliament Coonan was a Member of the Convocation of the Senate, University of Sydney from 1983 to 1984; a part-time Member of the Social Secretary Appeals Tribunal in 1987; Trustee of the Historic Houses Trust of NSW from 1988 to 1992 and Chair from 1992 to 1995; Chair of the Board of Governors of the Law Foundation of NSW from 1991 to 1992; and Director and Fellow of the Royal Hospital for Women Foundation from 1995 to 1996.\nIn parliament, Coonan was a member of several Senate Standing Committees; Senate Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committees; Senate Select Committees; Joint Statutory Committees; Joint Standing Committees and Joint Select Committees; as well as Deputy Government Whip in the Senate from 10 November 1998.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-hon-helen-coonan-senator-for-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/senator-helen-coonan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/so-many-firsts-liberal-women-from-enid-lyons-to-the-turnbull-era\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Reynolds, Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE0201", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reynolds-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Launceston, Tasmania, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Margaret Reynolds was a Senator for Queensland from 1983 until 1999. First elected to the Senate in 1983, she was re-elected in 1984, 1987 and 1993. Reynolds worked as primary and remedial teacher then a tutor before entering parliament. She also served on the Townsville City Council from 1979 to 1983. Reynolds' responsibilities have included: Federal Government representative on the Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation 1992-1995; Minister assisting PM on Status of Women 1988-1990; Chair of the Parliamentary Adviser to the United Nations; and Minister for Local Government 1987-1990. A complete record of her parliamentary service, including a link to her first speech, can be found in the Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia (see below). Reynolds has been a member of the Australian Labor Party since 1971, and has held many positions in the ALP.\nReynolds retired from parliamentary politics in 1999. She is now the National President of the United Nations Association of Australia and an Adjunct Professor and Sessional Lecturer in the School of Political science and international studies, University of Queensland.\nMargaret Reynolds was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in 2023 for eminent service to the people and Parliament of Australia, to social justice, gender equality and indigenous rights, to local government, and to the community.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/final-report\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interim-report-on-telephone-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-last-bastion-labor-women-working-towards-equality-in-the-parliaments-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/report-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/report-on-0055-reverse-phone-directory-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/report-on-telephone-message-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/report-on-video-and-computer-games-and-classification-issues\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/select-committee-on-community-standards-relevant-to-the-supply-of-services-utilisingtelecommunications-technology-i-e-technologies-official-hansard-report\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/person-notes-for-person-cp-362-senator-margaret-reynolds\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-hon-margaret-reynolds-senator-for-queensland\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/herstory-australian-labor-women-in-federal-state-and-territory-parliaments-1925-1994\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reynolds-the-hon-margaret-ac\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-professor-margaret-reynolds-academic-and-human-rights-consultant-sound-recording-interviewer-diana-giese\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-margaret-reynolds-1973-2005-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-margaret-reynolds-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-to-margaret-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-senator-margaret-reynolds\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Troeth, Judith", "Entry ID": "AWE0203", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/troeth-judith\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brighton, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Farmer, Parliamentarian, Teacher", "Summary": "A member of the Liberal Party of Australia, Judith Troeth was elected as a Senator for Victoria in the Parliament of Australia in 1993. She was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Primary Industries and Energy from October 1997 until October 1998, when she moved to become Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. She held that position until October 2004. She retired at the 2010 federal election, but remained in the Senate until her term expired on 30 June 2011.\n", "Details": "The daughter of Keith Malcolm and Eileen Mary Ralston, Judith Troeth was educated at Methodist Ladies College, Kew. She completed a Bachelor of Arts and a Diploma of Education at Melbourne University.\nBefore entering Parliament she worked as a teacher as well as being an active partner in the family farm. She was Parliamentary Secretary to the Shadow Minister for Employment, Training and Family Services from 26 May 1994 to 11 March 1996; Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Primary Industries and Energy from 9 October 1997 to 21 October 1998 as well as being a member of various parliamentary committees.\nSenator Judith Troeth has five children and enjoys films, theatre, reading and bushwalking.\n", "Events": "Chair of the Federal Liberal Regional and Rural Committee (1996 - 2002) \nChair of the Senate Standing Committee for Scrutiny of Bills (1994 - 1996) \nChair of the State Strategy Committee (Vic) (1991 - 1992) \nChairman of the Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Legislation committee (1996 - 1997) \nCountry Vice-President of the Liberal Pary (Vic.) (1989 - 1992) \nFederal Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (1998 - 1998) \nFederal Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Primary Industries and Energy (1997 - 1998) \nFederal Parltiamentary Secretary to Shadow Minister for Employment, Training and Family Services (1994 - 1996) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2012 - 2012) \nLiberal Party Branch President (1982 - 1991) \nMember of the Joint Standing: Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade (1997 - 1997) \nMember of the Joint Standing: Migration Committee (1996 - 1997) \nMember of the Joint Statutory: National Crime Authority (1993 - 1996) \nMember of the Liberal Party Administrative Committee (Vic.) (1988 - 1992) \nMember of the Liberal Party Policy Assembly and State Rural Committees (1985 - 1992) \nMember of the Parliamentary Delegation to the United States of America and Canada (1995 - 1995) \nMember of the Senate Estimates: A Committee (1993 - 1994) \nMember of the Senate Estimates: E Committee (1994 - 1994) \nMember of the Senate Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committee for Community Affairs (1993 - 1994) \nMember of the Senate Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committee for Community Affairs: References Committee (1994 - 1994) \nMember of the Senate Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committee for Employment, Education and Training: Legislation Committee (1994 - 1997) \nMember of the Senate Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committee for Employment, Education and Training: References Committee (1994 - 1997) \nMember of the Senate Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committee for Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade: References Committee (1996 - 1997) \nMember of the Senate Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committee for Rural and Regional Affairs (1993 - 1993) \nMember of the Senate Select: Community Standards Relevant to the Supply of Services Utilising Electronic Technologies (1996 - 1997) \nMember of the Senate Select: Land Fund Bill Committee (1994 - 1995) \nMember of the Senate Select: Victorian Casino Inquiry (1996 - 1996) \nMember of the Senate Select:Certain Land Fund Matters (1995 - 1995) \nMember of the Senate Standing Committee for Scrutiny of Bills (1993 - 1996) \nOfficial visit to Singapore, Taiwan, Japan and Korea (1999 - 1999) \nParticipating member, Community Affairs: Legislation Committee (1994 - 1996) \nParticipating member, Economics: References Committee (1996 - 1996) \nParticipating member, Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade: Legislation Committee (1994 - 1996) \nParticipating member, Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade: References Committee (1996 - 1996) \nRural and Regional Affairs and Transport: References Committee (1994 - 1996)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-hon-judith-troeth-senator-for-victoria\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/senator-hon-judith-troeth-parliamentary-secretary-to-the-minister-for-agriculture-fisheries-and-forestry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/so-many-firsts-liberal-women-from-enid-lyons-to-the-turnbull-era\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Burbidge, Nancy Tyson", "Entry ID": "AWE0206", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burbidge-nancy-tyson\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cleckheaton, Yorkshire, England", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory", "Occupations": "Botanist, Conservationist", "Summary": "Nancy Burbidge worked at the CSIRO between 1946-1973, rising from systematic botanist to Curator of the Herbarium. From 1973 to 1977 she was scientific leader of the Flora of Australia project. Burbidge published several books on Australian plants.\n", "Details": "Nancy Burbidge emigrated to Australia with her parents in 1913, and was educated at Katanning (Kobeelya) Church of England Girls' School (founded by her mother Nancy Eleanor in 1922), Bunbury High School and the University of Western Australia. She obtained her Bachelor of Science (BSc) in 1937, Master of Science (MSc) in 1975, and Doctor of Science (DSc) in 1961.\nUpon graduating in 1937, Burbidge was awarded the prize of a free passage to England by a group of shipping companies. She spent eighteen months there at the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew.\nIn 1943 Burbidge was appointed assistant agronomist at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute in Adelaide, where she started working on the regeneration of native pastures in the arid and semi-arid regions of South Australia. Burbidge was appointed to the new position of systematic botanist in the CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, Canberra, in 1946. Before taking a year's secondment in 1953 to be Australian botanical liaison officer back at the Kew herbarium, London, Burbidge was editing the Australasian Herbarium News and was secretary of the systematic botany committee of the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science (1948-1952).\nBurbidge published several books on Australian plants and illustrated many with her own drawings. In 1960 she was a founding member of the National Parks Association of the ACT (going on to be twice president, secretary, and a committee member for eleven years), and was prominent in lobbying for the Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve and Namadgi National Park. She was also a member of the Australian Federation of University Women (president of the Canberra association 1959-1961), and the Pan-Pacific and South East Asia Women's Association (president 1957-1958 and international secretary 1961-1968).\nBurbidge was awarded the 1971 Clarke medal for her achievements in taxonomic botany and ecology by the Royal Society of New South Wales. She is commemorated by an altar-frontal showing banksias and honey-eaters in St Michael's Anglican Church, Mount Pleasant, Perth, and by the Nancy T. Burbidge Memorial, an amphitheatre in the National Botanic Gardens, Canberra.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burbidge-nancy-tyson-1912-1977-biographical-entry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-tyson-burbidge\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burbidge-nancy-tyson-1912-1977\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-phytogeography-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-burbidge-biographical-details\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-grasses\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dictionary-of-australian-plant-genera-gymnosperms-and-angiosperms\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/flora-of-the-australian-capital-territory\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/select-list-of-publications-in-systematic-botany-available-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-wattles-of-the-australian-capital-territory\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/history-of-systematic-botany-in-australasia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gillard, Julia Eileen", "Entry ID": "AWE0230", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gillard-julia-eileen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Barry, Glamorgan, Wales", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Parliamentarian, Prime Minister, Solicitor", "Summary": "On June 24, 2010, Julia Gillard became the first woman Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia and retained her position after the federal election, which was held on 21 August 2010. She led a minority Labor Government, supported by a member of the Greens party and three Independents. She lost the prime ministership on 27 June 2013, when Kevin Rudd challenged her for the position and won. She retired from parliament in August 2013.\nHer career in parliamentary politics began when she was elected Member of the House of Representatives for Lalor (Victoria) in 1998 and re-elected in 2001, 2004, 2007 and 2010. She became Deputy Leader of the Opposition (ALP) in December 2006. On the election of the Labor Government in November 2007, she assumed the position of Deputy Prime Minister and took on the portfolios of Employment and Workplace Relations, Education and Social Inclusion.\nIn 2017, Julia Gillard was made a Companion in the General Division of the Order of Australia 'for eminent service to the Parliament of Australia, particularly as Prime Minister, through seminal contributions to economic and social development, particularly policy reform in the areas of education, disability care, workplace relations, health, foreign affairs and the environment, and as a role model to women.'\n", "Details": "Educated at Unley High School (SA) and the Universities of Adelaide and Melbourne, Julia Gillard worked as a solicitor with Slater and Gordon from 1987 to 1990, when she became a partner with the firm. In 1996, Gillard became Chief-of-Staff to John Brumby (then Leader of the Victorian Opposition) and retained her position until her election to federal parliament in 1998.\nGillard has served as Shadow Minister for Population and Immigration (November 2001 to July 2003); Shadow Minister for Reconciliation and Indigenous Affairs (February 2003 to July 2003); Shadow Minister for Health (July 2003 to December 2006); and Manager of Opposition Business (December 2003 to December 2006). She became Deputy Leader of the Opposition in December 2006. In 2010 she became Prime Minister of Australia.\n", "Events": "Appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) (2017 - 2017) \nAppointed Chair of Beyond Blue (2017 - 2017) \nAppointed chairwoman of the Global Partnership for Education focussed on the education of children in the world's poorest countries (2014 - 2014) \nAppointed to the Board of the mental health institution beyondblue (2014 - 2014) \nBorn: daughter of John Oliver and Moira Gillard (1961 - 1961) \nChief of Staff to Leader of the Opposition John Brumby (1996 - 1998) \nDeputy Leader of the Opposition (2006 - 2007) \nDeputy Prime Minister (2007 - 2010) \nElected Member House of Representatives (MHR) for the Australian Labor Party (ALP) for the Victorian electorate of Lalor (1998 - 1998) \nHonorary Visiting Professor of Politics at the University of Adelaide (2013 - 2013) \nMember, Adelaide University Union (1980 - 1980) \nMember, Administrative Committee, Victorian Branch of the Australian Labor Party (1993 - 1997) \nMember, National Let's Develop Education Committee, Victorian Branch of the Australian Labor Party (1982 - 1983) \nPartner, Slater & Gordon Solictors (1990 - 1996) \nPresident, Adelaide University Union (1981 - 1981) \nPresident, Australian Union of Students (1983 - 1983) \nPrime Minister of Australia (2010 - 2013) \nShadow Minister for Health (2003 - 2006) \nShadow Minister for Population and Immigration (2001 - 2003) \nShadow Minister for Reconciliation and Indigenous Affairs (2003 - 2003) \nSolictor, Slater & Gordon Solictors (1987 - 1990) \nVice-President, National Education Australian Union of Studies (1982 - 1982)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ms-julia-gillard-mp\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gillard-becomes-australias-first-female-pm-after-rudd-goes-down-without-fight\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-making-of-julia-gillard\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/julia-gillard-my-story\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Summers, Anne Fairhurst", "Entry ID": "AWE0232", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/summers-anne-fairhurst\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Deniliquin, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Columnist, Feminist, Historian, Journalist, Political activist, Political scientist, Print journalist, Public speaker, Publisher", "Summary": "Pioneering Australian feminist Dr Anne Summers AO is a best-selling author and journalist with a long career in politics, the media, business and the non-government sector in Australia, Europe and the United States. Anne is a leader of the generation and the movement that has improved women's rights in Australia. Her first book Damned Whores and God's Police changed the way Australia viewed women. Her contribution has earned her community respect: she has received five honorary doctorates and in 1989 became an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for service to journalism and women's affairs. She won a Walkley Award for journalism in the same year.\nSummers is a former editor of Good Weekend who regularly writes an opinion column for the Sydney Morning Herald and The Age. She was a founder of the important feminist journal, Refractory Girl, in the 1970s.\n", "Details": "Anne Summers was born in Deniliquin, New South Wales on 12 March 1945, the first of six children of Eileen Frances Hogan and Austin Henry Fairhurst Cooper, a navigation officer with the Royal Australian Air Force during World War 2. As a baby, she moved with her parents, strict Catholics, to Adelaide, South Australia where she later attended the local convent and then Cabra Dominican College. While former politician and Age and Disability Discrimination Commissioner the Hon. Susan Ryan AO and academic and writer Dr Germaine Greer, who both attended Catholic schools, said nuns were their first examples of strong independent women, Anne said few of the Dominicans she knew encouraged girls to be strong and independent. 'The school was run by women but they deferred egregiously to men, and especially to priests' (Summers, Ducks on the Pond, p. 69).\nFamily life was difficult because of her father's alcoholism and violent moods; Anne said in her autobiography that from this she 'learned to be tough and that was a gift' (Ducks on the Pond, p. 65). Although she won a Commonwealth Scholarship to attend university, Anne's desire to leave home and get away from her father led her to Melbourne where her local priest had arranged a job for her at the National Civic Council, B.A. Santamaria's organisation which aimed to mobilise Catholic unionists against communism. She later moved to a job she loved in an antiquarian bookshop, before returning to Adelaide in 1964 where she worked in the University of Adelaide library and had some formative experiences. With new friend Diana Kenwrick (now Beaton), who felt equally trapped by family and society, Anne discovered Adelaide's bohemian underground, very different from her suburban upbringing, and met journalists for the first time. Fascinated by their work, she began to imagine being a journalist herself. That year, aged 19, Anne experienced first-hand the vulnerability, trauma and pain of women with unwanted pregnancies when she travelled to Melbourne to have a backyard abortion. The birth control pill was not available to unmarried women and abortion was illegal, so women were exploited financially by a system of power and corruption involving disreputable medical practitioners and corrupt police. As a result, women risked their lives, future reproductive capacity and health. Anne began her studies in politics at the University of Adelaide, still bleeding from the botched abortion. She joined the university's Australian Labor Party (ALP) Club and was elected president in 1966; the same year she joined Young Labor, becoming an office bearer soon after, and meeting major political figures of the time including Bob Hawke, Don Dunstan, Gough Whitlam, Arthur Calwell, Mick Young and Jim Cairns.\nShe graduated with a BA (Honours) in Politics. Involved in the movement opposing the Vietnam war, she experienced divisions in her family and wider society because of prevailing polarised views. She became impatient with Labor's approach and by 1969 her interest was captured by the radical student movement and the evolving women's liberation movement.\nIn 1967 Anne married fellow Adelaide University politics student and ALP member John Summers. They moved to the remote Aboriginal community of Musgrave Park (now called Amata) in the far north-west of South Australia where John was an Arts and Crafts Officer. After returning to Adelaide a year later, and working part-time while she continued her degree, Anne found that all the possibilities suggested by the women's movement were increasingly incompatible with marriage. She left John and moved to Sydney where she began a PhD at the University of New South Wales but transferred a year later to the University of Sydney. During this time, Anne became increasingly aware of the issue of domestic violence and, with a small group, was determined to do something. After reading Erin Pizzey's Scream Quietly or the Neighbours Will Hear, a book about setting up a refuge in England, the group decided to do the same in Sydney. As a result, Elsie Women's Refuge was founded.\nDuring her postgraduate years in Sydney, Anne's encounter with the left-wing, intellectual Sydney Push widened her political views. In 1971, she became active in Women's Liberation in Sydney and in 1972 she co-founded the women's studies journal Refractory Girl. In 1975, her best-selling book Damned Whores and God's Police: The Colonisation of Women in Australia was published; in 1979 the University awarded her a PhD for this work. Anne had felt driven to write something that helped Australian women understand themselves better by placing the emerging critique of women's inferior position in society within a specifically Australian historical and social context. She had been influenced by an essay by historian Ann Curthoys, 'Historiography and Women's Liberation', in the Marxist journal Arena which had argued: 'we must find out how the assumptions of female inferiority in public life and subordination in the home have operated in history, and ask why some societies differentiate more than others'. She also wanted to reveal the women who had been 'hidden from history'.\nPublished in 1975 in both hard cover and paperback and reprinted three times by the end of 1976, Damned Whores and God's Police has been reprinted many times since then, selling over 100,000 copies. This bestseller was updated in 1994 and in 2002, and stayed continuously in print until 2008. A new edition was published on International Women's Day 2016.\nDespite the difficulties in her family, family was important to Anne. She was bereft in 1976 when, just a few months after the debut of the book, her youngest brother Jamie died of cancer. In 1999, she dedicated her autobiography to her brothers, David Cooper, Tony Cooper, Greg Cooper and Paul Cooper, saying 'some of this story is also theirs', 'and in memory Jamie Patrick Cooper 1959-1976'.\nAcademia and the news media took Damned Whores and God's Police seriously from the outset. The major Australian newspapers chose serious men of letters to review it: Manning Clark in the Australian, Michael Cannon in the Age, J. D. Pringle, its former editor, in the Sydney Morning Herald. Although she had challenged most of these men in the book, without exception they treated it as important and ground-breaking, giving the book status. Ironically the two most dismissive reviews were written by feminists: Jill Roe in the National Review, and former advisor to Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, Elizabeth Reid, who described it in the Bulletin as 'devastatingly bad'.\nAfter completing her PhD, Anne worked as a journalist on the National Times (1975-78), followed by:\n\n1979-83 Political correspondent and Canberra Bureau Chief, Australian Financial Review,\n1980-83 Canberra correspondent, Far Eastern Economic Review,\n1983 Australian correspondent, Le Monde,\n1983-86 First Assistant Secretary, Office of the Status of Women (now Office for Women) when Bob Hawke was Prime Minister,\n1986-87 US Editor Australian Financial Review; North American manager and editor John Fairfax & Sons Ltd,\n1989 Editorial Director, Sassy,\n1987-89 Editor-in-chief, Ms. magazine. In 1987 Fairfax acquired the US landmark feminist magazine, and appointed Anne editor-in-chief. The following year, she and her business partner Sandra Yates bought Ms. and Sassy magazines from Fairfax, after raising US$20 million on Wall Street, in the second women-led management buyout in US corporate history,\n1990-93 Editor-at-large, Lang Communications Inc.,\n1992-93 Advisor to Prime Minister Paul Keating,\n1993-97 Editor, Good Weekend Magazine.\n\nIn 1989 Anne was made an Officer in the Order of Australia for her services to journalism and to women.\nAnne was chair of the board of Greenpeace International (2000-2006) and Deputy President of Sydney's Powerhouse Museum (1999-2008).\nIn 2011, along with three other women, Anne was honoured as an Australian Legend with her image placed on a postage stamp.\nIn November 2012, she began publishing Anne Summers Reports, a lavish free digital magazine that reported on politics, social issues, art, architecture and other subjects not covered adequately by the mainstream media.\nIn September 2013 Anne launched her series of Anne Summers Conversations events, with former Prime Minister Julia Gillard in front of a packed Sydney Opera House.\nIn addition to her classic Damned Whores and God's Police, Anne has published 7 books: The Misogyny Factor (2013), The Lost Mother: A Story of Art and Love (2009, 2010), On Luck (2009), The End of Equality (2003), Ducks on the Pond: An Autobiography (1999), Gamble for Power (1983) and Her-Story: Australian Women in Print 1788-1975 (with Margaret Bettison, 1980). She writes a regular opinion column for the Sydney Morning Herald.\nAnne currently lives in Sydney with Chip Rolley, her partner of almost 30 years, who now has a senior position with PEN America in New York. Anne will join him there in late 2017.\nThe revision of this entry in 2017 was sponsored by a generous donation from the late Dr Thelma Hunter.\n", "Events": "Best Newspaper Feature Story, The National Times Sydney (1976 - 1976) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001) \nService to journalism and to women's affairs. (1989 - 1989)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-literary-luncheon-series\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/feminist-fighter\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/damned-whores-and-gods-police-the-colonization-of-women-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/her-story-australian-women-in-print-1788-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gamble-for-power-how-bob-hawke-beat-malcolm-fraser-the-1983-federal-election\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ducks-on-the-pond-an-autobiography-1945-1976\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/children-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-curse-of-the-lucky-country\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/not-a-bedroom-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/conversation-with-anne-summers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/back-to-the-future-urgent-issues-for-men-and-women-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/memorable-summers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-impact-of-feminist-scholarship-on-australian-political-science\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-womans-place-women-and-politics-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-and-the-political-system\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-operation-that-made-me-a-criminal\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dangerous-remedies-ending-the-horror-of-backyard-abortions\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/her-rights-at-work-the-political-persecution-of-australias-first-female-prime-minister\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/political-science\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-liberation-movement-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/public-service-policy\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/movement-against-domestic-violence\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-who-caucus-feminist-political-scientists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-writers-a-bibliographic-guide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/uphill-all-the-way-a-documentary-history-of-women-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kay-daniels-writer-historian-scholar-and-bureaucrat\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-anne-summers-1967-2007-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anne-levy-celebration-introducing-dr-anne-summers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anne-summers-interviewed-by-humphrey-mcqueen-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pat-richardson-scrapbooks-relating-to-the-womens-electoral-lobby-and-womens-events-1977-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elsie-womens-refuge-records-ca-1974-2014\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anne-summers-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anne-summers-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lawrence, Carmen Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE0238", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lawrence-carmen-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Morawa, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Politician", "Summary": "Carmen Lawrence became Australia's first woman State Premier (WA) on 12 February 1990. She began her parliamentary career by winning the seat of Subiaco for the Australian Labor Party in 1986.\nShe entered Federal politics on 12 March 1994, as the Member for Fremantle, and was appointed Minister for Human Services and Health and Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for the Status of Women on 25 March 1994 until 11 March 1996. On 23 November 2001, Lawrence was appointed Shadow Minister for Reconciliation, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs, the Arts, and the Status of Women. She retired from the Australian Parliament at the 2007 general election, which was held in November 2007. A complete record of her parliamentary service, including a link to her first speech, can be found in the Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia (see below).\nLawrence is a supporter of numerous organisations and is Patron of the Western Australia Netball Association and a Foundation Committee Member of EMILY'S List.\nCarmen Lawrence was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 2022 for distinguished service to the people and Parliaments of Australia and Western Australia, to conservation, and to arts administration.\nFor a complete record of her parliamentary service, please see 'Hon Dr Carmen Lawrence AO' in the Resource Section below.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-resurrection-of-carmen-how-she-rose-from-the-political-dead\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carmen-and-her-sisters\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carmen-after-the-storm\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lawrence-of-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-ordinary-lives-pioneering-women-in-australian-politics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hon-dr-carmen-lawrence-ao\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lawrence-the-hon-dr-carmen-mary-ao\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-the-hon-dr-carmen-mary-lawrence-mp\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Blackwood, Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE0244", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blackwood-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "South Yarra, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Botanist, Geneticist, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Margaret Blackwood graduated from the University of Melbourne with a BSc in 1938 and MSc in 1940. During the Second World War she served with the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force and then was granted an ex-service postgraduate scholarship for Cambridge, where she gained a PhD for her work in plant genetics. In 1951 Blackwood returned to Melbourne and was a senior lecturer at the University of Melbourne until 1974. She was then elected a member of the University Council and in 1980 became the first female Deputy Chancellor. She held both these positions until her retirement in 1983. She was appointed as a Member of the British Empire in 1964 for work in botany and was appointed a Dame (Order of the British Empire - Dames Commander) for her services to education in 1980.\n", "Events": "Australian Chairman of the Soroptimist International Association (1957 - 1958) \nBorn daughter of Robert Leslie and Muriel Pearl (n\u00e9e Henry) Blackwood (1909 - 1909) \nCarnegie Scholar for Cambridge University in England (1958 - 1959) \nChairman of the Melbourne University Council and Founder Fellow of the Janet Clarke Hall at the University of Melbourne (1961 - 1974) \nCommanding Officer at No 1 WAAAF Training Depot (1942 - 1942) \nCommissioned WAAAF (1941 - 1941) \nDean of Women, Mildura Branch, Melbourne University (1947 - 1948) \nDemonstrator and Caroline Kay Research Scholarship Plant Cytology and Genetics at the University of Melbourne (1939 - 1941) \nDischarged from Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force with the rank of Wing Officer (1946 - 1946) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001) \nJoined Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) at inception as airwoman (1941 - 1941) \nMember of the Council of the University of Melbourne (1975 - 1986) \nOfficer-in-charge, with rank of Squadran Officer, WAAAF Training (1942 - 1944) \nSenior science mistress at Korowa CEGGS (1934 - 1938) \nSenior science mistress at Lowther Hall CEGGS (1932 - 1933) \nStaff Officer with WAAAF Western Area (1945 - 1945) \nUniversity of Melbourne demonstrator and Howitt Research Student (1938 - 1938)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blackwood-dame-margaret-1909-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blackwood-margaret-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blackwood-margaret-1909-1986-biographical-entry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-and-science-at-the-university-of-melbourne-reflections-on-the-career-of-dame-margaret-blackwood\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/another-time-place-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1983\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-blackwood\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-waaaf-in-wartime-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-learned-start-to-discovery-day\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-the-lyceum-club-melbourne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blackwood-margaret-dame-1909-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blackwood-margaret-dame-1909-1986-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dame-margaret-blackwood-dbe-mbe\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/group-portrait-of-four-original-waaaf-officers-with-the-director-waaaf-group-officer-clare-stevenson-after-a-waaaf-staff-officers-conference-at-air-force-headquarters-victoria-barracks\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-the-outdoors-the-director-waaaf-group-officer-clare-stevenson-and-a-waaaf-wing-officer-conversing-with-waaaf-officers-who-conducted-a-four-day-bivouac\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Buckingham, Beverley (Bev)", "Entry ID": "AWE0259", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/buckingham-beverley-bev\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Norfolk, England", "Occupations": "Jockey", "Summary": "Bev Buckingham settled in Australia in 1967. She became the first female jockey in the southern hemisphere to win 1000 races. After a fall at the Elwick Racecourse (Hobart) in May 1998 she was wheelchair-bound, but regained her strength and mobility until she was able to walk again unaided.\n", "Details": "Born in Norfolk, England, Bev Buckingham migrated to Australia with her parents when she was two years old. Living in Tasmania she was soon helping her father, a racehorse trainer, in his stables while taking riding lessons and competing through pony clubs. Aged fourteen she became an apprentice jockey for her father. Women were not allowed to compete against male jockeys until the 1970s when the Lady Jockey's Association lobbied for fifteen races per year on country Victorian racetracks. By 1979 women were permitted to race as regular jockeys. Buckingham and her friend Kim Dixon were among the first women to race professionally against men in the 1980s.\nA win on her fourth ride at Elwick in 1980, on Limit Man, launched Buckingham's career. By the end of her first season's racing she had ridden 22 winners and was ranked ninth overall on the jockeys' table. With a total of 63 winners in her second season, at the age of seventeen, Buckingham became the first woman in the world to win a State Jockey's Premiership. Over her eighteen year career she brought home trophies for the Devonport Cup, the Launceston Cup, the Queen's Cup and the Hobart Cup (three times - 1986, 1996, 1998). In 1984 she became the first woman to ride in the Caulfield Cup. On winning the Queen's Cup she received a personal letter from Queen Elizabeth II expressing her pleasure in being able to congratulate a woman jockey on winning her race.\nAfter a horrific accident in May 1998 in which Buckingham fractured two vertebrae in her neck, she spent many months in rehabilitation on her family's Tasmanian property. She defied predictions that she would never walk again, and gave birth to a daughter, Tara, in 2000. Today she works with her father as a racehorse trainer at Sienna Lodge in Victoria. She was inducted into the inaugural Tasmanian Racing Hall of Fame in 2005.\n", "Events": "First woman to ride in the Caulfield Cup (1984 - 1984) \nRides 109 winners for the season, setting a State record (1995 - 1996) \nWins apprentice's title and ranked fourth overall on the jockeys' table (1983 - 1983) \nWins her third Tasmanian Premiership (64 winners) (1996 - 1997) \nWins the Devonport Cup on Exdirectory (1985 - 1985) \nWins the Hobart Cup on Dark Intruder (1986 - 1986) \nWins the Hobart Cup on Jam City (1996 - 1996) \nWins the Hobart Cup on L'Espoin (1998 - 1998) \nWins the Launceston Cup on Brave Trespasser (1987 - 1987) \nWins the Queen's Cup on Exdirectory (1986 - 1986)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beating-the-odds-the-fall-and-rise-of-bev-buckingham\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/against-all-odds-bevs-back-on-her-feet\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Tipping, Marjorie Jean", "Entry ID": "AWE0301", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tipping-marjorie-jean\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Art historian, Author, Consultant", "Summary": "Marjorie Tipping was a prolific writer and historian of art and colonial Australia. In 1990, based on her many published scholarly works, she became the first woman to earn the degree of Doctor of Letters by examination from the University of Melbourne. Tipping's books include Eugene von Guerard's Australian Landscapes (1975) Ludwig Becker: Artist & Naturalist with the Burke & Wills Expedition (1978), Melbourne on the Yarra (1978) and Convicts Unbound: The Story of the Calcutta Convicts and Their Settlement in Australia (1988).\nTipping was the first woman president (1972-1975) and fellow (1968) of the Royal Historical Society of Victoria. She was a member of the Victorian Council of the Arts and numerous other committees and community organizations, often in a voluntary capacity. Tipping was appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire (13 June 1981), for her contribution to the Arts.\nTipping was the patron of and one of the founders of the E W Tipping Foundation for Mentally Retarded Children and Adults, established in 1970. Tipping travelled on six continents; her interests included music, theatre, archaeology, Australiana, and Chinese art.\nSource(s): Personal Communication (2002), Who's Who of Australian Women, Who's Who 2002.\n", "Events": "Born: daughter of John Alexandra and Florence Amelia (nee Paterson) McCredie (1917 - 1917) \nContributor to Encyclopedia of Melbourne project Monash University (1999 - 1999) \nContributor to University Melbourne, Oral History Project (1999 - 1999) \nDoctor C H Currey Fellow (1981 - 1981) \nFirst woman Fellow Royal Historical Society Victoria (1968 - 1968) \nFirst woman President of the Royal Historical Society Victoria (1972 - 1975) \nFirst woman to receive Doctor of Letters by examination from the University of Melbourne (1990 - 1990) \nFoundation Chairman Victorian Publications and Literature Committee (1976 - 1984) \nFoundation Member Science and Humanities Committee Museum Victoria (1978 - 1991) \nFounder Affiliated Historical Societies (1963 - 1963) \nGovernment nominee Council of Adult Education Committee (1975 - 1978) \nGovernment nominee Victorian Government Placenames Committee (1975 - 1987) \nHistory Consultant Grundy Television for Convicts Unbound (TV Series) (1992 - 1992) \nmarried Edmond William Tipping (dec. 1970) (1942 - 1942) \nMember Board of Directors Victorian State Opera (1982 - 1990) \nMember Council International Social Service (1965 - 1979) \nMember Foundation Committee La Trobe and Baillieu Libraries (1996 - 1996) \nMember Literature Board awards Australia Council (1973 - 1973) \nMember Literature Board awards Australia Council (1977 - 1977) \nMember Victorian Ministry Arts Advisory Council (1974 - 1981) \nMember Victorian Theatre Policy Committee Victorian Arts Centre (1979 - 1980) \nOrganising Chairman four biennial conferences and the Australiana Festival (1958 - 1958) \nPatron and Foundation Member E W Tipping Foundation for Intellectually Handicapped (1970 - 1970) \nVice-Chairperson, Matthew Flinders Bicentenary Committee (1974 - 1974)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/historian-makes-history-with-doctor-of-letters-degree\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rare-honour-crowns-life-of-scholarship\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/queens-birthday-honours\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/queens-birthday-honours-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/double-time-women-in-victoria-150-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1975-1985-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/conversation-with-marjorie-tipping-interviewer-hazel-de-berg-1971-oct-10-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-relating-to-a-book-about-ludwig-becker-ca-1970-ca-1979-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-marjorie-tipping-1940-1971-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/essay-1974-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marjorie-tipping-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cohn, Carola (Ola)", "Entry ID": "AWE0323", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cohn-carola-ola\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bendigo, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Cowes, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Philanthropist, Sculptor", "Summary": "Ola Cohn was the first Australian sculptor to carve large commissions free-hand in stone. She created the statue for the Pioneer Women's Memorial Garden in Adelaide, South Australia, and carved the famous Fairies' Tree in Melbourne's Fitzroy Gardens. Examples of Ola Cohn's work in bronze, stone and wood are in state and provincial galleries nationwide. On 1 January 1965, Cohn was appointed a Member of the British Empire for her work in the service of art, especially sculpture. Her studio home in Gipps St, East Melbourne, is now known as the Ola Cohn Memorial Centre.\n", "Details": "One of six siblings, Carola (Ola) Cohn was born to Julius Cohn and Sarah Helen Snowball in Bendigo. Both parents were born in Australia: Ola's maternal grandparents arrived from England in 1850, and her paternal grandparents from Denmark in 1852. Ola was educated at Girton College, Bendigo, but studied drawing and sculpture at the Bendigo School of Mines. She went on to study at Swinburne Technical College in Melbourne, and finally, at the Royal College of Art in London. Exhibitions of her work were held all over Australia as well as in London, Paris and Glasgow. In 1930 she received a request from the office of H.R.H The Prince of Wales for a piece of her work to be part of an exhibition given in aid of the British Legion. Years later a faded newspaper clipping reads: 'When still a child she saw that most people were content to live, die and be forgotten. Her determination to become a sculptor, and that in this profession her work and memory would endure, commenced at the age of seven when she first modelled figures in wet sand'.\nOla Cohn was the first Australian sculptor to carve large commissions free-hand in stone. A pioneer of modernist sculpture in this country, her early work generated terrific controversy when it was exhibited in Melbourne in 1931. Over the course of her career, however, Cohn completed numerous commissions in Australia including two sandstone figures for the Royal Hobart Hospital, a six foot lime-stone Pioneer Women's Memorial for Adelaide's Garden of Remembrance and the bronze entitled 'Comedy'. In 1952 she received the Crouch Prize in Ballarat - the first and only sculptor to receive the honour - for her wood carving, Abraham. Cohn was perhaps most famous for carving The Fairies' Tree in the Fitzroy Gardens between 1931-34. This was a gift to the children of Melbourne, and she received no payment for the work.\nOla Cohn was a central figure in the Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors, hosting life drawing classes every Friday night at her studio and serving as president of the Society for many years. She joined the Lyceum Club, and the Arts, Press and Letters Committee for the National Council of Women.\nThe extent of Cohn's philanthropic activity is difficult to assess. One newspaper described her as a 'charity worker', but she is unlikely to have been given honorary life membership of the Royal Children's Hospital simply because she was weaving scarves for charity - which she was indeed doing. Her extensive archives give little clue as to what kind of financial assistance she was able to provide, but certainly she opened her famous studio from time to time to raise money for a particular cause. In this way she raised \u00a3400 in aid of the Red Cross, the Comforts Fund and Food for Britain during WWII. She also held art classes for soldiers recovering from injury. Cohn assisted appeals for the Children's Hospital, Save the Children's Fund, Brotherhood of St. Laurence, Heart Foundation, The Cultural Centre Melbourne, and Animal Relief.\nCohn's greatest philanthropic gesture was her bequest to the Council of Adult Education. To this body she left her home and studio at 41 Gipps Street, East Melbourne and a collection of her works, with the idea that it would become a sculpture school. The bequest was valued at just under \u00a31 million. Poor financial management on the part of the CAE led to an attempt to sell the property, but this was thwarted by a legal battle headed by Cohn's niece Helen Bruinier. It is now known as the Ola Cohn Memorial Centre.\nOla Cohn was married at the age of 61 to her friend Herbert John Green, a retired Victorian Government Printer. She was appointed a Member of the British Empire for her work in the service of art, especially sculpture, on 1 January 1965.\n", "Events": "Appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services rendered in the service of art, especially sculpture (1964 - 1964) \nAttended art classes at the Bendigo School of Mines (1910 - 1919) \nAttended the Royal College of Art, London where her lecturers included Henry Moore for sculpture (1926 - 1926) \nAwarded a Royal College of Art, London free studentship (1928 - 1928) \nBecame an associate of the Royal College of Art, London (1929 - 1929) \nCarved Head of a Virgin, now in the National Gallery of Victoria, which was considered very modern in Australia at the time (1926 - 1926) \nCarved The Fairies' Tree in the Fitzroy Gardens, Melbourne (1931 - 1934) \nCarved the limestone Pioneer Woman memorial statue, Adelaide (1940 - 1941) \nEstablished a studio at 9 Collins Street, Melbourne, Victoria (1930 - 1930) \nExecuted 19 panels for the Mutual Life and Citizens Building, Sydney New South Wales - 14 were designed by Murray Griffen (1939 - 1939) \nHeld an exhibition of her overseas work (1931 - 1931) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2007 - 2007) \nMarried Herbert John Green, retired government printer (1953 - 1953) \nMember of the Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors (1922 - 1964) \nMember of the Victorian Art Society (1921 - 1921) \nMoved to 41 Gipps Street, East Melbourne where she made her studio a centre for artists (1937 - 1937) \nPart-time lecturer in art at the Melbourne Kindergarten Teacher's College (1940 - 1954) \nPresident of the Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors (1948 - 1964) \nProduced two seven-foot (2.1m) sandstone figures, representing Science and Humanity, for the Royal Hobart Hospital, Tasmania (1938 - 1938) \nStudied at Swinburne Technical College, Melbourne (1920 - 1925) \nTaught art at Geelong Church of England Grammar School (1933 - 1933) \nTravelled to Europe and Iceland (1949 - 1951) \nWon the Crouch Prize - the first time it had been won by a sculptor - for a wood carving (1952 - 1952) \nWon the Roman Catholic Diocesan Centenary Prize in Melbourne (1948 - 1948)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carved-magic-at-the-bottom-of-the-gardens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/castles-in-the-air\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-fairies-tree\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/more-about-the-fairies-tree\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mostly-cats\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ola-cohn-1982-1964-sculpture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ola-cohns-fairies-tree\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brushing-the-dust-off\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ola-cohn\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/notable-forebears-and-relatives\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-melbourne-society-of-women-painters-and-sculptors-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/more-than-just-gumtrees-a-personal-social-and-artistic-history-of-the-melbourne-society-of-women-painters-and-sculptors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heritage-the-national-womens-art-book-500-works-by-500-australian-women-artists-from-colonial-times-to-1955\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cohn-carola-1892-1964\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/melbourne-painters-prepare-to-fight\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/artists-allowed-to-stay-in-sculptors-house\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ola-cohns-house-and-studio-still-in-question\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/100000-gift-to-help-restore-artists-centre\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-artists-still-call-ola-cohn-centre-home\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-activism-and-altruism-in-australian-womens-philanthropy-1880-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-word-in-the-stone-sculptor-ola-cohn\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/glass-after-glass-autobiographical-reflections\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-women-philanthropists-in-australian-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/album-ca-1904-1950-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ola-cohn-1912-1964-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/photograph-album-ca-1920-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-ola-cohn-sculptor-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bust-of-fritz-hart-realia-ola-cohn\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1904-1995-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1912-ca-1970-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rowan, Marian Ellis", "Entry ID": "AWE0329", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rowan-marian-ellis\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Botanical artist, Botanical collector", "Summary": "Ellis Rowan was a botanical artist who had no formal art training. She received encouragement from her family and husband, Frederick Charles Rowan, whom she married in 1873, to develop her own style in painting wildflowers.\nHer work was exhibited in both Australia and overseas for which she won a variety of art prizes.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rowan-marian-ellis-1848-1922\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rowan-marian-ellis-1848-1922-biographical-entry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ellis-rowan-1848-1922\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/botanical-and-wildlife-artist-intrepid-explorer-and-writer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/catalogue-of-water-colour-drawings-of-wild-flowers-etc\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/flower-paintings-of-ellis-rowan-from-the-collection-of-the-national-library-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bill-baillie\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ellis-rowan-1848-1922-a-biographical-sketch\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ellis-rowan-a-flower-hunter-in-queensland\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-flower-hunter-in-queensland-new-zealand\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/press-opinions-of-mrs-f-c-rowans-water-color-flower-drawings\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-guide-to-the-trees\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-guide-to-the-wild-flowers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/southern-wild-flowers-and-trees-together-with-shrubs-vines-and-various-forms-of-growth-through-the-mountains-the-middle-district-and-the-low-country-of-the-south\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-human-side-of-trees-wonders-of-the-world\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ellis-rowan-1873-1895-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cutting-book-1895-1922-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collection-of-papers-relating-to-ellis-rowan-1892-1956-bulk-1892-1896-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ellis-rowan-1848-1922-a-biography-of-a-remarkable-australian-woman\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1926-1934-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Schnagl, Heather", "Entry ID": "AWE0334", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/schnagl-heather\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Educator, Headmistress, Immunologist", "Summary": "Heather Schnagl is Principal of Ivanhoe Girls' Grammar School and a Director of the Invergowrie Foundation.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Marles, Fay Surtees", "Entry ID": "AWE0336", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marles-fay-surtees\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Educator", "Summary": "Fay Surtees Marles AM (n\u00e9e Pearce) is a former Australian public servant. She served as Victorian Commissioner of Equal Opportunity from 1977 to 1987 and Chancellor of the University of Melbourne from 2001 to 2004.\n", "Details": "The daughter of Percy Willam Pearce and Jane Victoria Crisp, Fay Marles completed her secondary education at Ruyton Girls' School, before attending the University of Melbourne.\nMarles graduated from the University of Melbourne in 1948 with a Bachelor of Arts and Diploma of Social Work. She subsequently became a social worker in Queensland. However, after her marriage to Donald Marles in 1952 she was subjected to the marriage bar and forced to resign her position. She and her husband had four children, including politician Richard Marles.\nIn 1977, Marles was appointed the first Commissioner for Equal Opportunity in Victoria. She retained the position until 1987, when she established Fay Marles and Associates, a consultancy specializing in dispute resolution and human resource management.\nFay Marles was first elected to the University of Melbourne Council in 1984 and became Deputy Chancellor in 1986, before her appointment as Chancellor in 2001, a position she held until 2004. She was the first woman to hold the position.\nAfter retirement the University of Melbourne established the Fay Marles Scholarship in recognition of her strong commitment to social justice and human right. It is offered to research students from Australian Indigenous descent or students who are experiencing compassionate or compelling circumstances.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2010 - 2010)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dilemma-at-westernport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/workplace-approach-to-sexual-harassment\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/being-a-member-of-a-profession-implications-for-teachers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-decade-of-mary-owen-dinners\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kirner, Joan Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE0359", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kirner-joan-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Essendon, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "In 1990 Joan Kirner was elected the first woman Premier for the State of Victoria. She held the position for two years but her legacy will extend for much longer. As the Premier of Victoria, Daniel Andrews said in a statement after her death:\n \"Through her decades of advocacy for gender equality, [Joan Kirner] fundamentally changed [The Victorian ALP] and our society. In the process, she raised a generation of Victorian Labor women - one of whom became Prime Minister\u2026\nShe fought every day for fairness. Our state is stronger for her service and our lives are greater for her friendship. She was our first female Premier and because of her work, she won't be the last.\"\n", "Details": "Kirner entered the Victorian Parliament in 1982 as an MLC (ALP) for the Province of Melbourne West. Between 1985 and 1988 she was Minister for Conservation, Forests and Lands. In 1988 she moved to the Lower House as the member for Williamstown and was appointed Minister for Education (1988-1990) and Minister for Ethnic Affairs (1990-1991). She served as Deputy Premier from 1989-1990 and in 1992 became the Leader of the Opposition.\nKirner resigned from parliament in 1994. That same year, she was appointed Chair of the Employment Services Regulatory Authority (which position she held until 1996), and Chair of the National Committee to Celebrate the Centenary of Federation. In May 2001, as a member of the Victorian Committee for the Centenary of Federation, she organised the Women Shaping the Nation event and presentation of the Victorian Honour Roll of women in the Victorian Parliament with 756 women present.\nKirner's interest in social justice, equity for women, the arts and landcare was lifelong. With Moira Rayner, she co-authored the best selling Women's Power Handbook, published in 1999 and illustrated by Judy Horacek. Kirner was a co-convenor of Emily's List, a Board member of the Australian Children's Television Foundation, and a member of the Playbox Theatre Board. She supported a variety of organisations including the Living Museum of the West, the Women's Circus and Positive Women.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/economic-statement-a-statement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hon-joan-kirner-education-speeches-1973-1984-from-mum-to-minister\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ministerial-statement-on-the-vce\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-positive-partnership-affirmative-action-in-the-australian-labor-party\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-power-handbook\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/but-im-only-a-mum-on-deleting-the-word-only\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australias-working-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/as-a-woman-writing-womens-lives\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/living-generously-women-mentoring-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-ordinary-lives-pioneering-women-in-australian-politics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carrying-on-the-fight-women-candidates-in-victorian-parliamentary-elections\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorias-first-female-premier-joan-kirner-dies-aged-76\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bullwinkel, Vivian", "Entry ID": "AWE0362", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bullwinkel-vivian\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kapunda, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Health administrator, Nurse, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Vivian Bullwinkel was the sole survivor of the 1942 Banka Island massacre. Post-war, she was Matron of Melbourne's Fairfield Hospital.\n", "Details": "Vivian Bullwinkel grew up in Broken Hill, New South Wales, and Adelaide, South Australia. Her father had migrated to Australia from Essex in 1912 and worked as a jackaroo on a station near Broken Hill before he married and took on a clerical post with Broken Hill South Pty Ltd. Vivian's grandfather was William John Shegog, a member of the South Australian Police Force. At the age of nine, she moved to Adelaide to live with her grandparents but returned to attend Broken Hill High School when she was thirteen. In 1934 she began nursing and midwife training at the Broken Hill and District Hospital. From February 1939 she was working at the Kia-Ora Hospital in Hamilton, Victoria, but moved to Melbourne to enlist at the outbreak of war and worked for a time at the Jessie MacPherson Hospital.\nIn May 1941, Bullwinkel volunteered for the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS) and sailed for Singapore, assigned to the 2\/13th Australian General Hospital. In February 1942, she boarded the SS Vyner Brooke with 65 other nurses to flee Singapore following an invasion by Japanese troops, but the ship was sunk by Japanese aircraft two days later. A large number of passengers, including 22 nurses, made it ashore to Radji Beach on Banka Island and decided to surrender to the Japanese. They were joined the following day by about 100 British soldiers. Upon being discovered by Japanese soldiers, however, the men were killed and the nurses ordered to wade into the sea where they were machine-gunned from behind. Bullwinkel was struck by a bullet but feigned death until her persecutors had left. The sole survivor of the massacre, she hid for twelve days before surrendering and spent a further three and a half years in captivity.\nBullwinkel served in Japan in 1946 and 1947 before resigning from the Army as Captain, but she rejoined the Citizen Military Forces in 1955 and served until 1970, when she retired as Lieutenant Colonel. Post-war, Bullwinkel spent 16 years as Matron of Melbourne's Fairfield Hospital and continued as Director of Nursing there until 1977. In that year, she married Colonel F.W. Statham and moved to Perth. She was a member of the Council of the Australian War Memorial, and president of the Australian College of Nursing. In 1992, she returned to Banka Island to unveil a shrine to the nurses who died there.\nVivian Bullwinkel was appointed to the Order of Australia (AO) on 26 January 1993, appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) on 1 January 1973 and awarded the Royal Red Cross Medal on 6 March 1947 for service to the veteran and ex-prisoner of war communities, to nursing, to the Red Cross Society and to the community. She was also the winner of the Florence Nightingale Medal.\nPhotographs, newspaper articles and memorabilia relating to Vivian Bullwinkel were exhibited at the RSL in Argent Street, Broken Hill, in 2000 and the foyer of the Broken Hill Health Service has been named in her honour.\n", "Events": "Assistant Matron of the Repatration General Hospital, Victoria (1956 - 1960) \nDeputy Principal of the Commandant Australia Red Cross Society (1964 - 1973) \nHonourary Life Member of the Australia Red Cross Society (1992 - 1992) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001) \nMarried Col. F W Statham OBE, ED (1977 - 1977) \nMatron of the Fairfield Hospital, Victoria (1961 - 1977) \nMember of the Council College of Nursing Australia (1973 - 1977) \nMember of the Council of Directors of the Royal Humane Society (1973 - 1978) \nMember of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) (1973 - 1973) \nOrder of Australia (AO) (1993 - 1993) \nPresident of the College of Nursing Australia (1973 - 1974) \nPresident of the Soroptimist Clubs, Victoria (1972 - 1974) \nRoyal Red Cross Medal (1947 - 1947) \nSole survivor of Banka Island, where 21 Australian army nurses were massacred by Japanese soldiers (1942 - 1942) \nStaff member of the 13th Australian General Hospital, Australian Infantry Forces (1941 - 1941) \nStaff member of the Hamilton Private Hospital, Victoria (1939 - 1940) \nStaff member of the Jessie McPherson Hospital, Melbourne (1940 - 1941) \nTrustee of the National War Memorial, Canberra (1963 - 1977) \nWarden of Western Australian State War Memorial (first woman to be appointed) (1988 - 1989)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bullwinkel-vivian-4\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/uncommon-australians-towards-an-australian-portrait-gallery\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1998\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/twentieth-century-women-of-courage\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rsl-returned-sisters-sub-branchthanksgiving-service-100-years-of-australian-army-nursing\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/transcript-of-the-eulogy-given-by-the-hon-bruce-scott-the-minister-for-veterans-affairs-and-minister-assisting-the-minister-for-defence-on-behalf-of-the-prime-minister-of-australia-at-the-state-funer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vivian-bullwinkel-ao-mbearrc-ed-fnm-frcna-18-12-1915-3-7-2000-survivor-of-the-bangka-island-massacre\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nurse-survivors-of-the-vyner-brooke\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-nurses-since-nightingale-1860-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brave-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nurses-revisit-war-hell-bangka-island-singapore\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/just-wanted-to-be-there-australian-service-nurses-1899-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tributes-pour-in-for-the-hero-of-paradise-road\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-womans-war-the-exceptional-life-of-wilma-oram-young-am\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/service-nurses-honoured-with-long-awaited-memorial\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wwii-nursing-heroine-dies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heroic-wartime-nurse-vivian-bullwinkel-dies-in-hospital-aged-84\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vivian-statham-nee-bullwinkel-eulogy-for-state-funeral-st-georges-cathedral-perth-monday-10-july-2000\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portraits-in-australian-health\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/our-war-nurses-the-history-of-the-royal-australian-army-nursing-corps-1902-1988\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/speech-on-the-occasion-of-the-dedication-of-the-site-of-the-australian-service-nurses-national-memorial-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/butchery-on-bangka\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lasting-testimony-to-local-war-hero\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bullwinkel-honored-as-world-war-two-hero\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/exhibition-highlights-wartime-survivor\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nurses-bravery-example-to-others\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/state-funeral-farewell-for-sister-bullwinkel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/third-anzac-arrives-home\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/she-looked-for-a-warm-place-to-die\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nurses-four-years-ordeal\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sister-bullwinkel-the-untold-uncensored-story\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/war-crimes-and-trials-affidavits-and-sworn-statements\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/list-of-awards-for-services-rendered-whilst-prisoners-of-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/war-crimes-and-trials-affidavits-and-sworn-statements-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/campaign-in-malaya-and-singapore-escape-before-and-after-capitulation-and-evacuation-of-civilians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bullwinkel-v-sister-international-military-tribunal\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bullwinkel-vivian-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/official-historian-1939-1945-war-biographical-files\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/radio-talk-presented-by-abc-war-correspondent-haydon-lennard-release-of-nurses-box-7\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/group-portrait-of-australian-army-nursing-service-aans-nurses-who-were-former-prisoners-of-war-pows-ob-board-the-hospital-ship-manunda-on-its-arrival-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bullwinkel-vivian-3\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wake, Nancy Grace Augusta", "Entry ID": "AWE0363", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wake-nancy-grace-augusta\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wellington, New Zealand", "Death Place": "London, England", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Nancy Wake, whom the Gestapo code-named 'the White Mouse' was the Allies' most decorated servicewoman of World War II. The youngest of six children, Nancy Wake came to Australia with her parents when she was 20 months old. In the early 1930s she went first to England and then Paris as a freelance journalist and there met and married Henri Fiocca, a wealthy French industrialist. When the French government surrendered, after the German Army invaded in May 1940, Nancy Wake joined the French Resistance working as a courier and saboteur. For these 'special operations in France' Wake was awarded the George Medal (17 July 1945). Wake worked for the Intelligence Department at the British Air Ministry, after the war. She married John Forward, in 1957, before returning to Australia to live. In December 2001, Nancy Wake left Port Macquarie, New South Wales to live in Europe.\nOn 22 February 2004 Nancy Wake was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia. The award recognises the significant contribution and commitment of Nancy Wake, stemming from her outstanding actions in wartime, in encouraging community appreciation and understanding of the past sacrifices made by Australian men and women in times of conflict, and to a lasting legacy of peace.\nNancy Wake moved to London to live in 2001. She died there, in Kingston Hospital on 7 August 2011.\n", "Events": "Appointed Companion in the General Division of the Order of Australia. (2004 - ) \nAuthor of The White Mouse (1985 - 1985) \nBorn: daughter of C A Wake (1912 - 1912) \nCaptain FANY (1943 - 1945) \nExecutive Officer British Foreign Office attached to Embassies Paris and Prague (1946 - 1948) \nFreelance journalist Europe (1936 - 1939) \nLeft Australia to live in London (2001 - 2001) \nmarried Henri Fiocca (dec. 1943) (1939 - 1939) \nmarried John Forward (dec. 1997) (1957 - 1957) \nMember Allied Escape Route Organisation Occupied France (1940 - 1943) \nOfficer Legion d'Honneur (Chevalier 1970) (1988 - 1988) \nWRAF officer Air Ministry London (Intelligence) (1952 - 1958)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-autobiography-of-the-woman-the-gestapo-called-the-white-mouse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-wake-the-story-of-a-very-brave-woman\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-wake\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/woman-in-arms-the-story-of-nancy-wake\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-wake-a-biography-of-our-greatest-war-heroine\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/twentieth-century-women-of-courage\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wartime-spy-honour\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/white-mouse-finally-gets-her-gong\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wartime-comrades-watch-as-white-mouse-is-honoured\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/timely-wake-up-call\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-nancy-wake-forward-resistance-fighter-during-world-war-ii-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-nancy-wake-french-resistance-worker-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Zadow, Christiane Susanne Augustine (Augusta)", "Entry ID": "AWE0364", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/zadow-christiane-susanne-augustine-augusta\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Runkel, Duchy of Nassau", "Occupations": "Factory inspector, Suffragist, Trade unionist", "Summary": "In 1895 Augusta Zadow was appointed the first female Factory Inspector in South Australia.\n", "Details": "Zadow was the daughter of Johann Georg Hofmeyer and Elizabetha Hemming. After finishing her education at the Ladies Seminar, Biebrich-on-Rhine, Augustine became a governess and ladies companion. She travelled through Germany, France, Russia and finally England, where she settled in 1868. \nIn London she worked as a tailoress (or seamstress) and helped to reform the conditions for female clothing workers.\nShe married Heinrich Christian Wilhelm Zadow in 1871 and together with their three-year-old son, John, the couple travelled as assisted migrants to South Australia six years later, in 1877. There they both became active trade unionists. \nKnown as Augusta (having anglicised her name while in England), Zadow worked in a boot factory and helped to establish the Working Women's Trade Union, becoming its foundation treasurer in 1890. She was a delegate to the United Trades and Labor Council as well as an active suffragist. In 1893 she established and managed the Distressed Women and Children's Fund (later the Co-operative White Workers' Association). \nAugusta Zadow was appointed an Inspector of Factories in February 1895. The following year she contracted influenza and on July 7, 1896, died of haematemesis in Adelaide. She was buried in the West Terrace cemetery.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/zadow-christiane-susanne-augustine-1846-1896\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/augusta-zadow\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Murdoch, Elisabeth Joy", "Entry ID": "AWE0366", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/murdoch-elisabeth-joy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Armadale, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Langwarrin, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Philanthropist", "Summary": "Dame Elisabeth Murdoch was widely regarded as the 'queen of Australia's philanthropic community' through much of the twentieth century. She was Patron of the Murdoch Children's Research Institute in Melbourne, Victoria and supported 110 charitable organisations annually.\n", "Details": "The daughter of Rupert and Marie Green, Elisabeth Murdoch was educated at St Catherine's School, Toorak and Clyde School, Woodend. Rupert was the wool expert of the New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency, and was well known in racing circles as a starter for the VRC and VATC. Marie - or Bairnie as she was known - was twice president of the Alexandra Club and once of the Victoria League. Years later, Dame Elisabeth would recall that 'that was very much my mother's milieu. She really was so very much attached to the English part of her heritage'. At the age of nineteen, Elisabeth was courted by the newspaper proprietor Keith Murdoch, then in his early forties, and the pair were married in 1928. They had four children: Helen (later Handbury), Anne (later Kantor), Rupert, and Janet (later Calvert-Jones).\nWhile still a schoolgirl, Elisabeth had begun knitting woollen singlets for babies at Melbourne's Children's Hospital, and by virtue of knitting the greatest number, was given a tour of the institution. She was 'devastated by what she saw', and here the seed was sewn for later philanthropic activity. After school she volunteered one day a week at the Lady Northcote Kindergarten, another eye-opener. After her marriage, Elisabeth's voluntary work became a central part of her life. Through Keith she had become very friendly with Mr and Mrs Henry Gullett and, in 1933, was 'enlisted' by Lady Gullett onto the committee of the Royal Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children, and by Lady Latham onto the management committee of the Royal Children's Hospital. She maintained that 'of course I had that opportunity because Lady Latham and her husband knew Keith' and wished to have the support of his Herald and Sun publications.\nElisabeth dedicated her life to philanthropic activity. Asked why, years later, she claimed that she felt so blessed in life that she was obliged to do the work 'as a sort of thanksgiving'. Her own philanthropic work, she insisted, was inspired by Keith's and she said: 'All the wonderful life I've had stemmed, I suppose, from my marriage, so I'm very conscious that I never would have made much of a mark\u2026 unless I'd married Keith and had the opportunities which he gave me and his position gave me.' Sir Keith, as he became, died in 1952. Lady Murdoch went on to serve as president of the Royal Children's Hospital management committee from 1954 to 1965, and was known for her personal touch in fundraising endeavours, hand-writing letters of thanks to each major donor. She was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, Civil Division (CBE)\nin 1961, and in 1963 was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire Civil Division (DBE) for her role in building a new children's hospital in Melbourne.\n1968 saw Dame Elisabeth become the first woman on the Council of Trustees of the National Gallery of Victoria. She held the position for eight years. In 1976 she co-founded the Victorian Tapestry Workshop, and served as its Chairman from 1986-88. Dame Elisabeth's philanthropic activities continued throughout her varied career, and in 1984 she was a founding member of the Murdoch Institute (known today as the Murdoch Children's Research Institute). In 1968 she was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Laws by the University of Melbourne in acknowledgement of her contributions to research, the arts and philanthropy. Trinity College installed her as a Fellow in November 2000.\nIn July 2006, BRW magazine wrote that 'the 97-year-old mother of Rupert Murdoch is widely regarded as queen of Australia's philanthropic community'. By the time of her death Dame Elisabeth was supporting 110 charities annually. She concentrated her efforts most particularly on: the Tapestry Workshop; the McClelland Art Gallery; the Advisory Council for Children with Impaired Hearing; Noah's Ark Toy Library; the RSPCA; the Royal Botanic Gardens; the Maud Gibson Gardens Trust; the Chair of Landscape Architecture (Melbourne University); the Murdoch Research Institute; and Taralye, an oral language centre for deaf children.\nDame Elisabeth was a very keen, knowledgeable, gardener who designed and developed her garden at Cruden Farm into one of the best known in the country. She frequently opened the garden for fundraising purposes. An honorary fellow of the Australian Institute of Landscape Architecture, she funded and helped to establish the Elisabeth Murdoch Chair of Landscape Architecture and the Australian Garden History Society.\nIn 1989 Dame Elisabeth was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) for services to the community also receiving the Centenary Medal in 2001 for her philanthropic services to the Australian arts community. In 2001 she was inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women.\nDame Elisabeth Murdoch lived at Cruden Farm, Langwarrin until she died, in December 2012.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elisabeth-murdoch-two-lives\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trinity-has-three-new-fellows\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-alexandra-club-a-narrative-1903-1983\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-winning-streak-the-murdochs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-activism-and-altruism-in-australian-womens-philanthropy-1880-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/garden-of-a-lifetime-dame-elisabeth-murdoch-at-cruden-farm\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-great-form-of-love-women-philanthropists-in-australian-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1972-aug-17-27-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dame-elisabeth-murdoch-interviewed-by-john-farquharson-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Haines, Janine", "Entry ID": "AWE0372", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/haines-janine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tanunda, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "In June 2001, Haines was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia 'for service to the Australian Parliament and to politics, particularly as Parliamentary Leader of the Australian Democrats, and to the community.'\nHaines was appointed to the Senate to fill a casual vacancy in South Australia in 1977. In 1986 she became the first woman to lead an Australian political party when she was elected leader of the Australian Democrats.\n", "Details": "Haines spent her early family years growing up in country South Australia, settling in Adelaide by the time she attended Brighton High School. She was elected Deputy leader of the Australian Democrats in 1985; elected to the position of Federal leader in 1986 which she held until 1990. Since 1990 she had taken on a number of roles; as a freelance writer and speaker; involvement in a number of organisations; as a member of Parliamentary delegations to South Africa and Iraq.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-equal-the-history-of-australian-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-senator-janine-haines\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-janine-haines-am\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-janine-haines-federal-politician-1977-1990-freelance-writer-and-speaker-sound-recording-interviewer-jenny-palmer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-janine-haines-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/parliamentarians-questionnaires-1982-1983-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pat-richardson-scrapbooks-relating-to-the-womens-electoral-lobby-and-womens-events-1977-2002\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Calder, Rosemary Vivian", "Entry ID": "AWE0375", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/calder-rosemary-vivian\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ryde, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Bureaucrat", "Summary": "Rosemary Calder served as First Assistant Secretary (Head) of the Office of the Status of Women from 2000-2003.\nAs a member of the Monash University alumni, she was honoured by the University in 2002 with a Doctor of Laws (honoris causa). She was appointed Adjunct Professor in the School of Political and Social Inquiry in the Faculty of Arts from 2003.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "L'Orange, Helen", "Entry ID": "AWE0378", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lorange-helen\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Bureaucrat, Femocrat", "Summary": "First Assistant Secretary, Office of the Status of Women 1988-1993.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Goward, Pru", "Entry ID": "AWE0381", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/goward-pru\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Bureaucrat, Journalist, Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Pru Goward served as Executive Director of the Office of the Status of Women from 1997. In July 2001 she became the Federal Sex Discrimination Commissioner, appointed for a term of five years. In 2004 she was also appointed Commissioner Responsible for Age Discrimination. In 2004 she was nominated by The Australian as one of the forty most influential Australians and by the Australian Financial Review as one of the country's top cultural and industrial relations influencers. Her speeches have been reproduced in published collections and in 2001 she was awarded a Centenary Medal for her services to journalism and women's rights.\nIn 2007 she stood successfully as a candidate for the Liberal Party of Australia in the seat of Goulburn in the Legislative Assembly at the New South Wales state election, which was held on 24 March. She was re-elected in 2011 and again in 2015\u00a0 and 2017 and retired in 2019.\nShe was the New South Wales Minister for Family and Community Services from 2011 to 2014 and again from 2017 to 2019, Minister for Women from 2011 to 2017, Minister for Planning from 2014 to 2015, Minister for Mental Health, Minister for Medical Research, and Assistant Minister for Health from 2015 to 2017, Minister for Prevention of Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault from 2015 to 2019, and Minister for Social Housing, from 2017 to 2019.\nPru Goward was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 2023 for distinguished service to the people and Parliament of NSW, and to women's affairs.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-business-of-your-own-how-women-succeed-in-business\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/striking-the-balance-women-men-work-and-family\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/john-howard-prime-minister\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Beveridge, Elizabeth (Bessie)", "Entry ID": "AWE0383", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beveridge-elizabeth-bessie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "England", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "Elizabeth Beveridge was a Foundation member and President of the Country Women's Association (CWA) in Tasmania.\n", "Details": "Elizabeth Beveridge (n\u00e9e Reader) immigrated to Australia with her family while she was still a child. She married Frank Beveridge of \"Alva\" Hagley at St Andrews Church Launceston, in 1912. They were to have three children.\nPrior to marrying, Elizabeth assisted at a small private Progressive School at Trevallyn. She also taught music and singing. After her marriage she continued to conduct award-winning mixed and children's choirs. She became well known in musical and literary circles, especially for her love of monologues and readings. A keen gardener and embroiderer, Elizabeth contributed to all facets of life in her community. She helped raise money for charity through her \"Concert Party\" which she organised and toured to country centres. During World War II, she conducted community singing to raise money for the Comforts Fund, and introduced camouflage net making classes. \nElizabeth strongly supported the Show Judges Association, Child Health Clinics and the Red Cross Society. She was President of the Wilmot Branch of the Australian Women's National League. She was organist at the Hagley Presbyterian Church, where she taught Sunday school and organised Fairs and Flower Shows.\nElizabeth was honoured by being named Patron of the Hagley Community Club and Hagley Farm School, where she taught music and drama. A memorial to her is located in the Hagley Recreation Ground and trees are planted in her memory.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Deakin, Catherine Sarah (Kate)", "Entry ID": "AWE0385", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/deakin-catherine-sarah-kate\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "South Yarra, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Tutor", "Summary": "Kate Deakin (1850-1937) was Alfred Deakin's sister and close companion. She was tutor to his two eldest children and taught music at various times during her life.\n", "Details": "Katie Deakin was the only daughter of William (Bill) and Sarah Deakin and sister of Alfred Deakin. Alfred Deakin became the youngest ever cabinet Minister in 1883. He was Prime Minister of Australia 1903-1904, 1905-1908 and 1909-1910.\nBorn in Adelaide Katie came to live with her parents in Melbourne in 1851. In 1856 her only brother Alfred was born at their parent's home in George Street (Collingwood) now Fitzroy. She was educated at Miss Thomson's School in Kyneton (1858-1862), and was then a pupil, with her brother, at Miss Thompson's School in South Yarra from 1863 to 1865.\nKatie matriculated with honours from Presbyterian Ladies' College (East Melbourne). She had attended the College since its opening day (1875) and studied under Professor Pearson. She taught there when Charles Pearson was headmaster. Katie studied music at the Melbourne School of Music under C. W. Russell, passing after three years with honours in 1882. An accomplished pianist, she taught music theory and practice privately and tutored her three nieces, Ivy, Stella and Vera Deakin.\nKatie never married. She lived at \"The Elms\" in Adams Street, South Yarra, with her parents until their death and it was here that she taught her three nieces. She had many friends in the musical and literary world of Melbourne including the Monash family, and Baron Von Mueller.\nA close companion and confidante of her younger brother, Katie travelled with his family to London in 1900. She accompanied Stella Deakin to Berlin (1909) where she pursued her scientific studies, and Vera Deakin in 1913 when she studied music in Berlin and Budapest.\nKatie Deakin died at \"The Elms\" in 1937 and was buried with her parents at St Kilda cemetery.\nThis entry was researched and written by Katie Deakin's great niece, Judith Harley.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-mystic-life-of-alfred-deakin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alfred-deakin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alfred-deakin-a-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alfred-deakin-pattie-deakin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/deakins-confidante\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-family-romance-the-deakins-at-home\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-catherine-deakin-1844-1958-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-lady-stella-rivett-1923-1935-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McKenzie, Florence Violet", "Entry ID": "AWE0386", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mckenzie-florence-violet\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Greenwich, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Engineer, Servicewoman", "Summary": "In 1923 Florence Wallace (as she was then known) graduated as an electrical engineer from Sydney Technical College and in 1924 became Australia's first certificated woman radio telegraphist and the only woman member of the Wireless Institute of Australia. She was the founder and director of the Electrical Association for Women, established in 1934. In 1939 she founded and directed the Women's Emergency Signalling Corps, which later became the starting point for the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS). Rosemary Broomham wrote in the biography of Florence McKenzie in 200 Australian Women that altogether Mrs McKenzie trained over 10,000 servicemen in Morse, visual signalling and international code, and she trained 3000 women, a third of whom went into the Services. On 8 June 1950 Florence McKenzie was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for her work with the Women's Emergency Signals Corps.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/florence-violet-mckenzie\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cookery-book-and-electrical-guide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-waaaf-in-wartime-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-florence-violet-mckenzie-nee-wallace-obe-astc-elec-eng-fain-mrs-mac-died-peacefully-in-her-sleep-on-sunday-evening-23-may-1982-aged-90\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mckenzie-florence-violet-1890-1982\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-florence-mckenzie-former-patroness-of-the-ex-wran-association-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Curtis-Otter, Margaret Catherine", "Entry ID": "AWE0389", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/curtis-otter-margaret-catherine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Strathfield, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Journalist Margaret Curtis-Otter, whose husband (Donald) was serving with the navy, enlisted in the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS) on 18 January 1943 and became second in charge of this service. She was one of the first 16 officers and became an adviser to the Naval Board after the war, as well as Acting Director WRANS, while Sheila McClemans attended the Victory Parade in London in 1946. Margaret Curtis-Otter worked with Naval Control, assisting with the assembling of convoys and arranging for the departure of merchant ships. Later she became one of the founders of the Naval Information Service, when she joined the Naval Office. In 1975 the Naval Historical Society published W.R.A.N.S. : the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service written by Margaret-Curtis Otter. On 2 January 1956 she was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for her services as Commissioner of the Girl Guides Association.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/w-r-a-n-s-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/curtis-otter-margaret-catherine-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ships-belles-the-story-of-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service-in-war-and-peace-1941-1985\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-curtis-otter-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/department-of-information-broadcasting-division-talks-by-margaret-curtis-otter-jan-1942-transcripts\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/department-of-information-mrs-curtis-otter-correspondence-flat-12a-594-st-kilda-rd-melbourne-sc-4\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/members-of-the-first-wrans-officer-training-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-first-officer-margaret-curtis-otter-director-of-the-wrans-until-demobilised-in-1945\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-curtis-otter-acting-first-officer-womens-royal-australian-naval-service-interviewed-by-dr-ruth-thompson-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1939-45\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/curtis-otter-margaret-first-officer-womens-royal-australian-naval-service-wrans\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jorgenson, June", "Entry ID": "AWE0391", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jorgenson-june\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Penrith, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Community worker, Servicewoman", "Summary": "During World War II June Jorgenson (n\u00e9e Jordan) joined the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS) and was a Leading Writer in the Captain's and Admiral's office. She served at HMAS Penguin, HMAS Moreton, mainly at HMAS Kuttabul and HMAS Rushcutter. Following the war Jorgenson became an active member of the Australian Legion of Ex-Servicemen and Women. On 26 January 1997 Jorgenson was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for service to veterans through the Australian Legion of Ex-Servicemen and Women and the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service. On Anzac Day 2003, she was awarded the Commonwealth Centennial Medal.\nIn October 2002 June Jorgenson became a member of the working group for the \"Women in War Project.\"\n", "Details": "June Jorgenson was the eldest of eight children and is a descendant of New South Wales pioneers.\nHer father was descended from Private Thomas Sharp of the 102nd British Regiment, who arrived in 1793 on the ship Sugar Cane. Some of the Regiment returned to England in 1809 after the Rum Rebellion, but Thomas Sharp transferred to 73rd Regiment and took his discharge in Australia in 1815. Jorgenson's father was a World War I veteran, being seriously wounded by machine gun fire on the Western Front. He died a T.P.I.[1]\nHer mother was descended from Private William Sadleir of 57\/17 British Regiment, who arrived in 1824 and took his discharge in 1833, receiving a grant of land at Bowral.\nAfter Jorgenson left school she completed a secretarial\/accountancy course and worked for accountants until joining the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service as a communicator\/writer in March 1945. She worked in the Captain's office and Admiral's office until her discharge in 1947.\nShe married Raymond Jorgenson (deceased 1978) in 1951 and had three children. Jorgenson rejoined the workforce about 1965 working part time until 1972, then full time with the Life Offices' Association of Australia.\nTwice an Alderman (1983-1987 and 1991-1995) on the Willoughby City Council, she served on 15 committees. She also became the city vice-president and member of the executive committee of the Australian Local Government Women's Association.\nA member of the Returned Services League (RSL), for over 27 years Jorgenson has been the Honorary Organiser\/Honorary Secretary for the Chatswood-Willoughby Anzac Dawn Service committee.\nJorgenson's involvement with the Ex-Women's Royal Australian Naval Service began in about 1963. Since 1980 she has been a member of the executive committee five times as well as holding the position of welfare officer since 1986. June has represented the WRANS on various working committees including the School Talks Committee.\nA member of the Naval Association of Australia - Northern Suburbs Sub-Section, Jorgenson has been president since 1997. She also has been a delegate to the Australian Veterans and Defence Services Council for over a decade and when called upon has worked on committees as well as working as a pension advocate.\nIn 1963 Jorgenson joined the Australian Legion of Ex-Servicemen and Women. From 1964 until 1971 she was Honorary Secretary for the Willoughby Sub Branch. Jorgenson also was foundation President of the Willoughby Legion Women's Bowling Club (1969-1973). From 1975 she has been a State Councillor at head office and from 1989 Honorary State Secretary. In 1990 she became the delegate to the National Council of Australian Legions. Jorgenson also represented the Australian Legion of Ex-Servicemen and Women on the Bicentennial Celebration (1988) and Australia Remembers Committee in 1995.\nJune Jorgenson obtained a Bachelor of Arts (Environmental Law) from the UNSW in 1989 and in 2002 graduated from the University of Technology with a Bachelor of Law. On 26 January 1997 she was awarded the Order of Australia and the Centennial Medal on Anzac Day 2003.\n[1] T.P.I. an acronym for totally and permanently incapacitated, usually used in reference to returned servicemen\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jordan-june\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/willing-volunteers-resisting-society-reluctant-navy-the-troubled-first-years-of-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jordan-june-service-number-wr-2609-date-of-birth-27-jan-1924-place-of-birth-penrith-nsw-place-of-enlistment-sydney-next-of-kin-jordan-ethel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/group-photograph-of-personnel-at-hmas-kuttabul\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McDonald, Grace Thelma", "Entry ID": "AWE0392", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcdonald-grace-thelma\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ashbury, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Servicewoman", "Summary": "A member of the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS) during World War II, Grace Griffith enlisted on 6 March 1945 and was discharged on 28 October 1946.\nServing as a writer on HMAS Penguin, Kuttabul and Torrens, her training included activities that she may not have participated in had she remained in 'civvy' street.\nAfter being 'demobbed' some veterans were given scholarships to university and Teachers College, and Griffith was given one to the Conservatorium of Music. She achieved the position of being a Piano soloist with the Conservatorium's orchestra.\nIn 1950 Grace Griffith and Ernest McDonald married, they had four children including twins and now have nine grandchildren. During this time she returned to Netball as a player - a sport she had competed in while single. In 1966 McDonald was asked to be state secretary of the netball association. She held this position at a time when she was also state selector and state delegate. Later when the Randwick Netball Association was starting she was asked to be president, a position that McDonald held for 27 years before retiring in 1997. Over this period the Association had the largest contingent of Australian players from any one Association in Australia.\nDuring her time as president McDonald was given a Community Service Award in 1986 and in 1997 a Civic Reception and a Certificate of Appreciation in recognition for years of service as president of Randwick Netball Association and to sport in the City of Randwick.\nGrace McDonald was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) on 26 January 1996 for her services to netball. On 26 July 2000 she was awarded the Australian Sports Medal.\nIn 2002 Grace McDonald became secretary of the Council of Ex-Servicewomen's Associations New South Wales(NSW) and she represented the Association on the working group for the \"Women in War Project.\"\n", "Details": "Letter submitted by Dorothy McHugh, nominating Grace McDonald for an Australian Honour.\nIt gives me great pleasure as General Secretary of the International Federation of Netball Associations to recommend Mrs Grace Thelma McDonald for an award to honour her outstanding contribution to the sport of Netball at Club, District, State, National and International Levels.\nGrace was always a keen athlete - tennis, hockey, athletics and netball being her favourite sports. These were all put on hold during World War II when she became a member of the Women's Royal Australian Navy in 1944 as a writer.\nI first met Grace McDonald in 1949 when we both played netball for the YWCA. In 1955 she was selected in the New South Wales (NSW) 'Rest' and became a State 'B' grade practical umpire.\nFrom 1966-70 she was not only umpiring, but held positions of State Secretary (1966-68) and Junior Vice-President (1969-70). During this period Grace McDonald served on numerous committees concurrently with the Executive roles she held. She exhibited a great deal of versatility as the portfolios were wide and varied. One of the most significant was the Building Committee which was responsible for planning, organising, and supervising the construction of the New South Wales (NSW) Netball Headquarters 'a first for women's sport' now known as the Anne Clarke Centre.\nGrace's meticulous attention to detail and her caring approach to people made her a much respected member of the State body. She played a vital role as a member of the committees which co-ordinated the National Tournaments hosted by NSW Netball Association in 1966, 1972 and in 1978 the Golden Jubilee Year for Netball in Australia. In 1966-67 Grace was a State Delegate to the National Council and in 1976 was appointed Manageress of the NSW Night State Team. In 1974 Grace set off to Papua New Guinea with a selected team on a touring and coaching exercise.\nIn 1971 Grace McDonald was elected President of the Randwick Netball Association, a position she still holds. Grace works patiently with a quiet unassuming dedication and zeal to maintain the standard and ethics the Association enjoys to-day. In addition, through her role as President of Randwick Netball Association she is promoting a game which provides enjoyment for some 2500\/3000 girls and women within the District. The Association serves an essential community role offering physical and mental involvement with others and the opportunity to meet people with varying interests and cultures within the District and the State. Under her leadership the Association has progressed from working out of a tent to finally achieving its own Headquarters in 1980. In 1986 disaster struck when the building was vandalised and burnt to the ground. I say disaster, because with the building the archives of the Association were also lost.\nUndaunted and true to her community spirit Grace McDonald surged ahead negotiating with the Randwick Municipal Council for the establishment of a new Headquarters. Mr Michael Cleary, then the NSW Minister for Sport opened the new building in 1987.\nIn 1981 Grace was made a Life Member of the Randwick Netball Association for her contribution to Netball within the District.\nThe Association has not only grown in size, but also in status. It caters for players from the grass roots level up to the elite. Randwick Netball Association boasts a large contingent of Australian players. Three of the most recent ones played in the Australian Team which won the 1991 World Netball Championships, which was staged in Sydney.\nGrace McDonald's drive and administrative skills do not stop at administrative level. With a working party she was successful in securing a very substantial sponsorship from Sydney Electricity to support the Randwick District Team in the Australian Super League Series, which Randwick won in 1993.\nSince 1990 Grace McDonald has been a member of the Heffron Park Action Group striving to prevent a Golf Driving Range from being put on Crown Land. The issue has become a very contentious one as Crown Land is reserved for public recreation and not for private enterprise. The issue has been tested in court several times. However, the battle still continues. More recently Grace McDonald has been invited to take a place on the Randwick Plan of Management Group for Heffron Park. (Formation of this group yet to be confirmed by Council).\nIn conclusion - Grace McDonald has administered Netball at all levels. She has generously shared her expertise with others and it should be noted that the many, many years she has been involved in Netball have been in a purely voluntary capacity. Anything she has ever done, not only for Netball, but within the community has reflected her high principals and integrity.\nI can attest to the quality of Grace's work and the effective and efficient way she gets things done. Her dedication is reflected in the respect she commands from Netballers at large.\nIf further information is required to supplement this outline of the invaluable contribution made to the sport of Netball by Grace McDonald I will be only too happy to oblige.\nDorothy M McHugh OAM\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/griffith-grace-thelma\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/an-informal-group-of-members-of-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service-wrans-on-the-wharf-at-garden-island\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wakehurst, Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE0394", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wakehurst-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "Margaret Wakehurst was the wife of the Governor of New South Wales. Lord Wakehurst was appointed Governor in 1937 and held the position until 1946.\nDuring World War II she was associated with the Australian Women's Land Army of New South Wales and while resident in Australia was patron of the Association. She was President of the Women's Australian National Services (WANS).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wakehurst-family-papers-1891-1931-1948-1957-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-nancy-bird-walton-with-lady-wakehurst-wife-of-the-governor-of-nsw-in-front-of-squadron-leader-f-c-mackillop-and-gwen-stark\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lady-wakehurst-wife-of-the-governor-of-nsw-squadron-leader-f-c-mackillop-and-gwen-stark\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-nancy-bird-walton-wearing-the-uniform-of-the-australian-womens-flying-club-with-squadron-leader-f-c-mackillop-gwen-stark-and-lake-wakehurst-wife-of-the-governor-of-nsw\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-services-on-parade-in-melbourne-and-sydney-news-from-home-no-65\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lynch, Aileen Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE0395", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lynch-aileen-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Randwick, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Waverton Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Bureaucrat, Community worker", "Summary": "Aileen Lynch (n\u00e9e Ryan) a public servant since 1917, was appointed officer-in-charge of the Women's Australian National Services. She inaugurated a scheme on which the Australian Women's Land Army (AWLA) was based.\nIn 1941 she became superintendent of the AWLA in New South Wales (NSW). Appointed Commonwealth superintendent in July 1942, Aileen Lynch remained at this post until she was officially relieved of her position on 9 April 1946. After the war she resumed her former occupation in the Premier's Department.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McEwan, Kathleen (Kitty) Agnes Rose", "Entry ID": "AWE0396", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcewan-kathleen-kitty-agnes-rose\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Surrey Hills, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Golfer, Journalist, Print journalist, Sports Journalist, War Worker", "Summary": "Kitty McEwan was educated at Ormiston Ladies' College and became a freelance journalist working with Australian Home Beautiful in 1929. Interested in the game of golf, she began writing about women and golf, for the Radiator in 1937 and the Sun News-Pictorial in 1938. She organised fund-raising for patriotic appeals during World War II. In June 1942 McEwan was appointed superintendent in Victoria of the Australian Women's Land Army, a position she held until March 1946. After the war she returned to journalism, writing for the Sun News-Pictorial from which she retired in 1966. Kitty McEwan served as honorary publicity officer and an executive member of the National Council of Women Victoria and a councillor of the Royal Historical Society of Victoria. She died on 17 August 1969, aged 75 years.\n", "Details": "Kitty McEwan was a keen sportswoman and was a member of several sporting clubs and associations, including the Barwon Heads Golf Club and the Women's Amateur Sports Council. She used her role as a journalist to promote women's sport to a wide audience. Her efforts in this area have seen her commemorated publicly. In 2003 she had a street in the Canberra suburb of Mckellar names after her, and the pre-eminent Victorian sportswoman of the year receives the VicSport Kitty McEwan Sportswoman of the Year award.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1929 - 1966)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcewan-kathleen-agnes-rose\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-womens-land-army-a-brief-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letter-1967-oct-26-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gould, Ellen Julia (Nellie)", "Entry ID": "AWE0397", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gould-ellen-julia-nellie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Aberystruth, Monmouthshire, Wales", "Death Place": "Neutral Bay, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse", "Summary": "Appointed lady superintendent of the New South Wales Army Nursing Service Reserve (NSWANSR), Nellie Gould left Australia on 17 January 1900 with thirteen nursing sisters to serve in the Boer War as part of the British Army. The nursing contingent returned to Australia in 1902.\nOn 27th September 1914 Nellie Gould enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force and served in Egypt, caring for Gallipoli casualties, followed by service in France and then England. She returned to Australia in January 1919 and was discharged on 3 March. She was unfit to take up nursing duties again and from 1920 she received a war service pension.\nIn 1916 Nellie Gould was awarded the Royal Red Cross Medal (1st class) for her war work.\n", "Details": "Nellie Gould was born to Henry and Sarah (nee Baker) in Wales, her mother died when Nellie was 18 months old. When she was four the family moved to Portugal where she received her early education. Later the family returned to England and Nellie attended Mildmay Park College. She was a teacher and governess before moving to Sydney in 1884.\nOn 19 January 1885, Nellie commenced a two-year nurses training course at the Royal Alfred Hospital, Sydney. She stayed on at the hospital for two years after finishing the course. Nellie was then appointed matron of St Kilda Private Hospital at Woolloomooloo and in 1891 she became matron and superintendent of the training school of Sydney Hospital. She resigned in October 1898 to join the New South Wales Public Health Department and was matron of the Hospital for the Insane at Rydalmere in 1898-1900.\nIn February 1899 Matron Nellie Gould was asked to help form an Army Nursing Service Reserve attached to the New South Wales Army Medical Corps. On 26 May the nurses were sworn in and Nellie Gould was appointed lady superintendent. In charge of 13 nursing sisters, Nellie Gould left in the Moravian for the South African War (Boer War) on 17 January 1900. She returned to Australia in August 1902.\nUpon their return, Nellie Gould and her friend Sister Julia Bligh Johnston opened Ermelo Private Hospital at Newtown, Sydney. She also organized the Army Nursing Service Reserve in New South Wales and was appointed principal matron of the 2nd Military District. After Ermelo was sold in 1912, both Nellie Gould and Julia Johnston joined the Public Health Department.\nOn 27 September 1914 Nellie Gould enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force and served in Egypt, caring for Gallipoli casualties, followed by service in France and then England. She returned to Australia in January 1919 and was discharged on 3 March. She was unfit to take up nursing duties again and from 1920 she received a war service pension.\nNellie Gould was involved in founding the Australasian Trained Nurses' Association (ATNA) and was a council member from 1899 until her retirement in 1921. She also initiated the publishing of the ATNA journal in 1903 and served on the editorial committee. \nNellie Gould died at Neutral Bay on 19 July 1941.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guns-and-brooches-australian-army-nursing-from-the-boer-war-to-the-gulf-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/monash-biographical-dictionary-of-20th-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-nurses-in-the-boer-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/just-wanted-to-be-there-australian-service-nurses-1899-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nightingales-in-the-mud-the-digger-sisters-of-the-great-war-1914-1918\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gould-ellen-julia-nellie-1860-1941\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nurses-narratives-principal-matron-ellen-julia-gould\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nominal-rolls-and-lists-of-medals-and-clasps-for-new-south-wales-military-forces-who-served-in-boer-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/informal-portrait-of-three-nurses-who-accompanied-the-second-contingent-to-the-boer-war-as-members-of-the-nsw-army-medical-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nursing-services-notes-on-australian-nursing-sisters-in-the-history-of-the-australian-army-nursing-service-by-matron-ellen-j-gould-rrc\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gould-ellen-julia-sern-principal-matron-pob-monmouth-wales-poe-cairo-egypt-nok-harley-b-a-mrs\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Stevenson, Clare Grant", "Entry ID": "AWE0399", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stevenson-clare-grant\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wangaratta, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Bureaucrat, Community worker, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Clare Stevenson was appointed Director of the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force on 9 June 1941. Thus she became head of the first Women's Service formed in Australia for ground-staff duties with an armed force. After the war Stevenson returned to her executive position with Berlei Ltd. Also she became involved with community work. For forty years she was affiliated with the Services Canteens Trust Fund. Clare Stevenson, with a group of friends, helped initiate the Scholarship Trust Fund for Civilian Widows' Children. She also helped establish the Kings Cross Community Aid Centre as well as the Carer's Association of New South Wales. On 11 June 1960 Clare Stevenson was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for social welfare services on behalf of ex-servicewomen. On Australia Day 1988 she received the Member of the Order of Australia award for service to the community and to the welfare of veterans.\n", "Details": "Born at Wangaratta, Vic., Clare Stevenson was the second youngest of six children and moved with her family to Essendon when she was four years old. Her education commenced at Winstow Girls' Grammar School, Essendon and later Essendon High School. Passing her School Leaving Examination in February 1922, she was one of 116 young women out of a total of 501 who that year signed the matriculation roll at the University of Melbourne.\nClare Stevenson was admitted to the Faculty of Science and during her time at the university she was active in campus activities. A member of the Students' Representative Council and the Science Club, Clare Stevenson was a hockey blue and in 1925, president of the Committee of Melbourne University Women. During the final year of the degree she failed chemistry and enrolled for the Diploma of Education, which she obtained at the end of 1925. She commenced her working career with the Y.W.C.A. and in 1932 became a training and research officer at Berlei Ltd.\nOn 9 June 1941 Stevenson was selected as director of the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) a position she held until she retired on 18 March 1946. At the end of World War II she returned to her position at Berlei Ltd and remained with the company until her retirement in 1960.\nIn her retirement, Clare Stevenson continued her involvement with community associations. Affiliated with the Services Canteens Trust Fund for 40 years, she and a group of friends helped establish the Scholarship Trust Fund for Civilian Widows' Children. Clare Stevenson helped establish the Kings Cross Community Aid Centre as well as the Carer's Association of NSW. In 1960 she was awarded the MBE for her services to the community.\nClare Stevenson never married and died in Sydney on 22 October 1988.\n", "Events": "Appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (1960 - 1960) \nAwarded Member of the Order of Australia (AM) (1988 - 1988) \nGeneral Secretary of the Y.W.C.A, Rockhampton (1929 - 1931) \nJoined Berlei Ltd to take charge of staff training (1932 - 1932) \nOrganiser of night classes and clubs for day workers Y.W.C.A. (Sydney) (1926 - 1928) \nPromoted to Group-Officer (1942 - 1942) \nPromoted to Wing-Officer (1941 - 1941) \nRetired from Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (1946 - 1946) \nSelected as Director of the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force with rank of Squadron-Officer (1941 - 1941) \nSenior Execuctive at Berlei Ltd, London (1935 - 1939) \nSenior Executive at Berlei Ltd (1946 - 1960)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stevenson-clare-grant-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-waaaf-in-wartime-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/double-time-women-in-victoria-150-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unsung-heroes-heroines-of-australia-edited-by-suzy-baldwin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-w-a-a-a-f-book\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/department-of-information-broadcasting-division-talks-by-wing-officer-clare-stevenson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clare-g-stevenson-honour\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stevenson-clare-grant-service-number-351001-date-of-birth-18-jul-1903-place-of-birth-unknown-place-of-enlistment-unknown-next-of-kin-stevenson-a\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/director-of-waaaf-clare-stevenson-middle-and-warrant-officer-gwen-starkie-stark-obscured-on-inspection-of-no-5-operational-training-unit-raaf\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/group-portrait-of-a-number-of-waaaf-officers-who-attended-the-first-annual-conference-of-waaaf-staff-officers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-the-outdoors-the-director-waaaf-group-officer-clare-stevenson-and-a-waaaf-wing-officer-conversing-with-waaaf-officers-who-conducted-a-four-day-bivouac\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stevenson-clare-grant-group-officer-director-waaaf\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clare-grant-stevenson-papers-1941-1947-concerning-the-womens-auxiliary-australian-air-force\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clare-grant-stevenson-further-papers-192-1988-mainly-concerning-the-womens-auxiliary-australian-air-force-with-the-papers-of-joyce-a-thomson-concerning-clare-grant-stevenson-1941-1992\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/group-portrait-of-four-original-waaaf-officers-with-the-director-waaaf-group-officer-clare-stevenson-after-a-waaaf-staff-officers-conference-at-air-force-headquarters-victoria-barracks\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clare-grant-stevenson-papers-ca-1917-1988-together-with-unidentified-business-records-1848-1876-and-the-papers-of-stella-florence-james-1919-1971-marian-macleod-hamilton-nee-grant-stevenson-1\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pender, Beryl Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE0404", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pender-beryl-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Gympie, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Auchenflower, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "During World War II Beryl Pender was superintendent in Queensland of the Australian Women's Land Army (AWLA). She was previously with the Queensland Public Service and secretary to the Queensland Trade Commission. Pender was the first married woman to be readmitted to the public service on the outbreak of the war. Following the war she maintained an interest in the 'land girls' and helped with the organising of the 30-year reunion and a short history of the organisation.\n", "Events": "Administrator with Building & Industrial Suppliers Pty Ltd (1950 - 1950) \nAppointed administrative officer with the Australian Women's Land Army (Queensland) (1942 - 1942) \nAppointed State superintendent of the Australian Women's Land Army (Queensland) (1943 - 1943) \nDivorced (1946 - 1946) \nJoined the Queensland Public Service (1920 - 1920) \nMarried grazier Daniel Matthew McLeish (1946 - 1946) \nMarried solicitor Edward Francis Pender (1939 - 1939)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcleish-beryl-elizabeth-1902-1974\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Deasey, Maude (Kathleen)", "Entry ID": "AWE0406", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/deasey-maude-kathleen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Collingwood, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Prahran, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Administrator, Servicewoman, Teacher", "Summary": "Kathleen Deasey was appointed assistant-controller Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS), Southern Command in November 1941. Prior to joining the AWAS, Deasey was lady superintendent at Melbourne's Ladies College, Melbourne. Following World War II, Deasey worked with the Department of Immigration, after which she studied at the Sorbonne, Paris. Later Deasey returned to teaching and was a senior tutor in education at the University of Melbourne and then became Principal of St Ann's College, University of Adelaide.\n", "Details": "The second of six children to Anglican clergyman, Rev. Denis Murrell and Maude Williamson (n\u00e9e Watt) Deasey, Kathleen was educated at Geelong Church of England Girls' Grammar School. She obtained a BA (1931), MA (1933) and DipEd (1935) from the University of Melbourne, and a BA (1937) and MA (1946) from Newham College, Cambridge. She taught at Frensham, Mittagong, NSW and became lady superintendent at Methodist Ladies College (Melbourne). \nIn November 1941 Deasey was appointed assistant-controller, Southern Command and was promoted to Major on 28 January 1942. Initially she established the service's structure in Victoria and then supervised the enlistment and training of recruits. In May 1943 she was transferred to First Army Headquarters, Toowoomba, Queensland as assistant-controller and later to the Australian Army Chaplains' Department, Land Headquarters, Melbourne.\nIn 1944 the Chaplains' Department published, Readings and Prayers for Members of the Army Women's Services, a booklet that Deasey compiled. After the war she represented the Australian Women's Army Service at the Victory march in London (1946) and then returned to Australia and drafted a history of the Service. \nAfter being discharged from the army Deasey worked with the Department of Immigration, spent time studying at the Sorbonne, Paris, followed by administering an agency sponsorship scheme for the World Council of Churches. From 1960 to 1961 she was a senior tutor in education at the University of Melbourne and then became Principal of St Ann's College, University of Adelaide, until 1966. Returning to Melbourne in 1967, she joined the staff of Larnook Domestic Arts Teachers' College, Armadale.\nKathleen Deasey, who never married, died on 6 September 1968 and was buried in Boroondara cemetery, Kew.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/deasey-maude-kathleen-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/deasey-maude-kathleen-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-the-lyceum-club-melbourne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/deasey-m-k-maj-appointment-as-lc-between-aa-ch-d-and-australian-army-womens-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/deasey-maude-kathleen-service-number-v345001-date-of-birth-26-may-1909-place-of-birth-melbourne-place-of-enlistment-melbourne-vic-next-of-kin-deasey-d\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-m-kathleen-deasey-college-principal-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/honours-and-awards-recommendations-for-new-year-honours-list-1946\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/general-sir-thomas-blamey-inspects-units-of-the-australian-womens-army-service-at-their-headquarters\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/major-deasey-sewing-on-a-victory-contingent-colour-patch-for-private-frank-john-partridge-vc-on-board-hmas-shropshire\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/major-m-k-deasey-australian-womens-army-service-awas\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-major-kathleen-deasey-who-in-november-1941-was-appointed-assistant-controller-in-victoria-of-the-australian-womens-army-service\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jackson, Dawn Valerie Vautin", "Entry ID": "AWE0409", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jackson-dawn-valerie-vautin\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kent, United Kingdom", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Dawn Jackson was born in Kent, England, the daughter of Major-General R E Jackson CMG, DSO. Educated at St Catherine's Church of England Girls School, Sydney, she served with the Voluntary Aid Detachment and subsequently with the Australian Army Women's Medical Service. She was a member of the Australian Imperial Forces from 1941 to 1947 and saw service in the Middle East and New Guinea. Colonel Jackson was associated with the combined training of the Army Women's Services Training Company and the Army Women's Services Officers School.\nOn 2 December 1957 Dawn Jackson was appointed the second Director of the Women's Royal Australian Army Corps, a post she held until February 1972.\nDawn Jackson was appointed to The Order of the British Empire - Officer (Military) on 11 June 1960 for her services to the Women's Royal Australian Army Corps.\nColonel Dawn Jackson died on 20 January 1995 in Canberra.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/soldiers-of-the-queen-women-in-the-australian-army\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jackson-dawn-valerie-vantin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jackson-dawn-valerie-vautin-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/colonel-best-and-her-soldiers-the-story-of-the-33-years-of-the-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-stroll-down-memory-lane\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1971\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jackson-dawn-valerie-vautin-service-number-qfx24150-date-of-birth-22-feb-1917-place-of-birth-kent-england-place-of-enlistment-unknown-next-of-kin-jackson-r\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/first-wraac-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-pre-dinner-chat-for-womens-royal-australian-army-corps-wraac-officers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Verinder, Dulcie Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE0412", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/verinder-dulcie-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "East Brunswick, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Colonel Dulcie Verinder's appointment was \"Head of Corps\", rather than Director. She graduated from the first WRAAC Officer Cadet Course in December 1952, and served in various capacities with the WRAAC, including five years as Chief Instructor at the WRAAC School.\nIn 1976 Dulcie Verinder was promoted to Colonel. At that time she was the only female officer to have been promoted to Colonel for appointment outside her Corps.\nColonel Dulcie Elizabeth Verinder was Head of the Women's Royal Australian Army Corps from 1979 until 1981. On 14 July 1977 she was awarded the National Medal.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/colonel-best-and-her-soldiers-the-story-of-the-33-years-of-the-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-stroll-down-memory-lane\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-dulcie-verinder-colonel-womens-royal-australian-army-corps-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/queens-birthday-1971\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-pre-dinner-chat-for-womens-royal-australian-army-corps-wraac-officers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Douglas, Mary Stewart (May)", "Entry ID": "AWE0413", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/douglas-mary-stewart-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Victor Harbour, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "On 1 June 1953 May Douglas was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, in recognition for her service as Commissioner of Girl Guides in South Australia. She was also awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia on 26 January 1997 for service to veterans, particularly through the Women's Royal Australian Army Corps Association, and the Australia Remembers 1945-1995 Celebrations.\n", "Events": "Appointed an Officer of the British Empire (OBE) (1953 - 1953) \nAssistant Controller of the Australian Women's Army Service (1941 - 1943) \nAwarded Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) (1997 - 1997) \nCaptain and Commissioner of the Girl Guides Association (1923 - 1941) \nController of the Australian Army Medical Womens' Service (1943 - 1946) \nDeputy South Australian Commissioner of the Girl Guides (1949 - 1952) \nDistrict Commissioner of the Girl Guides (1946 - 1948) \nHonorary Colonel of the Women's Royal Australian Army Corps (1961 - 1966) \nLife member of the South Australian Council of Girl Guides (1958 - 1958) \nState Commissioner of the South Australian Girl Guides (1952 - 1958)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/douglas-mary-stewart\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/soldiers-of-the-queen-women-in-the-australian-army\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/notable-lives-profiles-of-21-south-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/colonel-best-and-her-soldiers-the-story-of-the-33-years-of-the-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-blue-to-khaki-the-enlisted-voluntary-aids-and-others-who-became-members-of-the-australian-army-medical-womens-service-and-served-from-1941-1951\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-stroll-down-memory-lane\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-wartime-may-douglas-who-played-a-prominent-part-in-the-australian-womens-army-service-raised-in-august-1941-contributes-some-of-her-memories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/douglas-mary-stewart-service-number-sfx30364-date-of-birth-20-jan-1904-place-of-birth-victor-harbour-sa-place-of-enlistment-wayville-sa-next-of-kin-douglas-f\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-mary-stewart-douglas-o-b-e-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/major-mary-douglas-seated-formerly-of-the-australian-womens-army-service-awas\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/end-of-war-awards-submissions-by-quartermaster-general-and-director-general-of-medical-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-pre-dinner-chat-for-womens-royal-australian-army-corps-wraac-officers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/officers-at-the-conference-of-assistant-and-deputy-assistant-controllers-australian-army-medical-womens-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/officers-at-the-conference-of-assistant-and-deputy-assistant-controllers-australian-army-medical-womens-service-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lieutenant-colonel-may-douglas\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/members-of-the-girl-guides-association-south-australia-working-in-the-depot-during-their-thrift-campaign-to-raise-funds-for-organisations-such-as-the-red-cross\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Stone, June", "Entry ID": "AWE0423", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stone-june\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Balmain, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Servicewoman", "Summary": "On 26 January 1997, June Stone was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for service to veterans particularly through the Council of Ex-Servicewomen's Associations (New South Wales) and the Royal Australian Air Force Association State Council. She had previously been appointed to the Order of the British Empire (Civil) (BEM) on 12 June 1976.\nIn October 2002 June Stone became a member of the working group for the \"Australian Women in War Project.\"\n", "Details": "After completion of a Commercial Course at Sydney Technical College, June Garside worked as a secretary at an assurance company. She enjoyed going to dances, hiking with a social group at the weekend and going to the movies. This was at a time when the couple would dress formally and the male always had a box of Old Gold or Winning Post chocolates and sometimes a small corsage for the female. Then war came and the girls who were just as loyal and patriotic as the boys, did what their boyfriends were doing - they joined up.\nOn 29 September 1941 June, aged 19 years, joined the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) as a Clerk General and was posted to the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Station Bankstown to join the first WAAAF Recruit Course in New South Wales. She served at RAAF Bankstown and Sydney (underground) at 1 Fighter Sector Headquarters, later known as 101 Fighter Control Unit, in Operations Room and for a short time was attached to Headquarters Southern Area, United States Air Force in Australia: was posted to 6 RAAF Postal Unit, Townsville, in October 1944 as Orderly Room Sergeant and to RAAF Canberra in April 1946 to serve as Confidential Secretary to Rear-Admiral Leighton Bracegirdle, Official Secretary to His Royal Highness the Governor-General, The Duke of Gloucester, until discharge in October 1946.\nJune married Flight Sergeant Harold Paul Clancy, RAAF Wireless Operator Air Gunner, on 12 October 1942 and was widowed on 21 July 1943 when he was killed in an aircraft crash at Habbaniya, Iraq whilst attached to the RAF. On 21 May 1949 she married William (Bill) Stone, a World War II RAAF Radiographer and the couple had a son, Robert. In her spare time June enjoyed reading mystery stories, good music and travel.\nIn 1946 June joined the RAAF Association, New South Wales Division, and as a member of the WAAAF Branch held the offices of President, Honorary Secretary and Committee Member from 1960-1992. She was elected to RAAFA State Council in 1960 and held the office of State Vice-President from 1971-1999, received the honour of Life Membership in 1972 and was further honoured by being appointed a Life Vice-President of the NSW Division in 1999. She was Co-ordinator of the Air Force Contingent in Sydney's ANZAC Day March for many years.\nFrom 1973 June served as a National Councillor representing the New South Wales Division on the National Council, RAAF Association.\nFrom 1974 she was the RAAF Association's Delegate to the Australian Veterans and Defence Services Council, a crest veterans' body with a membership of 35 national organisations. \nJune Stone was the Foundation Chairman at the Council of Ex-Servicewomen's Associations (NSW)'s Inaugural Meeting on 20 January 1975 and continued as Chairman. The Council works promoting the interests of members of the World War II Women's Services (WAAAF, WRANS, AWAS and AAMWS) within Australia's Defence Forces and makes joint submissions on their behalf to Governments. Also it disseminates information to state and interstate ex-servicewomen's organisations on matters affecting female veterans of World War II. It raised money and built 12 self-contained units at the RSL Veterans' Retirement Villages, Narrabeen, for ageing and disadvantaged members of the WAAAF, WRANS, AWAS and AAMWS, in the absence of access to Defence Service Homes Loans and other support. Money was raised for plaques and the erection of a memorial in Jessie Street Gardens, Loftus Street, Sydney, to commemorate the service of the women of New South Wales in the World War II Defence Forces. The Chairman planted a Memorial Tree, a mint leafed peppermint, at the western side of the main building of the Australian War Memorial on 12 December 1991.\nOver many years, through the Council, June Stone worked to have eligibility for Defence Service Homes Benefits extended to all members of the World War II WAAAF, WRANS, AWAS and AAMWS irrespective of where they served, as did a number of ex-servicewomen's organisations. In 1993, by lodging a representative complaint under the Sex Discrimination Act 1984 to the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission as an individual woman against the Department of Veteran's Affairs, and with the support of Mrs Val Buswell OAM, a fellow WAAAF, the matter was fully debated at a conciliation meeting on 29 June 1994. The Government announced changes to the legislation in the 1995 Budget to take effect from July 1995 extending full eligibility to all members of the four World War II Women's Services. The complaint was settled!!\nIn 1995 the incumbent Minister for Veterans' Affairs, The Hon Con Sciacca MP, appointed June to the Ministerial Advisory Council on Veterans' Issues (MACOVI) and she was invited, as the representative of Australia's World War II Australian servicewomen, to join the Committee of the DVA Australia Remembers Task Force organising the National Day for World War II Australian female veterans held at Parliament House, Canberra, on 25 July 1995. She has been a member of a number of other Committees set up by DVA National and State Offices. June was also a member of the Advisory Group for the planning, erection and launching of the Australian Servicewomen's Memorial in the Statuary Gardens at the Australian War Memorial on 29 March 1999.\nA particular honour for June was being invited by the Council of the Australian War Memorial to represent the World War II servicewomen as their Official Mourner and to take part in the Funeral Procession at the Entombment of the Unknown Australian Soldier in the Hall of Memory at the Australian War Memorial on 11 November 1993, a never to be forgotten experience.\nAs a RAAF Association delegate June was involved in the activities of the World Veterans Federation (WVF) from 1975. She travelled extensively throughout Europe and Asia. She attended General Assemblies every three years from 1976, and attended associated meetings of Standing Committees. She was Honorary Secretary of the WVF Australian Members Committee and from 1979 to 1997 was General Rapporteur of the Standing Committee for Asia and the Pacific. In November 1997 at Seoul, South Korea, she was elected Vice-President of the WVF and re-elected Vice-President for a further three years in Paris in December 2000. June Stone was the first female to be elected to the Executive Board of the WVF since the Federation was formed in 1950.\nThe WVF is an international non-governmental organisation bringing together associations of those who have experienced the sufferings of war, fighting side by side or facing each other in combat and who want to contribute to the establishment of a more peaceful, just and free world. Member associations come from 84 countries and their membership covers over 30 million individuals, being war veterans, victims of war and former personnel of peacekeeping forces.\nIn 1997 June Stone was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for service to veterans and in 1976 the Medal of the Order of the British Empire (BEM) for her work on behalf of ex-servicemen and women.\nJune believed that her sustained efforts for veterans over such a long period and any results achieved would not have been possible without the support, understanding and tolerance of her dearly loved husband, Bill Stone, who died on 24 March 2002.\nThe information for this entry was supplied by June Stone OAM, BEM\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-waaaf-in-wartime-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clancy-june\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clancy-june-service-number-92478-date-of-birth-10-jun-1922-place-of-birth-balmain-nsw-place-of-enlistment-sydney-next-of-kin-garside-edwin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-june-stone-when-the-war-came-to-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Whitworth, Joyce Ethel", "Entry ID": "AWE0424", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whitworth-joyce-ethel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Major Joyce Whitworth was Assistant Commander, Eastern Command New South Wales (NSW), Australian Women's Army Service. She was discharged from the Army Service on 27 June 1946. From 1959 until 1972 she was President of the Australian Women's Army Service Association (NSW). On the 21st Anniversary of the Australian Women's Army Service, Joyce Whitworth planted an Australian Gum (Lemon Eucalyptus) in Hyde Park on the western side of the War Memorial, in the presence of Lt-General Sir John Northcott. For services to the community, Joyce Whitworth was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire on 8 June 1968. In 1989 Joyce Whitworth became Patron of the Council of Ex-Servicewomen's Associations (NSW), a position she held until her death on 19 September 1998.\n", "Details": "In July 1989 Joyce E Whitworth wrote the following:\nI was born in May 1911 and educated at the Sydney Church of England Grammar School (SCEGGS). Upon leaving school I completed two years nursing training at the Children's Hospital in Sydney. After leaving the Hospital I did a business course and when war broke out was a private secretary in a large industrial firm.\nIn June 1940 I joined the Women's Australian National Service (WANS) - a voluntary organisation formed to train women in their 'spare' time in the event of their services being needed to replace \"A\" class men for combat duty. I was trained in this organisation to become an officer and was eventually promoted to Commandant of a Defence Unit.\nWhen the Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS) was formed in October 1941, I was selected as one of six from New South Wales to attend, with the others selected from other States, the first officers' training school held in November at the Guide House at Yarra Junction in Victoria. After completion of this course I was promoted to the rank of Captain and returned to Victoria Barracks, Sydney, to assist the Assistant Controller - Major Eleanor Manning OBE, and her staff officer, Captain Stella Swinney - to interview and process the first applicants to the Service.\nIn January 1942 I was appointed Chief Instructor of the First Recruit Training School at Killara. In May 1942 in view of the urgent need for signallers, one thousand women were called up as Signallers. Two training battalions were formed in June 1942. Signallers from Queensland and New South Wales were trained at Ingleburn Camp, New South Wales. This Unit was called the Signals Training Battalion and I was posted to this Unit with four AWAS NCO's. I was to be the Administrative Officer in charge of recruit training; Lt. Col. Farrow the Commanding Officer and his male staff were responsible for technical training. A similar Unit was formed in Victoria. These Units were later moved to Bonegilla, Victoria.\nIn view of the increasing demand by the Army for more members in the AWAS it was necessary to form a larger Unit to train recruits. I was appointed to be the Commanding Officer of the newly formed Unit and was promoted to Major in the 2nd Australian AWAS Training Battalion in April 1942 at Ingleburn.\nI was transferred to the Training Battalion at Darley in Victoria for three months in 1943 in exchange with Major Parry (MacIntyre). I then returned to again command the Training Battalion at Ingleburn.\nIn October 1943 the Australian Army Medical Women's Service Training Company was amalgamated with the AWAS Training Battalion. Captain Wendy Roupell, AAMWS, replaced my 2-IC Captain M Hornsby. The OC Captain B Donkin and staff were transferred to the establishment of the Battalion and became the 5th Company of this Unit.\nIn April 1944 I was transferred to Victoria as Assistant Controller AWAS Victorian Lines of Communication area.\nFollowing demobilization in June 1946 I joined with Barbara Donkin and her mother and brother and purchased a 35 1\/2-acre property at Dural and we commenced mixed farming there in October 1946.\nIn 1959 I became President of the AWAS Association (NSW) and was appointed a Life Member in 1966. When I resigned in 1971 I was appointed Vice-Patron.\nMy other interests from 1959 included being a member of the Council of Tara Anglican Girls' School for 18 years and a member of the Girl Guides State Council, in addition to being a member of the Parish Council at St Judes Anglican Church at Dural and Chairman of the Women's Fellowship. In 1960 the first Outward Bound Girls' School was formed and I became Principal and later Chairman of the Girls' School Management Committee in addition to being a member of the Federal Executive.\nIn 1968 I was awarded the MBE for my services during the war and later to the Outward Bound Foundation.\nIn 1981 Barbara Donkin and I moved into single units in the Anglican Retirement Village at Castle Hill. Since then we have been engaged in assisting the Village Chaplains in welfare work in addition to being members of the Village Council.\nIn February of this year, 1989, I became Patron of the Council of Ex-Servicewomen's Association (NSW).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whitworth-joyce-ethel-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joyce-ethel-whitworth-as-a-major-assistant-commander-eastern-command-nsw-australian-womens-army-service-interviewed-by-judy-wing-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-australia-in-the-war-of-193\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dara, Dur-e Najaf", "Entry ID": "AWE0426", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dara-dur-e-najaf\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ipoh, Malaysia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Philanthropist, Restauranteur, Social worker", "Summary": "Dur-e Dara was awarded the Medal of The Order of Australia (OAM) in 1997 for services to the community and promotional and fundraising activities for women's groups.\n", "Details": "Born in Malaysia and of Indian descent, Dur-e Dara settled in Australia in 1962. She attended Presbyterian Ladies' College before completing a Social Welfare Degree at the University of Melbourne.\nDur-e Dara worked in youth welfare at Winlaton and Turana for the Youth Welfare Division of the Victorian Social Welfare Department for three years. In 1976 she joined Stephanie's Restaurant as a casual waiter and later became manager and co-proprietor. She was to spend over 20 years at Stephanie's, in which time she also helped to establish the Pavilion (later Donovan's) in St Kilda and the Nudel Bar in the Melbourne business district. With Barbara Harper in 1997, she entered a partnership in the Tea Corporation, a high quality tea import, wholesale and retail business. In 2000 she established a consortium\/partnership for Lip caf\u00e9 bar as well setting up a consortium of small investors for EQ Cafebar (Southbank).\nDur-e Dara is President of the Restaurant and Catering Association of Victoria; Convenor of the Victorian Women's Trust; Vice-President of Philanthropy Australia; and board member of the Victorian Wineries Tourism Council and Business Matrix Victoria. She is Director of the Melbourne International Chamber Music Competition, and serves on the advisory boards of the Women's Reference Group of the Victorian Equal Opportunity Commission; William Angliss College; RMIT School of Tourism and Hospitality; and the Swinburne School of Hospitality and Tourism.\nShe is also Patron of the Victorian Foundation for the Survivors of Torture; elder, Women's Circus Victoria; and a member of the Victorian Immigrant and Refugee Women's Coalition, the Tamil Elam Women's Organisation, the Melbourne Chapter of the Australian Symposium of Gastronomy, Asia Link, Habitat for Humanity and Asia Society.\nIn addition to her OAM, Dur-e Dara received The Vida Goldstein Award for excellence in her trade, and was selected as one of 150 on the Inaugural Women's Honour Roll, a Victorian Government initiative as part of the Centenary of Federation celebrations in 2001.\n", "Events": "Awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) 'in recognition of service to the community and to promotional and fundraising activities for women's groups' (1997 - 1997) \nAwarded the Centenary Medal 'for service to the restaurant industry' (2001 - 2001) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Long, Thelma Dorothy", "Entry ID": "AWE0432", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/long-thelma-dorothy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman, Tennis player", "Summary": "The career of Australian tennis player Thelma Coyne Long spanned more than 20 years. The winner of the Australian Women's Singles title in 1952 and 1954 (aged 35 years) she was also runner-up in 1951, 1955 and 1956. From 1936 until 1940, Thelma Coyne and Nancye Wynne (later Bolton) were Australian Women's Doubles Champions. During the war years of 1941 to 1945, no competition was held for major Australian tournaments and Long enlisted in the Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS). Following her discharge from the AWAS Long and Nancye Wynne Bolton continued their tennis careers. They won the Australian Doubles 1947-1949 and 1951-1952. Long then joined with Mary Hawton to win the doubles championship in 1956 and 1958 - 20 years after she won the National Junior Singles Championship aged 16. The pair were also runners-up for the Wimbledon Women's Doubles title in 1957. Long was winner of the Australian Mixed Doubles 1951, 1952, 1954, 1955 and the French Mixed Doubles in 1956.\nOn 30 August 2000 Long was awarded the Australian Sports Medal and inducted into the Australian Tennis Hall of Fame in 2002.\nA life member of the Australian Women's Army Association (New South Wales) Long was actively involved in the archiving of the association records. In October 2002 she became a participant of the Australian Women in War Project working group.\n", "Details": "Thelma Long was inducted to the Australian Tennis Hall of Fame at Melbourne Park during the Australian Open on Australia Day 2002. Long's tennis career was remarkable not only for the span of time it covered (1935-1958) but more so for what was accomplished due to the limited opportunities available to Australian women players at that time. The records show Long won 19 Grand Slam titles - 2 Australian Singles, 12 National Doubles, 4 National Mixed and 1 French Mixed.\nLong's overseas record was just as brilliant with singles, doubles and mixed championship wins in 16 countries. This was achieved after an absence from international competition for the decade 1939-1949 due to World War II and four years in the Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS). For her service during World War II Long was awarded the War Medal 1939\/45 and Australian Service Medal 1939\/45.\nOn 30 January 1941 Thelma Coyne married Maurice Newton Long of Melbourne. The marriage did not continue after the war. Following her discharge from the AWAS Long resumed amateur competition tennis both in Australia and overseas - Open tennis was not established until 1968.\nAn Australian representative over the years 1938-1958 Long became a teaching professional in 1960 and devoted years of service to coaching promising NSW juniors. In 1985 her achievements were recognized by Tennis NSW when she was awarded Life Membership of the State Association.\nIn 1993 Thelma (Coyne) Long was inducted to the inaugural Randwick Sporting Hall of Fame and then in 1999 as an Honouree of the Hall of Champions at the State Sports Centre, Homebush Olympic area. Long also was a volunteer at the State Library of NSW and she received the Volunteer Service Award in 1999, The Year of the Volunteer.\nIn 2000, Australia's Olympic year, Thelma Long was awarded the Australian Sports Medal in recognition of her services to tennis.\n", "Events": "Adjutant to 4 Australian Training Battalion Army Womens Services, Darley, Victoria. (1943 - 1943) \nAppointment terminated - demobilization of married personnel. (1945 - 1945) \nAttended first NCO School for AWAS in Victoria, then posted AWAS HQ at LHQ, Victoria Barracks, Melbourne, with the Controller AWAS, Lt. Col. (later Col.) Sybil Irving's Staff HQ. (1942 - 1942) \nAttended No. 5 Army Women's Services Officers Training School, Melbourne (1943 - 1943) \nAttended second AWAS Recruit Training School at \"Glamorgan\" Toorak, Victoria. Trade grouped and trained as transport driver at Land Headquarters (LHQ) Car Company (1942 - 1942) \nCommissioned and from this point Colonel Irving directed her varied and numerous postings. (1942 - 1942) \nDetached as Staff Officer to Her Excellency The Lady Gowrie for a three week tour of Allied Defence Forces & Women's Services throughout Northern NSW and Queensland. (1943 - 1943) \nDetachment to attend War Course VII, First Australian Army Junior Staff School, Ashgrove, Brisbane. Two female officers, one AWAS, one AAMWS included in the ten week course for the first time. (1943 - 1943) \nEnlisted Australian Women's Army Service (1942 - 1942) \nJoined the Australian Red Cross, Victorian Division and became a fully trained transport driver (1941 - 1941) \nPosted as Administration Officer, 2 Australian Signals Training Battalion AWAS, Ivanhoe, Melbourne. (1943 - 1943) \nPosted as Instructor (Directing Staff) LHQ Army Women's Services Officers School (AWSOS) Toorak, Melbourne. (1944 - 1944) \nPosted north as OC AWAS Advanced LHQ, Brisbane. General Sir Thomas Blamey's HQ Commander Allied Land Forces SW Pacific Area. (1942 - 1942) \nPromoted Corporal, then Sergeant and posted in charge of a group of AWAS & WAAAF drivers detached to USA Forces in Australia (USAFIA) - General Douglas MacArthur's HQ, Melbourne (1942 - 1942) \nPromoted to Captain (1944 - 1944) \nTransferred to HQ Vic. L of C Area, Melbourne as Deputy to Assistant Controller, AWAS (1944 - 1944)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/long-thelma-dorothy-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/encyclopedia-of-australia-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1947\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/great-service-in-army-tennis\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-thelma-long-when-the-war-came-to-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/long-thelma-d-captain-awas-aif-b-1918\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/long-thelma-dorothy-captain-awas-aif-b-1918\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/long-thelma-captain-awas-aif\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Taylor, Amy Katherine", "Entry ID": "AWE0434", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/taylor-amy-katherine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Amy Taylor was elected Chair of the Council of Ex-Servicewomen's Associations in 2005.\n", "Details": "In 1939 Amy Taylor joined the Women's Australian National Service and in 1942 (aged 18 years) enlisted in the Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS). During her service she served in both Australia and Papua New Guinea (12 months).\nOn discharge from the Army, Amy Taylor joined the New South Wales Police Force and served for four years (1946-1951). She pioneered the uniform branch of the Women Police and was the first woman to do traffic duty in the city in 1948.\nA Foundation member of the Australian Women's Army Service Association (NSW), formed in 1948, she has served on the committee from that date. She is currently a Life Member and State President of the Association.\nFrom 1978, Amy Taylor served as Vice-Chairman of the Council of Ex-Servicewomen's Associations (NSW) and State Councillor - Women's Services - Returned & Services League of Australia NSW Branch. In this role she represented female veteran members throughout New South Wales. She became a Life Member as well as a member of both the State Executive and the State Council.\nIn 1994 she was appointed a Board member of the RSL Retirement Villages at Narrabeen and Yass. Amy Taylor retired in May 1999 and was appointed Life Governor.\nShe volunteered and served on the Commemoration Committee and was Chairman of the Education Committee for the Australia Remembers events in 1995. In January 2001, Amy Taylor co-ordinated the AWAS participants in the Centenary of Federation Parade.\nAppointed to the Advisory Committee by the Australian War Memorial for the Australian Servicewomen's Memorial, Amy Taylor is also Patron and Life Member of the Thirty Niners Association of Australia NSW Branch.\nFor her service during World War II, Amy Taylor was awarded the War Medal 1939\/45, Australian Service Medal 1939\/45, The 1939-45 Star, Pacific Star and Australia Service Medal 1945\/75 with N.G. clasp. On Australia Day 1992 she was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for service to the welfare of ex-service personnel. She was later (3 June 1997) appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for service to veterans, particularly through the Australian Women's Army Service, and the Education Committee of the 'Australia Remembers' Programme.\nIn October 2002, she became a member of the working group for the \"Women in War Project.\"\nIn 2005, Amy Taylor was elected Chair of the Council of Ex-Servicewomen's Associations.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/world-war-2-nominal-roll\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-a-k-amy-taylor\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lady-at-arms\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/amy-taylor-nee-millgate-as-a-corporal-in-the-australian-womens-army-service-serving-in-new-guinea-interviewed-by-ruth-thompson-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1939\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/millgate-amy-katherine-service-number-n392272-date-of-birth-28-dec-1923-place-of-birth-sydney-nsw-place-of-enlistment-paddington-nsw-next-of-kin-millgate-oswald\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Anderson, Margaret Irene", "Entry ID": "AWE0436", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anderson-margaret-irene\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Margaret Anderson enlisted in the Australian Army Nursing Service at Dandenong (Victoria) on 19 September 1941.\nOn 12 February 1942, three days before the fall of Singapore, the freighter, Empire Star sailed from Singapore Harbour. The ship which normally had an allocation of space for 20 passengers was carrying over 2100 people. While on route to Batavia the ship came under enemy fire and received three direct hits. During one of the raids two of the Australian nursing staff on board, Sisters Margaret Anderson and Vera Torney, came on deck to attend to the wounded. They protected their patients by covering them with their bodies.\nStaff Nurse Margaret Anderson was awarded the George Medal on 22 September 1942 for her bravery when the ship was attacked by enemy aircraft. Staff Nurse Vera Torney was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (Military).\nOn 4 June 1946 Lieutenant Margaret Anderson was discharged from the Australian Army Nursing Service.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anderson-margaret-irene-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/twentieth-century-women-of-courage\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guns-and-brooches-australian-army-nursing-from-the-boer-war-to-the-gulf-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/just-wanted-to-be-there-australian-service-nurses-1899-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/honours-and-awards-recommendations-for-immediate-award-staff-nurse-margaret-anderson-and-staff-nurse-vera-torney\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dowson, Dorothy (Joan)", "Entry ID": "AWE0437", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dowson-dorothy-joan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cottesloe, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Originally a ballerina in Perth, Western Australia, Joan Dowson served throughout World War II as a nurse. She continued her association with the Australian Red Cross throughout her life.\n", "Details": "Born Dorothy Richardson, but always known as Joan, this one-time ballerina joined the Australian Cross in 1937. As well as entertaining servicemen with concert parties, she completed a course in home nursing during her first year. \nIn 1941, Joan enlisted as a nursing VAD in the army and on 17 March 1943 joined the Australian Army Medical Women's Service. She served in Egypt, Syria, Rehoveth and Gaza with the 9th Division and later in New Guinea. In 1945 she transferred to serve on the aircraft carrier HMS Formidable. She was discharged on 19 March 1945.\nAfter the war Joan Dowson continued working with the Australian Red Cross and Girl Guides. She joined the Western Australian Branch of the RSL and was a member of the State Executive for 20 years - she was the third woman to be elected to the executive. Joan Dowson also became a member of the Friends of Battye Library.\nOn 14 June 1980, Joan Dowson was appointed The Order of the British Empire - Member (Civil) (MBE) for services to the Red Cross and Ex-servicemen and women. In 1991 she received the RSL meritorious medal and was awarded life membership of the Red Cross in 1992.\nJoan Dowson was awarded the Medal of Australia (OAM) on 11 June 1996, for service to the community, particularly the RSL and ex-servicewomen, Red Cross, Girl Guides and as a member of the cancer crusade of Western Australia for 30 years.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joan-dowson-receives-order-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/receives-order-of-australia-award-for-community-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/receives-rsl-meritorious-medal\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/awarded-red-cross-life-membership\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/richardson-dorothy-joan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/richardson-dorothy-joan-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dorothy-dowson-interviewed-by-victoria-hobbs-for-the-australia-1938-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-joan-bucknell-and-miss-joan-richardson-two-australian-red-cross-society-representatives-returning-home-after-being-attached-to-hms-formidable\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Palmer, Helen Gwynneth", "Entry ID": "AWE0443", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/palmer-helen-gwynneth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kew, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political activist, Teacher, Writer", "Summary": "The second daughter of Vance and Nettie (n\u00e9e Higgins) Palmer, Helen Palmer spent a year in London after being educated at Presbyterian Ladies' College (Melbourne) where she was dux in 1934. Returning to Melbourne she won a scholarship to the University of Melbourne and graduated with a BA and DipEd in 1939. She later obtained a B.Ed. (1952). From 1940 until 1942 she was a teacher in Victorian State schools.\nHelen Palmer enlisted in the Women's Australian Auxiliary Air Force on 18 February 1942 and during her service worked in the education division. After the war she worked with the Commonwealth Office of Education (Sydney). In 1948 she returned to Melbourne teaching in private schools.\nShe made several trips to China and in 1953 published her observations in An Australian Teacher in China. Through the bi-monthly publication Outlook (1957-1970), Helen Palmer provided a forum for vigorous discussion of all issues which were part of a radical critique of Australian politics and society.\nThe author (with Jessie MacLeod) of First Hundred Years (1954) and After the First Hundred Years (1961), she also authored books on Australian literature, popular culture and history. Helen Palmer was also a prominent poet and balladist and is remembered for 'The Ballard of 1891,' that describes the shearers' strike.\nHelen Palmer died on 6 May 1979.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/palmer-helen-gwynneth-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/helen-palmer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/palmer-helen-gwynneth-1917-1979\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/banjo-paterson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/w-g-spence-and-the-rise-of-the-trade-unions\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/our-sugar\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/makers-of-the-first-hundred-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beneath-the-southern-cross\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/after-the-first-hundred-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fencing-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/helen-palmers-outlook\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/conversation-with-helen-palmer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-first-hundred-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-first-two-hundred-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/double-time-women-in-victoria-150-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/150-years-150-stories-brief-biographies-of-one-hundred-and-fifty-remarkable-people-associated-with-the-university-of-melbourne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/helen-gwynneth-palmer-volume-4\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/helen-gwynneth-palmer-volume-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/helen-g-palmer-complaint-re-wharf-officials\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/applications-for-positions-by-palmer-helen-gwynneth-miss\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/author-helen-gwynneth-palmer-and-ronald-james-grant-taylor-address-kirribilli-and-melbourne-title-of-work-prisoners-country-type-of-work-dramatic\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/department-of-information-broadcasting-division-talks-by-helen-palmer-sep-1943-transcripts\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/helen-gwynneth-palmer-volume-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/palmer-helen-gwynneth-service-number-350207-date-of-birth-09-may-1917-place-of-birth-kew-vic-place-of-enlistment-melbourne-next-of-kin-palmer-vance\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/helen-gwynneth-palmer-volume-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/official-history-1914-18-war-records-of-charles-e-w-bean-official-historian\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-helen-palmer-writer-and-educationalist-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-aileen-and-helen-palmer-19-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-helen-palmer-1918-1996-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-aileen-palmer-1935-1979-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/thesis-and-correspondence-1934-1967-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-the-outdoors-the-director-waaaf-group-officer-clare-stevenson-and-a-waaaf-wing-officer-conversing-with-waaaf-officers-who-conducted-a-four-day-bivouac\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/audrey-blake-further-papers-1915-1998\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Inglis, Amirah", "Entry ID": "AWE0445", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/inglis-amirah\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brussels, Belgium", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Political activist", "Summary": "Amirah Inglis was a devoted and active member of the Communist Party in Australia during the politically turbulent Menzies era. Her autobiographical works describe the difficulties and confusion of growing up a migrant in Australia, born of Polish-Jewish parents. She has also written essays, reviews and books on Papua New Guinea, and on the Spanish Civil War.\nThe hammer & sickle and the washing up: memories of an Australian woman Communist includes descriptions of Amirah's life in Canberra in the 1960s, and her marriage to academic Ken Inglis.\n", "Details": "Amirah's father, Itzhak Gutstadt (later changed to Gust), migrated to Melbourne in 1928. Amirah and her mother joined him there in 1929.\nTwo of her books tell the story of her life.\nAmirah, an Un-Australian Childhood, published by William Heinemann Australia in 1983 and reprinted 1984, 1985 and in paperback 1989, a 'loving and sensuous account\u2026paints a perfect sociological portrait' (Weekend Australian) of Melbourne in the 1930s and 1940s. It portrays her loving, Polish Jewish Communist parents and the joys and difficulties of living as migrants.\nThe Hammer and Sickle and the Washing Up, Hyland House, Melbourne, 1995, tells of her involvement with the Communist Party of Australia during the 1950's and 60's, including the Menzies government's attempts to outlaw the Communist Party and the Petrov Affair. It is Amirah's story: her struggle to balance political activism and family responsibilities.\nAmirah Inglis' other books reflect a desire to understand the complexities of her world within the framework of the humanitarian, internationalist, European-based communist ideology of her migrant parents and the completely new world of Papua New Guinea where she lived and worked between 1967-1974.\nIn 1998 in an interview with Sarah Dowse (4 digital audio tapes, held at the National Library of Australia) Inglis speaks of her current project, editing her Polish-born father's memoirs; her family and her own childhood in Melbourne; her political activism as a member of the Communist Party of Australia; her marriage to Ian Turner and events surrounding their move to Canberra in the 1960s; her involvement with the Australian National University and her teaching position at Lyneham High School; her second marriage to Ken Inglis and how their move to New Guinea in the 1970s was the inspiration for her first book which launched her writing career.[1]\nAmirah Inglis died in Melbourne on 2 May 2015, aged 88.\n[1] Summary from National Library of Australia\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/not-a-white-woman-safe-sexual-anxiety-and-politics-in-port-moresby-1920-1934\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/amirah-an-un-australian-childhood\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/coming-of-age-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/memoirs-of-a-dutiful-red-daughter\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-hammer-sickle-and-the-washing-up-memories-of-an-australian-woman-communist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fitzpatrick-kathleen-elizabeth-1905-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/amirah-inglis-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-amirah-inglis-1950-2005-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/amirah-inglis-interviewed-by-peter-biskup-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/amirah-inglis-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/audrey-blake-and-jack-blake-further-papers-1937-2004\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Laidlaw, Annie Ina", "Entry ID": "AWE0454", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/laidlaw-annie-ina\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Lake Wallace Station, near Edenhope, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "McKinnon, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Matron, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Annie Laidlaw devoted her life to nursing and served in both world wars. She completed her nursing training at the Children's Hospital (later Royal), Melbourne. In 1917 Laidlaw joined the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS) and served in military hospitals at Bombay and Poona. \nAfter the war Laidlaw returned to the Children's Hospital as ward sister. In 1925 she was granted a year of leave to complete midwifery training at the Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney. Returning to Melbourne, Annie became assistant lady superintendent (assistant-matron) at the Children's Hospital. In 1930 she was promoted to lady superintendent of the hospital's orthopaedic section at Frankston. She held this position for 12 years.\nSelected to head the Royal Australian Naval Nursing Service (RANNS) in 1942 she was in charge of the Flinders Naval Depot hospital as well as being in charge of the RANNS. After her discharge from the navy Laidlaw returned to her position at the Children's Hospital until 1950. \nFrom 1951-52 she worked in London. On her return to Melbourne she took the position of Matron at the Freemason's Homes of Victoria, Prahran until her retirement in 1957. Aged 89, Annie Laidlaw died on 13 September 1978 at McKinnon, Victoria.\n", "Events": "Appointed assistant lady superintendent (assistant-matron) at the Children's Hospital (1926 - 1926) \nBorn: daughter of James Adam and Annie (nee Gilchrist) Laidlaw (1889 - ) \nHome sister at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital for Children, London (1951 - 1952) \nMember of the Australian Army Nursing Service (1917 - 1919) \nMidwifery training at the Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney (1925 - 1925) \nPromoted from superintending sister to matron (1943 - 1943) \nPromoted to lady superintendent (matron) of the Children's Hospital orthopaedic section at Frankston, Victoria (1930 - 1942) \nResident matron at the Freemasons' Homes of Victoria, Prahran (1953 - 1957) \nRetired and lived in the Returned Sailors', Soldiers' and Airmen's Imperial League of Australia's home for nurses at RSL House, St Kilda (1957 - 1957) \nServed with the Royal Australian Naval Nursing Service (1942 - 1946) \nTrained as a general nurse at the Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic. (1914 - 1917) \nWard sister at the Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic. (1919 - 1925) \nWorked with the orthopaedic division of the Children's Hospital (1946 - 1950)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/laidlaw-annie-ina-1889-1978\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/laidlaw-annie-ina-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/just-wanted-to-be-there-australian-service-nurses-1899-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/world-war-ii-nursing-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/laidlaw-annie-ina-date-of-birth-23-jan-1889-place-of-birth-edenhope-vic-place-of-enlistment-melbourne-next-of-kin-glasson-p\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Evans, Beryl Alice", "Entry ID": "AWE0457", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/evans-beryl-alice\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Rockdale, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Beryl Evans was a Liberal Member of the Legislative Council in the New South Wales parliament from 1984-1995. She later ran unsuccessfully for the Senate as an independent, and for the New South Wales Legislative Council as a member of the Seniors Party. She was an official candidate for the 1998 Constitutional Convention, representing the One Australian Monarchist League, but was not elected.\nDuring World War Two, Evans served in the Royal Auxiliary Australian Air Force with distinction. She became president of the WAAAF Branch of the RAAF Association New South Wales Division on 25 March 1997.\n", "Details": "Parliamentary and Local Government Career\n\nCandidate: New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Burrendong, 1973 (known as Bowman)\nElected: MLC, 1984-1995 (known as Evans)\nCandidate: Senate, NSW, 1996\nCandidate: Legislative Council, 1999 (known as Evans)\n\nParty: Liberal, 1973,1984-95\nParty: Independent, 1996\nParty: The Seniors Party, 1999\n\nBeryl Evans was elected as a Liberal Member of the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1984. During her 11 years of service she was chairman of the Privileges committee and a member of the Stay Safe committee. From 1990 to 1991 Evans was Government Whip. Upon her retirement in 1995 Her Majesty the Queen granted the title of the Honourable to Beryl Evans for life.\nOn 12 November 1942 Evans joined the Royal Auxiliary Australian Air Force. Serving as a drill instructor and physical training instructor she obtained the ranks of corporal and sergeant before being commissioned in 1944. Beryl Evans was discharged on 25 September 1945 with the rank of section officer.\nBeryl Evans became president of the WAAAF Branch of the RAAF Association NSW Division on 25 March 1997. She is a vice-president of the RAAF Association, a member of the Council and executive and national executive representative to Australian Veteran Defence Services Council.\n", "Events": "Councilor for Coolah Shire (1962 - 1971) \nGovernment representative on the Governing Body of the University of New England (1988 - 1995) \nGraduated with Economic Degree from University of New England (1981 - 1981) \nMarried: Kenneth Graham Bowman and they had two sons (1944 - 1944) \nMarried: Richard Kelywack Evans (1976 - 1976) \nMember of the Legislative Council (Liberal) for New South Wales (1984 - 1995) \nServed with the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (1942 - 1945)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bowman-beryl-alice\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1988\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/putting-skirts-on-the-sacred-benches-women-candidates-for-the-new-south-wales-parliament-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Darling, Honor Brinsley", "Entry ID": "AWE0458", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/darling-honor-brinsley\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Honor Darling was a journalist who played a significant role in the Girl Guide Movement in Australia. She held various roles, including that of local publicity officer and ultimately, Chair of the Australian Publications Committee. Whilst a member of the armed services (the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force) she edited the members' magazine.\n", "Details": "Margaret Coleman wrote the following for the Girl Guide Movement of New South Wales following the death of Honor Darling:\n\nVale Honor Darling\nHonor, whose typewriter could spell much better than mine: Honor who taught me about editing and magazines; who always knew where to put the commas, who was a wonderful help and support as well as a great personal friend through many publications: Honor you will be missed.\nAlways with an inquiring mind, Honor needed to know how and why. Words and writing were important to her. A journalist with the Sydney Morning Herald until she joined the WAAAF in 1942 serving until wars' end in 1945 where one of her many duties was to edit a magazine for the WAAAF girls.\nWhile her two sons and daughter Barbara progressed through Scouting and Guiding, Honor became publicity officer and then president of the Local Association in the 1960s and 1970s during a very busy time when, with the assistance of Rotary, the Epping Guide Hall was built.\nAt the same time the New South Wales Association claimed Honor's expertise when she was appointed chairman of the State Public Relations Committee and edited The Waratah from 1966 to 1976. During this time she attended two national editors conferences, in Hobart and Adelaide.\nThe next five years were very busy with publications. From 1976 Honor was chairman of the Australian Publications Committee when new handbooks were introduced especially for Australian girls and leaders. Members who have been around a while, will remember how first the U.K. handbooks were adapted, one each for Brownie, Guides and Rangers and then a few years later, a complete re-write for Australia was undertaken. Honor oversaw all these publications plus the first handbook for Leaders and commissioners and another edition of PO&R as well, Gwen Swinburn's excellent history Among The First People which required a good deal of attention.\nThen followed a spate of history books: Up Till Now 1980; The Glengarry Book 1983, updated 1993; Blue and Gold: The Story Told 1986; From a Flicker to a Flame 1989; The Story of RTS Tingira 1994. In each of these Honor had an editorial hand.\nTwo non Guiding publications attributed to Honor Darling are The WAAAF Book 1984, co-edited with Clare Stevenson and This is Pymble College 1991, when again Honor greatly assisted myself.\nIn retirement Honor became patron of the Local Association (Support Group) at Muswellbrook and secretary of the Red Cross for that region. For the last five years Honor has lived in Melbourne with her daughter Barbara who is Vicar of the Anglican Church in Sandringham.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-a-flicker-to-a-flame-the-story-of-the-girl-guides-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-w-a-a-a-f-book\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blue-and-gold-the-story-told-a-brief-history-of-the-girl-guides-association-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/darling-honor-brinsley-service-number-351182-date-of-birth-25-mar-1918-place-of-birth-sydney-nsw-place-of-enlistment-melbourne-next-of-kin-darling-j\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/informal-portrait-of-section-officer-honor-b-darling-waaaf-with-her-brother-leading-aircraftman-david-sheridan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-section-officer-honor-b-darling-waaaf\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/section-officer-evelyn-ferrier-left-and-section-officer-honor-darling-participating-in-an-aircraft-recognition-exercise-at-raaf-station-laverton\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Syer, Ada Corbitt (Mickey)", "Entry ID": "AWE0460", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/syer-ada-corbitt-mickey\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Mickey Syer enlisted at Claremont, Western Australia, in the Australian Army on 6 February 1941. A member of the Australian Army Nursing Service, she was stationed with the 2\/10th Australian General Hospital when captured by the Japanese during the fall of Singapore. Mickey spent three and a half years in Japanese prisoner of war camps in Sumatra.\nDuring October 1945, she returned to Australia and was discharged from the Army on 10 August 1948.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brave-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-womans-war-the-exceptional-life-of-wilma-oram-young-am\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/group-portrait-of-australian-army-nursing-service-aans-nurses-who-were-former-prisoners-of-war-pows-ob-board-the-hospital-ship-manunda-on-its-arrival-in-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Darling, Janet Patteson (Pat)", "Entry ID": "AWE0461", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/darling-janet-patteson-pat\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Casino, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "A nursing sister serving with the 2\/10th Australian General Hospital, Pat Gunther (later Darling) was one of the Australian nurses taken prisoner by the Japanese in Sumatra during World War II. She writes about her three and a half years incarceration and survival in Portrait of a Nurse published in 2001.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gunther-janet-patteson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-a-nurse-prisoner-of-war-of-the-japanese-1942-1945-sumatra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brave-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/horrors-hidden-for-53-years-after-half-a-century-of-silence-pat-darling-one-of-13-nurses-who-survived-internment-in-sumatra-talked-to-cassandra-jardine-about-life-and-death-in-a-japanese-pow-camp\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-poppy-for-the-one-who-died-in-her-place-in-world-war-ii\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nurses-revisit-war-hell-bangka-island-singapore\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/group-portrait-of-australian-army-nursing-service-aans-nurses-who-were-former-prisoners-of-war-pows-ob-board-the-hospital-ship-manunda-on-its-arrival-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gunther-j-pat-nursing-sister\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/darling-janet-patterson-pat-sister\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dutch-silver-jam-spoon-sister-p-gunther-2-10-australian-general-hospital\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "MacPherson, Daisy Cardin (Tootie)", "Entry ID": "AWE0462", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/macpherson-daisy-cardin-tootie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Junee, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Tootie Keast (later MacPherson) was one of six Australian Army Nursing Service sisters who were taken Prisoner of War on 23 January 1942 in Rabaul, New Britain. The sisters spent three and a half years interned with civilian nurses and missionaries. At first they were held at Vunapope Catholic mission before being transferred to Yokohama and then Totsuka.\nAfter the War in the Pacific had ended a Japanese official told the women that their imprisonment was over. At the end of August an American officer found them, and arranged for their repatriation. They were flown back to Australia via the Okinawa Islands and Manila. [1]\nOn 10 April 1946, MacPherson was discharged from the Australian Army.\n[1] Guns and Booches p. 149\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brave-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guns-and-brooches-australian-army-nursing-from-the-boer-war-to-the-gulf-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/keast-daisy-cardin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/keast-daisy-cardin-service-number-nfx180286-date-of-birth-09-mar-1911-place-of-birth-junee-nsw-place-of-enlistment-unknown-next-of-kin-keast-william\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-group-of-australian-nurses-rescued-after-being-almost-three-and-a-half-years-with-the-japanese\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sister-daisy-tootie-cardin-keast-of-the-australian-army-nursing-service\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pemberton, Jean Keers", "Entry ID": "AWE0463", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pemberton-jean-keers\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Petersham, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Chichester, England", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Jean Greer (later Pemberton) enlisted in the Australian Army on 16 December 1940. Attached to the 2\/10 Australian General Hospital she was posted to Malaya in 1941.\nOn 14 February 1942, Jean was one of the 65 nurses aboard the ship Vyner Brooke when it was sunk by Japanese bombing. After reaching the shore she was captured by the Japanese and was a Prisoner of War for the next three and a half years before being liberated.\nJean Greer was discharged on 23 September 1946 and married Scotsman Duncan Pemberton in Singapore in 1947.\nThe couple moved to England where Jean died on 7 December 2001.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greer-jean-keers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greer-jean-keers-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greer-jean-keers-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brave-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greer-jean-keers-service-number-nx70937-date-of-birth-21-oct-1913-place-of-birth-sydney-nsw-place-of-enlistment-sydney-nsw-next-of-kin-greer-isaac\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/group-portrait-of-australian-army-nursing-service-aans-nurses-who-were-former-prisoners-of-war-pows-ob-board-the-hospital-ship-manunda-on-its-arrival-in-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Provan, Frances Betty", "Entry ID": "AWE0464", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/provan-frances-betty\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Spring Hill, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Frances Provan was one of the first 14 females posted to HMAS Harman, the communications station in Canberra, on 28 April 1941, making her one of the first members of the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS).\n", "Details": "After completing her education, Frances Provan worked as a trainee-teacher, nurse and governess. She moved from Queensland to Sydney and trained as a wireless telegraphist with the Women's Emergency Signalling Corps, which had been established by Florence McKenzie. Provan was one of the first 14 females posted to HMAS Harman, the communications station in Canberra, on 28 April 1941. Her official number was WR\/1.\nIn September 1941 Provan was promoted to leading telegraphist and then petty officer telegraphist in December 1942. She attended the first WRANS officers' training course at Flinders Naval Depot, Victoria and was appointed third officer on 15 February 1943.\nIn June 1945 Provan was posted as officer-in-charge of the only draft of WRANS to serve in an operational zone, in Darwin. During her time in the navy she also served at bases in New South Wales and Queensland. Provan was stationed at HMAS Lonsdale, Melbourne, when she was discharged on 17 October 1946.\nAfter the war she travelled to England and became manager of the London office of the Melbourne firm, Jackson's United Meat Co. Pty Ltd. In 1963 after Provan had made a business trip to Melbourne, she died (21 June) while on her way to visit her mother.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/provan-frances-betty-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/provan-frances-betty-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/w-r-a-n-s-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ships-belles-the-story-of-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service-in-war-and-peace-1941-1985\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/belconnen-wireless-station-duntroon-harman-raaf-stations-1943\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/provan-frances-betty-1911-1963\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/members-of-the-first-wrans-officer-training-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/senior-wrans-from-hmas-harman-naval-wireless-station-at-the-fourth-birthday-of-the-service\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Daley, Henrietta (Jessie) Shaw", "Entry ID": "AWE0465", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daley-henrietta-jessie-shaw\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Malvern, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Mosman, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "After moving to Canberra with her family in 1926, Jessie Daley became involved with a variety of community associations. She joined the Canberra Society of Arts and Literature, was the first President of the Canberra Ladies' Choir, became a member (later President) of the Canberra Golf Club Associates as well as being a member of the Canberra Women's Hockey Club and school associations.\nIn 1930 Daley became President of the local Girl Guides' association and was district commissioner (1931-1932).\nA member of the Canberra Mothercraft Society, Daley was Vice-President from 1930 until March 1935 when she became President. It was at a difficult time for the society with board disharmony and staffing problems. She resigned as President in May 1935 and was not re-elected.\nDaley became a member of the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA), using her expertise to organise social, sporting and cultural activities as a welcome for newcomers to the city and to raise funds for charity. In 1937 she became Vice-President of the YWCA's Canberra branch and a non-resident member of the national board.\nOn 4 July 1939 Daley was elected Foundation President of the Australian Capital Territory branch of the National Council of Women. The Council worked with the Canberra Relief Society to assist the needy.\nJessie Daley died of cancer on 10 November 1943 at Mosman.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-mothering-years-the-story-of-the-canberra-mothercraft-society-1926-1979\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daley-henrietta-jessie-shaw-1890-1943\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Batt, Elva May", "Entry ID": "AWE0466", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/batt-elva-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Elva Batt enlisted in the Australian Army on 29 October 1941. Originally a Voluntary Aid she later joined the Australian Army Medical Women's Service. Batt was then transferred to the Australian Women's Army Service.\nBefore attending the Australian Women's Services Officers Training School, Batt was a sergeant working as a clerk in the orderly room. Upon completion of the course she was promoted to Lieutenant (later Captain) and became an Amenities Officer with the Australian Women's Army Service.\nIt was Batt's job to organize sporting events (i.e. swimming carnivals, basketball matches, etc.) and entertainment and to oversee the supply of goods from the Canteen Funds, such as bedspreads, irons, jugs, sewing machines etc., to make a servicewoman's tent or hut seem like home. [1]\nNearing the end of the war, Batt was transferred to Melbourne Headquarters to oversee the disbanding of the Australian Women's Army Service. She was discharged on 28 June 1946.\nLater, in 1946, she married Barry Batt and they had two children. Batt states that one of her major challenges was now having to cook, as during the previous five years all meals had been cooked for enlisted personnel.\nIn retirement Batt and her husband became volunteer members of the Royal Blind Society (New South Wales). She was also president of the ex-AAMWAS Association of New South Wales for many years. In 2020, Elva was living in a retirement home in Sydney, where she celebrated her 100th birthday. She died in 2022.\n[1] From Blue to Khaki p. 217\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/baikie-elva-may\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-blue-to-khaki-the-enlisted-voluntary-aids-and-others-who-became-members-of-the-australian-army-medical-womens-service-and-served-from-1941-1951\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-elva-batt\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/studio-portrait-of-nf482322-lieutenant-lt-elva-baikie-amenities-officer-for-the-army-womens-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/an-informal-group-of-members-of-the-australian-womens-army-services-awas-model-their-improvised-costumes-for-a-musical-comedy-and-revue\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-elva-batt-when-the-war-came-to-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/baikie-elva-may-service-number-nf482322-date-of-birth-14-sep-1920-place-of-birth-sydney-nsw-place-of-enlistment-victoria-barracks-sydney-next-of-kin-baikie-james\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Stevens, Marion", "Entry ID": "AWE0468", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stevens-marion\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "In 1941 Marion Stevens was one of the first 14 women to join the Royal Australian Navy. After two years at Harman she was transferred to Molongo and later to Cerberus for the Officer Training Course and then returned to Harman. After the war, with her beautiful singing voice, she joined the Gilbert and Sullivan Company and toured with them for two years. When the WRANS were reformed she was recalled and transferred back to HMAS Harman as Second Officer. Stevens stayed until 1956. On retirement she joined Paton and Baldwins. At HMAS Harman a street called 'Marion Stevens' honours the work she did there during the war. [1] Steven's achievements were acknowledged with the renaming of the HMAS Harman Wardroom Dining Room in her honour.\n", "Details": "Marion Stevens WR5 - Women's Royal Australian Naval Service, writes:\nIn 1939 I joined the W.E.S.C. (Women's Emergency Signalling Corps) run by Mrs F V McKenzie, and learned Morse Code and signalling (Semaphore) etc. In 1941 I joined the Australian Navy as one of the first 14 women in the Service. I was No. WR 5, and went to H.M.A Naval Wireless Station Harman (later HMAS Harman) near Canberra. Our first problem was that all the men saluted us. We asked the Commanding Officer (C.O.) to get the men to regard us as ratings not women. This was the beginning of the WRANS Rules and Regulations. Our uniforms did not arrive for months so we had to continue to wear our green WESC's uniforms. We were all under the Crimes Act so could only freely discuss our work in the W\/T Office. I did a Stat. Dec. covering the period around the sinking of the HMAS Sydney and sent a copy to the Defence Department in Canberra and also to the Archives in Canberra. I was made the first Chief Petty Officer in 1943 and was put in charge of H.M.A. Naval W\/T Station Molonglo, a few miles across country from HMAS Harman. Molonglo did all the high-speed operating with England - Whitehall GYCm, Canada Esquimalt CKL, Colombo Fort GZH and New Zealand - Waiouru ZLO. We handled all the traffic for the British Fleet when it came out to Australia at the end of the war in Europe and we got a signal complimenting us on our work by Admiral Bruce Frazer RN. It (Molonglo) was the only W\/T station run completely by WRANS with an Army Guard. In 1944 the C.O. and I went to Mt. Stromlo Observatory to see the Director, Dr. Wooley. He needed some details from overseas circuits to help with Ionospheric Predictions. At the end of the war in Europe I was the Instructor for the RN Tel. Ratings sent out from England when the war was over in Europe.\nWhen I left the Navy I studied singing at the Sydney Conservatorium and then joined J C Williamsons Gilbert and Sullivan Opera Company and toured Australia and New Zealand for a couple of years.\nI then rejoined the Australian Navy as a Second Officer, did a further commission and was in charge of a Signit 'Y' Station. I was the WRAN Officer sent to England, with two ratings for the Coronation of our present Queen. While in England I visited Whitehall W\/T a few times and met a P.O.Tel who said he worked Radio Belconnen during the war and they were the best station they worked and never let Whitehall down. I was asked to transfer from Communications to Administration and remain in the Navy, but I declined the offer and left the Navy at the end of my four year commission.\nI worked at Patons and Baldwins in charge of their Demonstration Department. I did a little designing. We had eight Demonstrators and organized Parades and Displays throughout New South Wales and Queensland. At night I studied Gemmology and got my FGAA. I taught at Gemmology House for a few years. I toured Diamond Mines in South Africa and an alluvial Diamond Mine in South West Africa, and then did an Animal Safari through Kenya and Tanzania staying at Treetops. The next year I visited gem areas of Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Burma and Thailand. I remained at Patons for 25 years and then went to a city jeweller to make use of my Gemmological knowledge.\nI now live in a Retirement Village and have done oil paintings and 65 tapestry chairs and pictures etc. and helped the Parliamentary Committee who were investigating the sinking of the HMAS Sydney on the 19 November 1941 by the German Raider Kormoran which also sank. I have done a lot of travel both in Australia and worldwide.\n[1] Ships Belles p. 67-69\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stevens-marion-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stevens-marion-4\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ships-belles-the-story-of-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service-in-war-and-peace-1941-1985\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/w-r-a-n-s-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stevens-marion-service-number-wr-5-date-of-birth-04-may-1920-place-of-birth-tamworth-nsw-place-of-enlistment-sydney-next-of-kin-stevens-eugene\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stevens-marion-service-number-wr5-date-of-birth-04-may-1920-place-of-birth-unknown-place-of-enlistment-unknown-next-of-kin-stevens-e\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Doyle, Jess Scott", "Entry ID": "AWE0470", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/doyle-jess-scott\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Jess Prain was one of the first fourteen women to join the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) in 1941 and was stationed at Harman. From here she was drafted to Kuttabul where she was the first Petty Officer in Sydney. She did an Officer Training Course and returned to Harman as Third Officer. After her discharge in 1946 she was a welfare officer for Berlei and was recalled to the Navy in 1951 to train new recruits. Prain was Officer-in-Charge Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS) at Flinders Naval Depot until 1954 and retired as First Officer. Married to Denis, Jess Doyle became Appeals Officer for Legacy (Sydney). [1]\n", "Details": "The following is from the Ex-WRANS newsletter Ditty Box\nMrs Jess Doyle (Prain), WR8, died very suddenly on 8 July 1988, aged 67. Jess served from 1941-1946 and 1951-1955, and was a First Officer on discharge.\nA WRANS telegraphist, who tapped out the message to RAN ships at sea that Australia was at war with Japan, has died suddenly in Sydney. She was Mrs Jess Doyle (n\u00e9e Prain) who was aged 19 when she joined as one of the first 12 telegraphists in the WRANS in 1941. [2] By war's end, there were more than 2,500.\nShe died in Sydney on July 8, aged 67. Burial at Botany followed a service at the Naval Chapel, Garden Island, conducted by Principal Chaplain Bill Rosier. Late of Clovelly, she leaves husband Dennis, sister Hazel and Jack, Carol and Michael.\nJess Doyle's naval involvement began in 1941 as one of the \"Mrs Mackenzie's girls\". She was commissioned in 1944 and served until the completion of World War II when the WRANS were disbanded.\nIn 1951, with the Korean crisis looming, she was invited back as Duty Director WRANS with the appointment of Officer-in-Charge, WRANS at the Naval Training Establishment at Flinders Naval Depot. She began to re-establish the Administration, Recruit and Officer training programs which set the foundations of training in the first years and established the service as a permanent and integral part of the Royal Australian Navy.\nIn 1954, she was offered the position the Director of WRANS but because of family illness felt it her duty to return home. She retired with the rank of First Officer.\nAfter leaving the service she was employed as publications manager with the Royal Australian Institute of Architects, working with various voluntary groups of that organisation. Motivated by her service background, she joined Sydney Legacy as Director of Appeals - a position she held for seven years. In 1969 she was invited by the president of the Post Graduate Medical Foundation to raise funds to build the Sir Victor Coppleston Post Graduate School of Medicine, Sydney University.\nJess was on the committee of the Ex-WRANS Association from its inception in 1961 and represented the association in many capacities. She also lead the WRANS contingent every year in the Anzac Day march.\nIn most recent years she undertook the WRANS Window project. Her drive and organisation skills proved to be tireless. Her vision was that the window had to represent every WRAN, irrespective of rank or branch.\nThe window was unveiled at the Garden Island chapel on September 21, 1986 - her last great naval achievement. [3]\n[1] Ships Belles p. 69\n[2] There were 14 women in the first intake - all were qualified telegraphists but 2 offered to serve as cooks.\n[3] Ex-Wrans Ditty Box August 1988 p. 7-8\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prain-jess-scott\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prain-jess-scott-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ships-belles-the-story-of-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service-in-war-and-peace-1941-1985\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/w-r-a-n-s-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vale-mrs-jess-doyle-prain\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/willing-volunteers-resisting-society-reluctant-navy-the-troubled-first-years-of-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prain-jess-scott-service-number-wr-8-date-of-birth-12-apr-1921-place-of-birth-sydney-place-of-enlistment-sydney-next-of-kin-prain-robert\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prain-jess-scott-service-number-wr8-date-of-birth-12-apr-1921-place-of-birth-unknown-place-of-enlistment-unknown-next-of-kin-prain-robert\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/senior-wrans-from-hmas-harman-naval-wireless-station-at-the-fourth-birthday-of-the-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/panorama-group-portrait-of-members-of-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service-wrans-at-hmas-rushcutter-and-two-navy-officers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lane, Ethel Marion", "Entry ID": "AWE0475", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lane-ethel-marion\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ulverston, England", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Nurse, Servicewoman", "Summary": "From the 1960s Ethel Lane devoted her time to helping service organisations. A member of the Australian Army Nursing Service during World War II, Lane was associated with the Returned & Services League as well as the War Widows' Guild of Australia.\nLane was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) on 11 June 1990 and appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire on 30 December 1978 for service to the community, in the field of veterans' welfare.\n", "Events": "Completed nursing training at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (1937 - 1941) \nDeputy Chairman of the Board for the War Veterans' Home (1977 - 1977) \nHonorary secretary for the Returned Navy, Army and Air Force Sisters' Sub Branch of the Returned & Services League (1964 - 1978) \nMarried Doctor Raymond Lane (1946 - 1946) \nMember of the Board of Directors of the War Veterans' Home (1974 - 1974) \nNational Vice-President of the Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps Association (1980 - 1980) \nNational Vice-President of the War Widows' Guild of Australia (1979 - 1979) \nNew South Wales State President of the War Widows' Guild of Australia (1977 - 1982) \nSecretary of the New South Wales Memorial Club (1966 - 1975) \nSecretary of the New South Wales State Council of the Returned & Services League (1972 - 1974) \nServed with the Australian Army Nursing Service (1942 - 1946) \nStaff nurse with the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (1942 - 1942)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stalker-ethel-marian\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stalker-ethel-marian-service-number-nfx165741-date-of-birth-05-jul-1918-place-of-birth-ulverston-england-place-of-enlistment-concord-nsw-next-of-kin-stalker-gertrude\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Penman, Alice Maud", "Entry ID": "AWE0476", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/penman-alice-maud\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Servicewoman", "Summary": "President of the Women's Services Sub-Branch of the RSL, Alice Penman served with the Australian Army during World War II. She served in the Middle East as a Voluntary Aid Detachment member and then in Far North Queensland. Penman later served with the Australian Army Medical Women's Service (AAMWS) after the Government of the time decided to distinguish between military and non-military Voluntary Aids.\nDuring the 'Australia Remembers, 1945-1995' celebrations Penman participated in a number of functions emphasizing the work carried out by the Voluntary Aid Detachment Red Cross members.\nOn 13 June 1993 she was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for service to veterans particularly through the Returned & Services League New South Wales and to the Friends of the Northcott Neurological Centre.\n", "Events": "Along with a number of other Voluntary Aids from World War II, Alice Penman spoke about her wartime experiences at a commemorative luncheon as part of the 'Australia Remembers, 1945-1995' celebrations (1995 - 1995) \nAn Army Camp established at Bathurst and VADs worked in canteens, sewed a garment a week for the Red Cross, sold buttons and worked in local and camp hospitals (1939 - 1939) \nAssistant Commandant at Haberfield VAD (1947 - 1947) \nAwarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (1993 - 1993) \nBrown Owl of the 2nd Beecroft Brownies (1952 - 1952) \nFamily moved to Gilgandra, NSW. Joined the Red Cross and Country Women's Association (1962 - 1962) \nFoundation member of the Bathurst Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) (1937 - 1937) \nJoined Women's Services Sub-Branch RSL, and has served in a number of offices including being Women's State Councillor on State Council for 2 years (1946 - 1946) \nOrganised, with the help of Girl Guides, a memorabilia display at St Ives Shopping Centre as part of the 'Australia Remembers, 1945-1995' celebrations (1995 - 1995) \nPresident of the Women's Services Sub-Branch RSL (1995 - 1995) \nSelected to join the Australian Infantry Force (AIF) for service overseas (1941 - 1941) \nServed in Atherton, North Queensland (1943 - 1945) \nServed with the 2\/6 Australian General Hospital at Gaza, Palestine (1941 - 1943) \nVolunteer at the National Artillery Museum at North Fort. Has dressed two static models, one representing the Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS), whose members served at the Fort during World War II and the other wearing a VAD uniform (1987 - 1987) \nWar ended (1945 - 1945)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/penman-alice-maud-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collection-of-poetry-from-the-memorabilia-of-alice-penman-oam\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/their-sacrifice-australia-remembers-1945-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/penman-alice-maud-service-number-nx76505-date-of-birth-17-mar-1918-place-of-birth-rockhampton-qld-place-of-enlistment-unknown-next-of-kin-burns-arthur\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alice-maud-penman-nee-burns-as-a-corporal-served-gaza-ridge-palestine-and-2-6th-australia-general-hospital-atherton-qld-interviewed-by-edward-stokes-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-austral\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/corporal-alice-penman-with-private-h-e-emily-lewis\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/group-portrait-of-members-of-the-first-vad-voluntary-aid-detachment-contingent-to-travel-overseas\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kilo-89-camp-gaza-ridge-palestine-c-december-1941-the-four-voluntary-aid-detachment-vad-occupants-of-tent-no-9-stand-in-front-of-their-quarters\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/studio-portrait-of-nx76505-alice-burns-voluntary-aid-detachment-vad\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mount-Batten, Betty Joyce", "Entry ID": "AWE0477", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mount-batten-betty-joyce\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Servicewoman", "Summary": "During World War II Betty Mount-Batten served with the civilian Voluntary Aid Detachments, the Army Voluntary Aid Detachments and later the Australian Army with the Australian Army Medical Women's Service. At the time of her discharge on 14 November 1945 she was posted at the 113th Australian General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales. Mount-Batten was a member of the Ex-AAMWS, was minute secretary from 2000, as well as secretary for the Women's Services Sub-Branch of the RSS & AILA.\nAs part of the Australia Remembers 1945-1995 celebrations in 1995, Mount-Batten compiled the publication From Blue to Khaki: The enlisted voluntary aids and others who became members of the Australian Army Medical Women's Service and served from 1941-1951. In October 2002 Betty Mount-Batten became a participant of the 'Australian Women in War Project' working group.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mount-batten-betty-joyce-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-blue-to-khaki-the-enlisted-voluntary-aids-and-others-who-became-members-of-the-australian-army-medical-womens-service-and-served-from-1941-1951\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ball, Betty Elva", "Entry ID": "AWE0484", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ball-betty-elva\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Manly, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Betty Ball, the daughter of Frederick (Australian Infantry Force World War 1) and Emily Newlyn, was educated at Manly West Public and Manly Domestic Science Schools. She joined the Brownies and later became a member of the Girl Guides. Ball was employed as a clerk with H V Leckie & Wilkinson, Insurance Supervisors until she joined the services.\nIn 1938 Ball joined the Australian Women's Flying Club and had her first flight in a Gypsy Moth with pilot Gwen Stark, who later became Wing Officer with the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF). At the beginning of World War II the clubs lectures were centred on air raid precautions, first aid, Morse code etc. In the early 1940s the club amalgamated with the Women's Australian National Service.\nOn the 16 January 1942, Ball enlisted in the WAAAF and served as a stores clerk. After completing a photographic course at Fairbairn Canberra, in 1943, she was promoted to the rank of Corporal. She was stationed at Bankstown, Waterloo, Mildura, Canberra, East Sale and Brisbane before being discharged from the Central Photo School at Bradfield Park on 29 November 1945. Betty Ball served a total of 3 years 11 months.\nIn 1947 she married ex-serviceman Reginald Arthur Ball and they had two sons (one deceased) and two daughters. The family moved from Sydney to Perth (1950), to Brisbane (1963) and back to Sydney in 1967. While in Brisbane Betty Ball became a member of the local branch of the WAAAF Branch of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Association.\nBetty Ball joined the New South Wales Division of the WAAAF of the RAAF Association in 1982 and was editor of the WAAAF Chat magazine for 9 years. Ball was a delegate on numerous occasions to RAAF Association Assemblies, held the position of vice-president of the WAAAF Branch and was a member of the State Council of RAAF Association. Ball was also on the committee for the Seniors Club of St Johns Church, Sutherland. In November 2002 Betty Ball became a participant in the Australian Women in War Project.\n", "Events": "Born: daughter of Frederick Arthur and Emily Cecilia Newlyn (1922 - 1922) \nJoined Australian Womens' Flying Club (1938 - 1938) \nJoined the WAAAF Branch of the Royal Australian Air Force Association Brisbane Branch (1966 - 1966) \nJoined the WAAAF Branch of the Royal Australian Air Force Association NSW Division (1982 - 1982) \nMarried: Reginald Arthur Ball, Signaller 5th Machine Gun Battallion and Sergeant Food Inspector with the 2nd Australian Infantry Force (deceased 2000) (1947 - 1947) \nMoved from Brisbane to Sydney (1967 - 1967) \nMoved from Perth to Brisbane (1963 - 1963) \nMoved from Sydney to Perth (1950 - 1950) \nPromoted to the rank of Corporal (1943 - 1943) \nReceived Certificate of Merit from Association (1988 - 1988) \nReceived Good Sportmanship Award from Branch (1989 - 1989) \nServed with the Womens' Auxiliary Australian Air Force (1942 - 1945)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/newlyn-betty-elva\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Linnane, Joyce Enid (Joy)", "Entry ID": "AWE0485", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/linnane-joyce-enid-joy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Marrickville, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Sergeant Joy Linnane served with the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) during World War II. She enlisted on 11 April 1942 and was discharged on 7 December 1945.\nAfter the war Linnane joined the Sydney WAAAF Branch and has been a member since 1956. During that time she has held the positions of vice-president, treasurer, state councillor and delegate to country branches.\n", "Details": "The daughter of Thomas and Emily Linnane, Joy Linnane was educated at William Street High School where she obtained her Intermediate Certificate. Due to the Depression Linnane was unable to continue her education and she took a position as a shop assistant at Anthony Hordern's emporium. Later she worked in the office of Elliott's and the Australian Drug Company, while voluntarily studying international Morse code in her spare time.\nJoy Linnane enlisted in the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) at Tempe on 11 April 1942. At the time the Central Bureau (in Melbourne) decided to form a series of wireless units in the South-West Pacific Area for the purpose of intercepting Japanese Morse code messages. Volunteers for 'special work' unspecified, were called for from both Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and WAAAF wireless operators. Linnane was selected, sworn in and then discovered she belonged to the Central Bureau of Intelligence for the duration of the war.\nLinnane trained at the Melbourne Showgrounds with 12 others as a KANA (Japanese Morse code equivalent) intercept operator. Her first posting was to Point Cook where she was employed in the 'hush hush' hut. In the hut the staff intercepted naval traffic from Japanese submarines, working a rotation of four hours on and four hours off. In a taped interview on 17 August 1984, Linnane states:\nIt was not an easy course, but we all passed and were posted to Pt Cook. Our first assignment was to intercept all messages within range from the Japanese Navy. With a RAAF sergeant in charge we set up operations in a hut near the Sigs School, which became known as the 'hush hush' hut. This was because of the high level of security necessary and if there was a disadvantage in working for Intelligence, it was in being an isolated group, avoiding contact with 'straight' operators, as we wore the same Sparks on our sleeves, but were certainly on different wave lengths. However, this was minor and we were all dedicated and work-involved, even though with our small numbers we had to keep a 24 hour watch, working 4 hours on and 4 hours off, with no standdown for many months.\nLinnane's next posting was to No. 1 Wireless Unit Townsville in February 1943 intercepting air\/ground traffic. Personnel were barracked at Roseneath. The surrounding bush was infested with cane toads and mosquitoes, the latter causing malaria fever. Due to their isolation there was no medical attention, but they helped each other. The intercept and intelligence operations rooms were situated at Stuart in a top-secret bush location. The concrete bomb-proof building was camouflaged as a farm house. Joy Linnane is quoted in The WAAAF in Wartime Australia (p. 230):\nHere [at Stuart] we concentrated on air-ground activity. Each operator was given a frequency to monitor and as Jap planes took off from their bases [in and around New Guinea] and sent messages from the air back to them, we intercepted the messages, the D\/F located their positions, the interpreters and code people extracted the information and in a matter of minutes, the nearest Squadrons were alerted and flew out to defend and attack. Quite often an operator could follow right through to the Kana 'I am being attacked' signal and perhaps silence thereafter.\nIn October 1944 General MacArthur requested for one of the Kana Intercept Wireless Units to form part of the Philippines invasion force. The War Cabinet refused permission for the WAAAF operators to join their RAAF counterparts at Leyte. Instead they were posted to Central Bureau Allied signals intelligence centre under General MacArthur's command.\nAfter the war Linnane became a member of the Sydney WAAAF Branch and has held many positions within the Association since joining in 1956. A State councillor for 18 years, Linnane has also been vice-president, treasurer and delegate to country branches. Before retiring to the Central Coast of New South Wales, she travelled extensively in Australia, the Pacific, Europe and the East. She was a voluntary teacher of public speaking for the Methodist Mission for eight years, and in this capacity entered the City of Sydney Eisteddfod successfully on four occasions. Later Linnane trained students, some of whom also competed at the Eisteddfod.\nLinnane was awarded life membership in the Air Force Association and has been presented with the Certificate of Merit plus the WAAAF Sportsmanship Certificate. She also received a Certificate for Outstanding Achievement and a letter from The Honourable Paul Lucas MP in which he comments 'Our society owes a great debt of gratitude, not only for the lives of allied personnel, that were saved by the shortening of the war, but also for the freedom that people like me and my family can enjoy as a result of the work and sacrifice of your generation.'\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-waaaf-in-wartime-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-1-wireless-unit-raaf-in-australia-during-ww2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/linnane-joyce-enid\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/linnane-joyce-enid-service-number-93672-date-of-birth-26-aug-1919-place-of-birth-marrickville-nsw-place-of-enlistment-sydney-next-of-kin-linnane-thomas\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cameron, Elizabeth Katherine (Betty)", "Entry ID": "AWE0486", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cameron-elizabeth-katherine-betty\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Community worker, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Betty Twynam-Perkins and Leith Cameron married in July 1940. They both joined the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) in April 1941. After the war Betty Cameron joined the WAAAF Branch of the RAAF Association. She held various positions including president, secretary and treasurer. She also has been the convenor of two national reunions for the WAAAF, as well as a committee member. Her other community work included being a member of MU (Mothers' Union) Australia and a voluntary driver at Concord Hospital.\n", "Details": "Betty Cameron's father, who was English, was a doctor in the Indian Army. Both his parents were with the British Government in India.\nHer mother, also English, trained at Trinity College in Dublin because at the time it was the only University to take women. Capable of speaking seven languages she travelled to America and was a matron in Philadelphia and later in Argentina. She came to Australia in 1907, married in 1908 and they had five children. Her husband served in World War I in France in the Australian Army Medical Corps. He was gassed in a Field Hospital in Ypes and became a TPI (totally and permanently incapacitated).\nBetty Cameron was educated at Fort Street Girls' High School and obtained her Leaving Certificate. From 1938 to 1940 she was a lady cubmaster. In July 1940 she married scoutmaster Leith McLaurin Cameron. He enlisted in the RAAF in 1940 and his wife joined the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) in April 1941.\nIn the WAAAF, Mrs Florence McKenzie trained Cameron as a wireless telegraphist operator. She then served in the Shipping Movement Branch of the RAAF before being transferred to Melbourne. Early in 1942 she was stationed at Parkes to complete a navigation course (theory only) and was then posted to Fighter Section in Sydney. Here she worked underground in the tunnels made for the Eastern Suburbs Railway.\nPromoted to corporal in May 1942, Cameron went to Melbourne on an officers course and then on the operations course. After completion she was posted to Eastern Area, Point Piper in the Operations Room and Intelligence.\nIn July 1944 Leith Cameron returned to Australia. He was in Sydney for a brief period before being posted to Darwin and the South East Asia area. That same year Betty became pregnant with her first child and was discharged from the WAAAF on 20 November 1944. She and her husband were to have three children.\nAfter the war Cameron joined the WAAAF Wing which later became the WAAAF Branch of the RAAF Association. She has held various positions with the Branch including president, secretary and treasurer, and was the convenor of two national WAAAF reunions.\nFor several years Cameron served on the RAAF Association State Committee and was Matron of Honour four times to the debutantes at the annual RAAF Ball as well as helping to train the debutantes and their partners. In 1978 she was made a life member of the RAAF Association.\nCameron was a volunteer typist at the three schools her children attended as well as being in the P&C (Parents' and Citizens') and Mothers' Clubs. She also is a member of MU in the Anglican Church being a Diocesan president. At various times she has been president, secretary and treasurer for the MU at the local church as well as a voluntary worker visiting the local hospitals. For a number of years Cameron has been a driver for church members who have been unable to attend the Carers Club, meetings or complete their shopping etc.\nFor many years she was one of the voluntary drivers at Concord Hospital where in 1953 she was introduced to Queen Elizabeth and the Duke of Windsor.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Savage, Ellen", "Entry ID": "AWE0488", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/savage-ellen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Quirindi, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "For lifesaving after the ship Centaur was attacked by a Japanese submarine, Lieutenant Ellen Savage was awarded the George Medal on 22 August 1944.\n", "Details": "Ellen Savage joined the Australian Army on 18 November 1941. She was one of 12 nurses posted to the hospital ship Centaur. At dawn on 14 May 1943, while sailing between Sydney and Port Moresby, the ship was torpedoed by a Japanese submarine off the Queensland coast. Only having time to grab a lifejacket, Lieutenant (Lt) Savage jumped into the sea before the ship went down. Managing not to be sucked into the whirlpool, she found a piece of debris to help her stay afloat. She and other survivors drifted until they were able to tie-up with other rafts. During the thirty-four hours that they floated, before being picked up by the US destroyer Mugford, Lt Savage attended to the wounded without disclosing the extent of her own injuries.\nFor her courage Lt Ellen Savage became the second Australian woman to be awarded the George Medal.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sister-ellen-savage-gm-aans\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/savage-ellen-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/twentieth-century-women-of-courage\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guns-and-brooches-australian-army-nursing-from-the-boer-war-to-the-gulf-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/just-wanted-to-be-there-australian-service-nurses-1899-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Moss, Alice Frances Mabel (May)", "Entry ID": "AWE0492", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moss-alice-frances-mabel-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ballarat, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Welfare worker, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Over the course of her life Alice Moss worked with a number of women's organisations, as well as various education, child welfare and Red Cross societies. Educated at Presbyterian Ladies' College, Melbourne, she married I H Moss in 1887 (deceased 1938) and they had two daughters. In 1914 she relinquished her position as vice-president of the Australian Women's National League to become the only female member of the Victorian recruiting committee for the Armed Services. Later she became the only woman member of the Victorian Centenary Celebrations executive committee (1933-1934). At the same time she was president of the Women's Centenary Council of Victoria as well as being the first president of the National Council of Women (1931-1936). On 4 June 1934 she was appointed Commander of the British Empire.\n", "Details": "Alice Frances Mabel (May) Moss was the first elected president of the National Council of Women of Australia from 1931-36, her leadership qualities serving to establish the new organisation on firm foundations during a time of political and economic crisis. She was a member of the National Council of Women of Victoria from 1904. Though associated with the politically conservative Australian Women's National League, she was a committed campaigner for the rights of women.\nDuring much of her life, May worked with various local education, child welfare and women's organisations but also played a leading part in the international outreach of Australian women as a government-appointed alternate delegate to the League of Nations in 1927, where she was the first woman to sit on a finance committee, and as the Federal Council of the NCWs of Australia representative to the International Council of Women executive meeting in the same year.\nIn 1934, she chaired Victoria's Women's Centenary Council and in the same year was appointed CBE as well as being awarded the NCWV gold badge for distinguished service.\nMay Moss played a significant role in the women's movement in Australia between the First and Second World Wars. She was born on 27 April 1869 at Ballarat, Victoria, the daughter of English-born John Alfred Wilson, a sharebroker and later a licensed victualler, and his Scottish wife Martha Brown, n\u00e9e Lamb. She was educated at Presbyterian Ladies' College, East Melbourne, and at the Sorbonne in Paris. Aged just 18, she married Isidore Henry Moss, a grazier (d. 1938) in a civil ceremony in Melbourne on 10 March 1887. They lived on a sheep station, Dandeloo, in New South Wales for thirteen years until a very bad drought caused them to leave their property and return to the home they had retained in East Melbourne where Isidore Moss became a wool classer.\nWhile her two daughters were young, May began work promoting the rights of women. While vice-president of the conservative Australian Women's National League from 1906, she campaigned for female suffrage in Victoria, a cause the League as a whole did not enthusiastically embrace. In 1914, on the outbreak of the Great War, she relinquished office in the AWNL in order to become the (then) only female member of the Victorian recruiting committee for the armed services.\nAs a member of the National Council of Women of Victoria from 1904, May Moss took a special interest in the plight of small children and the education of girls. In 1923, she prepared a report for NCW (Victoria) 'on the need for stricter control of street trading by juveniles', and she urged the government to raise the school leaving age to 15 and to make more opportunities available for girls in technical education. Other issues she took up were equal pay for female teachers, the evil of white slave trafficking, and opportunities for girls to work on the railway stations, trams, cabs and other vehicles.\nIn 1927, Moss was appointed by the Australian government as the alternate delegate to the Assembly of the League of Nations in Geneva where she was the first female member of the finance committee and also served on other committees. Her fluency in French and German no doubt facilitated her League work, as well as her participation in the International Council of Women. She was also Australian delegate to the first World Population Conference at Geneva and the first Women's Peace Study Conference at Amsterdam, Holland. After attending an executive meeting in Paris of the League of Nations Union, she returned to become vice-president of its Victorian branch in 1928.\nWhile in Europe in 1927, Moss represented the Australian National Councils of Women at the International Council of Women executive meeting at Geneva. The following year, she was elected a vice-president of ICW, a position she held until her death. In 1930, as an Australian delegate, she attended the ICW congress in Vienna and the Codification of International Law Conference in The Hague. Among other things, this conference considered the problem of the nationality of married women, a matter of justice that was of particular concern to women's organisations around the world.\nAfter many years of service on the NCWV executive, Moss was elected state president from 1928 to 1938. She also served as the first elected president of the National Council of Women of Australia from 1931 to 1936. Her period of office was one of consolidation for the new body, including the admission of the WA Council in mid-1932 and NCWA's decision in 1934 to become a full member of both the Australian Women's Co-operating Committee of women's national organisations with international affiliation and the Pan-Pacific Women's Committee. She also actively canvassed the Australian government on behalf of the NCWA on the issues of a uniform federal marriage law, full nationality rights for married women and the right of married women to work.\nIn 1934, May Moss became the only female member of the Victorian Centenary Celebrations executive committee. On her appointment, she called a meeting of presidents of all women's organisations. These women formed the Women's Centenary Council and Moss was elected president. After broad consultation among the constituent organisations, the women's committee decided to mark the state's centenary by holding an international conference of women (Citizenship: Its Opportunities and Responsibilities), and establishing the Pioneer Women's Memorial Garden in Melbourne's Domain Gardens. Opened in 1935, the garden remains a site for acknowledging the significance of women in Victoria's history. Under the sundial were placed hundreds of sheets of remembrance signed by thousands of women, men and children. Under Moss's leadership, the Women's Centenary Council also produced a Book of Remembrance containing records of around 1200 early women settlers and a Centenary Gift Book (edited by Frances Fraser and Nettie Palmer and featuring articles on the part played by women in public life). In recognition of her community contribution, Moss was appointed Commander of the British Empire on 4 June 1934 and, in the same year, was awarded the gold badge of the Victorian NCW for distinguished service.\nAs war loomed in 1939, Mrs Moss approached the state government to discover how women could best be organised to assist but was rebuffed. Refusing to be discouraged, NCWV took the initiative to set up a register for women who agreed to be available for wartime emergency services. They formed a Comforts Fund and a Red Cross Society branch, of which Mrs Moss was elected president.\nActively interested in other community organisations such as the (Royal) Women's Hospital, the Collingwood Cr\u00e8che and the Free Kindergarten movement, Mrs Moss also served on the board of management of the City Newsboys' Society from 1906 to 1948 and was the first woman lay-member of the National Health and Medical Research Council from 1936 to 1945. May Moss was widely recognised for her distinguished contribution to the community, as well as for her dignity, charm and grace. As her biographer, Ada Norris, noted, she was always quick to praise the work of other people: 'I like to give a rose to someone who can smell it'. Like many women of her class, she enjoyed playing bridge and her bridge parties became a significant source of income for the NCWV in the late 1930s and war years. A member of the International and Lyceum clubs, she was also interested in the theatre, painting and woodcarving. She died in East Melbourne on 18 July 1948, aged 79.\nPrepared by: Jan Hipgrave, Marian Quartly and Judith Smart\n", "Events": "1st President of the National Council of Women of Australia (1931 - 1936) \nAccredited delegate for the Conference on Nationality of Married Women at The Hague (1930 - 1930) \nAccredited delegate to the Conference of International Council of Women in Geneva (1927 - 1927) \nAlternate Delegate to the League of Nations Assembly in Geneva (1927 - 1927) \nAppointed by the Commonwealth Government as a Lay Member to the National Health and Medical Research Council (1936 - 1945) \nAustralian delegate to the first Women's Peace Study Conference in Amsterdam (1927 - 1927) \nAustralian delegate to the first World Population Conference in Geneva (1927 - 1927) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2008 - 2008) \nInternational Council of Women (1928 - 1948) \nMarried I H Moss (1887 - 1887) \nMember of the Board of Management City Newsboys' Society (1906 - 1906) \nMember of the Executive for the League of Nations Union in Paris (1927 - 1927) \nMember of the Victorian Centenary Celebrations Council and Executive Committee (1933 - 1934) \nPresident of the National Council of Woman of Victoria (1928 - 1938) \nPresident of the Women's Centenary Council of Victoria (1933 - 1934) \nVice-President of the League of Nations Union of Victoria (1928 - 1928) \nVictorian delegate to the Congress of the International Council of Women in Vienna (1930 - 1930)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moss-alice-frances-mabel-1869-1948\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moss-alice-frances-mabel-1868-1948\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/champions-of-the-impossible-a-history-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-victoria-1902-1977\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-honour-roll-of-women-2008-inspirational-women-from-all-walks-of-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/extraordinary-women-mrs-i-h-moss-cbe-inaugural-president-ncwa\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-victoria-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/minutes-1904-1960-microform\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Utting, Margaret (Peg) Vivian Moile", "Entry ID": "AWE0495", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/utting-margaret-peg-vivian-moile\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Nyah West, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "On 15 March 1941 Peg Cockburn (later Utting) was one of 'The Original Mob' who enrolled in the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) at the No 1 RAAF Recruit Centre. After completing a 'rookie training' course she was employed as a teleprinter operator and trainer during World War II. Peg Utting was one of the servicewomen that the WAAAF used for recruiting photographs.\n", "Details": "Following the war Peg Utting settled with her husband, Mac, in Black Rock, Victoria, and there they raised their two sons. She became involved in the local community becoming treasurer of the kindergarten and helped at the state school. Besides working clerical positions on either a casual or part-time basis, Utting joined the Southern Golf Club and was president of the Lady Associates. After being contacted by a previously unknown relative she became involved in recording her family history. A member of the Genealogical Society of Victoria she also joined the Sandringham & District Historical Society of which she was secretary for six years. On 7 March 2002 Utting was awarded an Honorary Life Membership for her contribution to the Historical Society. She self-published Their Life Their Legacy, a family history of her paternal side, in 2002.\nPeg Utting, who joined the Women's Air Training Corps when she was 18, states that patriotism and a desire to do what all other young people were doing led her to enrolling in the WAAAF. Through the Service, Utting met a range of people and has maintained lifelong friendships with many especially those from 'The Original Mob'.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/introducing-the-w-a-a-a-f-an-account-of-australias-first-womens-auxiliary-air-force\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/waaaf-mob-well-met-again\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/007-notches-up-a-golden\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/utting-margaret-vivian-moile\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-waaaf-in-wartime-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/war-veterans-honoured\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-way-we-were\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-margaret-utting\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Craig, Audrey Beatrice", "Entry ID": "AWE0496", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/craig-audrey-beatrice\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Print journalist, Servicewoman", "Summary": "On 17 March 1946, Wing Officer Audrey Herring was appointed to the position of Staff Officer in the Directorate of Personal Services Women's Auxiliary Australian Airforce (WAAAF). Previously the Deputy Director WAAAF since 17 November 1943, in this new appointment Herring became responsible for all WAAAF matters.\nPrior to joining the WAAAF, Herring worked as a journalist at the Courier Mail in Brisbane and also wrote for Women's Weekly before she worked on Fleet Street, London, in 1937. Following the outbreak of the World War II she returned to Brisbane and became a Red Cross volunteer, at times cooking breakfasts for servicemen on leave.\nAfter joining the WAAAF, Herring completed the No 1 administrative course at Methodist Ladies College, Kew. During her time in the Service she was promoted through the ranks and before being discharged was effectively in charge of the organisation.\nIn 1947 Herring was recruited by Sir Keith Murdoch to become the women's editor for the Herald and Weekly Times. She left the company in March 1948 to marry Dr John Craig and the couple moved to Western Australia.\nIn Perth Audrey Craig became involved with community services. She was a member of the Western Australian branch of the Save the Children Fund and sponsored children from destitute backgrounds for 35 years. Also she was a board member of the Western Australian Hospital Benefits Fund for 15 years as well as being a friend of the Royal Perth Hospital for 25 years and a financial supporter of the Bible Society of Australia.\nAudrey Craig died on 11 May 1994 in Western Australia.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1930 - 1940)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/high-flyer-in-print-and-volunteer-work\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/herring-audrey-beatrice\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-waaaf-in-wartime-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Carter, Doris Jessie", "Entry ID": "AWE0509", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carter-doris-jessie\/", "Type": "Resource", "Occupations": "Hockey player, Olympian, Servicewoman, Sports administrator, Track and Field Athlete", "Summary": "Doris Carter became Australia's first women's field athlete to compete at an Olympic Games when she placed sixth in the high jump at the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games. She also represented Australia in international hockey, and was General Manager of the Australian Women's Team at the Melbourne Olympic Games in 1956. A Wing Officer and Director of the Women's RAAF, she was the first woman to fly in both the Canberra Bomber and the Vampire Jet. Her proudest moment was in 1996 she co-led the Melbourne ANZAC Day parade.\nAn authoritative biography can be found in the Australian Dictionary of Biography (see below).\n", "Events": "Appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (1957 - 1957) \nDepartment of Post-War Reconstruction (1946 - 1948) \nDirector of the Women's Royal Australian Air Force (1951 - 1960) \nGeneral secretary of the YWCA, Melbourne (1960 - 1960) \nManager of the Australian Women's Team at the Olympic Games, Melbourne (1956 - 1956) \nMember of the Board of Trustees at the Australian War Memorial, Canberra (1963 - 1963) \nMember of the National Fitness Council, Victoria (1971 - 1971) \nMember of the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) (1941 - 1946) \nOfficer-in-charge of the Child and Youth Migration with the Department of Immigration, London (1948 - 1951) \nOfficer-in-charge of the WAAAF Victory Contingent to London (1946 - 1946) \nPlayed interstate hockey (1937 - 1939) \nPresident of the Australian Women's Amateur Athletic Union (1952 - 1961) \nRepresented Australia at the Empire Games, Sydney (1938 - 1938) \nTeacher with the Victorian Education Department (1929 - 1941) \nTrack and Field Athletics - placed sixth in the high jump (1936 - 1936)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1971\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-waaaf-in-wartime-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-proper-spectacle-women-olympians-1900-1936\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gibson, Gladys Ruth", "Entry ID": "AWE0513", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gibson-gladys-ruth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Goodwood Park, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Belair, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Educator, School inspector, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "During her career Ruth Gibson served on the University Public Examinations Board, the Technical Schools Curriculum Board and the Social Studies Committee. As well she was a foundation member and honorary treasurer of the Australian College of Education, a member of the foundation committee of the St Ann's College and a president of the South Australian Women Graduates' Committee. Over many years Gibson was a committee member or office-bearer in the National Council of Women of South Australia; the National Council of Women of Australia; the International Council of Women; the Royal Flying Doctor Service (SA Section); the Adelaide YWCA; The Adelaide College of Education; the Status of Women Commission; the Soroptimists' Clubs; the SA University Women Graduates' Association; the Australian Association United Nations; the Good Neighbour Council; St Ann's Women's University College; the Junior Red Cross; the Australian Broadcasting Commission; the Churchill Scholarships Foundation; and the National Fitness Council.\n", "Details": "Ruth Gibson was the second woman from South Australia to hold the national presidency of the Australian National Council of Women (1953-1956). As president, one of her main actions was to pursue the issue of federal legislation to bring about equal marriage and divorce laws and, with her finely honed negotiation skills, she was successful in persuading the constituent councils of ANCW to adopt a clear and united position on this matter. During her period of office she was honoured to represent Australian women at the coronation of Elizabeth II in 1953, and played a leading role in welcoming the Queen to Australia during the royal tour of 1954. She also served as the South Australian Council president 1951-1954, as a vice-president of the International Council of Women 1953-1956 (before being elevated to its Committee of Honour), and as Australia's delegate to the UN Status of Women Commission (CSW) in Geneva (1956) and New York (1957) when she acted as rapporteur. Both the national and South Australian NCWs marked her contribution to their work with life vice-presidencies.\nGibson's main area of expertise and interest was education. Trained as a teacher, she was mentored by and succeeded Adelaide Miethke as South Australian inspector of schools (girls' departments) in 1941. Aged only 39 at her appointment, she served in this position until 1953 when she was promoted to inspector of secondary schools, the only woman among four men at this level. She continued in this work while also leading the state and national NCWs and serving Australia at the CSW, until her retirement from the Education Department in 1961. Thus, like Miethke, she was unusual in combining her ANCW and other Council work with fulltime paid employment. She took on other leading roles in a number of educational areas and was appointed a Fellow of the Australian College of Education in 1963.\nGladys Ruth Gibson, women's rights activist and educator, was born on 29 December 1901 at Goodwood Park, Adelaide, the eldest of four children of James Ambrose Gibson, a travelling collector for the South Australian Blind, Deaf and Dumb Institution, and his wife Emma, n\u00e9e Keeley. Gibson was educated at Goodwood Public and Unley High schools. Her mother died after three years of illness in 1923, when Ruth was 21. Ruth assumed most of her responsibilities and became a source of strength in a close-knit family for the rest of her life.\nGibson began work in 1919 as a student teacher at Goodwood. She later taught at a number of primary and secondary schools in Adelaide and the country, studying part-time for her diploma from the Teachers' Training College and her degree at the University of Adelaide (BA, 1937, Dip. Ed. 1940), before being appointed an inspector of schools (girls' departments) in 1941 at the unprecedentedly young age of 39. She served in this capacity until 1953 when she was promoted to inspector of secondary schools, the only woman among four men employed at this level. She held this post until her retirement in 1961. Her predecessor and mentor as inspector of girls' departments, Adelaide Miethke, provided a model for much of Gibson's subsequent career, though Gibson reached beyond her in many ways, especially in her international activism. It was as a delegate from the Women Teachers' Progressive League that she first joined the NCW of South Australia in 1936. Then, when a new organisation, the Women Teachers' Guild, was formed as a breakaway group from the Public Sector Union in 1937, Ruth was elected secretary. On her return from a trip overseas in 1939, she addressed its first conference on 'Women in Education Abroad. She became secretary of NCWA from 1939 to 1941 during Miethke's presidency.\nDuring her career in the SA Education Department, Gibson brought energy, dedication and commitment to women's education and to improving conditions and status for women teachers. She was a founder of St Ann's College (for women attending Adelaide University) and also later played a leading role as president (1960-1961) in the South Australian Women Graduates' Association (state branch of the Australian Federation of University Women). Like Adelaide Miethke, she promoted the careers of promising young teachers in the Education Department.\nGibson believed that the ideal teacher showed 'good humour and tolerance for others' and flexibility with regard to syllabuses and timetables. In her annual report of 1942, she wrote of 'the important part that education should play in the shaping of the post-war world'; she believed that 'actual participation in activities calling for tolerance and co-operation' would foster 'knowledge of the privileges and duties of citizenship' from 'the child's earliest years'. A member of the Public Examinations Board (1942-1963) and of the Technical High Schools Curriculum Board, she convened the English and social studies committees of the latter, foregrounding these objectives and a child-centred approach. As a founding member of the Australian College of Education (later Educators) in 1959, she served as honorary treasurer and was appointed a fellow, the highest honour the College could bestow, in 1963.\nThough her educational work was of great importance, Ruth Gibson is chiefly known for her leading roles in the National Council of Women at the state, national and international levels. She did, however, bring her educational expertise into the Australian Councils as state and national convenor of their education standing committees, where she expounded on education as a key factor in national achievement and international understanding.\nAs South Australian Council president from 1951 to 1954, Ruth Gibson's term in office was extended to include the royal visit, during which she arranged and presided over a women's welcome to the Queen. From 1953 to 1956, Gibson was also president of the Australian National Council of Women, and, in recognition of her role as a leader on Australian women's issues, the Commonwealth government selected her as one of Australia's official guests at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II at Westminster Abbey in June 1953.\nA key issue during Gibson's presidency of ANCW was the pursuit of federal legislation to bring about equal marriage and divorce laws. Experienced in negotiation and in dealing with different sensitivities simultaneously, she was successful in persuading the constituent councils of ANCW to adopt a clear and united position on this matter at the 1954 conference. While reiterating the mantra that 'the home is the very foundation stone of national life', she argued patiently that, with regard to divorce, 'marked inequalities exist in law as between men and women and as between States' and that establishment of 'an Australian domicile and of uniform divorce laws' was not 'only fair and just' but would also institute more effective protection. Some frustration with the slowness of progress on matters of equality is evident in her further comment that, although 'the Council is not an \"anti-men's\" society', 'we must \u2026 begin to prepare more of our menfolk to accept the idea of a partnership between men and women in national and international life \u2026 it is sex rather than ability that determines much if not most or all of the policy of this country'.\nGibson's interest in the International Council movement began early in 1938, when she was one of ten Australian delegates to the Jubilee Conference of the International Council of Women in Edinburgh, Scotland. On her return, she told the members of the Women Teachers' Guild that they were 'in tune with the highest inspirations of the International Council of Women since it [the Guild] aimed \u2026 at the removal of all disabilities of women in the teaching service'. Her ICW activism culminated in her election as vice-president from 1953 to 1956, and, when her term of office expired, her elevation to the Council's Committee of Honour. Gibson's view that her chosen career, education, was also a precondition for the expansion of international awareness and tolerance promoted by organisations like the ICW was reflected in a paper she gave - 'Education's Part in Developing International Understanding' - at a conference of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Institutes of Inspectors of Schools, held in Perth in 1954.\nRuth Gibson's international experience and awareness were recognised by the Australian government in its decision to appoint her its representative at the 10th and 11th sessions of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women held in Geneva in 1956 and New York in 1957. At the latter, she was elected rapporteur to the Commission. The business of these sessions included the access of women to education and economic opportunity, tax and legal questions and the nationality of married women. In later years, Gibson travelled extensively overseas to attend conferences and executive meetings of the ICW and UNESCO, including in Istanbul, Tehran, and Rio de Janiero.\nRuth Gibson's ongoing commitment to the Council movement in her home state was reflected in the key role she played in the decision to purchase NCW House ('a home of our own') in Adelaide in 1957. Her contributions at state and national levels were recognised with life vice-presidencies of both the NCW (SA) and ANCW. But her active involvement in public life continued. Directly after her retirement from the Education Department in 1961, Gibson was appointed to the South Australian Equal Pay Commission, which reported to the premier, Sir Thomas Playford, in 1964 and included an appendix arguing the 'Case for Equal Pay for Men and Women Teachers in South Australia'. Equal pay for equal work for women teachers was conceded by the Industrial Court and implemented between 1966 and 1971.\nMiss Gibson's broad interests also led her to play a leading role in the SA division of the United Nations Association of Australia; the Soroptimist (president) and Lyceum clubs, Adelaide; the Good Neighbour Council of South Australia; the state section of the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia (senior vice-president); the Adelaide YWCA (president); the Adelaide College of Education; the Junior Red Cross; the Australian Broadcasting Commission and the National Fitness Council. She was also a founding trustee and second chairman of the NCW Memorial Fund and on the state council of the Girl Guides Association for many years. In addition, she served on selection committees for Churchill fellowships and Florence Nightingale Memorial Scholarships. These duties never overshadowed her concern for individuals, shown in her many practical acts of kindness and consideration.\nRuth Gibson, like many women of her generation, found much of the inspiration for her public work in religious faith. She was a devout Anglican and a generous supporter of her church. Although not radical in her views, she was a feminist of her day and a staunch believer in social justice. Her ADB entry describes her as 'tall and strongly built', with impeccable dress sense and a 'considerable presence'. No position she held was a sinecure, it says: she worked at all of them, and was impressive both as a chairwoman and a public speaker. Some found her intimidating, but those who knew her appreciated 'her intelligence, warmth and humour, her generous and unpretentious nature, her skill as a hostess and her attachment to her family'.\nGibson was awarded the OBE in the coronation honours list 1953 and was elevated to CBE in 1970. She died of cancer on 23 August 1972 at Belair. The women of South Australia erected a sundial in her memory at the Adelaide Festival Centre in 1973 and a Ruth Gibson Memorial Fund administered by NCWSA has since 1979 provided assistance to successful applicants for projects of benefit to South Australian women. Ruth Gibson was also honoured in 1986 for her contribution to education and the NCW by a plaque on North Terrace near Kintore Street, Adelaide.\nIn his address at her funeral, the archdeacon of Adelaide, paid this tribute: 'Ruth Gibson \u2026 was no militant suffragette but was ever ready to put all her tremendous energy and efficiency into any cause which she believed would be in the interest of women generally and to raise their status in the world'.\nPrepared by: Jan Hipgrave, Marian Quartly and Judith Smart\n", "Events": "A bronze sundial was erected in her memory at the Adelaide Festival Centre (1974 - 1974) \nAppointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire for services to the advancement of women (1970 - 1970) \nAppointed inspector of girls schools (1941 - 1941) \nAppointed inspector of secondary schools (1952 - 1952) \nAppointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (1953 - 1953) \nArranged and headed a South Australian women's welcome to Queen Elizabeth II (1954 - 1954) \nAustralian representative at the Status of Women Commission, Geneva (1956 - 1956) \nAustralian representative at the Status of Women Commission, New York (1957 - 1957) \nChairman of the Co-ordinating Committee for the Soroptimist Clubs of Australia and New Zealand (1960 - 1961) \nDelegate at the International Council of Women (1938 - 1938) \nDelivered a paper, 'Education's Part in International Understanding' at the Australian and New Zealand Association of Institutes of Inspectors of Schools conference, held in Perth. (1954 - 1954) \nFellow of the Australian College of Education (1963 - 1963) \nHonorary secretary of the National Council of Women of Australia (1939 - 1941) \nInspector of Secondary Schools, South Australia (1952 - 1961) \nMember of the Committee of Honor for the International Council of Women (1970 - 1970) \nMember of the Public Examinations Board (1942 - 1963) \nObtained BA from the University of Adelaide (1937 - 1937) \nObtained DipEd from the University of Adelaide (1940 - 1940) \nPresident of the National Council of Women of Australia (1952 - 1956) \nPresident of the National Council of Women of South Australia (1950 - 1954) \nPresident of the South Australian University Women Graduates' Association (1960 - 1961) \nPresident Soroptimist Club, Adelaide (1958 - 1959) \nRetired from teaching (1961 - 1961) \nSelected by the Federal government as an official guest at the coronation (1953 - 1953) \nSenior vice-president of the Royal Flying Doctor Service, South Australia section (1969 - 1969) \nTeacher with the Department of Education, South Australia (1921 - 1941) \nThe Ruth Gibson memorial award establish to assist women to further their studies and careers (1977 - 1977) \nVice-president of the International Council of Women (1957 - 1970)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1971\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruth-gibson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gibson-gladys-ruth-1901-1972\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/remembered-by-many\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/s-a-s-greats-the-men-and-women-of-the-north-terrace-plaques\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-own-name-women-in-south-australian-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruth-gibson-a-mighty-south-australian-educator\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ncwa-quarterly-bulletin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-s-a-summary-record\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Brookes, Ivy", "Entry ID": "AWE0514", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brookes-ivy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "South Yarra, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Advocate, Community worker, Musician, Philanthropist, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "The daughter of former Prime Minister Alfred Deakin, and wife of public official Herbert Brookes, Ivy Brookes played an active part in Australian political life. She occupied a central role in the National Council of Women; the Housewives' Association; the International Club of Victoria; the Women's Hospital; and in various boards and committees at the University of Melbourne. A talented musician, she won the Ormond Scholarship for singing in 1904, and played first violin for Professor Marshall Hall's Orchestra at the Melbourne Conservatorium of Music.\n", "Details": "Back home from the United States in 1931, the 'clever, attractive, Titian-headed' Mrs Brookes, auburn hair swept across her forehead and a posy pinned to her lapel, was profiled by the Dominion. The strong features and somewhat sombre expression belied a 'fluent speaker' who was 'brimming with a keen sense of fun', and the author couldn't help but note 'what a great help she must be to her clever husband, a woman with brains, charm, and filled with the desire to help everything in need - nothing could be more suited for the wife of a trade diplomat'.\nIvy Brookes was the eldest daughter of Alfred and Pattie Deakin. Her husband, Herbert, was secretary of Austral Otis, later Chairman of the Chamber of Manufactures, and served on the Commonwealth Board of Trade. He was appointed Commissioner-General for Australia in the United States from 1923 to 1930, and was Chairman of the Australian Broadcasting Commission. Ivy was involved in charitable work from an early age. Her mother, Pattie, gave much of her own time and energy to child welfare services and to charities for Australian servicemen and, like Ivy, took part in the kindergarten and playgrounds movements. When Ivy returned in January 1931 from that fifteen-month stay in the United States, she reported to the National Council of Women and the Children's Welfare Association on her extensive investigation of child welfare services there.\nIvy's particular passion, though, was for music. She relinquished the Ormond Scholarship at the University's Faculty of Music upon her marriage to Herbert in 1905, but continued to support the Faculty, serving as a council member from 1926 to 1969. Described by Professor Bernard Heinze as the 'fairy godmother' of the Conservatorium of Music, Ivy was responsible, with Herbert, for financing a new wing there in memory of Marshall Hall in 1935. Alongside Sidney Myer, Keith Murdoch and Norman Brookes, both Ivy and Herbert were members of the Orchestra Advisory Committee which was convened in 1933 in order to oversee the amalgamation of the Marshall Hall Orchestra and the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. Ivy was also a member of the Lady Northcote Permanent Orchestra Trust Fund, and the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra ladies' committee. In 1924 she was credited by Sir James Barrett, Chancellor of the University of Melbourne, with having increased the funds of the Lady Northcote orchestra from \u00a34,000 to \u00a310,000. An article in the Australian in 1928 claimed that 'Mr and Mrs Brookes have shown their practical sympathy with musicians who are finding it not an easy matter to get their feet on the ladder of fame, just as their collection of the works of Australian artists is testimony to their practical patronage of another field of art'.\nIn addition to supporting music and the arts, Ivy and Herbert Brookes were strong supporters of the University of Melbourne, and of intellectual life in general. Ivy was a member of the Board of Studies in Physical Education at the university for thirty years, and a member of the Board of Social Studies for over twenty-five years. She was involved with the women's auxiliary for International House, a residential college. Herbert was a representative of donors to Trinity College. Indeed, the Brookes home in South Yarra, Winwick, was described by Trinity's warden, Alexander Leeper, as 'the chief intellectual power house in Melbourne'. There Ivy and Herbert held the musical and literary activities of their T.E. Brown Society. In 1928, Ivy hosted a visit from Miss Royden of England, the 'world-famous woman preacher' who edited The Common Cause, the official organ of British women suffragists.\nIvy took an active part in social and political life. She joined the League of Nations Union and the National and International Councils of Women. She was founder of the International Club of Victoria in 1933, serving as president until 1958. She was a member of the Women Justices' Association, and of the Playgrounds' and Housewives' Associations of Victoria. She served on the board of the Women's Hospital for a monumental fifty years. Between 1931 and 1961, Ivy served as Director of the Bureau of Social and International Affairs. She was honorary secretary of the women's section of the Commonwealth Liberal Party until the National Federation formed to incorporate all sections, at which point she concluded that the new organisation did not give fair representation to women.\nIvy Brookes was involved with just about every voluntary organisation open to her. An overview of her activities paints a valuable portrait of the times. It is illustrative, in particular, of a leaning toward American influences, a shift in philanthropic priorities, and a strengthening independence in women's philanthropy.\n", "Events": "Commonwealth member of the Import Licensing Committee (1952 - 1960) \nDirector of the Bureau of Social and International Affairs (1931 - 1961) \nExecutive member of the Lady Northcote Permanent Orchestra Trust Fund (1908 - 1960) \nFirst violin with Professor Marshall Hall's Orchestra (1903 - 1915) \nFoundation member of the Board of Studies in Physical Education at the University of Melbourne (1938 - 1970) \nFoundation member of the Board of Studies in Social Studies at the University of Melbourne (1941 - 1967) \nFounded the Housewives' Co-operative Association of Victoria (1915 - 1915) \nFounder and president of the International Club of Victoria (1933 - 1958) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001) \nPresident of the National Council of Women of Australia (1948 - 1952) \nPresident of the National Council of Women of Victoria (1939 - 1945) \nPresident of the Playgrounds & Recreation Association of Victoria (1944 - 1970) \nPresident of the Royal Women's Hospital Board (1927 - 1929) \nPresident of the Royal Women's Hospital Board (1934 - 1938) \nVice-president of the United Nations Association of Victoria (1945 - 1963) \nWinner of the Ormond Scholarship for Singing (1904 - 1904)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brookes-ivy-1883-1971\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ivy-brookes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1968\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/resume-of-the-second-conference-womens-division\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/monash-biographical-dictionary-of-20th-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nation-builders-great-lives-and-stories-from-st-kilda-general-cemetery\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/liberal-women-federation-to-1949\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/150-years-150-stories-brief-biographies-of-one-hundred-and-fifty-remarkable-people-associated-with-the-university-of-melbourne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-webb-a-memoir\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-mission-to-the-home-the-housewives-association-the-womans-christian-temperance-union-and-protestant-christianity-1920-1940\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-early-years-of-the-housewives-association-of-victoria-1915-1930\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-activism-and-altruism-in-australian-womens-philanthropy-1880-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portraits-in-cameo-mrs-herbert-brookes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-women-philanthropists-in-australian-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/so-many-firsts-liberal-women-from-enid-lyons-to-the-turnbull-era\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/champions-of-the-impossible-a-history-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-victoria-1902-1977\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-report-5\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-politics-of-consumption-the-housewives-associations-in-southeastern-australia-before-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-honour-roll-of-women-list-of-inductees-2001-to-2011\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-alexander-gore-gowrie-1835-1987-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letter-1967-oct-26-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-alfred-deakin-1804-1973-bulk-1880-1919-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-herbert-and-ivy-brookes-1869-1970-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-on-various-australian-women-19-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1936-1972-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Adderley, Vera May", "Entry ID": "AWE0515", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/adderley-vera-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Werris Creek, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Matron, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Vera Adderley worked at the Dubbo and Crown Street Hospitals before serving with the Royal Australian Air Force Nursing Service from 1941 to 1947. She joined the Parramatta Hospital in 1955 and in 1962 she was appointed Assistant Matron at the Prince Henry Hospital. Adderley became Director of Nursing Services at the Prince Henry and Prince of Wales Hospitals in 1966. She was also a council member of the College of Nursing New South Wales, the Australasian Trained Nurses' Association and the Matrons' Institute of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. In 1978, Adderley was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire and a building is named in her honour on the Randwick Hospitals Campus.\n", "Events": "Appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) (1978 - 1978) \nAssistant matron at the Prince Henry Hospital (1962 - 1966) \nCouncil member of the Australasian Trained Nurses' Association (1966 - 1966) \nCouncil member of the College of Nursing New South Wales (1965 - 1965) \nCouncil member of the Matrons' Institute of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory (1966 - 1966) \nDirector of Nursing Services at the Prince Henry and Prince of Wales Hospitals, Sydney (1966 - 1966) \nServed with the Royal Australian Air Force Nursing Service (1941 - 1947) \nWith Crown Street Hospital (1939 - 1939) \nWith Dubbo Hospital (1934 - 1938) \nWith Parramatta Hospital (1955 - 1962)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1968\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/adderley-vera-may-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/story-of-the-raaf-nursing-service-1940-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1971\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/adderley-vera-may-service-number-501134-date-of-birth-17-sep-1915-place-of-birth-unknown-place-of-enlistment-unknown-next-of-kin-adderley-v\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vera-adderley-interviewed-by-amy-mcgrath-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-vera-adderley-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Perkins, Jessie May", "Entry ID": "AWE0517", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/perkins-jessie-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Major Jessie Perkins MBE, RFD, ED (Retd) was the first Women's Royal Australian Army Corps (WRAAC) Citizen Military Forces (CMF) member to be awarded an MBE. She was appointed a Member (Military) to the Order of the British Empire on 13 June 1970, for her services to the WRAAC.\n", "Details": "Before joining the Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS) on 10 December 1943, Jessie Perkins worked with the Public Service. In the Army she mainly served with the Land Headquarters (LHQ) Australian Army Service Corps School (AASC) until December 1945, she then transferred to the Master General of the Ordnance Branch, Design Division - which was responsible for the experimentation and testing of all army equipment - until her discharge on January 1947 with the rank of Sergeant.\nFollowing her discharge Perkins worked for the Department of Labour and National Service. She then worked as a secretary to a building and plumbing supplies firm, before working part-time with a secretarial agency while she cared for her mother.\nDuring the mid-1960s Perkins commenced a secretarial\/bookkeeping position with the St Kilda Football Club. She retired after 16 years with the Club and was appointed an Honorary Life Member. Perkins then established a bookkeeping service and worked for a series of small firms.\nOn the raising of the WRAAC CMF - later A Reserve, Jessie Perkins enlisted with the first intake on 21 July 1953 as a Private. In February 1955 she was one of the first CMF officers who were appointed from the ranks and she was attached to a CMF signals unit. Following the transfer of Captain Margaret Phillips, the first Officer-in-Charge (OC), and eight other ranks to the Regular Army, Captain Jessie Perkins became OC on 24 October 1957, the first reserve officer to hold the position. She was OC WRAAC Coy for 12 years before serving at Headquarters 3 Division. Perkins served for 25 years rising to the rank of Major (1961) before being discharged on 21 September 1978.\nOn 13 June 1970 Perkins was appointed MBE (MIL) and later awarded the Reserve Forces Decoration (RFD) and Efficiency Decoration (ED) with 1st Clasp.\nJessie Perkins was the Patron of the WRAAC Reserve Association (Vic.) until her death in 2010. She was president of the Association for 17 years. She was also treasurer and public officer of the Council of Ex-Servicewomens' Associations (Vic.) Inc., treasurer and public officer of the Royal Australian Signals Association and volunteer, with her sister, of Meals on Wheels for MECWA Community Care (retired after 15 years with the Opportunity Shop, where she was also treasurer). Perkins' involvement with the church included being Vicar's Warden - Parish Council, server, sidesperson, reader and a member of the Sanctuary Guild. Since 2001 Perkins was president and treasurer of the Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS) Association (Victoria) Inc.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/soldiers-of-the-queen-women-in-the-australian-army\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Swinney, Stella Edith", "Entry ID": "AWE0518", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/swinney-stella-edith\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Stella Swinney completed her Bachelor of Arts at Sydney University and then worked at Farmer & Coy Ltd, Sydney, before joining the Women's Australian National Services and the Australian Women's Army Service. After completing a course at the Officers' Training School she was posted to New South Wales Line of Command Area. Swinney was responsible for training and administration of the Australian Women's Army Service in New South Wales. She took over from Major Eleanor Manning as Assistant Controller of New South Wales in May 1943.\n", "Details": "Stella Swinney graduated from Sydney University in 1933 with honours in Psychology. She was on a Teaching scholarship, but was unable to get a teaching position, as the Government was not employing teachers in that period of the Great Depression. She joined the retail firm and eventually became staff training officer.\nAfter working in that capacity for eight years, she joined the Australian Women's Army Service and reached the rank of Major.\nIn 1944 she was invited to join the Department of Post-War Reconstruction to assist with the re-establishment of ex-servicewomen. In 1948 she travelled to Britain as interviewing and selection officer and travelled all over the country interviewing people as prospective migrants for Australia.\nIn 1951 she returned to Australia and worked for two years as secretary of Sydney University Women's Union, then took a position as Training Officer with Bonds Industries. Her next appointment was as Personnel Officer for Grace Bros.\nIn 1962 she was appointed Principal of Duval College, at the University of New England, Armidale, a position she held for ten years, until 1972.\nIn June 1973, she accepted a position as Woman's advisor to Mr J. Douglas Anthony leader of the Country Party in Australia to complete a report on the involvement of women in that party, with suggestions for greater participation for women at all levels, including policy-making.\nIn her retirement in Canberra she was involved with the Returned Services League and the Penguin Club.\n", "Events": "Assistant Controller of the Australian Women's Army Service New South Wales Line of Command, she held the rank of Major. (1943 - 1944) \nAssistant to the Staff Training Officer at Farmer & Coy Ltd, Sydney (1933 - 1937) \nMember of the Australian Women's Army Service (1941 - 1944) \nStaff Training Officer at Farmer & Coy Ltd, Sydney (1937 - 1941)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/swinney-stella-edith-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gehan, Gwenneth Victoria", "Entry ID": "AWE0519", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gehan-gwenneth-victoria\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "During World War II Gwenneth Gehan served with the Australian Women's Army Service, having been a member of the Women's Australian National Services previously. Upon completion of the Officers' Training Course she was posted to the Quartermaster's Department, Victoria Barracks, Sydney. Later she transferred to the Recruit Training School, Killara and towards the end of 1942 accompanied a draft of Signalwomen to Queensland. At the time of her discharge on 23 April 1946 Gehan held the rank of Major.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gehan-gwenneth-victoria-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bryce, Joan Elvina", "Entry ID": "AWE0529", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bryce-joan-elvina\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "A member of the original Australian Women's Army Service Officer's School, Joan Bryce was appointed Assistant Commandant. She was discharged on 12 February 1946 with the rank of Lieutenant.\nWhen established in 1981, Joan Bryce became the first patron of the AWAS Association of Queensland.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bryce-joan-elvina-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Skov, Dorathea Jane", "Entry ID": "AWE0530", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/skov-dorathea-jane\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Dorathea Skov joined the Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS) after seeing an advertisement for girls interested in becoming army officers in 1941. Prior to enlisting Skov had been secretary of a variety of sporting bodies and suburban church groups as well as being interested in the YWCA. She became a member of the original Officer's School and was later appointed Assistant Commandant Northern Command. Early in 1942 Captain Skov was one of the officers who interviewed candidates to enlist in the AWAS, visiting sixteen outback centres per week in the busiest period.\nDorathea Skov was the Queensland representative on the Sybil Irving Memorial Fund Committee.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/skov-dorathea-jane-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Oke, Marjorie (Marj) Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE0531", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oke-marjorie-marj-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Richmond, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Political candidate", "Summary": "Marj Oke's first job was as a teacher in a one-room school. Upon her marriage in 1942, as was the policy of the time, she was suspended from teaching. Working at the Australian Jam Company, she encountered very poor working conditions. This experience propelled her to join the Food Preservers' Union and become active in the Australian Labor Party. She stood as a candidate for the Australian Labor Party in the Legislative Assembly seat of St Kilda under her maiden name, Bennett, at the Victorian state election, which was held in 1943. In 1950, Oke became a founding and lifelong member of the Union of Australian Women. After returning to teaching in Moe, she campaigned for equal pay for women teachers, the abolition of the marriage bar and access to superannuation. Additionally, Oke formed a branch of the Aboriginal Advancement League and became, in 1992, a founding member of the Network for Older Women. On 10 June 1991 she was awarded an OAM (Medal of the Order of Australia) for service to aged people, particularly women. Oke was included in the Victorian Honour Roll of Women in March 2002.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2002 - 2002)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marj-oke-tribute-to-a-foundation-member\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-life-swimming-hard-for-political-equality\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-decade-of-mary-owen-dinners\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carrying-on-the-fight-women-candidates-in-victorian-parliamentary-elections\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oke-marjorie-1911-2003\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dobson, Emily", "Entry ID": "AWE0544", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dobson-emily\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Port Arthur, Van Diemen's Land, Australia", "Death Place": "Hobert, Tasmania, Australia", "Occupations": "Advocate, Philanthropist, Welfare worker, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Emily Dobson was a tour de force in late nineteenth and early twentieth-century Tasmanian society. As the wife of the State Premier, Henry Dobson, she played a central role in multiple political and charitable organisations. She was vice-president of the Tasmanian section of the National Council of Women in 1899, and attended the first meeting of the International Council of Women in London that year. Dobson became president of the National Council of Women Tasmania in 1904 and held that position until her death. She was the first Australian to be elected vice- president of the International Council of Women at the Rome quinquennial in 1914.\n", "Details": "Emily Dobson was Tasmania's bespectacled and formidable grand old lady by the time she died in 1934 in her early nineties. Born in Port Arthur in 1842 in what was then Van Diemen's Land, she was influenced by the social conscience of her father, artist and public servant Thomas Lempriere, who died when she was nine years old. In 1868 she married Tasmania's future Premier, Henry Dobson, who shared her ideas on philanthropy and temperance, linked though they were to the cause of women.\nEmily Dobson became involved in just about every charitable organisation in the State of Tasmania. She was founding president of the ladies' committee of the Blind, Deaf and Dumb Institution; founding president of the Ministering Children's League; and president of the committee of management of the Victoria Convalescent Home at Lindisfarne. She co-established the New Town Consumptives' Sanatorium in 1905, and in 1918 became first vice-president of the Child Welfare Association. She was vice-president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Tasmania and life patroness of the Tasmanian Bush Nursing Association. With her husband, she established the Free Kindergarten Association in Tasmania in 1911. That same year she established the Girl Guides' Association of Tasmania, appointing herself State Commissioner. She founded the Tasmanian branch of the Alliance Fran\u00e7aise, and the Tasmanian Lyceum Club.\nAs a middle-aged woman, Dobson became secretary of the Women's Sanitary Association, which formed in 1891 specifically to counter an outbreak of typhoid and ran candidates in the municipal election of 1892. In Hobart, her Relief Restaurant Committee operated a soup kitchen and set up the Association for Improvement of Dwellings of the Working Classes. Dobson was widely praised among her peers, but more often than not, the efforts of the Sanitary Association were belittled by local newspapers. According to historian Ruth Barton, it was 'the anomaly of charitable women undertaking work which at home they paid sevants to do' which attracted unfavourable press attention, and certainly the Dobson family wealth meant that Emily had no need to carry out domestic chores in her own home.\nLike so many other charitably-inclined women of her time, Dobson had a particular concern for child welfare. With the Society for the Protection of Children, she secured the passage of an Infant Life Protection Act in 1907. The Act authorised members of the Society to enter homes where infants were being minded for payment, without notice. Taken at face value, the Act was a noble attempt to put an end to the practice of baby farming, but research by Caroline Evans and Naomi Parry suggests that it was an attempt to control the poorer sections of society.\nDobson was as dominant in politics as she was in health and welfare. She was a member of the Women's Non-Party League of Hobart. She held office in the Tasmanian branch of the League of Nations Union and the Victoria League of Tasmania; the National Council of Women (State and Federal bodies); and the International Council of Women. In 1907 she represented the Tasmanian government at the Women's Work Exhibition in Melbourne. She was honoured by the National Council of Women (Tasmania) in 1919, with the establishment of the Emily Dobson Philanthropic Prize Competition for welfare organisations.\n", "Events": "Australian Delegation to International Council of Women (1906 - 1924) \nBlind, Deaf and Dumb Institution Ladies' Committee (1898 - ) \nInternational Council of Women (1914 - 1924) \nInternational Council of Women (1899 - 1924) \nMinistering Children's League (1892 - )", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dobson-emily-1842-1934\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-few-viragos-on-a-stump-the-womanhood-suffrage-campaign-in-tasmania-1880-1920\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-henry-dobson-victorian-do-gooder-or-sincere-social-reformer-an-analysis-of-her-charitable-and-public-welfare-work-in-the-1890s\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/emily-dobson-1842-1934\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/emily-dobson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-history-of-the-national-council-of-women-in-sic-south-australia-1902-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-activism-and-altruism-in-australian-womens-philanthropy-1880-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vessels-of-progressivism-tasmanian-state-girls-and-eugenics-1900-1940\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-women-philanthropists-in-australian-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/emily-dobson-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/emily-dobson-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/emilys-empire-emily-dobson-and-the-national-council-of-women-of-tasmania\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lithgow-1942-a-survey-of-the-life-of-the-town\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-minutes-and-associated-papers-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-tasmania\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/7266-national-council-of-women-of-queensland-minute-books-1905-2004\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Drake-Brockman, Henrietta Frances York", "Entry ID": "AWE0548", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/drake-brockman-henrietta-frances-york\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Author", "Summary": "The daughter of Dr Roberta and Martin Jull, Henrietta Drake-Brockman married the then Commissioner for the far north west of Australia, Geoffrey Drake-Brockman on 3 August 1921. While in the north west she wrote articles for the West Australia under the pseudonym 'Henry Drake'. The author of Men Without Wives, which won the Australian Sesquicentenary prize, Drake-Brockman also wrote for the theatre, and was co-editor, with Walter Murdoch, of Australian Short Stories. On 1 January 1967 Henrietta Drake-Brockman was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to Australian literature.\n", "Events": "Appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (1967 - 1967) \nAwarded Bulletin Short Story Prize (1939 - 1939) \nJoined the Sydney branch of the Fellowship of Australian Writers (1939 - 1939) \nPresident of the Fellowship of Australian Writers, Western Australian Branch (1941 - 1941) \nPresident of the Fellowship of Australian Writers, Western Australian Branch (1956 - 1957) \nWon Sesquicentenary Celebration Prize for best full-length Australian Play Men Without Wives (1938 - 1938)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/henrietta-drake-brockman\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/drake-brockman-henrietta-frances-york-1901-1968\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-henrietta-drake-brockman-1901-1968\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1630-1967-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-henrietta-drake-brockman-1882-1975-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-hazel-de-berg-1959-1963-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-paris-and-anne-drake-brockman-1950-1998-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Beadle, Jean", "Entry ID": "AWE0552", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beadle-jean\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Clunes, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "West Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist, Social worker", "Summary": "After being exposed to 'sweated labour' conditions while working in the Melbourne clothing industry during the 1880s, Jean Beadle was inspired to dedicate her life to the betterment of conditions for women and children. Known as the 'The Grand Old Lady of the Labor Party,' she was a founding member of the Women's Political and Social Crusade and the Labor Women's Organization in Victoria (1898), Fremantle (1905) and Goldfields (1906). She was also a delegate to the Eastern Goldfields District Council of the State Australian Labor Party. Beadle was one of the first women appointed as a Justice of the Peace in Western Australia, sitting for many years on the Married Women's Court. She was later appointed to serve as an honorary Justice on the bench of the Children's Courts. An official visitor to the women's section of the Fremantle Prison, Beadle also was instrumental in the building of the King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women. She was secretary, of the King Edward Memorial Hospital Advisory Board, from 1921 until her death. In recognition of her dedicated service the hospital annually awards a Jean Beadle scholarship.\n", "Details": "Jane (Jean) Beadle was born on 1 January 1868 at Clunes in Victoria. She was a miner's daughter. In Melbourne as a young woman she began her life-long activism for labour and progressive causes. She married iron moulder Henry Beadle on 19 May 1888 and had three children as she continued her political and industrial work. In 1901 the family decided to migrate to Western Australia to 'make some money'.\nJean organised the Women's Labor League in 1905 at the port of Fremantle where she initially lived. When the family moved to Boulder in 1906, she formed the Eastern Goldfields Women's Labor League, with meetings held alternately in Boulder and Kalgoorlie. Prejudice was strong in some quarters, the Sun newspaper labelling the meetings a 'convention of cackle'. She knew that, if women were to play an equal role in the life of the labour movement, they had to be active in both political and industrial labour. And she had no time for the notion of women's frailty, insisting that 'sometimes, it's the man who's the clinging vine'.\nAs well as promoting labour causes, Jean and the League campaigned for a maternity ward at the Boulder Hospital, the registration of nurses and a foundling home for abandoned babies. She organised the goldfields shop assistants to fight for better pay and conditions (chiefly shorter hours).\nShe spoke at public meetings, organised fundraisers for strikers' families, ran public lectures, travelled around the goldfields' towns to establish League branches and represented the League on many labour bodies.\nJean Beadle was a Labor leader, a fluent public speaker, excellent organiser and committed reformer and socialist. It was essential, she believed, to meet 'the real needs of the people' and to stop 'the waste of human life, of human abilities and capacities'.\nWhen she left the goldfields in 1914 she donated her presentation purse of sovereigns to striking woodcutters.\nIn Perth she became chairperson of the Labor Women's Club, campaigning on issues including peace, disarmament, women's health, education, maternity allowances, pensions and child endowment. She was a committed anti-conscriptionist during World War I. She joined the State Executive of the Labor Party in the mid-1920s.\nShe was a special magistrate on the Children's Court and a foundation member of the Women Justices' Association. She was active in the establishment of the King Edward Memorial Hospital. For many years she was an official visitor to the women's section of Fremantle Prison. In the 1920s she was vice-president of the Workers' Educational Association. During the Depression, she served as treasurer to the West Perth Relief Committee.\nIt was a lifetime of Labor activism.\nShe died on 22 May 1942, aged 74.\n", "Events": "Founding member of the first Labor Women's Organization in Australia (1898 - 1898) \nFounding member of the first Western Australian Women's Political and Social Crusade (later the Women's Labor League) at Fremantle (1905 - 1905) \nFounding president of the Goldfields Women's Labor League (1906 - 1911) \nHonorary justice on the Children's Court Bench (1915 - 1929) \nInvited by the Labor Women's Organisation to stand for Labor pre-selection for the Senate (unsuccessful) (1931 - 1931) \nJean with her husband, Harry, and family move to Western Australia (1901 - 1901) \nJustice of the Peace (1919 - 1942) \nOrganized a Victorian relief committee for the Broken Hill strikers (1892 - 1892) \nPresided over the second Labor Women's conference (1927 - 1927) \nPresident of the first Labor Women's Conference (1912 - 1912) \nPresident of the Perth Women's Branch of the Australian Labor Party (1930 - 1935) \nPresident of the Women Justices' Association (1930 - 1938) \nSecretary of the King Edward Memorial Hospital Advisory Board (1921 - 1942) \nVice-president of Women's Political and Social Crusade (1898 - 1901)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beadle-jane-1868-1942\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-truly-great-australian-woman-jean-beadles-work-among-western-australian-women-and-children-1901-1942\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-the-thick-of-every-battle-for-the-cause-of-labor-the-voluntary-work-of-the-labor-womens-organisations-in-western-australia-1900-1970\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/potential-inefficients-at-best-criminal-at-worst-the-girl-problem-and-juvenile-delinquency-in-western-australia-1907-1933\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/uphill-all-the-way-a-documentary-history-of-women-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/labor-women-political-housekeepers-or-politicians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/feminism-an-early-tradition-amongst-western-australian-labor-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/feminism-in-labor-womens-organisations-1905-to-1917\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-labour-womens-power-women-in-the-western-australian-labour-movement-from-the-early-1900s-to-the-depression\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reflections-profiles-of-150-women-who-helped-make-western-australias-history-project-of-the-womens-committee-for-the-150th-anniversary-celebrations-of-western-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-beadle-a-life-of-labor-activism\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1899-1962-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Austral, Florence Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE0558", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/austral-florence-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Richmond, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Opera singer", "Summary": "Born Mary Wilson at Richmond, Victoria, she was also known by her stepfather's name, Fawaz, before adopting the name of her country as a stage name prior to her debut in 1922 at Covent Garden. Known as one of the world's greatest Wagnerian sopranos Florence Austral married the Australian virtuoso flautist John Amadio in 1925 and toured widely with him in America and Australia. After the Second World War she returned to Australia almost completely paralysed with multiple sclerosis. She nevertheless taught until her retirement in 1959. Austral died at a nursing home in Newcastle on 16 May 1968.\n", "Events": "Adopted the professional name of Florence Austral (1921 - 1921) \nAfter a farewell concert she left to study Italian opera in New York (1919 - 1919) \nAppeared at Albert Hall during a Sunday concert (1921 - 1921) \nAppeared for benefit concerts during the Second World War (1939 - 1945) \nAppeared with Dame Nellie Melba (1923 - 1923) \nAustral and Amadio returned to Australia for a season of concerts in capital cities and large country towns (1934 - 1935) \nAustral returned to Australia (1946 - 1946) \nAustral returned to London (1936 - 1936) \nDebuted as Brunnhilde in Die Walkure at Covent Garden under the auspices of the British National Opera Company (1922 - 1922) \nGave a concert in Melbourne, Australia (1930 - 1930) \nGave a concert in Sydney, Australia (1930 - 1930) \nJoined Berlin State Opera as principal (1930 - 1930) \nMarried John Amadio at Hapstead, London (1925 - 1925) \nTeaching with the Newcastle branch of the New South Wales State Conservatorium of Music (1954 - 1959) \nToured Holland (1931 - 1931) \nToured Holland (1933 - 1934) \nToured North America (1925 - 1925) \nToured North America (1931 - 1932) \nToured North America (1932 - 1933) \nWon an entrance exhibition to the University Conservatorium (1917 - 1917) \nWon first prize in the mezzo-soprano section and second prize in two others at the South Street competitions, Ballarat, Victoria (1913 - 1913)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/austral-florence-australian-soprano-1894-1968\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/florence-austral-one-of-the-wonder-voices-of-the-world\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/florence-austral-one-of-the-wonder-voices-of-the-world-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/austral-florence-mary-1892-1968\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/when-austral-sang-the-biography-of-florence-austral\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-melba-memorial-conservatorium-of-music\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jeffrey, Agnes (Betty)", "Entry ID": "AWE0570", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jeffrey-agnes-betty\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Hobart, Tasmania, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Nurse, Nursing administrator", "Summary": "Betty Jeffrey was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia on 8 June 1987 for service to the welfare of nurses in Victoria and ex-service men and women. Jeffrey was one of the members of the Australian Army Nursing Service who was captured by the Japanese after the fall of Singapore in 1942. Incarcerated in Japanese prisoner of war camps for three and a half years, after the war she wrote about the experiences in White Coolies (1954) which was later the basis for the film script Paradise Road (1999). After her return to Melbourne, and spending some time in hospital, Jeffrey and fellow survivor Vivian Bullwinkel travelled throughout Victoria raising funds towards a memorial for military nurses. The Nurses Memorial Centre was opened on 19 February 1950 and Jeffrey was appointed its first administrator. In 1986 she became the Centre's patron.\n", "Events": "Appointed administrator of the Nurses Memorial Centre (1950 - 1950) \nArrived back in Australia (1945 - 1945) \nArrived in Singapore with the 2\/10 Australian General Hospital (1941 - 1941) \nCompleted nursing training at the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne (1935 - 1938) \nDischarged from the Australian Army Nursing Service (1946 - 1946) \nEvacuated from Singapore with approximately 300 people on the Vyner Brooke (1942 - 1942) \nIncarcerated in Japanese prisoner of war camps in Sumatra (1942 - 1945) \nJoined the Australian Army Nursing Service (1941 - 1941) \nPatron of the Nurses Memorial Centre (1986 - 2000)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/diary-of-sister-betty-jeffrey-australian-nursing-sister-captured-by-the-japanese-in-world-war-ii\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/white-coolies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/matron-a-m-sage-sammie-a-tribute-by-betty-jeffrey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/betty-jeffrey-oam-rn\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-womans-war-the-exceptional-life-of-wilma-oram-young-am\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Young, Wilma Elizabeth Forster Oram", "Entry ID": "AWE0571", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/young-wilma-elizabeth-forster-oram\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Glenorchy, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Servicewoman", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/betty-jeffrey-oam-rn\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-womans-war-the-exceptional-life-of-wilma-oram-young-am\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/service-nurses-honoured-with-long-awaited-memorial\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lang, Margaret Irene", "Entry ID": "AWE0572", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lang-margaret-irene\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Creswick, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Canterbury, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Matron, Nurse", "Summary": "Margaret Lang was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 8 June 1950 for service with the Royal Australian Air Force Nursing Service. Lang was the founder and Matron-in-Chief of the Service during World War II. She had completed her training at Wangaratta District Hospital and the Women's Hospital (later Royal), Melbourne. During World War I Lang served in Salonika with the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS). Other positions she held included being a Matron of a number of Victorian country hospitals, the Police Hospital and the Talbot Epileptics Colony in Clayton, Victoria.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/world-war-ii-nursing-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/story-of-the-raaf-nursing-service-1940-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-miss-margaret-irene-lang-founder-of-the-raaf-nursing-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/matron-margaret-lang\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-margaret-lang-nursing-administrator-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Docker, Betty Bristow", "Entry ID": "AWE0576", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/docker-betty-bristow\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "St Kilda, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Matron, Nurse, Servicewoman", "Summary": "The funeral service for former Group Officer Betty Docker, aged 81, was held at the Royal Military College, Duntroon. Director of the Royal Australian Air Force Nursing Service (RAAFNS) Docker trained at the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne. She then joined the hospital staff before enlisting with the RAAFNS in 1944. During her time in the service she fought for change so married women could continue on as nurses and women could reach the highest ranks - something not allowed previously. After 28 years with the RAAFNS Docker retired in 1975 having been awarded The Royal Red Cross (2nd Class), 1968; Royal Red Cross, 1970; the Florence Nightingale Medal, 1971 and the National Medal in 1977.\n", "Events": "Assistant to the Director of Nursing Service (1965 - 1967) \nAwarded the Florence Nightingale Medal for distinguished service (1971 - 1971) \nAwarded the National Medal (1977 - 1977) \nAwarded the Royal Red Cross (2nd Class) Medal (1968 - 1968) \nAwarded the Royal Red Cross Medal (1970 - 1970) \nCommenced nursing training at the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne (1939 - 1939) \nDirector of Nursing Service (1969 - 1975) \nJoined the Royal Australian Air Force Nursing Service (RAAFNS) (1944 - 1944) \nMatron of No 4 RAAF Hospital, Butterworth, Malaysia (1967 - 1969) \nPosted to Aeromedical Evacuation Duties and Japan Occupation Force (1944 - 1950) \nPresented with the Queen's Honorary Nursing Sister (QHNS) Award (1969 - 1969) \nRetired from the RAAFNS, after 28 years of service (1975 - 1975) \nStaff member at the Alfred Hospital (1943 - 1944) \nSupervised the flight nursing staff to and from Vietnam (1967 - 1969)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1971\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-true-nightingale-in-a-shining-uniform\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/story-of-the-raaf-nursing-service-1940-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/commandant-janice-webb-later-hilton-australian-red-cross-arc-left-and-wing-officer-betty-docker-matron-of-4-raaf-hospital-at-butterworth-malaysia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Parker, Kathleen Isabel Alice (Kay)", "Entry ID": "AWE0585", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/parker-kathleen-isabel-alice-kay\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Wyoming, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Captain Kay Parker was one of the six army nurses and eleven civilians who were taken to Japan as Prisoners of War from Rabaul on 23rd January 1942.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/parker-kathleen-isabel-alice-kay-1916-1979\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Board, Ruby Willmet", "Entry ID": "AWE0592", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/board-ruby-willmet\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Gunning, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Welfare worker, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Following her education in Sydney, Berlin and Paris, Ruby Board devoted her time to social welfare issues. She became a Member of the Board of the Rachael Forster Hospital and for a period was President of the National Council of Women of New South Wales. During World War II, Board was president of the Women's Voluntary National Register, a member of the executive of the Australian Comforts Fund and Defence Director of the Women's Auxiliary National Service.\n", "Details": "Ruby Board was the third president of the National Council of Women of Australia, assuming office in November 1942 in the depths of World War II. With her long experience in the organisation, she provided a steady hand during the two years of her NCWA leadership, focusing on issues relating particularly to treatment and pay of women in the services, postwar reconstruction (especially housing), and the perennial matters of uniform marriage and divorce laws and the nationality of married women (now made urgent by wartime marriages between Australian women and American soldiers). She had earlier led the Australian delegation to the International Council of Women in Washington in 1925 and served as treasurer of the Federal Council of the National Councils of Women of Australia and as interim treasurer of the new National Council of Women of Australia until the first board was elected in October 1931. Ruby Board also filled a number of offices in the NSW Council from before World War I, culminating in the presidency from 1938 to 1948.\nThe daughter of the renowned progressive NSW director of education, Peter Board, Ruby was educated in Sydney, Berlin and Paris, and, with no need to work for a living, devoted her adult life to social welfare and issues relating to justice for women. In addition to her NCW work during World War II, Board played a leading in NSW war support as president of the Women's Voluntary National Register, a member of the executive of the Australian Comforts Fund, Defence Director of the Women's Auxiliary National Service and president of the Housekeepers' Emergency Service. Board's other significant organisational work included membership of the Board of the Rachel Forster Hospital, local leadership of the Country Women's Association in the 1930s, and leading roles in the Diabetic Association of New South Wales from 1949-61.\nRuby Board was born on 15 October 1880, at Gunning, New South Wales, the only child of Peter Board and his wife Jessie Allen, n\u00e9e Bowes. Her social conscience was moulded by childhood happiness in 'this small and closely linked family' and by the progressive ideals of her father, who served as the first NSW director of education from 1905-22. Reform ideals and issues concerning justice for women (including suffrage) were also instilled by her maternal grandmother, Euphemia Bowes, who was a founder and early president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in NSW. Ruby also received a broad education, owing to her father's travels during periods of leave; she attended schools in Sydney, Berlin and Paris. Having independent means, Ruby was free to combine her aptitude for language with an interest in welfare. She published pamphlets on Australian Pronunciation: A Handbook for the Teaching of English in Australia (1927) and the Pupils' Practice Book for Vowel Sounds (1928).\nIn the early 1920s, Ruby Board moved with her parents to Leura, where she nursed her mother until her death in 1932. There she became a leading figure in the Country Women's Association and was president of the Blue Mountains branch from 1930 to 1938. A member of the National Council of Women of New South Wales for 50 years, she was honorary general secretary 1914-1918, interstate secretary 1919, president 1938-1948, and state delegate to the national conferences in 1946 and 1948. She led the Australian delegates to the sixth quinquennial convention of the International Council of Women in Washington in 1925. In 1931, she was interim honorary treasurer of the National Council of Women of Australia, president from 1942 to 1944 and Australian convenor for home economics for the period from 1944 up to 1952. As national president, she focused on war work but with an emphasis on the issues of importance to women-treatment and pay of women in the services, postwar reconstruction (especially housing), and uniform marriage and divorce laws and the nationality of married women, an issue of particular moment because of wartime marriages between Australian women and American soldiers. She was particularly proud to preside over the women's reception to Eleanor Roosevelt, the wife and emissary of the US president, in Sydney Town Hall in 1943.\nBoard's period in office also saw the establishment of the Australian Women's Charter movement and conference by Jessie Street, a challenge to the claims of the NCWA to speak for Australian women. Board made it clear to the Australian government that this conference did not have the support of the Councils or speak for the majority of women's organisations, while also encouraging state Councils to hold their own conferences to demonstrate they were not necessarily opposing the main points of the Charter. Many of the same issues were considered and approved at the 1944 national conference, which Board chaired.\nThough Ruby Board served as NSW president from 1938 to 1948, she refused appointment as MBE because she believed that her office, reflecting the work of the Council, deserved higher recognition.\nFrom 1939 to 1958, Ruby Board was also a vice-president of the Rachel Forster Hospital for Women and Children. During World War II, she was a member of the NSW executive of the Australian Comforts Fund and founding president of the state Women's Voluntary National Register in 1940, as well as defence director of the Women's Auxiliary National Service, helping to co-ordinate the work of women's organisations for the war effort. In 1943, she was a founder and first president of the Housekeepers' Emergency Service of NSW.\nA diabetic from the 1930s, she demonstrated effectively how little this condition need interfere with a busy and productive life. She was an office-bearer of the Diabetic Association of New South Wales from 1949 and served as president from 1951 to 1960. Anxious to inform the public of the problems associated with the disease, she organised a lecture tour in 1953 by two world authorities and, in 1955 and 1958, attended congresses of the International Diabetes Federation at Cambridge, England, and D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany. In 1957, she was founding president of the Diabetic Association of Australia and chaired its first conference held in Sydney.\nFrom 1960, Ruby Board lived at the Mowll Memorial Village, Castle Hill, until she had a fall in December 1963; she died on Christmas Day in the Rachel Forster Hospital.\nSelfless and generous, with boundless energy, she inspired those around her to similar enthusiasm and commitment. She was not interested in power for its own sake, or in office for its prestige, and always sought to provide opportunities for individual expansion and development. Her obituarist in the NSW NCW newsletter judged her to be 'balanced, judicious, tolerant, serene' and to have 'the saving grace of humour'. Her work for diabetics was commemorated by the naming of the diabetic wing of the Rachel Forster Hospital after her in 1966.\nPrepared by: Jan Hipgrave, Marian Quartly and Judith Smart\n", "Events": "Women's Voluntary National Register (1940 - 1940)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/board-ruby-willmet-1881-1963\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1947\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-pronunciation-a-handbook-for-the-teaching-of-english-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pupils-practice-book-for-vowel-sounds\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ncw-news-ncw-nsw\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-records-1895-1976\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-ruby-board-public-servant-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-fleming-arnot-personal-and-professional-papers-1890-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-further-papers-1895-1981\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Heysen, Nora", "Entry ID": "AWE0596", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heysen-nora\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Hahndorf, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist", "Summary": "The daughter of South Australian landscape painter Sir Hans Heysen, Nora Heysen was the first woman to win the Archibald portrait prize (1938) and the first women to be appointed as an Australian war artist on 12 October 1943. During her service Heysen completed over 170 works of art. Following the war she travelled to England and in January 1953 married Dr Robert Black, who was to become the Head of Tropical Medicine at the University of Sydney. On 26 January 1998 Nora Heysen was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia for her service to art as a painter of portraits and still life subjects.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heysen-nora-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nora-heysen\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/youll-be-sorry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-1938-the-first-woman-to-win-the-archibald-prize\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/conversation-with-nora-heysen\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hidden-from-view-manuscript-nora-heysen-twentieth-century-australian-artist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nora-heysen-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nora-heysen-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-cautious-gaze\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-remarkable-artist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/visions-of-life-in-belated-focus\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/painting-of-the-week-no-10-portrait-study-1933-nora-heysen-born-1911\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nora-heysens-back-to-paint-memory-lane\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/noted-artist-nora-heysen-dies-at-92\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/painter-made-her-own-mark\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/her-voyage-was-lit-by-a-fathers-fire\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trailblazer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nora-heysen-1911-2003\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nora-heysen-1913-2003-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-nora-heysen-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nora-heysen-interviewed-by-denise-hickey-in-denise-hickey-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nora-heysen-interviewed-by-heather-rusden-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Byth, Elsie Frances", "Entry ID": "AWE0598", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/byth-elsie-frances\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "During World War II Elsie Byth was an executive and\/or committee member of a number of organisations. President of the National Council of Women of Australia in 1944 and the National Council of Women of Queensland (1940-1945). She was vice-president of the Australian Comforts Fund in 1940 and the Women's Voluntary National Register; member of the management committee for the Queensland Patriotic Fund; member of the War Saving committee and the War Accommodation committee. Married to solicitor George Leonard Byth (Len) in 1917, they had four children. Her hobbies included music, flowers and fine needlework.\n", "Details": "Elsie Byth was president of the National Council of Women of Australia from 1945 to 1948 and the National Council of Women of Queensland (1940-1945, 1948-1952). As national president, the first Queenslander to hold the position, she saw the NCWA through the final stages of the Second World War, the beginnings of postwar reconstruction and the re-establishment of international links via the International Council of Women. Active in the Australian National Committee of the UN (ANCUN), she was Australia's second delegate to the Status of Women Commission in 1949. She maintained her commitment to international cooperation for the remainder of her life through the United Nations Association of Australia and also through the Pan Pacific and South East Asian Women's Association. She was responsible for the NCWA's first major engagement in the Asia-Pacific region when she organised a 'Pacific Assembly' in Brisbane in September 1948.\nElsie Frances Byth was the daughter of John Gasteen of Brisbane. She was born in Brisbane on 14 September 1890 and educated at Brisbane Girls' Grammar School and the University of Sydney. On 10 August 1917, Elsie married George L. Byth and they had 3 sons and 1 daughter.\nElsie Byth performed a wide variety of roles in the National Council of Women, state and federal. She was president of the National Council of Women of Queensland from 1940 to 1945 and, again, 1948-1952. In between these terms of office in her home state, she was president of the Australian Council (1945-1948)-a critical period that included the end of the war and postwar reconstruction. During her presidency, the 1946 conference agree to a Launceston delegate's request to allow branches that had 'attained a sufficiently large affiliation as almost to equal in importance the parent Council in the capital city' to communicate directly with the Australian secretary and international secretary, a step that was to create difficulties with regard to Tasmanian representation for the next 60 years. After her term had finished, Byth became a state delegate (1951, 1954) to the NCWA, an NCWA representative at the Pan Pacific Women's Conference in Christchurch, New Zealand (1952), and Australian convenor for Radio and Television (1954).\nElsie Byth was especially active in the international outreach of the Council movement, leading the NCWA during the period of reengagement with the re-formed ICW after the war. Under her presidency, the NCWA telegraphed a resolution to the secretary of the United Nations conference in San Francisco in April 1945 to 'request in all future planning no discrimination against women on account sex and principle equality of status and opportunity be established for all citizens'. During 1946 and 1947, her board undertook the successful reestablishment of the Australian Liaison Committee of international women's organisations on the lines of the Liaison Committee operating in London, as well as participating in the rival Australian National Committee of the UN (ANCUN) established in 1947 with government support to promote UN ideals and provide names of suitable persons as representatives of Australia on international bodies. Byth was also responsible for inaugurating a regional focus among the Australian Councils with the sponsoring of a 'Pacific Assembly' in Brisbane in September 1948 for the purpose of increasing knowledge and understanding as well as promoting 'tolerance' an appreciation of 'interdependence' and the 'desire to be \"a good neighbour\"'. Opened by Senator Annabelle Rankin and addressed by such luminaries as Professor G.S. Browne, as well as representatives of embassies of countries in the Pacific region, the conference received wide press coverage, its final session resolving to recommend compulsory study of international affairs in Australian schools and universities. The event marked the beginning of the NCWA's identity as part of a regional network beyond the European and American spheres.\nElsie Byth was a member of the United Nations Association of Australia for 30 years serving in a variety of roles, including as president of the Queensland division 1945-59. In 1949, the Australian government chose Mrs Byth as its representative to attend the third session of the Status of Women Commission (CSW) in Beirut, Lebanon, from 21 March to 4 April, following Jessie Street (1947-48). She was selected from a 'panel of names' submitted by ANCUN. At the CSW meeting, the USSR representative, referring to the significant number of women in paid employment in her country, informed delegates that Australian women received only 50 per cent of men's wages. As the official Australian spokesperson at the Commission, Elsie Byth attempted to divert criticism of Australian government policy by stressing that the differences between men's and women's wages in Australia had declined during the past ten years. She advised delegates that an appropriately assessed 'family wage' would prevent the need for married women to search for work in order to 'supplement the family income'. Nevertheless, the majority of CSW delegates agreed to a resolution supporting equal pay. Following instructions, Byth abstained from voting, despite her personal commitment, and that of NCWA, to the principle.\nThe position Byth was obliged to take was consistent with the Labor government's view that the ILO was the appropriate body to discuss 'rates of pay, hours and conditions of work for both sexes'. Byth's confidential report to the Australian government after her attendance at the CSW sessions explains this further, indicating that she followed the Department of External Affairs' instructions to counter communist accusations directed towards Australia's industrial relations system and that of other British Commonwealth countries. It seems highly probable that Byth's advisor, Eileen Powell, as a former employee of the Department of Labour and National Service, was entrusted with the task of ensuring that Byth supported the Australian government's position. This government attitude to the question of equal pay continued to be a problem faced by Australian women delegates to CSW during the 1950s and 60s. Within Australia, Byth and her successors continued to agitate for remuneration without discrimination based on sex.\nElsie Byth was also involved in a great many other community organisations in a voluntary role, for example, UNICEF, Brisbane Women's Club (president 1933-1936), the Queensland division of the Australian Comforts Fund (vice-president 1940-1945), the wartime state Women's Voluntary National Register (vice-president), the Management Committee of the Queensland Patriotic Club, and the War Savings Committee. She also held a number of government appointments for which she was nominated by the NCWA, for example, on the federal consultative committee on Imports Licensing Control, the Commonwealth Council of Medical Benefits Fund, and the ABC. She was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1953.\nPrepared by: Jan Hipgrave, Marian Quartly and Judith Smart\n", "Events": "Married G. Leonard Byth, they had 3 sons and 1 daughter (1917 - 1917) \nPresident of the Brisbane Women's Club (1933 - 1936) \nPresident of the National Council of Women of Australia (1944 - 1948) \nPresident of the National Council of Women of Queensland (1940 - 1945) \nVice-president of the Australian Comforts Fund (1940 - 1940)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1947\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-first-fifty-years-in-the-history-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-queensland\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/on-the-way-to-beirut-status-of-women-commission\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-australia-queensland-branch-mrs-g-l-blyth-brisbane\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/applications-for-positions-by-byth-elsie-frances\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1936-1972-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/7266-national-council-of-women-of-queensland-minute-books-1905-2004\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fitzpatrick, Kathleen Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE0619", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fitzpatrick-kathleen-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Omeo, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Associate professor, Author, Historian", "Summary": "Appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for her service to education, particularly in the field of history, on 26 January 1989, Kathleen Fitzpatrick was the first woman council member of the National Library of Australia, and a foundation member of the Australian Humanities Research Council (later the Australian Academy of Humanities).\n", "Details": "Fitzpatrick was educated at Loreto Convents (Albert Park and Portland), Presentation Convent (Windsor) and Lauriston Girls' School (Melbourne) before attending the University of Melbourne. Following completion of her honours degree, in 1926, Fitzpatrick went to Oxford to complete another undergraduate degree - a common practice at the time. Returning to Australia she found employment at the University of Sydney before becoming a tutor in the English department at the University of Melbourne in 1930. Upon marriage, in 1932, to journalist (later historian) Brian Fitzpatrick, she had to resign her position at the University.\nFollowing the failure of her marriage, Fitzpatrick was advised by the University Appointments Board that 'the only demand for female workers was for good secretaries'. It was recommended that she become proficient in typewriting and shorthand if she wanted to find employment. She enrolled at the Melbourne Technical School (now the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology), completed the required subjects and became a teacher of Shorthand and Commercial English at the school. In 1938 Fitzpatrick was offered her old position at the University of Melbourne. Before retiring in 1962 she held positions of lecturer, senior lecturer and associate professor of history.\nDuring World War II Fitzpatrick was president of the Council for Women in War. She negotiated with employers on behalf of University of Melbourne women students working at Shepparton under Manpower regulations. In her retirement Fitzpatrick concentrated on research and writing and was disappointed in not being able to find a publisher for her magnum opus, a book on the novelist Henry James.\nFormer student, professional historian and close friend Manning Clark read the eulogy at the Requiem Mass for Kathleen Fitzpatrick held at St Thomas Aquinas, South Yarra on Friday 31 August 1990.\n", "Events": "Appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia for her service to education, particularly in the field of history (1989 - 1989) \nAssociate Professor of History at the University of Melbourne (1948 - 1962) \nBecame a student in the business section of the Melbourne Technical School (now the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology) learning typing and shorthand (1936 - 1936) \nFoundation member of the Australian Humanities Research Council (later Australian Academy of the Humanities) (1956 - 1956) \nGraduated BA (Hons) from the University of Melbourne (1926 - 1926) \nGraduated BA from Oxford University (1928 - 1928) \nGraduated MA from Oxford University (1933 - 1933) \nLecturer of History at the University of Melbourne (1938 - 1942) \nMarried Brian Fitzpatrick a journalist and later historian (1932 - 1940) \nPublication: Australian Explorers published by Oxford University Press (1958 - 1958) \nPublication: PLC Melbourne: The First Century published by PLC (Melbourne) (1975 - 1975) \nPublication: Sir John Franklin in Tasmania published by Melbourne University Press (1949 - 1949) \nPublication: Solid Bluestone Foundations and Other Memories of a Melbourne Childhood, 1908-1928 published by Macmillan (1983 - 1983) \nSenior lecturer of History at the University of Melbourne (1942 - 1948) \nSeparated from her husband (1935 - 1935) \nTeacher of shorthand and commercial English at the Melbourne Technical School (1937 - 1937) \nTemporary lecturer in the history department of the University of Sydney (1929 - 1929) \nTutor in the English department of the University of Melbourne (1930 - 1932)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/150-years-150-stories-brief-biographies-of-one-hundred-and-fifty-remarkable-people-associated-with-the-university-of-melbourne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-half-open-door-sixteen-modern-australian-women-look-at-professional-life-and-achievement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-explorers-a-selection-from-their-writings-with-an-introduction\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dear-kathleen-dear-manning-the-correspondence-of-manning-clark-and-kathleen-fitzpatrick-1949-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/martin-boyd\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/plc-melbourne-the-first-century-1875-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sir-john-franklin-in-tasmania-1837-1843\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/solid-bluestone-foundations-and-other-memories-of-a-melbourne-girlhood-1908-1928\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-lives-an-oxford-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-letters-of-lorna-maneschi-to-her-family-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/melbourne-university-portraits-they-called-it-the-shop\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/history-for-the-homeless-kathleen-fitzpatricks-vocation-and-ours\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shameful-autobiographies-shame-in-contemporary-australian-autobiographies-and-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-historians-and-womens-history-kathleen-fitzpatrick-1905-1990-margaret-kiddle-1914-1958-and-the-melbourne-history-school\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-ballad-revival-in-the-xviiith-century\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/webb-jessie-stobo-watson-1880-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-research-leaders-in-the-australian-learned-academies-1954-to-1976\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-manning-clark-1907-1992-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pitt-henry-arthur\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/university-of-melbourne-department-of-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/university-of-melbourne-department-of-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-kathleen-fitzpatrick-writer-and-historian-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-of-kathleen-fitzpatrick\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-half-open-door\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fitzpatrick-kathleen-elizabeth-1905-1990\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Russell, Roslyn Valda Louise", "Entry ID": "AWE0621", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/russell-roslyn-valda-louise\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Hendon, London, United Kingdom", "Occupations": "Historian", "Summary": "Roslyn Russell is a historian, author, editor and museum consultant who has lived and worked in Canberra since 1982. She holds Bachelor and Masters Honours degrees in History from the University of Sydney, a Graduate Diploma in Applied Science (Cultural Heritage Management) from the University of Canberra, and a PhD in English from the University of New South Wales.\nHer published works include Literary Links: Celebrating the Literary Relationship between Australia and Britain, One Destiny! The Federation Story: How Australia Became a Nation (with Philip Chubb), Ever, Manning: Selected Letters of Manning Clark 1938-1991, and The Business of Nature: John Gould and Australia. Editor of several museum magazines in Australia over the period from 2000 to the present, Roslyn has developed museum exhibitions in Canberra, interstate and overseas, including the Museum of Parliament and National Heroes Gallery of Barbados, and has co-edited a book on Caribbean museums, Plantation to Nation: Caribbean Museums and National Identity. She has also worked as a curator at the National Museum of Australia and is a Research Associate in the Museum's Centre for Historical Research.\n", "Events": "'The Nation's Garden - thirty years of growing', an exhibition for the Australian National Botanic Gardens (2000 - 2000) \nSignificance: a guide to assessing the significance of cultural heritage objects and collections, for the Heritage Collections Council, Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts (2001 - 2001) \nAuthor of commissioned history of the Health Insurance Commission,Building Strength Through Change: Twenty Years of the Health Insurance Commission (1995 - 1995) \nCo-curator (with Stephen Foster) of an exhibition for Old Parliament House, 'Going My Way?: Australia's Choice in 1949', dealing with the election of 1949 (1999 - 1999) \nCo-curator of exhibition for the Centenary of Federation, 'Belonging: A Century Celebrated', for National Library of Australia, National Archives of Australia, State Library of New South Wales and State Library of Victoria. (2000 - 2002) \nCompilation (with Jan Lyall, Stephen Foster and Duncan Marshall) of General Guidelines to Safeguard Documentary Heritage Memory of the World project, UNESCO (1995 - 1995) \nCompilation (with Stephen Foster and Susan Marsden) of Federation: The Guide to Records, for Australian Archives (1995 - 1997) \nContractor to the Australian Heritage Projects Pty Ltd (1988 - 1990) \nCurator of 'Literary Links between Australia and Britain', a travelling poster exhibition for the National Library of Australia and The British Council (1993 - 1994) \nCurator of 'Nyngan - Our Stories', local history exhibition with a focus on the 1990 Nyngan flood (1991 - 1993) \nEditor of Museum National for Museums Australia (2000 - ) \nEditor of the Australian Customs History Journal (1991 - 1996) \nExhibition for Museum of the Riverina, 'They came from the bush', about rural Olympians (2000 - 2000) \nExhibition for the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2001 - 2001) \nFull-time responsibility for project with Keith Murdoch Sound Archive of Australia in the War 1939-45 for the Australian War Memorial (1990 - 1991) \nHistorian, Project Manager and Manager for Australian Heritage Projects (AHP) Pty Ltd (1990 - 2001) \nHistorical research and script (with Stephen Foster) for video production, 'Menzies in his time' for the Sir Robert Menzies Foundation (1993 - 1994) \nHistorical significance assessment of the North Sydney Olympic Pool for North Sydney Council (1994 - 1994) \nInterpretation for Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve Visitor Centre for Environment ACT (2000 - 2000) \nInterpretative display for the foyer of Customs House, Canberra (1999 - 2001) \nJoint curator (with Stephen Foster) of Australian Archives\/National Library of Australia exhibition, 'An Ideal City? The 1912 competition to design Canberra' (1994 - 1995) \nJoint curator of exhibition, ' Coming to Canberra' for the ACT Museums and Galleries Unit and the National Museum of Australia (1993 - 1993) \nOral history project for the Australian Industrial Property Organisation (1995 - 1997) \nPart-time lecturer and tutor in Australian History for Cultural Heritage Management students with the Faculty of Applied Science\/Communication at the University of Canberra (1990 - 1991) \nPart-time research assistant for the History Department at University College with the Australian Defence Force Academy (1987 - 1990) \nPart-time teacher of Communication subjects with the New South Wales Department of TAFE (1977 - 1977) \nPart-time teacher of Communication subjects with the New South Wales Department of TAFE (1980 - 1981) \nPartner with Marsden Russell Historians (2001 - 2001) \nProject manager for CD ROM project, 'Stories of Democracy', for the Curriculum Corporation (1997 - 1998) \nProject officer and editor of the Country Education Profiles project for the National Office of Overseas Skills Recognition (NOOSR), Department of Employment, Education and Training (1991 - 1994) \nResearch and writing for CD ROM, 'One Destiny! The Federation Story' and research and writing for a book of the same title (with Philip Chubb, published 1998 by Penguin Australia) (1995 - 1997) \nResearch assistant to Emeritus Professor Manning Clarkof the History Department at the Australian National University (1982 - 1987) \nSecondary teacher of History, Art History and English with the New South Wales Department of Education (1970 - 1974) \nSignificance assessment for National Library of Australia Community Heritage Grants (1994 - 1994) \nSignificance assessment for National Library of Australia Community Heritage Grants (1999 - 2003) \nWriting text and audiovisual scripting for the Australian War Memorial's redevelopment of its World War II gallery, with particular responsibility for the development of the interpretation of the Women's Services (1997 - 1998)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interpretation-and-the-getting-of-wisdom-papers-from-the-fourth-annual-conference-of-the-interpretation-australia-association-old-parliament-house-canberra-13-15-november-1995-compiled-by-elizabet\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/building-strength-through-change-twenty-years-of-the-health-insurance-commission\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/literary-links-celebrating-the-literary-relationship-between-australia-and-britain\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/one-destiny-the-federation-story-how-australia-became-a-nation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/federation-the-guide-to-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/belonging-a-century-celebrated\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/significance-a-guide-to-assessing-the-significance-of-cultural-heritage-objects-and-collections\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/manning-clark-house-reflections\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/our-first-six-archives-of-australias-prime-ministers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/workers-unions-and-politics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/house-museums-in-the-act\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/an-ideal-city-the-1912-competition-to-design-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/building-history-the-national-museum-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/general-guidelines-to-safeguard-documentary-heritage\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/significance-a-guide-to-assessing-the-significance-of-cultural-heritage-objects-and-collections-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/susan-marsden-interviewed-by-roslyn-russell-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Clarke, Patricia", "Entry ID": "AWE0622", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clarke-patricia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Alphington, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Editor, Historian, Journalist, Writer", "Summary": "Writer, historian, editor and former journalist, Dr Patricia Clarke has written extensively on women in Australian history and media history. Several of her publications are biographies of women writers and others explore the role of letters and diaries in the lives of women. Since the 1980s she played an active part in national cultural institutions and community organisations in Canberra and her work has been recognised by a number of awards and grants.\n", "Details": "Patricia Clarke was born in Melbourne in 1926, the daughter of John Laurence Ryan, teacher, and Annie Teresa ne\u00e9 McSweeney, bookbinder. Educated at St Anthony's School, Alphington, and Notre Dame de Sion, Sale, Victoria, she matriculated with honours in 1942. Her studies at the University of Melbourne included economics, pure maths, English and political science but were interrupted by tuberculosis, which led to a reappraisal of her goals. In 1951 she joined the Commonwealth News and Information Bureau and became the only woman journalist in its Melbourne office, transferring to its Canberra branch in 1957. In 1961 she married Hugh Vincent Clarke (1919-1996), writer, public servant and former prisoner of war in Thailand and Japan. While raising five children, Patricia worked as a casual but full-time journalist with the Australian Broadcasting Commission in the Parliamentary Press Gallery (1963-68); as the editor of Maxwell Newton's weekly business newsletters (1968-74); Canberra representative for Daily Commercial News (1968-74) and publications editor with the National Capital Development Commission (1974-79).\nSince the 1980s, Patricia has written and edited 15 books, innumerable articles and at least 15 book chapters on women in Australian history and media history. Several of her publications are biographies of women writers and others explore the role of letters and diaries in the lives of women. In 2004 she was awarded a PhD by Griffith University for her thesis, based on six of her books, entitled 'Life Lines to Life Stories. Some Publications about Women in Nineteenth Century Australia'. Her most recent book is 'Bold types : how Australia's first women journalists blazed a trail', published in 2022.\nShe has also played an active part in Australian cultural institutions and community organisations in Canberra. She has written articles for the Australian Dictionary of Biography and been a member of its Commonwealth Working Party since 1987. At various times she served as President, Vice President, and Councillor of the Canberra & District Historical Society (1987-2004 and 2013-2024) and edited the Canberra Historical Journal from 1987-2000. She was a Committee member of the Centre for Australian Cultural Studies from 1993-2003; was on the Manning Clark House committee in its early years and from 1995-2001 was founding Honorary Secretary of the Independent Scholars Association of Australia (ISAA). Elected an Honorary Member in 2001, she was a member of ISAA's ACT Council until 2018. A Committee Member of the Friends of the National Library of Australia from 1997-99 and its Deputy Chair in 1998, she represented the Australian Society of Authors as a member of the Library's Fellowship Advisory Committee from 1997-2017 and chaired its National Folk Fellowship selection Committee 2003-17. She has been an active member of the Canberra committee of the Australian Women's Archives Program and wrote many entries for the Australian Women's Register, the most recent in 2024. She served on the ACT Historic Houses Advisory Committee between 2010-16 and was a Consultant to the Media Hall of Fame from 2011.\nHer work has been recognised by many awards and grants. She was awarded a NSW Premier's Department Cultural Grant in 1983; Literature Board grants in 1986 and 1988; a Harold White Fellowship from the National Library in 1993 and Fellowships from the Australia Council in 1995 and 2000. In 1995 she was joint winner of the Society of Women Writers non-fiction award. She was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in June 2001 'for services to the promotion of Australian history through research and writing, to the study of Australian writers of the nineteenth century and to the Canberra and District Historical Society'. She was made a Fellow of the Federation of Australian Historical Societies in 2002 and an Honorary Fellow, Australian Academy of Humanities in 2005. In 2016 she received the Friends Medal of the National Library of Australia for her significant contribution over many years. In June 2025 she was awarded the Australian Dictionary of Biography Medal in recognition of her many and varied contributions to the ADB since the 1980s.\n", "Events": "Australia Council, Literature Board Project Grant (1987 - 1987) \nAustralia Council, Literature Broad Project Grant (1989 - 1989) \nAwarded a Fellow from the Federation of Australian Historical Societies (2002 - 2002) \nAwarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) For service to the promotion of Australian history through research and writing, to the study of Australian women writers of the 19th Century, and to the Canberra and District Historical Society (2001 - 2001) \nCasual Journalist Grade B with ABC in Canberra (1963 - 1968) \nCommittee Member at Manning Clark House (2000 - 2002) \nCommittee Member of the Centre for Australian Cultural Studies (ACT) (1993 - ) \nCouncillor with the Canberra & District Historical Society (1987 - ) \nEditor of publications (Journalist Grade A1) with the National Capital Development Commission (1974 - 1979) \nFounding Honorary Secretary of the Independent Scholars Association of Australia (ISAA) (1995 - 2001) \nHarold White Fellow at the National Library of Australia (1993 - 1993) \nJoint winner of the Society of Women Writers non-fiction award (for Tasma (1995 - 1995) \nJournalist (Grade A) \/Editor of weekly business newsletters with M Newton publications (1968 - 1974) \nMember of the Commonwealth Working Party for the Australian Dictionary of Biography (1989 - ) \nMember of the National Library of Australia's Friends Committee (1997 - 1999) \nMember of the National Scholarly Communications Forum (representing Australian Society of Authors) (1998 - 1998) \nNew South Wales Premier's Department Social History grant (1985 - 1985) \nOne-year Fellowship from the Literature Board at the Australia Council (1995 - 1995) \nPresident of the Canberra & District Historical Society (1997 - 1999) \nTwo-year Fellowship from the Literature Board at the Australia Council (2001 - 2002) \nVice-president of the Canberra & District Historical Society (1995 - 1997) \nVice-president of the National Library of Australia's Friends Committee (1999 - 1999) \nWith the News and Information Bureau, Melbourne, Journalist Grade D, Canberra, Journalist Grade C (1951 - 1961)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-equal-heart-and-mind-letters-between-judith-wright-and-jack-mckinney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/with-love-fury-selected-letters-of-judith-wright\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rich-addition-to-area-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosa-rosa-a-life-of-rosa-praed-novelist-and-spiritualist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosa-rosa-a-life-of-rosa-praed-novelist-and-spiritualist-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosa-rosa-a-life-of-rosa-praed-novelist-and-spiritualist-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-federation-decade\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-governesses-letters-from-the-colonies-1862-1882\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/those-perfect-english-ladies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nettie-palmer-search-for-an-aesthetic\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-who-shaped-an-era\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/comfort-women-of-the-colonies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fascinating-letters-inspire-novel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fighter-for-womens-rights\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/adb-medal-awarded-to-dr-patricia-clarke\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-patricia-clarke-1887-2010-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/patricia-clarke-interviewed-by-ann-moyal-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/patricia-clarke-interviewed-by-david-walker-in-the-australia-asia-studies-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Brennan, Anna Teresa", "Entry ID": "AWE0631", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brennan-anna-teresa\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Emu Creek, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Parkville, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Lawyer", "Summary": "Anna Brennan, member of a talented Victorian family, was a devout Catholic who actively pursued the cause of women's equality throughout her life. She was one of the earliest woman to graduate in law at the University of Melbourne in 1909 and practised as a solicitor in her brother's legal firm for fifty years. She was a foundation member of the Lyceum Club in 1912 and president from 1940-41.\nThe Victorian Legal Women's Association was established in 1931 with Brennan serving as president. A founding committee member of the Catholic Women's Social Guild in 1916, later the Catholic Women's League, she served as president from 1918-1920. She joined the Victorian branch of St Joan's International Alliance, holding the office of president from 1938-1945 and again in 1948 until her death in 1962.\n", "Details": "Anna Brennan was the thirteenth child of Michael Brennan, farmer and his wife Mary nee Maher. She commenced medical studies at the University of Melbourne in 1904, but was not permitted to continue as she was 'too nervous to do the dissections'. She commenced the law course in 1906, graduating in 1909. At the university she became a member of the Princess Ida Club for women students, was an office bearer from 1907-1909 and remained a committee member until 1913. She represented the Princess Ida Club on the national Council of Women in 1912\nShe became a partner in her brother Frank's firm, specialising in the matrimonial field and campaigned for more equitable laws in relation to divorce. She was the second woman in Victoria to be admitted to practice.\nHer commitment to her Catholic faith was evident in her involvement with the Catholic Women's Social Guild, lecturing and writing for its publications Women's Social Work and its successor Horizon.\nJoan of Arc was an inspiration to her and she joined the forerunner of the St Joan's International Alliance, the Catholic Women's Suffrage Society in London. She was an inaugural member of the Victorian chapter of the St Joans' International Alliance when it was established in 1936 and was president from 1938-45 and 1948-62.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/horizon-in-retrospect-1916-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brennan-anna-teresa-1879-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-lyceum-club-melbourne-1912-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anna-brennanthe-valiant-woman\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tributes-to-a-medical-missionary-pioneer-dr-mary-glowrey-sister-mary-of-the-sacred-heart-first-c-w-s-g-president\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/history-of-the-lyceum-club-and-papers-1970-1975-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-st-joans-international-alliance\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/melbourne-university-princess-ida-club\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/melbourne-university-princess-ida-club-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Powell, Eileen", "Entry ID": "AWE0645", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/powell-eileen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Trade unionist", "Summary": "Aged fifteen, Eileen Powell joined the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and remained a member for over 45 years. She trained at the Party speakers' classes in Balmain and became Assistant Secretary of the Stanmore Branch in 1929. After working for Grace Brothers (Broadway) Powell commenced work with the Labor Daily. From 1937 until 1944 she worked with the Australian Railways Union, New South Wales Branch. During this period Powell became an organiser for the Railway Refreshment Rooms (RRR) staff and achieved an Industrial Relations award for them. The mostly women workers were not employed directly by the Railways Department, were not covered by other awards and were dispersed throughout railway towns in New South Wales. On their behalf she appeared before the full bench of the NSW Industrial Commission and when the judgement was handed down there was a cut in the spread of hours, provisions for overtime, increased wages and the abolition of the compulsory board and lodging payments. Powell was also a member of the Council of Action for Equal Pay, the ALP Women's Central Organising Committee and the United Associations of Women.\n", "Events": "Appeared for the Australian Railway Union - New South Wales Branch before the full bench of the NSW Industrial Commission (1938 - 1938) \nAssistant secretary of the Stanmore Branch of the Australian Labor Party (1929 - 1929) \nAwarded the Silver Jubilee Medal (1977 - 1977) \nGained Australian Labor Party preselection in the State seat of North Sydney (1951 - 1951) \nGave evidence at the Female Wage Case in the Industrial Commission (1935 - 1935) \nGave evidence at the National Wage Case which adopted the principle of equal pay for equal work (1969 - 1969) \nJoined the Australian Labor Party. Member for 47 years. (1928 - 1975) \nMarried Sydney Morning Herald journalist Fred Coleman-Browne (1948 - 1948) \nMember of the Council of Action for Equal Pay (1937 - 1948) \nOrganizer with the Australian Railway Union - New South Wales Branch (1937 - 1944)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/working-lives-a-history-of-the-australian-railways-union-nsw-branch\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eileen-powell-1913-1997-obituary\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/on-the-way-to-beirut-status-of-women-commission\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fred-coleman-browne-papers-including-papers-of-his-wife-eileen-powell-ca-1871-1968\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eileen-powell-papers-1912-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-bowden-interviews-conducted-for-radio-programs-and-documentaries-ca-1975-1989\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McConnell, Joyce Marion", "Entry ID": "AWE0657", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcconnell-joyce-marion\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wollstonecraft, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Joyce McConnell was appointed to the Order of the British Empire on 12 June 1976 for community services. She was an active member of a number of national women's groups and Australian Capital Territory associations. McConnell was President of the National Council of Women of Australia, member of the National Women's Advisory Council, National Women's Consultative Council and the Federation of University Women. In 1976 McConnell was Australia's delegate to the International Council of Women conference in Vancouver.\n", "Details": "Joyce McConnell represented Australian women to government with an even-handed professionalism that achieved lasting results. She was president of the National Council of Women of Australia 1973-1976 and a member of the peak national advisory bodies the National Women's Advisory Council and the National Women's Consultative Council from 1978-1986.\nJoyce Marion McConnell was born on 21 August 1916 at Wollstonecraft, NSW, the daughter of L.J. Smith. She was educated at North Sydney Girls' High School and Sydney University. At the time of her marriage to Hugh McConnell on 31 August 1939, both she and her husband were studying economics as evening students, and both were active student politicians. Joyce served as a director of the Women's Union and vice-president of the Student Representative Council.\nMcConnell graduated with a Bachelor of Economics. Her husband's work as a teacher took the family into country New South Wales, and later to Canberra. The marriage produced two sons and two daughters.\nMcConnell became active in women's affairs in 1957, joining the Canberra Association of University Women and becoming its delegate on the National Council of Women of the Australian Capital Territory. As convenor for housing and civic affairs, she was responsible for the first 2 surveys carried out by the Council in Canberra, seeking information regarding government housing and consumer prices. She served as honorary secretary of the Council in 1957-1958, resigning to accompany her husband overseas. On her return, she held the presidency of the Council from 1962 to 1964, raising funds to establish the first Senior Citizens' Club in the ACT. Other voluntary work in community organisations at this time included chairing the Emergency Housekeeper Committee and the Anti-Litter Campaign, and helping found the Churchill Appeal.\nFrom 1964 to 1969, Hugh McConnell was posted to Argentina. Joyce McConnell joined the local University Women's Club, and became a committee member of the Mission to Seamen in Buenos Aires.\nIn 1973, McConnell became president of the National Council of Women of Australia. Hers was the first National Board to be located in Canberra. McConnell predicted correctly that its strength would be 'in the very nature of Canberra-in the relative accessibility of those who sit in the seats of power and who are the architects of our national policy'. McConnell quickly established good working relationships with the emerging women's bureaucracy inaugurated by the Whitlam Labor government and, despite her active membership of the Liberal Party, communicated effectively with politicians on both sides of the parliament. She worked equitably with representatives of newly vocal groups like the Women's Electoral Lobby in planning for Women's Resource Centres and Rape Crisis Centres, and in preparations for International Women's Year.\nMcConnell was one of the delegation of 10 women sent by the Australian government to the International Women's Year Tribune held in association with the World Conference on Women in Mexico city in 1975. In 1976, she led the Australian delegation to the ICW Triennial Conference in Vancouver.\nIn 1975 McConnell, on behalf of NCWA, proposed to Prime Minister Whitlam that he establish a representative Women's Advisory Council. The suggestion was taken up by the Fraser government, and, in 1978, Fraser appointed McConnell to the newly constituted Council, reappointing her in 1982. When Prime Minister Hawke abolished the Council and replaced it with the National Women's Consultative Council in1984, McConnell was again appointed: the only woman to serve both governments in this capacity. In 1979, as the NatWAC convenor in Canberra, she had to negotiate extreme opposition from right-wing radical women during the mid-decade consultations for the UN Decade for Women.\nShe continued to work with NCWA, becoming an honorary life vice-president in 1979 and accepting the national convenorship of the Economics Standing Committee in 1980. She also returned to the leadership of the Australian Federation of University Women, organising their national conference in 1981.\nMcConnell was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1976 for service to the community, and awarded the Queen's Jubilee Medal in 1978.\nJoyce McConnell died of a massive stroke in 1991, a few days before her 75th birthday.\nPrepared by: Jan Hipgrave, Marian Quartly and Judith Smart\n", "Events": "Appointed to the Order of the British Empire (1976 - 1976) \nAssociate member of the Royal Canberra Golf Club (1973 - 1973) \nAwarded Queen's Jubilee Medal (1978 - 1978) \nChairman of the Emergency Housekeeper Service in the Australian Capital Territory (1962 - 1964) \nCommittee member of the Mission to Seamen in Buenos Aires (1965 - 1969) \nConvenor of the Economics Standing Committee for the National Council of Australian Women (1980 - 1980) \nCouncil member of the Australian Federation of University Women (1981 - 1981) \nHonourary Life Vice-President of the National Council of Women of Australia (1979 - 1979) \nHonourary Secretary of the National Council of Australian Capital Territory (1957 - 1958) \nLeader and Australian delegate to the International Council of Women conference in Vancouver (1976 - 1976) \nMarried Hugh McConnell and she bore four children (1939 - 1939) \nMember of the advisory committee on the Australian Government Contribution to the United States Bicentennial (1976 - 1976) \nMember of the Australian Federation of University Women (ACT) (1957 - 1957) \nMember of the Churchill Appeal committee in the Australian Capital Territory (1964 - 1965) \nMember of the delegation of ten women sent by the Australian government to the United Nations Tribune for International Women's Year in Mexico City (1975 - 1975) \nMember of the First Garden Club (ACT) (1964 - 1964) \nMember of the National Women's Advisory Council (1978 - 1980) \nMember of the National Women's Advisory Council (1982 - 1984) \nMember of the National Women's Consultative Council (1984 - 1986) \nMember of the University Women's Club (Argentina) (1965 - 1969) \nMember of the Women's International Club (ACT) (1976 - 1976) \nPresident of the National Council of Australian Capital Territory (1962 - 1964) \nPresident of the National Council of Women of Australia (1973 - 1976) \nVice-chair of the National Committee for the International Women's Year for the United Nations Association of Australia (1975 - 1975) \nVice-president of the Australian Pre-School Association (1974 - 1977)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/active-life-in-womens-affairs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1988\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beryl-beaurepaire\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1974\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/capital-women-a-history-of-the-work-of-the-national-council-of-women-a-c-t-in-canberra-1939-1979\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-joyce-mcconnell-1960-1989-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-joyce-mcconnell-former-president-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1936-1972-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Skene, Lillias Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE0755", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/skene-lillias-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Smythesdale, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Armadale, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Farmer, Welfare worker, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Lillias Skene was a prominent member of numerous women's groups and social welfare organisations in Melbourne from the early 1900s into the 1940s. She initially focussed on philanthropic work, but from the 1920s she devoted most of her energies to the Red Cross and the National Council of Women of Victoria. She was present at the inaugural meeting of the British (Australian) Red Cross on 25 August 1914 and was a member of the Victorian council from about 1920 until 1941. She became assistant-secretary of the National Council of Women in 1914, honorary secretary in 1916, vice-president in 1921 and president in 1924. In this year she also became foundation president of the federal council of the various State-based National Councils of Women.\n", "Details": "Lilias Skene was born in 1867 at Smythesdale, Victoria. She married David Skene, a sheepmaster, in 1888 and they had 4 children. The family moved several times, at one time running a dairy in Manly, before moving to Melbourne in 1906. Soon after this she joined several philanthropic and reform organisations included the Charity Organisation Society, the Lady Talbot Milk Institute and represented the Guild of Play on the National Council of Women of Victoria until the 1920s. For thirty years, from 1919, she was honorary secretary of the Women's Hospital Committee's board of management. In 1927 she became one of the first seven women Justices of the Peace in Victoria and played an active role in the Women Justices Association.\n", "Events": "State Relief Committee (1929 - ) \nVictorian Nursing Board (1927 - )", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/skene-lillias-margaret-1867-1957\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/champions-of-the-impossible-a-history-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-victoria-1902-1977\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-brief-history-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-victoria-1902-1945\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-sense-of-purpose-great-australian-women-of-the-20th-century\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-acceptable-face-of-feminism-national-council-of-women-1902-1918\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-victoria-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/minutes-1904-1960-microform\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Peacock, Millie Gertrude", "Entry ID": "AWE0756", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/peacock-millie-gertrude\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Political candidate", "Summary": "Lady Millie Peacock was the first woman member elected to the Victorian Parliament and the third woman elected to Parliament in Australia. On 1 January 1901 she married Victorian Parliamentarian Alexander Peacock (knighted 1902). Lady Peacock was the first President of the Creswick branch of the Australian Red Cross Society. She was a member of the Provisional Committee of the Victorian Division of the Australian branch of the British Red Cross Society (1914-1915). She then became a member of the Victorian Divisional Committee until 1934 and was a member of the Victorian General Committee until 1938. Following the death of her husband in 1933 Lady Peacock stood for and won her late husband's Legislative Assembly seat of Allandale. During her time in Parliament she made only one speech. She retired from Parliament in 1935.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2002 - 2002)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lady-millie-peacock\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-ordinary-lives-pioneering-women-in-australian-politics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carrying-on-the-fight-women-candidates-in-victorian-parliamentary-elections\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/liberal-women-federation-to-1949\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ivy-lavinia-weber-victorian-m-l-a-1937-1943-1979-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Finlay, Judy", "Entry ID": "AWE0764", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/finlay-judy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Belmont, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Blue Haven, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "Judy Finlay was treasurer of the Australian Women's Land Army Association New South Wales from 1996.\n", "Details": "At the outbreak of World War II, Judy Finlay was working at M & J Frocks, a frock and suit manufacturer, as a junior finisher and machinist. She joined the Women's Australian National Service (WANS) soon after it was established in 1940, and completed First Aid and Air Raid Precautions courses, while continuing to work in Sydney. Her first placement with the WANS was at the Scarborough Children's Home. Here she worked four hour evening shifts twice a week helping staff take care of the children's needs. After a couple of months she transferred to the WANS Land Army Section and was sent to the farming districts of Leeton and Wamoon. Her main task was to help farmers with the vegetable and fruit picking. Next she completed a six month course on a training farm for agricultural and dairying work. She was then posted to Barker College, Hornsby. Here the two Land Army girls shared the tasks of looking after the cows, fowls and a vegetable garden. Finlay stayed at the College until December 1945, when she returned to Sydney and her position at M & J Frocks.\nFollowing her marriage to Alex Finlay she continued working, eventually becoming forewoman with the responsibility of overlooking the retail division. While her two children were young, Finlay took in home sewing. She established a small retail outlet in which she sold the clothes that she produced. Later she began running a grocery\/mixed business.\nIn 1946 Finlay joined the newly established Australian Women's Land Army Association NSW. She held the position of treasurer for the Association from 1996. In October 2002, Judy Finlay represented the Australian Women's Land Army Association on the Australian Women in War Project working party.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-judy-finlay\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Carnell, Anne Katherine (Kate)", "Entry ID": "AWE0766", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carnell-anne-katherine-kate\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Chief Executive Officer, Parliamentarian, Pharmacist", "Summary": "Trained as a pharmacist in Brisbane, Kate Carnell came to Canberra in 1977, becoming one of the first woman pharmacy owners there in 1981. From 1982 she held positions in a number of professional organisations, including inaugural and first female president of the Australian Capital Territory Branch of the Pharmacy Guild of Australia 1988-94. Elected to the Legislative Assembly for the Australian Capital Territory in 1992 she became Liberal Leader in 1993 and Chief Minister from 1995 to 2000. Her subsequent positions include director of the NRMA and chief executive officer of the Australian Divisions of General Practice, the Australian Food and Grocery Council, Beyond Blue and the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. She was the inaugural Small Business and Family Enterprise Ombudsman from 2016 to 2021. She subsequently held leadership positions on the boards of a number of community organisations.\n", "Details": "Kate Carnell was born in Brisbane on 30 May 1955, the eldest child of Dorothy n\u00e9e Grenning, and Donald Knowlman, an accountant and owner of a building company. Educated at Sherwood State School and St Aidan's Church of England Girls School, between the ages of 14 and 17 she struggled with anorexia. Her experience with other disturbed adolescents in the psychiatric ward of a Sydney hospital gave her a life-long interest in mental health issues. She initially enrolled in medicine at the University of Queensland then transferred to pharmacy, graduating as BPharm in 1976.\nFollowing her marriage to Ian Carnell in July 1977 she moved to Canberra where she worked first as a pharmacist at Woden Plaza before becoming one of the first women in Canberra to own a pharmacy in 1981 when she bought the Red Hill Pharmacy. In 1984 she acquired a second pharmacy at Gowrie. Her children were born in 1984 and 1986. She held positions in a number of professional organisations becoming chair of the Southern District Pharmacists Company 1982-92, vice president of the Retail Industry and Training Council of the ACT 1987-91, the first female\u00a0 and inaugural president of the ACT Branch of the Pharmacy Guild of Australia 1988-94, member of the ACT Pharmacy Registration Board 1985-91, counsellor at the Australian Institute of Pharmacy Management 1990-91, member of the ACT Board of Health 1990-91, member of the Pharmacy Restructuring Authority 1990-91, national vice president of\u00a0 the Pharmacy Guild of Australia and the first woman on its executive 1990-94, and board member of the Canberra Chamber of Commerce 1991-92.\nCarnell joined the Liberal Party in 1991 and the following year stood successfully as a Liberal candidate for the Legislative Assembly for the Australian Capital Territory. Elected Liberal leader in 1993, she became Chief Minister of the ACT following the 1995 election. During the period 1995-2000 she held the portfolios of Treasurer, Business and Employment 1997-98, the Status of Women, Aboriginal Affairs, Health and Community Affairs 1995-98, Arts and Multicultural and International Affairs 1995-2000. She established a sister city agreement with Beijing and pursued liberal social policies legalising abortion, prostitution, non-commercial surrogacy and decriminalising marijuana. She unsuccessfully attempted to introduce a heroin injecting room in the ACT. She aggressively promoted business investment and tourism to Canberra and the settlement of skilled migrants and refugees, particularly those from Kosovo in 1999. Her government was severely criticised for its management of the implosion of the Royal Canberra Hospital in July 1997 that resulted in the death of twelve-year-old Katy Bender. In 2000 she briefly served as Minister for Business Tourism and the Arts before resigning as Chief Minister of the ACT on 17 October that year, following a no-confidence vote over the funding of the Bruce Stadium development.\nAfter leaving politics Carnell became Chief Executive of Development at the Canberra-based telecommunications company TransACT before being elected a director of the National Roads and Motorists' Association (NRMA) in August 2001. She resigned from this position in 2002.\u00a0 In 2001 she was appointed chairperson of General Practice Education and Training Ltd by the health minister Michael Wooldridge and reappointed by his successor Tony Abbott in 2004. From 2001 to 2004 she was executive director of the National Association of Forest Industries. Between 2006 and 2008 she was chief executive officer of the Australian Divisions of General Practice and a board member of the Australian Red Cross 2006-11. She served as CEO of the Australian Food and Grocery Council 2008-12. Between 2008 and 2014 she was board director of Beyond Blue, a non-profit organisation supporting mental health and wellbeing and its CEO\u00a0 2012-14. She was CEO of the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry 2014-16 and inaugural Australian Small Business and Family Enterprise Ombudsman 2016-21. She chaired Racing and Sports from 2021-25 and has been chair of the disability and aged care support agency, Mable, since 2016. She is currently chair of the Australian Made Campaign Ltd; chair of Violet, a service providing advice on aged care planning; independent chair of Screen Producers Australia and is on the audit and risk committee of Beyond Blue.\nKate's marriage to Ian Carnell was dissolved in 1997 and in 2007 she married Ray Kiley.\nShe was a recipient of the 2001 Centenary Medal and in 2006 was appointed Officer in the Order of Australia 'for service to the community of the Australian Capital Territory through contributions to economic development and support for the business sector, knowledge industries, and medical technology advances.' In April 2013 she received an honorary doctorate from the University of Canberra and in 2019 she was named one of the Australian Financial Review's 100 Women of Influence in the Public Policy Category.\n", "Events": "Appointed inaugural Australian Small Business and Family Enterprise Ombudsman (2016 - 2016) \nAppointed Officer of Order of Australia (2006 - 2006) \nCEO of Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ACCI) (2014 - 2016) \nChief Executive Officer Australian Food and Grocery Council (2008 - 2008) \nChief Executive Officer Australian General Practice Network (2006 - 2006) \nChief Executive Officer Beyond Blue (2012 - 2014) \nDeputy chair of the Red Cross 'Caring Across Canberra' Appeal (2002 - 2002) \nInaugural president of the Pharmacy Guild of Australia, Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Branch (1988 - 1994) \nLeader of the Liberal Party, Australian Capital Territory (ACT) (1993 - 2000) \nNational vice-president of the Pharmacy Guild of Australia, Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Branch (1990 - 1994) \nVice-president of the Australian Institute of Pharmacy Management (1987 - 1992) \n ( - ) \n ( - ) \n ( - )", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2004\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carnell-anne-katherine-kate-1955-biographical-entry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/contemporary-australians-1995-96\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shades-of-blue-lunch-with-kate-carnell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oral-history-interview-with-kate-carnell-2006\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/consultation-commonsense-and-commitment-a-vision-for-the-government-in-the-act\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kate-carnell-wikipedia-entry\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/consultation-commonsense-and-commitment-a-vision-for-the-government-in-the-act\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Curley, Sylvia", "Entry ID": "AWE0767", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/curley-sylvia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Duntroon, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Death Place": "Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Advocate, Farmer, Local historian, Nurse", "Summary": "Sylvia Curley qualified as a nurse in 1926 and spent her early years of nursing in country New South Wales. She worked for the Canberra Community Hospital (later known as the Royal Canberra Hospital) from 1938 until her retirement in 1966 as deputy matron. In her 'retirement' years she ran a nursing employment agency in Canberra and was a strong advocate for changes to nurses' education. In 1994 she donated her family home, Mugga Mugga, to the people of Canberra and oversaw its development into an environmental education centre. Sylvia Curley was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia on 8 June 1992 for her services to nursing, to local history and to the National Trust.\n", "Details": "Sylvia Curley was born into a pioneering Canberra family and grew up on Duntroon estate, before moving to Mugga Mugga homestead in 1913.\nShe trained as a nurse at Goulburn for four years, and at Leeton and Narrandera she developed her lifelong commitment to patient care and student nurses education. As matron at Gundagai, in five years she changed a run-down hospital to one described by the then New South Wales (NSW) minister for health as 'the cleanest and best of its size', which she achieved through influencing administrators and community fundraising. During her time there she took leave without pay to further her training in New Zealand and Sydney.\nCurley returned to Canberra in 1938 to take up the position of sub-matron of the then Canberra Hospital, only to find that the hospital had been the subject of a royal commission. Staff morale was very low and a group of nurses had resigned in protest at the actions of the hospital board and the sacking of the previous matron. Not to be deterred, she set about improving the hygiene of the kitchen, management of food supplies, menus, diets and she paid from her own salary for a Coolgardie safe to be built when the hospital board refused. Curley also introduced the tray system for patient meals.\nConcerned at the lack of social lives and the rule of no visitors to nurses quarters Curley organised hospital balls and dances, largely funded from her own pocket, which were great successes and attracted up to 800 guests. She organised fetes and other fundraising events for a student nurses reference library, and for years she lobbied hospital management for improved nursing training and superannuation.\nCurley went on largely self-funded study tours to New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada, and reported back on developments in hospital practice and nurse training, showing Australia to be behind the times. Her efforts saw the establishment in 1957 of the Nursing School in Canberra, the second in Australia, which was based on a model she had seen in New Zealand.\nIn 1964 a nursing home on the site of the former nurses quarters at Canberra Hospital was named in Curley's honour. In 1966, after twenty-nine years at the Royal Canberra Hospital, she retired from nursing, but without superannuation she was forced to continue working and she started an employment agency. This she ran for twenty years, during which time a dental nurse training course at Canberra Technical College was established at her suggestion and she lobbied for a medical records course for secretaries.\nOn retiring she set herself the project of documenting the history of the Canberra region, most of which she knew first hand, and was anxious for children to understand how things were in Canberra's past.\nAt the age of 91 she was recognised with a Medal in the General Division of the Order of Australia for services to nursing, local history and the National Trust.\nAfter the death of her last family member, she maintained her family's Mugga Mugga property herself in excellent condition, receiving praise from the Department of Agriculture on her management of the farm. In 1995 Curley bequeathed the historic 17ha property to the people of Canberra, and established an education centre for environmental studies and turned the homestead into a cottage museum, which she said was the only museum in Canberra to contain original pieces of property of a pioneering family.\nIn 1998 her memoirs were published documenting her life at Duntroon and Mugga Mugga and her 'three careers' as a nurse, employment consultant and lessee farmer. At her 100th birthday thanksgiving mass, she described the Mugga Mugga education centre as her vision and dream. She died in the same year.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-long-journey-duntroon-mugga-mugga-and-three-careers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/curley-sylvia-1898-1999-biographical-entry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dabrowski, Stasia", "Entry ID": "AWE0768", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dabrowski-stasia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Poland", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Charity worker", "Summary": "Stasia Dabrowski voluntarily ran a mobile soup kitchen from 1979, providing hot soup, bread, drinks, clothes and blankets to the homeless and needy of Canberra, and was dedicated to the welfare of young people. For nine years she raised the funds herself to purchase ingredients for the soup kitchen.\nShe was the 1996 Canberra Citizen of the Year, and the 1999 inaugural Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Senior Australian of the Year.\nStasia Dabrowski passed away at the age of 94 in August 2020.\n", "Details": "Stasia Dabrowski arrived in Canberra in 1964 and raised two children. Her second son became addicted to heroin and this led to her commitment to assisting young people in need. One of her son's friends, a recovered drug addict, asked her to help him set up a soup kitchen.\nThe mobile kitchen, run from the back of a van, was possibly the first of its kind in Australia. The friend married and left Canberra, and she continued to provide the service with the help of her son.\nEvery Friday night since 1979 she provided hot soup, bread, drinks, clothes and blankets to the homeless and needy of Canberra. On an average Friday night the soup kitchen provided several hundreds of loaves of bread and a similar quantity of soup to over 300 people in need. Dabrowski was particularly concerned with the welfare of young people and the lack of love and security many experience, but did not discriminate as to who she provided assistance to.\nFor nine years she raised the funds herself to purchase ingredients for the soup. In later years she received some Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Government funding and some businesses provided surplus food. The ACT Government 2000 Budget document, Canberra: building social capital, described Dabrowski as 'one particularly strong example' of 'many quiet achievers \u2026 volunteering their time and often their money to feed people who are homeless, unemployed or have drug problems'.\nIn 1996 Dabrowski was the Canberra Citizen of the Year and featured on the ABC's Australian Story. In 1999 she was honoured with the inaugural ACT Senior Australian of the Year, receiving the award for her twenty-year dedication to the homeless and needy on Canberra's streets. She was the 2017 ACT Local Hero of the Year, the same year that her likeness was captured in an artwork by Jenny Blake.\nStasia Dabrowski passed away in Canberra in August 2020. Her grandson is intent on keeping his grandmother's legacy alive, having taken over her soup kitchen in recent times. 'No matter what', he says, 'I want to continue on the legacy.'\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-building-social-capital-australian-capital-territory-budget-2000\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Follett, Rosemary", "Entry ID": "AWE0769", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/follett-rosemary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Politician, Public servant", "Summary": "Rosemary Follett was born in Sydney in 1948 but is Canberra in her heart, describing herself as 'in lock step' with the city. (Interview) 'It's a peaceful, tolerant place' with a 'sense of spaciousness and community' she says. (Interview)\nIt is also the place where she, as the Australian Capital Territory's (ACT's) first chief minister, in 1989 became the first woman to lead an Australian state or territory government. As ALP leader, she presided over 3 ministries and remained in parliament until 1996 as the member of Molonglo. Her portfolio responsibilities included Social Justice, Treasury and Public Service, Attorney-General, Law Reform, Consumer Affairs, Police and Emergency Services.\nFollett described herself as belonging to the Left faction of the ALP and came to power with a platform of open accountable government, social justice and a policy that half of all positions on government advisory boards and committees should be filled by women.\nAfter leaving politics she served as the ACT Discrimination Commissioner from 1996 until 2004.\n", "Details": "Rosemary Follett came to Canberra in 1952 and was educated at the former Catholic Girls High School (now Merici College, where a wing is named after her). Her mother and father were both from the Canberra region (Cooma and Bungendore) , met as members of the armed services before the start of the Second World War (father was in the army and mother in naval intelligence), married at the end of the war and moved to Sydney for work after the war. They were from very different backgrounds, and this was a source of tension, as it was for many couples in early twentieth century Australia who crossed the sectarian divide. Rosemary's mother's family were Catholic, intellectual and high achievers; her aunt was a doctor who, for a time, was the highest ranking woman in the navy. The Follett family, on the other hand, had no pedigree for education and were Anglican. Judith Lusby, a BA from the University of Sydney, and Aubrey Follett, a court reporter, married in a Catholic church in Sydney and the Follett family did not attend. The family moved to Canberra when Aubrey Follett obtained work as a Hansard reporter. While work brought them to Canberra, the promise of a house in Canberra was a key motivation. The housing crisis in Sydney was so acute, the Follett family decided they had been shown enough houses with dirt floors and took the plunge and headed towards a duplex in Yarralumla.\nRosemary's mother's family provided ample models of educated women demonstrating what could be achieved by women with a good education. The aforementioned aunt, an ancestor in the nineteenth century who nursed in the NSW Northern Rivers District, even Rosemary's mother, who battled her conservative husband for the right to enrol in a teaching degree at the Australian National University (ANU) when her daughters were at school, all presented Rosemary with models of women who combined work with family. Education was a priority for members of the Follett household. And because of her father's job, Follett received a unique perspective on political life. Dinner table conversations often revolved around the day's happenings in parliament, and the admirable qualities of the few women who sat. These conversations broadened into more general discussions about policies, and what differentiated the parties. As she grew older, she began to understand that the Labor Party was the party of reform.\nFollett's education was a catholic one, and although she enjoyed primary school, where she excelled, the same could not be said of her experience of secondary school. She was young when she started and acknowledges that she was academically ready but socially and emotionally unprepared. The transition was difficult and it wasn't helped by the unevenness of the teaching in the catholic system for girls. 'Many of the nuns did not appear to be all that happy : they seemed to be 'the nuns that could be spared' by their orders.' (Interview) They terrified the girls with their stories of martyrdom and sacrifice, rather than inspire them with the stories of Mary McKillop or other nuns who worked for social justice in the church. If not for the encouragement of her mother and Mother Gonzaga, who allowed her to read whatever she wanted to read, surviving school would have been close to impossible.\nAfter school, Follett earned an Advanced Diploma in Secretarial Studies and joined the public service. She left home at 18 and travelled with a friend to Darwin in 1966. Working for the Chief Geologist in a 'frontier' town was an eye opener, especially for the lack of a female presence in public spaces. After Darwin, she moved to Sydney where she worked for a mining company. While working in the mining industry, she began to develop a sense of the power of capital, and how poorly the existing Occupational Health and Safety Legislation protected working people and their families.\nWhile in Sydney, she met someone (from Canberra) and got married. (In a strange twist, her sister married her husband's brother!) She came back to Canberra, got married and continued working as a secretary for some years, while her husband studied, although, as a married woman , she was no longer permitted to work for the public service. In 1973, she returned to study too, taking advantage of the free university education introduced by the Whitlam Government elected in December of 1972.\nIn the 1970s, Follett became increasingly interested in the variety of social movements that were bubbling along at the time. She found her sympathies generally aligned with Australian Labor Party (ALP) policies and, after the sacking of the Whitlam government in 1975, joined Ginninderra branch of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) in 1975, becoming its president from 1983 to 1984. She admits that in the early days, she was very quiet at meetings. As someone who'd had a sheltered life and upbringing, she found the militancy of some other members very confronting. 'I thought my mother's modest way of making change was more appropriate'. (Interview) In 1984 she was elected women's co-ordinator for the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) branch of the ALP and this gave her experience in the women's policy committee and the feminist caucus. From 1985 to 1986 she was a member of the ACT House of Assembly, and by 1987 was elected ALP ACT Branch president.\nShe completed her degree and rejoined the Australian Public Service (APS) through their graduate recruitment program. She became a highly active workplace delegate with the Administrative and Clerical Officers Association. It took her a while to find a position that she enjoyed and felt useful in, but she found it in the Office for Women's Affairs (OWA) when it was located in the Department of Premier and Cabinet, working to establish the newly formed National Women's Advisory Council (NWAC). Working in this environment helped to develop her understanding of feminism and the feminist movement. Heavily influenced by Germaine Greer's 'The Female Eunuch', Follett learned more from the staff at the OWA, from impressive women such as Sara Dowse. She was committed to the feminist movement and felt for other women in the office forced to navigate the tension between feminism and bureaucracy on a daily basis.\nNot long after the OWA was moved to the Department of Home Affairs, Follett changed areas and began working in the Cultural Heritage area, where she was encouraged to take part in the APS Executive Leadership Program. Climbing further through the ranks of the APS she came to the conclusion that being an executive public servant might not actually be as interesting as doing the hands on work of someone a couple of rungs down. At around the same time that she was forming these conclusions, she was asked if she would be interested in filling a casual vacancy in the House of Assembly in the run up to self government. She accepted the invitation, was preselected and took on the role as the opposition (ALP) Member for Fraser.\nFollett then took on the ACT ALP Presidency and became well known as a good negotiator who was able to consult with all the factions of the ALP, as well as the opposition parties; a very important skill to possess at a time when the goal of self-government in the A.C.T was still being worked towards. She was determined to ensure that the ALP could be viewed by the electorate as a viable alternative in government. She was clearly successful in her determination; in 1989, Rosemary Follett was elected first Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory which made her the first woman to lead an Australian state or territory government. In 1990 a Canberra Times - Datacol opinion poll put her popularity at a high 73 per cent.\nDespite this, her first term was very short; she lost a vote of no confidence in 1990 after a year in office, returned in 1991 and then re-elected in 1992 into a much more stable political environment. In 1995 she was defeated by the Liberal Party of Australia under Kate Carnell. Follett resigned from the ACT Legislative Assembly in December 1996. After leaving politics, Follett was appointed the ACT Sex Discrimination Commission, a position she held until 2004.\nThat she was the first woman to lead a state or territory did not hit her hard until she attended her first commonwealth heads of governments grant commission meeting where she was the only woman. In fact, she says, 'there wasn't much positive publicity about it at the time. My opponent used to refer to my ministry as 'a powder puff government\". (Interview) She was surprised by the level of obsession that the public had with her appearance, and appalled by the sexism of some media coverage. In the A.C.T. the chief minister is also treasurer. A journalist had the gall to ask her how she was going to manage the budget! But as time went by, some things improved. In 1992, more women (Joan Kirner and Carmen Lawrence) were at the state and territory leaders meetings.\nThe scrutiny on her appearance and private life, however, did not abate. She was once told by a journalist that that they were relying upon her for two stories a day, which could have been useful if the focus was on policy and not her wardrobe. 'There was consistent commentary about what I wore, rather than what I was doing,' she says.(Interview). Which was a lot; Follet acknowledges that the amount of work was extraordinary and sometimes overwhelming, but she was determined to stay in charge as long as she could because there major policy areas she wanted to achieve, especially in the area of occupation health and safety legislations, consumer protection laws and pursuing feminist policy initiatives. Her hard work took its toll personally. She 'can't imagine how she would have done the job with children' and admires women such as current (2013) Chief Minister Katy (Interview) She could not have achieved what she did without the support of excellent mentors in her party and the close, critical friendship of her two sisters.\nFollett was always comfortable with leadership, saying that 'she works best when she is in charge'. (Interview) While always comfortable with the responsibilities that come with leadership she found learning to accept the judgments that come with political leadership took longer. 'All political careers end in defeat', but that doesn't mean you shouldn't pursue them! (Interview) The personal satisfaction of achieving meaningful change for the good, and bringing people through with you, to reach consensus on an important policy matter, cannot be under estimated. Nor can the opportunities for further career development. Since leaving politics, Follett has been: deputy Vice Chancellor at the University of Canberra; Chair of the Vocational Education and Training Authority; a member of the University of Canberra Council; member of the Sentence Administration Board and Chair of the Board of Senior Secondary School Studies. She led a trade mission to Japan and was instrumental in bringing about the ACT's sister-city relationship with Nara and was a member of the Milk Authority of the ACT 1996 and the Canberra Labor Club, Canberra Tradesmen's Club and the Fabian Society. ACT politics has provided Rosemary Follett with a rich and interesting life.\nWhich no doubt reinforces her enduring love for the city of Canberra. Speaking for herself, and countless others, she says 'Eighteen year olds will always leave Canberra but they will always come back. Even retirees return!' (Interview)\n", "Events": "President of the Australian Labor Party, Ginninderra Branch (1983 - 1984) \nReceived for service to the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly, particularly through influencing the development of self-government and as an inaugral Chief Minister, and to community development, human rights, and the advancement of women. (2017 - 2017)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2004\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-ordinary-lives-pioneering-women-in-australian-politics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-follett-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-women-and-leadership-in-a-century-of-australian-democracy-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-rosemary-follett-former-chief-minister-of-the-act-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kelly, Roslyn Joan (Ros)", "Entry ID": "AWE0772", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kelly-roslyn-joan-ros\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Ros Kelly was elected with a large majority as the first woman member of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) House of Assembly and was later elected to the House of Representatives for the electorate of Canberra (1980-1995). She was the first Labor woman federal minister in the House of Representatives and the first to give birth while holding office. A complete record of her parliamentary service, including a link to her first speech, can be found in the Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia (see below).\n", "Details": "Ros Kelly was educated at St. Ursula's College, Ashbury, and obtained a BA DipEd from the University of Sydney. She worked as a high school teacher from 1969 to 1974.\nShe moved to Canberra in 1970 and was elected the first woman member of the ACT House of Assembly from 1974 to 1979. She also became the first woman chair of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Schools Authority from 1978 to 1979 and a foundation member of the ACT Legal Aid Commission from 1978 to 1979.\nKelly has been patron of numerous ACT sporting clubs and a member of many ACT ethnic, social and community associations.\nIn 1980 Kelly was elected to the federal seat of Canberra with one of the largest swings against the then Liberal government, and in 1983 she became the first federal parliamentarian to give birth while an MP. In 1987 Kelly became the first Labor woman federal minister in the House of Representatives.\nAs member for Canberra, Kelly was secretary of the Federal Labor Caucus from 1981 to 1987 and held office as minister for the portfolios of Defence, Science and Personnel from 1987 to 1988; Communications and Aviation Support from 1988 to 1990; Arts, Sport, Environment, Tourism and Territories from 1991 to 1993; Environment, Sport and Territories from 1993 to 1994; Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism and Territories from 1994 to 1995. She also served as Minister Assisting the Prime Minister on the Status of Women until 1994.\nKelly resigned from federal politics in 1995, and has worked as a senior executive in environmental management since that time. She is currently on the Board of Trustees of the National Breast Cancer Foundation, a trustee for the World Wide Fund for Nature and a board member of the Westpac Emergency Helicopter Service.\nIn 2004 Kelly was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for service to the community through promoting corporate environmental responsibility and fostering dialogue between business and conservation groups, to the Australian Parliament, and to women's health.\nShe has two children.\n", "Events": "Chairperson of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Schools Authority (1978 - 1979) \nFoundation member of the Legal Aid Commission (1978 - 1979)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2004\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/capital-women-a-history-of-the-work-of-the-national-council-of-women-a-c-t-in-canberra-1939-1979\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-canberra-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-australias-capital-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-1954-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-brief-history-of-the-act-alp\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-suffrage-timeline\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/members-of-the-house-of-representatives-since-1901\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-ordinary-lives-pioneering-women-in-australian-politics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-kelly-a-passionate-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kelly-the-hon-roslyn-joan-ao\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-hon-ros-kelly\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ros-kelly-1992-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-kelly-interviewed-by-mark-oneill-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-kelly-interviewed-by-peter-sekuless-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-roslyn-joan-kelly-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-council-for-women-acw-collection-njsn_ac-005\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gilchrist, Roma Catherine", "Entry ID": "AWE0812", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gilchrist-roma-catherine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "United Kingdom", "Death Place": "Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist, Peace activist", "Summary": "Roma Gilchrist was first a member of the Modern Women's Club before joining the Union of Australian Women, Western Australian Branch. She was vice-president in 1954 and president from 1957 until 1971.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/roma-gilchrist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-john-and-roma-gilchrist-1927-1984-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Prichard, Katharine Susannah", "Entry ID": "AWE0814", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prichard-katharine-susannah\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Fiji", "Death Place": "Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Writer", "Summary": "Katharine Susannah Prichard, author, pacifist, Communist, indefatigable political activist, chose to live on the outskirts of Perth, Western Australia, for fifty years, from 1919 until her death in 1969. Her life is one of courage, determination, hard work, great joy and satisfaction, and tragedy. During her lifetime she developed an international reputation as a novelist, she was recognised as one of Australia's foremost writers, and she established an almost legendary reputation locally as a political activist whose initiatives made a profound impact upon the lives of many West Australians. In the midst of such physical isolation and unsophisticated conservatism, how was her brilliant light able to shine so readily?\n", "Details": "Katharine Susannah Prichard was born on 4 December 1883, the first child of Edith Isabel Fraser, a talented painter, and Tom Prichard, a journalist with the Fiji Times. In her autobiography, Child of the Hurricane (1964), she attributes her own strength of character and political idealism to the complex interaction of the immense securities and insecurities of her early childhood. The Prichard and Fraser families had migrated to Australia from Britain on the sailing ship Eldorado in 1853, a ninety-four day sea voyage of astonishing hardship. Tom Prichard was the second youngest son of ten Prichard children, 4 years old on arrival in Australia; Edith Isabel Fraser was the fourth of nine Fraser children but the first to be born in Australia. Katharine Susannah recalls that her father used to say he had fallen in love with Edith when she was a schoolgirl, and made up his mind then that she was the girl he wanted to marry. The Prichard and Fraser families had remained warm friends after their long and hazardous sea voyage to a new land : they became inextricably linked when the eldest of the Prichard sons married one of the elder Prichard girls, and a younger Fraser boy married one of the Prichard girls. Tom Prichard's marriage to Edith Isabel Fraser added to the complex interrelatedness of the family: for Katharine Susannah, growing up in the centre of a large and loving web of aunts, uncles, cousins and their relatives meant great security.\nBy her own definition, Katharine Susannah Prichard was a child of the hurricane. In her autobiography, published in 1964, she describes her birth on 4 December 1883 in Fiji thus:\nDawn threw wan light on the devastation caused by the hurricane; the township bashed and battered as though by a bombardment, the sea-wall washed away, the sea breaking through the main street, ships in the harbour blown ashore or onto the reef, coconut plantations beaten to the ground. But in that bungalow on the hillside, natives gazed with awe at the baby the hurricane had left in its wake. \"Na Luve ni Cava,\" they exclaimed. \"She is a child of the hurricane.\"\nBorn into a charmed circle of calm out of a wild and tempestuous night, Katharine Susannah Prichard seems to have been able to combine these two qualities - passionate criticism of social injustice and determination to expose and rail against unjust laws, with a sweet and gentle disposition. In her autobiography she stresses her strong will, and her early ability to charm through the sheer force of her personality. She attributes many of her later characteristics to the early Fijian experience - particularly her love for the natural world, and her instinctive sympathy\u2026for people of the native races. She was particularly attached to her devoted Fijian carer, N'gardo. Maybe N'gardo is responsible for the instinctive sympathy I've always had for people of the native races. It is, I think, a tribute to that dark, protective presence in my early life.\nBut tragedy struck early in her life : the decision for the 2 year old Kattie to travel to Victoria with her mother for the birth of her brother Alan left N'gardo inconsolable, certain she had gone forever, and in his grief he died. This was the first of several tragic deaths of significant men in her life.\nDuring Katharine Susannah's childhood, following her journalist father's searches for work, her immediate family moved from Fiji to Tasmania and finally to Melbourne, establishing always a lively circle of friends and acquaintances for whom ideas were centrally important.\nHer awakening to injustice is recorded in one of her early novels, The Wild Oats of Han, in a scene recalling her own family trauma where Han and her brothers are returning from a delightful picnic with a servant to find cartloads of the family furniture rolling down the hill, sold because the family could no longer make ends meet. Unemployment, injustice, ill-deserved poverty - all troubled the young Katharine. This incident seems to have bred in the young girl a desire to be strong and influential in her adulthood. She felt helpless and yet responsible for finding a way out of their troubles. From this time on Tom Prichard's mental health was precarious , and a constant source of worry to the family. Her autobiography suggests it was the combination of being so well loved, and yet insecure because of her father's unpredictably uncertain health, which caused Katharine Susannah to be so determined to right the world's perceived injustices. This determination, accompanied by a prodigious intelligence fostered at appropriate times, a thirst for knowledge, an eye for detail and an early desire to write, created a woman whose passionate idealism shaped all that she did.\nKatharine Susannah Prichard's literary talents were displayed early. Before the family left Tasmania she published her first short story in the children's page of a Melbourne newspaper. Her second story, \"The Brown Boy\", won a prize, and caused quite a stir in her family. Most importantly of all for the young Kattie, she had earned a guinea for the story, which she proudly passed on to her father. She decided then to become a writer. Although neither parent took her stated ambition seriously at that stage, her mother fostered in her a love for words, for rhythms, for imaginative writing, by keeping up a constant supply of books by British poets and novelists. The love of learning and for ideas thus instilled, remained with her throughout her life.\nAt age 14 Katharine Susannah won a scholarship to South Melbourne College. There, under the tutelage of the principal, J. B. O'Hara, she embarked upon the happiest and most valuable years of her school life, and was greatly encouraged in her writing. Her determination to be a writer seems to have guided her from this time on. Although she wanted to go to University, there was not enough money in the Prichard family for all four children to go, and in spite of the relative emancipation of the family's views, as a girl Katharine Susannah stepped aside to allow her younger brothers Alan and Nigel to have a university education. Instead she went to night school, and kept in close contact with those of her friends who had gone to university.\nIn 1904, aged 21, determined to broaden her experience of Australian people and landscape, Katharine Susannah Prichard took a series of jobs as a governess in outback Australia, all of which provided useful material for her writing.\nAfter several years she returned to Melbourne to live with her family and became a journalist. ln 1907 her father committed suicide.\n In 1908 she was sent to London to cover the Franco-British exhibition for the Melbourne Herald. This taste of cosmopolitan life exhilarated her, and in 1912, aged 29, she returned to London, hoping, as Drusilla Modjeska points out, like so many other talented Australian women of her generation, to find ways of living professionally and independently in the comparative freedom of London. Although life was hard, for Katharine Susannah it was a life full of passionate exploration of ideas. She became part of a circle of artists and writers, and embarked upon a systematic study of socialist ideas, so providing a great background for her subsequent study of Marxism. Her pacifism was confirmed when she travelled to northern France and saw the atrocities of war at first hand.\nAs a writer the climax of her London stay came in 1915 when she won the prestigious Australian section of the Hodder and Stoughton All Empire novel competition with The Pioneers. For this she won 250 pounds, a considerable sum, and with renewed confidence in her Australian future as a radical writer she returned to Melbourne. Here, in spite of her clearly articulated controversial views, she was welcomed back into the bosom of her family - support she considers worthy of recording in her autobiography:\n Kattie's had the opportunity of learning more than we did, Lil,\" Mother replied placidly. \"Perhaps the old ways and ideas are good enough for us, but she belongs to a different generation.\"\n That was how mother reconciled my unorthodox views to her own conceptions of right and wrong. So wise and gentle she was in her acceptance of the sincerity of my convictions, even when she didn't sympathize with or understand them. Her love and loyalty always defended me if anyone dared in her presence to criticize what I thought and did.\nSuch family harmony was disrupted when tragedy struck again with the death of her beloved brother Alan on the battlefields of France.\nIn 1917, Katharine Susannah was greatly affected by news of the Russian revolution. In her autobiography she writes:\n That the revolution was an event of world-shaking importance, I didn't doubt\u2026.press diatribes against Lenin, Trotsky and Bolshevism indicated that they were guided by the theories of Marx and Engels. I lost no time in buying and studying all the books of these writers available in Melbourne\u2026Discussion \u2026confirmed my impression that these theories provided the only logical basis that I had come across for the reorganisation of our social system.\n My mind was illuminated by the discovery. It was the answer to what I had been seeking : a satisfactory explanation of the wealth and power which controlled our lives - their origin, development, and how, in the process of social evolution, they could be directed towards the well-being of a majority of the people, so that poverty, disease, prostitution, superstition and war would be eliminated; peoples of the world would live in peace, and grow towards a perfecting of their existence on this earth\nIn London Katharine Susannah Prichard had met a dashing young Australian soldier, Hugo Throssell, who had been awarded the Victoria Cross for bravery. On his return to Australia in 1919 they married and together went to live at Greenmount, a hills suburb on the outskirts of Perth, Western Australia. Here, in the most isolated city in the world, she lived for the rest of her life, passionately committed to her writing and her political activism, balancing these activities with the inevitable demands of home, family and friendship.\nDrusilla Modjeska records that when Katharine Susannah Prichard arrived in Perth in 1919, two major industrial disputes, one on the goldfields and one on the waterfront, were reaching their climax. Trades Hall was flying a red flag, and arrested miners from the Kalgoorlie goldfields were being brought to Perth for trial. These were turbulent times. The wharfies' strike in May 1919 resulted in the conservative Colbatch government ordering mounted police to advance on the barricaded strikers. One striker was killed and seven were wounded. Katharine Susannah Prichard, as one of the first Marxists to arrive in Perth, was quickly in demand as a public speaker. Her talks on the waterfront with the strikers were amongst the first encounters between a Marxist and these striking workers. Drusilla Modjeska records that Katharine Susannah Prichard's first political pamphlet The New Order (1919) was written in response to the demand for accessible information on Marxism. It was reputedly anecdotal and descriptive, rather than being analytical and politically sophisticated, but it was optimistic and enthusiastic about the possibility of revolution. With like-minded people from the Eastern states of Australia, Katharine Susannah Prichard had been a founding member of the Communist Party of Australia. At all times her husband supported her political stance. This was not always without complication. In her autobiography she recalls a time immediately after their arrival in Western Australia when Hugo Throssell was being hailed as a war hero, and was invited to speak at the Armistice Day celebrations being held at his hometown of Northam. To the assembled crowd in the street he described the horror and misery of war, and declared that the suffering he had seen there had made him a socialist. These sentiments from a national war hero, son of a respected conservative former State Premier, were radical indeed.\nBy 1922, Katharine Susannah's hopes for revolution in Australia had diminished. In May 1922, Katharine Susannah Prichard's and Hugo Throssell's only child, a son, Ric Throssell, was born. For the rest of that decade, she devoted herself to her writing and her family. It was not until 1933 after Hugo Throssell's tragic death, that she threw herself headlong into fulltime political activism again.\nKatharine Susannah Prichard's first decade in Western Australia seems to have been an exceptionally busy, fertile and happy period of her life. During this time she wrote what are considered to be her best novels : Working Bullocks (1926), Coonardoo (1928), and Haxby's Circus (1930). Intimate Strangers was completed by 1933, but not published until 1937.\nLiterary critics who hail the novels from this period as her best, allude frequently to the creative tensions found here in the blending of a romanticism and elemental sexuality whose origins lay in the work of D. H. Lawrence, and an Australian realism motivated by a desire to portray the real lives of Australian women and men. For Katharine Susannah Prichard, committed as she was to the Communist Party and its ideals, writing fiction served a political as well as a literary purpose. She wrote about class and race relations, and about the relationship of white and black Australians to their landscape. She took her research seriously: for Working Bullocks she lived with the timber cutters in the south west karri forest; for Haxby's Circus she travelled with Wirth's Circus; and for Coonardoo she stayed on a station in the northwest, becoming familiar with the landscapes and the people inhabiting them before using them as settings for her novels. Her pride in Australia and her focus on the harsh realities and extraordinary beauty of the Australian bush, forest and desert earned her the admiration of other writers and intellectuals. Drusilla Modjeska, whose focus as a literary critic has been on Australian women writers prominent in the 1930s, tells us that these writers assumed a central position in Australian cultural life because they, Katharine Susannah Prichard especially, helped develop a sense of national identity, and deliberately raised in their novels cultural questions which had not been raised before.\nCoonardoo provides one of the earliest articulations of the indigenous Australian people as real human beings capable of genuine human emotion, morality and intelligence. In this novel, set in the vast cattle country of the northwest of Australia, the heroine, Coonardoo, is a young Aboriginal woman whose attraction for the young white landlord, Hughie, is posited as elemental, instinctual and inevitable. Hughie's failure to follow his instincts and to accept Coonardoo as his lifelong partner is frequently read as a metaphor for the invading Europeans' failure to understand or develop empathy for this ancient and harshly beautiful land. Coonardoo was serialised by the national journal The Bulletin in 1928, but such was the conservative and imperialist nature of the white Australian population that it caused an uproar of indignation and protest.\nAlthough her writing met thus with public protest, Katharine Susannah Prichard's skill and courage in writing about crucial and controversial issues earned her the admiration of contemporary critics. Thematically and stylistically her work was admired by her literary colleagues. Drusilla Modjeska records that as early as 1925, writer Louis Esson wrote to colleague Vance Palmer that he and Hilda Esson were reading the manuscript of Working Bullocks and found it astonishingly good. It is most unconventional, and it is less like an ordinary story than like actual life. You feel you are living in the karri forests. On reading the novel himself, Vance Palmer wrote excitedly to the poet Frank Wilmot:\nI hope the book gets a good spin in Australia, for something tells me it marks a crisis in our literary affairs. Nettie Palmer shares their excitement, giving it a more detailed assessment: Working Bullocks seems to me different not only in quality but in kind. No one else has written with quite that rhythm, or seen the world in quite that way. The creative lyricism of the style impresses me more than either the theme or characters. From slang, from place names, from colloquial turns of speech, from descriptions of landscape and people at work, she has woven a texture that covers the whole surface of the book with a shimmer of poetry\u2026 It is a breakthrough that will be as important for other writers as for KSP herself.\nLater, in 1953, the critic Wilkes wrote in the Australian journal Southerly, Vol 14 No 4\u2026[KSP] has become the foremost of the school, the novelist who has striven most consistently to make the continent articulate through her writing. The critic H.M. Green wrote of Working Bullocks as having \u2026a kind of warmth and glow which seems to be a reflection of heat and light and the colour-effects of the landscape. Much later, in 1960s, as Ric Throssell records, Vance Palmer wrote: Young people of today may not be fully aware of the flood of new life which KSP poured into our writing\u2026 If a change has come over our attitude to the Aboriginals it is largely due to the way KSP brought them near to us.\nIntimate Strangers is the only one of her novels to deal explicitly with white middleclass marriages and relationships, and is thought by many critics to be significantly autobiographical. It was written at a time of crisis in her marriage. Hugo Throssell was deeply troubled: his employment prospects had been severely damaged by his and Katharine Susannah's very public political activities, and he was plagued by financial worries. Once again the novel plays out the tensions between romanticism and realism, but this time it has tragic consequences. The bankrupt husband in Intimate Strangers kills himself and Elodie is thus freed to pursue a more satisfactory sexual liaison. Katharine Susannah had completed this manuscript before travelling to Russia for six months in 1933. In a cruel replay of the events of her earlier family life, on her way home from Europe she learned that her husband, deeply troubled by terrible financial debts, had suicided. She was devastated. Thirty years later in her autobiography she wrote: I could not have imagined that\u2026he would take his own life. I had absolute faith in him and don't know how I survived the days when I realised I would never see him again. The end of our lives together is still inexplicable to me.\nAfter her husband's death, Katharine Susannah Prichard took up political activism with renewed intensity. The cumulative world crises of the 1930s - the Depression; fascism with its assault on freedom of speech, its censorship and brutality, and its persecution of German and Italian writers living in Australia ; and the Spanish Civil War - made a huge impact upon Australian writers. Katharine Susannah Prichard was one of the founding members of the Movement against War and Fascism which had been inaugurated in Amsterdam. At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War she organised the Spanish Relief Committee in Western Australia. During the 1930s the Fellowship of Australian Writers was taken over by the Left, and Katharine Susannah Prichard was supported in her opposition to fascism in Europe and a reactionary government at home. One of the rallying points of this period concerned the visit to Australia of the internationally renowned Egon Kisch. Kisch had come to Australia to speak at an anti-war congress in Victoria in 1934. He was refused entry into Australia by a conservative and frightened government who went to extraordinary lengths to exclude him, using a language test in Gaelic to exclude this highly cultured and educated man who was fluent in seven languages. His exclusion offended the hospitality and international solidarity of Australian writers. Katharine Susannah Prichard was reportedly on the Fremantle wharf to greet him, and, when his ship docked in Melbourne, she was amongst a small group or radicals who spirited him away after he had jumped onto the wharf, breaking his leg. The incident captured the public imagination, and Kisch addressed huge public meetings in the Eastern States of Australia. In spite of the apparent public support for freedom of speech, however, in the early 1940s the Communist Party was outlawed in Australia, and individuals were persecuted and arrested for having Marxist literature in their possession. There was no doubt that at this time mainstream Australia disapproved of the ideals which Katharine Susannah Prichard passionately believed in.\nOne of the fascinating aspects of Katharine Susannah Prichard's life was that although she undoubtedly sought and received support for her political views from around Australia and indeed around the world, in Western Australia her activism was specific, practical and widely admired. One of her most significant initiatives for local women was her establishment of The Modern Women's Club in the 1930s. This group met in central Perth for lunch one day each week, and guest speakers were invited to stimulate discussion on an enormous range of social issues. Here women from the Left mingled with much more conservative women whose desire for peace, or for the overturn of some perceived social injustice, had brought them together. This club continued for decades. My own oral history research indicates that the networks thus established arguably had a profound impact upon the lives of individual Western Australian women, and fed directly into the Vietnam Moratorium movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s, the establishment of the Women's Liberation and Women's Electoral Lobby of the early 1970s, and the more broadly based peace and Green movements of the 1980s and 1990s.\nThe literary work of Katharine Susannah Prichard after the 1930s is often considered by critics to have been undermined by her adherence to the Communist Party and its Stalinist directives that all literature reflect socialist realism. Certainly in the trilogy The Roaring Nineties (1946), Golden Miles (1948), and Winged Seeds (1950) the earlier focus on sexuality gives way to a focus on work. Perhaps the most significant conflict for Katharine Susannah was that whereas writing demanded solitude, Communist activism demanded collectivity.\nIronically, friends and associates of Katharine Susannah Prichard's have suggested that the smallness and isolation of Perth, which many residents found limiting, may have been one of the most significant factors in her being so visible and may well have contributed to the local community's acceptance of who she was and how she chose to express her marvellous gifts. Katharine Susannah Prichard, for all her gentleness, was a larger-than-life figure. She belonged to a world community. In 1943 she became a member of the Communist Party's Central Committee. In 1959 she was awarded the World Council's Silver Medallion for services to peace. When she died in 1969, aged 86, her coffin was draped with the Red Flag and she was given a Communist funeral. Her ashes were scattered on the hillslopes near her home at Greenmount.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prichard-katharine-susannah-1883-1969\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-devanny-romantic-revolutionary\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irene-greenwood-talks-with-grant-stone\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1938-1973-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-john-and-roma-gilchrist-1927-1984-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-katharine-susannah-prichard-1851-1970-bulk-1908-1969-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-katharine-susannah-prichard-1899-1974-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nancy-cato-1939-1995-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nancy-cato-1939-1995-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1935-1969-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ian-turner-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-devanny-archive\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/perth-pen-centre-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-hazel-de-berg-1959-1963-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1928-1994-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "West, Doris", "Entry ID": "AWE0906", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/west-doris\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Horsham, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Teacher", "Summary": "Dorrie West went to school in Horsham, Victoria, before moving to Adelaide with her family. She completed a Bachelor of Arts at the University of Adelaide in 1921 and her teacher training. A teacher at Adelaide High School she left her position upon marriage in 1934, as was the custom of the time. During World War II she returned to teaching. She was an active member of both the YWCA and the Australian Federation of University Women. Following the death of her husband she joined the Lyceum Club and was President 1957-59. Her bequest to the University of Adelaide supports postgraduate scholarships for women and concerts at the Elder Conservatorium in Adelaide. Relatives remember Dorrie as being very engaging and encouraging.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-dorothy-west-sound-recording-interviewer-yvonne-abbott\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-mrs-doris-west-nee-hunter-sound-recording-interviewer-pamela-runge\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Powell, Sarah Jane", "Entry ID": "AWE0989", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/powell-sarah-jane\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Collector, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Box Hill, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "Sarah Powell was State President of the Soldiers, Sailors and Airmen's Mothers' Association for 25 years and was made Life President. She was decorated with the OBE in June 1943 for her services in this organisation. She founded the Croydon Branch and attended their annual meeting on her 92nd birthday five days before she died.\n", "Details": "Sarah Jane Powell the daughter of Thomas and Sarah Skewes (the Skewes are able to trace their ancestry back to John Wesley, the founder of Methodism) was born at Collector in New South Wales. The eldest of ten children she moved with her family to Warrenheip, near Ballarat in Victoria, where her father became the school master and preacher. Here she became a teacher with the Schools Board, an organist for the local church as well as teaching singing and piano. On December 29, 1886 she married Samuel James Powell and moved to Warrnambool. The parents of six children the Powell family moved to Melbourne in 1905.\nPowell became president of the Coburg branch of the Australian Women's National League as well as being the branch delegate to the Council. During World War I, in which she was to lose a son and brother, Powell became involved with the care and welfare of soldiers invalided home from the battlefronts.\nFollowing the war she became a foundation member of the Soldiers Mothers' Association (later called Sailors', Soldiers and Airmen's Mothers' Association - SS&AMA) in 1919. Powell became State President in 1921 and was made Life President in 1926. A member of the War Memorial Committee - later known as the Shrine of Remembrance, Powell represented the Mothers' Association on the committee of the Kings Memorial. She founded the Croydon Branch of the SS&AMA. When this Branch opened a Home for widows or those separated from their husbands, one of the flatettes was named in her honour.\nIn appreciation of her community work Sarah Powell was recognised by being presented with various awards including:\n\u2022 The Order of Merit from the Returned Soldiers' League (later named Returned & Services League of Australia - RSL) for her devotion to the cause of the men who fought in the Great War in 1923.\n\u2022 The Coronation Medal at the time of the coronation of King George VI in 1937.\n\u2022 Appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire for social welfare work with the armed forces on June 2, 1943.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hanrahan, Barbara Janice", "Entry ID": "AWE0991", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hanrahan-barbara-janice\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Adelaide, South Australia", "Death Place": "Adelaide, South Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Printmaker, Writer", "Summary": "Barbara Hanrahan was an artist, printmaker and writer. She was born in Adelaide in 1939 and lived there until her death in December 1991. Hanrahan spent three years at the South Australian School of Art before leaving for London in 1966 to continue her art studies. In England she taught at the Falmouth College of Art, Cornwall, (1966-67) and Portsmouth College of Art (1967-70). From 1964 Hanrahan held a number of exhibitions principally in Adelaide and Sydney, but also in Brisbane, Canberra, Perth, London and Florence. Hanrahan's novels include The Scent of Eucalyptus (1973), The Peach Groves (1980), The Frangipani Gardens (1988) and Flawless Jade (1989).\n", "Details": "Barbara Hanrahan was educated at Thebarton Girls' Technical College before commencing a three year Art Teaching course at Adelaide Teachers' College. At the same time she completed art classes at the South Australian School of Art. Following the completion of her Diploma of Art Teaching, Hanrahan began teaching art in schools as well as enrolling for evening classes with the newly established Printmaking Department at the South Australian School of Art. In 1961 she was appointed assistant lecturer in Art at Western Teachers' College, Adelaide. In the same year she participated in a four-artist exhibition at the Hahndorf Gallery, and was awarded the Cornell Prize for Painting. She taught at the South Australian School of Art from 1963-66.\nHanrahan left for London in 1966 to continue her art studies. She taught at the Falmouth College of Art, Cornwall, (1966-67) and Portsmouth College of Art (1967-70). In the early 1980s Hanrahan, with her partner Jo Steele, returned to live in Adelaide, where she established her own studio. Hanrahan's writing career began in 1973 with the publication of her first, largely autobiographical, novel The Scent of Eucalyptus. Other titles soon followed and her last novel, Good night, Mr Moon, was published posthumously in 1992.\nDuring her life Hanrahan held a number of exhibitions nationally and internationally. Her works are held by the Australian National Gallery, Canberra, and many regional galleries.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-papers-of-barbara-hanrahan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/launch-of-the-barbara-hanrahan-memorial-exhibition-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-barbara-hanrahan-1958-1992-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-carmel-bird-1987-2000-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-barbara-hanrahan-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barbara-hanrahan-tributes-videorecording-barbara-hanrahan-memorial-exhibition\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/introducing-barbara-hanrahan-artist-and-writer-1939-1991-videorecording-barbara-hanrahan-memorial-exhibition\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interviews-with-barbara-hanrahan-mem-fox-colin-thiele-christobel-mattingley-and-max-fatchen-videorecording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-barbara-hanrahan-sound-recording-interviewer-beate-ursula-josephi\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/radio-program-profiles-in-south-australian-writing-sound-recording-producer-beate-ursula-josephi\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/compilation-of-recordings-relating-to-barbara-hanrahan-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-barbara-hanrahan-sound-recording-interviewer-suzanne-hayes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/radio-interview-with-barbara-hanrahan-sound-recording-interviewer-elaine-lindsay\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/radio-tribute-to-barbara-hanrahan-by-susan-mitchell-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/radio-tribute-to-barbara-hanrahan-by-tony-baker-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/recording-of-a-women-writers-forum-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/addresses-by-barbara-hanrahan-and-max-fatchen-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barbara-hanrahan-summary-record\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dale-spender-papers-1972-1995\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hinder, Eleanor Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE1041", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hinder-eleanor-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Scientist, Welfare worker", "Summary": "Eleanor Mary Hinder (1893-1963) was a pioneer in the field of industrial welfare in Australia with her appointment as Superintendent of Staff Welfare for the department store, Farmer & Co. Ltd, in Sydney during WWI. She later achieved international prominence in this field. From 1926 to 1928, Hinder assisted in the development of the new industrial department of the National Committee of the Young Women's Christian Association of China, in Shanghai . She held the position of Chief of the Industrial and Social Division of Shanghai Municipal Council from January 1933 until August 1942, when the Japanese occupation of Shanghai forced her repatriation to Britain. Hinder's next appointment, from December 1942 to October 1944, was to the International Labour Organisation. in Montreal where she served as Special Consultant on Asian Questions., and she subsequently held several other positions with the United Nations. Outside of her professional life, Hinder was also involved with a numbers of women's organisations.\n", "Details": "Eleanor Hinder broke new ground in industrial welfare in Sydney before she went abroad to develop her expertise in this field, and to administer humanitarian and technical programmes in China and Southeast Asia. She was born at Maitland, N.S.W., into a family of pioneer pastoralists and teachers on her father's side. In her later years Hinder discovered she also had American forbears of pioneer New England stock through her maternal line. She was educated at West Maitland Girls' High School and Sydney University (B.Sc., 1914). During World War I she served as Assistant Mistress of Science at North Sydney Girls' High School and lectured concurrently in the University's Tutorial Classes, continuing in the latter position until 1924. From 1919 to 1925 she was Secretary of the Sydney University Women Graduates' Association, in which capacity she was instrumental in organising the Australian Federation of University Women and arranging its affiliation to the International Federation of University Women (I.F.U.W.).\nOver the same period Hinder was Superintendent of Staff Welfare for the department store, Farmer & Co. Ltd, in Sydney. She was co-founder of the Sydney City Girls' Amateur Sports Association, established to provide recreation and organised sport for women in business and industry. In 1923 she had been granted a year's leave from Farmer's to study industrial welfare work overseas. Her first time abroad, she visited Shanghai, Japan, Canada, the United States, England , Switzerland and Norway. Her itinerary included attending the I.F.U.W. Convention in Oslo, a conference of industrial welfare workers in France, and visiting the International Labour Office (I.L.O.) in Geneva. She returned to Sydney in October 1924.\nAt the invitation of the National Committee of the Young Women's Christian Association of China, Hinder assisted in the development of its new industrial department in Shanghai from 1926 to 1928. She was engaged in efforts towards the amelioration of industrial conditions, particularly for women and child factory workers. During this time she met Addie Viola Smith, U.S. Assistant Trade Commissioner in China and Secretary of the Joint Committee of Shanghai Women's Organizations; the pair became lifelong friends.\nAfter serving as Organizing Programme Secretary for the First Pan-Pacific Women's Conference in Honolulu in 1928, Hinder returned to Australia. In October 1929 she attended the Kyoto Conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations as a member of the Australian delegation. In March 1930 she rejoined the Y.W.C.A. of China as International Education Officer, becoming engaged in research and writing, including a series of articles in the North China Daily on the recently promulgated Chinese Factory Act. Later she assisted the Chinese sociologist Dr Chen Ta in an examination of this legislation, carried out under the auspices of the Employers' Federation of Shanghai.\nDuring the first half of 1932 Eleanor Hinder travelled to the United States, England and Switzerland to observe new methods of factory inspection and to study new labour legislation. In July that year she accepted an offer from the Shanghai Municipal Council, the governing body of the International Settlement, to develop a division to be concerned with working conditions. She held the position of Chief of the Industrial and Social Division of Shanghai Municipal Council from January 1933 until August 1942, when the Japanese occupation of Shanghai forced her repatriation to Britain.\nHinder's next appointment, from December 1942 to October 1944, was to the I.L.O. in Montreal where she served as Special Consultant on Asian Questions. In November 1944 she was seconded to the British Foreign Office to be its representative on the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (U.N.R.R.A.) Technical Committee on Welfare for the Far East in Shanghai, and to advise on labour matters. She was associated with U.N.R.R.A. until the close of its China operations in January 1948.\nShe was then requested by the Foreign Office to join its staff as British Liaison Officer for U.N. activities in the Far East, which position she held until March 1951. She had been a member of the British Delegation at the inaugural Session of the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (E.C.A.F.E.) in Shanghai in June 1947, attending each succeeding Session, with one exception, until the Seventh Session in February 1951. In May 1950 she had been a member of the British Delegation at the first meeting at ministerial level in connection with the Colombo Plan convened at Lapstone, N.S.W.. Hinder was appointed O.B.E. a month later.\nIn August 1951 Hinder was appointed to the staff of the Technical Assistance Administration of the United Nations, serving as Chief of the Project Planning Division, and from February 1953 to 1955 as Chief of the Office for Asia and the Far East. In 1955 she visited the U.S.S.R. as adviser to a study tour of senior Indian Government officials to observe development and training in water and power, agriculture, forestry, mining and other fields. In 1956 she administered the U.N. programme of technical assistance for Latin America. From 1957 to 1959 she was in the service of the U.N. Statistical Office, responsible for organising and administering a special programme of assistance to Asian governments in connection with their 1960-1961 censuses of population and of agriculture. From 1960 to 1961 she was Coordinator of Technical Assistance Programmes under the Statistical Office.\nEleanor Mary Hinder died on 10 April 1963 in San Francisco while en route to the U.N. to take up another short-term appointment.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hinder-eleanor-mary-1893-1963\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/watts-margaret-sturge-1892-1978\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eleanor-m-hinder-papers-1837-1963-together-with-the-papers-of-a-viola-smith-ca-1850-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ruby-rich-1943-1948-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "O'Shane, Patricia", "Entry ID": "AWE1068", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oshane-patricia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Mossman, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal rights activist, Barrister, Caf\u221a\u00a9 owner, Lawyer, Magistrate, Management consultant, Public servant, Teacher, University Chancellor", "Summary": "Patricia O'Shane was born in Northern Queensland in 1941. A noted activist for Indigenous rights, her achievements in the public sphere have been remarkable. She was the first Aboriginal Australian barrister (1976) and the first woman to be appointed to the New South Wales Metropolitan Water, Sewerage and Drainage Board (1979). When she was appointed permanent head of the New South Wales Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs in 1981, she became not only the first Aboriginal person but also the first woman to become a permanent head of ministry in Australia.\n", "Details": "Patricia O'Shane was born in 1941 in the small township of Mossman, North Queensland. She attended State primary and high schools in Cairns, and was awarded a Teacher's Scholarship, which enabled her to study full-time at the Queensland Teachers' Training College, and part-time at the University of Queensland. After graduating from Teachers' College, she taught at primary and high schools respectively before and after her marriage. In 1973, having received an Aboriginal study grant from the Federal Government, she undertook a Bachelor of Laws degree at the University of New South Wales, and completed the course at the end of 1975. In March 1976 she became Australia's first Aboriginal Barrister at a ceremony in the New South Wales Supreme Court. In 1979 she was appointed a Member of the New South Wales Metropolitan Water, Sewerage and Drainage Board - the first female member in the Board's 91-year history. She has worked with the New South Wales Select Committee of the Legislative Assembly on Aborigines, as Coordinator of the Aboriginal Task Force. In November 1981 Pat O'Shane was appointed permanent head of the New South Wales Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs, becoming not only the first Aboriginal person but also the first woman to become permanent head of a ministry in Australia.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-aboriginal-women-pathfinders-their-difficulties-and-their-achievements\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/indigenous-heroes-and-leaders\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-healthy-sense-of-identity\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tall-poppies-nine-successful-australian-women-talk-to-susan-mitchell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/splitting-the-world-open-taller-poppies-and-me\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-wailing-a-national-black-oral-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/murawina-australian-women-of-high-achievement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dhirrabuu-mari-outstanding-indigenous-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-matriarchs-twelve-australian-women-talk-about-their-lives-to-susan-mitchell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rebel-magistrate-with-a-passion-for-justice\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aborigines-and-the-criminal-justice-system\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australias-first-aboriginal-lawyer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-patricia-oshane-1998-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Freeman, Catherine (Cathy) Astrid Salome", "Entry ID": "AWE1088", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/freeman-catherine-cathy-astrid-salome\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Mackay, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Olympian, Track and Field Athlete", "Summary": "Catherine (Cathy) Freeman was born in Mackay in Queensland in 1973. As a very good runner, she won a scholarship to boarding school where she was able to have professional coaching. In 1994 she became the first Aboriginal sprinter to win a gold medal at the Commonwealth Games, going on to win a silver medal in the 1996 Olympic Games and then gold at the Sydney Olympics in 2000.\nShe is very proud of her Aboriginal heritage and has carried the Australian and Aboriginal flags around the track after winning a race, which at times has resulted in public controversy.\nShe was made Young Australian of the Year in 1990 and Australian of the Year in 1998. She is the first person to receive both awards.\nIn the 2026 Australia Day Honours she was appointed Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) 'for eminent service to athletics as an international competitor and ambassador, to positive social impact across the community, to the reconciliation movement in the spirit of unity and inclusion, and as a role model to youth.'\n", "Events": "Athletics - 200m and 400m (1994 - 1994) \nAthletics - 4 X 100m Relay (1990 - 1990) \nAthletics - 4 x 400m Relay (2002 - 2002) \nAthletics - 400m event (1996 - 1996) \nAthletics - 400m Event (2000 - 2000) \nCompeted at Barcelona (1992 - 1992) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-at-the-games\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collection-of-posters-on-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islanders-set-1\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Truganini", "Entry ID": "AWE1098", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/truganini\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bruny Island, Tasmania, Australia", "Death Place": "Hobart, Tasmania, Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal leader, Aboriginal spokesperson", "Summary": "Truganini was the daughter of Mangana, chief of the Bruny Island people. A survivor of The Black Wars that accompanied European settlement in Tasmania, her life epitomises the story of colonial encounters in Tasmania, the clash of two disparate cultures and the resistance and survival of indigenous Tasmanians.\nAfter losing her mother, her sister and her prospective husband at a young age, all of them the victims of colonial violence, Truganini worked hard in the early 1830s to unify what was left of the indigenous communities of Tasmania. An intelligent, energetic and resourceful woman, she worked with white authorities to protect other survivors of The Black Wars who had been forcibly removed from their homelands. In 1830 George Augustus Robinson, a Christian missionary was hired to round up the rest of the indigenous population and he settled them on Flinders Island. Truganini and her husband, Woorrady, helped Robinson in this venture in the hope that removing them would protect them from further violence. Unfortunately, the shock of resettlement, combined with the unsanitary conditions the people were forced to live in, proved fatal and the resettlement program did not work. The result was the virtual annihilation of the one hundred or so people left - mainly due to malnutrition and illness.\nTruganini went with Robinson to Port Phillip in 1839 where a similar settlement was attempted with mainland nations, again with disastrous results. This time, having learnt from the Tasmanian experience, Truganini joined with the Port Phillip people when they resisted Robinson's plans but she was captured and sent back to Flinders Island.\nIn 1856 there were only a few remaining indigenous survivors left in Tasmania, Truganini among them, who were taken to Oyster Bay. By 1873, except for Truganini, all of the people taken there had died. Truganini was moved to Hobart where she died in 1876. She had no known descendants.\nEven in death she was not left in peace. Her skeleton was on display in the Tasmanian Museum from 1904 to 1907. It was not until 1976 that her remains received a proper burial. Aboriginal rights workers cremated Truganini and spread her ashes on the D'Entrecasteaux Channel, close to her birthplace.\nDespite being labelled as such for many years, Truganini was not the 'last Tasmanian Aborigine', as the population of mixed descent Aboriginal people living in Tasmania readily attests to. Nevertheless, the story of her life and death remains immensely important, not only as a symbol of the plight of indigenous Australians, but as an example of the insensitivity of museum practices.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-aboriginal-australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-history-society-and-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/media-portraits-of-indigenous-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1997-peter-eldershaw-memorial-lecture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/re-claiming-tru-ger-nan-ner-de-colonising-the-symbol\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trucanini-queen-or-traitor\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-spectre-of-truganini\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-last-tasmanian\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/truganini-park\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-last-wish-truganinis-ashes-scattered-in-the-dentrecasteaux-channel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/report-to-the-australian-institute-of-aboriginal-studies-on-truganini\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-last-of-the-tasmanians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/an-anthroposcopic-and-anthropometric-study-of-a-full-blood-female-tasmanian-aborigine-truganini\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-last-of-the-tasmanian-natives\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pioneering-journey-home-for-truganini\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trugernanner-truganini-1812-1876\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/skeletal-remains-of-truganini\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/photographs-of-william-lanne-and-truganini-taken-in-tasmania\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Davidson, Gay", "Entry ID": "AWE1115", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/davidson-gay\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Christchurch, New Zealand", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Print journalist, Radio Journalist, Television Journalist", "Summary": "Gay Davidson was the first female political correspondent for a major newspaper in Australia, the first woman President of the Australian Commonwealth Parliamentary Press Gallery, and a great mentor and friend to a vast array of journalists, not least women taking advantage of the openings to them in that profession during the 1970s and 80s.\n", "Details": "Miringa Gay Davidson was one of two children of Geoff Yandle and his wife, migrants to New Zealand respectively from England and Ireland, born when the family had a small dairy farm on the outskirts of Christchurch. She was educated at the (Anglican) Convent of the Sacred Name School, Christchurch Girls High School (1951-56) and at Canterbury University 1957-58 (degree not completed). She completed a journalism cadetship at The Christchurch Press.\nFollowing a career in print, radio and television journalism in New Zealand she and her first husband, journalist Naylor Hillary, moved to Australia in 1967 when he was offered a PhD scholarship to study political science at the Australian National University in Canberra. Gay obtained work with the Canberra Times through her contacts with former New Zealand journalism colleague Bob Ferris (then Chief Sub Editor of the Canberra Times). Initially Gay and Hillary lived with Bob and his (then) journalist wife Jeannie Ferris. Gay pioneered the \"Gang Gang\" page 3 column in the Canberra Times, did civic rounds, covered education and health, was public administration writer, then political correspondent, ending as leader writer and senior columnist, before leaving the paper and working for public relations firm Hill and Knowlton. As Canberra Times political correspondent and head of bureau in the Parliamentary Press Gallery, she became both the first woman in such a role with a major Australian newspaper, and was elected President of the Parliamentary Press Gallery, again the first woman in such a position.\nAlong the way, she liberated the lavatories in the Parliament. One objection raised to her being appointed political correspondent had been the absence of a ladies' lavatory within easy distance of the Canberra Times office in the Gallery. (At this time there were no ladies' lavatories in the Senate for female Senators either and precious few for women Members of the House of Representatives). Gay assisted a woman teleprinter operator in the nearby offices of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (who had broken her leg) to use the men's lavatory near by, standing guard. In due course the Parliament's Sergeant-at-arms was informed, and the lavatory was re-designated and appointed as a uni-sex facility-designated 'toilet'.\nShe was a strong proponent of the establishment of a premise for the National Press Club. When the new building's finances began to founder, she took over as President of the Club and, working closely with a new manager, Mrs. Marjorie Turbayne, she helped to put the Club on a firmer financial footing. She remained a member of the Board in various positions for many years.\nAs political correspondent she covered the 1974 Federal Election, and the dismissal of the Labor Government by the Governor-general in 1975. One enduring photo-image exists of her in the press on the steps of Parliament House as David Smith, then Secretary to the Governor General read out the Proclamation. Subsequently, she made her name writing about entrepreneurial corporate raiders in the business world from 1985.\nIn the community she sat on numerous Boards, including the (former) Canberra Hospital Board, the ACT Land and Planning Appeals Board, the Bruce Stadium Trust, and the Australian Institute of Health (now Health and Welfare). She held various offices with the (former) Australian Journalists Association. She was Deputy Chair of the Australian Institute of Political Science for some years, before being awarded Honorary Life Membership in 1999. During all this time she and second husband Ken Davidson (economics writer for The Melbourne Age) ran a virtual salon at their family home for journalists, politicians, their advisers, and senior public servants willing to risk dining in the presence of such company. She resigned (for the third and final time) from the Canberra Times in 1987.\nAfter the tragic death in 1984 of her second daughter, Kiri Davidson, at the age of 13 of sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis she became a prominent public campaigner for immunization against measles, working with successive Commonwealth Health Ministers in promoting what became the national Bicentennial Measles Campaign.\nAfter Gay resigned from Hill and Knowlton in 1991, with a contract from the Commonwealth Department of Health to write and edit major papers, give political advice and run staff seminars on writing plain English, she worked free-lance and joined Alan Thornhill in their private company By-Line Products, again in the Gallery. She continued with some consultancy work, including speech writing, for Commonwealth Health Ministers until her deteriorating health precluded this.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1967 - 1987)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/breaking-through-women-work-and-careers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McCarthy, Wendy Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE1117", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mccarthy-wendy-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Orange, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Businesswoman, Campaigner, Company director, Consultant, Educator, Entrepreneur, Femocrat, Public speaker, Teacher", "Summary": "Wendy McCarthy is an experienced businesswoman who has assumed many major leadership roles in both the public and private sectors for nearly forty years. Her first experience as a political lobbyist came about when, newly pregnant, she and her husband joined the Childbirth Education Association (CEA) in Sydney, campaigning for (amongst other things) the rights of fathers to be present at the births of their babies. Since then, she has had three children, and been an active change agent in women's health, education, broadcasting, conservation and heritage and Australian business.\nHer senior executive and non-executive positions have included: CEO - Family Planning Association of Australia (1979-84); Member - National Women's Advisory Council (1978-81); Member - Sydney Symphony Orchestra Council; Director - Australian Multicultural Foundation. She has held executive and non-executive director roles in many of Australia's leading private and public institutions including Executive Director, Australian Federation of Family Planning Associations; Deputy Chair of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) for eight years; General Manager of Marketing and Communications, the Australian Bicentennial Authority; Chair of the National Better Health Program; Executive Director of the National Trust; Director Star City; Chair of the Australian Heritage Commission; and Chair of Symphony Australia. In 2005 she compiled ten years as Chancellor of the University of Canberra.\nIn 2013 she is Chair of Circus Oz, McGrath National Youth Mental Health Foundation and Pacific Friends of the Global Foundation. In 2010 Wendy became a Non-Executive Director to GoodStart Childcare Limited. In 2009 after 13 years of service to Plan International, she retired from her most recent role as Global Vice Chair. She is Patron of the Australian Reproductive Health Alliance.\nWendy's contribution to Australian life has been recognised in various ways. In 1989 she became an Officer of the Order of Australia for her contribution to community affairs, women's affairs and the Bicentennial celebrations and in 1996 she received an Honorary Doctorate from the University of South Australia. In April 2003 she was awarded a Centenary of Federation Medal. She was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in June 2025 for eminent service to children and youth, to health, to the arts, to business, to the community, and to women's leadership.\n", "Details": "Career Highlights\nChancellor - University of Canberra (1996-)\nChair - Plan International Australia (Director since 1996)\nChair - Symphony Australia (2000-)\nChair - McGrath Estate Agents (2000-)\nCEO - Family Planning Association of Australia (1979-84)\nMember - National Women's Advisory Council (1978-81)\nCommissioner - NSW Education Commission (1981-83)\nMember - NSW Higher Education Board (1980-83)\nGeneral Manager - Australian Bicentennial Authority (1985-89)\nDeputy Chair - Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1983-91)\nChair - National Better Health Program (1989-92)\nCEO - National Trust of Australia, NSW (1990-93)\nCEO - Price Brent (commercial legal firm) (1994)\nPresident - Chief Executive Women (1995)\nChair - Royal Hospital for Women Foundation (1995-1997)\nChair - Australian Heritage Commission (1995-98)\nChair - Clean-Up Australia Environment Foundation (1996-98)\nDirector - Star City Pty Ltd (1994-99)\nTrustee - Adelaide Festival Centre Trust 1996 -2000\nMember - Olympic Urban Design Review Panel and Olympic Public Art Committee\nMember - North Limited, Environment, Health and Safety Advisory Committee\nChair - The Look of the City Committee, Sydney City Council\nMember - EPAC Task Force report to Prime Minister on Australia's child\ncare needs to the years 2010\nMember - Independent Panel on Intractable Waste 1991-92\nChair - Advisory Committee WHO Kobe Centre 1999-2002\nMember - Australian Advertising Standards Board\nMember - Sydney Symphony Orchestra Council\nMember - Australian State of the Environment Advisory Committee\nDirector - Australian Multicultural Foundation\nExecutive Director - Corporate Good Works\nExecutive Director - McCarthy Management Pty Ltd\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dont-fence-me-in\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/profile-wendy-mccarthy\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wendy-mccarthy-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-women-and-leadership-in-a-century-of-australian-democracy-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pat-richardson-scrapbooks-relating-to-the-womens-electoral-lobby-and-womens-events-1977-2002\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Clarke, Janet Marion", "Entry ID": "AWE1134", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clarke-janet-marion\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Doogallook Station, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Philanthropist, socialite", "Summary": "Janet Clarke (n\u00e9e Snodgrass) was a society hostess and leading patron of good causes in Melbourne from the 1880s until her death. She was a member of the Charity Organisation Society, the Austral Salon, the Melbourne District Nursing Society, the Talbot Epileptic Colony committee, the Alliance Fran\u00e7aise, the Dante Society, the Women's Hospital Committee, the Hospital for Sick Children and the City Newsboys' Society. She helped to organise the Women's Work Exhibition in 1907. Clarke's influence was such that she became the first president of the National Council of Women of Victoria in 1902, and of the Australian Women's National League in 1904.\n", "Details": "Born at Doogallook station on the Goulburn River, Janet was the daughter of Peter Snodgrass, described by Michael Clarke as 'a fearless horseman' but also as 'a neglectful manager and an unfortunate politician [who] left his widow and nine children destitute'. Following her father's death, Janet was given tutelage by Arbella Winter-Cooke at 'Murndal', near Hamilton, before taking up a post as a companion for Mary Clarke and her children in Sunbury in 1869. On 12 April 1871, however, the pregnant Mary Clarke fell from a pair-horse buggy. She suffered a miscarriage and died the same day. Janet remained at the property to care for the Clarke children. In 1872, at twenty-one years of age, she became engaged to William. The pair were married on 21 January 1873. The following year, William inherited the vast fortune of his father, pastoralist W.J.T. 'Big' Clarke. Janet Clarke, a novice to the combined role of wife and society hostess, was thrown into Melbourne's elite social circle. Years later, Michael Clarke would note that his grandmother was 'conscious of her deficiencies. She covered her ignorance by being a good listener. She concealed her lack of social know-how by being a thoughtful hostess and a cautious guest. She was deferential to her elders and betters, kind to nervous young ladies and considerate to servants'.\nSir William and Lady Janet Clarke, as they became, had eight children: Clive Snodgrass (1873), Mary Janet (1874), William Lionel Russell (1876), Agnes Petrea Josephine (1877), Francis Grenville (1879), Reginald Hastings (1880), Lily Vera Montagu Douglas (1883), and Ivy Victoria (1887). Though Petrea (or 'Josie' as Janet referred to her) died in infancy, William had four children from his first marriage and theirs was a full house. As early as August 1874 the foundation stone was laid for the building of Rupertswood, the family home in Sunbury, with initial costs estimated at \u00a320,000. Cliveden, their East Melbourne mansion, was commissioned in 1886 and became a hub of social and charitable activity.\nThough the story is contested by some, legend has it that Janet Clarke holds a special place in the history of the Ashes Test series. In 1882 Ivo Bligh led a team from England to play three cricket test matches in Australia. The team spent Christmas at the Clarke property, Rupertswood, in Sunbury. After Rupertswood staff and Sunbury locals lost a social game to the English team, Lady Clarke apparently presented Bligh with a small urn containing the burnt ashes of the stumps and announced that she would like it to be a perpetual trophy between the two teams. The urn was donated to the MCC in 1927.\nJanet Clarke was a giant in nineteenth-century charitable circles. An article entitled 'Australian Lady Bountiful' in Table Talk (1885) acknowledged her practical charitable work for the Melbourne District Nursing Society, and recounted the presentation of an address and bible together with a petition to Lady Clarke containing 400 signatures from 'grateful working people' expressing 'our sincere thanks to you for your kindness and benevolence shown towards our sick and poor'. Punch magazine suggested that 'most of the big charitable works which had been carried through to a successful issue in Melbourne\u2026 had their origins in Janet Lady Clarke's ballroom'. On her death in 1909, the Leader pronounced that she 'stood at the head and front of almost every philanthropic movement'. A century later, her philanthropic legacy remains among the most enduring in Victoria in the areas of education, the arts and social welfare.\nJanet Clarke was particularly supportive of educational causes. She helped to establish the College of Domestic Economy (later the Emily McPherson College) and the Melbourne Church of England Girls Grammar School. She donated \u00a36,000 toward the building of a hostel for women university students at Trinity College (University of Melbourne). The hostel provided the first separate residential accommodation for women students and was later expanded and renamed Janet Clarke Hall.\nDespite her public activities, Janet Clarke did not support women's suffrage and promoted domesticity as the ordinary woman's natural duty. She did believe, however, that women's maternal and domestic influence was needed outside the home. Once women had obtained the vote, she encouraged political awareness among her own acquaintances, and was instrumental in the establishment of the Australian Women's National League.\nUpon the death of her husband in 1897, Lady Clarke became known as Janet, Lady Clarke. Sir William's baronetcy was inherited by his first son, Rupert, whose own wife took the title of Lady Clarke.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/most-eminent-woman-lady-janet-clarke\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/janet-clarke-hall-1886-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-of-influence-the-first-fifty-years-of-women-in-the-liberal-party\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-woman-question-in-melbourne-1880-1914\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-woman\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-activism-and-altruism-in-australian-womens-philanthropy-1880-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clarke-of-rupertswood-the-life-and-times-of-william-john-clarke-first-baronet-of-rupertswood-1831-1897\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-national-league-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-women-philanthropists-in-australian-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clarke-janet-marion-1851-1909\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/liberal-women-federation-to-1949\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-janet-clarke\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/19528\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bon, Anne Fraser", "Entry ID": "AWE1149", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bon-anne-fraser\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Dunning, Perthshire, Scotland", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Advocate, Pastoralist, Philanthropist", "Summary": "Anne Fraser Bon had just turned twenty and was newly married when she arrived in Victoria, from Scotland, in 1858. Her husband, John, who was twenty-eight years her senior, was already well-established in pastoralism at Wappan Station in the Bonnie Doon area of south-eastern Victoria. Anne accompanied him to what was then a remote area and bore five children in quick succession. She was widowed at the age of thirty, in 1868, when John Bon died of a heart attack.\nUnusually for a women, after her husband's death, Anne Bon assumed management of the station. She was also unusual amongst her peers for her attempts to act on the behalf of the indigenous people of the region. A devout Presbyterian and humanitarian, Anne Bon supported Aborigines' resistance to increasing state regimes of control and surveillance. While some of her ideas and goals for the 'improvement' of Aboriginal people now seem paternalistic and outdated, many members of indigenous communities nevertheless expressed gratitude for her assistance in thwarting if not defeating the diminution of Aboriginal entitlements and civil rights. It was a cause she remained actively committed to until her death in 1936.\n", "Details": "Known locally as 'The Widow of Wappan', after the death of her husband, Anne Bon was a formidable woman who fought strenuously to protect the limited rights of Aboriginal people, a cause her husband had also supported while he was alive. Wappan offered sanctuary to indigenous people, and was a port of call for elders in their travels. It was while he was travelling that William Barak, an important indigenous leader of the nineteenth century, met Anne Bon. They formed a special relationship born from a sense of shared loss - both had experienced the death of a child.\nAnne Bon kept in contact with William Barak when he settled in Coranderrk, Healesville. When her husband John died in 1868, she was determined to raise her four children and continue to run Wappan Station. She also bought a house in Kew, Melbourne and would regularly catch the train from Bonnie Doon Station to Melbourne to attend to business matters.\nIt was to her Kew residence that William Barak brought his dying son in 1881. Anne helped William take his son to the Melbourne Hospital but he died soon afterwards. This tragedy spurred Anne on to pressure the Victorian government into conducting an inquiry into the management of Coranderrk Mission. She was a copious letter writer and became a thorn in the side of the Board for the Protection of Aborigines (BPA).\nWhen her efforts at changing conditions for Aborigines proved fruitless, she then tried to influence government policy from within. She became the first woman appointed to the Board for the Protection of Aborigines (BPA) in 1904, holding this position until her death in 1936.\nA measure of the extent to which Anne Bon valued her relationship with indigenous people in general and respected William Barak in particular can be seen in the way she commemorated Barak after his death. When her husband died, Bon had a monument constructed in his honour, upon which she mounted his name and that of the child who passed away. When Wappan was compulsorily acquired by the State Rivers and Water Commission to be flooded and make way for the Eildon Weir, Anne Bon decided that she should move this monument. At the same time, William Barak passed away. Anne engaged some tradespeople to scratch from this monument her husband's name and her child's name, and re-inscribe it in memory of William Barak. That monument is now located in the Coranderrk Aboriginal cemetery.\nAnne Bon's philanthropic activity was wide in scope. In addition to her work for the local Indigenous population, she used her money to convert her Kew home into a refuge for the sick and needy. She gave generously to the Austin Hospital and served on its ladies' committee. She was also a member of the first committee of the Charity Organisation Society, and a supporter of the Salvation Army throughout her life. She set up a school in Melbourne for Chinese children. She gave substantial donations to Presbyterian churches in Mansfield and Bonnie Doon. She brought patients from state mental institutions to stay at Wappan where they could enjoy the comforts of her home life. During WWI she donated an ambulance to the Belgian Army - for which she was decorated by King Leopold in 1921 - and gave \u00a320 to every blinded soldier in Victoria at Christmas time each year.\nAnne Bon retired to the Windsor Hotel, Melbourne, where she lived the last years of her long life.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ten-victorian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rebellion-at-coranderrk\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-from-aboriginal-women-in-victoria-1867-1926\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-widow-of-wappan-the-story-of-ann-fraser-bon-and-the-wappan-project\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anne-bon-project-wappan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-activism-and-altruism-in-australian-womens-philanthropy-1880-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-great-form-of-love-women-philanthropists-in-australian-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-women-philanthropists-in-australian-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bon-ann-fraser-1838-1936\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/supplementary-inward-registered-correspondence\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-files\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/devils-river-country-selections-from-the-history-of-the-mansfield-district-no-later-than-1979-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Porter, Una Beatrice", "Entry ID": "AWE1157", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/porter-una-beatrice\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Philanthropist, Psychiatrist", "Summary": "Una B. Porter (n\u00e9e Cato) was a renowned psychiatrist, philanthropist and devotee of the Methodist Church in Melbourne, Victoria. She was the first female member of staff at Ballarat Mental Hospital in 1946. In 1963 she was elected World President of the YWCA and travelled extensively. In recognition of her services to the community she was appointed Officer of the British Empire (OBE) in 1961, and Commander of the British Empire (CBE) in 1968.\n", "Details": "Una B. Porter was the youngest daughter of Fanny (n\u00e9e Bethune) and Frederick John Cato, prominent businessman and co-founder of the Moran & Cato grocery company, known for his generosity and commitment to the Methodist Church. From her parents Una inherited a deep and lasting Christian faith that would become the driving force behind her own career and philanthropic activities.\nThough Una was forced to cease her formal education at the age of 14 owing to ill health, she returned to study at the age of 30, matriculating before gaining entry to the University of Melbourne as a medical student. There she specialised in psychiatry and trained at Prince Henry's Hospital, the Royal Park Mental Hospital and the Children's Hospital, before taking a post in 1946 at the Ballarat Mental Hospital where she was the first female member of staff, overseeing 512 female patients. She later worked in private practice and was instrumental in the establishment of a psychiatric clinic at the Queen Victoria Hospital, where she continued work in her retirement as Honorary Consultant Psychiatrist and counsellor for nurses.\nIn 1946 Una married James Roland Porter, an ex-RAAF squadron leader and lifelong friend.\nThroughout her life, Una maintained a strong link with the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) and in 1963 was elected World President of this organisation. Her post, which she retained for four years, involved frequent overseas travel (including India, the Philippines, Europe, North and South America, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Greece, Africa and Israel), advising and encouraging local YWCA groups. In 1964 she was elected Woman of the Year.\nUna's philanthropic work was extensive. In addition to administering the F.J. Cato Charitable and Benevolent Fund together with the Cato Lectureship, and later the James and Una Porter Trust Fund, she made substantial personal donations to hospitals, universities and community organisations, notably the University of Melbourne, Monash University, Epworth Hospital, Methodist Ladies College, Cato College, Queen Victoria Hospital and of course the YWCA.\nUna B. Porter was appointed O.B.E. (1961) and C.B.E. (1968) in recognition of her services to the community.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/if-god-prospers-me-a-portrait-of-frederick-john-cato\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cato-frederick-john-1858-1935\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/growing-together-letters-between-frederick-john-cato-and-frances-bethune-1881-to-1884\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/una-porter-cbe-obe-1900-1996\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-activism-and-altruism-in-australian-womens-philanthropy-1880-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-great-form-of-love-women-philanthropists-in-australian-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-ywca-and-the-subject-of-great-concern-to-women-the-boss-speaks-up-for-her-girls\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-women-philanthropists-in-australian-history\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/porter-una-beatrice-1900-1996\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1912-ca-1970-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Moffatt, Tracey", "Entry ID": "AWE1160", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moffatt-tracey\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor, Artist, Director, Filmmaker, Photographer, Producer, Scriptwriter", "Summary": "Tracey Moffatt is an internationally renowned Aboriginal photographer, documentary maker and director. Moffatt's photography is reflected in her films and documentaries, which explore Aboriginal culture by confronting commonly held stereotypes.\nTracey Moffatt was born in 1960 in Brisbane, where she graduated from the Queensland College of Arts. Her debut film, Nice Coloured Girls, won the Most Innovative Film award at the 1988 Festival of Australian Film and Video. At the same festival, she won the Best New Australian Video award for her 5-minute Aboriginal and Islander dance video, Watch Out. Moffatt also produced Moodeitj Yorgas, which includes interviews, dances, and storytelling by Western Australian Aboriginal women. Her film Night Cries: A Rural Tragedy (1990) draws from the 1955 Chauvel film Jedda.\nMoffatt's photographic exhibitions include \"Some Lads\" and \"Something More\".\n", "Details": "Moffatt released her first documentary in 1988. A Change of Face critically examined the popular understanding and construction of Australian identity in films, television drama and advertisements.\nMoffatt's first documentary focused solely on Aboriginal culture is Moodeitj Yorgas (Solid Women). Released in 1989, the film focused on strong and successful Aboriginal women. The film is constructed through the use of interviews, photographs of Aboriginal people and their land, stories about how the arrival of white man changed Aboriginal life (told in two Aboriginal languages), and Aboriginal music and dance. The interviews with Sally Morgan, Lois Olney, Helen Corbett and Helen Dorondorf are symbolic of the collective voice of Aboriginal women.\nHer next documentary was Nice Coloured Girls (1989). Moffatt again juxtaposed photography with voiceovers to examine the historical relationship between Aboriginal women and white men. The documentary questioned the validity of conventional white history that depicts Aborigines as passive and powerless.\nAlso in 1989, she wrote and directed Night Cries: A Rural Tragedy. Night Cries was inspired by Charles Chauvel's Jedda (1955), and continued the story of the two main characters, thirty years after Jedda. In the film, the relationship has changed from mother and child to carer and invalid.\nMoffatt's first feature film Bedevil was a set of three individual ghost stories that interlock to form one cohesive movie. The film was released in 1993 and is the second feature film to be directed by an indigenous Australian.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-aboriginal-australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-history-society-and-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-companion-to-australian-film\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womenvision-women-and-the-moving-image-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/murawina-australian-women-of-high-achievement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-moving-images-of-tracey-moffatt\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-88\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/boomalli-five-koori-artists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moodeitj-yorgas\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nice-coloured-girls\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/night-cries-a-rural-tragedy\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bedevil-original-release\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-change-of-face\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-positive-identity-for-black-film-makers-sydney-film-festival-film-forum\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moffatt-tracey-interviewed-by-kari-hanet-oral-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-tracey-moffatt-film-maker-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moffatt-tracey-upper-body-shot-head-turned-to-right-corrugated-iron-roof-in-background\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cochrane Smith, Fanny", "Entry ID": "AWE1166", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cochrane-smith-fanny\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wybalenna Settlement, Flinders Island, Tasmania, Australia", "Death Place": "Port Cygnet, Tasmania, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Linguist", "Summary": "Fanny Cochrane Smith was born in 1834 at Wybalenna settlement on Flinders Island in Bass Strait. From the age of seven she spent her childhood in European homes and institutions, mostly in the household of Robert Clark, catechist at Flinders Island, in conditions of neglect and brutality. When Wybalenna people were moved to Oyster Cove she went into service in Hobart, but returned to Oyster Cove the same year.\nOn her marriage in 1854 to William Smith, sawyer and ex-convict, she received an annuity of \u00a324. In 1857 they moved to Nicholls Rivulet and took up a land grant, and the first of their 11 children was born the following year. They supported the family by growing produce and splitting shingles. After Truganini died, she claimed herself to be 'the last Tasmanian'. Her annuity was raised to \u00a350, and she was granted 120 ha of land. She became a Methodist and an active fundraiser, donating land for a church.\nCochrane Smith was proud of her Aboriginal identity, and of her knowledge of food gathering and bush medicine. She became famous for her wax cylinder recordings of Aboriginal songs, now housed in the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-aboriginal-australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-history-society-and-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/smith-fanny-cochrane-1834-1915\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Baylor, Hilda Gracia", "Entry ID": "AWE1187", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/baylor-hilda-gracia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Wantirna, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist, Parliamentarian, Teacher, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "In 1979, Gracia Baylor became the first woman member of the Liberal Party to be elected to the Victorian Legislative Council when she was elected as the member for Boronia. That year she was one of the first two women to be elected to the Upper House, the other being Joan Coxsedge of the Australian Labor Party. Baylor held her seat until 1985 when she resigned to contest (unsucessfully) the Legislative Assembly seat of Warrandyte.\n", "Details": "Gracia Baylor, daughter of Herbert David Parry-Okeden, a grazier and businessman and Hilary May Webster, was born in Brisbane, and educated in Victoria and Tasmania as well as Brisbane as a result of her father serving in the Royal Australian Air Force during World War Two.\nAt the National Gallery Art School in Melbourne she completed a Diploma of Fine Arts and subsequently trained as a secondary school teacher. In 1950 she married John du Frocq Freeman. She worked at Mercer House, a training college for teachers in independent schools, from 1951-57 and at Hamilton College from 1957-59. She married again in 1959, to Richard Patrick Baylor, a solicitor, with whom she had four children, three boys and a girl. She became a law clerk in her husband's firm in Healesville\nHer interest in politics was sparked when she recognised the need for a kindergarten in the town of Healesville. She served as a Healesville Shire Councillor from 1966-78 and ultimately became the first woman president of the Shire of Healesville from 1977-78. This also made her the first female Shire president in the state of Victoria. During her time in parliament she assisted in the establishment of the Queen Victoria Women's Centre.\nOver the course of her career, Gracia Baylor initiated the council-approved baby capsule program which all new parents use to safely carry their infants in cars for the first few months. 'Before this program, babies were just placed in the back of the car in a bassinet and if there was an accident, they didn't have a hope,' she said. Baylor was also instrumental in getting mammograms approved for the Medicare register and she saved the only remaining tower of the Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital for Women which is now a centre for women's health.\nBaylor was an active member of the National Council of Women at the national and state level, serving as president of the National Council of Women of Victoria from 1990-93 and of the National Council of Women Australia from 1997-2000.\n", "Events": "'Women Shaping the Nation' Centenary of Federation Committee (2000 - 2001) \nCommnwealth Advisory Board for Equal Employment Opportunity for Women (1999 - 2002) \nDr Vera Scantlebury Brown Memorial trust (1990 - 2008) \nIn recognition for her work in Parliament and women's affairs. (1999 - 1999) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2003 - 2003) \nMinisterial Advisory Committee to Minister for Women's Affairs (Victoria) (1999 - 2002) \nVictoria Women's Council (1991 - 1999)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-register-of-the-victorian-parliament\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gracia-baylor-am\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-liberal-party-of-australia-federal-womens-committee-history-and-achievements-1945-2003\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carrying-on-the-fight-women-candidates-in-victorian-parliamentary-elections\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-young-mother-from-healesville-breaks-political-barriers\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ncwa-papers-1984-2006\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-gracia-baylor-am\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-victoria-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-young-mother-from-healesville-breaks-political-barriers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "L\u00ea, Marion", "Entry ID": "AWE1228", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/le-marion\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Richmond, New Zealand", "Occupations": "Migrant community advocate, Refugee Advocate", "Summary": "Marion L\u00ea has advocated on behalf of refugees since the arrival of the first Vietnamese boat people in the mid-1970s. She has received a number of awards for her tireless work over three decades, including the 2003 Human Rights Medal.\n", "Details": "Marion L\u00ea was born in the village of Richmond, near Nelson, New Zealand on 29 January 1947. Her father, Noble Tasman Roderick, a hairdresser, was born in New Zealand of Irish, Scottish and Portuguese descent. After serving in World War II with the New Zealand Army as a truck driver in Egypt, he married her mother in 1945, London-born Grace Eileen Tallon. Marion had three younger brothers. She was educated at Richmond Primary and Waimea Intermediate and College, then attended teachers' college and the University of Canterbury in Christchurch. She emigrated to Australia in 1971 and taught in Sydney and Brisbane and travelled until 1974, when she began a Bachelor of Theology at the Alliance College and a Bachelor of Arts at the Australian National University, completing both in 1978-79.\n In 1979 she married Tong L\u00ea, a chef and former Vietnamese soldier who arrived on the Song B\u00ea in 1977. They have three children and cared for four stepchildren, a Vietnamese foster son, a Vietnamese ward of the Minister, and several other children from camps and detention centres.\n In 1980 they opened a Vietnamese restaurant in O'Connor and another at Belconnen ten years later. Marion worked in both of these, as well as teaching in Canberra for 19 years.\nFrom 1977 Marion was active in the Indo-China Refugee Association of the ACT, which was later used by the government as a model for its Community Refugee Settlement Service. She completed a Graduate Diploma in International Law at the ANU in 1994 and now works as a consultant and registered migration agent. She was named as the Bicentennial Canberra Citizen of the Year in 1988, awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in 1990, the Austcare Paul Cullen Award for Outstanding Contribution to Refugees in 1994 and the Human Rights Medal in 2003 for her work in promoting human rights over the last three decades.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-marion-le-sound-recording-interviewer-ann-mari-jordens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-marion-le-199-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wade, Jan Louise Murray", "Entry ID": "AWE1235", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wade-jan-louise-murray\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Attorney General, Barrister, Commissioner, Lawyer, Minister, Parliamentarian, Public servant, Solicitor", "Summary": "A member of the Liberal Party of Australia, Jan Wade served as the member for Kew in the Legislative Assembly of the Parliament of the State of Victoria from 1988-99. As a Minister in the Liberal Government from 1992-99, she held the portfolios of Attorney General, Fair Trading and Women's Affairs.\nEducated at Sydney Girls' High School, Firbank Church of England Girls' Grammar School and the University of Melbourne, Jan Wade worked as a solicitor in private practice (1964-67), in the Parliamentary Counsel's office from 1970-79 and as president of the Equal Opportunity Board (1985-88) before entering parliament in 1988.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Jan Wade for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Jan Wade and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nLooking back on my life I cannot imagine a more interesting and satisfactory career. However in many ways it also illustrates some of the problems encountered by women lawyers in the period 1960 to 2000. While they are minor compared to those encountered by the pioneering women lawyers of the earlier 20th century, I have included some of my experiences in this regard for the record.\nMy own attitudes to a legal career contributed to my slow start in the profession. Although I enjoyed the challenges of legal education, I tended to perceive my future as being a wife and mother. Fate intervened at various times to tempt me forward in my career.\nI was born in 1937 in Sydney. I attended Rose Bay Public School where I was Dux of the school in 1949 and moved on to Sydney Girls' High School.\nMy father died in 1952 and our mother decided to return to her family in Melbourne resulting in new schools for my brother Michael and me. It also meant a significant down grading in accommodation and comfort as we moved into a very small flat where I shared a bedroom with my mother until I left home after I finished my articles in 1959. Looking back I believe my mother had many more grounds for complaint than I did.\nMy new school was Firbank and I was there for two years. I was lucky enough to get a Commonwealth Scholarship that not only paid my University fees but also paid a small living allowance. University had not seemed to be an option so I had no plans but I recalled my father saying that I should consider law.\nI enjoyed the Law School at Melbourne University and found subjects for both my law and arts degrees interesting and not particularly difficult. However, I did not see myself as a solicitor and did no more work than was necessary. I completed my legal studies in 1958 with a fairly average degree. I then did my articles with Weigall & Crowther.\nIn early 1960, like many of my contemporaries, I left for a couple of years in London. With nothing but a return ticket in my pocket, as required by my mother, I embarked on the ss. Orcades. Once there I found that female lawyers were not in demand but unqualified schoolteachers were paid quite well and not required to pay tax.\nI taught in a series of schools in North East London for two years. My first school in Islington (pre gentrification) was a Secondary School described as a \"sink school\" - a school that took pupils rejected by all other schools in the district. It was a girls' school but no safer for that. The girls wore extremely short navy skirts and beehive hair. I was told that the previous teacher of my class had been carried out on a stretcher. The last game of netball I ever played was a staff versus student match of extreme ferocity.\nIn co-educational schools removal of knives and other weapons was an everyday occurrence and teachers were advised never to stay on the school premises after hours and never to walk to the train station alone.\nOn entering Parliament in 1988 I realized that my teaching career had taught me quite a lot about the behaviour I was to encounter there, such as speaking notwithstanding a barrage of rude and defamatory comment and continuing to work in a threatening atmosphere.\nForgetting my return fare was already paid, I travelled home overland to South India in a Land Rover encountering a number of character building experiences such as an attack by youths when camping on the outskirts of Teheran and being saved by the Pakistani Army from possibly having my throat cut by Pathans.\nOn my return in 1963 I endeavoured to commence my legal career only to be advised by many solicitors' firms that, as I was married and could be having children, I was not a suitable employee. I regret to say, at that time, I thought their attitude was quite understandable.\nAfter short periods in the toy department at Myers and at a Secondary School in Preston, Zelman Cowan was kind enough to give me a job as a tutor in the Melbourne Law School. He was also very supportive when I had to confess after a few months that I was pregnant and agreed that I could continue until the baby was born in November and correct exam papers in hospital. While this is not unusual now, it seemed no one had previously seen an obviously pregnant woman teaching then. I continued to tutor on a part time basis the following year. I then had another two children and opened a solicitor's practice at home.\nIn 1967 I decided that academia was the way forward with working hours possibly compatible with family responsibilities. I applied successfully to be a tutor at Monash University but this did not start until February 1968 so I had a few months to wait. A friend said that the Victorian Crown Law Department was short of legal staff and may be prepared to employ a married woman on a temporary basis.\nI applied in order to test my capacity to work full time and to test my then part time babysitter's capacity to also work full time. My application, which was still on the departmental file when I became Attorney General, states that I knew that, as a married woman, I could only be employed on a temporary basis and that, as a woman, I would be paid less than a man doing the same job. I said that this was acceptable to me. It was not enough however to persuade the Crown Solicitor who responded by saying he would not employ women lawyers.\nI was told that the Chief Parliamentary Counsel took a different view. I re-applied and succeeded. John Finemore, the Chief Parliamentary Counsel, was one of the most brilliant lawyers I have met. It was at this point my life as a lawyer changed.\nI was good at drafting legislation and I loved it. For the first year I kept my options open and also tutored at Monash part time. This was the end of my half-hearted approach to the law.\nI stayed in the Parliamentary Counsels' Office for 12 years having one more child in 1970. My pregnancy caused some consternation. As I was still employed on a temporary basis I would normally have been asked to leave but the office was short staffed and I was permitted to stay but told that I should not attend Parliament, once it was obvious I was pregnant, as it might disturb the members. I took no notice and nobody complained.\nParliamentary Counsel are traditionally members of the Bar in England and that tradition continued here. I signed the Bar Roll in 1971 and was the 13th woman to do so. As John Finemore wanted us to get the best possible understanding of the way the legal system worked he encouraged us to read at the Bar. The Justice Department gave us paid leave to do so. I read with John D. Phillips. At that time you were allowed to take briefs straight away. I got briefs to write opinions from people who knew me and briefs in the Magistrates' Court and for fairly basic applications, such as adjournments, in the other Courts. Members of the Bar were very helpful in many ways. I did not have a wig or gown and had no trouble borrowing them from smaller members such as Gordon Spence. Ken Hayne who was in Chambers nearby gave me a word for word briefing on what to say in the first of a number of appearances for women seeking maintenance from their husbands.\nThe only women I saw at the Bar at that time were Joan Rosanove and Molly Kingston. I don't think they noticed me. The then Chairman of the Bar Council did notice me the first time I was at the Bar dining room for lunch and sent someone to check whether someone had smuggled in his wife.\nWhile I enjoyed being at the Bar I don't think I did as well as I could have because I had a number of things in my life like four children, some moonlighting for the Parliamentary Counsel and eventually pneumonia. Also I found that I missed the problem solving and creative law opportunities of the Parliamentary Counsels' Chambers so I returned to drafting.\nI left the Parliamentary Counsels' Office when I was appointed Commissioner for Corporate Affairs in 1979.\nInitially this new appointment to head an office with a few hundred staff proved to be a greater challenge than anyone anticipated.\n \"Woman appointed to head Corporate Affairs\" was the headline on the front page of the Age. The business community was surprised, the accountants were astonished and the stock exchange was wary but supportive. More than half my professional staff refused to work for a woman. My deputies had applied for the position. One of them locked the door between his office and mine and the other returned any request for assistance annotated \"if you're so clever do it yourself\". However, after a stand off period, we found we could work together. We brought some very successful cases in the Supreme Court. I began to enjoy every minute of running a very efficient office and contributing to the National Companies and Securities Legislation.\nIn 1984 I gave advice to the Cain government about problems with the regulation of financial institutions and the investigation of failed companies. This was not appreciated and I was removed from office. The then Attorney General Jim Kennan issued a press release stating \"the moves were part of the Government's plans to bring the Corporate Affairs Commission closer to the private sector\". It took a few years for the impact of these moves to be seen with several spectacular collapses, including the State Bank.\nI was transferred to become President of the Equal Opportunity Tribunal. While this was a demotion in public service terms, it proved to be very educational for me in areas involving discrimination on the grounds of gender, race and disability.\nIn 1987 I was approached by members of the Liberal Party to stand for pre-selection. Although I was not a member of the Party, they thought my experience would be useful after the 1988 election that they expected to win. I had not had any experience in a political party and, having been persuaded to stand, I was surprised to find that 26 people were standing for pre-selection for the seat of Kew. However within 3 months of joining the party I was sitting in Parliament, as the member for Kew, after a close win in a by-election. We did not win the 1988 election so I was introduced to life as a frontbencher in Opposition where I had various shadow portfolios.\nIn 1992 we won Government and I became the first woman to be appointed Attorney General in Australia. I was also Minister for Women and Minister for Fair Trading. I held all these portfolios until I retired at the end of 1999.\nAs Attorney General I gave the highest priority to creating a criminal justice system that would have the confidence of the public. In Opposition I had attended many public meetings where it was clear that people were disillusioned by the system and particularly by sentences for serious crime. This was not about revenge but was because they felt the impact of crime on the community was not appreciated. Victims of violent crime, especially women, considered sentences were so low that they indicated the terrible ordeals they had been through were of no concern to the justice system and that they themselves were not valued.\nLegislation I introduced with a view to restoring the confidence of the public in the justice system included:\n\n The introduction of victim impact statements;\n The abolition of unsworn evidence;\nThe creation of a new offence of intentionally infecting someone with the HIV virus;\nIncreasing sentences for serious sexual and violent offenders and for sexual offences involving children;\n Introducing indefinite sentences for offenders who are a danger to the community;\n Introducing majority verdicts in criminal cases with a view to avoiding traumatic repetition of trials for victims of sexual assault;\n Changes to the Crimes and Evidence Acts to give victims of sexual assault alternative ways of giving evidence and the installation of video and other changes in courtrooms;\nThe creation of a DNA database of offenders convicted of sexual offences;\nThe creation of a new offence of stalking;\nThe introduction of indefinite intervention orders against violent spouses;\nReform of the law relating to female genital mutilation;\n Reform of the Governor's Pleasure system to impose safeguards on the release of detainees who have been found not guilty on the ground of mental illness.\n\nI was criticized by the opposition in Parliament and by the media for almost all of these changes but to the best of my knowledge they are all still in force, although not always being interpreted as intended. I started out with high hopes but I did not succeed in restoring public confidence in the criminal justice system. This will require a major change of approach, whether voluntary or imposed, by a profession that to date does not seem to understand that there is a problem.\nAs the ability to see what legislation was required was my area of expertise and, as I had responsibility for Women and Fair Trading as well as being Attorney General, I probably hold the record for the most legislation ever introduced by one member of Parliament. This is not to say that I believe in an ever expanding Statute Book. I do not. However, I do believe that our Acts of Parliament and our Courts and tribunals should be of the highest quality and should meet the needs of all members of the community. I formed the view that the needs of some members of the community, including women, had been overlooked. I will not try the patience of readers by listing all of the changes I introduced however I will mention some, unrelated to crime, that I think illustrate this:\n\nThe appointment of a number of women to the Supreme and County Courts. There were no women judges in Victoria when I became Attorney General;\nThe creation of the Victorian Court of Appeal to provide a first class appellate system;\n A new Equal Opportunity Act extending protection to people discriminated against on the grounds of age, lawful sexual activity, personal appearance, industrial activity, personal association, pregnancy and status as a carer;\nThe amalgamation of a number of existing tribunals to create the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal which also had an overlapping jurisdiction with some aspects of the court system giving an option on forum and type of hearing for parties to a dispute;\nA new Building Act revising laws and procedures regarding building requirements with disputes being heard by the Tribunal;\nA new Estate Agents Act separating policy and administrative and judicial functions;\nA new Residential Tenancies Act covering residential property, caravan parks and rooming houses and establishing a Bond Authority to overcome problems and disputes between landlords and tenants;\nA new Fund Raising Appeals Act requiring charities, for the first time, to maintain appropriate records and to provide information to the public about expenditure.\n\nIn addition I was responsible for several pieces of legislation drafted in Victoria and to be adopted in all States such as the Consumer Credit Code, a new Co-operatives Act and a new Friendly Societies Act.\nIn the Women's portfolio the Office of Women's Affairs participated in reforms throughout government and in particular in education and health. There was a lot of work done recognizing the social and economic costs for women carers and the value of their work to the community.\nStrategies were established to assist Koori women, rural women and older women and funding was provided for a number of initiatives. The remaining tower of the Queen Victoria Hospital was refurbished and became the Queen Victoria Women's Centre\nI am not sure how many of these changes are still in place or whether they have been altered in any significant ways. It may be that there have been further improvements. I am satisfied that I did my best at the time. However, the community is always changing and things do not always work as one expects. For example, I thought the publicly available information available under the Fund Raising Act would allow the media to expose charities whose funds were being spent other than on their stated purpose. This has not happened.\nI retired from Parliament at the end of 1999 after 5 years in Opposition and 7 years in Government and then spent 3 years as a Distinguished Visiting Professor at Victoria University.\nTo assist me in writing this outline of my career I obtained some press clippings of a biographical nature from the Library of the Victorian Parliament. Links are provided to some of them and to an interview with Juliette Brodsky in 2009 for the Women Barristers' Association.\nReading the press clippings after so long was disturbing. I was reminded of how often I was described as shy, diffident, cautious, hesitant, nervous and with the 'softest of voices\". While I do not have a loud voice and I sometimes have a hesitant manner because I am careful in what I say, these comments seemed exaggerated and overly repetitive. I wondered if my portrayal in the media could be due to inadequacy on my part or an attack on a woman in a position previously always held by a man. After some thought, I now see it as a sign of success.\nPolicy is important, getting the support of your Party and the Parliament for policies is important and implementing your legislation is important. In three challenging portfolios I succeeded in these aims. In seven years I gave hundreds of speeches and attended conferences and meetings, including large public meetings, where I was questioned at length. A newspaper clipping records that, in government, only two other Cabinet Ministers and the Premier spoke more often in Parliament than I did. My performance is for others to assess but, on reflection, I do not consider I was attacked because of my gender or my personality. I think the problem was my success in putting forward and implementing policies that some in the media and elsewhere did not support. The criticism I received does not indicate that women should aim to be more like men, rather the reverse. It says success comes in many forms.\nRecently I was thanked by a Shadow Minister who said advice, I had given her at a training session for potential M.P.s, had proved to be very valuable. The advice was not to raise her voice when being shouted at in Parliament but to continue to speak at the same level and she would find the shouting would stop so the shouters could hear what was being said.\nThings have improved in ways unimaginable since my early days in the law but they have not changed enough. Women will succeed more frequently. But why is \"merit\" still raised so often in relation to women entering Parliament or obtaining senior positions? How do some not particularly outstanding men find their way into so many of these positions without \"merit\" being mentioned?\nWriting this has reminded me of many great times and many challenges. It has also reminded me of how much of my career has been assisted or informed by many lawyers, public servants and people whose careers or interests overlapped mine. Always more important to me than my career are my children and my stepdaughter and now their families. My husband who shares many of my interests has been my greatest supporter both at work and at home.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1998\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-parliamentary-handbook-prepared-by-direction-of-the-president-of-the-legislative-council-and-the-speaker-of-the-legislative-assembly\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tribunals-in-the-department-of-justice-a-principled-approach-discussion-paper\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carrying-on-the-fight-women-candidates-in-victorian-parliamentary-elections\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cruz, Elba", "Entry ID": "AWE1825", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cruz-elba\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Chepica, Colchagua Province, Chile", "Occupations": "Union activist, Women's Refuge Worker", "Summary": "Elba was born into a strongly socialist working-class family in Chile, which became closely associated with the government of Savador Allende and was forced to flee Chile following his assassination. On settling in Canberra she instigated a strike of workers at the at the Health Services Supply Services laundry at Mitchell in 1987. In 1991 she joined the staff of the Beryl Women's Refuge, where she is still employed. She has assisted many Chilean refugees settle in Canberra and has been involved in a number of community organizations.\n", "Details": "Elba Cruz was born in 1945 in Chepica, Chile, daughter of Leopoldo Cruz-Soto and Maria Magdalina Zavalla-Jimenes. Her father, a self-employed sharecropper and community leader, imbued her and her six siblings with strong sense of social justice and socialist and communist values.\nDyslexia impeded Elba's education and she left school at about 14 to help her mother in the home. At 18 she went to Santiago where she worked in a men's clothing factory, participated in union activities, and in 1969 married Leonardo Valenzuela Ramirez, a carpenter.\nElba and her husband worked to promote community development centres in suburbs and country towns under the Allende government, and two of her brothers became Allende's unofficial bodyguards. One of her brothers was at the Presidential Palace (Moneda) in November 1973 when Allende was assassinated. The other brother was at the Intedensia (the Santiago administration office). This brother was arrested and executed three days after the coup. The other brother who was at the Moneda in the morning of the coup was imprisoned, tortured, and released after four months.\nHer husband was granted refuge in Argentina and Elba followed him with her three small children in November 1974. They lived there for three years under UN protection and another child was born, before the family was accepted as refugees by Australia in 1977. They settled initially in Adelaide, then came to Canberra, where her husband worked as a carpenter and she studied English.\nIn the early 1980s Elba worked as cook, a cleaner in a hotel and hospital, and as a casual worker at the Health Services Supply Services laundry at Mitchell. In 1987 she initiated a successful three week strike over employment conditions at the laundry, and subsequently became the union representative there. After six years she developed RSI and was forced to seek less physically demanding work.\nIn 1991 she joined the staff of the Beryl Women's Refuge, where she is still employed. She has assisted many Chilean refugees settle in Canberra and has been involved in a number of community organizations such as the Chilean Solidarity Committee, a support organization for Argentinean refugees, the Chilean broadcasting program on 2XX and ANESBWA (Association of Non-English-Speaking Background Women of Australia).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/migrant-women-in-the-workforce-sound-recording-an-oral-history-series-documenting-the-working-lives-of-migrant-women-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elba-cruz-zavalla-interviewed-by-ann-mari-jordens-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ah Toy, Lily", "Entry ID": "AWE1826", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ah-toy-lily\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Darwin, Northern Teritory, Australia", "Death Place": "Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Community activist", "Summary": "Lily Ah Toy was well known and respected across the Northern Territory; so well respected that, as part of the bicentennial events in 1988, she was one of only eight Territory women to be recognised for their contributions and achievements. Her family were key figures in the Pine Creek and Darwin (Northern Territory) Chinese communities, although, they came to be well regarded across ethnic boundaries, for the extent of their generosity and involvement in the community, her efforts in 1974 to assist people made homeless and hungry by Cyclone Tracy being a case in point.\nAt various times in her life, Lily was involved in school mother's clubs, church councils, the Red Cross and various Chinese organisations. In 1982, Lily graduated from the Northern Territory University with a diploma in ceramics. At 65 years of age she was the oldest graduate.\nLily's family was very poor but, through hard work and commitment, they made their place in the Territory. It is important that Lily and other Chinese Australians are now recognised as an important part of our Northern Territory history.\n", "Details": "When Lily Ah Toy (born Wong Wu Len) came into the world in Darwin in October 1917, her father didn't even register her birth. 'Well the war's on, and another girl', he said. The prospect that she might be adopted out to a woman in Darwin desperate for a daughter, an idea momentarily entertained by her Chinese born father, received short shrift, however, from Lily's Australian born (of Chinese descent) mother. As Lily says, she was lucky. And even though he was initially disappointed that Lily wasn't a boy, her father was very good to her, as he was to all his children. Sadly, he died when she was nine. At age fourteen she left school to become a housemaid for a European family. She worked there for three years, leaving when she married.\nLily became engaged at eighteen and married Jimmy Ah Toy, a hawker with his own market garden, in 1936 at the age of nineteen. After marrying, the couple moved to Pine Creek to work in the store owned by Jimmy's parents. They were to have five children, Edward, Laurence, Joyce, Grace and Elaine. At various times, they took on the responsibility of looking after Jimmy's younger brothers and sisters.\nAfter the bombing of Darwin in 1942 Lily was evacuated to Adelaide, where she cared for a large extended family. She returned to Pine Creek in 1945 to re-open the general store, with her husband. It was the first civilian store to open in the Top End after the war, providing vital services to prospectors, pastoralists, buffalo and crocodile hunters, and the local community. Lily managed this business by herself for four years while Jimmy helped to establish a general store in Darwin, before returning to Pine Creek. Lily eventually moved to Darwin permanently when her eldest son Edward took over the management of the Pine Creek business.\nLily was involved with many different organisations and assisted with the establishment of the Crafts Council NT (now Territory Craft). In 1982, at the age of 65, Lily graduated from the Darwin Community College (now Charles Darwin University) with an Associate Diploma of Arts (Ceramics); at the time she was their oldest graduate.\nIn 1988, as part of the Bicentennial Celebrations, Lily was one of eight Territorians honoured for their contribution to the Territory and in 1995, Film Australia produced her biography. 2001 saw Lily nominated to the Centenary of Federation Peoplescape project. She died in 2001. Her philosophy in life was 'work hard, always be honest and give a helping hand'.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bancroft, Robyne", "Entry ID": "AWE2096", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bancroft-robyne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Australia", "Occupations": "Heritage consultant", "Summary": "Gumbaingerri born of Bundjalung\/Thungutti descent, Robyne Bancroft's people come from the northeast coast of New South Wales. For many generations since colonisation, her family (matrilineally) have passed on their genealogies and oral traditions.\n", "Details": "Robyne Bancroft is a Goori Australian woman who has done much to bolster and broaden the identity of Aborigines, Archaeology and women in the ACT area and beyond. Gumbaingerri born of Bundjalung\/Thungutti descent, Bancroft's people come from the northeast coast of New South Wales.\nProudly stemming from a strong matrilineal line, she is part of her family's many generations of women on the matrilineal side since colonisation who continue their genealogies and oral traditions. While early white male anthropologists sought to learn about the lives of Aborigines by consulting solely with men, a whole female tradition was neglected. In the 1960s Bancroft's grandmother, born in 1905 and fluent in three dialects, encouraged her to tell the tales to keep their traditions alive:\nNow, they come to ask us our stories - now, when most of us have forgotten so much. We have been so caught up in living day to day, and now there are very few of us left. Look who's here - only three or four of us left. It's time for you to come home my girl, keep our stories going, and take over doing what I do - talking to everyone about Goori people and our heritage.\nPerhaps tackling the field of archaeology and anthropology was a further way Bancroft could follow her grandmother's wishes and spread the ways of her people. Even if this meant undertaking studies at the Australian National University as a mature age, single mother with a family, she was not to be deterred.\nThrough her academic pursuits and as an Indigenous heritage consultant, Robyne Bancroft has striven to improve the understanding of Indigenous Australians by facilitating communication and consultation. Becoming a founding member of the Indigenous Archaeological Association (IAA), an independent archaeological body that represents the interests of indigenous archaeologists and provides a voice for Aboriginal people on archaeological issues is one such example. Her role as an Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Officer with Forests NSW is another. Creating active consultation between State Forests and Aboriginal communities has aimed to develop systems that better consider the landscape context of sites, thereby offering more efficient protection with the concurrent benefit of Aboriginal communities becoming more fundamentally involved in decision making.\nBancroft strongly believes including Aboriginal people in consultative processes is the most effective way to develop policy which is most beneficial to Aboriginal Australians. Her positions on several cultural heritage committees, as the Aboriginal Representative on the International Council of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and her involvement in repatriation of ancestral human remains are some of the ways Bancroft contributes to a more holistic approach to Aboriginal Indigenous cultural heritage. As a founding member of the ACT Heritage Council and of the Multifunctional Aboriginal Children's Services (MACS), Australians for Reconciliation Coordinator for the ACT and region and as an adviser on indigenous issues to the ACT Chief Minister, Robyne Bancroft has contributed greatly to dialogue within the Canberra region and beyond.\nAs the cultural editor of The Oxford Companion to Aboriginal Art and Culture, Robyne Bancroft has helped define Aboriginal heritage and identity for a worldwide audience and is widely sowing the stories of her people.\nThis entry was prepared in 2006 by Roslyn Russell and Barbara Lemon, Museum Services, and funded by the ACT Heritage Unit.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-companion-to-aboriginal-art-and-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/archaeologists-and-aborigines-working-together\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Denman, Lady Gertrude", "Entry ID": "AWE2098", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/denman-lady-gertrude\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kensington, London, England", "Death Place": "London, England", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Philanthropist", "Summary": "On the slopes of Capitol Hill, overlooking a vast plain and the wandering Molonglo, Lady Denman pronounced in a clear voice, 'I name the capital of Australia - Canberra'. It was Wednesday, 12 March 1913. While Lady Denman performed the naming rites her husband, the Governor-General, Lord Denman, laid a commemorative foundation stone. The site for the city was selected in accordance with Section 125 of the Constitution which stipulated that the federal seat of government would be located within the state of New South Wales, but not within a 100-mile radius of Sydney.\nWhile playing her role in the creation of Canberra with aplomb, Lady Denman was destined for a higher realm of public duties, later becoming famous as 'chairman' of both the National Federation of Women's Institutes and the National Birth Control Association in Britain.\n", "Details": "Lady Denman was born Gertrude Mary Pearson in 1884 as the only daughter of Sir Weetman Pearson, an engineer, oil industrialist and newspaper baron who was the Liberal Member of Parliament for Colchester between 1895 and 1910; was created a baronet in 1894 and later became 1st Viscount Cowdray. Miss Gertrude Pearson was called Trudie by her family and learnt much from their lead. She became a sound businesswoman in the mould of her father, and a keen philanthropist and political worker in the tradition of her mother (both mother and daughter served on the executive committee of the Women's Liberal Federation). Her mother, Lady Cowdray, an ardent supporter of the suffragette cause, was as proficient in the world of politics as she was in the ways of a society hostess.\nIn 1903 Trudie married Thomas, the third Baron Denman. In 1911 Lord Denman was appointed Governor-General of Australia and thus Trudie became first lady. As a young woman with two small children, Lady Denman embarked on a challenging posting in a distant country. It seemed Lady Denman's acceptance in Australian society was a 'foregone conclusion'. As the Sydney Mail reported, among her well known attributes an enthusiasm for all forms of sport would strongly appeal to the people of the Commonwealth. [1]\nIndeed, Lady Denman proved to be exceedingly adept in all spheres of public life during her time in Australia. As observed by Punch, the Lord and Lady Denman are 'helping the social whirl spin always a little faster. They are in everything - not merely placid, critical spectators, but cheerful, enthusiastic gaiety-makers. They enjoy themselves thoroughly, and help everybody else too. It is the proper spirit to have in Vice-regal personages. It helps them, and it helps us.'[2] This boundless enthusiasm was particularly evident at a Melbourne tennis tournament hosted by the Lawn Tennis Association at which Lady Denman and the Private Secretary, Mr. Vernon, played in the mixed doubles handicap:\nLady Denman has gained a whole army of friends by her action in coming down into the arena in this way. She was undoubtedly nervous on Saturday, when a huge crowd gathered around the court on which she was playing, but everybody in that crowd had a real honest feeling of good-fellowship for the lady who was so much of a sport that she had climbed down from the high horse of Vice-royalty and entered fully and whole-heartedly into the games and amusements of ordinary people like ourselves. It makes a whole heap of difference, you know. There is a much warmer feeling of regard for a Vice-regal lady who, hot and perspiring, is to be seen skipping and hounding about a tennis court than for a stately person who merely bows to folk out of a State carriage.[3]\nLady Denman's name was commemorated in the launching of a ferry boat, the Lady Denman at Jervis Bay on 5 December 1911. The ferry was built on the shores of Currambene Creek, Huskisson, by Joseph Dent for the Balmain Ferry Co, and remained in service on Sydney Harbour until 1979. Now housed and preserved at the Lady Denman Heritage Complex, the Lady Denman holds memories for many Australians.\nLady Denman's relentless public displays however were very much a dutiful chore and, while she conducted herself with diligent decorum, it was not one to which she was temperamentally suited or relished. She found officialdom monotonous and the pedestal on which she was placed by a well meaning public alienating, leading to an exhausting and lonely life. Her relationship with Lord Denman was also strained as the marriage had failed to develop into one of intimate companionship.[4] Homesickness, private strain and the burden of public duties combined to adversely affect Lady Denman's health, and in May 1913 she returned to Britain to rest and recuperate. Lord Denman remained as Governor-General until 18 May 1914.\nLady Denman's departure was felt keenly. She had identified herself with many movements, of which her involvement in the National Council of Women was central. In a letter to the Editor a member of the National Council of Women described the 'real feeling' demonstrated at a farewell party held in her honour: 'There is no doubt that Lady Denman's vivid personality, sound business head and untiring energy have combined with her broad sympathies to make her the last woman Australia would willingly part with and it was with quite undisguised regret that the members of the National Council finally said goodbye to her.'[5]\nOn her return to Britain Lady Denman became a Director of Westminster Press Limited, and was invited to become the Chairwoman of the Women's Institute Subcommittee which had recently been established by the Agricultural Organisations Society. When the National Federation of Women's Institutes was formed in 1917, Lady Denman became the first National Chairwoman. Believing strongly in the right and ability of women to conduct their own affairs, Lady Denman was a remarkable leader, setting an exhausting example:\n1930-1954: Chairman, Family Planning Association\n1932-1938: President of Ladies' Golf Union\n1932-1953: Chairman, Cowdray Club for Nurses and Professional Women\n1934-1939: Member of Executive Committee of Land Settlement Association\n1938-1954: Life Trustee, Carnegie United Kingdom Trust\nAt the outbreak of the Second World War, Lady Denman was invited by the Minister of Agriculture to become the Honorary Director of the Women's Land Army, and for this she earned the Grand Cross of the British Empire in 1951. Lady Denman died in 1954.\nThis entry was prepared in 2006 by Roslyn Russell and Barbara Lemon, Museum Services, and funded by the ACT Heritage Unit.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/denman-lady-gertrude-mary-1884-1954\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lundy, Kate Alexandra", "Entry ID": "AWE2099", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lundy-kate-alexandra\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "In 1996, Kate Lundy became the youngest Labor representative in the Senate and the youngest woman ever elected to represent the Australian Labor Party in Federal Parliament. She was 28 years old. She was re-elected as a senator for the Australian Capital Territory at the nerxt six general elections and resigned from the Senate in March 2015. \nA complete record of her parliamentary service, including a link to her first speech, can be found in the Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia (see below).\n", "Details": "Kate Lundy became the youngest Labor representative in the Senate and the youngest woman ever elected to represent the ALP in Federal Parliament when, at age 28, she was elected Senator for the Australian Capital Territory in March 1996. In 1998 Kate was appointed Shadow Minister for Sport and Youth Affairs as well as Shadow Minister Assisting on Information Technology. Kate then became Shadow Minister for Information Technology and Sport after the 2001 federal election. In the reshuffle by Labor Opposition Leader Kim Beazley on 24 June 2005, Kate was given portfolio responsibility for Sport and Recreation.\nKate began her working career as a labourer in the construction industry at age sixteen and became active in the Building Workers Industrial Union (now the CFMEU), later becoming a workplace delegate and a full-time union organiser. Kate was also the youngest person, and first woman, to be elected as President of the ACT Trades and Labour Council.\nKate is recognised for her involvement in IT and the Internet. In 1996 she was awarded 'Most Computer Literate Politician' by the Australian Computer Society and in 1998, was named as one of 'The 20 Most Powerful Internet Decision Makers' by internet.au magazine. Kate was the first federal politician in Australia to publish a home page on the internet, which she continues to personally maintain.\nKate Lundy is a passionate sportswoman, especially rowing and scuba diving. She is a member and patron of the Canberra Rowing Club, and patron of a number of other sports and charity organisations. Kate Lundy lives in North Canberra with her husband David. They have a blended family of five children.\nOn 11 September 2010, Lundy was appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Immigration and Citizenship and Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister and Cabinet as part of the Second Gillard Ministry. In a subsequent reshuffle in March 2012, Lundy was appointed as the Minister for Sport and she was also made Minister for Multicultural Affairs and Minister Assisting the Minister for Industry and Innovation.\nOn 1 July 2013, as part of the Second Rudd Ministry, Lundy retained the portfolio of Minister Assisting for Digital Economy. Kate was a member of several Parliamentary Committees, including the Senate Legislation and References Committees on Finance and Public Administration as well as Environment, Information Technology, Communications and the Arts. She was also a member of the Joint Standing Committee on the National Capital and External Territories and Presiding Officers' Information Technology Advisory Committee. She resigned from the Senate on 24 March 2015. Since her retirement from Parliament, she was appointed to the boards of the National Roads and Motoring Association (NRMA), the Australian Grand Prix and the Australian Cyber Security Research Centre.\nThis entry was prepared in 2006 by Roslyn Russell and Barbara Lemon, Museum Services, and funded by the ACT Heritage Unit.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/its-about-time-for-women-in-australian-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/former-senator-kate-lundy-parliament-of-australia-website\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kate-lundy\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lundy-the-hon-kate-alexandra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "House, Matilda", "Entry ID": "AWE2101", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/house-matilda\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cowra, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Administrator, Artist", "Summary": "A Ngambri-Ngunnawal elder, Matilda House has a long-established connection to Canberra and its surrounding regions as one of the traditional custodians of the land.\n", "Details": "Born near Cowra on Erambie Aboriginal Reserve, House grew up in her grandfather's house on Hollywood Aboriginal Reserve in Yass. She was one of ten children. The Ngambri-Ngannawal family group has been formally recognised by the ACT Government as having historical connections to the Canberra region and surrounds, particularly the region around Namadgi National Park. Black Harry Williams, also known as Ngoobra, House's great-grandfather, and Harry Williams her grandfather, both identified as Ngambri. [1]\nWhile living with her grandfather as a child, she visited the region frequently and listened to his many stories about their ancestral history and country. Where others see Canberra as the nation's capital, descendants such as House see Ngunnawal country, with Parliament House built in their 'mother's womb'. [2] House returned to her ancestral country permanently in 1963 and has been actively involved in Indigenous Affairs in the Canberra region since 1967.\nMatilda House is the Chair of the Ngunnawal Local Aboriginal Land Council in Queanbeyan and the Joint Chair of the Interim Namadgi National Park Committee. As chair of many other Canberra and Queanbeyan Indigenous committees and organisations, and in her role as a Ngunnawal representative performing numerous welcoming ceremonies, House is vitally active within the community.\nHouse's long association with Aboriginal justice concerns began when she helped to establish the Aboriginal Legal Service in the 1980s, and has continued more recently through her membership of the Aboriginal Justice Advisory Committee. [3] Serving on the first ACT Heritage Council, delivering the welcome at 1997's 'Sea of Hands', contributing to the 'Bringing Them Home' report into the Stolen Generations, acting as an ACT honorary ambassador or as one of the original protestors who established the Tent Embassy in 1972, Matilda House is tirelessly involved.\nWhile running for regional council in 2002, House told the Canberra Times that her main interests were Aboriginal history and traditions, and her long term goal was to improve the relationship between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and the wider community: 'I believe it is possible to work together to respect this land of ours and to achieve justice, equity and unity for all Australians, and that's a journey I'd like to tell my great-grandchildren about in the years to come.' [4]\nIt seems House's goal has proved both abundantly fruitful and successful. Commenting at a ceremony naming Matilda House the 2006 Canberra Citizen of the Year, Chief Minister Jon Stanhope noted 'It is hard to think of any organisation involving Indigenous interests with which she has not been involved at some time'.\nBeing awarded the highest recognition that can be bestowed by the Territory upon one of its own is an active testament to House's tremendous impact on Canberra's social, heritage, justice and environment landscape. After receiving a standing ovation from a 400 strong crowd, House, dressed in traditional possum skins, thanked her family, community and ancestors, adding Canberra was the best city in the world. [5]\nIn 2008 she performed the first 'Welcome to Country' at the opening of the Federal Parliament in Canberra and has continued to perform this role at other official functions.\nIn 2012 she addressed the protesters at the fortieth anniversary of the Aboriginal Tent Embassy in Canberra, and looked forward to the time when the embassy could perform a more educational role.\nStory-telling is a tradition close to House's heart: she believes that, as an elder, she has a responsibility to tell the stories of her people and thereby pass on community identity and heritage to her descendants. Five picture books under the banner 'Tales of Ngambri History' address this desire. Written and illustrated by five local Indigenous families (House, her son Paul and grandchildren Leah, Ruby and Reuben included), the books were distributed throughout the ACT's public primary schools. House firmly believes 'you must have stories of your country. If you don't, you don't belong, no matter where you come from.' [6]\nMatilda House has four children and many grandchildren and she enjoys telling them about their ancestors and country through such stories, and also through painting. Just another dimension of House's passion and output, her paintings are exhibited, and one hangs in the ACT Legislative Assembly.\nThis entry was prepared in 2006 by Roslyn Russell and Barbara Lemon, Museum Services, and funded by the ACT Heritage Unit.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/strong-lines-new-directions-an-exhibition-of-prints-by-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-artists-living-and-working-in-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mahony Griffin, Marion Lucy", "Entry ID": "AWE2103", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mahony-griffin-marion-lucy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Chicago, Illinois, United States of America", "Death Place": "Chicago, Illinois, United States of America", "Occupations": "Architect", "Summary": "Canberra's initial depiction as a civic utopia was captured and communicated by the hand of Marion Mahony Griffin. A remarkably talented draftswoman, Mahony Griffin was responsible for the plan and perspective renderings which accompanied her husband Walter Burley Griffin's entry for the 1912 design competition for the new Australian capital. Lithographed onto cambric, the exquisite panels fanned out over twelve metres, shining with the golden, burnished splendour of the Australian bush. Conceived and created in less than ten weeks during a bitterly cold Chicago winter, Mahony Griffin enshrined a distinctively Australian landscape on the winning design, without ever having been to the southern site. Her grand vision was finished only when 'toward midnight of a bitterly cold winter night, the box of drawings, too long to go in a taxi, was rushed with doors open \u2026 to the last train that could meet the last boat for Australia'.\nMarion Mahony Griffin's creative force has hesitantly received richer recognition as her prowess as an architect and an artist have continued to be seen in a more independent light.\n", "Details": "Born Marion Lucy Mahony in Chicago, Illinois in 1871, Marion Mahony was the second woman ever to graduate from the architectural program at the prestigious Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1898 Marion Mahony became the first woman in Illinois to be licensed to practice as an architect, pioneering women's participation in architecture in the US. After beginning her career working with her cousin, architect Dwight Perkins in Chicago, she went on to spend fourteen years with Frank Lloyd Wright, becoming his chief draftsman and architectural renderer.\nAs a principal of the Prairie School, Frank Lloyd Wright became an architect of world renown. Marion Mahony his 'capable assistant', as he acknowledged her, escaped any recognition for decades to come. Although her thesis, 'The House and Studio of a Painter', articulated design elements that would become hallmarks of the Prairie style - rooms freely communicating with each other, lit by large groups of windows, with a workspace attached to the same axis as the house and courtyard - the credit extended to her during her time with Wright was limited to her decorative talents.\nEven handicapped by these slights of perception, Marion Mahony's gifts shone regardless. The iconic, Japanese-style presentation drawings and watercolours which helped create Wright's international reputation were Marion Mahony's delicately defined incarnations: 'She did the drawings people think of when they think of Frank Lloyd Wright'.[1] Indeed, later in life, she would claim that Wright had taken credit for her contributions to his Dana-Thomas House (1904) in Springfield, Illinois, and for some of the drawings in the Wasmuth Portfolio (1910) that helped make Lloyd Wright's aesthetic accessible around the world.\nWhile dispute over the nature and extent Marion Mahony Griffin's architectural influence continues to seesaw, it is clear that she was no mere draftswoman. As a fellow architect in Lloyd Wright's studio recalled, on at least one occasion, her work was declared superior to the master's: 'I can well remember welcoming her advent because it promised an interesting day. Her dialogues with FLW who as we all know is no indifferent opponent in repartee, made such days particularly notable'.[2]\nMarion first met Walter Burley Griffin in Wright's studio. Their relationship grew from canoe trips on Lake Illinois, 'to escape the filth and eyesore of human habitation'. In her unpublished biography, 'The Magic of America', she wrote: 'I was first swept off my feet by my delight in his achievements in my profession, then through a common bond of interests in nature and intellectual pursuits, and then with the man himself. It was by no means a case of love at first sight, but it was a madness when it struck.'[3]\nMarion and Walter married on 23 June 1911 and immediately launched into the preparation of a proposal for the international competition detailing the planning of Australia's projected new capital city - Canberra. While won under Walter Burley Griffin's name, it was through the auspices of his wife's drive and delicate delineations that the Griffin plan was assured of success. Senior lecturer in architecture at the University of Western Australia, Christopher Vernon, believes the beauty of Marion's drawings, 'works of art in themselves', gave the plan a compelling allure. 'I think if you had taken the same design and didn't render it in the same way, I don't know whether it wouldn't have won but it certainly would not have put them way above everyone else.'[4]\nAfter Griffin was appointed Federal Capital Director of Design and Construction in 1913, Marion moved with him to Australia on 12 May 1914. They set up house in Melbourne, with Marion managing a private architectural practice while Walter focused on the planning of the new national capital. The political winds blew ill from the beginning.\nThe Griffins' vision of democratic civic perfection was not shared by a fiscally focused bureaucracy. Their desire to create a work of art on a continent untainted by Old World complexities was not reflected in the realities of life in Australia, or embraced in the manner the couple envisaged. As Marion sadly maintained, 'in the early days practically no-one wanted Canberra \u2026 [But Griffin] knew the people of Australia needed it and would awaken to the need'. [5] They had arrived during a turbulent period in Australia's social and political history, but their poor timing coincided with the advent of the First World War which brought the construction of Canberra to an abrupt halt.\nBuilding began again, but Griffin found himself unable to work with the federal bureaucrats responsible for the capital's construction. In 1920 a dispirited Griffin retreated to his and Marion's Melbourne office. His general arterial axes were implemented in the 1920s, and in the 1960s the Molonglo valley was eventually flooded to form 'Lake Burley Griffin', but few of the details of the original plan were implemented.\nWhilst in Melbourne the Griffins' practice produced designs for some remarkable houses, as well as Newman College at Melbourne University, and the Capitol Theatre. In 1921 they secured an option on 650 acres in Castlecrag, and founded the Greater Sydney Development Association (GSDA). After the disappointments of their Canberra foray, this utopian community finally allowed them to explore their democratic ideals in an affirming landscape. Marion was able to indulge her passion for drama here, and developed a community theatre (which is still in use today), acted in and costumed plays, taught local children, and generally functioned as the hub and hearth of Castlecrag.\nDuring their Castlecrag years the Griffins were increasingly committed to anthroposophy, a religious system seeking to heighten spiritual reality through cognitive awareness. The Anthroposophical Society in America relates their beliefs in relation to architecture as: 'beyond blending beauty and function, buildings should be ecologically sound and reflect the character of the region or culture. They should provide an environment enhancing the physical, psychological and spiritual well-being of the people who work in them.' [6] This avant-garde approach to ecology manifestly placed the Griffins ahead of their time.\nThrough their anthroposophy connections (his friendship with a former Theosophist, Ula Maddocks), Burley Griffin obtained a commission to design a University for Lucknow in India and, after creating exhibition buildings and maharajah's palaces; he reached a new zenith in his career. Marion stayed in Australia to run their practice, but left it in the control of their partner, Eric Nicholls, after determining that her husband needed her assistance. 'Mrs. Griffin follows her man', she wrote to him. Only months later, Griffin fell from a scaffold while working on site. He died of peritonitis a week later, in February 1937.\nA devastated Marion finalised their Indian affairs, turned down further job offers, returned to Australia to tidy up pressing commissions and then flew home to Chicago in 1938. On the eve of the Second World War Marion focused her attention on producing her autobiographical epic, 'The Magic of America'. A thousand pages of script, photos, anecdotes, renderings and even silk swatches, 'The Magic of America', was what she called 'my sort of biography of Walt'. No publisher ever came forward. As she neared eighty, Mahony finally arranged to deposit copies with the New York Historical Society and the Art Institute of Chicago.\nIn addition to this manuscript, Marion also donated a series of 'Forest Portraits' which she had painted at a number of locales in Tasmania and New South Wales during 1917. These passionate depictions of local flora, painstakingly crafted with watercolour and ink on silk, are unmistakably works of art. Marion's dream of Australia had been diseased by their disappointments, but her real love dwelled in nature and the colours of the Australian bush which she seemed to have grasped from the beginning. She once remarked, 'The archangels who painted this continent did so with the softest of brushes - beautiful, pathetic Australia.'[7]\nMarion Mahony Griffin died a pauper's death in Cook County Hospital in 1961.\nWhile the world may not have been ready to accept such an innovative artist and architect during her own lifetime, recognition has gradually been on the increase in the years since her death. John Notz, a Prairie School historian and trustee of Graceland Cemetery, arranged to have Mahony's cremated remains moved from an unmarked grave to a columbarium that now bears a plaque with her name and one of her flower renderings; and the Royal Australian Institute of Architects presents an inaugural Marion Mahony Griffin Architectural Award. A recent exhibition at the Block Museum at North-western University in Evanston, Illinois, 'Marion Mahony Griffin: Drawing the Form of Nature', is the first devoted entirely to her graphic work. The ACT Assembly intends to honour her at Canberra's centenary in 2013.\nAs Christopher Vernon recently observed, Marion would have been much better off had she been born fifty years later: 'If you look at her interests, things like conservation of the natural world, trying to design houses and cities in harmony with their environment, all of her interests have equal if not greater currency.'[8] An insight into her own dedication and her fight for equality is evidenced in her own words: 'It was necessary for women to take up work in the same spirit as men did. If we wanted anything in the world we must pay the price for it, and to succeed in the more interesting lines meant the greater effort. As a man did so a woman must - work day times, night times. It must form the basis of her dreams. She must give it her Saturdays and her Sundays and go without holidays\u2026 any real accomplishment would always mean a life's devotion.' [9]\nThis entry was prepared in 2006 by Roslyn Russell and Barbara Lemon, Museum Services, and funded by the ACT Heritage Unit.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Maxwell, Helen", "Entry ID": "AWE2104", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/maxwell-helen\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Art Collector, Curator", "Summary": "Helen Maxwell is a freelance curator, art valuer and consultant. She is best known as a curator of contemporary art in Canberra, where she lived from 1979 to 2014. Helen now lives and works on the south coast of New South Wales, where she organises art projects and exhibitions.\n", "Details": "Helen Maxwell is a Canberran who has not been afraid to deliver her own brand of desires through showcasing contemporary art in the ACT since 1989. As an assistant art curator with the National Gallery of Australia in the department of Australian Art, Maxwell was inspired and, more importantly, determined to branch out and create her own breed of gallery.\nThe first incarnation of Maxwell's distinctive spirit was aGOG, standing for Australian Girls' Own Gallery and, as the name suggests, made a stir by showing women's art only. The small 'a' for Australian was an equally deliberate point being 'slightly anti-nationalistic' in flavour. Speaking about the decision to exhibit solely women's art, Maxwell said she felt very strongly about it at the time: 'A number of people objected to it, argued with me and said it was sexist. But there were also many supporters to whom I will always be grateful and for me it felt right and that was important. I felt that the opportunities for men to show their work was still much greater than those for women.'\nSetting up in a space in Leichhardt Street Studios, Kingston, Maxwell was amazed at the rapid response she received from artists, eager to exhibit: 'You know the first exhibition was organised before I even knew whether I was going to open.' From the beginning she was committed to bringing in artists from across the nation. While acknowledging it would have been easy to stock from the abundant local talent pool, Maxwell wished to deter any potential for parochialism and instead perhaps push the community's boundaries.\nPersonal politics is another prerequisite in Helen Maxwell's selection criteria when choosing an artist to exhibit in her gallery: \"When I look at artists' work, the work has to be political, not necessarily overtly (though it may be) or in your face, but it needs to express an artist's personal politics. It has to demonstrate at least a stance that they are taking in their life. At the same time they have to know how to use their medium to successfully express their views.\"\nAfter ten years of running aGOG, Maxwell decided to shut up shop in 1998, and move to a larger space and broaden her product range - the result was Helen Maxwell Gallery, a large open warehouse space in Braddon near Canberra's city centre. This new gallery enabled Maxwell to show larger, more financially viable works, and heralded a change in opening up to male artists as she felt the urgent need for a women's only policy had abated.\nHelen Maxwell Gallery now offers a monthly rotation of new exhibits, showcasing contemporary art from Australia and the Pacific and has a stockroom of both Aboriginal and non-Indigenous art. Some of the artists represented are Jean Baptiste Apuatimi, Vivienne Binns, Yvonne Boag, Tony Coleing, eX de Medici, Annie Franklin, Shayne Higson, Judy Horacek, Marie McMahon, Kate Lohse, Sue Lovegrove, Patsy Payne, Franki Sparke, Neil Roberts (1954-2002), Wilma Tabacco, Paul Uhlmann, Ruth Waller, Megan Walch, Judy Watson and Robin White (NZ).\nAs well as running a successful, socially engaging enterprise, Helen Maxwell has also been an active member of Canberra's cultural community, as a member of the ACT Cultural Council, and has served on the Interim Board of Management of the Canberra Museum and Gallery during its initial planning stages. She has also taught Curatorship (Theory and Practice) in the Art History Department at the Australian National University and has joined in sponsorship with the Canberra Times in offering the paper's Artist of the Year Award.\nThis entry was prepared in 2006 by Roslyn Russell and Barbara Lemon, Museum Services, and funded by the ACT Heritage Unit.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Job, Peg", "Entry ID": "AWE2107", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/job-peg\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Braidwood, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Editor, Writer", "Summary": "As a writer and editor, Peg Job contributed to a number of Australian newspapers and magazines. She published on subjects ranging from human rights to travel and literary criticism, and produced short stories, poetry and one novel, The Dying.\n", "Details": "From Latin America to Braidwood via Narrabundah and from writer and editor to marriage celebrant, in Peg Job's life of variety her commitment to community has remained a constant. Graduating from the University of New South Wales in 1989 with a PhD in Latin American literature, Job was so struck by the kind welcome she received from her Narrabundah neighbours on her arrival in the suburb in 1990 she paid tribute to it in 'In Praise of Narrabundah', a short story in the 1992 collection Stories of the Inner South.[1]\nWorking to earn enough money during this period - as a columnist for the Canberra Times, a freelance reviewer and an adult-education coordinator - Peg Job's true needs were to read, think and write: 'A good book - which in my case is most commonly a novel - is a way of grappling with the meaning in life, with the essence of being human. What could be a more important responsibility for a thoughtful citizen than pursuing these questions?'.[2]\nAs a contributor to numerous Australian newspapers and magazines, she has published in a number of genres: literary criticism, human rights, travel writing, a novel The Dying, short stories, and has even tried her hand at poetry written in Spanish. Her love of literature and a move to Braidwood, 109 kilometres east of Canberra, was manifested in the opening of 'Peg's Books' on Monkittee Street in 1997. While 'Peg's Books' suffered an early demise due to the introduction of GST on books in 2000, Job's involvement with books and writing has continued.\nAs Editor with the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia (ASSA) Peg Job currently produces their journal Dialogue and various Academy publications. The Academy is an autonomous, non-governmental organisation devoted to the advancement of knowledge and research in the social sciences.\nPeg Job's commitment to social and community betterment is demonstrated by her endorsement of the Wellbeing Manifesto that takes as its starting point the belief that governments in Australia should be devoted to improving our individual and social wellbeing.\nAs an inhabitant of Braidwood, a township which has been classified by the National Trust in its entirety, Peg Job is well able to exercise her passion for creating inclusive and active communities. Activities such as belonging to the a capella group Madrigala, and acting as a qualified civil marriage celebrant enable her to embrace the communion of life and love in a rural township.\nThis entry was prepared in 2006 by Roslyn Russell and Barbara Lemon, Museum Services, and funded by the ACT Heritage Unit.\nPeg Job passed away in 2017.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-dying\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-redress-press-book-files-1976-1996-including-correspondence-contracts-readers-reports-reviews-and-photographs\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Barbalet, Margaret Evelyn", "Entry ID": "AWE2110", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barbalet-margaret-evelyn\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Adelaide, South Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Historian, Poet, Public servant", "Summary": "Margaret Barbalet is an award-winning children's author, a novelist, poet and short-story writer, a public servant and a historian\n(This entry is sponsored by generous donation from Christine Foley.)\n", "Details": "Margaret Barbalet was born in Adelaide and raised in Tasmania. She studied history at the University of Adelaide and says she spent much of her youth protesting against the Vietnam war. She taught at Mitchell and Canberra Colleges of Advanced Education, and as a researcher and historian she worked for the Commonwealth Schools Commission, Adelaide City Council and wrote a history of Adelaide Children's Hospital. She has also been an analyst at the Office of National Assessments.\nAs a children's author she wrote the widely acclaimed The Wolf, which won the 1993 Human Rights Award for children's literature, and was shortlisted for the Younger Readers Book of the Year Award. She was honoured in several categories of the Children's Book Council Book of the Year 2004 for Reggie Queen of the Street.\nBarbalet's published non-fiction includes Far from a Low Gutter Girl: the forgotten world of state wards, South Australia, 1887-1940 and a chapter in Canberra Reflects (2001), which accompanied an exhibition at the Canberra Museum and Gallery.\nHer novels include Blood in the Rain and Steel Beach, which was shortlisted for the 1983 Vogel Award. Her other books include Lady, Baby, Gypsy, Queen (1992), The Presence of Angels (2001) and Paradise Hotel. Of varied genres, her work has been described as 'capturing the territory of loss'. She is also a published poet.\nShe was a member of Seven Writers - a group of seven Canberra-based writers whose work often vividly portrayed life 'beneath the surface of Canberra' - and as part of this collective she contributed to Canberra Tales (1988), republished as The Division of Love in 1996, an anthology of short stories about life in Canberra. This work received an ACT Bicentennial Award.\nBarbalet has been awarded an Australia Council Literature Grant; an Australian National University H.C. Coombs Creative Arts Fellowship (1998); an ACT Arts Fellowship (1999); an ACT Literature Fellowship (2001); a National Library of Australia Harold White Fellowship (2001) and an Australia Council Literature Grant for a New Work Fellowship (2002).\nDuring a career at the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (1990 - December 2008) Margaret Barbalet was appointed Second Secretary at the Australian High Commission in Kuala Lumpur in 1996. She was posted to Abu Dhabi from 2005-08.\nIn 2001 she headed the Literature Committee for the ACT Cultural Council. She now lives in Sydney\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-division-of-love-stories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blood-in-the-rain\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/far-from-a-low-gutter-girl-the-forgotten-world-of-state-wards-south-australia-1887-1940\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/steel-beach\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lady-baby-gypsy-queen\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-presence-of-angels\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-seven-writers-group-between-1986-and-approximately-2000\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-margaret-barbalet-1974-1993-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Edgar, Suzanne", "Entry ID": "AWE2111", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edgar-suzanne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Glenelg, Adelaide, South Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Poet, Writer", "Summary": "Suzanne Edgar is a Canberra-based writer of fiction, feature articles, poetry and reviews.\n(This entry is sponsored by generous donation from Christine Foley.)\n", "Details": "Suzanne Edgar was born in 1939 in Glenelg, South Australia, and studied at Adelaide Teachers' College and the University of Adelaide. She moved to Canberra in 1963 with her husband Peter, a writer and historian (To Villers-Bretonneux, Australian Military History Publications, Syd, 2006). She has worked in adult education, and has taught Women's Studies at the Australian National University. For c.25 years she was the research editor, South Australian desk, at the Australian Dictionary of Biography.\nShe has published Counting Backwards and Other Stories (1991), many of these short stories being set in Adelaide and in Canberra, and the collection was short-listed for the Steele Rudd award in 1992. Edgar's poetry has been published in The Australian, The Canberra Times, The Adelaide Review, Quadrant, The Australian's Review of Books, and Eureka Street. She has twice won the C.J. Dennis Memorial Poetry Competition for Night Shift and Uriarra, while Chica and The Ring Maker have been short-listed for Canberra poetry awards. Her poems, 'The Loneliness of Salt' and 'Enid on the Sofa', were included in Les Murray ed., Best Australian Poems 2004 and 2005 respectively (Black Inc., Melb.). Among her other poems in anthologies, her sonnet 'The Patriarch's House by the Sea' is in R. Walker and L Nicholas eds., Friendly Street Thirty, Wakefield Press, Adel, 2006; this sonnet was short-listed for the SATURA prize for the best poem in the book. Edgar has read at Friendly Street Poets, Adelaide. She often gives readings of her own and others' poetry in connection with art exhibitions, at the National Gallery of Australia and at the Art Gallery of South Australia. She also writes film and book reviews, criticism and features in literary and scholarly journals.\nShe was a member of Seven Writers - a group of seven Canberra-based writers whose work vividly portrayed life 'beneath the surface of Canberra' - and as part of this collective she contributed to Canberra Tales (1988), republished as The Division of Love in 1996, an anthology of short stories about life in Canberra. The work was funded with an ACT Bicentennial grant.\nEdgar currently belongs to a professional poets' group [no name] comprised of two men and two women who meet monthly at The Mull and Fiddle, to discuss work in progress.\nHer first collection of poetry, The Painted Lady, prepared with the help of a $10,000 grant from artsACT, is to be published in 2006 by Indigo Press, Canb. (eds. Alan Gould and Geoff Page).\nEdgar has contributed fifty-three biographical articles to the Australian Dictionary of Biography and one to The Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate. She is also an interviewer for the National Library of Australia's Oral History Program.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/counting-backwards-and-other-stories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-division-of-love-stories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-seven-writers-group-between-1986-and-approximately-2000\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Eldridge, Marian Favel Clair", "Entry ID": "AWE2112", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eldridge-marian-favel-clair\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory", "Occupations": "Author, Poet", "Summary": "Marian Eldridge was an acclaimed short-story writer, novelist and poet, and was instrumental in establishing the ACT Writers Centre. Her legacy is the Marian Eldridge Award to nurture promising women writers.\n(This entry is sponsored by generous donation from Christine Foley.)\n", "Details": "Marian Eldridge grew up on her parents' property, 'The Gap', near Lancefield in Victoria. She graduated Bachelor of Arts from the University of Melbourne in 1957. She married Ken Eldridge in 1958 and lived at Traralgon, Victoria until 1966 and in Canberra from 1966 to 1997. The couple had four children.\nEldridge worked as a high school teacher of English and History in Traralgon, Victoria and in the ACT, and as a literature tutor at the Centre for Continuing Education, Australian National University.\nShe became a prolific short story writer, and collections of her work were published in Walking the Dog (1984), The Woman at the Window (1989) which earned high praise from the New York Times Book Review in 1990, and The Wild Sweet Flowers: The Alvie Skerritt Stories (1994) which chronicled 'the life of a fairly typical Australian family'. Her work also appeared in a number of newspapers and academic journals and more than twenty short story collections.\nShe also published a novel, Springfield (1992), which used healing of the land as a metaphor for healing its characters, who were damaged by drug abuse and the Vietnam war. In 1996 she wrote twelve poems that were published in the Senate Hansard of 19 June 1997.\nEldridge was a book reviewer for the Canberra Times and the Australian Book Review, and became the first literature co-ordinator for the ACT Arts Council in 1986. She was writer-in-residence at Darwin High School in 1989, received an ACT Arts Bureau Literary Fellowship in 1992 and an Australia Council Literary Board Grant 1994.\nShe was a member of Seven Writers - a group of seven Canberra-based women writers whose work vividly portrayed life 'beneath the surface of Canberra' - and as part of this collective she contributed to Canberra Tales (1988), republished as The Division of Love in 1996, which was an anthology of short stories about life in Canberra. The work received an ACT Bicentennial Award.\nEldridge's other awards included: the Robin Hood Committee Annual Literature Competition (1972); the Canberra Times\/Commonwealth Bank national Short Story Award (1981); the Syme Community Newspapers Short Story Competition (1983) and International Year of the Family Award in the NSW State Literary Awards (1994).\nMarian Eldridge was instrumental in establishing the ACT Writers Centre and in the last few months of her life she expressed a desire to further nurture writers. Through a cash donation from her estate, the Marian Eldridge Award was established in 1998, under the auspices of the National Foundation for Australian Women, to encourage an aspiring woman writer to undertake a literary activity such as a short course of study, or to complete a project, or attend a writers' week or a conference. Six awards have been given to date.\nEldridge Crescent is named after her in the Canberra suburb of Garran where she lived and wrote for 30 years.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-division-of-love-stories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/springfield\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collection-of-marian-eldridge-photographs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-seven-writers-group-between-1986-and-approximately-2000\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-marian-eldridge-1942-1997-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marian-eldridge-interviewed-by-heather-rusden-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Halligan, Marion Mildred", "Entry ID": "AWE2113", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/halligan-marion-mildred\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Author", "Summary": "Marion Halligan was an acclaimed author of novels, short stories, reviews, essays and gastronomic writing.\n(This entry is sponsored by generous donation from Christine Foley.)\n", "Details": "Marion Halligan was born and educated in Newcastle, New South Wales, and worked as a school teacher and freelance journalist before becoming a prolific writer in her forties. She moved to Canberra in the 1960s and her first published short story appeared in the Australian Women's Weekly in 1969. She married Graham Halligan and they had two children, Lucy and James.\nHer fiction books include: Self Possession (1987), The Living Hothouse (1988), The Hanged Man in the Garden (1989), Spider Cup (1990), Lovers' Knots: A Hundred-Year Novel (1992), The Worry Box (1993), Wishbone (1994), The Midwife's Daughters (1997), The Golden Dress (1998), The Fog Garden: A Novel (2001), The Point (2003), The Apricot Colonel (2006), Murder on the Apricot Coast (2008), Valley of Grace (2009), and Goodbye Sweetheart (2015).\nHalligan has published numerous short stories, including those in her Collected Stories (1997) and Shooting the Fox (2011), in Best Australian Stories 2003, and those in Out of the Picture (1995), commissioned by the National Library of Australia and structured around works in the library's Pictorial Collection. Her food and travel writing includes Eat My Words (1990), Cockles of the Heart (1996) and Taste of Memory (2004). She co-authored Those Women Who Go to Hotels with Lucy Frost in 1997.\nHer work is inspired by personal experiences and the places in which she has lived. Her novel The Fog Garden draws on the experience of losing her husband to cancer and Words for Lucy (2022) is about her daughter's death in 2004.\nShe contributed writing on life in the 1970s for a Canberra Museum and Gallery exhibition, and also developed a play, Elastics (performed in 1987). She has curated a permanent exhibition for Newcastle Regional Museum, How shall we live?, and has written a series of restaurant performances entitled Gastronomica for the Melbourne Festival.\nShe was a member of Seven Writers - a group of seven Canberra-based writers whose work vividly portrayed life 'beneath the surface of Canberra' - and as part of this collective she contributed to Canberra Tales (1988), later reissued as The Division of Love (1996), an anthology of short stories about life in Canberra. The work received an ACT Bicentennial Award.\nA chronology of Halligan's other awards includes:\nPatricia Hackett Prize (1985)\nH.M. Butterley-F. Earle Hooper Memorial Award (1986)\nABC Bicentennial Literary Awards (finalist 1988)\nSteele Rudd Award (1989)\nGeraldine Pascall Prize for Critical Writing (1990)\nNBC Banjo Award for Fiction (shortlisted 1990)\nPrize for Gastronomic Writing (1991)\nAge Book of the Year Award (1992) & Age Book of the Year Award, Imaginative Writing Prize (1992)\nACT Book of the Year Award (1993)\nNBC Banjo Award for Fiction (shortlisted 1993)\nNita Kibble Literary Award (1994, shortlisted 2002)\nNewcastle University Newton John Award, for creative and innovative work (1994)\nACT Book Reviewer of the Year (1997 joint with Sara Dowse)\nAge Book of the Year Award, Fiction Prize (shortlisted 1998)\nMiles Franklin Award (shortlisted 1999)\nThe IMPAC Dublin Award (shortlisted 1999)\nQueensland Premier's Literary Award (shortlisted 2002)\nCommonwealth Writers Prize, Best Book Sth East Asia and South Pacific (shortlisted 2004)\nACT Book of the Year Award (2004) for The Point\nACT Book of the Year Award (2010) for Valley of Grace\nACT Book of the Year (shortlisted 2023) for Words for Lucy\nHalligan was Writer-in-Residence at Charles Sturt University in 1990 and a prolific writer of literature reviews and essays published in numerous major Australian newspapers and journals. She was chairperson of the Literature Board of the Australia Council (1992-1995) and has been chairperson of the Australian Word Festival.\nIn June 2006, Halligan was awarded with an AM - General Division, 'for service to literature as an author, to the promotion of Australian writers and to support for literary events and professional organisations.' The ACT Writers Centre was renamed Marion in 2022 in joint honour of Halligan and Marion Mahony Griffin.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-fog-garden-a-novel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-division-of-love-stories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-apricot-colonel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cockles-of-the-heart\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collected-stories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eat-my-words\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-golden-dress\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-hanged-man-in-the-garden\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-living-hothouse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lovers-knots-a-hundred-year-novel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/out-of-the-picture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/self-possession\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/spidercup\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-taste-of-memory\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wishbone\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-worry-box\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-marion-halligan-circa-1970-circa-2003-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oral-history-interview-with-marion-halligan-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-seven-writers-group-between-1986-and-approximately-2000\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-curtis-brown-australia-pty-ltd-1962-2002-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dale-spender-papers-1972-1995\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Johnston, Dorothy", "Entry ID": "AWE2115", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/johnston-dorothy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Geelong, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Novelist, Poet, Writer", "Summary": "Dorothy Johnston is an award-winning novelist, poet, short story writer, and author of reviews and literary essays. Her crime writing portrays the darker side of Canberra.\n(This entry is sponsored by generous donation from Christine Foley.)\n", "Details": "Dorothy Johnston was born in Geelong, Victoria, in 1948. She trained as a teacher at the University of Melbourne, taught English, and was an education researcher. She moved to Canberra in 1979.\nJohnston's books include Tunnel Vision (1984), Ruth (1986), Maralinga My Love (1988), One For The Master (1997), The Trojan Dog (2000) and The House at Number 10 (2005).\nJohnston's short stories have appeared in numerous anthologies, including Amnesty (1993), Mother Love (1996) and Below The Waterline (1999), and her essays and reviews have appeared in numerous literary journals.\nJohnston says 'crime fiction is my way of writing about Canberra'. The Trojan Dog is about white collar crime in a government department, while The House at Number 10 is set in a Canberra brothel, inspired by the ACT's decriminalisation of prostitution. Writing about Canberra is, she says, relatively scarce, and she considers herself to be partially redressing this imbalance in Australian literature.\nJohnston was a member of Seven Writers - a group of seven Canberra-based writers whose work vividly portrays life 'beneath the surface of Canberra' - and as part of this collective she contributed to Canberra Tales (1988), republished as The Division of Love in 1996, an anthology of short stories about life in Canberra. The work was funded with an ACT Bicentennial grant.\nHer other awards include:\nMiles Franklin Award (shortlisted, 1986 and 1997)\nABC Bicentennial Literature Award (shortlisted)\nACT Book of the Year (joint winner 2001),\nInaugural Davitt Award for the best crime novel published by a woman (runner up, 2000)\nThe Age Best of 2000, crime section.\nJohnston has also run book groups through the Centre for Continuing Education at The Australian National University.\nIn 2005 she took up an Australia Council residency at Ledig House International Writer's Colony in the United States.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-house-at-number-10\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-division-of-love-stories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/maralinga-my-love\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/one-for-the-master\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruth\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-trojan-dog\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tunnel-vision\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-seven-writers-group-between-1986-and-approximately-2000\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/maralinga-cycle-1988-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Steen, Frederika", "Entry ID": "AWE2121", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/steen-frederika\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Netherlands", "Occupations": "Public servant, Refugee Advocate", "Summary": "A former Canberran of the Year (1984), and Centenary Medal winner, Frederika Steen has been actively involved in community, refugee, multicultural and human rights activities for thirty years. She retired from the Department of Immigration in 2001 after a distinguished career in settlement services and three years' service as the Chief Migration Officer, in the Australian Embassy in Germany. In 1984, in response to recommendations that where possible, federal government departments should establish women's units, the Department of Immigration and Ethnic Affairs established a Women's Desk. Frederika Steen was the inaugural head of the Women's Desk between 1984-87. Her major focus, while director of the women's desk, was to provide information and build up the confidence of migrant women to 'do it for themselves' and make demands on the system.\nIn 2006 she is a volunteer worker at the Romero Centre in Brisbane, a group of Australians supporting refugees on temporary visas.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/double-disadvantage-migrant-and-aboriginal-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-frederika-steen\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Buckland-Fuller, Dorothy", "Entry ID": "AWE2127", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/buckland-fuller-dorothy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Port Said, Egypt", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist, Human Rights Advocate, Migrant community advocate, Peace activist, Sociologist", "Summary": "Dorothy Buckland-Fuller was a sociologist and social activist of some longstanding, with a distinguished career in ethnic and multicultural politics, particularly as they impact upon women of culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. She was a peace activist, an environmentalist, a feminist and committed to the cause of reconciliation with indigenous Australia.\nOf Greek heritage, Buckland-Fuller had a long involvement with the Greek Community of New South Wales, and her valuable contributions were acknowledged in 2001 when she was granted Life Membership to the Council of the Greek Orthodox Community of Sydney and New South Wales. In 1974, she established the Australian-Migrant Women's Association, an organisation designed to bring together immigrant and Australian-born women.\nShe was active in the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, serving as president in 2002-4. As a sociologist, she taught and conducted action research. Her life has been a case of putting that theory to practice. In her own words, she was an 'action oriented person'.\nDorothy Buckland-Fuller passed away in Sydney on 5 July 2019. She will be remembered for her words resounding in the ears of all those who knew her over her great life: \"I will continue to work for equal rights for all and the betterment of our society for as long as I live\".\n", "Details": "Dorothy Buckland-Fuller's extensive CV, when read chronologically and with regard to her own memories, is a living history of the development of multicultural policies in Australia. She arrived in Australia in 1961, having lived in England for the previous fourteen years. (Her husband was an engineer working for the British Overseas Air Corporation [BOAC].) She became involved with the Greek Community in Sydney and worked for them in the late 1960s in a part time capacity as a secretary and Community Development Planner. While working, she studied at the University of New South Wales, completing her BA in 1969, and her MA Qual (the equivalent of Honours) in Sociology in 1972. She then commenced post graduate studies in the newly developing research area, 'The sociology of migration'. While a postgraduate, she worked in the New South Wales Health Department, in schools and Baby Health Centres undertaking research. She also lectured and tutored in various departments at the University of New South Wales. Her research was presented as part of a report entitled Participation to the New South Wales Parliament in 1978, and was regarded as pioneering in its focus on migrant women's issues and needs.\nThe list of Dorothy's paid and voluntary positions is extensive, as is the list of awards and acknowledgements for her services to the community. The list below is indicative and by no means exhaustive.\n", "Events": "Acknowledged for her valuable contribution to the Greek orthodox Community of Sydney and New South Wales (2001 - 2001) \nAppointed to the role of part-time Commissioner responsible in the Area of Women (1977 - 1981) \nFor services to the community (1977 - 1977) \nFor services to the community (1977 - 1977) \nHonoured for contribution to the community (2006 - 2006) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001) \nMember (1977 - 1978) \nPlaque awarded on International Women's Day for contribution to the welfare of women (2002 - 2002) \nThe inquiry and subsequent report resulted in radical changes benefiting immigrant women in the workplace (1980 - 1981)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/double-disadvantage-migrant-and-aboriginal-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-the-greek-orthodox-community-of-new-south-wales\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bekas, Anastasia", "Entry ID": "AWE2137", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bekas-anastasia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Komi, Peleponese, Greece", "Summary": "Anastasia Bekas was born in Greece in the late 1930s, the youngest of four children. She liked school and was a good student, her teachers encouraged her to attend high school. Unfortunately, she could not live this dream because, as was customary at the time, she had to leave school because her help was required to run the farm. She was a good, hard worker, but in the end her father encouraged her to migrate to Australia, as a way of avoiding the dowry he would eventually have to supply should she stay in Greece. The Australian government was keen to attract single Greek girls to the country at this time. As long as she had somewhere to stay, they would pay her fare. 'You are healthy, you are going to Australia', she was told. 'So I have to go.'\nShe migrated to Australia, where her sister already lived, in December 1963 and arrived in Adelaide, where she would settle, on January 14, 1964. Adjustment was difficult, with the lack of English language skills being the major problem.\n", "Details": "Anastasia, like millions of other women who arrived in the waves of post war migration, had few skills, little, if any English but a strong desire to work. In the 1960s and 70s, when the provision of post-arrival migrant services and programs was demonstratively inadequate, this combination was a never-ending source of frustration for women who wanted to make a contribution. Anastasia describes this frustration in an interview done for the Thebarton Community Arts Network Project:\n'My sister said that young people were being brought here to help the country prosper. I couldn't speak English, it was hard when my family wasn't there to help me. My brother in law could speak English a bit. I wanted to work but he said it would be hard with no English. He helped me go to Social Security but I had to go to the interview by myself on the bus. I didn't know how much to pay on the bus, the conductor took the right money from my hand. I didn't understand anything at the office - they sent me home. I cried and cried. Then I got a letter telling me I had to go to school to learn English. I went to Thebarton Primary School two nights a week but we only learned words like bread, water, hello. I wanted to learn words that would help me to get a job. I had to persuade our teacher to teach these words.'\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/postcards-from-home-a-celebration-of-departures-and-arrivals-voices-of-women-from-non-english-speaking-backgrounds\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/postcards-from-home-interviews-with-thebarton-women-from-non-english-speaking-backgrounds-summary-record-sound-recording-interviewers-members-of-thebarton-community-arts-network\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jones, Margaret Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE2175", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jones-margaret-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Bondi, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist", "Summary": "Margaret Jones was Literary Editor for the Herald and worked as a journalist in the London and New York bureaus of John Fairfax Ltd, before becoming Foreign Editor for the Sydney Morning Herald in the 1970s. She reported from North Korea and North Vietnam, and was staff correspondent in Peking, China. Described as a 'trailblazer for women journalists', Jones wrote for the Herald newspaper for a total of thirty-three years.\n", "Details": "Margaret Jones was the youngest of six children. Her father, John, worked on the Rockhampton Harbour Board for 40 years. She received a Catholic education at Rockhampton and spent a period at teachers' college in Brisbane, before working as a journalist on the Mackay Mercury and as a stringer for the ABC. Moving to Sydney, she worked on The Daily Mirror.\nIn 1954, despite ongoing prejudice against women in journalism, she joined the Herald. Two years later she resigned to work in England and Paris, before joining The Sun-Herald in 1961. In 1965 she received her first foreign posting, to the Herald's New York offices. There she worked, though not entirely in harmony, with Lillian Roxon. The following year she became the paper's first Washington correspondent. Barred from the National Press Club because of her sex, and consequently deprived of access to important functions and major speeches, her work was hindered, but she managed a successful stint in Washington, covering Lyndon Johnson's presidency and the Vietnam War.\nIn 1969 she moved to London, covering subjects from the IRA to the Beatles. She returned to Sydney to become literary editor of the paper. By the early 70s, the ratio of women to men on the staff had risen from 1:11 to 1:6. In 1972 Jones joined the successful campaign to allow women full membership of the Sydney Journalists Club. The following year, she was appointed foreign correspondent in Beijing (then Peking), the first to hold the position for the Herald since WWII.\nIn 1976, Jones gave the Paton-Wilkie-Deamer Newspaper Address organised by the Journalists' Club, Sydney, and the New South Wales branch of the Australian Journalists' Association. She was the first woman journalist to be invited to do so. According to Jones, 'the integrity of the press, or lack of it, is among the most topical of all subjects today, arising out of the upheavals in the Government of Australia over the last year or so'. Her primary concern was the tendency - on both sides of politics - to use the press as a 'whipping boy', carrying the blame for all misfortune. The credibility of the press, said Jones, was 'at a pretty low ebb - just about the lowest I can remember', but censorship or greater control of the press was not the solution. Jones used the address to reflect upon the dangers of a controlled press based on her own experiences as a reporter in China from 1973. China's two national newspapers, the Renmin Ribao and the Kwangming Ribao, were the only newspapers that foreigners were permitted the read. The papers were under the strict control of government, and could only report positive news - great feats, economic gains, general prosperity. Foreign correspondents, too, were carefully monitored and not permitted to write about any subject that touched on the health of Chairman Mao, dissension in the leadership, or defence. A 'warning system' ensured their compliance - after two warnings, foreign correspondents would be forced to leave.\nIn 1980 Jones returned to London as European correspondent. Following her retirement in 1987, she served on the Australian Press Council from 1988-98. Her publications include Thatcher's Kingdom, The Confucius Enigma, and The Smiling Buddha.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/thatchers-kingdom-a-view-of-britain-in-the-eighties\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-confucius-enigma\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-smiling-buddha\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pressures-on-the-press\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/southern-africa-defence-and-aid-fund-in-australia-records-1961-1981-together-with-the-records-of-community-aid-abroad-australia-southern-africa-group-1981-1987\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-phelan-papers-1866-1996%e2%86%b5nancy-phelan-literary-manuscripts-with-working-papers-including-correspondence-1866-1996\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/salmon-family-malcolm-salmon-papers-1927-1986\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Koshland, Ellen", "Entry ID": "AWE2182", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/koshland-ellen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "United States", "Occupations": "Community advocate, Director, Philanthropist, Poet", "Summary": "Ellen Koshland is the founder and president of the Education Foundation, a not-for-profit organisation that seeks to stimulate new thinking about public education in Australia and fund innovative student projects in public schools.\n", "Details": "Ellen Koshland established the Education Foundation in 1989 to encourage community involvement in state schools that would contribute to a quality public education system and improve learning and life outcomes for young people. The Foundation works with other charitable foundations, businesses and individuals to fund programs that actively support students to develop their talents and foster a love of learning. The Foundation, under Ellen's leadership, has raised more than $10 million to fund over 500 programs changing the lives of many thousands of state school students and teachers. It now operates on a national scale in all states of Australia and, in 2008, became a permanent division of The Foundation for Young Australians.\nOriginally from the United States, Ellen was inspired by her grandfather, Daniel E. Koshland, who established the San Francisco Foundation. She moved to Australia in 1973. Already considering possibilities in philanthropy but unsure of how to begin, an approach by Jill Reichstein and a meeting with women from the Victorian Women's Trust motivated Ellen to establish the Education Foundation.\nEllen Koshland served as the Victorian Co Chairperson of Anti Poverty Week in 2007 and is currently an Education Ambassador for the Melbourne Community Foundation and a Director of The Foundation for Young Australians.\nIn keeping with her interest in literature, she acted as judge for the Nettie Palmer Prize for Non-fiction in 2006, and the CJ Dennis Prize for Poetry in 2007.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2018 - 2018)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ellen-koshlands-mad-day-speech\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bid-to-help-private-schools-go-public\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/feature-interview-ellen-koshland\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/equity-excellence-and-effectiveness-moving-forward-on-schooling-arrangements-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-women-philanthropists-in-australian-history\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cottee, Kay", "Entry ID": "AWE2189", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cottee-kay\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Yachtswoman", "Summary": "In June 1988, Kay Cottee became the first woman to sail solo, unassisted and nonstop around the world. In the course of her voyage she set seven world records. Cottee was named the 1988 Australian of the Year and was awarded the Order of Australia.\n", "Details": "The daughter of Jim and Joy McLaren, Kay Cottee was born into a yachting family and was taken sailing for the first time when just a few weeks old. With her parents and three sisters Linda, Elaine and Jan, Kay would race in Sydney Harbour on board her father's self-built yacht, the Joy Too. It was here, on the water, that she felt most at peace. Kay disliked school and remembers, 'I spent a lot of time gazing out to sea from my classroom window, or sitting on the Heads at Botany Bay, dreaming I was setting off across the ocean'. She left school half way through fifth form and, like her three sisters, went to secretarial college. At seventeen she was engaged to her father's best friend's son, Neville, who was nine years her senior. They married after her eighteenth birthday.\nKay lived with Neville in Bondi next door to his parents' home where they both worked for his father's plumbing business in the backyard. Finding the job lonely, she relished the opportunity to talk to the plumbers at morning tea and lunch, but was soon told that this was not proper behaviour. The couple did share a love of sailing, and after their second wedding anniversary bought an old gaff rigger and spent a year fitting up the interior. They sold it to buy a '22-footer' and set off on a cruise. The joy was short-lived as Kay suffered from appendicitis 24 hours into the trip and had to return to land. Back at sea, the voyage had not long recommenced before the pair hit bad weather. The rudder snapped and they were 'blown helplessly before the storm' for three days, attracting a great deal of media attention in their plight.\nWith sailing plans temporarily on hold, Kay worked for her sister's ferry business before she and Neville bought the mould of a 'Roberts 35' - a 10.6m yacht - and named it Whimaway. This time Kay worked solely on the boat for 13 months. She writes, 'I guess not many females were boat builders then, but the publicity was good and got our bareboat charter business going'. The business was based in Pittwater and Kay was happy there, but having 'realized there was a whole new world out there beyond listening to plumbing complaints and co-existing with the in-laws', she moved aboard Whimaway, living in her car or at her sister's house when the boat was on charter. Neville moved in with his parents and returned to plumbing.\nAt 27 years of age, Kay took on the charter business at Pittwater assisted first by Jeanine Thompson and then by Shirley King, who became her close friend. She was forced to sell her beloved Whimaway to settle debts, but was able to manage it for the new owner as part of her business, which she ran for six years. All the while Kay was burning to build and own a yacht, one that she could keep, and 'my eyes were set on what seemed an impossible goal - to be the first woman to sail around the world, single handed and non-stop'.\nSo it was that she set about building the 11.2m Cavalier 37 Sloop originally christened the Jimmy Mac in honour of her father. She obtained sponsorship from Blackmores Laboratories Ltd to compete in the Two-Handed Trans-Tasman race to New Zealand and the Solo Trans-Tasman race back to Australia in 1986, sailing the first race with her friend Linda Wayman. Product sponsorship for the race meant that the yacht had to be re-named Cinnamon Scrub. The Two-Handed race began on 8 March 1986, and Kay and Linda won their division. Kay made her return to Mooloolaba, Queensland, in 10 days and 17 hours, arriving on 5 April.\nBy now, Kay's taste for solo sailing was highly developed, and she set about finding sponsors for her round-the-world trip. After several disastrous attempts to impress corporate executives, she found sponsorship with Blackmores again on the understanding that the trip would be used as a fundraising event. Kay's chosen charity was the late Reverend Ted Noff's Life Education Program - a drug education program for young people. For this monumental voyage, her yacht was re-named again as Blackmores First Lady.\nAfter enormous preparation and great cooperation from family and friends, Kay Cottee set off on her voyage on 29 November 1987. The Guinness Book of Records for 1989 notes that she completed:\nA singlehand nonstop circumnavigation eastabout from\/to Sydney, Australia, via St Paul's Rocks in the North Atlantic and south of the five southernmost capes, west to east, commencing November 29, 1987, and finishing June 5, 1988. Total sailing time 189 days 0 hours 32 minutes, logging 22,100 miles at an average speed of 116.93 miles per day. The voyage was completed without touching land, and without any form of outside aid apart from radio contact.\nThe five southernmost capes referred to are Good Hope, Leeuwin, South-East Cape (Tasmania), South-West Cape (Stewart Island, NZ), and the Horn.\nDuring the voyage, Kay's yacht overturned off the coast of southern Africa in 100-knot winds and 70-foot seas. She was washed overboard and saved only by the two safety lines that harnessed her to the boat. Having just missed collision with a tanker, she recalls in her book First Lady:\nMy life flashed before my eyes for the second time in an hour as I was washed just over the top of the leeward safety railing before my harness lines pulled me up short. I held my breath under the water until my lungs felt they would burst, willing my lovely Lady to right herself and praying that the two harness lines did not give way. She took her time, but true to form gracefully rose once again, this time with me dangling over the side.\nKay returned to Sydney Harbour to great fanfare on the morning of June 5, 1988. Cheered by 100,000 people at Darling Harbour, Rear-Admiral Tony Horton took her hand as she made her first step ashore and she was officially welcomed by Hazel Hawke (Prime Minister's wife), Nick Greiner (NSW Premier) and Sir Eric Neil (Commissioner to the City of Sydney). She was given the Key to the City of Sydney. Asked by a female journalist, 'How does it feel to have conquered a man's world?', she answered, 'I was brought up believing there is no such thing as a man's world or a woman's world. It's everyone's world!'\nKay was bombarded with 'civic receptions, balls, more press conferences and interviews that one could count, dinners, lunches, seminars and parties. We met visiting heads of state, government ministers, senators, admirals, royalty and thousands and thousands of lovely people'. A 'Welcome Home to Pittwater' day organized by the committee of the Royal Prince Alfred Yacht Club attracted over 500 boats. 2000 guests attended the auction and party held at the clubhouse and raised over $35,000 for the Life Education Program. In subsequent years, Kay was able to raise over $1 million for the program.\nKay Cottee's numerous records include: the first woman to complete a singlehanded nonstop circumnavigation; the first woman to circumnavigate nonstop west to east, south of the five southernmost capes; the fastest time for a solo circumnavigation by a woman; the fastest speed (average speed 4.87 miles per hour during her round-the-world voyage) for a solo circumnavigation by a woman; the longest period alone at sea by a woman; and the greatest nonstop distance covered by a solo woman.\nAmong her many accolades are the 1988 Australian of the Year; the Order of Australia; the Advance Australia Award; indictment into the Hall of Champions by the NSW Government; the Bicentennial Award for Excellence in Women's Sport; New South Wales Sportswoman of the Year; and the Confederation of Australian Sport Special Award for Outstanding Personal Achievement in 1988.\nToday Kay Cottee is married to television producer Peter Sutton and has a son, Lee. She has launched a business building luxury yachts. Kay is chairman of the National Maritime Museum at Darling Harbour where First Lady is now housed.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/first-lady-a-history-making-solo-voyage-around-the-world\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/all-at-sea-on-land-and-first-lady-ten-years-on\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kay-cottee-first-lady\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/museum-gives-cottee-pride-of-place-over-american-cup-winner\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kay-cottee-address-at-the-national-press-club-on-20-june-1989-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-kay-cottee-yachtswoman-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-kay-cottee-adventurer-and-author-sound-recording-interviewer-diana-giese\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-kay-cottee-1965-2009-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bjelke-Petersen, Marie Caroline", "Entry ID": "AWE2193", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bjelke-petersen-marie-caroline\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Copenhagen, Denmark", "Death Place": "Lindisfarne, Tasmania, Australia", "Occupations": "Physical Culturalist, Teacher, Writer", "Summary": "Marie Bjelke-Petersen is best known as a writer, but as a young woman she enjoyed playing sport and was, it has been argued, instrumental in introducing the sport of netball to Tasmania.\nShe migrated with her family to Hobart, Tasmania in 1891, where her brother, Hans Christian, established the Bjelke-Peterson Physical Culture school in 1892. Marie joined as instructor in charge of the women's section; she also taught the subject in schools. It was during that time, it is suggested, that the Bjelke-Petersen's learned about a new game called basketball that was being played in the United States. Marie introduced drills designed for the game in to the Physical Culture program that she taught in the schools.\nUnfortunately, injuries prevented her from continuing with her teaching career much past 1910. At this point, she picked up her career as a writer. She published her first novel The Captive Singer, in 1917 to much acclaim; it sold 100,000 copies in English and 40,000 in Danish. In 1935 she won the King's Jubilee medal for services to literature.\nIn recent years, Bjelke-Petersen has become a gay and lesbian icon. She lived in an intimate relationship with Silvia Mills, who she met in 1898, and who, it is argued, The Captive Singer was about, for thirty years.\n", "Events": "For Services to Literature (1935 - 1935)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bjelke-petersen-marie-caroline-1874-1969\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-netball-history-in-tasmania-the-first-bounce-an-account-of-the-history-of-the-sport-in-tasmania\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-scandinavians-in-australia-new-zealand-and-the-western-pacific\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-mortal-flame-marie-bjelke-petersen-australian-romance-writer-1874-1969\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-captive-singer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/newspaper-clippings-photographs-and-copies-of-letters-re-marie-bjelke-peterson-collected-by-maggie-weidenhofer-and-photographs-of-maria-island\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-the-bjelke-petersen-family\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ferguson, Adair", "Entry ID": "AWE2201", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ferguson-adair\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Rower", "Summary": "When Adair Ferguson won the single sculls title at the 1985 rowing World Championships in Belgium, she became Australia's first female world champion rower. Her performance was excellent enough for her to be named the 1985 Australian Athlete of the Year; in achieving the honour she beat fellow nominees Jeff Fenech and Alan Border. Ferguson proved it wasn't a fluke when she won a gold medal in the same event the following year in Edinburgh at the 1986 Commonwealth Games.\nFerguson represented Australia eight times at various international competitions but never at an Olympic Games. 1988 was considered to be her best chance of winning a medal but that year the Australian selectors decided not to send any female rowing competitors.\nAs well as representing Australia as a sportswoman, Ferguson tried her hand at politics. She stood as the Australian Democrats candidate in the blue ribbon liberal seat of Ryan in the 1990 federal election.\n", "Events": "Rowing - Lightweight Scull (1986 - 1986)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/adair-ferguson-file\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Akhurst, Daphne Jessie", "Entry ID": "AWE2212", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/akhurst-daphne-jessie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ashfield, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Burwood, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Tennis player", "Summary": "A promising pianist in her school days, Daphne Akhurst attended the State Conservatorium of Music in New South Wales, becoming a music teacher and performer. While studying, she became an enthusiastic tennis player, winning the schoolgirls' singles championship in 1917-20. In 1923 she won the County of Cumberland ladies' singles, and two years later, the Australasian championships. She went on to win the Australasian championships a further four times. Akhurst travelled to the United Kingdom, where she competed at Wimbledon, reaching the singles and doubles semi-finals and the mixed doubles final (with Jack Crawford). Akhurst out-performed all of the Australian men in the competition and was ranked third in the world by Ayres' Almanac.\nAkhurst married Royston Stuckey Cozens, a tobacco manufacturer, in 1930, and retired from serious competition in 1931. The pair had one son. Akhurst died of an ectopic pregnancy in 1933.\nThe trophy for the women's singles winner at the Australian Tennis Open is named in her honour.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Australian Tennis Hall of Fame (2006 - 2006)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-companion-to-australian-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/akhurst-daphne-jessie-1903-1933\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hawkes, Rechelle", "Entry ID": "AWE2226", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hawkes-rechelle\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Albany, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Hockey player, Olympian", "Summary": "Described as 'the cornerstone of Australia's golden era in women's hockey', Rechelle Hawkes was one of the world's most highly decorated hockey players. She had her international debut in 1985 and retired in 2000, playing an Australian record 279 international matches and winning multiple gold medals in major competitions along the way. She won three Olympic Games gold medals (1988, 1996, 2000), two World Cups (1994, 1998) and five Champions Trophies (1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999). She was a member of the team that won gold at the Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur in 1998. She is the most successful female player in international Hockey history\nHawkes had bad luck with injuries early in her career, but this did not stop her from taking her place in the team that won Olympic gold in 1988 in Seoul. In 1993, she was appointed team captain and led the team that compiled an unbeaten streak of 31 games leading into the Atlanta Olympics in 1996, and which eventually went on to beat South Korea 3-1 in the final.\nAfter Atlanta, Hawkes took some time off the game to contemplate her future. She decided to go for Olympic gold one more time and was given the honour of reading the Athletes' Oath at the opening ceremony in Sydney. Two weeks later, she played her last international game and claimed her third Olympic gold medal.\nHawkes was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 2002 and the Western Australian Hall of Champions in 2005.\n", "Events": "Member of the Hockeyroos (1988 - 1988) \nMember of the Hockeyroos (1996 - 1996) \nMember of the Hockeyroos (2000 - 2000)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-at-the-games\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Varley, Gwendoline", "Entry ID": "AWE2228", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/varley-gwendoline\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria", "Occupations": "Broadcaster, Journalist, Radio Journalist, Sports administrator, Sports Journalist", "Summary": "An athletic student, Gwendoline Varley went on to be sports mistress at the Hermitage school in Geelong, Victoria, before moving to Sydney, where she became organizing secretary of the City Girls' Amateur Sports Association. She inaugurated Girls' Week as a fundraising initiative, and caught the attention of local radio stations. In 1928, Varley began broadcasting with radio station 2BL and was founding secretary of its Women's Amateur Sports Association. The wireless was an invaluable tool for the promotion of sports activities for women, and the Association grew rapidly. It was placed under the auspices of the Australian Broadcasting Commission on the establishment of that body in 1932. Varley continued broadcasting for the ABC. In addition, she was involved with the City Girls' Amateur Sports Association; the New South Wales (NSW) Lawn Tennis Association; the NSW Women's Hockey Association; the NSW Women's Basketball Association; and the NSW Women's Cricket Association.\nVarley continued an active involvement in sport by captaining an A-grade tennis team, and - according to the ADB's Marion Consandine - by swimming, rowing, running, fencing, skating, and playing golf, hockey and croquet. She married Hector Maximus Greig, a widower and father of two sons, in June 1938.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1928 - 1940)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/varley-gwendoline-1896-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Letham, Isabel", "Entry ID": "AWE2231", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letham-isabel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Chatswood, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Harbord, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Surfboard Rider, Swimming Instructor", "Summary": "Isabel Letham is renowned throughout the surfing world as 'the first Australian to ride a surfboard', although she disputed this, preferring to describe herself as an early Australian female surfer who experimented with riding a board in the Hawaiian tradition. She did this in 1915 at the age of fifteen when the visiting Hawaiian surfer, Duke Kahanamoku, who was giving a surfboard riding exhibition at Sydney's Freshwater Beach, invited her to ride tandem with him. Since then, her name has become legendary within the surfing world. She has been a source of inspiration for subsequent women surfers; Australian world champion, Pam Burridge, even named her first daughter Isabel in her honour.\nLetham is less well known for the important role she played in teaching swimming to hundreds of young people in Australia and in the United States. In the 1920s she lived in San Francisco where she first taught swimming at the University of California and was eventually appointed to the position of Director of Swimming to the City of San Francisco in 1924. She returned to Australia to live in 1929, where she continued to teach swimming at Freshwater and Manly for many years. Letham was also important for introducing water ballet to Australia.\n", "Details": "He paddled on to this green wave and, when I looked down it, I was scared out of my wits. It was like looking over a cliff. After I'd screamed \"oh no, no!\" a couple of times, he said: \"Oh, Yes, yes!\" He took me by the scruff of the neck and yanked me on to my feet. Off we went, down the wave.'\nThis is how Isabel Letham remembered the moment that would ultimately make her an icon of Australian women's surfing history. In January 1915, Duke Kahanamoku - 'The Big Kahuna' - the man generally regarded as the inventor of modern surfing, visited Sydney's Freshwater Beach to conduct an exhibition of the new sport. The event attracted an enormous crowd, with fifteen year old schoolgirl Isabel Letham amongst their number. After three hours of entertaining the audience on his own, the Duke called for a volunteer to help him demonstrate tandem surfing. Isabel was chosen and, as a result, she goes down in history, not as the first Australian surfer to ride Hawaiian style - a common misconception that she never promulgated herself - but as an early Australian female surfer who experimented with riding a surfboard in the Hawaiian style.\nWhether or not she was the first, or one of the first, it is indisputable that Isabel Letham had a long term impact on the surfing world. She was an inspiration to young Australian women, like Pam Burridge, who dared to break into to the masculine world of professional surfing in the 1970s and 80s. When Burridge won the inaugural women's surfing championship in May 1980, Isabel, at age 80, was present to see her claim victory. 'I should be home with my knitting,' she said, 'but I've waited 65 years for this.' Burridge honoured Letham by naming her first daughter Isabel; the Australian Surfing Hall of Fame honoured her with induction in 1993. If you surf in Australia, then you should know something about Isabel Letham.\nBut who could have guessed what the immediate impact of catching those waves would be on Isabel's life? Isabel was already known locally as a sports mad tomboy and a bit of a dare devil, particularly in the water. She loved aquaplaning, body surfing, stunt swimming and diving, and, after the Duke's visit, Hawaiian surfing. She had a feisty, forthright personality that had been influenced by the feminist thinking of her mother and the various like-minded women who came regularly to meet at their house. And to top it all off, she was gorgeous.\nSo when someone suggested to Isabel that she might be able to make it in the movies, she decided to take the chance. After all, the afternoon surfing with the Duke had given her an international profile. The Los Angeles Record, for instance, described her as 'A Sydney Sea Gull' and 'Diana of the Waves'; she was the world's greatest stunt swimmer who 'became proficient at aqua-planning while dodging sharks in Sydney harbor'. The Hawaiian Star Bulletin claimed that 'As far as features go, Miss Lethem is the prettiest swimmer to come out of Australia. As for diving, she is another Annette Kellerman.' In a world where the popular press and movie houses were constantly on the look out for the next celebrity, Isabel had as much chance as the next lively young thing. The choice between taking on a year as a sport instructor in a Sydney girls' school or trying her luck in Hollywood, especially when her father was bankrolling the second option, was an easy one for Isabel to make. She left for the United States in 1918.\nBy all accounts, the journey across the Pacific and through the United States was marvellous fun. Isabel hobnobbed it with movie stars and directors and met members of the Russian aristocracy who were down to their last fur coat after fleeing the revolution. She travelled into Native American Territory and flirted with journalists and soldiers returning from the war in Europe. She didn't skimp on anything; she enjoyed being a young, modern woman, on her own, away from Australia. So certain was she that she would stay in America, she took our United States citizenship. She loved her life and loved where she was living.\nUnfortunately, none of this 'networking' translated into serious work and her father, becoming impatient with her living it up without any return on his investment, decided he would no longer finance her trip. To make matters worse, she began to find life in Los Angeles less than perfect. As one report would have it, 'She found that distance had lent enchantment to many aspects of Hollywood.' So Isabel travelled north to San Francisco, which she liked better and where she had friends, and did what she had done as a young girl growing up in Sydney. She took to the water.\nReflecting on her life when she was in her eighties, Isabel observed that a key difference between the United States and Australia in the period between the wars was that 'the opportunities in the United States were high for women'. Given the way Letham's career developed in San Francisco during the 1920s, it is hardly surprising she came to that view. After first resorting to hairdressing to pay the rent, which she hated, she convinced the staff at the University of California at Berkeley to appoint her as an assistant teacher of swimming in 1923. She also taught swimming for the San Francisco playground commission during the summer of 1924. When the position of Director of Swimming for the City of San Francisco came up, she was immediately appointed to it. The results she was getting with her innovative, 'scientific' teaching methods had become common knowledge at Berkeley and amongst the parents of children who learned from her during the summer.\nOne of her first initiatives as director of swimming was to establish a club system, like that which existed in Australia, and a regular season of competition. Once this was up and running, she organized, in 1926, San Francisco's first women's competition; an invitational that involved local and national champions. The press were amazed by the speed with which she had improved the swimming of ordinary folk and elite sportspeople alike, and were certain that she had been 'instrumental in starting several of the present day champs on their careers'. Arguably, an Australian woman can claim some responsibility for the system that produces the champion swimmers of the United States today!\nShe tried to teach them a thing or two about surf life-saving. In the 1920s, swimmers were so ill equipped to handle the California surf, and the surf life saving methods so inefficient, police actively discouraged people from swimming on the beaches because they could not guarantee their safety. Letham wanted to introduce Australian methods to the beaches of San Francisco and, in preparation for the task, applied for membership of her 'local' club, the Manly Surf Club, believing that she would carry more authority with the people of San Francisco, especially the police, if she could claim that qualification.\nHer application was knocked back because she was a woman which meant, according to the president of the club, whose reasoning was a reflection of the prevailing views of women in surf-lifesaving up until the 1980s, 'she would not be able to handle the conditions in rough seas'. He argued this, despite the fact that Isabel had helped struggling swimmers in pools and in the surf for many years. Under the headline 'SEX BAN ON GIRL LIFE-SAVER, SO AUSTRALIA LOSES ADVERTISEMENT', the journalist for the San Francisco Daily News registered his disappointment. 'Although she has saved many lives she is not eligible for membership in a surf live-saving club on account of her sex,' he complained. 'In refusing Miss Letham the privileges of membership of the Manly Surf Club, the association, it is felt by beach-men generally, is losing an excellent opportunity of broadcasting Australian life-saving methods,' the report continued. No doubt this was one occasion where Isabel believed that relative to Australia, the United States was a land of opportunity for women!\nLetham returned to Australia for a short visit in 1926 to a fair degree of press interest and a wealth of experience in sports administration she had gained whilst overseas. What she saw did not impress her much, and her public criticism may not have gone down particularly well with city developers here. She had a lot to say about the state of Melbourne's playgrounds and beaches, with which she was very disappointed. After swimming at St Kilda Beach she observed that 'There isn't a beach in California to equal those of Melbourne but civic enterprise has given California some of the finest bathing pools in the world.' Joking, she told observers that she would 'like to take St Kilda beach back to America with her when she returns. They would make SOME pool out of it,' she declared. She was similarly unimpressed by the lack of foreshore development around Brighton Beach.\nIn 1929, Isabel Letham returned to Sydney permanently. After hurting her back (she fell down an open manhole in the middle of a street), she was fearful of how an injured woman who relied on being physical for employment might survive without family, as the effects of the stock market crash began to be felt in the United States. She taught swimming at the Manly pool and wrote articles about swimming for the Manly Daily News. Years of getting into the pool with her students, rather than bellowing instructions from the edge, began to take their toll on her health. She suffered terrible rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatic fever. Between bouts of illness, however, she continued to teach. She was especially busy during World War 2, claiming that parents wanted their children to know how to swim 'in case the Japanese came'.\nShe also found a ready market for students to learn water ballet, which she had first seen performed the way she taught it in the United States. She opened the Freshwater Water Ballet school in the late 1940s. It could therefore be said that Isabel Letham was responsible for bringing synchronized swimming to Australia. She is definitely responsible for safety and security in the water of hundreds of people who grew up around Freshwater and the Manly and Curl Curl Swimming Pools. Throughout the 1930s, 40s and 50s, there would be few people learning to swim in those areas that didn't come in contact with her. As she herself said, 'Swimming instruction gave me the opportunity to meet all sorts of people in all sorts of places.'\nShe never had the opportunity to meet a husband, although, she hastened to add, that was not through want of suitors. The practicalities of wanting a career between the wars, and being an only child, intervened. She was too busy when she was young and then, when she was less busy her mother got ill and she needed to care for her. Before she know it, 'The time just went by'. She added, however, that, it wasn't only practical considerations that kept her single. 'I was always looking for something I never found,' she said in her eighties, 'although I had some very interesting friendships'. Many of these friends remained close as she lived out her later years.\nSurfing made Isabel Letham famous, and the ceremony she requested on the beach at Freshwater after she died in 1995 shows how important the surf was to her own sense of identity. Those 'interesting friends' who could, joined members of the local Freshwater community as they gathered for a ceremony at the beach, and her ashes were scattered in the midst of a circle of board-riders formed out the back of the surf-break. Those who attended claimed that at that time, the memories of the past and of the surfing history of Australia were rekindled.\nBut focusing on those four waves surfed with a man, even if it was someone as charming, skilled and intelligent as 'The Duke', has meant we have forgotten the extraordinary things that Isabel did as a single woman across two continents. Teaching the people of the city of San Francisco and the northern beaches of Sydney how to swim are no mean feats at all! Establishing a program to encourage the young women of California to swim competitively was a complex administrative task that continued to bear fruit well after she left the United States. It's sad to think, especially in the Year of the Surf Lifesaver, that the Manly Surf Club frustrated her efforts to make the beaches safe for the swimmers of San Francisco by not allowing her to officially import proven ideas and techniques from Australia. No doubt, were she alive today, Letham would be delighted with the international success of women like Carla Gilbert and Emma Snowsill, women for whom active and official participation in the surf lifesaving movement is central to the development of their sporting careers. Watching Snowsill's victory in the Commonwealth Games Triathlon in Melbourne last year; now that would have been something worth leaving the knitting for!\n", "Events": "Appointed as assistant coach at the University of California at Berkeley (1923 - 1923) \nAppointed the Director of Swimming for the City of San Francisco (1924 - 1924) \nIsabel Letham tandem surfs with Duke Kahanamoku at Freshwater Beach (1915 - 1915) \nOrganises the first Women's Swimming Competition to be held in San Francisco (1926 - 1926)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pam-burridge\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/net-surfing-gets-one-for-the-girls\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/isabel-letham-collection\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Burridge, Pam", "Entry ID": "AWE2232", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burridge-pam\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Surfboard Rider", "Summary": "Pam Burridge was born in Sydney into a sport loving family who were active in the surf living saving movement at Sydney's Bondi Beach. Her mother and sister, Donella, loved to swim, her father was an accomplished distance runner but Pam loved surfing. She was given her first (homemade) surfboard in 1975 at the age of ten, entered her first competition (which she won) in 1977 at the age of twelve, won her first New South Wales State Championship in 1979 aged fourteen and was national champion the following year when she was only fifteen.\nAt this point, Pam was deemed a professional by virtue of the fact that she had been invited to surf in the elite Hawaiian North Shore events; the strict rules of the governing amateur body offered no leeway. So Pam went on the international circuit when she was sixteen and by the age of seventeen had earned her first of six runner-up finishes in the world championships. She eventually broke through in 1990, winning the world championship by what was then a record margin and becoming the first Australian woman to do so.\nThe consistency of Pam's performance throughout the years prior to her claiming the title are even more remarkable when one considers what she overcame to achieve them. She spent the better part of the 1980s battling one personal crisis after the next, crises which can, arguably, be attributed to the unique challenges that confronted young women who dared enter the macho world of 1980s surf riding. She faced plummeting self confidence, which led to drug and alcohol abuse and an eating disorder. The fact that she was able to maintain an overall ranking of number two in the world throughout the 1980s, despite never being 'at her best' is testament to her extraordinary talent.\nBurridge retired from competition in 1993 made a brief comeback in 1996, retiring again in 1999, ranked eighth in the world. Whilst the result was not one for the record books, Pam was nevertheless satisfied with the result; it proved that she still has it in her to match it with the best in the new world of women's surfing.\n", "Events": "Winner New South Wales Women's Surf Riding Championship (1979 - 1981) \nWinner Australian Women's Surf Riding Championships (1980 - 1981) \nWinner World Surf Riding Championships (1990 - 1990) \nInducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame (1995 - 1995) \nInducted into the Australian Surfing Hall of Fame (1997 - 1997)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pam-burridge\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/isabel-letham-collection\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Robinson, Edith", "Entry ID": "AWE2234", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/robinson-edith\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Track and Field Athlete", "Summary": "Edith 'Edie' Robinson made Australian Olympic history in Amsterdam in 1928 when she became Australia's first female Olympic track and field athlete. She took up running at the age of 14 (she ran for the St George Athletic Club in Sydney, New South Wales.) Selected to compete in the 100 meters, she did not make the final, but did run a personal best time in the semifinal, which she finished in third place. Robinson also ran in the 800 meters, but did not complete the race. Given that she had never trained for the event before, let alone competed in it, the fact that she made the 600 meter mark before withdrawing was an extraordinary effort.\nEdith was a very popular member of the small team that travelled to Amsterdam, and because she had a background in dressmaking, she was popular and much in demand by male athletes who needed badges sown to their shorts!\nShe officially opened the Olympic athletes village in Homebush, Sydney on September 2, 2000.\n", "Details": "Considering what the athletes had to endure in the lead up to the games, Edith Robinson's effort in 1928, by anyone's standards, was extraordinary. The Australian team travelled by ship for six weeks to get to Amsterdam and during this time, most of the team put on weight. \"We couldn't train, we couldn't even walk on the first class deck,' Robinson reported in later years. 'We weren't even allowed to use the tiny canvas pool on board.' The situation did not improve much once they arrived. The accommodation was more than twenty miles distant from where they could train, and training 'sessions' could last anything up to twelve hours once travel time was included. The Australians were also quite unhappy with the greasy, inappropriate meals they were served. According to Robinson, their best meals were often those prepared by women team members after they had arrived back late from training.\nRobinson was also involved in an event that was so controversial, it was banned from the Olympics for the next thirty-two years. Despite never having trained for the event, let alone competed in it, Edith ran in the 800 meters, after her male team-mates encouraged her to enter. She pulled out, exhausted, at the 600 meter mark. Other women were similarly challenged, but this is hardly surprising; the 800 meters is one of the most strenuous events in track and field. Nevertheless, the sight of these physically drained women was too much for some Olympic officials. So adverse was the publicity in the press about the matter that no race longer than 200 meters was run by women at the Olympics until 1960. The fact that photographs that accompanied some of the more sensational press coverage of the event were actually of women completing heats of the 100 meters only serves to highlight the extent to which public understandings of feminine behaviour impacted upon female athletes ability to perform at their best.\n", "Events": "Edith Robinson participated in the Amsterdam Olympic Games (1928 - 1928)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-proper-spectacle-women-olympians-1900-1936\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-sport-through-time-the-history-of-sport-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-800-metres-running-too-female-to-run-too-good-to-stop\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eileen-wearne-photographs-and-papers-mainly-concerning-the-1932-los-angeles-olympic-games\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wearne, Eileen", "Entry ID": "AWE2235", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wearne-eileen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Enfield, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Olympian, Track and Field Athlete", "Summary": "Eileen Wearne became the second woman to represent Australia in athletics at the Olympic Games when she competed in the 100 meter sprint at Los Angeles in 1932. Unfortunately, she did not compete at her best in Los Angeles; she finished fourth in her heat in the time of 12.5 seconds which meant that she did not make the finals. On her return to Sydney, however, she continued to compete and won state and Australian titles throughout the 1930s. She and the first woman to represent Australia in athletics at the Olympic Games, Edith Robinson, enjoyed a healthy rivalry. In 1938, she represented Australia at the British Empire Games where she won a gold medal in the 4 X 100 yard relay and a bronze medal in the 200 meter sprint.\nAn extremely attractive young woman, so much so that, whilst in Los Angeles, she caught the eye of the U.S. media. In an article entitled 'Future Weissmullers, Beautiful Amazons Keenly watched by Scurrying Studio Scouts', a journalist noted that 'scouts from the picture camps have been roving the practice fields ever since the first boatload of athletes was unloaded.' One of those at training who they noticed was 'Eileen Wearne of Australia' who had ' a beautiful figure, a great deal of poise and a nice voice.' Wearne's looks, according to her teammates, were ' proof that athletic competition does not detract from the beauty or femininity of women.'\nWearne retired from athletics in 1940 but remained involved in the Olympic movement. She was an active member of the New South Wales Olympian Club and loved attending reunion lunches.\n", "Events": "Athletics - 440y Medley Relay (1938 - 1938) \nCompeted at Los Angeles (1932 - 1932) \nSet the national record of 11.2 seconds over 100 yards (1932 - 1932) \nWinner of the first triathlon championship in New South Wales (1931 - 1931)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eileen-wearne-photographs-and-papers-mainly-concerning-the-1932-los-angeles-olympic-games\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pirie, Daphne", "Entry ID": "AWE2250", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pirie-daphne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Hockey player, Sports administrator, Track and Field Athlete", "Summary": "Daphne Pirie was a nationally ranked track and field athlete who captained the Queensland women's athletics and hockey teams and represented Australia in hockey. She then became a world-ranked Master's Athlete, winning eight gold medals in international competitions. In 1989 she was awarded an MBE for services to hockey and appointed an Officer in the General Division of the Order of Australia in June 2012.\n", "Details": "One of eight children - six boys and two girls - Daphne Pirie came to love sport at an early age. Her father, President of the Queensland Rugby League and a former champion sprinter, lost a leg as a Lighthorseman in the First World War and turned to sports administration on his return home. On Sunday afternoon outings the family would hold potato races by the creek. Daphne's mother, who grew up on a farm in Rockhampton and worked hard to look after her children and her crippled husband, encouraged her daughter to get out and about and be involved in sport. School sport mostly consisted of air raid drills, but Daphne would swim at the Milton School swimming pool and run at the Exhibition Ground at State Primary School Athletics days.\nWhen the Queensland Women's Amateur Athletic Association re-formed after the war, Pirie began running. Serious training began at the age of seventeen when she was sent with a junior team to Sydney by the Mayne Harriers' Athletic Club in 1948. By 1955 she held 40 open championships in her State and was unbeaten in all events.\nIn the early 1950s Pirie and others re-formed the Valley Women's Hockey Club (disbanded during the war) as a social activity alongside the Valley men's team. In her second year in the game Pirie made the State team, and by 1955 was in the Australian team. She enjoyed the team game, finding it easier than running - 'running is tougher, and it's individual' - and was happy to switch between the two; playing hockey in the winter, running in summer, and working at Whatmore's Sports Store in between. Daphne Pirie was married in 1958 and had her first child soon afterward. The family lived at the Gold Coast and Pirie began playing hockey at Murwillumbah.\nNot content only to spectate when her elite career was over, Daphne developed a career in sports administration. On Ruby Robinson's retirement she was appointed to the Queensland Olympic Council, becoming its first female vice-president. She was founding president of Womensport Queensland and is a director of Gold Coast Events Management. She was awarded life memberships with Hockey Australia, Women's Hockey Australia and Hockey Queensland and is a Hockey Queensland Hall of Fame Inductee. She was a board member of the Queensland Academy of Sport and President of the Gold Coast Sporting Hall of Fame. She was honoured by Womensport Queensland who, in 2006, granted her their inaugural 2006 contribution to sport award.\n", "Events": "Appointed an Australian Umpire (1961 - 1961) \nAustralian Women's Hockey Association (1988 - 1988) \nAustralian Women's Track and Field Championships - Finalist 220 yards (1950 - 1950) \nAustralian Women's Track and Field Championships - Finalist 220 yards (1952 - 1952) \nAustralian Women's Track and Field Championships - Finalist 880 yards (1950 - 1950) \nAustralian Women's Track and Field Championships - Finalist High Jump (1950 - 1950) \nAustralian Women's Track and Field Championships - Finalist Long Jump (1950 - 1950) \nAustralian Women's Track and Field Championships - Fourth Place 880 yards (1956 - 1956) \nAustralian Women's Track and Field Championships - Member of the Queensland relay team to win run in third place in the 4 X 110 yards event. (1952 - 1952) \nAustralian Women's Track and Field Championships - Second Place 440 yards (1954 - 1954) \nAustralian Women's Track and Field Championships - Second Place 880 yards (1954 - 1954) \nAustralian Women's Track and Field Championships - Third Place 440 yards (1956 - 1956) \nBoard member (since inception) of the Queensland Academy of Sport (1989 - ) \nCaptain - Queensland Women's Hockey Team (1962 - 1962) \nElected Vice President of the Queensland Olympic Council Committee (The first woman to be elected to the position) (1997 - 1997) \nFounding President of Womensport Queensland (then named the Queensland Women's Sports Foundation) (1993 - 1993) \nInducted into the Queensland Hockey Hall of Fame (2003 - 2003) \nMember of the Australian Women's Hockey Team (1955 - 1955) \nMember of the Queensland Women's Hockey Team (1953 - 1957) \nMember of the Queensland Women's Hockey Team (1960 - 1962) \nPan Pacific Master's Games Competitor -winner of the 60m, 400 m and High Jump events in the 65 years category (2000 - 2000) \nPresident of the Queensland Women's Hockey Association (1987 - 1993) \nQueensland Olympic Council Committee member (1993 - 2000) \nQueensland Track and Field Championships - winner 440 yards (1956 - 1956) \nQueensland Track and Field Championships - winner 100 yards (1951 - 1952) \nQueensland Track and Field Championships - winner 440 yards (1952 - 1952) \nQueensland Track and Field Championships - winner 880 yards (1951 - 1952) \nQueensland Track and Field Championships - winner High Jump (1949 - 1949) \nQueensland Women's Hiockey Association (1991 - 1991) \nRecipient of the Inaugural award (2006 - 2006) \nServices to Hockey (1989 - 1989) \nVice Patron of Hockey Queensland (2002 - 2006)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-daphne-pirie\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Raisbeck, Rosina", "Entry ID": "AWE2264", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/raisbeck-rosina\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ballarat, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Opera singer", "Summary": "Rosina Raisbeck enjoyed a successful career in London and performed on the club circuit across Australia in the 1960s, before joining the Australian Opera in 1971. She was still singing with the company at the age of 72.\n", "Details": "Raisbeck was born in Ballarat to English and Italian parents, and grew up in Maitland. After success on the club circuit in New South Wales, she entered the New South Wales Conservatorium in 1942. Raisbeck won the Sun Aria and ABC Concerto and Vocal competitions in 1946. She auditioned at Covent Garden, London, and performed her debut role as Maddalena in Rigoletto the following year.\nRaisbeck was a soloist in Beethoven's Ninth Symphony as part of the Queen's coronation celebrations in 1953. She sang with Sadler's Wells Opera in London, and with the Elizabethan Trust Opera Company at home in Sydney. In 1961, after her divorce from James Laurie, she returned to Sydney with her son, Jim. She joined the Australian Opera company ten years later. Raisbeck's last public appearance was at the 80th birthday concert of Dame Joan Sutherland, her friend and colleague, in October 2006.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/raisbeck-rosina-singer-programs-and-related-material-collected-by-the-national-library-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/royce-rees-collection-of-sydney-theatre-photonegatives-1946-1967\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mathews, Marlene Judith", "Entry ID": "AWE2268", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mathews-marlene-judith\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Athletics coach, Olympian, Sports administrator, Track and Field Athlete", "Summary": "Described as 'one of our greatest and unluckiest' athletes, Marlene Mathews set a world record of 10.3 seconds for the 100 yard sprint in 1958. Her best times for the 100 metres and 200 metres, set over forty years ago, would have won both titles at the 2005 Australian Athletics Championships were they repeated.\nHaving missed selection for the 1952 Olympic Games due to a leg injury, Mathews was selected for the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Canada, only to be forced to withdraw from sprint events due to injury once again. Two years later, she was able to compete at the Olympic Games in Melbourne and won bronze in the 100 metres and 200 metres behind Australia's Betty Cuthbert and Germany's Christa Stubnick - though many expected her to win. Disappointingly, Mathews was not selected for the 4x100m relay team that year. The team, comprising Shirley Strickland, Norma Croker, Fleur Mellor and Betty Cuthbert, won gold. At a post-Olympics meeting, Mathews was part of a relay team that broke world records for both the 4\u00d7220 yards and 4\u00d7200 metres.\nIn 1957, Mathews set the inaugural world record times for the 440 yards and 400 metres. The following year she set her world record of 10.3 seconds for the 100 yards sprint (breaking the 10.4 second record held jointly by Betty Cuthbert and Marjorie Jackson) and of 23.4 seconds for the 220 yards (breaking Cuthbert's 23.5 second record). She is reputed to have run a 'wind-assisted 10.1 seconds' in the 100 yards at the Australian titles. Mathews went on to win the 100 yards and 220 yards at the British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Wales in 1958. She ran in the relay team that won silver in the 4\u00d7110 yards relay. After making the semi-finals in the 100 metres at the Olympic Games in Rome in 1960, Mathews retired from competition and took up an administrative role. She was an Assistant Manager of the Australian Olympic Team at the Olympics in Munich in 1972.\nMarlene Mathews became a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in 1979 for her services to athletics, and an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 1999. A Trustee of the Sydney Cricket Ground, she is recognised in its Walk of Honour. Mathews was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1985.\n", "Details": "Born in Sydney, New South Wales, in 1934, Marlene Mathews was a prodigiously talented junior athlete who went on to become one of Australia's best, but most unlucky, sprinters. Developing as an athlete throughout the 1940s, she ran against such stars as Marjorie Jackson and Shirley Strickland. She was a serious contender for Olympic team selection in 1952 at the age of eighteen after some impressive racing during the 1950-51 season, including coming second in the 100y at the New South Wales Championships, behind Marjorie Jackson but ahead of Shirley Strickland. She followed this up by setting a junior record for the race in March 1951, a feat that saw her place on the team virtually guaranteed. Unfortunately, she suffered a severe muscle tear injury at the beginning of the 1951-52 season which ruled her out of competition and prevented her from regaining top form for another three years. Bad luck struck again in 1954 at the Empire Games in Vancouver when she badly pulled a muscle in her heat of the 100y. She withdrew from all competition, running in the relay team which was regarded as an unbeatable gold medal favourite.\nDespite this series of disappointments, Mathews was determined to get fit enough to compete at the Melbourne Olympics in 1956. Reigning Olympic and Empire Games champion Marjorie Jackson had now retired, and Mathews was regarded as her successor; her window of opportunity was about to open. Everything seemed to be going to plan throughout 1955-56. She was running fast times, even equalling Jackson's 220y world record time of 24.0 in March 1956; it all appeared to be an excellent lead up to the Olympic Games. Despite this, she performed well below expectation at the 1956 National Championships held in Brisbane. She came third in the 100y, behind Wendy Hayes and veteran Shirley Strickland and second in the 220y behind a new rival, Betty Cuthbert. Admittedly, the conditions in Brisbane did not suit Mathews; it was rainy and slippery, and even ay the best of times she much preferred to run on a hard track. But from that point until the Olympics, it seemed like she was always playing catch up to the rising talent of Cuthbert.\nThis time she made it to an international competition without suffering debilitating injury. She was fit, firing and, after winning her semi-final, favourite to win the 100m. In her own words, 'she felt better than she had felt in a long time'. Inexplicably, she fluffed the start in the final - nerves got the better of her and unfortunately she chose that particular time to fail in, what she called her 'application to the task'. 'The gun went, and I just saw bottoms in front of me go off before it had actually registered that the gun had gone off.' She managed to make up the ground she let slip away in the first fifty meters in the second fifty and run third. Her disappointment was compounded when she ran third in the 200m. Cuthbert won both events, while Germany's Christa Stubnik ran second. In retrospect, Mathews now realises that not winning made a better person of her. It helped her to realise that 'unless you really apply yourself, it's not going to fall into place.' She said that 'after that my whole attitude changed'. She never got beaten in the 100m by Betty Cuthbert again.\nMathews thought her disappointment at the Melbourne Olympics was over once she had finished her individual events, because, barring a poor baton change, her chances of gold in the 4 x100m relay were extremely high. Sadly, the worst was yet to come. To this day, Mathews does not know why she was not selected to run in the relay, although she does know that not being selected was the 'most bitter pill I ever had to swallow'. Fleur Mellor didn't make the final of the 100y at the Australian Championships in March or the Australian Olympic trials in October, but she was selected to run instead of Mathews. The decision was controversial, no official explanation was offered at the time, but those who made it considered themselves vindicated when the team, comprising Mellor, Betty Cuthbert, Shirley Strickland and Queenslander Norma Croker won the gold in world record time. At the time, there were rumours that in some quarters, Mathews had developed a reputation as a poor relay runner. Given that she had more top level relay running experience than most other Australian women sprinters, this seems an unlikely explanation. Perhaps there is something in the story that Fleur Mellor had been personally mentored by one of the officials who made the decision, Nell Gould. Whatever the reason, Mathews was deeply cut by the decision.\nI stood up in that stand watching the race, tears were pouring down my face, and I was actually wishing the English girls would win it. I'd never felt so cheated in all my life. What hurts is that except for Shirley Strickland and Betty Cuthbert, the other two girls became Olympic gold medallists, and they'd never done anything else. All they did was run in that relay. It still hurts deep down.\nAfter the Olympics, Mathews hit some of the best form of her life. She won at the National Championships, creating world records in the 400m and 440y events in 1957, and the 110y and 220y events in 1958. In 1960, she seemed primed for a good Olympic campaign in Rome, proving herself fit after suffering another soft tissue injury early in the year. It was not a great time for the Australian women's track and field team. Mathews later said that it was the first time they realised how disadvantaged they were geographically in terms of their training. Coming from the Australian winter to a Roman summer was an enormous shock to the system, and the lack of top line competition to race against in the lead up left them underprepared. 'Betty and I thought we were running reasonably well until we got over there,' she says, 'We hadn't had that top class international racing competition to really finish us off.' Her performance in exhibition events in the months afterwards, in England and in Africa suggests that she might have a point; 'the more they ran, the better they got', including running second to the Olympic Champion, Wilma Rudolph in London.\nMathews finished her running career a winner, running in Africa in 1961 as part of the celebrations for Nigerian independence and winning the 100m. Married for four years, she decided that it was a good time to hang up her shoes and start a family. She had three boys in quick succession and moved into a new suburban development in Sydney's 'Hills' area. There were no athletics clubs in the area, so she started her own. This inevitably brought her back into the fold of athletics at a state level. In 1965, she returned to the new South Wales Amateur Athletics Association (NSWAAA) as an official starter; two years later she became an executive member of the NSWAAA.\nAt the same time, through the club she had formed, she started to try her hand at coaching and sports teaching. Mathews loved being a runner, but focusing on her track career in the 1950s had come at the expense of her education. Around the time she was training for the 1952 Olympics, family friends encouraged her parents allow her to leave school and concentrate on her athletics training. 'She'll get more education if she's fortunate enough to travel the world with athletics then she would staying here and doing her leaving', they advised. So she left school at the end of fifth year, didn't get her leaving certificate and, as it turned out, didn't get to go to Helsinki. At the time, this didn't worry her, but later in life she realised she was envious of her friends who had gone on to teachers college to become physical education teachers. She desperately wanted teach sport and encourage young athletes, but without formal qualifications, her options were limited.\nHer chance came in 1968 when a local catholic school offered her the position of sports mistress while the regular teacher was on leave. A number of the girls from the school were members of her athletics club and she had developed a good reputation for her coaching and teaching amongst the parents in the area. Plus, she freely acknowledges that her name still carried some kudos. The position at the school offered her a foot in the door to a new career, Sadly, that particular teaching experience didn't quite live up to her expectations. Neither the students or staff took an interest in the classes, or in physical fitness in general. It was an uphill battle just trying to get them to participate. But the experience did teach her a lot about girls' attitudes to sport and fitness. These insights would be developed the longer she stayed involved in coaching. In time, her understanding of the NSWAAA administrative structure combined with her understanding of how an athlete's mind works saw her being offered a position in 1972 as the Assistant Manager (Women) of the Australian Team at the Munich Olympic games. In 1973 she was offered a position as Athletics Coach with the Rothmans Sports Foundation, a position that involved taking on responsibility for the newly formed Australian Track and Field Coaches Association.\nThe significance of her breaking into these roles, at this time, cannot be underestimated. Sports management and coaching remain male dominated areas of the sports industry, although numbers have improved since Mathews started out. It's very important for women to be present she says; there are simply some things that young girls starting out would not feel comfortable talking about with male coaches, the obvious thing being the impact of her menstrual cycle on her track performance. But there are also attitudinal differences that a female coach can bring to the table. Dawn Fraser, for instance, believed that some of her problems arose when she was competing because all the officials were men who expected the young female swimmers in their charge to be totally submissive while allowing a different standard of behaviour from the men. Yet top class athletes by definition are not 'wired' to submit. In Mathews terms, they need more that a will to win, they need a killer instinct. Sometimes the same drive that took them to the top in their sport also produced wilful behaviour, behaviour that was regarded as masculine, and therefore inappropriate in women, in the eyes of officials. Mathews argues that women have to be involved at this level, in order to educate men and show the range of behaviours and achievements that women athletes, even the 'bolshy' ones, are capable of.\nIn an ideal world, then, there would be many more female coaches and involved in all forms of sport, not just athletics. In theory, there are no workplace barriers to their involvement; indeed, the obstacles confronting women who want to be officials and coaches are more likely to be found in the home. Mathews experience of professional coaching is that it is a 'full-time job, seven days a week'. There are schedules to be drawn, research to be done into the latest techniques, consultations with doctors and parents, paperwork to complete; the task list goes on. Then, of course, there are the daily coaching sessions to run. Most women with families can't spend six nights a week down at the track, unless they have exceptionally supportive husbands and organisational structures to support them. 'I used to race home from work, throw the dinner on the table and go down to the track,' says Mathews, 'There was no life with my family, and in the end there was no life for me either.' Eventually, the life took its toll on her marriage. Her first husband, although very helpful in terms of caring for the children while she was at work, came to resent the time she spent away from her family. 'Travelling and things like that broadened my outlook on life,' she said, but her husband became increasingly threatened by this person who did not conform to his expectations of what a wife and mother should be.\nMathews could not stay at home; she was riddled with guilt on occasions because this meant leaving her family for long stretches of time, and she was sad that her husband came to hate the public recognition she received through her continued involvement in sport. Ultimately, however, she believed that if she hadn't coached and worked in the sport she loved, she would have been a dreadfully unhappy person. She could have 'submitted' and given into the expectation that she would be a stay at home wife and mother, but when it became clear to her that this would only make her family situation worse, not better, she stopped feeling guilty. 'I was given a talent, I made the most of my talent, why should I have to apologise for it?' she asks. Very few male track and field athletes or coaches would have even thought to ask that question in the first place.\nMathews is to be admired not only for her exceptional talent as an athlete, but for her bravery in moving into a field where being a man was virtually a prerequisite to success and, when challenged, unapologetically defending her right to be there, and not in the kitchen.\n", "Events": "Appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) 'for service to the sport of athletics' (1979 - 1979) \nAppointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) 'for service to athletics and sports administration, particularly through the Australian Track and Field Coaches Association, and to the community' (1999 - 1999) \nAthletics - 100m and 100m events (1956 - 1956) \nAthletics - 100y and 220y (1958 - 1958) \nAwarded an Australian Sports Medal for 'services to the Olympic Movement - Administrator - QLD Olympic Icon' (2001 - 2001) \nCompeted in Rome (1960 - 1960)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lithe-teenager-our-first-gold-medallist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-sporting-nation-celebrating-australias-sporting-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/winning-women-challenging-the-norms-in-australian-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/athletics-gold-track-and-field-athletics-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marlene-mathews-interviewed-by-neil-bennetts-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marlene-mathews-aust-winning-heat-of-100-m-w-in-11-5-sec-equalling-the-olympic-record-melbourne-1956-olympic-games-transparency-gerard-sellars\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/princess-alexandra-greets-australian-athletes-picture-australian-news-information-bureau-photograph-by-john-tanner\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Camplin, Alisa Peta", "Entry ID": "AWE2282", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/camplin-alisa-peta\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Skier", "Summary": "Alisa Camplin is Australia's first female Winter Olympic gold medallist, dual Olympic medallist, World Champion, World Record Holder and two times WC Grand Prix Champion.\nIn 2017 Camplin was a director on four prominent Australian Boards - including the Australian Sports Commission, Royal Children's Hospital Foundation, Olympic Winter Institute of Australia and the Collingwood Football Club.\n", "Details": "The daughter of Geoffrey and Jennifer Camplin, Alisa Peta Camplin was born in Melbourne's Mercy Hospital in 1974. With her two younger sisters, Georgina and Alexandrea, she was raised in Viewbank in north-east Melbourne. The family was sport-mad. Camplin recalls, 'every week our whole family was at swimming lessons, ballet recitals, tennis lessons, hockey training and Little Athletics competitions all over the state. It was like being part of a full-time live-in sports camp'. A tomboy from the beginning, Alisa loved to play cricket and football, run through the paddocks, swim, ride bikes and play war games with the ten boys in her neighbourhood. None of them could beat her in a running race, even with a head start. At school she insisted on wearing the boys' uniform and tried out for the boys' cricket team. Aged five she was enchanted by the opening ceremony of the Moscow Olympics - here the dream was born. One day she would represent her country at the Olympic Games.\nBy the age of seven, Camplin was breaking all the Little Athletics club records and beating the other girls by over 20 metres. Asked if she wanted to run with the boys, she accepted the challenge but it was tough competition and her first taste of losing a race. Determined to win again, she began training in the back paddock and before long was winning against the boys and taking out the Open Female All Stars events: 'When I was younger, I rarely crossed a finish line without throwing up or dry-retching from giving so much - I always wanted to be the fastest, to finish first, to record my best time, to beat my opponent or break a record.' Camplin won several state titles in the 800m and 1500m track events.\nCamplin began at Melbourne's Methodist Ladies College in 1987 at the age of twelve. There she took up gymnastics - 'I loved to tumble, jump, flip and twist, but I had neither flexibility nor grace' - and was competing in her first state titles by 1989, winning three silver medals. The following year she attended trials for the national titles, but had to pull out because of stress fractures in her lower back. Forced to abandon the sport, she 'followed a natural ex-gymnast's progression into diving' in 1991, attracted by the acrobatics. The move was short-lived as good coaches were hard to come by.\nIn the summer of 1992, having completed her secondary studies, Camplin began sailing Hobie Cat catamarans with her best friend Kynwynn Jones. The girls crewed together in 1993 at the Port Stephens National Championships and finished second. When Sydney was announced as Host City for the 2000 Olympic Games, Camplin received a call from her old athletics coach, asking if she would be prepared to train with a view to competing in the marathon. She duly began to train but remembers 'my heart was not one hundred per cent in it'.\nIn 1994 - a fateful year - she attended a ski show in Melbourne. A trampoline had been set up by Mt Buller's freestyle skiing program, Team Buller, and members of the audience were invited to try aerial manoeuvres in the trampoline harness. Camplin's acrobatic skills were well honed. Encouraged by her friends, she 'got in the rig and flipped around a bit'. She was soon approached by Geoff Lipshut (later CEO of the Olympic Winter Institute) and aerial skier Jacqui Cooper with an offer to begin training with the first Australian Aerial Skiing Development Squad. Camplin's dream was still very much alive, and after some consideration, she took up the offer with the sole aim of making it to the Olympic Games.\nWhat followed was a long, hard slog. Camplin had been awarded an academic scholarship and entry into Swinburne University's Bachelor of Information Technology degree, and she was determined to pursue her studies. It was in her second year at university that she began skiing and had to take on four jobs to help pay for ski lessons, mountain accommodation and petrol. She studied; coached gymnastics at MLC; worked for ANZ Bank; delivered pizzas; and cleaned houses. Every Friday night for three years she drove to Mt Buller at 10:00pm so as she could train over the weekend. It was not an easy ride:\nI endured ridicule from nine year olds who were better than me, plus spite and bitterness from those who thought my motivation for joining their sport was wrong. I also tolerated contempt from the alpine elite, as many of them thought my terrible skills and fancy team jacket made a mockery of their sport\u2026 It took seven years of my eight-year campaign before people began to believe that I might actually be able to win an Olympic Gold medal.\nConstantly fighting negative feedback on the ski fields, Camplin used the criticism as motivation: 'Every person who said I wouldn't make it stirred the fire in my belly and helped me train that much harder.' After a shaky start in competitions at Lake Placid and, in 1997, at Breckenridge, Colorado, where coaches told her she was 'the worst aerialist at training', Camplin's fight began to pay off. She finished seventh in her first Aerial World Championship event in 1999, and fourth in the World Cup finals in 2000\/2001.\n2002 was Camplin's year. At the Salt Lake City Winter Olympics, despite multiple fractures in both ankles, Camplin won gold in the aerial skiing event, scoring 193.47 for her triple twisting somersault or 'back full\/double full'. She had asked her family not to come to the event as she felt it would be too expensive for them, and would place added pressure on her - but her mother and sister Georgina had hidden themselves in the crowd, and Camplin's joy was doubled when they surprised her after her win. Back home, Australia Post designed a stamp in her honour. Camplin and Steven Bradbury became Australia's first Winter Olympic gold medallists that year.\nCamplin had achieved greatness but the battle was not yet over. She suffered from depression - or 'post-success burnout' - after the Olympic Games and had to fight (ill-informed) accusations that she was something of a one hit wonder. In the 2002\/2003 season, Camplin won the World Championship and the World Cup title, breaking a world record in the process. She was named the 2002 Female Athlete of the Year, and received the 2002 Donald Bradman Award for the athlete who has most inspired the nation. In 2002 she also received the Kitty McEwan Award for Victorian Sportswoman of the Year and the Governor's Award for Victorian Sportsperson of the Year (she received both awards again in 2004). In 2003, she was selected as an Australian Institute of Sport all-time top twenty-one athlete. Rino Grollo and Mt Buller named a new building at the World Cup jump site the 'Alisa Camplin Winter Sports Centre'. Camplin had proven her point spectacularly.\nThe stress of competing and meeting expectations meant that Camplin developed stomach ulcers and had a gastrectomy in 2003. She took some time out from skiing to pursue other interests. She worked with the Seven Network; represented Australia at the IOC Convention in Greece; gave much of her time to work with charities; spoke to school students and corporate professionals across Australia; joined the Board of Directors at MLC; continued employment with IBM and began consulting with PricewaterhouseCoopers while the company supplied professional services to the Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games Committee.\nCamplin recommenced training for the 2004\/2005 season, but snapped the anterior cruciate ligament in her right knee and underwent surgery for a knee reconstruction, including a hamstring graft. Injury is inevitable in such a dangerous sport, and Camplin later recalled: 'I have broken my collarbone, dislocated my shoulder, broken my hand, broken multiple ribs, ripped my Achilles tendon, dislocated my sternum from my collarbone, fractured both ankles, torn my knee ligaments twice, suffered nine concussions and also had a full knee reconstruction.' After six months of rehabilitation, training began again and Camplin competed in the 2006 Torino Winter Olympics, winning bronze with a score of 191.39.\nCamplin has retired from aerial skiing. She loves reading the classics and biographies of political figures, she is an amateur painter, and she has designed a range of thermal underwear. She continues her involvement with charities (including the Melbourne Citymission) and her television work has included commentary for the Athens Olympics and judging for Dancing on Ice. In 2006 Camplin began conducting ski tours to Colorado, including nine-day tours to Aspen and Steamboat Springs.\n", "Events": "For service to sport as a Gold Medallist at the Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympic Games (2003 - 2003) \nFreestyle Skiing (2002 - 2002) \nFreestyle Skiing (2006 - 2006) \nMember of the Order of Australia (AM): For significant service to the community through support for paediatric health care. (2019 - 2019)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/high-flyer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/camplin-pins-hopes-on-donor-tendon-surgery\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/snow-queen-alisa-camplin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alisa-camplins-bronze-jump\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-at-the-games\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Thomas, Petria Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE2285", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/thomas-petria-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Lismore, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Olympian, Swimmer", "Summary": "Over the course of her swimming career, despite recurrent illness and injury, Petria Thomas won 3 Olympic Gold Medals, 3 World Championships, 9 Commonwealth Games Gold Medals, 13 Australian Championships, and 3 Pan Pacific Gold Medals. Her tally of eight Olympic medals (three gold, four silver, one bronze) is the best ever for an Australian woman, equal with Dawn Fraser and Susie O'Neill. Thomas was inducted into the Australian Institute of Sport Swimming Hall of Fame in 1996, and was crowned the AIS Athlete of the Year in 2001 and 2002. She currently resides in Belconnen, Canberra, with her husband Julian Jones.\n", "Details": "Petria Thomas was raised in Mullumbimby, northern New South Wales, where she and her sister Stacey played sport from an early age. The warm climate was conducive to outdoor activity, and the girls took part in running, tennis and netball. Petria spent summer weekends with the Nippers at the Brunswick Heads Surf Lifesaving Club. Her parents, Denise and Alan Thomas, didn't play sport but supported their girls - particularly Denise, who drove them endless kilometres to local clubs and events. Petria's grandmother, 'Nana Thomas', had been a great skier and tennis player in her time, talented enough to beat her male counterparts. The Thomas family lived close to the beach and Petria began swimming at an early age, keen to keep up with her older sister. She was having formal lessons at the age of five and by 1982, aged seven, she was good enough to compete in the New South Wales State Titles. Watching the Olympic Games at Los Angeles in 1984, her own Olympic dream was born.\nPetria Thomas' talent was obvious, and she began training at Ballina with Stan Tilley, who specialised in coaching her pet stroke - butterfly. A visit to Ballina by Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) coach Jim Fowlie led to the offer of a place at the AIS in Canberra in 1992. Thomas opted to continue her schooling full time despite the rigours of her training at the Institute. Living on a 'B scholarship', meaning that a portion of her expenses had to be covered by her family, Thomas was determined to swim for her country at an international event - this would ensure an upgrade to the all-inclusive 'A scholarship'. She achieved the upgrade in just three months, qualifying in March 1993 for the Pan Pacific Swimming Tournament in Kobe, Japan. Thomas came home from the Tournament with bronze. She won gold at The Age National Championships the same year.\nTraining at the AIS was gruelling for a full time student. Thomas would rise at 5 am and train at the gym or the pool for a couple of hours before school. After school she returned for more training before going to the study hall for her schoolwork. Away from her family, the reclusive Thomas began a long struggle with depression at the AIS. She felt immense pressure to perform and lacked social confidence. Making friends was difficult. Triggered by the suicide attempt of another swimmer, she approached sports psychologist Clark Perry for help.\nIn addition to what would become severe depression, Thomas was set back by multiple serious injuries. The first of these manifested itself a couple of months before trials for the 1994 Commonwealth Games, when Thomas dislocated her shoulder. She qualified for the Games nonetheless, but shortly afterwards took an overdose of paracetamol. Lacking the confidence to express her sorrow in words, she felt this action might convey the depth of her misery to others. Denise Thomas flew to Canberra to be with her daughter and before long the redoubtable Petria had recommenced training. At the Games in Canada, she beat her friend and rival Susie O'Neill by three hundredths of a second to win the 100m butterfly. The victory was sweet, but Thomas remembers 'it was a very short high, and then I came back down to earth with a thump'.\nIn 1995 Thomas' depression worsened, particularly after a European World Cup training trip in which squad members spent six weeks training in the middle of the European winter, before altitude training at Sierra Nevada. Over the 21 days at this high altitude, Thomas swam 220.5 kilometres with just one day off to go skiing. In the meantime, her relationship with coach Jim Fowlie - whose sense of authority and tough style didn't sit well with her - was deteriorating. On returning, Fowlie gave psychologist Clark Perry and medical professional Warren McDonald responsibility for Thomas' development. She was also being assisted by physio Peter Blanch. The trio became known as 'Team Petria'. Thomas moved out of the AIS residences to live in a share house with other AIS athletes in McKellar, Canberra.\nThomas swam well at the National Swim Titles and qualified for the Pan Pacific's squad, but her depression continued and she was checked into the Woden Valley Hospital's Psychiatric Unit to be monitored and looked after. She attended group sessions there through to May 1995. By July she was attending altitude training for the upcoming Pan Pacifics. This time the squad visited the Grand Canyon and Thomas was delighted with the trip. She was swimming well, but missed out on a medal in the final event. After the years of struggle and mixed results, Don Talbot - Head of Swimming at AIS - decided that Thomas would have to throw in the towel. He instructed Fowlie to tell her that her scholarship was over and she had to go home. Distraught, Thomas went to see Clark Perry who rang Talbot and told him the full history of her depression. Talbot softened and allowed Thomas to stay, but she would be coached by Gennadi Touretski, the head coach at the AIS, instead of Fowlie.\nDetermined to show what she was capable of, Thomas trained hard under Touretski. In February 1996, at World Cup swim meets in both Germany and Italy, she won gold medals in the 100m butterfly. She gained entry to the Atlanta Games after swimming the 200m butterfly at the National Trials. Thomas' coach Touretski could not be with her at the Games after a violent incident on an aeroplane left him with a fine of US$10,000 and a jail term that barred him entry to the United States. Mark Regan was sent to coach Thomas. Back in Mullumbimby, the manager of the local IGA store had organised a fundraiser so that Denise Thomas could watch her daughter at the Games, along with sister Stacey.\nSusie O'Neill and Petria Thomas were both set to race in the 200m butterfly final, against Ireland's Michelle Smith de Bruin. Smith de Bruin, who had been achieving seemingly impossible results for a formerly average swimmer, was convicted some time later of tampering with a urine sample for a drugs test by FINA. Both O'Neill and Thomas beat her to the wall in Atlanta, winning gold and silver respectively.\nShortly afterward, it was recommended that Thomas - a flexible girl, predisposed to injury - undergo surgery to tighten the ligaments in her right shoulder. This would be a potentially career-ending operation, as no swimmer had managed to return to the pool after shoulder surgery. Thomas was determined. She wore an immobilising brace for six weeks and couldn't compete for a year, but began training as best she could. In the summer of 1997, she was teamed up with strength and conditioning coaches Harry Wardle and Julian Jones. Thomas and Jones, coach and former weightlifter, struck up a strong rapport and before long were romantically involved. The relationship boosted Thomas' confidence, bringing her the kind of happiness she had not known for many years. She poured her energy into retraining in the pool, learning her stroke and technique all over again.\nBy the National Championships at the end of 1997 Thomas was swimming brilliantly, shaving a couple of tenths of a second off her personal best. At the National Titles she came second in the 100m and 200m butterfly to qualify for the World Championships in Perth. There, in the heats, she swam her fastest ever time in the 100m butterfly, hitting the wall at 58.99 seconds and breaking the Commonwealth record. In the final, American Jenny Thompson won the gold but Thomas won bronze with another personal best of 58.97. She won silver in the 200m butterfly final behind O'Neill. At the Commonwealth Games in Canada, Thomas finally beat O'Neill to claim gold in the 100m butterfly.\nBy January 1999, Thomas' left shoulder was playing up. Swimming in a heat of the 50m 'fly at a World Cup meet in Germany, she hit the wall at the 25m mark to do her turn and couldn't move. The left shoulder had popped out of its joint. A second shoulder reconstruction was deemed necessary. The surgery was followed by excruciating pain. The severe discomfort lasted for eighteen months. Nonetheless, Thomas had begun training the moment her brace came off, and in January 2000 was swimming again. The Trials for the Sydney Olympic Games began in May. In the heats, Thomas swam the 100m butterfly in 58.05 seconds - a new Commonwealth record. She was selected for the Australian team in this event, as well as the 200m butterfly and freestyle and medley relays.\nA week before the Sydney Games, Julian Jones proposed to Thomas. The pair would be married in the gardens of Parliament House in Canberra on 15 December 2001.\nThomas - perhaps affected by the hype surrounding the Games at home - was disappointed with her performance in Sydney. She came fourth in the 100m butterfly. She took bronze in the 200m butterfly (with a personal best time); and a silver each in the 4x200m freestyle relay and the 4x100m medley relay. She considered retirement, but felt she hadn't swum her best race yet. She decided to aim for the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester and try to defend her 100m butterfly title.\nIn the meantime, the FINA World Championships in Fukuoka, Japan, were fast approaching. There, Thomas broke the Championship record in the heat of the 200m butterfly. She won gold in the final, setting another championship record with a time of 2:06.73. This individual event was followed by the 4x200m freestyle relay. Thomas was teamed up with Giaan Rooney, Elka Graham and Linda Mackenzie. By the time Thomas was swimming the third leg, the team were already on world-record pace. They cheered Rooney home and as she hit the wall, winning the race, the other three jumped into the pool. The timing was devastating - the last swimmer in the last team was under a second away from touching the wall when the girls hit the water, and they were disqualified. The media went wild and criticism was rife. Being the oldest member of the team and the first to jump, Thomas was given the blame.\nPushing aside this criticism and the crushing disappointment, Thomas went on to win gold in the 100m butterfly final in a time of 58.27 seconds, making her a two time world champion. Two days later she became a three time world champion when she won gold with Dyana Calub, Liesel Jones and Sarah Ryan in the 4x100m medley relay.\nAt the Goodwill Games in Brisbane, not long after the championships, Thomas suffered another injury, snapping three major ligaments in her right ankle. After an ankle reconstruction, her pain was compounded when an ultrasound revealed that she had three blood clots in her leg, one of which was 13 cm long. Again, Thomas pushed aside her injuries to compete. Her sights were set on the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, where she was listed to swim in seven events and hoped to become the first female swimmer to win three consecutive gold medals at three different Commonwealth Games in the same event (100m butterfly).\nThomas swam like a true champion. Tying with Elka Graham, she took the bronze in the 200m freestyle final. She won gold in the 50m butterfly. She took silver in the 4x200m freestyle relay. She won gold in the 100m butterfly, defending her title. She also won gold in the 4x100m freestyle relay, the 200m butterfly, and the 4x100m medley relay. All up, Thomas returned home with a haul of five gold medals, one silver and a bronze.\nStill, though, Thomas felt she had not swum her best race and decided to train for Athens. She suffered a number of setbacks in the process. Experiencing agonising pains in her stomach and abdomen, Thomas was diagnosed with a severe case of endometriosis. Many of the treatments for the condition were unavailable to her because they contained substances banned by FINA. Later, in the test race for a car rally at the Melbourne Grand Prix, Thomas collided with a Mini Cooper driven by model Megan Gale. The impact dislocated her right shoulder (she continued with the competition regardless and came fifth overall, the first woman across the line). Though this incident was not responsible for it, Thomas had to undergo her third shoulder reconstruction in 2003. In 2002, Mark Regan had announced his departure from the AIS and Thomas was given a new coach, Glenn Beringen. Fortunately, Thomas enjoyed a terrific working relationship with Beringen and what might have been a badly-timed interruption was a serendipitous change.\nThomas went through rehab once more, making it to the Olympic trials in March 2004 where she smashed records and made the team. In Athens, Thomas hit her straps. With Libby Lenton, Jodie Henry and Alice Mills she won gold in the 4x100m freestyle relay with a new world record of 3:35.94. She went on to win gold in the 100m butterfly, beating Dutch star Inge de Bruijn, and silver in the 200m butterfly behind Polish Otylia Jedrzejczak. Finally, Thomas, Giaan Rooney, Liesel Jones and Jodie Henry won gold in the 4x100m medley relay in world record time. In this last relay, Thomas swam the fastest split in history. AOC historian Harry Gordon writes that:\nMany believe her last event, the 4 x 100m medley relay, was her finest. When she dived in for her butterfly leg the Australian team was a body length behind the US, with the renowned Jenny Thompson out in front. Thomas swam the fastest 'fly relay split ever, gave anchor swimmer Henry a lead, and the Australians won in world record time. Hers was truly a champion's farewell.\nThomas's contribution to sport was recognised by the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra by being inducted into the Swimming Hall of Fame in 1996, being named the AIS Athlete of the Year in 2001 and 2002, the 'Best of the Best' inductee in 2006 and the Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductee 2007. In 2022 she was the inaugural inductee in the University of Canberra's Sport Walk of Fame and granted the Australian Institute of Sport Leadership Award. In 2022 she was manager of the Swimming Australia National Training centre at the AIS and served as Chef de Mission in the Commonwealth Games in Birmingham, England. The public swimming pool in Mullumbimby, New South Wales, is named after her.\n", "Events": "Swimming - 100m Butterfly, 4 x 100m Medley Relay (1998 - 1998) \nSwimming - 100m Butterfly, Member of the 4 x 100m Freestyle Relay Team, Member of the 4 x 100m Medley Relay Team (2004 - 2004) \nSwimming - 100m Butterfly; 4 x 100m Medley Relay (1994 - 1994) \nSwimming - 200m Butterfly (1996 - 1996) \nSwimming - 200m Butterfly (2000 - 2000) \nSwimming - 200m Butterfly (2004 - 2004) \nSwimming - 4 x 200m Freestyle Relay Team, 4 x 100m Medley Relay Team (2000 - 2000) \nSwimming - 50m, 100m, 200m Butterfly, 4 x 100m Freestyle Relay, 4 x 100m Medley Relay (2002 - 2002)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/petria-thomas-swimming-against-the-tide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-at-the-games\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sauvage, Alix Louise", "Entry ID": "AWE2287", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sauvage-alix-louise\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Paralympian, Wheelchair Track and Road Racer", "Summary": "Louise Sauvage is a professional athlete and Paralympian who dominated the world of wheelchair track and road racing for well over a decade. Over the course of her career, Sauvage won nine Paralympic gold medals, four Boston Marathons, and was four times the winner of the 800m Wheelchair Exhibition Race at the IAAF World Athletic Championships. She holds world records in the 1500m, 5000m and 4x100m and 4x400m relays. Louise Sauvage was Australian Female Athlete of the Year in 1999, and International Female Wheelchair Athlete of the Year in 1999 and 2000.\n", "Details": "The daughter of Maurice Sauvage and Rita (n\u00e9e Rigden), Louise Sauvage was christened Alix after her paternal grandmother, but by family tradition has always been known as Louise. Her father, who came from the French- and Creole-speaking island of the Seychelles off the north-east coast of Africa, met her mother, a '\u00a310 pom' who emigrated from Leicestershire, at a dinner dance in Perth, Western Australia. In 1969 they had a daughter, Ann, and four years later, Louise. The two girls were raised in Joondanna, Perth, where Louise attended Tuart Hill Primary School and later, Hollywood Senior High. She left High School after year ten, completing a TAFE course in office and secretarial studies.\nLouise Sauvage was born with the congenital spinal condition myelodysplasia. Her condition necessitated no less than 21 operations before she was ten years old. From the age of three she was swimming to strengthen her upper body and attempting to walk with the aid of splints and callipers. In 1976 she was Perth's 'Telethon Child' as part of a Channel 7 fundraiser for children with disabilities. At the age of eight she began to use a wheelchair, greatly increasing her mobility. She took up wheelchair sports and demonstrated natural ability. As a child, Sauvage later recalled, she had 'raced, swum, thrown discuses, shot puts and javelins and played basketball in sport for athletes with a disability'. By 1983 Sauvage, labelled 'The Joondanna Flash' by the local paper, had been selected to compete in the Second National Junior Games for the Disabled. The following year, aged ten, she became the youngest ever athlete to compete in the National Senior Paraplegic and Quadriplegic Games in Sydney. She came home with two silver and three bronze medals. In 1985 she returned from the National Junior Games in Perth with a haul of fifteen medals, including seven gold. In her early teens Sauvage underwent a number of operations to correct curvature of the spine, virtually living at Princess Margaret Hospital in Perth. Two steel rods placed in her spine spelt the end of a swimming career, leaving Sauvage - though she continued to play basketball - to focus on track racing. It was a fateful move.\nNot yet seventeen years old, Sauvage was selected to represent Australia at the 1990 IPC World Championships in Athletics in Holland. There she won gold in the 100m, creating a new world record. She also won the 200m race but was disqualified for moving out of her lane. At the Stoke Mandeville Games in England the same year, Sauvage took gold in the 100m, 200m, 400m, and two relays. Inspired by the then World No. 1 track racer, the Danish Connie Hansen, Sauvage returned from Holland fuelled by a desire to be the best in the world in her chosen sport. Defying those who said a career as a professional athlete was a mistake for a girl with a disability, she trained hard. The lack of elite competition in Australia in her sport meant that she travelled for four to six months of each year in order to put herself up against the best, but the ordeal of flying was not diminished by its frequency. First on the plane and last off, seated up the back with her chairs and luggage, Sauvage was forced to dehydrate her body before each flight to avoid the difficulty of using aeroplane toilets. Like other athletes, she was living out of hotel rooms away from family and friends, training hard and missing out on a normal social life.\nHitherto funded by her family, Sauvage was awarded a Scholarship from the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) in 1990. She began training six days a week with the AIS and the New South Wales Institute\/Sydney Academy of Sport. Her training program included at least twelve sessions a week and a 25km-35km push each morning. At the age of eighteen, Sauvage competed at the 1992 Barcelona Paralympic Games where she won three gold medals and one silver (100m, 200m, 400m, 800m). In 1993 Sauvage was awarded the ABC's Junior Female Athlete of the Year Award. That same year she competed for the first time in the Boston Marathon, 'the world's greatest road race' for both able-bodied and wheelchair athletes, attracting 100 wheelchair competitors and 40,000 runners each year. Here Sauvage established a strong and lasting rivalry with the American Jean Driscoll, who won eight of the eleven Marathons in which she competed. Not until 1997 did Sauvage out-do her opponent, beating her again in a spectacular photo finish in 1998 and by a chair's length in 1999. Sauvage won the Marathon for the fourth time in 2001, after Driscoll's retirement.\nAfter a slightly more relaxed year in Melbourne - where she appeared as herself in an episode of the famous Australian television series, Neighbours - Sauvage began training in earnest for the 1996 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games in Atlanta. She won gold in her only track race at the Olympic Games, beating rivals Driscoll and Cheri Becerra, and went on to win four more gold medals at the Paralympic Games. Having won the 5000m in world record time, Sauvage was competing in the 400m just one hour later, winning gold again with a Paralympic record of 54.96 seconds. She went on to win gold in the 800m and 1500m.\nAfter her success in Atlanta, Sauvage employed a manager, Karen McBrien, and moved to Sydney where she was coached by Andrew Dawes. In late 1998, with the three other members of the Australian Wheelchair Women's Relay Team, Sauvage took part in the Byron Bay to Bondi fund-raising event for the NSW Wheelchair Sports Association. Together, over 13 days, the girls pushed over 800km. In between her 20-30km stints, Louise had to make a quick visit to Sydney to attend an awards presentation and attend community civic functions and personal sponsor appearances.\nThe 2000 Sydney Olympic Games were a career highlight. Sauvage carried the Olympic Torch across the Sydney Harbour Bridge, and lit the Cauldron to mark the commencement of the 2000 Paralympic Games. In the 800m demonstration race at the Olympics, Sauvage won gold before a home crowd of 110,000 people. She went on to win two gold medals (1500m and 5000m) and one silver medal (800m) at the Paralympics.\nLouise Sauvage was voted Australian Paralympian of the Year in 1994, 1996, 1997 and 1998. She was the Australian Institute of Sport Athlete of the Year in 1997, and in 1998 won the ABIGROUP National Sports Award as part of the Young Australian of the Year Awards. In 1997 the Australian Olympic Committee presented her with the International Olympic Committee Trophy 'Sport For All' within Australia, and the following year she was featured in an episode of Australian television's 'This is Your Life'. In 2000 she was awarded the trophy for World Sportsperson of the Year with a Disability at the inaugural Laureus Awards hosted by the World Sports Academy.\nLouise Sauvage published her autobiography, Louise Sauvage: My Story, in 2002. The book charts the development of a professional athlete whose phenomenal sporting results were once recorded in the 'human interest' rather than sport sections of the media. Sauvage hoped (and still hopes) through her wins to raise the profile of disability sports and to raise awareness about athletes - and indeed all members of society - with a disability. She speaks to schools, community groups, and corporations. Sauvage was selected by the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee as a Media Ambassador to promote the Games throughout Australia, and in 2000 she established the Louise Sauvage 'Aspire to be a Champion Foundation', administered by the NSW Wheelchair Sports Association. As part of its Sporting Grants program, the Foundation recently awarded a grant to Brett Ogden, a quadriplegic wheelchair track and road racer. In 2005 Louise Sauvage was inducted into the NSW Sports Hall of Champions.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/louise-sauvage-my-story\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/out-there-with-madonna\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-athletes-to-their-mentors-louise-sauvage-thanking-andrew-dawes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Durack, Sarah (Fanny)", "Entry ID": "AWE2288", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/durack-sarah-fanny-2\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Stanmore, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Swimmer, Swimming Coach", "Summary": "Sarah (Fanny) Durack battled local swimming authorities to become the first Australian woman to compete at the Olympic Games. In 1912, at Stockholm, she won the gold medal in the 100 meters freestyle event, beating her compatriot and training partner, Wilhelmina (Mina) Wylie. She went on to break numerous world records until she retired from competitive swimming in 1921.\n", "Details": "From the moment she decided she wanted to be an Olympian, Sarah (Fanny) Durack, set herself on a collision course with sporting authorities and prominent Australian feminists. Born in October 1889 to working class parents in Sydney, New South Wales, Fanny learned to swim at the Coogee Baths and became very good, very quickly in the only stroke for which there was women's competition, the breast stroke. In 1902, at the age of 11, she swam in the 100 yard event at the New South Wales Ladies Championships, a race that was won by another early icon of Australian women's swimming, Annette Kellerman. Fanny finished last, but that would not be a position she held for very long. Over the next few years she became the best swimmer in the country. Eventually, at the 1912 Olympic Games, she proved she was the best swimmer in the world. Given that women could not swim in mixed company in Australia, let alone compete at the Olympic Games when she determined that she was going to be an Olympic Gold Medalist, her achievement was trailblazing by any definition of the term. What is, perhaps, most interesting about the story of Fanny's struggle, is that in Australia it was chiefly women who opposed her along the way.\nThere are three key themes in the story of Fanny Durack's success, and they all converge in a general discussion of changing public attitudes to women athletes performing in the public arena. The first and most simple theme relates to Fanny's personal drive to be the best swimmer she could be. She loved to swim, she was strong and she excelled at it. She had a good friend, Wilhelmina (Mina) Wylie, whose father owned the Coogee baths, as a training partner, and he encouraged them to be innovators in their swimming. They perfected the stroke that would become known as the 'Australian Crawl' (now commonly known as freestyle). Furthermore, after the restrictions on mixed public bathing were relaxed a little, she and Mina challenged themselves by training with the top men of the day. Fanny and Mina were young women who, by the time they were twenty, had begun to feel that they had done all they could do at home in their sport. They were ready for the next challenge to compete overseas. Fanny was setting unofficial world records in any number of events at home; she wanted them to be officially recognised in an international arena. The fact that she was encouraged along this path by some important men in the swimming world, as well as members of the general public, suggests that, accompanying the success of women's struggle for the right to vote, there had been some baby steps along the road to public acceptance of a woman's right to pursue her private dreams (albeit in social contexts that were severely circumscribed by men), particularly if the attainment of those dreams reflected well in the eyes of the world upon the image of an emerging nation.\nThe second theme that connects with Fanny's story is that which describes the forces in Australia that were emphatically opposed to her pursuing her Olympic Dream. Mixed bathing was a controversial subject in Australia in the early twentieth century. There is no doubt that by this time, the health and fitness benefits of bathing to men and women were recognised by the majority of Australians. In a nation surrounded by water, it made good sense for people to be confident in it, even women. Indeed, ladies' swimming associations were established to permit women to compete against each other. Leading feminists of the time encouraged women to keep fit and healthy by establishing club swimming meets and learn to swim sessions. Rose Scott, for instance, one of the most important feminist leaders in Australia at the turn of the century, was president of the New South Wales Ladies' Amateur Swimming Association (NSWLASA), an organization that promoted women's involvement in club swimming.\nScott and many of her contemporaries, however, were firmly opposed to mixed bathing. Not only did she disapprove of men and women in the same pool at the same time, she disapproved of men watching women while they competed, even if they were fathers and brothers of the competitors. Scott's opposition stemmed from her total lack of faith in the ability of men to control their sexual urges, a lack of faith built on a career in feminist activities that had seen the damage done to women by sexual predators. She had absolutely no doubt that men bathing with women and watching them in their costumes would put women in the community at large in grave sexual danger. Her opposition to mixed bathing was motivated by an immediate concern for the modesty of the swimmers. 'A girl who is in the habit of exposing herself at public swimming carnivals is likely to have her modesty hopelessly blighted,' she told members of her association. It was also motivated by a concern for all the women who didn't swim, but who could become the innocent victims of the unrestrained sexual impulses stirred up in the men who watched female swimmers. 'I am afraid that the rescission of the rule [preventing mixed audiences] will lead to a loss of respect for the girls and the increasing boldness of the men', she told newspaper reporters in 1912. Not all women's groups endorsed this view; nor did the Mayor of Randwick, the municipality where Wylie's baths were located and therefore, the Mayor who permitted mixed bathing there so that Fanny and Mina could train with the men. In his view 'swimming was the sport of the future' and on that all should enjoy. Furthermore, he noted that the female body had 'inspired great painters and sculptors and was not a matter for shame or seclusion'. To a large extent, Fanny had grassroots community support. Nevertheless, if one is fighting a powerful international sporting organisation for the right to compete under their jurisdiction, it helps to have the support of your representative organisation at home. The NSWLASA were totally unsupportive of Fanny's campaign to compete at the Olympic Games. In the view of some, it was right and proper that they should remain so 'the fabric of society' was at stake here, according to the Catholic Archbishop of Sydney, all because a couple of girls wanted to prove they were the best swimmers in the world.\nThe third important thread in the story relates to the international context; that of the Olympic movement itself. By definition, competing at the Olympics would mean competing in a sporting activity at a mixed event. At the turn of the century, there was still firm opposition to this happening. This was partially because Baron Pierre de Courbertin's vision of the modern Olympics, which he revived in 1896, was a white, masculine one. It was shaped by his interest in the Ancient Greeks and their admiration for white, masculine, athletic bodies. Brought up in France, where women's sport was virtually non-existent, he saw no place for women at the Olympics except as spectators. The Olympics, in his words should be 'the solemn and periodic exaltation of male athleticism with internationalism as a base, loyalty as a means, art for its setting, and female applause as its reward'. Furthermore, in accordance with contemporary understandings of femininity, 'real' women were not 'Amazons' and athletic exertion would only harm them and impact upon their ability to be wives and mothers, a view that medical science and many men and women of the time endorsed. Matters of the impropriety of mixed activity didn't even enter into the equation in the early days of the Olympics. Even if it could be arrange that events were segregated, women shouldn't be there, for the sake of their own health.\nOver time women athletes chipped away at the rationale that justified their exclusion. In 1904, at St Louis in the United States, female archers wearing long skirts and blouses were allowed to compete; in London in 1908 women who participated in seemingly demure sports, such as gymnasts, figure skaters and tennis players were permitted to compete, providing they were well chaperoned. Durack herself would have been ready to compete in 1908, but there was still enormous opposition to the prospect of women swimmers competing. What they wore was too revealing; what they did was too 'un-feminine'.\nHowever, just as public opinion in Australia was coming around to support the right of women swimmers at all levels to appear in public in mixed settings, so too was the international sporting community divided over the issue of allowing women to compete at the Olympics. The International Olympic Committee itself was divided over the matter, and in the lead up to the 1912 games in Stockholm, de Courbertin lost his fight to keep women swimmers excluded. In an historic decision, the committee voted in favour of staging two women's races and a diving event, thus opening the way for Australian, American and European women to compete against each other.\nThe stage was set for Durack to realise her dream. Based on her recent performances, she would have, arguably, been one of the first people to be selected for the team, let alone the first women. Unfortunately, this was not to be the case. When the team was announced, Fanny Durack was not amongst the names read out; apparently the selection committee could not afford to send female competitors. They also fell back on the arguments pushed by Rose Scott and the NSWLASA to explain her omission; that in Australia, the public believed that competitive swimming for women should remain a segregated affair. Durack, Wylie and their supporters, of course, disputed this point of view strenuously, but not a single men's organisation took up their course. Even though the international structures were in place to allow women swimmers to compete, key Australian organizations stood in the way of the world's best female swimmer doing so.\nThe Australian Olympic Committee and the NSWLASA badly misread public opinion; Durack's exclusion was seen as a national scandal. Women's clubs organised rallies, petitions and funds, while the press gave the affair plenty of prominence in the editorial and commentary pages. Unsolicited donations poured in from the public, determined to see that a lack of funding could not be used as an excuse. The sporting and theatre entrepreneur, Hugh McIntosh was encouraged by his wife to co-ordinate the fundraising effort. The NSWLASA and Rose Scott, in particular, became targets of ridicule, until the association relented and endorsed their champion swimmer, making it possible for her to go. Scott did not agree with the decision and immediately resigned her post as President, maintaining to the end that she thought it was 'disgusting that men should be allowed to attend. We cannot have too much modesty, refinement or delicacy in the relations between men and women\u2026this new decision will have a very vulgar effect on the girls, and the community generally.'\nGiven that the money was there, the NSWLASA decision removed the final obstacle to Fanny's participation. She sailed for London and then onto Stockholm where Fanny Durack went on to become one of two Australian gold medalists by winning the 100 meters freestyle. She swam in an unmarked pool, with no lane ropes and water so murky that the bottom of the pool was not visible. She also swam in the company of Mina Wylie, who won the silver medal. The Australian Olympic Committee made a last minute decision to send both her and her father to be official coach. Along with Fanny's sister, who went along as chaperone, they comprised the first ever Australian Olympic Ladies Swimming team.\nFanny and Mina arrived back to great fanfare and celebration - Fanny was a national heroine, who had achieved her personal goals while paving the way for the host of champion Australian women swimmers to follow. Following her Olympic success, she toured the United States and did more to promote swimming than any woman with the possible exception of her Australian countryman Annette Kellerman. On a U.S. tour in 1912, Miss Durack got newspaper billing as \"holding all championships for deep diving and for staying under water continuously.\" Between 1912 and 1918 she broke 12 world records.\nBy the time she stopped touring, the controversies surrounding her entry into the pool seemed old-fashioned. The fabric of society hadn't frayed too badly and women athletes went on to be wives and mothers. There were still fights to be fought, however. Just as she was leaving, the problems of defining who was an amateur and what constituted professionalism in sport were creating divisions in the swimming world, and Fanny herself was at the sharp end of some of the arguments. Durack retired from swimming in 1921 when she married Bernard Gately at St Mary's Cathedral in Sydney. She went on to coach juniors, and she became an executive member of the organisation that once made life so difficult for her, the New South Wales Women's (no longer Ladies'!) Amateur Swimming Association. She died in 1956.\nFanny was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1967. According to her citation, she 'not only took on all comers the world over, but beat all comers the world over for 8 years in the formative years of women's swimming. She did more than any other swimmer to make the term \"Australian Crawl\" a definition which survives until this day'. Sarah 'Fanny' Durack is an Australian sporting legend and an icon of Australian swimming. She is also an extraordinary role model for anyone with a dream.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001) \nSwimming - 100m Freestyle (1912 - 1912)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/durack-sarah-fanny-1889-1956\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/two-much-boldness-and-rudeness-australias-first-olympic-ladies-swimming-team\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-at-the-games\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-book-of-great-australian-women-thirty-six-women-who-changed-the-course-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Peris, Nova Maree", "Entry ID": "AWE2289", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/peris-nova-maree\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Darwin, Northern Teritory, Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal rights activist, Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Hockey player, Olympian, Track and Field Athlete", "Summary": "Nova Peris was the first Aboriginal Australian to win a gold medal at the Olympic Games. She is also one of a very few athletes who have represented their country in two different sports at separate Olympic Games. In 1996 in Atlanta she was a member of the gold medal winning Hockeyroos team. In 2000 at Sydney she made it to the semi finals of the 400 meters track and field event. She is a staunch campaigner for Indigenous rights and reconciliation in Australia.\nNova served in the Australian Senate from November 2013 until May 2016. She was the first Indigenous Australian to serve in Federal Parliament.\n", "Details": "Nova Peris was born in Darwin in 1971 to parents Joan Peris and John Christopherson. From a young age Nova demonstrated great athletic ability, excelling at sports such as basketball, touch football, swimming, hockey, cricket, athletics and Australian Rules.\nNova was the first Indigenous Australian to win an Olympic gold medal, as a member of the Hockeyroos at the Atlanta Olympics (1996). However, from 1997 to 2001, Nova turned her attention to athletics. At the 1998 Commonwealth Games she won two gold medals; one for the 200m and another for the 4x100m relay.\nOn 8 June 2000 Nova was the first Australian to run with the Sydney Olympic torch on Australian soil. Passed on to her by Indigenous elders, she carried the torch around Uluru with her daughter, Jessica, alongside her. Nova also competed at the Sydney Olympics; she reached the semi-finals of the 400m and was also a member of the 4x400m relay team. In 2005, Nova sold her Olympic Memorabilia to the National Museum of Australia in Canberra\nThroughout her career, Nova was the recipient of a number of awards and honours. In 1997 she was awarded both the Young Australian of the Year award and the Medal of the Order of Australia 'for service to sport as a gold medallist in the Atlanta Olympic Games, 1996\u2032. She also received the Australian Sports Medal in June 2000.\nIn 2012 Nova established the Nova Peris Girls' Academy (NPGA) at St John's College, Darwin, where the primary focus was to keep Indigenous girls in education. The following year she became the first Indigenous Australian to be elected to the Federal Parliament. Nova announced her retirement from federal politics in 2016.\n", "Events": "Athletics - 200m Event; 4 x 100m Relay (1998 - 1998) \nCompeted at the Sydney Olympic Games in Athletics (2000 - 2000) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001) \nMember of the Hockeyroos (1996 - 1996)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nova-my-story-the-autobiography-of-nova-peris\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nova-peris-file\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nova-peris-collection\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kimble, Ronda", "Entry ID": "AWE2290", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kimble-ronda\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Randwick, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Netball Coach, Netball Player, Sports administrator, Umpire", "Summary": "Ronda Kimble was a netball player who advanced through the ranks to become an All Australian netball umpire. She has been involved in the game of netball for nearly forty years, as a player, coach, umpire, administrator and archivist.\n", "Details": "One Saturday morning in 1996, Ronda Kimble woke up and said to her husband, 'I think I am cured'. Twelve months earlier, she had retired from netball umpiring in an official capacity, an act that literally involved changing the habits of a life time. For close to forty years, Ronda's Saturdays had been given over to the game she had played, coached and umpired (often all on the same day) from the time she was twelve years old. Netball fixtures even determined when she got married; he wedding day was the first free Saturday after the 1967 season had finished. It's hardly surprising, therefore, that her 'convalescence' after retirement was lengthy and sometimes painful. Ronda had dedicated much of her life to netball, although she would argue that what she gave was nothing compared to what she had received.\nApart from the sheer enjoyment of running around on a court, either wearing a bib or with a whistle in her mouth, Ronda loved Netball because, through it, she established friendships, networks and skills that have given her a lifetime of fulfillment. Her story reminds us of the important role that women played in the development of communities through sport, as well as the development of community sport. It is also a story of the important role that community sport can play in the development of women as individuals and leaders.\nRonda Sewell was born in Randwick in 1946 to working class parents, neither of whom was particularly interested in sport. She had one younger brother who was similarly disinterested. She was, however, part of the 'Olympic' generation of children who grew up with female athletes as role models. Always an active child who loved running around in the street and the playground, the 1956 Olympic Games captured her imagination. She loved listening to the radio broadcasts and kept a scrapbook to record the events. She ran her own 'School Olympics', organising her classmates into running races in the playground at lunchtime. When house sports were held, Ronda, a house captain, issued all the members of her house with coloured streamers to wave as they cheered their teammates on. Ronda started her voluntary career in sports administration at an early age!\nBy the time she started high school, Ronda was living in Sydney's Sutherland Shire in a suburb called Miranda. As a first year student at Port Hacking High School, she had to pick a sport that she would play for her house. A friend told her to pick netball (then called basketball) because not many people played it. The benefit of this was that, even though she was new to the school, she would probably get a better chance of playing regularly than if she put down one of the more popular sports as her first choice. She had never played it before, had no idea what the rules were, but it didn't matter. The game agreed with her and she was hooked. Unfortunately, she didn't get a chance to play interschool netball until her last year at high school, not because she wasn't good enough, but because the administrative structures were not in place to support schoolgirl netball until then. This was a common problem for girls growing up in developing suburbs in the 1950s and 60s, and who attended state high schools in these areas.\nShe was, however, able to play competitive netball outside school and this she did for nearly ten years with her local club, the Miranda Magpies. The Magpies were a large sporting club with a focus on men's soccer, but at roughly the same time that Ronda was becoming interested in the game, they established a netball club. Ronda signed up as soon as she had the chance; it was close to home so she didn't need to rely on her parents for transport and it was cheap (important, because the cost of membership came out of her pocket money.) Furthermore, her involvement in Saturday sport meant that she no longer had to help with the weekly shopping, a much loathed chore indeed! For the next decade, Ronda played, coached (she started this when she was fourteen) and umpired (at around thirteen) for the Miranda Magpies Basketball Club. She served on the executive of the Sutherland Shire Netball Association, to which the Magpies belonged, and became umpires convener.\nAll the while, she developed her coaching skills to the point where she was successfully coaching a representative team for Sutherland. Despite the fact that she had never been coached herself and that there were no official coaching manuals for her to refer to, Ronda was a very successful in the job. On reflection, she thinks this may be because she always had the skills to be a very good teacher; she just never had access to the tertiary education that would have made her qualified to be one in the classroom. Coaching was teaching and for her to be successful she needed to apply the same skills - knowledge of and enthusiasm for the 'subject', good planning, excellent communication and, very importantly, a sense of fun. Perhaps these same qualities also combined to make Ronda a good umpire. Very early in her career, after spending the whole day on the same court, umpiring at a carnival in which a young team she coached was participating, another umpire asked her what grade 'badge' she had, meaning, what level of qualification. That day marked the beginning of her quest for an All Australian Umpiring Badge, an honour she eventually received in 1991.\nRonda also became a highly competent administrator, establishing relationships and networks with people who mentored her, teaching her, essentially how to run a sporting club. Fixturing, enlisting volunteers, fund-raising, communication with members, these were all very time consuming tasks in the era before the internet, email and mobile phones. While serving on the executive of the Sutherland Shire Association, she watched and observed how the senior operators did things. She was invited to represent the association at state seminars and meetings - these occasions also gave her more opportunity to listen, learn and develop administrative skills. When she got married in 1967, people thought she would pull back on her involvement in the sport; this was not the case. If anything, Ronda's career as a netball all-rounder was just starting to take off. Her husband recognised how important netball was to Ronda (he would have had to be blind not to!) and was not the type to suggest she should cut back. Besides, he had sporting interests of his own. On Saturdays, the Kimbles went their separate ways, meeting up for dinner in the evening.\nRonda endured (very unhappily) an enforced six month break from netball in 1969 when she and he husband moved to Greystanes, a new housing development in Sydney's western suburbs. There was no established netball competition there, so she and the other new families had to make their own. Responding to an advertisement from the local school she found in her letterbox, she and three other people met to form a committee with the aim of establishing a team. Within six months, they fielded a senior team. As the area developed and more families moved in, the number of teams for juniors and seniors grew accordingly. Once again, Ronda was involved in a club and representative association (Parramatta\/Auburn) at all levels, one with which she remained involved until her retirement in 1995. From the roneoed newsletters produced on the 'gestetener' at home every week, to the chook raffles on training nights, the fundraising progressive dinners (pity the soul who volunteered to do dessert because they were always the last to get to sleep), the reams of paper used to complete the fixtures, the phone calls to team managers\u2026Ronda was everywhere in that club, enjoying every minute of it (well maybe almost every minute) and making sure that the netballers of the Greystanes area never had to endure the agony of a six month lay off, like she did. Little surprise she was made a life member of the club (as she was of her first club, the Miranda Magpies).\nLittle surprise, as well, that the administrative skills she developed as a volunteer eventually qualified her for paid employment in sports administration. In 1981, Ronda saw an advertisement in the newspaper for a position as an administrator at the New South Wales Gymnastics Association. The position called for someone who could organise competitions, teams, newsletters; in short, someone who could do all the things she had been doing in a voluntary capacity for years. Her application was successful, and she remained in the position for six years. From there she moved to a position as executive officer for the New South Wales Netball Association and then, finally to her current (2007) position at Netball Australia. She has enjoyed many different office management positions within the organisation, including membership of the finance committee during the 1991 world championship series in Sydney. She is now the official archivist and has developed a record-keeping system that should be the envy of any sporting organisation comparable in size and complexity to that of Netball Australia.\nIn fifty years of involvement with the sport in some capacity, Ronda has seen continuity alongside significant change. At a personal level, the fact that netball was 'always there' was a reassurance to her, as it was to other women, when everything else seemed to be changing. When she was feeling isolated and all at sea after having a baby, morning netball competitions provided her with a welcome respite. Ronda says the courts in the 1960s and 70s were surrounded by babies in bassinets as women in the suburbs used community sport to connect and keep themselves sane. When her mother died, Ronda found the regular connection with friends through netball an enormous comfort. If she felt stressed or angry, netball was always good therapy; an hour on the court 'ran it out' of her. The constancy of the netball season provided stability when other things seemed out of control.\nThere were personal changes, too. Netball provided an important outlet for self expression and growth, in an era when sexual politics at the domestic level were being redefined to acknowledge that women had rights as individuals, not only as wives and mothers. As Ronda put it, quite simply, 'playing netball, well it was something you could do for yourself.' She was always meeting new people and learning new skills through her involvement in the sport and, as mentioned, she used these opportunities to develop her own professional skills at the same time as she worked hard to provide a service to the local community. Netball gave her the opportunity for personal growth. Some women, however, had to fight tooth and nail for this opportunity. Their husbands resented the time they took away from home 'to do something for themselves.' According to Ronda, there was one woman who always turned up late to evening games because her husband would insist upon the house being spotless before she left it. Each week, just when she thought she had everything covered, he would invent some new task that needed to be completed before she could leave the house. The simple of act of playing a weekly game of netball represented a challenge to his domestic authority.\nPerhaps the sexual politics associated with playing sport explain why some other organisational changes have been difficult. Ronda sat through many an executive and general meeting at a local and state level in the 1980s and 90s where arguments about the involvement of men in the administration of netball were heated and divisive. In an era where access to skills, funds and volunteers were scarce but crucial to the survival of clubs at a local level, there were many women, Ronda included, who believed that if men of goodwill wanted to be involved, as players, coaches, umpires and administrators, then the structures should be put in place to permit this. As she put it bluntly, 'We needed men because we started having trouble getting volunteers'. As more and more women worked full time, and with the advent of Saturday trading plus the fact that more people were playing the sport, the pool of volunteers, the people who made the competitions function, was becoming shallower. Furthermore, as Ronda pointed out, men participated in business networks that women still didn't move in. 'We could get the bread and sauce for the sausage sizzle, they could get the building supplies and electrical contractors to install the court lights'.\nMany women whose experience was, quite reasonably, coloured by old struggles with men over the resourcing of women's sport, were defensive and suspicious about the motives of men who wanted to be involved. Would they try to 'take over'? Do they believe we are so incompetent that we can't do it on our own? Ronda's view was that, at a community level, cooperation between men and women was necessary to see the sport develop and grow. Recently, this cooperation at a grassroots level has been formalised at a corporate level, with Netball Australia and the Australian Football League in 2006 agreeing that by strengthening the links between the two organisations, the two organisations will be strengthened. It is a sign of the times that in 2006 the leadership of Netball Australia, rather than feel threatened by linkages with men's sporting organizations, entered into partnership with them, so that both sports can benefit. In a bittersweet twist, though, this new, mature, partnership will spell the end of Ronda's formal relationship with Netball Australia. The office will be moving to Melbourne, meaning that the Sydneysider will give over to someone else the task of organising the archives. She will maintain an interest in the sport, no matter what.\nRonda Kimble had her moments in sport at an elite level (as an All Australian netball umpire) but her most remarkable achievements have been at the community level, as her life membership at two local clubs attests to. Who knows what would have happened if, all those years ago, Ronda had chosen to play hockey rather than netball? One thing is for sure; hockey was the loser in the deal!\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jackson, Lauren", "Entry ID": "AWE2380", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jackson-lauren\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Albury, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Basketball Player, Olympian", "Summary": "Lauren Jackson is widely regarded as Australia's greatest female basketball player ever. She has led the nation's team, the Opals, to three silver medals at successive Olympic Games in Sydney (2000), Athens (2004) and Beijing (2008) and a much cherished bronze in London in 2012. She was chosen to carry flag for the Australian Olympic team in London in 2012, which was, she says, 'the proudest moment of my sporting career'.\n", "Details": "Lauren Jackson is widely regarded as Australia's greatest female basketball player ever. She has led the nation's team, the Opals, to three silver medals at successive Olympic Games in Sydney (2000), Athens (2004) and Beijing (2008) and a much cherished bronze in London in 2012. She was chosen to carry flag for the Australian Olympic team in London in 2012, which was, she says, 'the proudest moment of my sporting career'.\nBorn in Albury, New South Wales, in 1981, Lauren Jackson says that at the age of four she had already hatched the plan that would take her to representing the Australia at the Olympics. While there is no doubt she had the genetic pedigree and family support to make the plan a reality (both her mother and father had represented Australia in basketball) it was her mental strength and determination combined with a deep love of the game that made the difference. By the time she was in Year 7 she knew she loved the game enough to want to leave home and attend the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). In 1997 at the age of 16 Jackson was awarded a scholarship to in 1997. In 1998, she led the AIS side that won the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL) championship. In 2000, she was playing for the national team, the Opals, at the Olympic Games in Sydney.\nFor the self-confessed homebody, the pathway early in her career was not always an easy one; she missed her home and family keenly. She also had a little bit of a chip on her shoulder about always being the youngest member in the team, that might have made her more aggressive at times than she needed to be. But the influence of her teammates helped her to settle in and to settle down. 'The team back then was full of beautiful souls,' she says. She was lucky to have 'good hearted people like Rachel Sporn, and Sandy Bondello around her. Strong personalities like Michelle Timms and Robyn Maher were also very important to her development as well. Robin Maher, in particular was very strong willed and challenged her to be the best she could be. 'My early days and the support I received from my teammates made my early years very, very special.'\nJackson joined the AIS in the same year that the U.S. Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) began competition (1997) so she knew that if she worked hard and the breaks fell her way, there was a professional pathway for her. She made herself available for the WNBA draft in 2001 and was an automatic first choice for Seattle Storm. She has been named as winner of the WNBA's Most Valuable Player award for the Storm three times (2003, 2007 and 2010) and has helped them to victory in the national Championships in 2004 and 2010. She has also played in Spanish and Russian leagues throughout the course of her career, while remaining committed to the national team, always making herself available (when fit) for Olympic Games and World Championships. While never being able to claim the ultimate prize at the Olympic Games, in 2006 Jackson led the Opals to victory over Russia for the 2006 World Championship crown.\nIn 2012 Jackson become the youngest person ever to score 6000 points in the WNBA, needing 32 games fewer than any others who have achieved the milestone. She claims that although she is proud of the achievement, it's probably more meaningful to people other than herself, after all she was younger than most when she started playing. Christina Keneally, the CEO of Basketball Australia, thinks Jackson is selling her achievements short. 'She's the greatest player in the American league and the fact that she wants to play in Australia speaks volumes about her commitment to her country. It's a great show of leadership'.\nKeneally was referring to Jackson's decision to return to play for the Canberra Capitals in 2009 when discussing this commitment. Jackson returned to Australia to play out the 2009\/10 season, a season that saw the Capitals win the National WNBL title and Jackson announced the Grand Final MVP. It was a very meaningful victory, one that she has not been able to replicate since, due to commitments overseas and frustrating injury problems. In an interview conducted in 2012, Jackson expressed her frustration: 'Canberra has been my second home since she was 15. I want to be part of the community and help the team. I am looking forward to playing for a team I love in a city I love.'\nJackson admits that there have been sacrifices along the way, particularly in the area of her personal life. 'True love and a family' are hard to establish and sustain if you are a professional sportswoman playing a global sport. Thus far, she has chosen basketball over her personal life, but she has no regrets and believes there will still be time for her to pay attention to what she has missed out on, personally.\nAlthough hardly preparing to throw in the towel yet, Jackson is preparing for life after sport. Whilst on the playing circuit, she began a gender studies degree and found that the content just clicked with her, as she began working through how feminism informs her own decisions and how she can make a difference in life after basketball. She discovered that she wants to assist women suffering from domestic and sexual violence and is now a patron of the New South Wales Rape Crisis Centre. She wants to play a part in empowering women who need to make the decision to leave violent and abusive relationships, and hopes that associating her name with the organisation is an early, first step in that process.\nLauren Jackson is arguably Australia's greatest ever basketballer, although she would never accept the title without sharing the spoils with those who have supported her, especially her parents. 'My mother gave up a lot for me,' she says. 'She was a real pioneer in the game as well.' In her view, her central role in putting Australian basketball on the map globally would not have been visible without the talented players who have already surrounded her and nurtured her. To achieve any success, as an individual and as a leader, she says, 'you have to have great people around you'.\n", "Events": "Member of the Opals, the Australian Women's Basketball Team (2000 - 2000) \nMember of the Opals, the Australian Women's Basketball Team (2004 - 2004) \nMember of the Opals, the Australian Women's Basketball Team (2008 - 2008) \nMember of the Opals, the Australian Women's Basketball Team (2012 - 2012)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-at-the-games\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/angela-pulvirenti-interviews-australian-opal-lauren-jackson-about-her-life-in-basketball-and-her-experiences-in-and-out-of-competition\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lauren-jackson\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Harding, Tanya", "Entry ID": "AWE2416", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/harding-tanya\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Softball Player", "Summary": "Tanya Harding has won a medal at every Olympic softball tournament since the sport made its debut in 1996. She is one of only three Australian women to win medals at four Olympic Games, the other two being teammates Melanie Roche and Natalie Ward. Harding is regarded as one of the greatest pitchers ever to represent Australia, and has played an important role in some of the team's most exciting games.\n", "Events": "Member of the Softball Team (1996 - 1996) \nMember of the Softball Team (2000 - 2000) \nMember of the Softball Team (2004 - 2004) \nMember of the Softball Team (2008 - 2008)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-at-the-games\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fleming, Norma", "Entry ID": "AWE2442", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fleming-norma\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Olympian, Track and Field Athlete", "Events": "Athletics - Member of the 4 x 100m Relay Team (1956 - 1956) \nCompeted in Rome (1960 - 1960)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Coleman, Jean Victory", "Entry ID": "AWE2516", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/coleman-jean\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Boggabri, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Springwood, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Nurse, Track and Field Athlete", "Events": "Athletics - 440y Medley Relay; 660y Medley Relay (1938 - 1938)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Green, Dorothy", "Entry ID": "AWE2520", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/green-dorothy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sunderland, Durham, England", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Literary critic, Poet, Political activist, Swimmer", "Summary": "In the 1950s Dorothy Green wrote to a friend, 'I am now rising forty two and looking back on my life, I find have spent the greater proportion of it doing things I didn't want to do at all.' Nearly thirty years later she felt 'nothing has changed'. Yet during the course of her long life, Dorothy Green produced poetry, literary criticism and journalism and taught and shaped the lives of many students. With a Bachelor of Arts in English, French and Philosophy and an Master of Arts with Honours in English, she worked as a journalist in New South Wales and Queensland, was the principal of a girls' private school, before moving in to tertiary education, holding positions at Monash University in Melbourne and the Australian National University and Australian Defence Forces Academy in Canberra. Married to Henry Green, journalist, librarian and literary historian, with whom she had two children, she was also politically active, especially later in her life, when she was a founding member of Writers Against Nuclear Arms and an ardent environmentalist. She wrote a study of the work of Henry Handel Richardson as well as updating her husband's History of Australian Literature and publishing several books of poetry and numerous works of literary criticism.\n", "Details": "Literature is 'the great conversation of mankind', said Dorothy Green in an interview towards the end of her life. A small woman, immaculately dressed, Green presented an indomitable face to the world. Terminally ill with cancer, she began the interview with a quiet but forceful remark suggesting that the Australia Council should have commissioned the interview earlier, when she had been well. It is a stilted interview and Green comes across as serious and contemplative, happy to allow silences to extend rather than filling them up with chatter. She does not make jokes; instead the occasional acerbic remark pointing to what she perceives as one of life's idiocies.\nDorothy Auchterlonie was born and spent the early years of her life in Sunderland, to which place she ascribed 'the origins of British culture'. Her mother was born in Rockhampton in Queensland but had migrated back to family in the north of England after the early death of her own mother. Dorothy enjoyed what she called an 'uninhibited' childhood, with the freedom to explore her environment while her mother was 'careful to provide books' and sent her to a good school. Her father died of Spanish flu when she was five and after her mother's remarriage they emigrated to Australia in 1928. 'I thought we had come to hell', she said of Far North Queensland , which was at the end of a three-year drought, and as always with an ear for the literary turn of phrase, she explained that it was 'so different from the green and pleasant land' she had left.\nThe family quickly moved south to Sydney, where Dorothy attended North Sydney Girls School and had 'a splendid time' with 'highly dedicated staff', who issued ' a silent appeal to girls to achieve excellence in as many fields as possible'. With the encouragement and assistance of the principal of the small girls' private school at which she was teaching, she managed to get an assisted place at Sydney University, where she studied English, French and Philosophy during the evenings. Decades later she remembered it as an exhilarating experience, which 'set [her] mind free', lecturers such as John Anderson encouraging her to consider ideas 'she had never considered before'. She said that she never departed from his rule of 'free, open, disinterested discussion'.\nDorothy published poetry in the Sydney Morning Herald and was co-editor of the journal Hermes with R W Rutledge in 1938. She told the interviewer in 1990 that she suspected that she had been appointed to rein in Robert Rutledge and encourage a more literary bent to the journal, but instead she revelled in the 'revolutionary discussion of issues' that they published. In 1940 she was one of the first four authors published by Bessie Mitchell with her fledgling Viking Press. Kaleidoscope was a poem about Sydney, in which she described the Sydney Harbour Bridge as a 'steel excrescence' and used a children's nursery rhyme to make her point:\nTwinkle, twinkle little stars\nOn a million motor-cars,\nAlong the Harbour bridge so high,\nLike a coat-hanger in the sky.\nNevertheless she told the interviewer that she was 'a very invisible poet', and was 'not very fond' of talking about her writing process, save that it 'comes out of my fingers'.\nWorking for the Daily Telegraph newspaper during the early years of World War Two, she appreciated the fact that while the men were fighting women were 'thrown into the water' - there was 'no graduating through the social columns'. Nevertheless she did not enjoy having to cold-call the families of war casualties and resigned from the paper in 1941. 'I'm a great resigner', she said. She worked for the ABC, proud to have been the first woman journalist appointed to handle the news, sent to Brisbane in 1942 to start the first independent news service there, 'much earlier than the history books tell it'.\nShe married Henry M Green, thirty-five years her senior, in 1944. Henry Green was librarian at the Fisher Library at the University of Sydney and controversially divorced his wife to marry her. She described him as a 'remarkable man, very handsome, [with] a sharp and lively mind'. Her friends were concerned about the marriage but they were 'intellectually extremely compatible', she remembered. They had two children, seven years apart, and she went to work for the ABC when they were old enough to leave in her husband's care. Henry Green worked from home, in a freezing little shed, his feet in a sleeping bag and wearing mittens while he typed to keep warm. His wife commented drily in 1990 that 'all this feather bedding of modern academics amuses me'. When she was unable to leave home to work, Dorothy Green was a freelance journalist, writing for the Australian Women's Weekly. The family lived for ten years in the Blue Mountains before Dorothy Green took a job teaching at Presbyterian Girls' College in Warwick, Queensland in 1955. It was a 'dull area' but the school was not dull. Green and fellow teacher Betty Crombie became co-principals until 1960, when the 'great resigner' resigned yet again, finding the job exhausting.\nDorothy Green finally broke into academia, moving to Melbourne to take up a position lecturing English at the new Monash University. She also found herself a widow with a seventeen-year-old daughter and ten-year-old son to support. In 1964 she moved to the Australian National University in Canberra as a lecturer in her friend A D Hope's English Department. During her years there she championed Australian literature becoming increasingly disillusioned with what she saw as the disregard with which it was viewed amongst her colleagues. Resigning in 1972 she received a Literary Board Grant to write her book about Henry Handel Richardson.\nGreen confided that had 'never felt really at home in Australian society', something she felt she shared with Henry Handel Richardson and Patrick White. She felt an affinity with Richardson in particular, noting that Richardson's work had been underrated by male critics because she wrote in domestic terms. Green's contribution was to 'see the great things she says through the veil of the domestic environment'. According to Green, White and Richardson articulated a universal problem: the contradiction between the 'nostalgia of permanence' and the desire for change. She commented in 1990 that 'we seem to worship novelty for novelty's sake'. This was 'not a healthy sign'.\nIn 1976 Green joined the staff at the Royal Military College at Duntroon (now the Australian Defence Forces Academy, University of New South Wales). She thoroughly enjoyed her time here, particularly as she found herself among colleagues who were also interested in Australian literature and 'very enjoyable' students.\nIn her later years Green was known for her political activism, particularly in the anti-nuclear movement. By 1990 she was also highlighting environmental causes, bemoaning the fact that people appeared to be 'deaf to the sounds of the natural world', preferring rock music to ' the songs of the bird, the sigh of the wind, the lap of the water'. She exhorted people to widen their horizons to encompass an awareness of the world around them. She was a founding member of Writers for an Ecologically Sustainable Population in 1989 and cofounded Writers Against Nuclear Arms with David Headon in 1986.\nShe was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia in 1984 and was made an Officer of the Order of Australia in 1998 for her services to literature, teaching and writing. She lived in Canberra from 1964 until her death in 1991. Not yet the subject of a major biography, her political activism has been discussed by Willa Macdonald in Warrior for Peace and, more recently, Susan Sheridan has included her in her study of postwar women writers, Nine Lives.\n", "Events": "Swimming - 440y Freestyle (1938 - 1938)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-dolphin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-poetry-1968-selected-by-dorothy-auchterlonie\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/something-to-someone-poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kaleidoscope\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/literary-sydney-a-walking-guide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-poetry-of-dorothy-auchterlonie-green\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/introduction-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-music-of-love-critical-essays-on-literature-and-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ulysses-bound-a-study-of-henry-handel-richardson-and-her-fiction\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/imagining-the-real-australian-writing-in-the-nuclear-age\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/descent-of-spirit-writings-of-e-l-grant-watson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/writer-reader-critic\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fourteen-minutes-short-sketches-of-australian-poets-and-their-works-from-harpur-to-the-present-day\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-australian-literature-pure-and-applied-a-critical-review-of-all-forms-of-literature-produced-in-australia-from-the-first-fleet-until-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/green-henry-mackenzie-1881-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/warrior-for-peace-dorothy-auchterlonie-green\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nine-lives-postwar-women-writers-making-their-mark\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-writers-2-dorothy-green\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-judith-wright-1944-2000-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dorothy-green-manuscript-collection-1918-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/literary-papers-1969-1981-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wilson, Rebecca (Betty)", "Entry ID": "AWE2530", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wilson-rebecca-betty\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Collingwood, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Cricketer, Sportswoman", "Summary": "Betty Wilson was the first test cricketer, male or female, to complete the match double of 100 runs and ten wickets in a test match.\n", "Details": "The daughter of a Hoddle Street, Collingwood, bootmaker, Betty Wilson was a talented, natural athlete who could 'run like a hare'. She began playing club cricket at the age of ten when, after impressing with her ability to return the ball from the boundary, she was recruited from the crowd to play for the Collingwood Women's Cricket Club. In her first season, she was voted the club's 'most improved player'. Some members of the local community were concerned about her safety, as a child playing amongst adults, especially after she was hit by a ball while batting. Her parents, however, continued to support her involvement, confident that a player with her natural ability would learn from the experience. 'She has been hit once\u2026.she won't be hit again', they said.\nTiming mitigated against Wilson enjoying an extensive international career. She only played eleven tests because the Second World War prevented her from playing internationally before 1948. She made the most of her opportunities in those eleven tests, however, amassing 862 runs at an average of 57.47, putting her on a par with the current Australian Captain, Ricky Ponting (as of August 2006 it was 58.86 ) and ahead of a previous Australian test captain Greg Chappell (53.86). Her bowling figures were equally, if not more impressive; in that period she took 68 wickets for an average of 11.81 (in August 2006, Australian champion bowler, Shane Warne, had an average of 25.25). In one match against England, in 1958, she created a record for the number of wickets in an innings (she took 7 for 7 runs). In this match, she was the first test cricketer, male or female, to complete the match double of 100 runs and ten wickets in a test match.\nBetty Wilson was successful because she had natural talent and worked hard to exploit it. She trained everyday, unlike most of her team mates, who trained once a week. She left nothing to chance; she even starched her hat so it wouldn't flop around while she batted. In an age of amateurs, she was ahead of her time in terms of the professional approach she took to her preparation.\nIn honour of her significant achievements and contributions to women's cricket, Betty Wilson was admitted to the Australian Sporting Hall of Fame in 1985, the first women's cricketer to be so honoured. In 2006, she was the first Australian women to be awarded Honorary Membership of the Melbourne Cricket Club. Her name is memorialized in the trophy that Australian Under 21 women cricketers compete for, the Betty Wilson Shield.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wicket-women-cricket-and-women-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-cricketing-great-dead-at-88\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/betty-wilson-interviewed-by-nicola-henningham-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Francis, Bev", "Entry ID": "AWE2531", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/francis-bev\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Geelong, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Bodybuilder", "Summary": "As a teenager, Bev Francis was an accomplished shot-putter in track and field. She began powerlifting, winning six world titles from 1980 to 1985 and earning the accolade of \"Strongest Woman in History\". In 1983 Francis was invited to attend the Caesar's World Cup in Las Vegas, representing the 'muscular extreme' and sparking a debate within the bodybuilding community on 'how much muscle is too much?'\nAt the contest Francis met IFBB judge and powerlifter Steve Weinberger, whom she later married. She relocated to Weinberger's Long Island abode and entered her first IFBB Ms. Olympia contest in 1986, where she was placed 10th. The next year, she won the IFBB Women's World Pro Championships and was third in that year's IFBB Ms. Olympia. She was third again in 1988 and 1989, and runner-up in 1990. In the 1991 contest she presented the most muscular female physique ever seen and finished, controversially, as runner-up to Lenda Murray. Once again, Francis' extreme muscular form sparked debate and led to an attempt to overhaul procedure.\nToday Francis and Weinberger live in Syosset, Long Island, as co-owners of Bev Francis Gold's Gym.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sams, Jess", "Entry ID": "AWE2533", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sams-jess\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Milton, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Fishing Champion", "Summary": "In 1938 Jess Sams won a nationwide fishing contest for heaviest catch with a 330lb striped marlin.\n", "Details": "Daughter of Dan and Mary Ann Millard, pioneers of the Ulladulla region, Jess Sams moved to Sydney as a young woman to work as a seamstress and milliner. She married Captain Archie Sams in 1926, and was an active member of the Ulladulla Ambulance Service, the Country Women's Association and the Hospital ladies' ancillary.\nIn 1938 she took part in a nationwide fishing contest as part of Australia's 150th celebrations, sailing in a 30 foot double-ended carvel fishing launch with two brothers, Michael and Salvatore Puglisi. Over 580 anglers entered the competition to win a series of valuable trophies. Sams and the Puglisi brothers were aiming for the \u00a3500 trophy for the heaviest catch. On 27 February 1938 found herself hanging on with all of her might to a stout split cane rod, eventually pulling in an enormous striped marlin.\nBack at the Ulladulla wharf consternation ensued as it was discovered that there was no provision in the rules for women anglers to win the competition's major trophy. Officials in Sydney soon backed down after angry phone calls from the townspeople. Working on the telephone exchange, Sams' niece overheard discussions implying that the fish would be disqualified as it had not been weighed on the official scales. Sams and her husband responded by driving straight to Jervis Bay, arriving at 4am for a weigh-in. The fish turned the scales at 330 lbs - standing today as the Australian 130lb line class women's record for a striped marlin.\nA supporter of Game Fishing, Sams' donated her trophy to the Australian Fishing Museum. Today the annual Game Fishing Tournament is held at Ulladulla and named in Sams' honour.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pileggi, Caroline", "Entry ID": "AWE2646", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pileggi-caroline\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Weightlifter", "Events": "Weightlifting - Over 75k, Snatch (2002 - 2002)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Reichstein, Jill", "Entry ID": "AWE2701", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reichstein-jill\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Community advocate, Philanthropist", "Summary": "Jill Reichstein is Chair of the Reichstein Foundation and an advocate of social change philanthropy. Mentor to many Australian women philanthropists, she is a member of the Committee of Management for Changemakers Australia and has served on the boards of the Melbourne Community Foundation, the Foundation for Young Australians, the Community Support Fund Community Advisory Council, the Trust for Young Australians, the Mietta Foundation, the Koori Heritage Trust, and Philanthropy Australia.\n", "Details": "The only child of industrialist Lance Reichstein, Jill grew up in Toorak, self-conscious about her family's wealth. She was never taught skills in money management by her father, who distrusted the political groups with which she was involved. Jill took part in the anti-Vietnam War and anti-apartheid movements. She studied Liberal Arts in the United Kingdom, and was in Paris during the manifestation of 1968. Back in Melbourne, she completed studies in sociology and anthropology at Monash University. She worked at a women's refuge in Kew - the first community-based halfway house - and was greatly influenced by the women's liberation movement. She also worked in community-based childcare for the Brunswick Community Group, and for the Brunswick City Council.\nOn his death, Lance Reichstein left the majority of his substantial fortune to establish the Lance Reichstein Foundation. Jill, then twenty-five years old, was appointed to the otherwise all-male board of trustees. Frustrated by the board's preoccupation with the investment of funds, as opposed to their distribution, she instigated a change of personnel. Over the next eight years she replaced board members with experienced women passionate about social change, and became Chair at the age of thirty-five. Lance Reichstein's own philanthropy had been traditional in style, with donations to established charities and hospitals. His trust deed stipulated that funding should go to welfare and educational endeavours. It was sufficiently broad to allow Jill and her new board to undertake some more ambitious projects.\nJill established the Social Change Network in the 1980s. In part, the group was made up of people with 'a strong belief that society should be more equitable. Others have just felt a discomfort at having too much'. She set out to change the public perception of philanthropy and philanthropists, insisting that traditional charities were addressing the symptoms rather than the causes of society's problems. She was quoted in the Good Weekend in February 1989: 'I think a lot of women who inherit wealth have never been taught the modes of managing their money or ways of dealing with solicitors and accountants'. Jill was also involved in Women in Philanthropy, which began as a support group for women who felt uncomfortable with their wealth or were seeking ideas for philanthropic activity. Inspired by an American publication, Robin Hood was Right, she arranged for donor activist and philanthropist Tracy Gary to visit Australia and speak to the group.\nFrom the outset, Reichstein has specialised in funding programs deemed high risk. Of her training scheme through the Aboriginal Health Service in 1989 she noted 'the Health Commission wouldn't touch it', but the program successfully trained 27 people per year. Four years later, the Good Weekend was writing about the Reichstein Foundation again, discussing its funding for a support group for truckies' wives; a sports program for Aboriginal youth; the Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture; and a theatre group of former women prisoners (Somebody's Daughter).\nToday the Reichstein Foundation is worth $12 million. Jill Reichstein speaks regularly about her work at seminars and conferences (see conference proceedings from Philanthropy Australia) and her daughter Lucy and son Tom are members of the board, which is comprised of four women and two men. Priority funding areas are Indigenous people; people with a disability; refugees and asylum seekers; environment; human rights; and the criminal justice system.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-activism-and-altruism-in-australian-womens-philanthropy-1880-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-great-form-of-love-women-philanthropists-in-australian-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/big-hearted-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-women-philanthropists-in-australian-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1975-2001-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McCue, Helen", "Entry ID": "AWE2718", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mccue-helen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory", "Occupations": "Educator, Nurse, Refugee Advocate, Researcher", "Summary": "Helen McCue is best known as a co-founder of Rural Australians for Refugees (2001). A trained nurse educator she worked with the World Health Organisation (WHO) in the Middle East in 1981, was then seconded to the United Nations Relief and Works Organisation (UNRWA) in Lebanon, and subsequently worked as a volunteer in refugee camps in Beirut 1982-83. In 1984 she co-founded the trade union aid body Australian People for Health Education and Development Abroad (APHEDA), and was its first Executive Director and regional adviser in South Africa and the Middle East until early 1994. She founded the Women Refugee Education Network (1996) and the Wingecarribee Community Foundation (2001), and was involved in the establishment of Wingecarribee Reconciliation Group (1997).\n", "Details": "The daughter of Phyllis ne\u00e9 O'Connor, a typist in the public service, and John Burns, a hairdresser, Helen's family had strong links with the Canberra community. Her maternal grandfather was a bricklayer on old Parliament House, and her paternal grandfather, a linotype operator for the Canberra Times, established the printers' union in Canberra. She has two siblings. Educated at local Catholic schools she became a nurse and trade union representative at Canberra Hospital. She married Kevin McCue in 1970 (dec.1979) and travelled with him to London where she obtained further qualifications in nursing. On her return to Australia she completed a diploma in teaching and a degree in nursing education in Adelaide in 1979. She visited China in 1977 and 1978.\nAfter completing a Masters in Health Personnel Education at the University of NSW in 1981, McCue worked with the World Health Organisation in the Middle East in 1981-82, evaluating nursing services for the United Nations. She was then seconded to the United Nations Relief and Works Organisation (UNWRA) in the Bekaar Valley in Lebanon. Following the Sabra-Shatila massacre she left the UN and worked as a volunteer in refugee and other camps in 1982-83. In 1984 she initiated and co-founded with Cliff Dolan the trade union aid body, Australian People for Health Education and Development Abroad (APHEDA), to provide training for workers in refugee camps. Initially its Executive Director, she later worked for two years as its regional adviser in South Africa and the Middle East until early 1994, when she returned to work as a volunteer in refugee camps in Lebanon.\nMcCue moved to the Southern Highlands in late 1994 and in 1996 she founded the Women Refugee Education Network (WREN), an education advocacy group to bring women to Australia to talk about their work in refugee camps. In 1997 she, with others, started the 'Sorry Books' in response to the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) report on the Stolen Generations and was involved in the establishment of the Wingcarribee Reconciliation Group. In 2001 she founded and was the inaugural chairperson of the Wingcarribee Community Foundation, which provides support to local youth, aged, palliative and respite care, Indigenous and environmental concerns in the Southern Highlands. In 2001 she, Susan Varga and Anne Coombs established a network of refugee support groups, Rural Australians for Refugees, which quickly spread to other rural towns across Australia.\nSince completing a PhD in political science on women in Islam at the University of New South Wales in 1999, McCue has held various academic positions including that of Visiting Honorary Associate at the University of New South Wales School of Politics and International Relations 2001-04, Associate Lecturer, Faculty of Arts, University of Wollongong 2002-03, and in 2005 she taught a course on Women in Islamic Civilisation at the ANU Centre for Continuing Education. Since August 2005 she has been a Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Contemporary Islam at Melbourne University, researching Muslim women in Australia, and has completed a book on Palestinian refugee Olfat Mahmood, Return to Tarshir, which she hopes to publish. She has received a number of awards in recognition of her work with refugees, international development and reconciliation, and was made a Member of the Order of Australia in 2003.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/helen-mccue-interviewed-by-ann-mari-jordens-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Roxon, Nicola Louise", "Entry ID": "AWE2726", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/roxon-nicola-louise\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Attorney General, Lawyer, Minister, Parliamentarian, Union organiser", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Nicola Roxon was elected to the House of Representatives for Gellibrand, Victoria, in 1998, and was re-elected in 2001, 2004, 2007 and 2010. She became Shadow Minister for Health in 2006 and on the election of the Labor Government in November 2007, she became the Minister for Health and Ageing.\nShe continued to hold that portfolio in the Gillard Labor Government until she was appointed Attorney-General on December 14, 2011; the first woman to hold the position in the Australian parliament. She resigned from the portfolio in February 2013 and retired from parliament on 5 August 2013.\nA complete record of her parliamentary service, including links to her first and valedictory speeches, can be found in the Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia (see below).\n", "Details": "Roxon was born in Sydney, New South Wales. She is the second of three daughters and the niece of the late Australian journalist and Sydney Push member Lillian Roxon. Her paternal grandparents were Jewish and migrated from Poland to Australia in 1937. Anglicising the family name from Ropschitz to Roxon, her grandfather worked as a GP in Gympie and Brisbane, Queensland. Her mother Lesley trained as a pharmacist, while her father Jack was a microbiologist. He was a strong influence in her life and she was devastated by his death from cancer when she was 10 years old.\nRoxon was educated at the Methodist Ladies' College in the suburb of Kew in Melbourne, Victoria. She completed a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Laws (Hons) from the University of Melbourne before working as Judge's Associate for the Hon. Justice Mary Gaudron in the High Court of Australia. She was a Union organiser for the National Union of Workers, and an Industrial Lawyer with Maurice Blackburn and Co. until 1998, when she was elected to the House of Representatives.\nA member of the Opposition Shadow Ministry from 2001, Roxon has served as Shadow Minister for Children and Youth; Shadow Minister for Population and Immigration; Shadow Attorney-General, and Assisting the Leader on the Status of Women; and Shadow Minister for Health. She has been a member of House of Representatives Standing Committees on Industry, Science and Resources; and Legal and Constitutional Affairs; and served on the Joint Select Committee on the Republic Referendum in 1999. In 2003, Roxon was a member of the Parliamentary Delegation to Syria, Lebanon and Israel.\nShe was Minister for Health and Ageing in the Rudd Government (2007-2011) and was appointed Attorney General in the Gillard Government of 2011-2013.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2014 - 2014)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nicola-roxons-valedictory-speech-in-full\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/at-home-with-nicola-roxon\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/goodbye-to-all-that-why-i-resigned\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/roxon-the-hon-nicola-louise\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Riggs, Shirley Patricia (Pat)", "Entry ID": "AWE2834", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/riggs-shirley-patricia-pat\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Neutral Bay, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Councillor, Editor, Journalist, Print journalist", "Summary": "Patricia Riggs became a cadet journalist on the Macleay Argus at the age of thirty-five. She went on to win two Walkley awards for provincial journalism and eventually became editor of the newspaper. She was a fighter for Aboriginal advancement long before the cause was a popular one.\nAfter retiring as editor, she became a Shire Councillor in 1983, a position she held until 1991.\n", "Details": "In 1985 Pat Riggs, former journalist for and editor of Kempsey's daily newspaper, The McLeay Argus, praised the work of the team she used to manage, and the efforts of the regional press in general, bemoaning their lack of recognition by their city colleagues. 'I would say,' she wrote in response to questions from an historian researching the history of the Walkley Awards;\n'that this community has been given better information on national stories occurring in its boundaries than any emanating from the metropolitan press. Rural press -responsible rural press - does not engage in top-of-the-head slovenliness. If the editorial team is strong, innovative, co-operative, loyal, honest, self-critical and industrious, rural journalism is a daily challenge to excellence (provided management keeps its interfering claws to itself). In fact, it puzzles me that, when it comes to assessing the role of the country journalist, his peers (read AJA) rate him nil on the Richter scale.'\nPat Riggs was a firm believer in the importance of a strong rural press that was not only relevant to the local communities it serviced but vital to the task of keeping the metropolitan dailies honest and accountable to regional interests. She spent her whole career as a journalist committed to these tasks, never leaving the regional paper she started on. This was not through want of offers; after she won her second Walkley Award for feature writing in a provincial newspaper in 1966 (she won the same award the previous year) the metropolitan papers showed a lot of interest. Pat, however, turned them down, believing, no doubt with some justification, that to accept would be to confine herself to the women's pages, or writing social notes. Men still got the meaty work in the city news rooms. She was happy to stay where she thought the work was more interesting and where she could have a greater impact. Two Prodi Awards for regional journalism (1968 and 1970) and a Rural Press Award (1980) later, along with the numerous awards the paper won when she was editor, and community recognition as the Kempsey Citizen of the Year in 1981, her retirement year, would suggest that her impact was profound.\nBorn in Sydney in 1921, Pat Riggs was a latecomer to journalism, having had a host of work experience locally, interstate and abroad before starting at the Argus at the age of 34 in 1955. Upon completing secondary school she received secretarial training and used these qualifications to get work at the Kempsey radio station 2KM. After working there for two years, in 1941 she moved to Sydney and worked in the publicity department of the American Film Company, United Artists. When Japan bombed Pearl Harbour, Pat put her age up and enlisted in the Australian Women's Army Service. By May 1942, Corporal Riggs was editing the fortnightly paper for army women 'The Weekly Whine' and the monthly army production 'Off Parade'. In August 1944 Lieutenant Riggs was appointed second in command of the army propaganda unit Number 1 Broadcasting Control Unit. As well as managing administrative duties in the unit, Pat was in charge of the women's section, which meant she collected suitable script material, conducted interviews, and wrote, edited and cast the dramatic plays for broadcast. She even acted in and narrated some of the productions. As well as infecting her with the journalism bug, her work in this unit cemented her reputation as a good media performer. After she was demobilised in 1946, she worked on radio in Perth for roughly three years, before returning to Kempsey en route to a two year working holiday in Britain and Continental Europe. Pat returned to Australia in 1953 and took over the running of a newsagency in Bowraville that was owned by her father. When this was sold she had a short stint at factory work before successfully applying for the job of looking after the women's section of the Argus in Kempsey. At 34 years of age, she was the oldest cadet on record. She rose through the ranks to become editor, retiring from this post in 1981 at the age of 60. She continued her association with the paper through a weekly column which ran well into the 1990s. Pat Riggs was nothing if not dedicated to her local paper and community.\nPat appeared to compensate for her late arrival to journalism with an almost obsessive dedication to the task at hand, an obsessiveness that she demanded, some might say unreasonably, from all those who worked with her. Her words of advice to students at Mitchell College are suggestive of the expectations she had for those around her:\n'Journalism is a laborious business, one that should be reserved only for those who regard it as a vocation. Every line of your copy, every word, sub-heading and heading and every minute spent preparing the product from the raw material should be handled with anxious loving care, for journalism is a craft and those who practice it must love it beyond all else, even a personal life.'\nNot everyone was prepared to forego everything for journalism, and according to one former colleague, Pat could be very hard on those who weren't; she was capable of reducing staff to tears with a single lash of her tongue. She was very competitive and would stop for no-one when on the scent of a story, a quality admired by editors. (She is said to have pushed a male reporter out of a helicopter just before take-off in order to get a view of flood waters one year.) She would weigh up all the available evidence before formulating her views but once they were established, she was unmovable, a characteristic that made her very unpopular with some of her readers and colleagues and nearly saw her lose her job one year. (She decided not to quit because she couldn't imagine life without work at the Argus.) She was quick tempered, did not suffer fools, could be extremely cruel to lesser intellects than her own, was an incredibly hard task master and could be incredibly difficult to get on with. Those who crossed her might well have said that those were her good qualities!\nHaving said that, Pat was also very loyal to those friends and family in her corner and she was generous to a fault to those in need. She had a wicked sense of humour, no better illustrated than by the April Fools Day joke she played (with the help of editorial staff and local radio station 2KM) on April 1, 1969. At the height of Cold War tensions, Pat wrote a story about the arrival of the ten vessels from the Russian merchant fleet taking refuge at Trial Bay, on the coast near Kempsey. Two hundred of the crew of the ship the Joker had jumped overboard, fearful that Australian authorities would shoot them as spies. Sailors from the pride of the fleet, the Looflirpa, planned to do the same. The story was accompanied by a doctored photograph that featured pictures of Titanic, the Bounty and other highly recognisable vessels crammed into Trial Bay. Unfortunately for Pat, the trick worked a too well. Concerned citizens from around the district rushed to the scene, with clothes, blankets and food, to provide comfort to the deserters, only to find themselves duped. Representatives of the Salvation Army were particularly peeved to have spent the cost of a taxi fare and demanded reimbursement from the paper. Pat was forced to lay low for a while, but the story made news around the world and was reported in Poland and several South American countries.\nPat's fanaticism may have made her difficult at times but it also produced some excellent journalism. She was the first person to win successive Walkley Awards for provincial news feature writing and, at the time, the only woman to have ever won two awards. Her winning stories 'The world seeks space-age minerals from the Macley' in 1965, and reports on flood mitigation work being undertaken in the region in 1966, focused attention on the problem of balancing environmental issues against the needs of employment in regional Australia, well before these concerns were on the national agenda. Sandmining in the area, for minerals such as rutile and zircon (used in materials developed for spaceflight) would bring extraordinary economic benefit to the community - but at what environmental impact? In a thoroughly researched article, Riggs made the needs of the space-age relevant to the local community. Pat herself said that the 'story became the first comprehensive account of beach-mining, and certainly demolished insularity in this neck of the woods.' As an editor, she continued the task of providing reliable information to the local community. The citation accompanying the 1981 Rural Bank award for leadership and involvement in community affairs claimed that 'The McLeay Argus illustrates how responsible and vocal journalism can focus attention on important issues, enabling free and reasonable debate to educate the community in the opportunities available to settle a dispute or solve a problem'.\nPat was not only a journalist who could 'do' she was one who could teach. She excelled as a trainer, a fact attested to by her peers and trainees alike. When she retired the president of the northern branch of the Australian Journalists' Association remarked that 'if all journalists were as well trained as those trained by Pat Riggs the news industry would have few problems.' Cadets who came under her tutelage were in demand and she was happy to see them leave the nest, a fact that frustrated her superiors who wanted to get value from them before they left! Tony Vermeer, now editor in chief of AAP was the final cadet she trained before retirement. 'She managed to imbue in the people who went through under her all the best qualities of journalism. She persuaded them to her view that it was a noble profession. She also really believed that the best journalism was practiced at a community level. A journalist or media outlet had to respond and live and breathe in its own community. \u2026I will remember her very fondly; she was a great influence on my career.'\nPat's journalism and personal life reveals a confusing blend of opinions and attitudes. She couldn't abide by girly-girls and secretaries, held generally conservative political views but firmly believed in a woman's right to choose when it came to abortion rights and refused to be silent about domestic violence issues. She never used the label feminist to describe herself, but she lamented that women did not play a bigger role in public life, particularly at a local government level. She was deeply concerned about the state of the local environment but had no time for environmentalists and other 'trendies'. She liked men (was engaged three times but never married) but when it came to their workplace stamina, she thought they were wimps. One thing upon which she was consistently staunch was her attitude to local Aboriginal people, who always knew that they would get a fair hearing from her, as a journalist and local councillor. She used the pages to fight for aboriginal advancement and resigned from the international women's organisation Quota for several years when admission was refused to a respected Aboriginal friend.\nPerhaps it was because Pat had always worked so hard that she didn't recognise the signs of her own mortality. Early in March 1998, after taking a walk around the coastal village of Crescent Head, where she lived, she complained that she felt a bit tired. Within days she was in hospital, having been diagnosed with aggressive leukaemia. She died within a week of being first diagnosed, on March 12th 1998. The shock of losing her was enormous to her family, a brother, twin sister and their respective families, and friends. The community mourned a person who would be happily remembered as 'a person who comforted the afflicted and afflicted the comfortable'. A perpetual award for the best cadet journalist in the region is named in her honour.\n", "Events": "Best Provincial Newspaper Story, Macleay Argus, Kempsey (1965 - 1965) \nBest Provincial Newspaper Story, Macleay Argus, Kempsey (1966 - 1966)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituaries-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-walkley-awards-australias-best-journalists-in-action\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-patricia-riggs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/london-and-american-letters-womens-session-scripts\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-broadcast-scripts-incorporating-scripts-for-the-womens-session\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/broadcasting-general-australian-broadcasting-control-unit-the-service-womens-half-hour\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Grattan, Michelle", "Entry ID": "AWE3098", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/grattan-michelle\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Editor, Journalist, Print journalist", "Summary": "Michelle Grattan was the first woman to become editor of an Australian metropolitan daily newspaper. Specialising in political journalism, she has written and edited for many significant Australian newspapers. Her long and distinguished career in journalism began in 1970 at the Melbourne Age, where she enjoyed a stellar career as their political editor. She left that paper (for good!) in 2013. .\n", "Details": "Michelle Grattan studied politics at the University of Melbourne, and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (Honours). She worked as a tutor in politics at Monash University before joining The Age in 1970. From 1971, Grattan was working in the Canberra press gallery for The Age, and became the newspaper's chief political correspondent in 1976. She received the Graham Perkin Award as Australian Journalist of the Year in 1988. That same year, she delivered the Arthur Norman Smith Memorial Lecture in Journalism. The lecture, 'Reporting Federal Politics', examined the difficulties of being a senior political journalist. Political journalism, said Grattan, was deadline-driven. It meant 'dealing with instant history: catching the moment, making quick judgements'. The political journalist had to learn to work in the small, insular world of the press gallery; to penetrate bureaucracy; to avoid the tactics of propagandists, including press secretaries and ministerial staff; and to maintain the delicate relationships between themselves and the politicians who could make or break their stories. Above all, they had to avoid being pulled into the fray, being coerced, or taking sides: 'objectivity is an impossible dream', Grattan admitted, but at the very least 'we should think in terms of \"fairness\"\u2026 presenting the debate in a balanced way'.\nIn 1993, Michelle Grattan left her post at The Age to take up an appointment as editor of The Canberra Times, making her the first female editor of a metropolitan daily newspaper in Australia. She remained at The Canberra Times for two years before returning to The Age as political editor in 1995. With twenty-five years of experience then behind her, Grattan had much to say in debates around the perceived impending doom of the Australian newspaper. In September 1995, she delivered the Walter Murdoch Memorial Lecture - 'Headline, Deadline, Bottom Line: The Case for Good Journalism' - in which she acknowledged that newspaper circulation rates were dropping; papers were under threat from more technologically sophisticated forms of media; the roles of editor and marketer were increasingly blurred; newspaper companies were transforming from family-owned operations to major conglomerates; and, perhaps most critically, newspapers were not necessarily producing 'first-rate' journalism, 'the kind that tells people what they would not otherwise know, tweaks the tails of the power wielders, turns over rocks to stir the dark life beneath'. Though newspaper staffs had broadened, including more women, for example, they had also become more homogeneous. Newsrooms were inclined to be 'politically and journalistically correct', said Grattan, but too much 'sameness' was a danger.\nThree years later Grattan was delivering another paper, this time to an audience at the University of Queensland's Department of Journalism, where she had accepted an honorary appointment as Adjunct Professor. Here Grattan openly criticised what she termed the 'ascendancy of commercialisation in Australian newspapers'. In contrast to the late 80s when editorial independence was 'the hot talk of Australian journalism', the late 90s were witness to a worrying degree of censorship and collusion. The country's newspapers were under the control of a small number of dominant men - most notably the Murdoch and Fairfax operations - and media companies were hand-in-hand with government and business. Of Murdoch's company, News Corp, Grattan observed: its 'national and international interests are so vast that no day can pass when one bit of the empire is not faced with the task of reporting on another section of the empire'. Large media companies had taken to employing 'high level political operatives' who held sway with the government. Meanwhile, some journalists were compromising themselves by accepting formal stakeholder status in the media companies employing them. Editors were being re-branded as publishers, responsible for appeasing advertisers, employers, and the readership: 'The modern editor thinks of his paper as a supermarket for readers, selling a guide to modern living, as much as a conveyor of news and views'. The 'journalistically brave' editor who offended a political power centre had far less protection than he once had: he could be (and frequently was) easily replaced.\nAs a respected journalist and household name, Grattan has played a significant role in influencing public opinion. She has published material on the Australian Labor Party specifically (Managing Government: Labor's Achievements and Failures, 1993), but critiques both major parties based upon policy and personal conduct (see 'Selfish cry from a man who no longer gives a damn' following Mark Latham's attack on the Labor Party, The Age, 19 June 2005), and she wrote the biographical chapter on former Prime Minister John Howard in her edited collection, Australian Prime Ministers (2000). Grattan approves of those who stand up for a worthy cause, and have the political gumption to bring it to fruition. In 1989 she co-published (with Margaret Bowman) Reformers: Shaping Australian Society from the 60s to the 80s, profiling fourteen Australian reformers from Gough Whitlam to Katharine West. The profiles, the authors hoped, would 'add a human dimension to abstractions like \"social change\" and \"reform\"'. In 2000, Grattan edited Reconciliation: Essays in Australian Reconciliation.\nGrattan joined The Australian Financial Review as a columnist and senior writer in 1996. In 1999, she was appointed chief political correspondent for The Sydney Morning Herald, but returned to The Age once again as a political columnist in 2002. In January 2004, she was made an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for her long and distinguished service to Australian journalism, and in March of that year became political editor and bureau chief for The Age. In 2006, Michelle Grattan received the Walkley Award for Journalism Leadership.\nIn 2013 Grattan announced her resignation from The Ageto take up a position as professorial fellow at the University of Canberra. She will also be the Associate Editor (Politics) and Chief Political Correspondent of The Conversation.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001) \nJournalistic Leadership, The Age, ABC Radio National (2006 - 2006)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-prime-ministers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reporting-federal-politics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/headline-deadline-bottom-line-the-case-for-good-journalism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/back-on-the-wool-track\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reconciliation-essays-on-australian-reconciliation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reformers-shaping-australian-society-from-the-60s-to-the-80s\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/editorial-independence-an-outdated-concept\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/managing-government-labors-achievements-and-failures\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/can-ministers-cope-australian-federal-ministers-at-work\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-michelle-grattan-on-aboriginals-and-torres-strait-islanders\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Child, Joan", "Entry ID": "AWE3101", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/child-joan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Yackandandah, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Joan Child was the first female member of the Australian Labor Party to be elected to the federal Parliament in the House of Representatives as Member for the seat of Henty in 1974. She lost her seat in the 1975 general election, but regained it in 1980. She became the first female Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1986, holding the position until she resigned in 1989. She remained the only female speaker of the house until October 2012, when Anna Burke was appointed to the position.\nJoan Child retired from parliament in 1990 when the seat of Henty was abolished in an electoral redistribution. She was appointed Officer of the Order of Australia in June 1990.\nShe died on 23 February 2013 at the age of 91. In a statement from Prime Minister Julia Gillard, on the occasion of her death, Joan Child was remembered as a pioneer and an inspiration. 'As a confirmed true believer, Joan never forgot who had put her into politics or why. She was a powerful voice for the needs and rights of women, especially working women and women doing it tough.'\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/first-federal-woman-speaker-joan-child-dies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-hon-joan-child\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Powell, Janet Frances", "Entry ID": "AWE3105", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/powell-janet-frances\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Nhill, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Political candidate", "Summary": "Janet Powell stood unsuccessfully as a candidate for the Australian Democrats Party in the Legislative Assembly seat of Rodney at the Victorian state election, which was held on 5 May 1979. She was a candidate again at the 1985 state election, when she stood for the Legislative Council province of Central Highlands.\nShe was elected to the Senate of the Parliament of Australia in 1986 as a representative for Victoria. A member of the Australian Democrats and leader from 1990-1991, she resigned from the party in 1992. She served as an Independent until 1993.\nIn 2004 she joined the Australian Greens Party and stood as a candidate in the November 2006 Victorian State election for the Eastern Metropolitan Region in the Legislative Council.\nAfter leaving Parliament, Ms Powell focused on volunteer leadership roles in health, women's issues and services for the disadvantaged.\nPowell passed away in September 2013, survived by four children and one grandchild.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carrying-on-the-fight-women-candidates-in-victorian-parliamentary-elections\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/former-democrats-leader-janet-powell-dies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pat-richardson-scrapbooks-relating-to-the-womens-electoral-lobby-and-womens-events-1977-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-janet-powell-1977-1993-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sidiropoulos, Popi", "Entry ID": "AWE3111", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sidiropoulos-popi\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Greece", "Occupations": "Hairdresser", "Summary": "Popi Sidiropoulos gained the distinction of becoming the first Greek speaking hairdresser in Melbourne in 1957. She migrated to Australia from Greece in 1957 and on gaining her Hairdressing diploma in Melbourne in the same year, she established her business at home, 'just below Collingwood railway station' and worked there for ten years.\n", "Details": "Popi Sidiropoulos worked as a hairdressing apprentice in Greece from the age of thirteen. On arrival in Australia in 1957 with husband Theo, she sat for a Hairdressing examination at the L'Or\u00e9al School of Hairdressing in Collins Street, Melbourne. She was awarded the Diploma of Hairdressing with Honours after fifteen minutes of examination in recognition of the high standard of her work. As the only Greek speaking hairdresser at the time, all the young brides travelled long distances to Collingwood to have their hair done at Popi's Hairdressing.\nHer husband Theo was elected Mayor of Collingwood on 1 September 1977. According to his daughter, Anthea, he was the first migrant to be elected to that position who spoke English as a second language. Popi became the first non-English speaking Lady Mayoress and carried out her duties with humour and courage, never losing her faith in humanity. She single-handedly catered for all the mayoral meetings, without understanding the concept of 'catering'. A member of the Australian Labor Party, Theo was elected to the Victorian parliament in the Legislative Assembly seat of Richmond in 1977 and retired in 1988. He was the first non-English speaking citizen to be elected to the state parliament.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Roxon, Lillian", "Entry ID": "AWE3120", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/roxon-lillian\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Alassio, Savano, Italy", "Death Place": "New York, United States", "Occupations": "Journalist, Print journalist", "Summary": "Journalist, foreign correspondent and rock music expert Lillian Roxon enjoyed a long and varied career before her untimely death in New York at the age of 41. She was the first full-time female employee at the Sydney Morning Herald's New York office, and her Rock Encyclopedia was published in 1969.\n", "Details": "Lillian Roxon was born Liliana Ropschitz in 1932, the daughter of Polish Jewish parents Izydor and Rosa (nee Breitman). She spent her early childhood in Alassio on the Italian Riviera before emigrating with her parents and her brothers, Emanuele and Jacob, in 1940. The family fled first to Britain, following the pact between Hitler and Mussolini, before settling in Brisbane, Australia, where Izydor began work as a doctor. In November 1940, the Ropschitz family changed their name by deed poll to Roxon (though Izydor later changed again to Roxon-Ropschitz). They became known as Isadore, Rose, Milo, Lillian and Jack.\nLillian was strongly influenced by the influx of American popular culture in wartime Brisbane, particularly after troops arrived with General MacArthur in 1942. At school she demonstrated obvious intelligence and was a great story-teller, but she was rebellious and she aimed to shock. In 1944, aged twelve, she was sent to St Hilda's School at Southport, an Anglican boarding school for girls. The discipline did not find its mark with Lillian, and she completed her secondary schooling at Brisbane State High School. As a teenager, she socialized with members of the Miya Studio and the Barjai group in Brisbane, and kept up a friendship with Barbara Blackman.\nRoxon matriculated in 1948, and the following year she enrolled for a Bachelor of Arts at the University of Sydney. Almost inevitably, she became involved with the Sydney 'Push', a socially, intellectually and sexually adventurous group which followed the philosophies of John Anderson, and of the Freethought Society co-founded by him. Essentially this meant questioning authority, particularly the authority of church and state. Lillian spent many formative hours with artists, actors, journalists, students, musicians, poets and fellow Push members at the Push hang-out, the Lincoln Inn Coffee Lounge. As an undergraduate, she contributed to the University's student newspaper, Honi Soit, including a regular gossip column called 'Postman's Knock'. She took five years to complete her degree, graduating in 1955 with majors in English and Philosophy.\nIn 1956, Roxon's father passed away, and she spent eight months in New York. From January 1957, to the chagrin of her mother, she was writing for Weekend, Frank Packer's weekly tabloid magazine in Sydney. Roxon became chief reporter and section editor under Donald Horne. Soon afterward she returned to the United States, where she was employed at the New York bureau of the Sydney Daily Mirror. A short stint in London saw her writing for the Sydney Morning Herald's Fleet Street bureau, but Roxon returned once again to New York as a freelance journalist. Her weekly column appeared in the women's pages of the Sydney Sun from 1962. She also wrote for the Sun-Herald and the TV Times, and became the first female full-time employee at the New York office of the Sydney Morning Herald. Roxon wrote for the Herald until the end of her life. On occasion, feature articles for Woman's Day brought her into contact with the big names of the era. One assignment saw her on the set of Night of the Iguana in Mexico with director John Huston and actors Richard Burton, Ava Gardner and Deborah Kerr. Elizabeth Taylor was also on set, and Roxon mixed with them all.\nEvidently, Lillian Roxon was not phased by big names. By the 1960s, she was indulging a deep fascination with the new, fast and loud world of rock music and becoming well acquainted with the major rock musicians of the period. She became a central figure at the infamous New York nightclub, Max's Kansas City. Her strong friendship with rock photographer Linda Eastman ended only with Linda's marriage to Paul McCartney. Roxon was renowned for her journalism, but perhaps found greater fame with her commentary on rock music, though the two often combined. In 1969 she published her now famous Rock Encyclopedia. It was, boasted its cover, 'the most ambitious book ever written on rock and its roots, an innovative treatment of the generation's heroes - the poets and minstrels of our time'. The encyclopedia listed rock groups, their members and their instruments, and contained biographical information, discographies and statistical analysis. It covered everyone from Chuck Berry to James Brown, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Bo Diddley and the Beatles, and was written in Roxon's trademark style of prose - quick witted and full of irony. The book was republished in 1971, and again by Eddie Naha in 1980. In her author's note, Roxon explained that 'trying to get the rock world to keep still long enough for me to take its picture was one of the most difficult tasks in putting this book together. Groups split even as I wrote of their inner harmony, and got themselves together just as I had acknowledged their tragic demise. Baritones turned sopranos overnight; bands expanded and contracted their personnel like concertinas\u2026 but then, isn't this restlessness exactly what rock is all about?' In the end, said Roxon, 'the music itself has to tell the story. This book is the companion to that story'.\nBy the early 1970s Roxon had a regular column, 'The Top of Pop', with New York's Sunday News, and another, 'The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Sex' in Mademoiselle magazine. She had well and truly carved her own niche. Toward the end of her life, says biographer Robert Milliken, she 'had an influential platform in New York as a popular feminist as well as a rock expert'. Roxon never married. Troubled by asthma throughout her life, she was finally overcome by the illness and died in her New York apartment on 10 August 1973, aged 41.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1957 - 1973)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/roxon-lillian-1932-1973\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rock-encyclopedia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lillian-roxon-mother-of-rock\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Holmes, Pat", "Entry ID": "AWE3123", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/holmes-pat\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Photo Journalist, Photographer", "Summary": "Pat Holmes is widely recognised as the first woman to have worked as a full-time photojournalist on an Australian newspaper. Initially working as a studio portrait photographer in Sydney, Holmes took a position as press photographer for The Sun during WW2. In 1946, Holmes produced the iconic photograph New Year's Eve, Kings Cross.\n", "Details": "Pat Holmes is widely recognised as the first woman to have worked as a full-time photojournalist on an Australian newspaper.\nShe was born on 17 March 1915, in Sydney, NSW. She received her first Box Brownie camera at the age of ten and developed an interest in photography while attending Frensham School in Mittagong (Wilfred West School), where the headmistress encouraged the girls to pursue careers rather than viewing marriage as their only option.\nHolmes taught herself darkroom skills by following the instructions given on the packets of darkroom developer chemicals and using the school's darkroom. She was still at school when she first met the photographer Harold Cazneaux, who had been employed by the school's board to prepare a book entitled The Frensham Book, a pictorial record of the school's environment. She helped him carry his equipment during his stay in Mittagong and was greatly influenced by him to become a photographer. In 1931 she left school and began an apprenticeship with Cazneaux at his studio in Roseville, even though her parents wanted her to become a kindergarten teacher. Apparently she approached Cazneaux and asked him to 'rescue her' by taking her on (Hall 101). She worked in his studio for two years.\nHolmes travelled to England in 1937 as a member of the first Australian Women's Cricket team, where she played three test matches. The team returned to Australia soon after, but she elected to stay on in England, working at a variety of photography studios. She was mainly doing retouching but she was more interested in darkroom work. She eventually found a darkroom position in a London studio and remained there for eighteen months before returning to Australia. Work was difficult to come by in Sydney but she eventually secured a position, working for Monte Luke at his Castlereagh Street Studio in 1940. One year later she established her own portrait business, working from a darkroom she had established at home, becoming quite skilled at photographing children.\nIn 1943 Holmes took a job as a press photographer for The Sun. It was a position that offered her a variety of work and she continued to work there until 1948. One of her iconic photographs was taken at this time: New Year's Eve, Kings Cross, 1946. The image captured the exuberance and excitement of a group of young women gathering to celebrate New Year's Eve. She left The Sun, in 1948, just before her marriage to a Mr Stuart. She went onto have three children and six grandchildren.\nInterviewed many years later Holmes recalled her time as a female press photographer: 'I was a little hesitant at first when I went out on jobs, but I soon realised that I had to take the initiative. It was mainly the very young and older men that I worked with during the war years. Half the staff was in uniform. It was strange with all the young men away. Then the men came back and life settled down. I missed newspaper work at first when I left in 1948. It had been exciting. Life was flat without the variety. But then I became involved with my family when I married soon after leaving The Sun. That has been a wonderful time too' (Christine Gillespie, Interview; cited in Hall 269).\nPat Holmes died on 25 October 1992.\nCollections\nNational Gallery of Australia\nContent added for The Women's Pages research project, last modified 16 September 2013\nHolmes was educated at Frensham, later the Winifred West School, where she was encouraged by West to pursue a career in photography. There, in the late 1920s, she met photographer Harold Cazneaux, who was compiling a pictorial record of the school environment (The Frensham Book). When Holmes left school in 1931, she approached Cazneaux to teach her photography, and she worked in his Roseville studio for two years.\nIn 1937, Holmes became a member of the first Australian Women's Cricket team to tour England. A keen sportswoman, she scored 176 runs in the three tests played. She remained in England until 1939, working in a London printing studio. On her return to Australia, Holmes continued working on her own commissions at home. She searched for employment in Sydney photographic studios for a year before finding work with Monte Luke in Castlereagh Street. In 1943 she was offered a job by Associated Press, and joined the staff of The Sun as a press photographer. She left the paper in 1948, shortly before she married.\nHolmes died in Sydney in 1992, survived by three children and six grandchildren.\n", "Events": "Pat Holmes' work featured in Australian Women Photographers 1840-1950 (1981 - 1981) \nPat Holmes' work featured in Shades of Light (1988 - 1988)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/crowded-days-ahead\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pat-holmes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lessons-of-tour-will-benefit-s-a\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pat-holmes-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/photographs-show-how-image-of-australian-woman-has-changed-in-150-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heritage-the-national-womens-art-book-500-works-by-500-australian-women-artists-from-colonial-times-to-1955\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rodan, Florence Victoria", "Entry ID": "AWE3127", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rodan-florence-victoria\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Epsom, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Box Hill, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Political candidate", "Summary": "Florence Rodan, a member of the League of Women Voters and its president from 1961-63, stood for the Victorian parliament three times; in 1945, 1952 and 1955. She stood as an Independent in the Legislative Assembly seat of Borung at the 1945 state election, represented the Australian Labor Party in the Legislative Assembly seat of Camberwell in 1952 and the seat of Balwyn in 1955.\n", "Details": "Florence Victoria Rodan (nee Lamb), and her brother George Hamilton Lamb, twins, were born in Epsom, Bendigo on 1 January 1900. Their parents were William Edward and Sarah Victoria Lamb (nee Irwin). William was an auctioneer and school teacher and Sarah Lamb was a teacher at Fineview, Dooen and Pomonal. The family settled in Stawell in about 1912. Florence completed her secondary education at Stawell High School and later gained a Diploma of Music and completed Drama courses. She married William James Rodan at Christchurch, South Yarra in 1928. Florence came to Horsham from Canberra when her husband was appointed town engineer in 1940. After a teaching career, her brother, George Hamilton Lamb went on to become a state Member of Parliament in the Legislative Assembly seat of Lowan for the Country Party from 1935 until his death in 1943. He joined the Australian Imperial Forces in 1940 as a private but was quickly promoted to Lieutenant, sent overseas, captured and died from malnutrition in a Prisoner of War camp in Thailand in December 1943. William Rodan died in July 1944 as a result of World War One injuries. Florence was left to rear her three children, Brian, Marie and Erskine and her brother's three, Winston, Anthony and Ainslie. The Lamb children's mother died in 1940 before Hamilton left to go overseas. Florence moved to Melbourne in 1950 for the children to continue their education. Florence's father died when she was in her 20s and her mother came to live with her during the 1940s.\nFlorence's brother Hamilton impressed upon her the importance of women being interested in politics.\nI was a busy wife and mother with three very young children - a baby and two toddlers. I had no time for outside interests, until one day my brother visited us at our little home in Canberra and gave me my first lesson in political philosophy. When he spoke of it I said that I was too busy to discuss such things as politics. He said 'If you don't think of these things, you will have no home to be busy about.' From that time onwards I read in my spare moments, listened to debates in the House, studying everything I could get hold of (in between washing clothes and cleaning up after the children ). I learned the fundamental truths. I learned why women should interest themselves in the affairs of the State and the Nation.\n She followed her brother's example even when she had the responsibility for the care of six children. She stood as an Independent candidate for the Legislative Assembly seat of Borung at the 1945 state election. She also stood for Horsham Council twice, unsuccessfully. She joined the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and stood as a candidate for Camberwell at the 1952 election, with the slogan, 'Rodan is right- Cain is able'. She topped the poll, but was defeated on preferences. She was the only endorsed woman candidate for the ALP at that election. She stood again in 1955, but for the seat of Balwyn.\n An active member of the Australian Labor Party in the 1950s and 1960s, Florence was a member and president of the Labor Women's Central Organising Committee during the 1950s and stood for ALP pre-selection to the Senate in 1956. In an article in the Melbourne Sun newspaper she was reported as urging women to become active in politics. 'They'll have to come out of their kitchens and think if they want to get anywhere.' She accused women of being mentally lazy.\nShe served as president of the League of Women Voters from 1961-63, acting president in 1966 and was president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria. She published a volume of her brother's writings entitled Poems and Essays in 1945. She was president of the R.S. L. Women's Auxiliary in Horsham before moving to Melbourne in 1950.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poems-and-essays\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carrying-on-the-fight-women-candidates-in-victorian-parliamentary-elections\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Brown, Mascotte", "Entry ID": "AWE3485", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brown-mascotte\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Political candidate", "Summary": "A member of the League of Women Voters, Mascotte Brown stood as a candidate in the Legislative Assembly seat of Malvern at five Victorian state elections which were held in 1947, 1950, 1952, 1955 and 1958. She stood as an Independent Liberal candidate at all elections except 1955 when she represented the Victorian Liberal Party.\n", "Details": "Educated at St Gabriels' College and Riviera College, Sydney, Mascotte Brown married at the age of sixteen. By 1955 she was widowed with two grown up children. During her attempt in 1955 she vowed that she would never give up trying: 'As long as I am physically able, I'll stand for politics, just to show my fellow women that only by continually struggling will they get anywhere in Parliament'.\nShe was an accomplished musician with musical degrees gained in London. She held memberships of the following organisations: Royal Empire Society, the Business and Professional Women's Club, the League of Women Voters of Victoria and the International Alliance of Women.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carrying-on-the-fight-women-candidates-in-victorian-parliamentary-elections\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Crespin, Irene", "Entry ID": "AWE3678", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/crespin-irene\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Scientist", "Summary": "Irene Crespin was a micropalaeontologist. After graduating from the University of Melbourne in 1919, she worked for the Geological Survey of Victoria, describing macro and micro-fossils found in sediment on the Mornington Peninsula. In 1927 she was appointed assistant palaeontologist to Frederick Chapman in the Geological Branch of the Department of Home Affairs. In 1936 she succeeded him as Commonwealth palaeontologist at half his salary and was located in Canberra.\n", "Details": "During her career as Commonwealth palaentologist, Irene Crespin made many field trips within Australia to collect fossils and in 1939 travelled to Java and Sumatra to consult with micro-palaentologists in the government service and industry regarding the problems of Tertiary correlation in the Indo-Pacific region. In 1951 she visited the USA where she had been invited to address the American Association of Petroleum Geologists .\nIn Canberra she was secretary and president of the Royal Society of Canberra; secretary from 1952 of the Territories Division of the Geological Society of Australia and chairman in 1955. She was a charter member of Soroptimist International of Canberra in 1957. She had to retire at age 65, but continued to work on a contract basis.\nShe received many honours including the Clarke Medal of the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1956; a DSc from the University of Melbourne in 1960, honorary membership of ANZAAS 1976 and OBE 1969. The Bureau of Mineral Resources Bulletin no 192 - 'The Crespin Volume' - was published in her honour. She died on 2 January 1980.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/crespin-irene-1896-1981\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/memoirs-of-a-micro-palaeontologist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ramblings-of-a-micropalaeontologist\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Holman, Mary (May) Alice", "Entry ID": "AWE3701", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/holman-mary-may-alice\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "May Holman was the first Labor Party woman parliamentarian in Australia. Representing the Legislative Assembly seat of Forrest, she was also the first Labor woman MP to serve more than ten years in parliament.\n", "Details": "May Holman was the eldest of nine children of John Barkell Holman, miner, and Katherine Mary Holman (nee Rowe). The family lived at Broken Hill, New South Wales, before moving to Cue in Western Australia. May was educated at the Sacred Heart Convent in Perth. On leaving school, she found employment at the Perth Trades Hall and the Westralian Worker. In 1914 she married Peter Joseph Gardiner, a Labor Party member for the State parliament, but the marriage could not withstand their varied professional commitments and ended in divorce in 1920.\nHolman's mother was an active member of Labor women's organisations in Perth. Her father was a Labor politician and member of the Timber Workers' Union. After his death in 1925, May Holman became secretary of the Union and won preselection for her father's seat, Forrest, where timber was the dominant industry. She was instrumental in formulating the Timber Industries Regulation Act in 1926. Holman retained her seat through four elections. She was president of the Labor Women's Central Executive from 1927; secretary of the Parliamentary Labor Party from 1933; and member of the royal commission into sanitation and slum clearance in Perth in 1938.\nMay Holman was involved in a car accident on 17 May 1939, the eve of the 1939 election. She died three days later on 20 May 1939. She was buried in Karrakatta cemetery.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-holmans-death\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-on-various-australian-women-19-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/holman-family-papers-1893-1965-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-sheila-moiler-nee-holman-sound-recording-interviewed-by-jennie-carter\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jenner, Dorothy Gordon (Andrea)", "Entry ID": "AWE3704", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jenner-dorothy-gordon-andrea\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Narrabri, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Kings Cross, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor, Artistic director, Journalist, Scriptwriter, War Correspondent", "Summary": "Dorothy Gordon Jenner was an Australian actress, scriptwriter, newspaper columnist and controversial radio personality.\nBiographical accounts of the early acting career of Dorothy Gordon are laden with contradictions. Due to a lack surviving archival material, what we do know about Gordon comes from her own memoirs which are criticised for being inconsistent and exaggerated. It does appear, however, that she did have a career in film, in Australia and abroad, which finished sometime in 1927. She then turned her hand to journalism.\nAfter two unsuccessful marriages, Dorothy Jenner travelled to London in 1927, where she began a column for the Sydney Sun under the name of 'Andrea'. Hers was a gossip column, keeping Australian audiences updated on celebrity comings and goings in London and New York. After 1940, she toured south-east Asia as a war correspondent. She was captured by the Japanese in Hong Kong and spent nearly four years in Stanley prisoner of war camp. From 1951, Jenner was writing for the Mirror. She later switched to broadcasting, working for 2UE, and pioneering talk-back radio on 2GB.\n", "Details": "Gordon's acting career began in 1912 as a chorus girl in the Melbourne stage production of Girl in a Train.\nIn 1915 Gordon moved to America. In Hollywood she began work as a dressmaker in a costume department. In 1916, she began to appear as an extra in Famous Players-Lasky Corporation (later Paramount).\nIn her memoir Darlings I've had a Ball! (1975), Gordon claims to have appeared in at least two Valentino films: The Sheik (Melford, 1921) and Blood and Sand (Niblo 1922). Gordon recalled a close relationship with Valentino.\nGordon's memoir also claimed she worked regularly with Houdini and W.C. Fields. Gordon made uncredited appearances in Unseen Forces (Franklin, 1920) and Wise Fool (Melford, 1921).\nIn 1925, Gordon returned to Australia and was immediately cast as the lead in Raymond Longford's Hills of Hate (1926). There are no known surviving copies of this film.\nUpon completion of Hills of Hate , Australasian Films approached Gordon and asked her to collaborate with Raymond Longford's son, Victor, on the script for the film For the Term of His Natural Life (Dawn, 1927). After the director dismantled their script their names were removed from the credits. Gordon did however continue to work on the film as an artistic director through prop and location research.\nFor the Term of His Natural Life was Gordon's last film.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1920 - 1970)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/darlings-ive-had-a-ball\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jenner-dorothy-hetty-fosbury-andrea-1891-1985\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-film-1900-1977-a-guide-to-feature-film-production\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gordon-dorothy-interviewed-by-graham-shirley\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wilfrid-thomas-interviews-russell-braddon-dorothy-gordon\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hills-of-hate-documentation\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lovely, Louise", "Entry ID": "AWE3715", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lovely-louise\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Paddington, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Hobart, Tasmania, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor", "Summary": "Daughter of the Swiss born Elise Lehmann, Louise Lovely began her stage career at the age of eight, playing Eva in Uncle Tom's Cabin at the Lyceum in Sydney. She subsequently appeared in many stage and screen productions. In 1912, Louise moved to Hollywood with her husband Wilton Welch and became a star, cast in at least 24 films for Universal Studios and nearly a dozen western films for Fox Studios. She returned to Australia in 1924.\n", "Details": "Louise Lovely was an Australian actress and film maker with a career in both Australia and the United States. Sadly, few of Lovely's films have survived.\nLovely's career began as an actress in stage melodramas and vaudeville in Australia and America. In 1915, she was signed to Universal Studios. In 1917, Universal established Louise Lovely Productions, however Lovely herself had no control over the productions. In March 1918, she left Universal over contract disputes and shortly after began work with Fox Studios.\nLovely starred in her final US film in 1921. She then returned to Australia.\nUpon her return to Australia, Lovely began production on her final film Jewelled Nights (Lovely and Welch, 1925). While the extent of her contribution to this production is not certain, sources indicate she not only acted, but co-wrote the script, directed scenes, edited the film, and assisted in the design and publicity of the film. The film was produced by her company Louise Lovely Productions. The film was financially unsuccessful and Lovely subsequently retired from the film industry.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-louise-lovely-actress-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lovely-louise-documentation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lovely-louise-interviewed-by-ross-cooper-oral-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/axford-maisie-interviewed-by-david-atfield-oral-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lovely-louise-interviewed-by-ina-bertrand-1978-oral-history\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Meredith, Louisa Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE3729", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/meredith-louisa-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Birmingham, United Kingdom", "Death Place": "Collingwood, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Author, Botanical collector", "Summary": "Louisa Meredith sailed for Sydney with her husband Charles in 1839. A keen naturalist, she collected plant, insect and seaweed specimens in Tasmania and was a member of the Tasmania Royal Society. She published several volumes of poetry as well as her accounts of colonial life, and often illustrated these works herself.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/meredith-louisa-ann-1812-1895\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/meredith-louisa-ann-1812-1895-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Moncrieff, Gladys Lillian", "Entry ID": "AWE3732", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moncrieff-gladys-lillian\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Soprano", "Summary": "In 1921 at Melbourne's Theatre Royal, Gladys Moncrieff performed the role of Teresa in Maid of the Mountains to great popular acclaim. After travelling through America and Europe for further training, she returned to Australia to play the title role in Rio Rita. Moncrieff made numerous popular recordings and sang on radio. She was featured on the Macquarie broadcasting network in the 'Gladys Moncrieff Show'.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moncrieff-gladys-lillian-1892-1976\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Muscio, Florence Mildred", "Entry ID": "AWE3736", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/muscio-florence-mildred\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Copeland, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Ryde, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist, School principal, University lecturer, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Mildred Muscio's association with the New South Wales National Council of Women began in 1922. She became press secretary of the Council before serving as president from 1927-38, including a term as federal president.\n", "Details": "Mildred Muscio was the second president of the Federal Council of the National Councils of Women of Australia. Her leadership was the crucial factor in the creation of the National Council of Women of Australia, which in 1931 succeeded FCNCWA and became the single channel for Australian representation at the International Council of Women. Possessed of a fine intellect and more progressive than her predecessors and many of her successors, Muscio also had gifts of persuasion, which she used to overcome fears of change and loss of autonomy among delegates to the Federal Council conference of 1929. She then acted as caretaker president after the NCWA formally came into being about July 1931 until elections could be held in October. Muscio's association with the New South Wales National Council of Women began in 1922. She became press secretary of the Council before her election as president of both state and Federal Councils in 1927. She remained president of NCWNSW until 1938. She was a member of many other political and welfare organisations, including the Lyceum Club and the Australian Red Cross Society. She served on the Bruce-Page government's national royal commission on child endowment in 1928, was an alternate Australian delegate to the League of Nations in 1937, and was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1938.\nFlorence Mildred Muscio was born on 28 April 1882 at Copeland, New South Wales, eldest daughter of English-born Charles Fry, telegraph master, and his native-born wife Jane, n\u00e9e McLennan. Known as Mildred, she was educated at the Sydney Girls' High School and the University of Sydney, graduating BA in 1901 with first-class honours in logic and mental philosophy and MA in 1905. The following year, with her sister, Edith, she published Poems. Edith subsequently earned renown as an artist in Britain. Mildred worked as a teacher while completing her studies, and was principal of the Brighton College for Girls, Manly, from 1906 to 1912.\nPrior to the outbreak of war, Mildred travelled to England, where she taught at Crosby, Lancashire, and at Windsor, before marrying Bernard Muscio, demonstrator in experimental psychology at Caius College, Cambridge University, on 31 March 1915. She shared her husband's interests, and his university posts allowed her to continue studying and to enjoy the company of students and graduates. With Louisa McDonald (first principal of Sydney University's Women's College), she attended the first congress of the International Federation of University of Women in London in 1920. Back in Sydney permanently from 1922 after Bernard was appointed Challis professor of philosophy at the University of Sydney, she helped establish the university women's movement in Australia and was elected president of the Sydney University Women Graduates' Association (1923-26) and the Sydney University Women's Union (1927-28). She later became an executive member of the Sydney University Settlement. After her husband's death in 1926, she helped to form the Institute of Industrial Psychology in Sydney, and lectured in psychology for the University Extension Board.\nMildred Muscio's association with the National Council of Women of New South Wales began in 1922 when she was invited to help organise the Good Film League of which she became vice-president. She joined the Council's executive as press secretary in 1924 and served as president from 1927 to 1938. A woman of perspicacity and vision, she brought a modern understanding of women's roles to the Council, arguing that 'No gulf separates the interests of the professional woman from those of the non-professional woman', for 'education, science, logic and experience of the outside world' were now inseparable from 'the fundamental interests of the home and family'.\nMuscio was also the second (and final) president of the Federal Council of the National Councils of Women of Australia (predecessor to the National Council of Women of Australia) from 1927 to 1931 and led the Australian delegation to the Vienna conference of the International Council of Women in 1930. Her clear vision, logic, organisational skills and courage were the crucial factors in the decision of the Federal Council conference in 1929 to recommend to the states the formation of a fully national body to represent Australia at the ICW. In light of the states' jealous protection of their autonomy and direct links to ICW, this was a major achievement. The minutes of conference record that Muscio left the chair, taking control of the argument for a national Council and dealing effectively and firmly with all the traditional sources of opposition and fear. She remained federal president as each state debated and eventually ratified the decision (WA excepted) by July 1931, and she continued to hold the fort during the transition period before new officers were elected in October.\nDuring the Depression, she defended the right of women to employment and a fair wage, and maintained that a separate women's movement was necessary to ensure that gains hard won were not lost as was occurring in European nations. In 1931, convinced of the need to challenge conservative attitudes to women participating in Australian politics, she announced her intention to stand as a candidate for the Senate but did not proceed.\nMrs Muscio served on the Commonwealth royal commission on child endowment in 1927. The minority report she submitted with John Curtin called for the immediate introduction of federal means-tested endowment for third and subsequent children. She also served on the state government committee inquiring into the system of examinations and secondary education in 1933. Before the 1934 inquiry into the NSW Child Welfare Department, she stressed the need for welfare officers trained in psychology and advocated the establishment of counselling clinics.\nIn 1929, in the wake of the NCW's campaign to establish a university social work course, Muscio had become a founding member of the Board of Social Study and Training, which, in conjunction with the University of Sydney, issued a certificate for professional training in social work. When the two-year diploma course was taken over by the university in 1940, she continued on the supervisory board. In view of her role in social work education and her experience in the Sydney University Settlement, Muscio was also elected vice-president of the Council of Social Service of NSW from 1938 to 1943.\nAmong her many other activities, Mrs Muscio wrote occasional reviews and articles for the Australian Quarterly on politics and education and undertook radio broadcasts on topics of interest to women. She was also president of the Lyceum Club 1929-35 and chair of the women's council and vice-president of the NSW Society for Crippled Children, and worked for the Racial Hygiene Association, the Australian Red Cross Society, the NSW Bush Nursing Association, the Australian Aerial Medical Services, the Travellers' Aid Society, and various theatrical groups. She chaired the Women's Executive Advisory Committee for the NSW sesquicentenary celebrations in 1938. Active in the state branch of the League of Nations Union, she was appointed alternate delegate for Australia at the League's general assembly at Geneva in 1937. A friend of Margaret Bailey, for many years she served on the council of Bailey's Ascham School where her sister, Eva, was senior mathematics mistress from 1917 to 1945.\nMildred Muscio was appointed OBE in 1938. As her ADB biographers write, she was a gifted speaker, fluent, logical and persuasive, and was also admired for her organising ability, generosity, impartiality and 'sympathetic spirit'. She died in hospital at Ryde on 17 August 1964.\nPrepared by: Jan Hipgrave, Marian Quartly and Judith Smart\n", "Events": "Lyceum Club (Sydney) (1929 - 1935)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/muscio-florence-mildred-1882-1964\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/education-paper-read-before-the-australian-federation-of-university-women-hobart-january-1930\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/review-thoughts-that-breathe-by-p-board\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-nsw-program-for-the-launch-of-the-centenary-stamp-issue-and-a-complete-set-of-the-issue-1996\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-further-papers-1895-1981\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-nsw-inc-further-records-1926-1927-1937-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-relating-to-national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-1895-1897\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-further-records-1895-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-records-1895-1976\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Smith, Grace Cossington", "Entry ID": "AWE3752", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/smith-grace-cossington\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Neutral Bay, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist", "Summary": "Grace Cossington Smith had her first solo exhibition in 1928, and her work was reproduced in Art in Australia. She painted landscapes, streetscapes, and native flowers as well as interior paintings. Between 1932 and 1977, she held eighteen solo exhibitions, and in 1973 the Art Gallery of New South Wales held a retrospective exhibition of her work.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/smith-grace-cossington-1892-1984\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/grace-cossington-smith-a-life-from-drawings-in-the-collection-of-the-national-gallery-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Stead, Christina Ellen", "Entry ID": "AWE3754", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stead-christina-ellen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Rockdale, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Novelist, Writer", "Summary": "After a short teaching career, Christina Stead travelled to Paris for study, then to London. She returned to Australia in 1969 after many years abroad to take up a fellowship at the Australian National University. In 1974 she returned to live in Australia permanently.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-beauties-and-furies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/christina-stead-selected-fiction-and-nonfiction\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cotters-england\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dark-places-of-the-heart\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dearest-munx-the-letters-of-christina-stead-and-william-j-blake\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/for-love-alone\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/great-stories-of-the-south-sea-islands\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/house-of-all-nations-a-novel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/im-dying-laughing-the-humourist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letty-fox-her-luck\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-little-hotel-a-novel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-little-tea-a-little-chat\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-herbert-the-suburban-wife\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ocean-of-story-the-uncollected-stories-of-christina-stead\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-people-with-the-dogs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-salzburg-tales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/seven-poor-men-of-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dorothy-green-1943-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-christina-stead-1937-1988-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-christina-stead-1919-1996-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-by-christina-stead-to-margaret-hanks-1938-1982-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/literary-manuscript-1973-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-christina-stead-1916-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/notebook-and-letter-by-christina-stead-to-edith-anderson-circa-1949-1951-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-with-christina-stead-1969-1983-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-and-typescript-of-christina-stead-1969-1970-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-oliver-stallybrass-1965-1981-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cullen, Jean", "Entry ID": "AWE3781", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cullen-jean\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Cartoonist, Illustrator, Journalist", "Summary": "Jean Cullen was an illustrator and humorous artist who worked for Smith's Weekly in the period 1941-1950. She also created the teenage cartoon character 'Pam' for the Brisbane Courier Mail , a character that Marie Horseman continued to develop after Cullen took her own life in 1950.\nIn 1945, Cullen published an adult illustrated book that was quickly banned called Hold that Halo, or, How to lose it in ten easy lessons. The comic narrated the trials and tribulations of a young woman during the second word war and was a stark commentary on the sexual double-standard as it applied to women.\n", "Details": "Hold that Halo, or, How to lose it in ten easy lessons\n(On the frontispiece)\n\"Breathes there a girl with soul so dead,\nWho never to herself hath said:\nThis is my halo, all my own,\nBut how I wish the thing were flown.\"\n (with apologies to Sir Walter Scott)\nAdam and Eve have caused these rhymes\nTwo souls in Heav'n, with what good times!\nThey frolicked round thru' every hour.\nEve's halo drop't, with apples sour.\nThen Cleo, Egypt's pride of all\nToo saw her halo take its fall.\nThis Nile-ish gal with men galore\nLoved many, yet she wanted more.\nAn' this is how it all began\nAs old-time girls from halos ran.\nPerchance 'tis said the story's old\nThat halos drop if girls be bold.\nBut let's tell on 'ere you condemn\nWhat halos mean to modern femme.\nThis halo's lass took Ma's advice\n\"Beware of men with tinge of vice!\"\nThis lovely girl was a halo's sort\nAnd \"Nay'd\" men's curious thoughts of sport.\nShe stayed home nights all full of wonder\nWhy saucyer girls oft stole her thunder.\nThis halo'd charmente oh! was poor\nTill a gay bold wolf knocked at her door.\nShe yielded, made the bad wolf pay\nHer halo's gone: she's rich that way.\nThis halo'd heiress found wealth a bore\nMen liked her cash: that made her sore\nThey passed her halo ashine without sin\nThey used her coupons to drink her gin.\nAnother with halo, alas! without vim, (A picture of a school marm reading books called 'Say yes and like it' and 'How to have it' accompanies this verse)\nWith past all dopey - her future looks dim.\nShe's booked to be spinster's of virtuous bed,\nWith halo intacta, the burglar's worst dread.\nThis girl had a halo but not for long,\nShe lost it a'wrestling, the guy was strong.\nShe' wasn't upset when it went off fast,\nHer moto: \"Why worry? They're not meant to last.'\nI've told you solme secrets of gals good and bad,\nOf rich girls and poor gals, of gay femmes and sad.\nAnd last but not least of the girl who will bawl:\nBut whay all this fuss about halos and all?\nSo the moral is written for all girls to see:\n\"Ah, don't trust your halo where it oughtn't to be.\"\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1940 - 1950)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/artists-and-cartoonists-in-black-and-white-the-most-public-art\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/black-and-white-exhibition-fifty-years-of-australian-cartooning\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hold-that-halo-or-how-to-lose-it-in-ten-easy-lessons\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/horseman-marie-compston-mollie-1911-1974\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/selection-of-cartoon-drawings-from-smiths-weekly-ca-1930-1950\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Paterson, Elizabeth Deans (Betty)", "Entry ID": "AWE3782", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/paterson-elizabeth-deans-betty\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Cartoonist, Illustrator, Journalist", "Summary": "Betty Paterson and her sister Esther were prodigies born into the elite of Melbourne's bohemian set. Father (Hugh) and uncle (John Ford) were both artists and her first playmates were her neighbours, the children of Frederick McCubbin.\nArt impinged upon every facet of her life throughout its entire course. Her Art Deco cartoons were published regularly in magazines such as The Bulletin and Aussie. Her illustrated interpretations of 'permissive' 1920s society resonated with those she depicted - she became artist-by-appointment to the flappers.\nBetty Paterson married twice, and had one child, a daughter, Barbara.\n", "Events": "Kenneth Newman (later divorced) (1923 - ) \nMarried the painter Albion Wiltshire (1952 - )", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heritage-the-national-womens-art-book-500-works-by-500-australian-women-artists-from-colonial-times-to-1955\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/esther-paterson-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-betty-paterson-portrait-artist-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Schubert, Misha", "Entry ID": "AWE3799", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/schubert-misha\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Community advocate, Journalist, Print journalist", "Summary": "Misha Schubert's career in journalism began in 1998 at the Australian as a general news reporter, going on to become its Victorian political reporter. In 2001-02 she moved to New York, acquiring a masters degree from Columbia University's journalism school to complement her BA from RMIT. She moved to Canberra in 2002 where she covered indigenous affairs and health for two years before joining The Age as a federal political correspondent. On parliamentary sitting days, she writes a political gossip column, House on the Hill. She is also a regular panellist on ABC television's Insiders program.\nMisha has also developed a profile in the community sector. She was a founding chairperson of Girlstorey, a drop-in centre for young women in Melbourne, and is a life member and former president of YWCA Victoria. She was a republican delegate at the 1998 Constitutional Convention in Canberra.\nFrom September 2012 until August 2015 Misha was the Director of Communications for Recognise, the movement to recognise Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in our Constitution. In September 2015, Misha took up the position of Director of Strategic Communications for Universities Australia.\n", "Events": "Nation Wide News - The Australian Newspaper (1998 - 2004) \nRecognise (2012 - 2015) \nThe Age (2004 - 2011) \nThe Sunday Age (2011 - 2012) \nUniversities Australia (2015 - 2015)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-misha-schubert-1997-1998-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Stott Despoja, Shirley", "Entry ID": "AWE3825", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stott-despoja-shirley\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Print journalist", "Summary": "Shirley Stott Despoja was the first woman to be employed in the general news room at the Adelaide Advertiser. She was that paper's first ever Arts Editor, appointed at a time when the arts were of enormous political and economic significance in South Australia. She brought the arts to the front pages of the newspaper in a manner that had not been achieved before.\nIn 2010, Shirley Stott Despoja was the inaugural winner of the Mary MacKillop Award at the twentieth annual Catholic Archbishop's Media Citations. She was nominated for her regular column, The Third Age, published in The Adelaide Review.\nAccording to Archbishop Wilson who presented the award, it was a pleasure to honour such an esteemed writer and champion of equality and social justice.\n\"Mary MacKillop herself was a great correspondent and also challenged the social norms of the day,\" he said.\n\"Ms Stott Despoja's efforts to break the stereotypes of ageing and challenge her peers to be feisty and opinionated would undoubtedly be applauded by Mary.\"\nStott Despoja also won a United Nations Association of Australia Media Peace Award in 2010 for the same column, for excellence in the promotion of positive images of the older person.\nShirley Stott Despoja was inducted into the Hall of Fame at the May 2013 South Australian Media Awards, honoured by her peers for an outstanding contribution to the South Australian media. In 2017 she was awarded on Australia Day with an OAM, 'for services as a journalist to print media', a citation to bury the lede, if ever there was one. In November 2018 she was inducted into the Australian Media Hall of Fame.\nShirley Stott Despoja is variously described as 'an inspiration', 'a pioneer', 'gutsy', 'an arts editor who changed the city' (Adelaide) and 'a great lady of a great age of print'. But above all, Stott Despoja is best known as a journalist for being 'principled'.\n", "Details": "Three things brought me to journalism,' says Shirley Stott Despoja. One of them was experiencing 'the lovely link between the written word and the printed word' while working in the office of The Anglican newspaper in the 1950s. Another was befriending Margaret Knightley, sister of journalist Philip Knightley, at school in the 1940s. A third, earlier influence had been a book by Lilian Turner, Betty the Scribe. And maybe, even before Betty, there was the 'Opportunity C' class for bright girls that she attended in Hurstville, Sydney, an educational opportunity that provided her with a chance to dream about a future where a woman's intellect was valued and her ability to lead assumed.\nNo doubt, it would have been easier for Shirley to play the part of a girly-girl, the 'pet who wasn't a threat'; to take the easy pay cheque that any self-censoring journalist can earn. This simply wasn't an option for Shirley, whose integrity and professionalism would not permit this course of action. Instead, throughout the course of her professional and personal life, she has insisted upon standing up for herself, complaining about injustice and corruption and speaking out on behalf of others who didn't have her opportunities, and can't make themselves heard. This has inevitably made her unpopular and, at times, very unhappy. But never untrue to herself, or unappreciated by women (and a handful of men) who know how tough it is to be a trail-blazer.\nThe chronology of Shirley's career is a familiar one for women finding their way in journalism in the 1950s and 60s (i.e. start on a small, perhaps provincial newspaper or magazine and then move through a series on reporting and subediting roles on metropolitan dailies) except for the small but very important fact that she never once took a job on the women's pages. She began on the small, but very influential church newspaper, The Anglican, run at the time by the charismatic Francis James. There she learned the important practicalities of the newspaper business, leaving a degree at Sydney University unfinished in order to learn what she needed to learn there. There, in that 'world of ideas', where writers like Donald Horne moved, she was known as the 'young atheist on staff', an epithet she initially found very much to her taste. After six months at the Anglican she chose to move on. Unfortunately, there was nowhere in Sydney for her to move onto; the men's journalist club closed ranks, to teach the little girl from Rockdale a lesson.\nThere was work available in Canberra, at the Times. Shirley moved there and loved it. There were other women to do the women's pages, and two good years of working general news, with some features and arts criticism. There was also a political awakening. Working as a general reporter, she covered the courts and 'began to learn a lot more about what was done to women and how men were excused from it'. She says that it was then that she saw that the gender barrier and violence fitted together like a hinged tool to control women. She also learned that, no matter how good she was at her job, she would never get better jobs, because she wasn't a man. The editor who employed her told her, in no uncertain terms, that she wouldn't be taking them away from the men.\nAt about the same time she decided it was time to leave Canberra, she received an offer from the Adelaide Advertiser of a C-grade with no women's work. She was to be the only woman working in the general reporting room in a conservative newspaper that nevertheless had impressive talent working on it and was the early journalistic experience for many young men who later became very famous. She initially felt there was an illusion of equality. And in the 70s, with Don Dunstan as Premier of South Australia and a crop of younger editors, including Des Colquhoun, everyone who worked on the Advertiser felt they were creating something special, with an influence beyond the State.\nShirley enjoyed the work, was good at her job and was recognised as such; she was to be posted to London to write news and features. Unfortunately, this possibility was never communicated to her in a timely fashion and London in the 1960s was an opportunity lost.\nWhen Shirley married she moved to the literary pages. She used the pages to promote important and radical ideas, as they were being discussed in books. She commissioned interesting people, including the young Anne Summers, to write reviews; independent commentators who were not beholden to The Advertiser for their income, who weren't afraid to say what they thought and who brought something fresh to the process of reviewing. Reputations were unimportant; it was the ability to think critically and write independently that mattered. Literary journalism had never been so political or popular. It was work she truly enjoyed: it was exciting and she knew, even in her marginalised position, that she was making a difference.\nNot long after her daughter was born, she moved back to Canberra to be with her husband, who had moved there for work. She continued to write features for The Advertiser, The Canberra Times and other publications, looked after her daughter, had another child (a son) and ultimately ended her marriage. The then editor of The Advertiser, Don Riddell, offered her a job as the Advertiser's first arts editor in an era when the arts in Adelaide needed to be recognised as a growing political and economic issue as well as of enormous cultural significance. The influence of the Adelaide Festival had changed the scene, and the amount of money being poured into the arts, in Adelaide, enormously. She wrote controversially about the festival directors and took them to task. She wrote reviews that demonstrated critical spirit. She upset people, and got the Arts onto the front page as a result, identifying the existence of an Adelaide 'arts mafia' and demanding that they be accountable to the public, given the significant amounts of money that they received from them. She poked and prodded for a number of years, until the Festival Centre organisers decided to retaliate by withdrawing advertising from the Advertiser. But many people recognise that this was a period in which the arts were given prominence and encouragement in the newspaper as never before, and provincial quarrels only lent more spice to the dynamic coverage.\nShirley returned to the literary pages, with a wide-ranging writing brief. Under the stewardship of John Scales the intellectual ferment of the paper continued. It was still a place where ideas could be expressed. Later, she had her column Saturday Serve, a space where she explored serious, expressive writing within journalism and could continue to write politically. Initially she did so covertly, using metaphors referring to her cats and garden to convey her message. But as time went by, she became more overt. In the column and other opinion pages, she wrote about domestic violence and child abuse, women's shelters and barriers to women's achievements, and when the spirit of the paper changed under new ownership, she was often abused for her views. She continued to stand up to bullying and, within the limits of the law, has continued to speak out for what she believes in and against those who discriminate. Since leaving metropolitan journalism Shirley Stott Despoja has turned the blow torch onto those who discriminate against the hearing impaired.\nDes Colquhoun once told Shirley, 'You know, if you were a man, Shirley, the sky would be the limit.' Shirley knew very early on in her career that she was up against a gender barrier that was so thick she was never going to break through in her time. This didn't stop her from trying, and for the fat lot of good it did her, you have to wonder why she didn't give up. I suspect it might have something to do with the two decent and talented children she was bringing up at the same time. If chipping away at that barrier meant that they might break through it, then there was a point to it. If that is the case, then we should all be grateful to her for her courage, her ability to enrage and her preparedness to weather the ensuing storm. And we should all marvel at her ability to retain her warmth and generosity of spirit. I imagine she would thank her children for that.\n", "Events": "Career in journalism active (1960 - 1990)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shirley-stott-despoja-interviewed-by-matt-abram\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/breaking-through-women-work-and-careers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/journalist-honoured-with-catholic-media-award\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shirley-stott-despoja-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-shirley-stott-despoja-advertising-journalist-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Blackman, Barbara", "Entry ID": "AWE3967", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blackman-barbara\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Patron, Philanthropist, Writer", "Summary": "Barbara Blackman was an author, music-lover, essayist, librettist, letter writer and patron of the Arts. Former wife of Charles Blackman, she worked for many years as an artist's model. She conducted countless interviews for the National Library of Australia's oral history program. In 2006, Blackman was presented with the Australian Contemporary Music 2006 Award for Patronage.\n", "Details": "Barbara Blackman was born one of twin girls on 22 December 1928 - her sister, Coralie Hilda, lived just 16 days. Barbara's father, W.H. (Harry) Patterson, died when she was three years old, leaving her mother, Gertrude Olson Patterson, as sole parent. Mother and daughter lived together in a series of homes and boarding houses in Brisbane while Gertrude worked as an accountant.\nBarbara attended Brisbane State High School. She was introduced to the music of Shostakovich by fellow students Donald Munro, Roger Covell and Charles Osborne, and began a love affair with contemporary music that continues today. She frequently attended concerts with her mother and her friends. As a teenager, Barbara was the youngest member of the Barjai group of writers in Brisbane. Suffering from poor eyesight throughout her youth, she was diagnosed in 1950 with optic atrophy. Her vision declined rapidly until she became completely blind.\nBy 1952 Barbara was married to Charles Blackman, then an aspiring artist. The marriage was to last nearly thirty years. The two lived a meagre but happy existence in Melbourne, their income derived from Barbara's work as an artist's model and her blind pension, and Charles' work as a kitchen hand in the evenings. Much of this income went toward feeding 'the monster who lived with us' - Charles' studio. Charles and Barbara were to have three children: Auguste, Christabel and Barnaby. In 1960 Charles was awarded the prestigious Helen Rubinstein Travelling Scholarship and the family moved to London. The Blackmans lived in ten different homes over the course of their marriage.\nIn later life, Barbara married Frenchman Marcel Veldhoven. The pair spent twelve years together, living in Indooroopilly, before Veldhoven travelled to India to live and study Tibetan Buddhism. Though Barbara was raised in the Christian tradition, she broke away from the Church in her early twenties and today follows the teachings of Sufism.\nBarbara Blackman lived in Canberra. In 2004, she pledged $1 million to music in Australia: funds have since been distributed to Pro Musica, the Australian Chamber Orchestra, the Australian National University's School of Music and the Stopera Chamber Opera Company among other groups. Barbara had a long-held tradition of anonymous philanthropy supplementing her more public donations. She was the winner of the Australian Contemporary Music 2006 Award for Patronage, and Lead Donor in the Australian Chamber Orchestra's Capital Challenge.\nBarbara published an autobiographical work, Glass After Glass, in 1997. In 2007, the Miegunyah Press published over fifty years of letters between herself and Judith Wright in Portrait of a Friendship.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-a-friendship-the-letters-of-barbara-blackman-and-judith-wright\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barbara-and-charles-blackman-talk-about-food\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/glass-after-glass-autobiographical-reflections\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/certain-chairs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portraits-of-a-lady\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nigel-thomson-wins-1997-archibald-prize\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-activism-and-altruism-in-australian-womens-philanthropy-1880-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-great-form-of-love-women-philanthropists-in-australian-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-gift-women-philanthropists-in-australian-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pixie-oharris-papers-1913-1987\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-good-looker-barbara-blackman-interview-source-material\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-judith-wright-1944-2000-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-barbara-blackman-approximately-1950-1970\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-of-barbara-blackman-with-judith-wright-1950-1998-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barbara-blackman-interviewed-by-ros-bandt-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barbara-blackman-interviewed-by-ann-harrison-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barbara-blackman-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-1974-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barbara-blackman-interviewed-by-suzanne-lunney-about-the-national-library-of-australia-exhibition-celebration-of-writing-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-barbara-blackman-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sybil-craig-interviewed-by-barbara-blackman-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gibb, Phyllis Annie Constance", "Entry ID": "AWE3991", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gibb-phyllis-annie-constance\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Glen Innes, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Principal, Teacher", "Summary": "Phyllis Gibb was the first teacher at the School of the Air in Broken Hill, New South Wales.\n", "Details": "The daughter of Charles W.J. Scurr and Ann Graham, Phyllis was educated at the Fort Street Girls' High School in Sydney and graduated from Teachers' College. She taught at the Child Welfare Department Homes in Glebe, Sydney, before marrying Malcolm Gibb, a Presbyterian minister, in 1935. The Gibbs lived at Moree and Cessnock before moving to Broken Hill. After some time conducting a popular Radio Sunday School on 2BH, Phyllis was appointed first principal of the Broken Hill School of the Air when it opened on 23 February 1956. Using transceiver sets, over 80 students tuned in from remote areas covering 700 square miles. On-air classes took place twice a day, three days a week and lessons in music, drama and speech were offered in addition to the regular school subjects. Phyllis Gibb continued her work until 1964, when she retired to Melbourne after forty years of teaching.\nPhyllis Gibb was awarded the MBE in 1963 for services to education. She was survived by her daughter Jeanie.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/school-of-the-air-initiated\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/educational-air-waves\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/school-of-the-air\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/classrooms-a-world-apart-the-story-of-the-founding-of-the-broken-hill-school-of-the-air\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gibb-phyllis\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Alfonsi, Teresa (Tess) Vera", "Entry ID": "AWE3992", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alfonsi-teresa-tess-vera\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Oneta, Lombardy, Italy", "Death Place": "White Cliffs, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Miner", "Summary": "Tess Alfonsi was the first woman miner in Broken Hill, New South Wales.\n", "Details": "Teresa Bazzica was born in the small village of Oneta, Italy, and migrated to Australia in 1915 at the age of 8. Her father had migrated three years earlier and worked as a fitter and turner in Western Australia. From 1921 Tess was living in South Australia, using her knowledge of 23 Italian dialects to work as an interpreter, but she subsequently moved to Broken Hill. There she found work at a bar and met German mine-worker Louis Kumm. The pair were married in 1927.\nWith Lou, Tess camped out beyond Broken Hill and began mining for mica using a hammer-tap drill. Living off rabbits and kangaroo-tail soup, they slept in a humpy made from potato sacks sewn together. After weeks of toil they had packed five tons of mica into bags ready to sell, but the entire haul was stolen as it awaited collection in a mule cart by the road. Almost defeated, the Kumms began mining again - this time for feldspar and, once they realised its value, for beryl. They founded the Triple Chance Mine and were rewarded with success. A stone cottage replaced the humpy. Often left to guard the mine alone, Tess used her .303 rifle to fend off snakes and claim-jumpers alike, and she survived several explosions and mine accidents.\nLou Kumm was a hard worker but a heavy drinker and in 1954, he and Tess were divorced. Ten years later Tess married her foreman, Dominic Alfonsi (also spelt Alfonzi or Alfonso in contemporary reports). She continued her work, opening a total of 23 mines in New South Wales with several more in South Australia and, at one time, supplying 90% of the nation's feldspar requirements.\nIn 1975, N. Saddington of the Australian Lapidary Magazine profiled Tess Alfonsi and 'couldn't resist asking her what she thought of women's liberation. The answer was a gentle snort. She has done a so-called man's job for nearly 50 years and her reply was, \"Anyone can do anything they want to; there is no such word as can't. A woman may not be able to do some things as well as some men, but she should still go ahead and do it\".' The following year, a correspondent for Woman's Day was reporting with disbelief that 'she's only 1.5 metres tall and weighs little more than 59 kilos. Yet Tess Alfonzi is tougher than a buffalo and hardier than the salt bush that grows by her home'. By then nearly 70 years old, Tess was still wielding 'a hefty pick and a geologist's hammer' to crush and sort various grades of ore, and driving a front-end loader. She was, wrote Woman's Day, the only woman in Australia to operate her own mine.\nTess and Dominic Alfonsi retired to White Cliffs, New South Wales. Catholic by faith, Tess was community-minded and did a great deal of work for the New South Wales Spastic Council. In 1980 she was awarded the Order of Australia. From 1987, she was honoured by the presentation of an award in her name to an outstanding female student undertaking mine-related studies at the Broken Hill TAFE College.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tess-of-broken-hill-lady-with-a-pickaxe\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dont-tangle-with-tess\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/profile-on-mrs-tessie-alfranso-sic\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alfonsi-collection-on-display-soon-at-sulphide-street-station-rail-museum\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alfonso-kumm-sic-quiet-wedding\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/at-66-shes-still-a-hard-rock-miner\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-hills-annie-gets-her-gun\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/theresa-alfonzi-interviewed-by-murray-walker-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alfonsi-alfonzi-tess\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/broken-hill-social-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bronhill, June", "Entry ID": "AWE3999", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bronhill-june-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Opera singer, Performer", "Summary": "Internationally acclaimed soprano opera singer June Bronhill chose her stage name in recognition of her birthplace, Broken Hill.\n", "Details": "June Bronhill was the daughter of George Francis Gough and Maria Isobel Daisy Hall. George was born in Essex, England, in 1892 and spent five years at sea before settling in the Australian outback. By 1912 he was living in Broken Hill, where he met local-born Daisy. The pair were married in 1915. George worked as an engine driver on the Line of Lode and became a staunch unionist. From 1932 he was secretary of the Broken Hill and District Hospital. When June was fifteen years old, George and Daisy retired to Robe in South Australia. June's brother, John, stayed on in Broken Hill and became the librarian of the Charles Rasp Library.\nJune began singing at the age of four. In 1950 she won the Sun Aria Vocal competition. Local residents of Broken Hill raised money to help her further her career as a soprano, sufficient to send her to England to study, and she changed her name to June Bronhill in recognition of her birthplace.\nIn 1951 June married Brian Martin in Sydney. Brian had one daughter from his first marriage, Faith Josephine Margaret, who was just nine years younger than June. With Brian, June sailed for England and became the leading soloist with the Sadlers Wells Company. She performed in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro, and played the roles of Eurydice in Orpheus in the Underworld and Gabrielle in La Vie Parisienne. She was well known for her performance in the title role of Hanna Glawari in Lehar's The Merry Widow. June remained overseas for eight years, during which time she and Brian filed for divorce, but June retained a strong friendship with his daughter Faith and the two women lived together in London. In July 1960, she made her first homecoming visit and was greeted at the Broken Hill airport by the biggest crowd since the visit of Queen Elizabeth in 1954. In January 1963 she married Richard Milburne Champion de Crespigny Finny in Sydney, but this marriage too ended after a few years. June gave birth to her daughter Carolyn Jane (Biddy) Finny in May 1963.\nJune Bronhill performed not only with the Sadlers Wells Opera, but with the London West End theatres. She played Elizabeth in the musical 'Robert and Elizabeth' in 1964; she was Mother Abbess in 'The Sound of Music' in London, and Maria von Trapp in the Australian production. She appeared in dozens of Australian operatic productions, and played the role of Mrs. Crawford in the Australian version of the television comedy series, 'Are You Being Served?'\nIn April 1977, June Bronhill was awarded the OBE at Government House for services to the performing arts. In 1994, the Broken Hill Entertainment Centre was named in her honour.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-merry-bronhill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bronhill-june\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Maxwell, Katie", "Entry ID": "AWE4002", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/maxwell-katica-katie-zaknich\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Blato, Kor\u010dula, Croatia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Volunteer", "Summary": "Katie Maxwell arrived in Broken Hill, New South Wales, in 1961. She is the owner of a small business, Irene's South Drapery, and was named Broken Hill Businesswoman of the Year in 2003. Katie is an active member of the Australian Red Cross and the Broken Hill Migrant Heritage Committee.\n", "Details": "In May 1961, at the age of eleven, Katie Zaknich travelled from Croatia to Melbourne on the Orsova with her mother and sister to be reunited with her father, Tony, after six years apart. The family settled in Broken Hill, New South Wales, where Tony was working and living with his parents. They moved into their own home six months later. Raised on fish and home grown vegetables in Croatia, Katie and her sister Maria were struck by the sheer variety of food available in Australia. Equally they were struck by the vast differences between the lush greenery and the vineyards of Blato, and the stark desert landscape of Broken Hill. The girls spoke virtually no English but were greatly encouraged by Mavis Allen at Broken Hill's Alma School. Other Slav girls attending the school were instructed not to translate for Katie and Maria so as they could learn more quickly. The sisters went on to Broken Hill High School. Aged twelve and thirteen, they welcomed the arrival of twin baby brothers Anthony and Frankie, and supplemented the family income by working at Schinella's Fruit Shop, earning \u20a43 over a weekend. Both left high school at the age of sixteen to find full time work.\nKatie worked at the Majestic Milk Bar in Broken Hill and attended TAFE courses at night in typing, bookkeeping and home economics. She later found work at a jewellery store. At a Bachelors and Spinsters Ball in 1968 she met Australian-born Kevin Maxwell, and married him after her 21st birthday in May 1971. They had two children, Kassandra and Craig.\nIn 1987, Katie and a friend purchased a haberdashery store in Broken Hill from Irene Marshall. They kept the name Irene's because of its established identity in the community. Two years later, with the aid of her husband Kevin, Katie bought out her partner's share of the business and expanded it to stock ladieswear. A tall woman herself, she had experienced the frustrations of finding well-fitting clothing and began to specialise in stocking larger sizes. Today her fashion stocks range from size 8 to 28, and she offers a 'shop at home' service for senior ladies.\nIn 2003, her sixteenth year of business, Katie Maxwell won the Broken Hill Businesswoman of the Year award. By then, she had been a member of the Quota Club for ten years and a member of the Red Cross for eighteen years. For well over a decade, Katie had organised fashion parades and garden parties for the Red Cross, and adjudicated at Bride of the Year and Debutante of the Year events. Katie serves on the Migrant Heritage Committee in Broken Hill, and the Parish Care Ministry.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sharing-the-lode-the-broken-hill-migrant-story\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-katie-maxwell\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Petkovich, Maria", "Entry ID": "AWE4003", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/petkovich-merica-maria-zaknich\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Blato, Kor\u010dula, Croatia", "Death Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Business owner, Red Cross Worker", "Summary": "Maria Petkovich arrived in Broken Hill, New South Wales, in 1961. With her husband, Petar, she owns and runs South Dry Cleaners and Wilson's Dry Cleaners in Broken Hill, New South Wales. Maria is a volunteer with the Australian Red Cross.\n", "Details": "Maria Zaknich travelled from Croatia to Melbourne on the Orsova with her mother and sister in May 1961 to be reunited with her father, Tony, after six years apart. The family settled in Broken Hill, New South Wales, where Tony was working and living with his parents. Maria and her sister Katie were enrolled at Broken Hill's Alma School and attended English language classes at the Napredak Club. As teenagers they helped their mother to look after her twin baby boys, and worked on the weekends to supplement the family income. Both girls left high school after two years to work full time.\nMaria married a fellow Croatian, Petar Petkovich, who came from the same town as the Zaknich family. They had two children, Miroslav and Inga. Petar and Maria ran the Okeh Caf\u00e9 in Argent Street for nine years before buying two dry cleaning businesses in Broken Hill.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sharing-the-lode-the-broken-hill-migrant-story\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "De Franceschi, Barbara", "Entry ID": "AWE4004", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/de-franceschi-barbara\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community advocate, Poet", "Summary": "Barbara De Franceschi was awarded the OAM for services to the Broken Hill migrant community. She has two published poetry anthologies.\n", "Details": "Like both of her parents, Barbara was born in Broken Hill. Her father, Keith, was chief clerk at the Broken Hill and District Hospital. Until she was seven, Barbara and her parents lived in South Broken Hill next door to her grandparents, and Keith commuted to work by bicycle. Barbara attended the Alma School and, when the family moved north, the North Public School. With a Methodist father and a Catholic mother, there was some dispute over her secondary schooling. It was eventually agreed that she would attend St Joseph's Convent. On leaving school, Barbara worked as a secretary for Czech medical practitioner Dr. Ronai. A kind-hearted but stern man, on his hospital rounds 'he'd stomp down the passageways puffing his cigar', Barbara remembers, 'and the nurses would tremble'.\nBy the late 1950s Barbara was a regular attendee at Broken Hill's Italian Club dances. There she met Giacomo (Jack) De Franceschi, and she married him in February 1960. Though Broken Hill had a well-established migrant population incorporating Yugoslav, Italian, Greek and Maltese communities, Barbara's father was somewhat wary of this 'new Australian', but he quickly warmed to Jack and came to see him as the 'golden head boy'. As young men, the De Franceschi brothers - Jack, John, Cesare, and later Dino - had taken daily English lessons and established a business in Thomas Lane, Broken Hill, doing joinery, carpentry and cement work. In 1965 they were awarded the contract to build railway bridges along the Adelaide Road and Barbara accompanied her husband along with her first two children, Anthony and Liam. For eighteen months, living first in a converted bus and then in an isolated hut, Barbara managed to cook regular meals for her own family and up to seventeen men. Back in Broken Hill, she and Jack were spending weekends making bricks and building a family home. They worked on the house for seven years before finally moving into it in 1968.\nJack had been one of nine children, while Barbara was an only child and was keen to have a large family of her own. They had five children in all: Anthony, Liam, Dienna, Kristen and Sheridan. In 1971 the family made the journey to Italy to revisit Jack's family and birthplace. The De Franceschi brothers in Broken Hill remained in business together until 1987. Jack and Barbara subsequently bought an earth-moving business which they named Piave Sand and Earthmoving after the river that flowed through Jack's home town in Italy. From the time of her marriage, Barbara was involved with the Italian Community Club (later the Italo-International Club) and surrounded by the stories of the Broken Hill migrant community: 'it's their history, and it's Broken Hill's history', she says. In 2000, she instigated the formation of a group to help preserve these stories and the Migrant Heritage Committee was born. With the help of her committee, Barbara conducted a five year campaign for funding and found support from the Community Relations Commission, the Migrant Heritage Centre of New South Wales, and the Broken Hill City Council. Local historian Christine Adams was employed to research and produce her book, Sharing the Lode, and a migrant heritage museum was installed in Blende Street as part of the Railway Museum.\nIn recognition of her work Barbara received an Australia Day Citizenship Award in 2001 presented by Broken Hill City Council and subsequently on the Queen's Birthday in 2002 she was awarded an OAM for her services to the community particularly in the area of multiculturalism.\nFrom the year 2000, Barbara also began to take more seriously her lifelong love of literature and writing. A number of poems were published in a local anthology, and she received a call from Adelaide editor Geoff Sanders to join his writers' group. With guidance from Geoff, Barbara went on to perform and publish her poetry in many different forums. Today she has two published anthologies - Lavender Blood and Strands - and her readings have been broadcast on ABC Radio National's Poetica program. Her work has appeared in literary journals, newspapers, anthologies and e-zines in five different countries. With Geoff Sanders and Alan Duffy, Barbara belongs to the poetry performance group, the Silver-Tongued Ferals.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lavender-blood\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sharing-the-lode-the-broken-hill-migrant-story\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/strands\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-barbara-de-franceschi\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Edes, Nydia Ivy", "Entry ID": "AWE4014", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edes-nydia-ivy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kadina, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Councillor, Feminist", "Summary": "Nydia Edes was the first female Alderman on the Broken Hill City Council and a recipient of the Queen's Silver Jubilee Medal who worked tirelessly throughout her life for the improvement of women's conditions.\n", "Details": "Nydia, the youngest of 8 children, was born in the mining town of Kadina in South Australia in 1901. Her father, Walter George Thomson, was a mining engineer. After his death in 1907, Nydia's mother Mary Louisa was left to raise her large family on her own.\nAt the age of 16, Nydia became secretary of the Moonta ALP Ladies' Committee, signalling the beginning of her long connection to the Australian Labor Party (ALP). She was also the secretary of the campaign committee for her cousin John Pedler, who became the local member of the South Australian State parliament. As mining in the Copper Triangle district in South Australia began to slow in the 1920s, Nydia's older siblings married and sought work in other towns. With her mother and older sister Sarah, Nydia moved to Broken Hill in 1926, joining other family members who had moved there looking for work.\nNydia was employed at Goodhart's department store and joined the Shop Assistants Union and the local branch of the Labor Party. She eventually became Mr Goodhart's assistant and was one of the principal buyers for the store. In 1931 she married Cecil Edes, a timberman who worked for the Zinc Corporation, and in 1933 gave birth to their daughter Margot.\nThe challenge of bringing up a child and maintaining a household did not prevent Nydia's continued involvement in politics. In May 1939, she helped form the Women's Auxiliary of the ALP in Broken Hill and remained a member for fifty years, serving intermittently as president, secretary and treasurer. Throughout her life, Nydia campaigned for women's rights, specifically equal pay for equal work, equal opportunity and legal equality. She was a regular contributor of letters and articles to the local press on the subject of issues concerning women. She strongly believed that women could and should contribute to local government, and wrote to the local paper that \"it is only a simple matter of commonsense to have a woman actively participating in civic affairs\". Accordingly, in 1962, Nydia ran for the council election as an ALP candidate and became the first female Alderman on the Broken Hill City Council. In 1968, following her disagreement with a caucus decision, Nydia tended her resignation from the Labor party and ran successfully as a Labor Independent in the next election. She held her office as Alderman until 1974.\nIn addition to her political activity, Nydia was a tireless volunteer for numerous and diverse community organisations. In the depression years, Nydia worked for local charities providing food, clothing and healthcare to struggling families, and during World War Two she served for six years with the Broken Hill and District Hospital Red Cross Voluntary Service Division. In 1935, Nydia was made a Justice of the Peace. She was a founder of the first rural branch of the Women Justices' Association in Broken Hill and became its first president. Nydia was a member of the Housing Advisory Commission from 1950 until 1970 and was secretary of the Far West Children's Health Scheme. She was a member of the Board of Directors of the Broken Hill and District Hospital for 30 years, and was awarded Life membership in 1971. In recognition of her services to the community, she was awarded the Queen's Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977.\nIn spite of her time consuming political and voluntary work, Nydia never let her commitments encroach upon family life. A traditional Christmas dinner was the only sacrifice that her daughter Margot White recalls, as Nydia's position on the Hospital Board involved visiting every patient in the hospital on Christmas morning.\nNydia died in Broken Hill on June 26, 1992.\nThis entry was prepared and written by Georgia Moodie.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/people-and-politics-in-regional-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/room-for-us-says-woman-councillor\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-nydia-edes-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edes-nydia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-margot-white\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nydia-edes\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cooper, Lilian Violet", "Entry ID": "AWE4027", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cooper-lilian-violet\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Clapham, England", "Death Place": "Kangaroo Point Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Medical practitioner, Surgeon", "Summary": "Described as 'a tall, angular, brusque, energetic woman, prone to bad language'. Lilian Cooper completed her medical training, despite opposition from her parents, at the London School of Medicine for Women in 1890. She travelled to Australia in 1891, settling in Brisbane, Queensland, where she became the first female doctor registered in Queensland. Some years later, she travelled back to Europe, via the United States. She received a doctorate of medicine from the University of Durham in June 1912.\nCooper settled again in Brisbane after the end of the Great War and established a large and successful practice. In 1926 she bought a house called Old St Mary's in Main Street, Kangaroo Point, Brisbane and settled there in semi-retirement, becoming a foundation fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons in 1928. She retired in 1941 and died in her home on 18 August 1947.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cooper-lilian-violet-1861-1947\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lilian-cooper-1861-1947-and-bedford-josephine-1861-1955\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cooper-lilian-violet-1861-1947-and-bedford-mary-josephine-1861-1955\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lilian-cooper-and-josephine-bedford-lifelong-companions-who-travelled-against-the-tide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lesbians-in-1900s-brisbane\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lilian-violet-cooper\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lilian-violet-cooper-1861-1947-queenslands-first-female-medical-practitioner\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Caspersonn, Lusitania", "Entry ID": "AWE4042", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/caspersonn-lusitania\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Royal Palace, Lisbon, Portugal", "Death Place": "Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Pharmacist", "Summary": "Lusitania Browne, born in Portugal, married Dr Solomon Caspersonn in 1846. They moved to Australia and lived in Brighton, Victoria, between 1850-1857. The family moved to Albury 1857. Lusitania became a pharmacist and was quite possibly the second woman to work as one in New South Wales.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Morris, Margaret (Sister Mary Ita)", "Entry ID": "AWE4061", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/morris-margaret-sister-mary-ita\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Callen, Ireland", "Death Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Religious Sister", "Summary": "Sister Mary Ita was one of the first six nuns to form the Sisters of Mercy at Broken Hill, New South Wales.\n", "Details": "The first six nuns to arrive in Broken Hill came from Singleton in the Diocese of Maitland, and founded the St Joseph's Convent in February 1889. They were: Ann Agnes Callen (Sister Mary Josephine), Margaret Hennessy (Sister Mary Clement), Sarah Gallagher (Sister Mary Gertrude), Ellen Dwan (Sister Mary Patrick), Margaret Morris (Sister Mary Ita) and Mary Griffin (Sister Mary Evangelist). Sister Mary Josephine was appointed Reverend Mother of the Sisters of Mercy by Bishop Dunne. Under her leadership, they visited the sick and poor of Broken Hill, provided a home for orphans, and opened five schools in the town by 1896.\nMargaret Morris was educated at St Brigid's Missionary School in Callen, Ireland, before making the journey to Australia to enter the Singleton Convent in November 1885. With Sister Mary Gertrude (Ellen Dwan) she volunteered to join the Broken Hill Community and went on to teach at the high school there for many years. She was Superior at Broken Hill from 1929 to 1941, Superior at Mt Barker in 1911, and Superior at Condobolin from 1942 to 1946.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Carmichael, Beryl", "Entry ID": "AWE4067", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carmichael-beryl\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Menindee, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Mildura, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal storyteller, Heritage consultant", "Summary": "Beryl Carmichael was an elder of the Ngiyaempaa people and served on the National Parks and Wildlife Advisory Council, the Western Lands Advisory Council, and the New South Wales Reconciliation Council. She lived in Menindee in far western New South Wales.\n", "Details": "Daughter of Jack Kelly and Louisa Kelly (nee Briggs), Beryl was born at the old Menindee Mission in New South Wales. She was educated with Western lesson plans at the mission school but from an early age sought an education in the traditions of her people, the Ngiyaempaa. Beryl's father was 'one of the main men who went through the [traditional] law in 1913 and 1914' and there was old Ellen Burke, a singer of songs, who still had the knowledge of her people. Thirsty for knowledge, Beryl would be taken out over the desert sand dunes with the other children to hunt for goannas and echidnas, or to collect grubs from the trees to use on their fishing lines back at the river. Her mother was often called upon in the mission community as a midwife and an interpreter between mission managers and older Aboriginal folk and Beryl learnt from her the various healing ointments and songs. From her parents she also learnt tracking skills, and would habitually be sent out with her brother to fetch a rabbit for breakfast before school. When Beryl asked an uncle, a singer of songs, 'Who are we? Where do we come from?', he replied, 'We come from emu country, the butt end of the emu, this is our country'. Beryl explains: 'That stuck with me, all the time I'm growing up. [Later I was given] a map of the emu country. The butt end goes around Mungo and the backbone is along the Barrier Ranges, his rib along the border to Queensland and cross over near Brewarrina where the fish traps are. This old lady gave me this book and said \"Beryl, I'd like you to have this because it's about your people\", and I found that map. I've been carrying it with me ever since because it just confirmed what that old singer of songs told me'.\nThe Menindee Mission was closed in 1949 when Beryl was about 14 years old, and she went to work on a series of properties around Menindee. She was married in 1953 and had ten children. All were born at the Broken Hill hospital, but the family continued to move from property to property in the Menindee area. Beryl was careful to pass on her knowledge of bush food and bush medicine to all of her children. She began teaching her eldest four by correspondence, but when the load became too much and drought was effecting surrounding properties, the family bought a brick house in town and the children were educated at the Menindee public school.\nIn 1967, Beryl became involved in the public school system herself: 'Our kids were experiencing racism in the schools, coming from the mission', she says, 'and they needed someone in there, a role model. So I went and asked the principal if I could go in and talk to these kids about racism and being different and all this type of thing. He said \"Beryl, if you've got anything to pass onto the kids, you go and do it\".' Beryl's lessons in Aboriginal culture and respect were extremely effective and she continued her work in schools for forty years. In 1975, in the wake of increased government funding for Aboriginal committees, she travelled to Sydney with $15 in her pocket to register the Ngiyaempaa Housing Company on behalf of her community. From 1983, Beryl was running Aboriginal Culture Camps for teachers and students to continue her program of education and consciousness-raising. She remembers, 'I was very shy in the beginning, but I knew that Dad's spirit was behind me, and Mum's'. Having erected a borrowed tent at the old Menindee Mission and taken donations of onions and potatoes to help feed camp attendees, Beryl was surprised to welcome 200 people from surrounding communities. Recreational games, Aboriginal dance and traditional cooking bonded the group: 'I thought, gee this is good, they're hungry for their culture'. The camps continue to this day with school groups, university classes and, more recently, public servants from the Department of Education and Training.\nBeryl's first husband passed away in the early 1980s and she remarried in 1984. At nearly seventy years of age she was asked to join the National Parks and Wildlife Advisory Council and the Western Lands Advisory Council, and she had a strong involvement with the New South Wales Reconciliation Council. For decades of service, Beryl received a swathe of awards including the New South Wales Heritage Award, a meritorious award from the Minister of Education, and a Centenary of Federation award for community service. She recited two traditional stories - about the wagtail and the echidna (Thikapilla) - for Aboriginal Nations' animated production, The Dreaming.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-dreaming\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bush-foods-of-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-beryl-carmichael\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Adams, Christine", "Entry ID": "AWE4083", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/adams-christine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Historian", "Summary": "Local historian Christine Adams was born and raised in Broken Hill, New South Wales. After living in South Australia and Queensland, she returned to Broken Hill with her husband Paul in 2003.\n", "Details": "Christine Adams was the third child and only daughter of Vincent James Leonard and Beryl Helene (Helen) Leonard, nee Matthewson. Both sides of her family were well established in Broken Hill. The Matthewsons had migrated from Scotland and settled in the town by 1918. The Leonards - descended from James Leonard, once a convict stationed at Van Diemen's Land - were living there from 1907. The marriage of Helen (a Presbyterian) and Vince (a Catholic) in 1935 caused some controversy within the two families. Their first son Desmond Vincent was born in July 1936, followed by Malcolm Thomas in May 1942. Christine was born four years later. Vince was a mine worker and the family lived first at Railwaytown before moving in early 1955 to a home in Queen Street, South Broken Hill, following the establishment of the Zinc mine housing co-op. Within months, Vince had been hospitalised with pneumonia. He passed away at the age of 42 in September 1955, when Christine was nine years old. His wife found work cleaning the mine-operated kindergarten before being appointed hostess of the Zinc Guest House, a temporary residence for dignitaries visiting the mine.\nChristine Leonard was educated at St Joseph's Convent School in Broken Hill. A bright student, she developed a strong and lasting respect for the nuns who taught and cared for her there. Despite ambitions to study medicine, she left school at the age of sixteen following her mother's first heart attack in 1961 and took on administrative work at the mines in order to supplement the family income. She became involved with the Young Christian Workers group, serving as secretary and treasurer and attending Sunday night dances.\nAt 17, Christine met Paul Adams at a local party and they courted for eighteen months before she called off the union: she was Catholic; he was Church of England. In 1967 she married Barry John Midgley in the Sacred Heart Cathedral at Broken Hill. Ten years her senior and hailing from South Australia, Barry was working for International Computers Limited. The newlyweds moved to Adelaide, where Christine gave birth to two daughters: Anne-Louise (1969) and Kathryn (1971).\nChristine's mother was remarried, to Norman Rawling, in 1963. In 1974, she passed away. By then, Christine was undertaking a childcare course in Adelaide and attempting to save her struggling marriage. In 1980 she and Barry moved with their two children and Barry's mother to the Gold Coast, where Christine began work for Telstra, but the marriage was all but over. Several years later, by a curious set of circumstances, Christine found herself once again in contact with her former sweetheart, Paul Adams. Paul was then working at the University of New South Wales Arid Zone Research Station in Fowler's Gap. He too was at the end of an unsalvageable marriage. After some years of phone contact Christine and Paul were reunited and finally married at Fowler's Gap in 1991. They celebrated with a four-day wedding.\nChristine completed an Advanced Diploma in Applied and Local History at the University of New England, Armidale, in 2002. The following year, she and Paul returned to live in Broken Hill. For many years, Christine has undertaken research in local history and has several publications to her name including Way Out West: Pastoral Stories of Western New South Wales (2008) and Sharing the Lode: The Broken Hill Migrant Story (2004). Family history compilations include Shamrocks, Scythes and Silver (1998) and Goodnight My Son (1998). Christine assisted with the creation of the Broken Hill Migrant Museum and co-convened All Fired Up: The Broken Hill Fire Brigade Exhibition as well as the Broken Hill Sacred Heart Cathedral Centenary Photographic Exhibition.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sharing-the-lode-the-broken-hill-migrant-story\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/way-out-west-pastoral-stories-of-western-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-christine-adams\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Powell, Heather", "Entry ID": "AWE4085", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/powell-heather\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Broken HIll, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Union organiser", "Summary": "Heather Powell was the first female union secretary in Broken Hill, serving with the Clerks' Union for 23 years from 1977. In 1994 she was elected to the Barrier Industrial Council (BIC) executive. Heather retired in 2001.\n", "Details": "With five brothers, Heather was the only daughter of Lance Joseph and Eileen May McQuillan. Her great-grandparents on both sides migrated from Ireland in the mid 1840's and settled on farming land in South Australia and Bendigo respectively. They were among the pioneers of Broken Hill, settling there in 1885 and 1886.\nHeather's father and brothers all worked at the mines and union matters and politics were regularly discussed at home, absorbed by the young Heather 'like osmosis'. Her mother, in Broken Hill tradition, could not undertake paid work outside the home but raised her six children as well as volunteering for the St John's Ambulance, the Red Cross blood bank, polio immunisation, meals on wheels and home care. In 1988 she was awarded the Broken Hill Citizenship medal for her services to the community.\nEducated at St John's, then St Joseph's Convent School at Broken Hill, Heather held ambitions to be a doctor or a teacher but the family was not wealthy and she accepted a commercial scholarship with the mines. The scholarship paid her school fees with the promise of a job at the mine following matriculation, but the job was declined on her behalf by the headmistress of St Joseph's who declared that 'a monkey can be taught to use a machine: you have a brain'. Instead, Heather took up a secretarial position with the De Franceschi family.\nAfter some years Heather moved to Sydney and continued secretarial work. She married Barry Ellis, bought a farm on the North Coast of Australia and had two children, Louisa and Luke. After some years they moved back to Sydney but finding the urban lifestyle too stifling, she decided to move back to Broken Hill in 1975 to enable the children to enjoy a free, independent and safe lifestyle.\nHeather began work for the Clerks' Union in 1977 as union secretary (the first female) and retained her position for 23 years. In 1994 she became secretary of both the Clerks' Union and the Shop Assistants' Union and was elected to the Barrier Industrial Council (BIC) executive, charged with resolving disputes, setting up a system of delegates, and drafting policy around employee wages and conditions. She was elected vice-president of the Barrier Industrial Council in 1996. In 1998, she amalgamated her two unions with the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA) in Adelaide.\nHeather married Michael Powell in 1996 and retired from the Barrier Industrial Council and the Unions in 2001.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-heather-powell\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Riley, Muriel", "Entry ID": "AWE4087", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/riley-muriel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wilcannia, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist", "Summary": "A member of the Barkandji people, Muriel Riley is an artist and resident of Broken Hill.\n", "Details": "Artist Muriel Riley is a member of the Barkandji (Paakantyi) people, and a member of the stolen generation. Her eldest brother is Badger Bates, also an accomplished artist, and formerly the Senior Archaeological Officer for the National Parks and Wildlife Service in Broken Hill.\nWith five brothers, Muriel was raised at Wilcannia by her aunty and never knew her father. As small children, Muriel and three of her brothers were taken into state institutions. Her grandmother rescued the elder two brothers by taking them up-river toward Bourke and Brewarrina by canoe. Muriel was held at institutions in Broken Hill, Adelaide and Sydney, but broke out of each one. She kept a photograph of the old bridge at Wilcannia, and at the age of 18 she managed to return by hitch hiking from Sydney.\nBy the time she was pregnant with her first daughter, Muriel was hitch hiking again with a friend, this time to Cairns in Queensland. The baby was born healthy but Muriel had been abandoned by her friend, and with no resources she risked being picked up for vagrancy. She gave up her baby for adoption. Back in New South Wales she had two more children, but her son subsequently died from double pneumonia. With her daughter Fiona, she lived at Wyalla, Wilcannia and Broken Hill as well as the Mutawintji National Park and the Kenchega National Park near Menindee. At Mutawintji she worked as a tour guide, explaining Aboriginal artefacts and telling the dreamtime stories. Conflict between different family groups since that time over traditional ownership has soured her connection with the park, and she no longer visits: 'we are caretakers of the land', she says, 'we don't own the land, the land owns us'.\nTwenty-eight years after she gave up her first-born child, despite failed attempts to reunite through Link Up, Muriel's daughter found her by going through the phone book. Muriel was surprised to find herself with another six grandchildren in addition to Fiona's three children. Mother and daughter are now in regular contact.\nIn 2006, Muriel undertook a drawing course at the Broken Hill TAFE and began to focus upon her art. Her first drawing, a portrait of her grandmother, was given to her brother Badger as a gift. The Basin Haircut, depicting herself as a child in the institutions, was the first drawing she sold. In 2008, Muriel was awarded second place for both two and three-dimensional drawing in the Far Western Emerging Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Art Prize. Her work has been exhibited in the Broken Hill Regional Art Gallery. Muriel is a member of the Darling River Action Group.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-muriel-riley\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bates, Fiona", "Entry ID": "AWE4088", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bates-fiona\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wilcannia, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Tour operator, Welfare worker", "Summary": "A member of the Barkandji people, Fiona Bates is an artist, tour guide, and member of the Broken Hill Aboriginal Justice Group.\n", "Details": "Fiona Bates is the second daughter of Muriel Riley and lives at Broken Hill, New South Wales. As a child she lived for some time with her uncle, accomplished artist Badger Bates. Accompanying him on field trips, she learned about the Aboriginal way of living, Aboriginal stories, and how to express the meaning of those stories through art. Fiona's own style of art encompasses sketching with lead pencil, watercolours, pastels, charcoals, acrylic paints and ochre, as well as lino cuts.\nIn 2008, Fiona won first prize in the open section of the Far Western Emerging Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Art Prize for her sketch of a canoe tree that was carved by her own great-grandmother.\nFiona has three children. She is a member of the Broken Hill Aboriginal Justice Group and works as a tour guide, informed by a detailed knowledge of the Aboriginal art found in and around the Broken Hill region and created by members of up to seven different tribes in far western New South Wales.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-fiona-bates\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lord, Pamela", "Entry ID": "AWE4089", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lord-pamela\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Rose Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Grazier, Volunteer", "Summary": "Pam Lord moved to Thackaringa Station in outback New South Wales with her husband John in 1948. Conducting regular hospital visits since 1965, she offered more than fifty years of service to the Royal Flying Doctor Service Women's Auxiliary in Broken Hill.\n", "Details": "Pam Peters was educated at Girton College (now Pembroke) in Adelaide. At sixteen she began to visit the Lords, family friends living at Thackaringa Station in New South Wales, 40km from Broken Hill. She and John Lord became firm friends and were married several years later, in 1948, at St Peter's College Chapel in Adelaide. Pam willingly gave up her university Arts course and moved to Thackaringa to take on the role of station-owner's wife, a world apart from the Adelaide social scene of beach holidays and Friday night dances. Already a competent horse rider, she relished station life and soon turned her hand to cooking for eight men, cranking the engine for electricity and, on the odd occasion, dispatching poisonous snakes. John and Pam had two children, Sally and David. After several years of South Australian school correspondence lessons they attended boarding school in Adelaide.\nPam Lord joined the Royal Flying Doctor Service Women's Auxiliary in 1965, volunteering for hospital visits. In those early years she was delegated to provide patients with cakes and sweets, toiletries and even cigarettes, or to run errands for them and write letters on their behalf. As the number of Auxiliary members dwindled, Pam became the sole hospital visitor for the Auxiliary in Broken Hill, remaining in this role until she was in her eighties. Today the Auxiliary has a stronger focus on fundraising and finds terrific support in this endeavour from Broken Hill residents. In 2008, it was able to raise $65,000 for the Flying Doctor Service. One of the Auxiliary's biggest fundraising campaigns is the Christmas Pudding Drive - 25 women bake for two weeks to produce and sell 2,000 Christmas puddings. She was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in January 2009 for service to the Broken Hill community, particularly through the Base Hospital and the Royal Flying Doctor Service Women's Auxiliary.\nIn 2018, John and Pam Lord celebrated their platinum wedding anniversary - 70 years.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-pam-lord\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "White, Margot", "Entry ID": "AWE4090", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/white-margot\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Clerk, Volunteer", "Summary": "Margot White was born and raised in Broken Hill, New South Wales, where she worked as a comptometrist and as a clerk. Margot is a dedicated member of the Broken Hill Family History Group and does other voluntary work in the community.\n", "Details": "The only daughter of Cecil and Nydia Edes, Margot attended Morgan Street Infant School, North School, Central School, and finally Broken Hill High School, where she remained until the age of 16. On leaving school, she travelled to Adelaide to undertake a four month course in comptometry at the Peacock Brother's Business College.\nBack in Broken Hill, Margot spent four years in the employment of accountant Jack Firth before taking up a position at the Zinc Corporation. In 1956 she married Ray White. Despite union laws discouraging married women from working, Margot was equipped with comptometry skills and returned to the workforce in 1958 - had a qualified single girl applied for her job, she would have had to relinquish it. Margot's responsibilities included calculating the 'lead bonus' each month for employees of the mine. This was a payment made in addition to the regular salary and based on the price of lead on the London metal exchange.\nIn 1967, Margot resigned from her job to travel overseas with Ray and gave birth to her daughter the following year. In 1970, when her daughter was two years old, she somewhat reluctantly recommenced work for accountant Eric Minchin, who desperately needed help with an audit. In between looking after her daughter and doing the housework, Margot would work from home on the dining room table.\nMargot retired in 1997 at the age of 64, and is an active member of the Broken Hill Family History Group.\nThis entry was prepared and written by Georgia Moodie.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-margot-white\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Landorf, Christine (Chris)", "Entry ID": "AWE4091", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/landorf-christine-chris\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Architect", "Summary": "Christine Landorf is an architect and academic who grew up in Broken Hill. With David Manfredi, she designed the Visitors' Centre there and three of her students - Angus Barron, Steve Kelly and Dario Palumbo - designed the Broken Hill Miners' Memorial. Together, the Memorial and the Visitors' Centre received the Royal Australian Institute of Architects' Walter Burley Griffin Award for Urban Design.\n", "Details": "The second daughter of Ross and Marion Landorf, Chris has a strong connection to Broken Hill. Both her maternal and paternal grandparents settled and worked in the city, though they came from quite different social backgrounds. Her paternal grandfather worked underground in the mines as a winder house driver, and her father Ross after him completed a fitting and turning apprenticeship before working as a mine manager. Her maternal grandfather was a surveyor who, after working in Southern Cross and Mount Isa, became the General Manager of New Broken Hill Consolidated. Chris's mother Marion (n\u00e9e Hooper), was born in Southern Cross in Western Australia and worked as a comptometrist on the mines in Broken Hill before her marriage.\nChris attended Alma Primary School and enjoyed an active childhood riding bikes and playing sport on the weekends. She spent two years at Willyama High School before moving to Adelaide to attend boarding school. After completing high school, she began a degree in Interior Design at the South Australian Institute of Technology, and at the end of second year transferred into Architecture on the advice of her lecturer. Chris was one of only two women in a class of 28, but never experienced sexism or discrimination. Although her father Ross held conservative views, he gave Chris his full support and never discouraged her from pursuing an atypical career in a predominantly masculine profession. Rather, Ross was proud that his children were studying at university as he had never had the opportunity to undertake tertiary study himself.\nAfter graduating Chris worked for a small practitioner, Russell Prescott, and then for the bigger firm of Rod Roach Architecture. At the age of 26 she was employed by the Adelaide City Council to work on the redevelopment of the town hall, a major project spanning several years. Having completed her Interior Design degree part time, Chris began teaching this discipline at the University of South Australia whilst undertaking a Masters of Business. After moving to teach architecture, she became a program convenor and was appointed Head of School for three years.\nThough she left Broken Hill at the age of 14, Chris maintained a connection to the town where she was born. She regularly returned to visit her parents until they left the Silver City in 1985, and researched Broken Hill's history as part of a final year project for her architecture degree. While teaching at the University of South Australia, Chris initiated a summer elective study trip to Broken Hill. The project was set up in conjunction with the Line of Lode Association, which was interested in making a tourist attraction out of an old mine lease that had been donated back to the city. Chris's students proposed a number of designs for a visitors' centre, a restaurant and a memorial. The Association was thrilled by the proposals and, after receiving $1.84 million in Centenary Funding, was able to commission two of the projects: the Miners' Memorial and the Visitors' Centre. The walls of the Miners' Memorial, designed by students Angus Barron, Steve Kelly and Dario Palumbo, are inscribed with the names and causes of death of those who died in the mines. The design for the Visitors' Centre was conceived by Chris and her former student, David Manfredi. Its fractured roof and constricting walls simulate the experience of being underground. Both buildings were officially opened by the Hon. John Anderson, Deputy Prime Minister, on 21 April 2001. In December of that year they received the Walter Burley Griffin Award for Urban Design from the Royal Australian Institute of Architects.\nChris Landorf continues to teach architecture at the University of Newcastle while completing a doctorate in Industrial Heritage. Her PhD investigates the sustainability and preservation of significant industrial sites, combining the maintenance of the built environment with a respect for its heritage. It compares the management models of six industrial sites in the United Kingdom with the management model proposed for the city of Broken Hill, recently nominated for the National Heritage list. If that nomination is successful, Broken Hill will be the first Australian city to be heritage listed in its entirety.\nThis entry was prepared and written by Georgia Moodie.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whats-left-when-the-ore-runs-out-mate\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-sense-of-identity-and-a-sense-of-place-oral-history-and-preserving-the-past-the-mining-community-of-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/silk-purses-from-sows-ears-an-argument-for-industrial-heritage-the-cultural-significance-of-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/managing-for-sustainable-tourism-a-review-of-six-cultural-world-heritage-sites\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-christine-landorf\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Turley, Darriea", "Entry ID": "AWE4101", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/turley-darriea\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Local government councillor, Welfare worker", "Summary": "Darriea Turley is chair of the National Rural Women's Coalition and a member of the Premier's Council for Women. Darriea was the first HIV\/AIDS worker in the Broken Hill region. Elected to local government in 1995, she has served on numerous local and state government boards and ran for mayor in Broken Hill in 2004. In 2008, she was nominated for New South Wales Woman of the Year. Darriea currently works as Community Engagement Manager for the Greater Western Area Health Service.\n", "Details": "City Councillor and former Deputy Mayor of Broken Hill, Darriea Turley has a strong family connection to the Barrier Ranges region of New South Wales. Her father's family owned the Fowler's Gap Hotel and had extensive property holdings at Pooncarie. Her maternal grandfather migrated from Arabia and ran a camel train between Bourke, Broken Hill, Port Augusta and Alice Springs. With his Scottish Catholic wife, he made his home at Broken Hill.\nThe youngest of four siblings, Darriea was educated at St Peter's and Paul's School, Willyama. Encouraged by her mother and her brother to excel in her studies and go on to university, Darriea left Broken Hill to study but returned part way through and took up a nursing course at the Broken Hill Hospital. Realising that nursing was not her vocation but that she had a strong interest in the mental, social and physical wellbeing of patients, she commenced a Diploma of Welfare. In 1990 she became the first HIV\/AIDS community worker in the Broken Hill region, and began to implement prevention and education programs. She was awarded the Gallipoli Fellowship in 1991 and travelled to Florence, Italy, to attend the 7th International Conference on AIDS. She visited HIV\/AIDS services in England, and in 1994 won the Cavell Trust Scholarship to attend the 10th International Conference on AIDS in Japan. In 1993 Darriea completed a Graduate Diploma in Sexual Health Counselling, and in 1996 she was appointed Sexual Health Coordinator for the Far West Area Health Service. She held the position for ten years, and currently works as Community Engagement Manager for the Greater Western Area Health Service, strengthening community participation in the provision of health care programs.\nDarriea's passionate political involvement has obvious roots. Both parents were members of the Australian Labor Party. Her father was a staunch unionist and great orator, though he passed away when she was eleven years old. As a teenager, Darriea was handing out how-to-vote cards in Broken Hill and was involved in political rallies there, the most notable of which occurred during a visit from Doug Anthony, former leader of the Country Party and Deputy Prime Minister. Elected to local government in 1995, Darriea was Deputy Mayor of Broken Hill in 1997-1998 and 2001-2002. She ran for mayor in 2004, but her campaign was stifled by deliberate cross-referencing among male candidates. Voting results were extremely close despite this, but the incumbent Mayor held his post.\nFrom 2004-2006 Darriea was a member of the New South Wales Local Government Association Executive. She has served on dozens of local committees including the Broken Hill Base Hospital Planning Committee, the Broken Hill Line of Lode Committee, the Australian Local Government Women's Association, West Darling Arts, the Broken Hill Youth Advisory Committee and the Tourism Review Committee. Darriea is currently Chair of the National Rural Women's Coalition and a member of the Premier's Council for Women. She has been Vice-Chair of the New South Wales State Record Authority and a member of the CEDAW Working Group; the Commission on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women Working Group; the Australian Local Government Women's Association National Board; the Australian Local Government Women's Association New South Wales (president 2004-2006); the National Steering Committee for implementing The Way Forward; the Centrelink National Community Reference Group; the Arts Advisory Committee, Broken Hill Regional Art Gallery; and the Broken Hill Sister Committee.\nDarriea lives in Broken Hill with her husband, Darryl. They have two sons, Jonathon and Curtis.\n", "Events": "Australian Local Government Women's Association - National Board Member (2004 - 2004) \nBroken Hill Base Hospital Planning Committee (1996 - 2000) \nBroken Hill Executive Woman of the Year (2008 - 2008) \nBroken Hill Family Support Management Committee (1990 - 1996) \nChair of National Rural Women's Coalition (2007 - 2007) \nDeputy Mayor of Broken Hill (1997 - 1998) \nDeputy Mayor of Broken Hill (2001 - 2002) \nFounding member and Chair of Youth Advisory Committee (1999 - 2001) \nHIV Policy Review Committee (1990 - 1996) \nMember of Local Government (1995 - 2007) \nMember of the Premier's Council for Women (2008 - 2008) \nNational Advisory Committee for Rural Women's Summit (2008 - 2008) \nNew South Wales Department for Women's Grants Committee (2001 - 2003) \nNew South Wales Local Government Association Executive (2004 - 2006) \nRecipient - inaugural World AIDS Day Awards, New South Wales (1995 - 1995) \nWest Darling Arts (2003 - 2004)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-darriea-turley\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McHugh, Jeannette", "Entry ID": "AWE4111", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mchugh-jeannette\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kandos, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Jeannette McHugh was elected to the House of Representatives in the Australian Parliament as the Member for Phillip, New South Wales in 1983. When the seat of Phillip was abolished, she was elected to the seat of Grayndler at the 1993 election. She retired at the 1996 election. A complete record of her parliamentary service, including a link to her first speech, can be found in the Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia (see below).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mchugh-the-hon-jeannette\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-hon-jeanette-mchugh\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-jeannette-mchugh-minister-for-consumer-affairs-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jakobsen, Carolyn Anne", "Entry ID": "AWE4112", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jakobsen-carolyn-anne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Auckland, New Zealand", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Carolyn Jakobsen was elected to the seat of Cowan, Western Australia in the House of Representatives of the Australian Parliament in 1984. She held the seat until she was defeated at the 1993 election. In 1990 she was elected chair of the Federal Parliamentary Labor Party (caucus), the first woman to occupy this position.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-carolyn-jakobsen\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-carolyn-jakobsen-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Crawford, Mary Catherine", "Entry ID": "AWE4115", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/crawford-mary-catherine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Teacher", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Mary Crawford was elected to the House of Representatives of the Australian Parliament as the Member for Forde, Queensland, at the 1987 federal election. In 1994 she was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Housing and Regional Development in the Keating Government and held that position until her defeat at the 1996 election. A complete record of her parliamentary service, including a link to her first speech, can be found in the Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia (see below).\n", "Details": "Mary Crawford completed her tertiary education at the University of Queensland and worked as a teacher before entering parliament.\n", "Events": "For significant service to women, and to the people and Parliament of Australia. (2020 - 2020)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sticks-and-stones-report-on-violence-in-australian-schools\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/crawford-the-hon-mary-catherine-am\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-mary-catherine-crawford-noted-in-house-magazine-sept-1989-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ellis, Annette Louise", "Entry ID": "AWE4121", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ellis-annette-louise\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Public servant", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Annette Ellis was elected to the House of Representatives of the Parliament of Australia as the Member for Namadji, Australian Capital Territory, in 1996. Following an electoral redistribution in 1997, she stood as a candidate for the seat of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory at the 1998 election and was successful. She was re-elected in 2001, 2004 and 2007. She did not recontest her seat at the 2010 election. Before her entry into the Federal Parliament she was a member of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly from 1992 until her defeat in 1995.\n", "Details": "Before her election in 1992 to the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly, Annette Ellis had worked in the private sector, then for the State Department of Education in Victoria before joining the Australian Public Service, taking up a position in the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.\nIn the House of Representatives Ellis was a member of the Shadow Ministry for three years and was a member of six international parliamentary delegations, culminating in her appointment as a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly from September to December 2009. She served on several parliamentary committees but considered her work on 'Health is Life', the 2000 report of the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Family and Community Services inquiry into the status of indigenous health, and on 'Who Cares', the 2009 report into better support for carers by the Standing Committee on Family, Community, Housing and Youth, as her most significant contributions to social policy development.\nAfter she retired from the House of Representatives Ellis served on the boards or as patron of many organisations in Canberra, including the Tuggeranong Hawks Football Club, Pegasus, the Australia-Thailand Institute and was a member of the University of Canberra Council.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ms-annette-ellis-parliament-of-australia-website\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bjelke-Petersen, Florence Isabel", "Entry ID": "AWE4163", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bjelke-petersen-florence-isabel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Kingaroy, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Secretary, Senator", "Summary": "A member of the National Party, Flo Bjelke-Petersen was elected Senator for Queensland in the Senate of the Australian Parliament in 1980. She held the position of Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Senate from 1985 until 1990 and retired from parliament in 1993. She was married to Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen, who served as Premier of Queensland from 1968-87.\n", "Details": "Flo Bjelke-Petersen was educated at Brisbane Girls Grammar School and on leaving school worked in the Queensland Main Roads Department, and eventually became secretary to the Commissioner. She held that position from 1949-52. She married Joh Bjelke-Petersen in 1957. He received a knighthood in 1984, which meant a change of title for Flo. Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen died in 2005. As wife of the Premier of Queensland and later as a Senator, Flo Bjelke-Petersen became famous for her pumpkin scones.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/classic-country-baking\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/class-ms-acc13-034-consignment-received-2013\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joh-and-flo-bjelke-petersen-on-their-wedding-day-1952\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/senator-lady-florence-bjelke-petersen-april-1987\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-florence-bjelke-petersen-wife-of-sir-joh-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Knowles, Susan Christine", "Entry ID": "AWE4164", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/knowles-susan-christine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Sales manager", "Summary": "A member of the Liberal Party of Australia, Susan Knowles was elected to the Senate of the Parliament of Australia as a Senator for Western Australia in 1984. In 1987 she was elected Deputy Opposition Whip in the Senate, a position she retained until 1993. She remained in Parliament until 30 June 2005, having served for more than twenty years.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/provisions-of-the-research-involving-embryos-and-prohibition-of-human-cloning-bill-2002\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-sue-knowles-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jenkins, Jean Alice", "Entry ID": "AWE4168", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jenkins-jean-alice\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bristol, England, United Kingdom", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Teacher", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Democrats, Jean Jenkins was elected to the Senate of the Parliament of Australia in 1987 as a representative for Western Australia. She served as Deputy Leader of the Australian Democrats from April 1990 until her defeat at the July 1990 general election.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/western-democrat\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-jean-jenkins-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bryce, Quentin", "Entry ID": "AWE4213", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bryce-quentin\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Barrister, Governor, Governor-General, Lawyer", "Summary": "On the September 5, 2008, Quentin Bryce assumed the office of Governor-General of Australia, the twenty-fifth person to hold the office, but the first woman.\nThe appointment was the latest in a long line of 'firsts' for Bryce. A graduate from the University of Queensland with degrees in arts and law, she was one of the first Queensland women to be admitted to the Queensland Bar. In 1968 she became the first woman to be a faculty member of the Law school where she had studied. In 1984 she was appointed inaugural Director of the Queensland Women's Information Service, Office of the Status of Women, Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. In the period 1993 to 1996, she was founding Chair and Chief Executive Officer of the National Childcare Accreditation Council. In 2003, she became the second woman to be appointed to the position of Governor of Queensland. She has also served as Queensland director of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. In 1989 she became the Sex Discrimination Commissioner on the commission. And she was one of the first women to serve on the National Women's Advisory Council, established by the commonwealth government in 1978.\nFrom country stock, raised in a series of small towns scattered around central-west Queensland, Bryce was home schooled by her mother before being packed off to board at Brisbane's Moreton Bay College, attending the University of Queensland subsequently. At university she reacquainted herself with an architecture student, Michael Bryce, whom she had first met as a nine-year- old. They started dating and married in 1964. They now have two daughters, three sons and five grandchildren.\nOf his decision to recommend Quentin Bryce to the role of Governor-General, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd in 2008 said:\nIt's obvious that we needed to have a governor-general for Australia who captures the spirit of modern Australia, and the spirit of modern Australia is many things. Giving proper voice to people from the bush and the regions, giving proper voice to the rights of women, giving proper voice to the proper place of women in modern Australia and proper place to someone committed to the lives of, improving the lives for Indigenous Australians. These are all considerations in shaping my recommendation to her Majesty the Queen.\nOf her own appointment as Governor-General, Quentin Bryce has remarked:\nI grew up in a little bush town in Queensland of 200 people and what this day says to Australian women and to Australian girls is that you can do anything, you can be anything, and it makes my heart sing to see women in so many diverse roles across our country and Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/exclusive-interview-with-quentin-bryce\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/to-the-manor-born\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/polished-trailblazer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/quentin-bryce-to-become-nations-first-woman-g-g\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/on-the-occasion-of-the-fifth-anniversary-of-the-federal-sex-discrimination-act-1984-an-address-to-the-national-status-of-women-committee-by-quentin-bryce\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-the-hon-quentin-bryce\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-quentin-bryce-chairman-of-the-womens-advisory-council-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/speeches-by-staff-members-single-number-series\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pat-richardson-scrapbooks-relating-to-the-womens-electoral-lobby-and-womens-events-1977-2002\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lavarch, Linda Denise", "Entry ID": "AWE4235", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lavarch-linda-denise\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Attorney General, Lawyer, Parliamentarian, Solicitor", "Summary": "Linda Lavarch was the first female lawyer elected to the Parliament of Queensland, Australia. In July 2005 she was appointed Minister for Justice and Attorney-General - the first woman to be Attorney-General in Queensland. As Attorney-General she oversaw the introduction of permanent drug courts in Queensland and the creation of the offence of identity theft. Retiring from state politics in 2009, Lavarch became involved in medical research and the not-for-profit sector, chairing the Not-For-Profit Sector Reform Council. Lavarch stood as the Labor candidate for the Queensland seat of Dickson in the 2016 Australian federal election.\nLinda Lavarch was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Linda Lavarch was born in 1958 in Brisbane, Queensland. After completing her secondary schooling at Miami High School on the Gold Coast, she attended Queensland University of Technology where she obtained a Bachelor of Laws. She has credited the Whitlam Government reforms which abolished up-front university fees and introduced a living allowance for students with giving her the opportunity to receive a tertiary education [JSchool]. Lavarch's political awareness developed early; she joined the Australian Labor Party in 1982 and while at university was involved in protests against the Bjelke-Petersen government [JSchool]. In 1984 she married her (now former) husband Michael Lavarch, who become Federal Attorney-General in the Keating Government (1993-1996). Together they have two children.\nAfter graduating, Lavarch practised as a solicitor in Strathpine, Caboolture and Redcliffe; she also volunteered at the Petrie Community Legal Centre (now the Pine Rivers Community Legal Service) [Linda Lavarch]. In the early 1990s she worked with Legal Aid, chairing family conferences and working to resolve family disputes. In 1993, Lavarch became advisor to State Attorney-General Dean Wells on Legal Aid and Community Legal Centres [Proctor]. She entered state politics in 1997 as the successful Labor candidate for the seat of Kurwongbah. In doing so, she became the first female lawyer elected to the Queensland Parliament. From 2001 to 2004 Lavarch was chair of the Fishing Industry Development Council and deputy chair of the Small Business Advisory Council.\nLavarch was Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for State Development and Innovation in 2004; in 2005 she served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Energy and Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Policy. In July 2005 Lavarch was also appointed Minister for Justice and Attorney-General - the first woman to be Attorney-General in Queensland. She would also assume responsibility for the portfolio of Minister for Women. Coincidentally, Lavarch became Attorney-General in the year marking the centenary of the Legal Practitioners Act 1905, which allowed women to practise as barristers and solicitors in Queensland for the first time [Proctor].\nUpon her appointment as Attorney-General, Lavarch noted about herself that she possessed \"a strong interest in ensuring public confidence in our legal system, and also in enhancing access to justice\" [Cole]. As Attorney-General, Lavarch concentrated on community justice initiatives and the treatment of vulnerable people in the criminal justice system. She was responsible for the establishment of permanent drug courts in Queensland and for creating the specific offence of identity theft [FindLaw; Innisfail Advocate]. Suffering ill-health, Lavarch resigned as Attorney-General in 2006.\nRemaining a backbencher in the Queensland Parliament, Lavarch turned her attentions to medical research and sporting initiatives. From 2007 to 2009 she was Director of the Princess Alexandra Foundation, assisting in raising funds and awarding research grants to support scientists whose budding work has directly led to break-throughs in the areas of transplantation, cancer, diabetes, melanoma and Parkinson's disease. In 2007 Lavarch was the Director of Hockey Queensland, chaired the Legal, Planning and Facilities Committee, and also headed the Hockey Judiciary [Company Directors].\nLavarch retired from state politics in 2009 and returned to private practice as a solicitor at Michael Hefford Solicitors. In 2010 Lavarch was appointed a Research Fellow with the Australian Centre for Philanthropy and Non-profit Studies at Queensland University of Technology; here she was involved in developing model laws for the legal structures of, and activities undertaken by, charities and non-profit organisations. In 2014 she was appointed a Member of the Advisory Board [Pro Bono].\nLavarch's involvement in the not-for-profit sector continued between 2010 and 2013, and included a role as chair of the Coast2Bay Housing Company, which provides affordable housing on the Sunshine Coast and in the Moreton Bay region of Queensland. She was Chair of the Not-For-Profit (NFP) Sector Reform Council, established by the Federal Government in 2010 to provide high-level sector advice on proposed reforms to improve the regulatory environment for the NFP sector in Australia. In 2012 Lavarch chaired and delivered a final report for the Not-For-Profit Tax Concessions Working Group, established to consider ideas for better delivery of the support provided through tax concessions to the NFP sector [Sydney Morning Herald].\nLavarch is currently the Director of Member & Specialist Services for the Queensland Nurses Union, a position she has held since January 2015. She is also Deputy Chair and a Director of the Australian Cervical Cancer Foundation. She stood as the Labor candidate for the Queensland seat of Dickson in the Australian federal election held on 2 July 2016 [Linda Lavarch].\nAcross legal, parliamentary and board roles, Lavarch has promoted and contributed to access to justice, medical research and reforms to maximise the impact of the philanthropic sector in Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-hamilton-hart\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/matter-of-privilege-referred-by-the-speaker-on-9-october-2008-relating-to-an-alleged-deliberate-misleading-of-the-house-by-a-member\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/linda-lavarch-interviewed-by-kim-rubenstein-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bett, Mary Ann Latto", "Entry ID": "AWE4263", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bett-mary-ann-latto\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Dundee, Scotland", "Death Place": "Ulverstone, Tasmania, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Sunday school teacher", "Summary": "Although a nursing service commenced in Oodnadatta in 1907, a hospital wasn't opened there until 1911. It came under the gamete of Australian Inland Mission activities and was the organisation's first bush hospital. The first nursing sisters to serve there were also both Deaconesses trained at the Presbyterian training institute in Melbourne\nOnly five foot tall and seven stone (45 kg) wringing wet, 'Little Sister' Mary Ann 'Latto' Bett arrived in Oodnadatta in March of 1910. Her arrival was keenly awaited by the local doctor, who had a number of sick men in outback communities to attend to. Known as 'The little angel of the north', she worked there for four years, as a nurse, preacher, teacher and Sunday School mistress. Perhaps her greatest attribute was her ability to relate with ease to the rough and ready people she encountered in the outback.\nShe left Oodnadatta to serve as an Army nurse in the Great War. She was discharged from the service in 1918 upon marriage to Lieutenant William Paul Boland in London. They returned to Australia to settle in Seymour and later lived in Melbourne. She died in Ulverstone, Tasmania in 1968.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/flynns-outback-angels-casting-the-mantle-1901-to-world-war-ii\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/not-to-be-ministered-unto-the-story-of-presbyterian-deaconesses-trained-in-melbourne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-sister-m-a-latto-bett-nursing-sister-oodnadatta-1912-1913-army-nurse-in-world-war-i-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bett-mary-ann-latto-sern-sister-pob-dundee-scotland-poe-n-a-nok-f-bett-william-cunningham\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sullivan, Carryn Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE4266", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sullivan-carryn-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Millmerran, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian, Teacher", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Carryn Sullivan was elected to the Parliament of Queensland as Member for Pumicestone in 2001. She was re-elected in 2004, 2006 and 2009. Before her entry into the state parliament, she served as a councillor for the Shire of Caboolture from 1991-94.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Goodwin, Vanessa", "Entry ID": "AWE4340", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/goodwin-vanessa\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Hobart, Tasmania, Australia", "Occupations": "Attorney General, Criminologist, Lawyer, Politician", "Summary": "Vanessa Goodwin is the Tasmanian Attorney General and Minister for Justice, Minister for Corrections, Minister for the Arts and Leader of the Government in the Legislative Council. She was elected to the Legislative Council as the Member for Pembroke in August 2009 and was the Shadow Attorney General and Shadow Minister for Corrections from September 2009 until the State Election in March 2014, after which she was appointed to her current roles.\n", "Details": "Vanessa Goodwin was born in Hobart in 1969, the only child of Edyth and Grant Goodwin. She attended St Michael's Collegiate School and then completed an Arts\/Law degree at the University of Tasmania, followed by the Legal Practice Course. She spent two years as a Judge's Associate to then Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Tasmania, the Honourable Sir Guy Green AC KBE CVO, before being admitted as a legal practitioner in 1995.\nAfter working briefly for the Tasmanian Branch of the Australian Hotels Association, Goodwin worked full-time in the family boarding kennel and cattery business while her mother was undergoing treatment for cancer. In January 1996 she was employed as the research assistant to then Governor, Sir Guy Green and continued in that role until September 1996 when she commenced her Master of Philosophy (Criminology) at the University of Cambridge.\nAfter successfully completing her Masters in Criminology, Goodwin returned to Tasmania and commenced working within the Department of Police and Emergency Management (DPEM), where she remained until her election to Parliament in 2009. During this period, Goodwin completed her PhD, Residential Burglary and Repeat Victimisation in Tasmania, through the University of Tasmania. As part of her research, she conducted interviews with 60 imprisoned burglars, with the findings from her interviews attracting national media interest.\nGoodwin played a key role in the development and implementation of the U-Turn program in Tasmania. This program targeted young people aged 15-20 who were at risk of, or involved in, motor vehicle theft. The core of the program was a 10-week automotive training course, with case management to address risk factors and a focus on literacy and numeracy support. The program was delivered by Mission Australia, under contract to DPEM, and based on a best practice model developed by the National Motor Vehicle Theft Reduction Council.\nIn addition to her work managing crime prevention projects and developing policy advice at DPEM, Goodwin conducted post-doctoral research on intergenerational crime through the Tasmanian Institute of Law Enforcement Studies. The criminal histories of six extended families over at least three generations were examined to determine the extent to which crime was concentrated in these families and to explore the linkages with other problem behaviours, including child abuse and neglect. Goodwin collaborated with the Australian Institute of Criminology to explore the role of gender in the intergenerational transfer of criminality within the families.\nGoodwin has a strong interest in sentencing and prison reform. She is pursuing legislative reforms in relation to sex offender sentencing, family violence, alternative sentencing options and to update Tasmania's dangerous criminal provisions. She has also committed to the establishment of a Tasmanian Custodial Inspectorate.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Macquarie, Elizabeth Henrietta", "Entry ID": "AWE4418", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/macquarie-elizabeth-henrietta\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Scotland", "Death Place": "Argyll, Scotland", "Occupations": "Diarist, Governor's spouse, Traveller, Writer", "Summary": "Elizabeth Macquarie, the wife of New South Wales Governor, Lachlan Macquarie, was an active supporter of her husband's plan to transform the penal settlement at Sydney into a thriving settler colony. She is said to have taken a an interest in the welfare of women convicts and the local Aboriginal people. Her significant role in the establishment of the colony is memorialised in many landmarks in and around Sydney, New South Wales, including Mrs Macquarie's Chair, Campbelltown and the various Elizabeth Streets that pepper the map of Sydney.\nShe and another prominent Elizabeth (Macarthur) the wife of prominent colonial pastoralist John Macarthur, helped to introduce haymaking to New South Wales.\n", "Details": "Elizabeth Macquarie was a 'gently born' Scots woman, without fortune, who grew up on her brother's estate at Appin, Scotland. She me Colonel Lachlan Macquarie, a widower and a distant cousin, in 1804 at the age of 26. They became engaged in 1805.\nThey married in Devon on 3 November 1807. The bride was 29, the groom 46. In September 1808 their first child, a daughter named Jane Jarvis after the first Mrs Macquarie, was born, but she died in December. In 1809 Macquarie was appointed governor of New South Wales. His wife accompanied him to the colony, where they landed, in Sydney, on December 31, 1809. Their second child, a boy named Lachlan, was born on 28 March 1814.\nElizabeth was a strong willed and determined woman and a devoted wife. She was an intrepid traveller, and her surviving 1809 journal of the voyage to Australia reveals a lively and inquisitive mind. Though dogged by ill health for much of her later life, she accompanied Lachlan on all of his major journeys throughout New South Wales and Tasmania. Recent histories have also indicated that she took an active role in instigating, designing and supervising many of the public works programs that her husband implemented during his time as Governor. She fully supported his efforts to transform a penal settlement into a thriving settler colony.\nAfter her husband resigned as Governor, amidst criticism and controversy over the administration of the colony under his leadership, the couple returned to Britain, to live at Macquarie's estate, Jarvisfield on Mull, Scotland. Lachlan died in 1824.\nAfter his death, she continued to work tirelessly to promote the memory of his achievement, most graphically by making the claim on Macquarie's tombstone inscription that his character and services to society 'rendered him truly deserving the appellation by which he has been distinguished: THE FATHER OF AUSTRALIA.'\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/macquarie-elizabeth-henrietta-1778-1835\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lachlan-elizabeth-macquarie-archive\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-henrietta-macquarie-of-airds-1778-1835\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/governor-macquarie-1810-2010\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lachlan-and-elizabeth-macquarie-journals-and-memoranda\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-macquarie-her-life-and-times\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/journeys-in-time-the-journals-of-lachlan-and-elizabeth-macquarie\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-macquarie-journal-of-a-voyage-from-england-to-sydney-in-the-ship-dromedary-15-may-1809-25-december-1809\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-elizabeth-macquarie-wife-of-the-late-governor-macquarie-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mahlab, Eve", "Entry ID": "AWE4421", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mahlab-eve\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Vienna, Austria", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Lawyer, Philanthropist, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "A lawyer by training, Eve Mahlab is a successful businesswoman who has worked to improve the lives of women in Australia. A member of the Co-ordinating committee of the Women's Electoral Lobby in Victoria from 1972-1976, and again after 1980, she was a member of the Victorian Government Committee of Inquiry into the Status of Women from 1975-76. She was an active member of the Liberal Party, having stood for pre-selection unsuccessfully on a number of occasions. She was named Businesswoman of the Year in 1982 and in 1998 was awarded an Order of Australia in the Officer category for 'service to government, business and the community, particularly to women'. In 2001 she was awarded a Centenary Medal 'for service to the community through business and commerce'.\nEve Mahlab was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/making-women-count-a-history-of-the-womens-electoral-lobby-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eve-mahlab-interviewed-by-kim-rubenstein-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-pilot-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-eve-mahlab-businesswoman-and-director-of-westpac-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-eve-mahlab-1951-2010-bulk-1972-2010-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Tarabay, Jamie", "Entry ID": "AWE4433", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tarabay-jamie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist, Print journalist, War Correspondent", "Summary": "Jamie Tarabay is an Australian born journalist who has spent most of her professional life reporting on matters in the middle east. Since September 2000 she has worked as a foreign correspondent for Associated Press (AP) and American National Public Radio (NPR), covering wars in Palestine and Iraq. She is one of very few western women who have made a career as a war reporter. In January 2007, Tarabay was part of the NPR News team that won the prestigious Alfred I. DuPont-Columbia University Award for coverage of Iraq.\nLebanese by heritage, Tarabay grew up in Sydney, Berlin and Beirut. She has a BA in Government and French from the University of Sydney and can speak Arabic and French.\n", "Details": "Tarabay developed her love and talent for writing as a small girl living in Lebanon. She would write stories and read one chapter a night to my sisters to keep them entertained. 'It helped,' she says, 'that they were a captive audience: we were living in Lebanon at the time, and spent most nights during a 10 month spell in a bomb shelter as war broke out around us.'\nAfter returning to Australia Tarabay finished school and went to university. After graduating with a BA she found a corporate job that paid well but numbed her brain. She quit to take up a position as editorial assistant for MIS Magazine, an IT trade magazine. In 1997 she began work as an editorial assistant at Australian Associated Press (AAP) eventually getting a cadetship with that organisation. In June 1999 she AAP and travelled to Singapore where she joined The Associated Press (AP) in their bureau. After that, she was transferred in 2000 to the Jerusalem bureau, where she covered the Palestinian intifada for three years. She returned to Sydney and worked at AP's bureau there for two years. During that time she travelled to Baghdad where she reported for three months after the United States invasion.\nTarabay is the only reporter to have ever interviewed a woman who was married to Saddam Hussein for ten years. Her reporting also covered the deaths of Saddam's two sons, and the US military's ongoing efforts to fight both Shiite and Sunni insurgencies. She returned to Baghdad in 2004, and followed that with a stint in Jerusalem to report on the death of Yasser Arafat. In 2005 She took up a reporting position for the AP in Cairo, Egypt. Her book, A Crazy Occupation, Eyewitness to the Intifada, was published in September 2005 by Allen and Unwin.\nShe became National Public Radio's Bureau Chief in Baghdad in October 2005, and headed coverage there until 2008. We were awarded the Alfred I. DuPont-Columbia University Award, the only news organization so recognized for its work on Iraq. Her essay on Iraq was featured in the quarterly journal \"Dispatches\" which was published in 2008.\nIn February 2008 Tarabay moved to the US and she is now in the middle of a project reporting on Islam and America. Her reports can be heard on NPR's news programs 'Morning Edition' and 'All Things Considered'.\n", "Events": "Winner: Alfred I. DuPont-Columbia University Award for coverage of Iraq (2007 - 2007) \nCareer in journalism active (1997 - 2010)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-crazy-occupation-eyewitness-to-the-intifada\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/up-close-its-a-different-story\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Frayne, Mother Ursula", "Entry ID": "AWE4437", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/frayne-mother-ursula\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Dublin, Ireland", "Death Place": "Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Educator, Religious Leader, Religious Sister", "Summary": "In 1845, Ursula Frayne, along with five other Sisters of Mercy and one postulant, sailed for Western Australia with the goal, among other things, of establishing the first Mercy school in Australia. This they did on 2 February, 1846, with planks, bricks and packing cases as furniture. Instead of the 4,000 children they were promised when they left Ireland, only one child turned up for school on the day it opened. By August, however, enrolments stood at 100.\nIn 1849 she opened the first secondary school in Western Australia, a 'select' fee-paying school catering for an almost exclusively non-Catholic clientele. Its success determined the pattern of future Mercy expansion, which was to establish, almost simultaneously and often within the same building, three separate schools: a 'select' fee-paying school, a primary school and an infants' school. By 1856 the schools of the Sisters of Mercy in Western Australia were flourishing.\nHer reputation as an educator spread to other colonies and in 1857 she accepted an invitation from Bishop James Gould to found a school in Victoria. There she established the Sisters of Mercy as the first teaching nuns in Victoria. She oversaw the development of a boarding and day school for girls, together with two primary schools and a domestic training school for orphans. She founded the St Vincent de Paul's Orphanage at South Melbourne and managed it until the Christian Brothers took over the boys' section, leaving the girls under the care of her Sisters. She established a country foundation at Kilmore in 1875.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ursula-frayne-a-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/frayne-ursula-1816-1885\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dick, Muriel", "Entry ID": "AWE4454", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dick-muriel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Garfield, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Farmer, social activist, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "In 1994 Muriel Dick was 73 years old and running a farm in Southern Victoria. Her husband had died some fourteen years earlier and she was managing things herself.\n", "Details": "Muriel Dick's mother was from the country (around Omeo in Victoria) but her father was from the city, working as a carpenter for the railways. He loved the countryside, though, and so retired to acres at Warburton, in Victoria. Her parents bought twenty acres, split them into blocks and built houses on them for sale. Muriel remembers the days of her childhood fondly. She liked the freedom and basking in her father's pride. 'He gave me strengths that are usually given in a male world.-, she said. 'I had two dancing classes - skipping around and riding racehorses. It was a wonderful teenage life.' Her father adored her. Her parents lost a son in a drowning accident and after that, the focus was her. Other children followed but she was the lucky one.\nAfter marrying, she lived in east Melbourne for a while, before coming back to the land. Her husband came from farming stock and channelled everything into getting a property. They purchased one in the early 1960s. Despite living on acreage as a child, Muriel acknowledges that she had never really had much experience of farming prior to moving onto their farm.\nMuriel's husband was nineteen and half years older than her, with very firm views on who was responsible for raising their two small children. 'Look, even a heifer can look after its calf', he told her when she was at the end of her tether one day. Whilst the children were small, she had very little to do with the everyday running of the farm. 'My place was in the house, really, and the garden, and with the children, but if he needed help, you know, you worked like a dog!'\nOnce the children were off to school, she started to get more involved . 'I got quite fond of cows. I could pat them and talk to them, and I had an affinity with them, and I was glad. It filled in some part of my life, actually'. But still her life really centred around her children, the house, the garden, in the community and following the children though school. Says Muriel, 'I was very keen, very ambitious, for my children too move on and I gave them all the support.'\nWhen her husband died in 1980 she determined to stay on the farm and even though she didn't have a lot of knowledge about how to run it she had done the books and so she had a 'good functional idea of how things ran'. It wasn't however, 'without a lot of pain' that she became a sole operator. All the same, she says, 'it's been wonderful, because what I've really done is walk into myself; I've found myself as a person'.\nShe has an 'alternative' view of calving and running cows. She doesn't like dogs chasing them and has a bit of an 'open gate' policy when it comes to caring for them because thinks that 'a cow can look after its calf better than I can.' She can afford to adopt this method, however, because she is older and her property is freehold.\nMuriel was very much into the women's groups in the area. And believes she has been into 'empowering women \u2026 all my life.' She remains involved in a group which is the continuation of the 'Women on Farms' groups established in the mid 1980s. Over the years, she has 'Some of the women,' she says, 'were under the influence of their husbands but now they've moved out of the shadows into the sunshine a bit.'\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/muriel-dick\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brilliant-ideas-and-huge-visions-abc-radio-australian-rural-women-of-the-year-1994-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/muriel-dick-interviewed-by-ros-bowden-in-the-women-of-the-land-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-of-the-land-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bleazby, Elizabeth Hannah", "Entry ID": "AWE4483", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bleazby-elizabeth-hannah\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brighton, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Brighton, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Local government councillor", "Summary": "Elizabeth Bleazby served as a local government councillor for Brighton from 1929-1946. Daughter of a former Brighton councillor and premier of Victoria, Sir Thomas Bent, she was imbued with politics from an early age. She stood for election to the local council three times before she succeeded.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-the-numbers-women-in-local-government\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Addison, Marion Lillian", "Entry ID": "AWE4545", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/addison-marion-lillian-lily\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New Glenelg, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Elsternwick, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Sportswoman, Tennis player", "Summary": "Lily Addison competed in the All England Tennis Championships at Wimbledon in 1919. She served with the Australian Army Nursing Service 1917-19 in Greece and England.\n", "Details": "Known as Lily, Marion Lillian Addison had moved from Adelaide to Melbourne by 1910. In 1906 she first won the Victorian Ladies' Tennis Championship.\nAs a tennis player she had significant success in Australia and often played doubles with her brother J. J. Addison. She was the South Australian Ladies Tennis Champion in 1906, 1908, 1909, 1910 and 1911. She was holder of the Victorian Ladies' singles championship and mixed doubles title in 1909. In 1910 she won all three events in the New South Wales Tennis Championships - the ladies' singles, ladies' doubles and challenge pairs. In 1911 she was both Victorian and New South Wales State Ladies Tennis Champion. In late 1913, at the age of twenty seven, she commenced nursing training at the Melbourne Hospital, graduating in early 1917. She enlisted in the Australian Army Nursing Service in August 1917 and was posted to a number of British military hospitals in Salonika, Greece. In 1918 she suffered lung trouble. After the Armistice, in February 1919 she transferred to the 3rd Australian Auxiliary Hospital in Dartford, England.\nIn June 1919 she played in the All England Tennis Championships at Wimbledon. She defeated Mrs Tucker, 6-3, 6-1 in the first round. She was beaten by Mrs McNair in the second round 12-10, 6-2. She also competed in the mixed doubles with Max Decagis and beat Mrs L. Mauser-Doust, 6-3, 11-9.\nShe returned to Australia in July 1919 and by November that year had returned to local tennis, being selected in the Victorian team to play against New South Wales. In 1921 she was again nursing at the Melbourne Hospital but still managed to win the Victorian title for the fifth time. In 1925, Lily Addison held a position as Sister with the Australian Army Nursing Service Reserve.\nIt appears she did not marry. In 1937 she was a Sister at the Adelaide Hospital but in 1940 is recorded as living in Mont Albert, Melbourne. In 1972 she lived in Kew.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/not-just-routine-nursing-the-roles-and-skills-of-the-australian-army-nursing-service-during-world-war-i\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/una\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/n-s-w-tennis-championships-miss-addison-wins-three-events\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trained-nurses-association\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lawn-tennis\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lawn-tennis-all-england-championships\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lawn-tennis-all-england-championships-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-championships\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-to-the-editor-played-the-game\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/using-the-online-community-to-create-history\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/addison-marion-lilian-sern-s-nurse-pob-adelaide-sa-poe-adelaide-sa-nok-m-addison-marion-l\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lever, Lillian", "Entry ID": "AWE4586", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lever-lillian\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Farmer", "Summary": "Lillian Lever was nominated for the ABC Rural Woman of the Year Award in 1995, for the Queensland district of Capricornia. She and her husband, John, established the first privately run crocodile farm in Australia, in Rockhampton, in 1980. Given that, at the time, Lillian was a C.S.I.R.O. librarian, one might say that it was an interesting career move for her! But John had become fascinated by crocodiles in Papua New Guinea when he ran wildlife research stations there in the 1970s. He offered Lillian what she describes as a package deal; marriage and the chance to move from Melbourne to start a new business in Rockhampton. Koorana Crocodile farm opened in November 1981 stocked with captured crocodiles from the wild that were proving to be a danger to people.\n", "Details": "The fact that Koorana still exists and thrives is testament to the perseverance of Lillian and John. When they first started up, there were no guidelines for them to refer to on how to start up a crocodile farm. As crocodiles are an endangered species in Australia, there was no precedent for establishing a business and, according to Lillian, the people in the Department of Primary Industry believed them both to be mad! A chance meeting with the then Premier of Queensland, Joh Bjelke-Petersen at a function opened doors for them. They got the necessary permits which enabled them to begin the back-breaking work of building the farm.\nThis job was no picnic. Says Lillian, 'It was horrific at times. We couldn't afford a tractor so we had to clear manually. We lived in a caravan with two of John's sons from his first marriage and the heat in summer was unbelievable. We had to keep everything shut up because of the mozzies and often I'd get heatstroke while cooking - the only air conditioning we had was in the car, so John and the boys would bundle me up and take me for a drive so I could cool down enough to keep cooking! It was the shared vision of what we could create together that kept us going through that really tough start-up phase.'\nFortunately, that vision has born significant fruit, and Koorana is not only a personal success story for the Lever family, but an important local employer.\n", "Events": "Nominated for ABC Rural Woman of the Year in Queensland (1995 - 1995)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-business-womens-wealth\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1995-abc-rural-woman-of-the-year-regional-winners\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brilliant-ideas-and-huge-visions-abc-radio-australian-rural-women-of-the-year-1994-1997\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Brodtmann, Gai Marie", "Entry ID": "AWE4597", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brodtmann-gai-marie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Parliamentarian, Public servant", "Summary": "A member of the Australian Labor Party, Gai Brodtmann was elected to the House of Representatives of the Australian Parliament as the Member for Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, at the 2010 federal election, and served in that role until 2019.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ms-gai-brodtmann-parliament-of-australia-website\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Howarde, Kate", "Entry ID": "AWE4719", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/howarde-kate\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "London, England", "Death Place": "Kensington Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor, Director, Producer, Scriptwriter, Theatrical director", "Summary": "Kate Howarde, born Catherine Clarissa Jones in England and migrating to New Zealand as a child, was the first woman to direct a feature film in Australia.\nShe married the musician William Henry de Saxe in April 1884 and their only child, Florence Adrienne, was born not long after on 5 December 1884. William Henry de Saxe left soon after Florence was born and died c.1899.\nCatherine de Saxe adopted the stage name Kate Howarde in the 1890s. By the late 1890s, her theatre production company, the Kate Howarde Company was based in Australia and was reported to be extensively touring through New Zealand and all Australian States. In addition to managing the tours, Howarde controlled all finances, wrote and directed many of the performances, songs and pantomimes and performed herself.\nHer biggest success was the comedy Possum Paddock (1919). Written, produced and presented by Howarde, the play told the story of the financial and romantic problems of a bush family. The success of the play convinced Howarde to turn the play into a film which she starred in, produced, co-scripted and co-directed with Charles Villiers. This made her the first woman in Australia to direct a feature film. Australian censors removed a scene from the film in which an unmarried mother imagines drowning her baby. The film was released in Sydney on 29 January 1921 and was well received throughout Australia and New Zealand.\n", "Details": "The Kate Howarde Company included Kate's two younger brothers and one of her two sisters. Her brother Billie Howarde and brother-in-law Harry Craig ran the company when she travelled overseas.\nHowarde travelled to San Francisco in 1906 and made a living writing theatre reviews for newspapers. She then travelled to London, where, it is reported, she married her second husband, vaudevillian Elton Black.\nBetween 1914 and 1917, the Kate Howarde Company presented successful weekly shows at the National Theatre, Balmain, Sydney. These shows included her own productions The White Slave Traffic (1914) and Why Girls Leave Home (1914).\nHowarde's biggest success was the comedy Possum Paddock (1919). Written, produced and presented by Howarde, the play told the story of the financial and romantic problems of a bush family. The success of the play convinced Howarde to turn the play into a film which she starred in, produced, co-scripted and co-directed with Charles Villiers. This made her the first woman in Australia to direct a feature film. Australian censors removed a scene from the film in which an unmarried mother imagines drowning her baby. The film was released in Sydney on 29 January 1921 and was well received throughout Australia and New Zealand.\nThe success of Possum Paddock financed a ten month tour for the entire company throughout South Africa, the United States and Great Britain. Upon the company's return to Australia, Howarde made no further films, however continued to tour with her theatrical company and continued to write her own plays. These plays include the comedy Gum Tree Gully (1924), and the dramatic works The Limit (1921), The Bush Outlaw (1923), Find Me A Wife (1923), Common Humanity (1927) and The Judgment of Jean Calvert (1935).\nHowarde died 18 February 1939 from cerebral thrombosis.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/celebrating-kate-howarde\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/howarde-catherine-clarissa-kate-1864-1939\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/possum-paddock-original-release\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/howarde-kate-documentation-howarde-kate-set-of-22-negatives\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/howarde-kate-two-frames-showing-two-people-talking-to-a-couple-in-a-car-film-fragment\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Moorhouse, Jocelyn", "Entry ID": "AWE4728", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moorhouse-jocelyn\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Director, Producer, Scriptwriter", "Summary": "Jocelyn Moorhouse has worked in both the Australian television and film industry. After the success of her debut feature film, Proof (1991), Moorhouse produced and directed big budget Hollywood films.\nMoorhouse was born in September 1960, in Victoria, Australia. After she completed her Higher School Certificate at Vermont High School in 1978, Moorhouse enrolled in the Australian Film, Television and Radio School (AFTRS).\nIn 1983, while studying, Moorhouse wrote and directed her first short film, Pavane. She graduated from AFTRS in 1984 and began work as a television script editor.\nMoorhouse worked on such television shows as The Flying Doctors (1990-1991),Out of the Blue (1991), A Place to Call Home (1990), The Humpty Dumpty Man (1986).\nHer short film The Siege of Barton's Bathroom (1986) was developed into a book and a twelve part television series.\nIn 1991, she released her feature film debut Proof. Moorhouse wrote and directed the film which was funded entirely by Government sources. Proof is now recognised as a key contemporary Australian film.\nIn 1994, she produced the Australian classic,Muriel's Wedding, directed by her husband, P.J. Hogan.\nHer next two films were big budget Hollywood productions. Both films received mixed reviews and did not achieve the acclaim ofProof. In 1995, Moorhouse directed How to Make an American Quilt. The film focused upon a group of woman who share their stories and family histories through flashback while sewing a wedding quilt. In 1997, Moorhouse directed A Thousand Acres, based on the Pulitzer Prize winning novel by Jane Smiley. Based on Shakespeare's King Lear, the film explored the relationship between a father and his three daughters in the face of tragedy.\nIn 2002, Moorhouse wrote and Produced Unconditional Love (P.J. Hogan). In 2003, she was executive producer of Peter Pan (P.J. Hogan).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-companion-to-australian-film\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/muriels-wedding\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/how-to-make-an-american-quilt\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-jocelyn-moorhouse-film-director-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/proof-original-release\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-siege-of-bartons-bathroom\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pavane\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Donaldson, Mona Emily Gertrude", "Entry ID": "AWE4734", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/donaldson-mona-emily-gertrude\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Kirribilli, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Film editor", "Summary": "Mona Donaldson is an important figure in early Australian film production and worked as film editor on numerous quintessentially Australian films.\nIn February 1915, at the age of 15, Mona Donaldson began work for Australasian Films in Sydney as a film examiner. In 1917, she moved to Paramount and worked first as a film examiner and then a booking clerk. In 1921, Donaldson left work to take care of her mother. Once she could return to work, her previous work experience again allowed her a job with Australasian Films.\nDonaldson soon became known for her competence and perfectionism. This was said to have led to a reputation of being formal and distant.\nMany of Donaldson's early editing is uncredited. In an interview with Andree Wright and Stuart Young in the 1980s, Donaldson described cutting for Whyte's Painted Daughters (1925), Webb's Tall Timber (1926) and The Grey Glove (1928) and Longford's Hills of Hate (1926) and The Pioneers (1926).\nDonaldson's first clear onscreen recognition for editing was in For the Term of His Natural Life (Dawn, 1927). The silent film was based on a novel by Marcus Clarke of the same name and tells the story of an English aristocrat who is transported for life as a convict to Van Dieman's Land for a crime he did not commit.\nDonaldson again worked with director Norman Dawn on his film The Adorable Outcast (1927). The film was based on the romantic adventure novel, Conn of the Coral Seas by Beatrice Grimshaw.\nIn 1928, Lacey Percival, a colleague from Australasian Films, left and started Automatic Films. He invited Donaldson to join him. Donaldson used this job offer to attempt to get a pay raise from Australasian Films, however they refused and she began work for Automatic Films.\nWhile working at Automatic Films, Donaldson was 'loaned out' to work on other feature films. She re-edited Chauvel's Heritage (1935), which then won the Australian Film Award in 1935. She worked again with Chauvel on Uncivilised (1936). Donaldson also co-edited Badger's Rangle River (1936). In 1937, Donaldson edited Chauvel's documentary about how screen tests were conducted, Screen Test.\nIn 1946, after working for Automatic Films for eighteen years, Donaldson fell ill and was hospitalised for seven months. During this time, Donaldson was denied sick leave and she was fired. Both Cinesound and Commonwealth Film Laboratories offered her employment, however she decided to leave the film industry completely.\nUpon retirement from the Australian film industry, Donaldson bought a shop in Chatswood and became a successful milliner.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-film-1900-1977-a-guide-to-feature-film-production\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/donaldson-mona-interviewed-by-andree-wright-and-stuart-young-oral-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-adorable-outcast-original-release\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/for-the-term-of-his-natural-life-original-release\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/screen-test\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/black-cargo-of-the-south-seas\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-grey-glove-stills\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rutnam, Romaine", "Entry ID": "AWE4743", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rutnam-romaine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sri Lanka", "Occupations": "Public servant, Trade unionist", "Summary": "Romaine Rutnam was born in Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) in 1947. She immigrated to Australia in 1969, where she has made a significant contribution to Australian public and community life.\nRomaine Rutnam enjoyed a career in the public service that extended across three decades and three states and territories, in Sydney, Canberra, Wollongong and Melbourne. She has also been active in the trade union movement on behalf of her public sector colleagues. She contributed to the formation of the Wollongong Workers' Research Centre.\nSince establishing a small charitable foundation, The Romaine Rutnam Serendipity Endowment within The Perpetual Foundation Endowment Fund, in 2002, Romaine has been able to assist a variety of organisations. These include Australia21, the Community Environment Network, National Aboriginal and Islander Skills Association (NAISDA)and, most recently, the International Women's Development Agency and the Central Coast Conservatorium - the latter to establish a scholarship for music tuition for an Aboriginal student.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/significant-women-of-the-central-coast-2007-women-who-have-made-a-difference\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/celebrations-sinhalese-and-other-sri-lankan-women-in-canberra-testimonies-and-memories\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/romaine-rutnam-website\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wardle, Patience Australie", "Entry ID": "AWE4782", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wardle-patience-australie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory", "Occupations": "Librarian, Teacher", "Details": "Pat was born in Hornsby, Sydney, New South Wales on 20 June 1910, the eldest of the four daughters of Dr Robin Tillyard and Patricia Tillyard (birth name Craske). Her sisters were Faith, Alison Hope and Honor. She attended Abbotsleigh School from 1917 to 1920 when the family moved to Nelson, New Zealand where she attended Nelson Girls' College, successfully completing her university entrance examinations. Despite the protestations of the daughters, the family then moved to Canberra in 1928 where her father, Dr Robin Tillyard, took up the position of first head of the then Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Division of Entomology.\nShe won one of the first three Canberra Scholarships to attend the University of Sydney. She stayed at the Women's College and was a member of the Students' Representative Council in 1930. In 1932 she gained an Arts degree with second class honours in Latin. She was an active hockey and cricket player and gained a hockey Blue. She captained the university hockey team and later played international hockey in England.\nPat went to England in 1933 to complete an MA but due to her father's ill health and resulting financial pressures on the family she obtained a teaching position at Liskeard County School in Cornwall where she stayed until 1936. She took the opportunity to travel extensively in the UK where the family had relatives, and also in Europe. She travelled on her trips in the car she christened 'Matilda' and fell in love with Cornwall. She wrote lengthy and frequent correspondence to her parents reporting on every detail of her life. She was also a meticulous diarist. While she was returning to Australia in early 1937 her father died in a motor vehicle accident. Hope was driving the car when the accident happened near Goulburn.\nOn her return from England she and Hope lived in Canberra with her mother, Patricia at the Dial House in Red Hill, ACT. She was employed first at the fledgling National Library and then at the Parliamentary Library. She had senior roles with the Girl Guides. Pat returned to England in mid-1939 to study for a Diploma in Librarianship but the course was cancelled with the start of World War II. As part of the war effort she and her sister Hope drove ambulances. As Hope was not well they returned in August 1940 to Australia on the SS Rotorua escorting evacuee children. Later that year Pat was employed as a Research Librarian with the Department of Commerce.\nFrom 1942 to 1946 she was a commissioned officer in the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF), stationed successively at Uranquinty, Point Cook and Evans Head. She gained the rank of Flight Officer and at her discharge was WAAAF Commandant at Air Force Headquarters. After the war she lived at her mother's new house 'The Spinney', 2 Mugga Way, Forrest, ACT, where she helped set out the garden.\nFollowing her service with the WAAAF Pat joined the Department of Post War Reconstruction where she was on the first Wheat Costs survey in the area of the department that was to become the Bureau of Agricultural Economics.\nIn 1953 she was a foundation member of the Canberra & District Historical Society (CDHS) for which she worked tirelessly for 38 years. She was Newsletter Editor for nearly 30 years until 1982, a Councillor for 20 years (1960 to 1980), President 1965-67 and Vice-President 1970-71. She was heavily involved in the organisation of excursions, giving talks and helping with the upkeep of Blundell's farmhouse, then operated by CDHS. She was made a life member in 1983. Her services to community history were recognised with the award of the Medal of the Order of Australia on 26 January 1990.\nIn 1955 Pat married Robert Norman Wardle, Director of Veterinary Hygiene, Department of Health. They lived at 49 Melbourne Avenue, Forrest, ACT and in 1963 purchased a 40 acre property near Murrumbateman which they named 'Maitai' after the Tillyard's family home in Nelson, New Zealand and where Bob bred and raised horses. After his death in 1979, Pat continued to visit the property until her death.\nIn 1981 she moved to a new house at 8 Couvreur Street, Garran, ACT which was designed by her niece Hilary Hewitt, daughter of Hope and Lennox Hewitt. In her seventies she made an overseas trip to England (especially to her beloved Cornwall), Scotland, Norway and Gallipoli. She was strongly involved with St John's Church, Reid, particularly through the St John's Women's Movement and she had many other interests including gardening, natural history and writing. She co-authored with A.W. Martin Members of the Legislative Council of New South Wales' (ANU, Canberra, 1959); edited A Visit to Blundell's Farmhouse (CDHS, 1972) and wrote the introduction and notes for Eirene Mort's Old Canberra: A sketchbook of the 1920s (National Library of Australia, 1987). She also contributed many chapters, journal articles and newsletter entries.\nPat died in a motor vehicle accident on 22 April 1992 when driving her small red utility registration ACT 70. She had lived in Canberra for 56 years.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/patience-pat-australia-wardle-nee-tillyard\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituary-patience-australia-wardle\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-papers-of-patience-australie-wardle\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hewitt, Alison Hope", "Entry ID": "AWE4784", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hewitt-alison-hope\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australia", "Occupations": "University lecturer, Writer", "Details": "Hope Hewitt was born in Sydney on 30 October 1915, the third of four daughters of Robin and Pattie Tillyard. The family lived in New Zealand from 1920 to 1928 before moving to Red Hill, Canberra following Dr Robin Tillyard's appointment as first head of Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) entomology division. With their striking looks and academic and sporting abilities the sisters (Patience, Faith, Hope and Honour) became well-known identities in the new capital city. All played sport; Hope excelled at tennis and hockey. In 1934 she caused some angst for tennis officials by wearing shorts, then a 'new fashion'.\nHope was an outstanding student at Nelson Girls' College, New Zealand and at Telopea Park High and St Gabriel's in Canberra. She won a scholarship to study arts at Sydney University and then fine arts at Sydney Technical College. She graduated Bachelor of Arts with first class honours and Master of Arts. Early in 1937 she was involved in an accident while driving her father from Canberra to Sydney in which Robin Tillyard was killed and Hope seriously injured. In May she and her mother left for England where they spent nine months.\nLate in 1938 Hope returned to Europe to study painting in Paris under Jacques Ernotte, a distinguished artist and set designer, but the outbreak of World War II forced her to flee to London leaving behind canvasses selected for showing at the prestigious Salon d'automne. In London she and her older sister Pat drove ambulances before returning to Australia on S.S. Rotorua which carried children evacuated from Britain. During the voyage one of the ships in the convoy was sunk by a torpedo fired from a German U-boat.\nIn 1942 Hope married public servant, Lenox Hewitt (later knighted) at Scotch College Chapel, Melbourne and accompanied him to London when he was posted to the Australian High Commission. After they returned to Canberra in 1953 she studied at Canberra University College (subsequently part of the Australian National University) graduating Bachelor of Commerce from the parent body, the University of Melbourne. She began teaching in the English department at the College and after holding temporary positions was appointed to the new position of Lecturer in 1958. Under Professor A D Hope she specialised in Elizabethan and Jacobean drama and the 18th and 19th-century English novel, inspiring students with her love of literature and theatre. From 1960 she was a member of the Commonwealth Literature Censorship Board and in 1968 was appointed deputy chair of the National Literature Board of Review which succeeded the Censorship Board.\nOn sabbatical leave from Australia's National University (ANU) in 1964, Hope studied with the renowned Shakespearean scholar Lionel Knights in Bristol. Then, and on later visits to London, she attended performances by the Royal Shakespeare Company, the Old Vic and other British theatre troupes and, years later, could recall the productions in astonishing, colourful detail. She was an enthusiastic supporter of Canberra Repertory Theatre attending performances and reviewing their productions for the Canberra Times. She was the first woman appointed to the board of the new Canberra Theatre serving from 1968 to 1976.\nAt a time when it was unusual for married women to work, she combined a demanding, full-time career with raising four children, supporting her husband's career and helping to care for her mother, Pattie Tillyard. For many years she contributed theatre reviews, book reviews and poetry to the Canberra Times. In her large and beautiful garden, she raised chickens and grew vegetables and fruit that she cooked, preserved and gave away to friends and good causes. She sewed, knitted and did patchwork and weaving often sitting on winter evenings in front of an open fire knitting a sweater while she marked students' essays or prepared her next lecture. Hope also served on the council of Garran College at the ANU and contributed to the Canberra community as a hospital volunteer, English teacher to new arrivals, and supporter of several charities.\nLike her mother, she was a feminist, believing that women needed to earn their own living and take a lead in their community. She had extraordinary energy and willpower. She enthusiastically supported her children's multiple activities and was delighted with their varied careers: Patricia as a social activist and cabinet minister in the Blair Labour government in Britain (Secretary of State for Trade and Industry 2001-5 and Health Secretary 2005-7); Antonia (died 1990) as an interpreter with the European Commission in Brussels; Hilary, an architect, one of whose designs was her aunt Pat Wardle's house in Garran; and Andrew, a captain with Qantas and a farmer near Hall.\nHope Hewitt died at Brindabella Gardens nursing home in Canberra, aged 95.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituary-5\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-papers-of-patience-australie-wardle\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lady-hope-hewitt-interviewed-by-mark-cranfield-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McAppion, Beulah Rose", "Entry ID": "AWE4786", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcappion-beulah-rose\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Public servant", "Summary": "Beulah McAppion is descended from several pioneer families in Canberra's Ginninderra district, the Southwells, Gribbles and Currans. Her grandfather, Henry Curran, was the last Ginninderra blacksmith. Educated at Hall Primary School and Canberra High School, she joined the Commonwealth Department of Price Control in 1942 and following the war served as a clerk in he Commonwealth Superannuation Retirement Benefits Office until 1968. She then managed a cake shop and in the 1980s worked as a volunteer visitor in the Red Cross service for home bound people. From 2002 she was a volunteer counsellor with the Uniting Church.\n", "Details": "Beulah McAppion was born on 26 September 1927 in Queanbeyan, New South Wales, one of the four children of Arthur Henry Curran and Phylis Una (ne\u00e9 Southwell). Her paternal grandfather, Henry Roland Joseph Curran (Harry), operated the Ginninderra blacksmith's shop and lived in an adjacent house with his wife Agnes (ne\u00e9 Gribble). During her childhood, Beulah saw her grandparents almost every day and has fond and vivid memories of them, their home and her grandfather's workshop. Educated at Hall Primary School and Canberra High School, Beulah joined the Commonwealth Department of Price Control in 1942 and following the war served as a clerk in the Commonwealth Superannuation Retirement Benefits Office until 1968. She then managed a cake shop and in the 1980s worked as a volunteer visitor in the Red Cross service for home bound people. From 2002 she was a volunteer counsellor with the Uniting Church.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hmss-0326-beulah-mcappion-oral-history-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Tory, Ethel Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE4787", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tory-ethel-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Subiaco, Western Australia", "Death Place": "Batemans Bay, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Academic, Teacher", "Summary": "Ethel Tory was a teacher of French and Latin and an advocate for drama and language studies, particularly French. She taught French and Latin in Western Australian schools and at the University of Western Australia before undertaking further study in French literature in Paris. She was appointed a lecturer in French at the Australian National University in 1961 and promoted to Senior Lecturer in 1965. In 1970, she published an edition of Giraudoux's play Intermezzo for use in schools and universities. She retired in 1977 but continued to teach French and to support drama studies at the Australian National University through donations and a bequest on her death in 2003.\n", "Details": "Ethel Tory was born on 27 July 1912 in Subiaco, Western Australia. Her parents were Frank Bertram Tory, a legal manager and estate agent, originally from Blandford, Dorset and Ethel Marion Victoria Johnson, born in Guildford, Western Australia. The daughter Ethel was known as 'Two-ee' to distinguish her from her mother.\nEthel attended the St Mary's Church of England Girls' School in West Perth and completed her Leaving Certificate in 1930. She enrolled in a Bachelor of Arts at University of Western Australia in 1933, after spending two years living with family in Dorset and in Grand Luce, Sarthe in France. She graduated with 1st class honours in French in 1936 and added Honours in Latin in 1938. She then enrolled in a Diploma of Education at the University of Western Australia which was awarded in 1940. During the war, she taught in Western Australian private schools and was also employed by the Censor's Office in the Department of Information to scan mail written in French or Latin. In 1941 she won the Hackett Research Scholarship from the University of Western Australia which allowed her to conduct research into French literature.\nIn 1946 she was appointed a tutor in French at the University of Western Australia and then in 1947 as a lecturer in Latin. In October 1947 she attended the University of Paris (La Sorbonne) on a French government scholarship and was awarded a Dipl\u00f4me de litt\u00e9rature fran\u00e7aise contemporaine (mention honorable) in 1948. She remained in France teaching, translating and undertaking research which resulted in the award of Docteur de l'universit\u00e9 (mention tr\u00e8s honorable) in 1961 from the University of Paris. Her doctoral thesis was entitled 'Giraudoux et l'ideal'.\nIn 16 February 1961, Ethel took up an appointment as Lecturer in French, School of General Studies, Australian National University (ANU), joining the Department of Modern Languages under Professor Derek Scales. 1961 was the first year in which the ANU had undergraduate enrolments as undergraduate students had previously been enrolled in the Canberra University College. She was promoted in 1965 to Senior Lecturer in French and was acting head of the department in 1969 and again in 1974-1975 when it was the Department of Romance Languages.\nApart from her university teaching, she was passionate about the theatre and a long-term supporter of Alliance Fran\u00e7aise in Canberra. She published an edition of Giraudoux's play Intermezzo in 1970 for use by secondary and university students. She retired in 1977 and moved to Malua Bay on the South Coast where she continued to teach for the Eurobodalla branch of Alliance Fran\u00e7aise.\nEthel Tory was appointed a Chevalier dans l'Ordre des Palmes Acad\u00e9miques by the French government in 1992 for services to French culture. In 1995 the Ethel Tory Drama Endowment was established by the Australian National University from donations she made. She made a large bequest to the University on her death in 2003 to support academics and students in drama and languages. The Ethel Tory Languages Scholarship assists a number of students each year to study languages overseas.\nIn 2011, a state-of-the-art languages centre was opened in the Baldessin Building at the Australian National University and named the Ethel Tory Centre in her honour.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ethel-tory-profile\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ethel-tory-papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anu-calendar-master-set\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-report-1977\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cunningham, Mary Emily", "Entry ID": "AWE4788", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cunningham-mary-emily\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Goulburn, New South Wales", "Death Place": "Fairvale' Canberra, Australian Capital Territory", "Occupations": "Activist, Pastoralist wife, Poet, Red Cross Worker, War Worker", "Summary": "Born to English parents, and daughter of the Surveyor General, Mary Emily Twynam married wealthy pastoralist James 'Jim' Cunningham and became an important and formative figure in the developing pastoralist community in the Tuggeranong district. She was a compassionate, sensitive and intellectually curious woman whose capacity for friendship and kindness turned her homestead 'Tuggranong' into the social focal point of the community. Her early married years were taken up with raising eight children and battling with the bouts of serious depression that would shadow her for her entire life. As her children grew she found time to indulge in her love of gardening as well as pursue her passion for poetry and the written word. Cunningham was also an outspoken advocate for conscription during the two referenda in 1916 and was dedicated to fundraising for soldiers in the Great War.\n", "Details": "Mary Emily Twynam was born and grew up in the New South Wales township of Goulburn. Her family home 'Riversdale' was a place she always remembered fondly. Her father, Edward Twynam came to the colony in 1855 from England and prospered as a surveyor. He would eventually go on to become the Surveyor General. His wife Emily Rose was an accomplished artist who left behind many beautiful woodcarvings and etchings. She took a keen interest in the natural world and Mary Emily seems to have inherited a love of gardening and nature from her. From the archival material that exists Emily Rose appears to have been a loving and kind mother to her children. Mary Emily however, developed a close bond with her father that would be one of the cornerstones of her whole life. They shared an interest in literary pursuits and both possessed keen and inquiring intellects. As an adult Mary would often run drafts of her poems and ideas by her father. Like other young women of her class, Mary was educated at home by Governess Miss Nora Martyr. 'Riversdale' was to occupy a special place in Mary's heart for her whole life indicating that she had a warm loving and happy childhood in the place she would call 'Home' until her death.\nOn 24 April 1889 a 19 year old Mary Emily was married to successful pastoralist James 'Jim' Cunningham, who at 39 was 20 years her senior. It was a marriage partly borne of duty, but one which would become, if not passionate, stable and affectionate. After a honeymoon abroad in Europe the couple returned to Australia to settle at 'Tuggranong' (spelled this way to distinguish it from the surrounding Tuggeranong district). 'Tuggranong' was one of a number of properties owned by Jim Cunningham and his brother Andrew Jackson Cunningham. 'Tuggranong' like the brothers' nearby property 'Lanyon' was a large sheep station on the eastern banks of the Murrumbidgee river; up to 50 000 sheep were shorn at the 'Tuggranong' sheds. The brothers also had properties on the western side of the river as well as holdings in the Cooma and Forbes districts. Both 'Lanyon' and 'Tuggranong' would come to occupy an important part of Mary's heart and life with both providing her a deep sense of place and belonging. She also left her mark on both properties with her skilful and committed gardening.\nMary Emily was already pregnant with the couple's first child by the time they settled at 'Tuggranong' and on 2 June 1890 Jane Cynthia Cunningham was born. Seven more children would follow in the next 12 years. During this period Mary's first documented battle with what we would now call depression or postnatal depression occurred. Mary herself never referred to these battles in her letters or notebooks, but references to her breakdown in 1902, after the birth of her son Alexander 'Pax', are found in her family's letters. In October 1903 Mary's sister, Edith wrote from 'Riversdale' to her friend Stella Miles Franklin and expressed relief and gratitude at Mary's restoration 'from the dead'.\nDespite her personal struggles with such darkness Mary remained a much loved, and loving, member of her community. She took to her role as a successful pastoralist's wife with gusto attending balls, getting involved in fundraising activities for the parish church as well as other causes like raising funds for a local hospital. The homestead itself became the social hub of the district and Mary and Jim hosted many fine gatherings there. When the new military academy at Duntroon was opened in June 1911 Mary warmly welcomed the cadets. Many of them would call on 'Tuggranong' whenever possible, probably in part due to her teenaged daughters, and a few would keep up correspondence with Mary when they were serving overseas in the Great War a few years later. Her involvement in the community and her loyal and giving friendship were all the more admirable as in these years she lost both her eldest daughter Jane Cynthia to appendicitis and her beloved mother just a few short weeks later.\nBy 1914 with the Great War well and truly looming large the family moved to 'Lanyon'. The move was precipitated by the death of Andrew Jackson as well the changes afoot with the planning for the new Federal Capital. There were uncertainties about how quickly 'Tuggranong' would be reclaimed as Commonwealth land and so a move to 'Lanyon' afforded the family some stability. At this time the couple offered 'Tuggranong' to the Commonwealth government as a convalescent hospital for the duration of the war, but this offer was not taken up. The war also caused other shifts in the Cunningham family and in the texture of Mary's everyday life. Always a staunch supporter of Empire, (her Empire Day bonfires for the Tuggeranong district were big affairs) Mary was unequivocally supportive of the war. Her eldest son, Andrew would go on to distinguished service with the First Light Horse Regiment, and her sister Joan served as nurse overseas for the duration of the war.\nMary herself became a passionate fundraiser and like many of her class a committed advocate of conscription during the campaigns in 1916. To the disapproval of some of the conservative people in her community she took a public role in joining a local pro-conscription committee. In the winter of 1915 she threw a ball at 'Lanyon' to raise funds for the Red Cross, and in 1917 she took the post of president of the newly created War Chest Flower Shop. The War Chest was established in 1914 as fundraising group that aimed to support all soldiers, not just the wounded ones like the Red Cross did. The position meant Mary had to travel between Sydney and 'Lanyon' of which she was now involved in managing as her husband had succumbed to chronic ill-health. The Flower shop, based on Elizabeth Street in Sydney, sold fresh produce, fresh flowers and over time Mary would come to sell some of her poems in the store too; a move she relied on her father to help her make with him often acting as critic and editor of her work. The Flower Shop was a successful venture and they eventually moved to larger premises on George Street. Despite the growing pressures and gloom of her ailing husband Mary, as always, formed supportive intellectually stimulating and loyal friendships, she struck a particularly affectionate relationship with the young artist Grace Cossington-Smith during these years.\nAfter the war Mary's life changed. Her son Andrew returned from war in 1919 but had been broken by his service and eventually descended into alcoholism. He took over 'Lanyon' as Mary was now based in Bondi, Sydney with Jim whose health was too poor to be in the cold southern climate. Andrew proceeded to publicly disgrace the family and mismanage 'Lanyon' to the point that it was publicly auctioned off in 1926, much to Mary's dismay. 'Tuggranong' was also gone by this stage having been taken over by the Department of Defence in 1922; it became the Official Historian, Charles Bean's residence for the duration of the history's writing. Both of these losses came after a deeply felt loss of Jim, who died on 28 December 1921 after years of poorly healthy. For a woman so bound to community, place and family Mary was adrift in many ways. After Jim's death she went 'home' to reside at 'Riversdale', but the final hurt came with the death of her father in 1923 after just a brief illness. After this latest grief she split her time between 'Riversdale' and 'Fairwater', a property near Ulladulla that she acquired in 1927 after the sale of 'Lanyon'. Here Mary withdrew into her herself and unlike in 1902 her family was now grown and busy with their own lives and did not rally around to pull her out of her darkness. She died alone at 'Fairvale' (her daughter's home) at the age 61 on 15 November 1930. Her death certificate refers to her refusal to take drink or food and of her 'unsound mind'. Her son Andrew found her body and had her buried at the family cemetery at 'Lanyon' where her husband and four of her daughters also lay. With the end of her life so came the end of an era of her family's proud pastoral heritage and deep ties with the land and people of the Tuggeranong valley.\nRead more about Mary Cunningham's activities during World War I at the exhibition Canberra Women in World War 1: Community at Home, Nurses Abroad.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/funeral-notice-mrs-m-cunningham\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marriage-notice\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/silver-wedding\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cunningham-james-jim-1850-1921\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cunningham-mary-emily-1870-1930\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lanyon-homestead\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tuggeranong-homestead\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/twynam-edward-1832-1923\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-cunningham-an-australian-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beautiful-colours-to-arrange-mary-cunningham-mistress-of-tuggeranong\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-official-history-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1914-1918-australia-during-the-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-1910-1960-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-1858-1931-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-cunningham-family-1834-1902-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McKeahnie, Elizabeth Julia", "Entry ID": "AWE4789", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mckeahnie-elizabeth-julia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Boboyan', near Queanbeyan, New South Wales", "Death Place": "Blythburn' near Tharwa, Australian Capital Territory", "Occupations": "Pastoralist, Poet", "Summary": "Elizabeth McKeahnie was a successful, independent pastoralist between 1882 and 1911, at a time when women generally did not run their own properties. She owned and operated Blythburn, an 810ha dairy and cattle property next to her parents' property, Booroomba, near Tharwa. She usually worked the property singlehanded, when necessary employing only women to assist her. McKeahnie was also a poet, publishing poems in the local newspaper, particularly after the deaths of friends and relatives.\n", "Details": "The daughter of Charles and Elizabeth McKeahnie, who emigrated to New South Wales in 1838, Elizabeth McKeahnie was born and grew up in country New South Wales (in what is now the ACT). Over six-foot tall in adulthood, McKeahnie was an imposing figure. She apparently rode astride and carried an ivory-handled revolver. She was known as a skilled rider and horsebreaker, regularly travelling long distances on horseback to visit family and friends. As well as caring for her aging parents (her mother died in 1899 and her father four years later), she also ran her own dairy and cattle property independently. Among the women who worked for her, according to Canberra resident, Una West, who was interviewed in 1983, were Ruth and Grace Kirchner and Mary Ann Warner. One family story suggests that when she was too ill to do the milking, those men who volunteered to assist had to wear women's clothing while completing the task.\nMckeahnie seems to have been regarded as somewhat eccentric but her obituary also emphasized her 'feminine' qualities. She was remembered as a 'gracious and warm-hearted lady.'\nAlways impeccably dressed\u2026her conversational gifts were above the average, and, taken altogether, she was a woman as much higher in womanly qualities as she was in stature above the ordinary.\nMcKeahnie's homestead at Blythburn still stands and is on the ACT National Trust List of Classified Places. (Latitude: 42.224420\u00b0 N, Longitude: 94.195630\u00b0 W) The main structure, which consists of three rooms opening onto a verandah without interconnecting doors, still survives, along with a kitchen building. There is also evidence of further outbuildings. The building was lived in for several years during the 1940s, when one room was converted to a kitchen, but is otherwise reminiscent of McKeahnie's occupation between 1882 and 1919. McKeahnie received Blythburn from her father in 1882 and after his death she bought adjoining land in 1905 and 1908. Her brother Charles assumed active management of the entire property in 1911, but McKeahnie lived in the house until her death.\nLike the rest of her family McKeahnie was active in the Presbyterian Church. Her family had a long association with St Stephen's in Queanbeyan, where she is buried in the family plot. Her mother laid the foundation stones of both the church in 1872 and the manse eleven years later and her brother donated the McKeahnie Font, in memory of his parents and two daughters. A memorial tablet commemorating Elizabeth McKeahnie was unveiled inside the church in 1921.\nMcKeahnie also wrote poetry, primarily in times of grief and distress. 'My Darling Niece' was written after the death in 1877 of her niece, Jane Elizabeth McKeahnie, and 'In Memorial' in 1907 for Charles, the son of her brother, Archibald. Several of her poems were published in the Queanbeyan Age. Other poems included 'Effect of the Drought' and 'Gone', neither particularly cheerful. 'Gone' was written in 1892, a few months after the death of Kenneth Cameron, who was also memorialized in 'In Memory of Kenneth Cameron'. (1891) Cameron was a close friend who had proposed marriage to her. McKeahnie's father refused to give his permission, although it is not clear why. Both were members of the same church and Cameron had no financial problems. He was twenty-one years older than McKeahnie. Neither Cameron nor McKeahnie ever married and legend has it that McKeahnie wore a black -banded wedding ring engraved with Cameron's initials after his death. There has been a suggestion that Charles McKeahnie gave his daughter the Blythburn property as some sort of compensation for refusing to allow her to marry.\nA contributor to the Queanbeyan Age and Observer, writing about McKeahnie several months after her death, concluded 'Nature seemed to point her for something else, but it was the old, old story of a wasted life and 'what might have been.' There is certainly a sense of disappointment in McKeahnie's life, particularly in relation to her thwarted relationship with Kenneth Cameron, and some sadness is reflected in her poetry. Nevertheless, she seems to have been a well-respected and admired member of the local community. She had financial independence. She found enjoyment in her garden and her poetry and undoubtedly took pride in her ability to run a successful cattle and dairy farm. She remains remarkable as one of few rural women of her era to run a successful independent business on the land.\nPoetry (collected in Lyall Gillespie's, Early verse of the Canberra region):\n\nDear Land of My Ancestors (1876)\nOnly A Dream (1876)\nAwa' Cald Winter (1876)\nMy Darling Niece (1877)\nWhat I Love (1878)\nIn Memory of Mr Kenneth Cameron (1891)\nIn Memory of Mr Kenneth Cameron: Fate (1891)\nAlone (date unknown)\nA Memoir (1895)\nIn Memoriam (1906)\n\nPoetry (collected in Brian Moore, Cotter Country):\n\nEffect of the Drought (date unknown)\nGone (1892)\nIn Memoriam (1907)\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/early-verse-of-the-canberra-region-a-collection-of-poetry-verse-and-doggerel-from-newspapers-other-publications-and-private-sources\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cotter-country\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/act-heritage-register-decision-about-registration-for-booroomba-station-incorporating-blythburn-and-braeside-and-adjacent-plouhlands\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blythburn-conservation-plan-stage-1-the-buildings-report-prepared-for-anna-and-john-hyles-act\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/strine-design-for-australian-department-of-housing-and-construction-a-c-t-regionblythburn-cottage-conservation-plan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/classified-places-act-national-trust-list-of-classified-c-or-recorded-r-places\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blythburn-2000-01\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-julia-mckeahnie\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/enterprising-gaels-become-pioneer-pastoralists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pinner, Mancell Gwenneth", "Entry ID": "AWE4790", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pinner-mancell-gwenneth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Radiologist", "Summary": "Gwen Pinner was a significant figure in the medical profession in Canberra. In addition to her work as a radiologist, she conducted a tuberculosis survey of the Australian Capital Territories and Queanbeyan and was involved in the establishment of the John James Memorial Hospital. As a child, however, it was her role of presenting a bouquet to the Duchess of York at the opening of Parliament House in 1927 that created an enduring image.\n", "Details": "Mancell Gwenneth Pinner was born on 24 June 1922 in Melbourne, the eldest daughter of John Thomas Pinner and Mancell Jeanott (n\u00e9e Drysdale). Her father, chief accountant and a member of the Expropriation Board of New Guinea, was in New Guinea at the time of her birth and was stationed there for much of her early childhood. In 1926 the family moved to Canberra where John had been appointed assistant-accountant in the Federal Capital Commission.\nAged four, Gwen was selected from a ballot of some 500 children, to present a bouquet of roses to the Duchess of York at the opening of Parliament House on 9 May 1927. Dressed in a new white frock and bonnet for the occasion, she was accompanied up the steps by Captain J.H. Honeysett, a World War I veteran who lived next door to her family. Although Gwen later recalled little of the day, it was reported that she 'appeared to feel no embarrassment in the presence of her Royal Highness, and, having carried out her part, skipped gaily across the lawn back to her waiting mother.'\nInitially the family lived in Ainslie and Gwen attended Ainslie Public School. Dux in her final year, she was awarded a scholarship to attend the Canberra Church of England Girls' Grammar School (CCEGGS) in 1934. Three years later the family moved to Deakin where Gwen and her sister, Jean, could walk across the paddocks to the school. At CCEGGS Gwen continued to excel: she captained the Basketball and Tennis teams; won the 1938 Lady Isaacs Prize for the best essay by a school girl; and was School Captain and Dux in her final two years. In 1939 Gwen was awarded a Canberra scholarship by the Canberra University College to assist her studies in medicine at the University of Melbourne. She was one of eight female graduates whose degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery were conferred in March 1945.\nGwen began working as an intern at the Royal Melbourne Hospital but she contracted tuberculosis and her recovery entailed a year-long stay in hospital and a further year recuperating away from work. It was an experience that probably led to her appointment as head of a survey team examining the incidence of tuberculous infection in the Australian Capital Territory and Queanbeyan for the Commonwealth Department of Health (part of an Australia-wide programme aimed at eradicating tuberculosis). The survey was conducted over several months in 1949 and involved about half the population volunteering to receive a preliminary tuberculin skin test. Tests were conducted in schools, offices, shops, hostels, hotels and at a regular clinic in the old hospital buildings at Acton. In June, Gwen conducted skin tests on Members of Parliament as part of a publicity campaign to encourage participation in the survey. While the incidence of active tuberculosis was low, Gwen believed there was considerable educational value in the survey as it resulted in a population that was 'tuberculosis conscious'. The next year she conducted a similar survey of 904 people on Norfolk Island.\nGwen returned to the Royal Melbourne Hospital working as an assistant radiologist. She continued to study and was awarded a Diploma of Diagnostic Radiology in 1952. Two years later she became the first woman to be awarded the Thomas Baker Memorial Fellowship to study radiology abroad. Gwen departed in early 1955 for London. During her eighteen months overseas she spent time in several countries including Britain, Sweden, and America. Striving to gain the most benefit from the fellowship, she divided her time between working as an honorary assistant in hospitals; studying short courses; attending seminars and symposiums; and observing doctors.\nGwen returned from abroad to the family home in Canberra and joined Ron Hoy and Bruce Collings at their practice. She also worked as a consultant radiologist at the Royal Canberra Hospital and, over the years, served on various hospital committees. In 1965, Gwen, along with a number of colleagues, founded Canberra's first private hospital, John James Memorial Hospital. By the 1960s and 1970s she was considered 'the dominant figure in radiology in Canberra'. Gwen had been elected to the Fellowship of the Faculty of Radiologists (London) in 1957 and to the Fellowship of the College of Radiologists of Australasia in 1964. In 1984 she became the first female President of the Royal Australasian College of Radiologists. She retired in 1987.\nIn 1988, sixty-one years after presenting the bouquet to the Duchess of York, Gwen attended the opening of the new Parliament House and was presented to Queen Elizabeth.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/births\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/problem-of-conflicting-loyalties-among-graduates\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burrawai-the-magazine-of-the-canberra-church-of-england-girls-grammar-school\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burrawai-the-magazine-of-the-canberra-church-of-england-girls-grammar-school-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bouquets-for-the-duchess\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ainslie-school\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/university-college\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/girls-grammar-school\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scholarships\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/girls-grammar-school-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/t-b-skin-tests-for-ms-p\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dr-gwen-pinner-to-study-radiology-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-day-a-duchess-smiled-on-a-nations-capital\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituary-dr-gwenneth-mancell-pinner\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituary-mancell-gwenneth-pinner-1922-1998\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-opening-of-parliament-at-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/medical-directory-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pinner-john-thomas-1888-1955\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-tuberculosis-survey-of-norfolk-island\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/report-of-an-epidemiological-survey-of-the-australian-capital-territory-and-queanbeyan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/report-of-the-thomas-baker-memorial-fellow-for-1954-to-the-college-of-radiologists-of-australasia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/two-parliamentary-openings\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/at-parliament-house\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shadows-and-substance-the-history-of-the-royal-australian-and-new-zealand-college-of-radiologists-1949-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/university-of-melbourne-calendar-1946\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/university-of-melbourne-calendar-1953\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pinner-place\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gwen-pinner\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/official-opening-of-canberra-by-his-royal-highness-the-duke-of-york\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/zepps-katrina-1918-1981\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/royal-visit-may-1927-the-duchess-of-york-receiving-a-bouquet-from-a-young-girl-gwen-pinner\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/royal-visit-may-1927-the-duchess-of-york-receiving-a-bouquet-from-gwen-pinner-copy-photograph\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/duchess-of-york-receiving-flowers-from-gwen-pinner-at-the-opening-of-parliament-house-canberra-1927-picture-w-j-mildenhall\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Peirl, Amy Ruth", "Entry ID": "AWE4792", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/peirl-amy-ruth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Boulder, Western Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "China Painter, Potter, Teacher", "Details": "Born in Boulder in 1899, Amy Ruth Harvey was one of six children of gold worker Philip Harvey and his wife Alice, a dressmaker. She was educated in Boulder and at the scholarship school of Eastern Goldfields High until 1915, and then Perth Modern School.\nAmy trained as a teacher at the Claremont Teachers College and was sent to teach in the country near Toodyay and then to Maylands Primary School. Here she met Flora Landells and became a student at her Maylands School of Art. In 1929 Amy transferred to the Correspondence school and became involved in educational radio broadcasting.\nIn 1937 when she married Harold Peirl she was obliged to resign, as married women were not permitted in the Education department service. She was thus able to give more time to her art and she became a china painter of some note. Amy painted in two styles, the naturalistic and the geometric.\nIn 1947 together with Ira Forbes -Smith (painter and fabric designer) and Bessie Saunders (painter) Amy held a major exhibition at Perth's Newspaper House Art Gallery.\nShe returned to teaching in 1951, when there was a shortage of teachers and taught at Girdelstone and Applecross High Schools. She retired in 1963 and died in Perth in 1990.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-wildflower-image-the-painted-china-of-amy-harvey-an-exhibition-the-alexander-library-building-september-2-to-october-8-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Saunders, Clara", "Entry ID": "AWE4793", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/saunders-clara\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Hotel owner, Midwife, Nurse", "Details": "Clara Saunders, accompanied by her mother and younger sister Susan, arrived in Southern Cross in Western Australia in 1892. She worked for her brother in law Tom Farren at the Club Hotel. In 1893, aged fifteen, she travelled alone to Coolgardie to take up a new job at the Exchange Hotel assisting the housekeeper Mrs Fagan.\nClara and Mrs Fagan also provided nursing care for miners ill with dysentery and typhoid, feeding them nourishing food and caring for them in clean and comfortable surroundings. One of these miners was the successful mining pioneer Paddy Hannan, who discovered gold at Kalgoorlie. He gave Clara a gold nugget in recognition of her service to him.\nClara continued to work in hotels, running the dining room at the Great Western Hotel in Bayley Street where she met her husband Arthur Williams who ran the billiard room at the same hotel. Clara married Arthur Williams on 1 July 1894. She was the first settler woman to be married in Coolgardie. She wore her gold nugget mounted on a brooch for good luck on the day.\nArthur and Clara moved to Goongarrie, where she continued to nurse and care for ill prospectors and act as a midwife to local women. She had two children, Lillian and Mary.\nArthur died in 1902 and Clara took over the licence of the Mt Morgans Hotel, running the business. Successfully until her second marriage to Joseph Lynch. Clara, Joseph and their two sons John and Edward sold the hotel and began farming in Narrogin. They lost their farm during the Depression and Clara opened a boarding house in Marvel Loch. Joseph died in 1939 and in 1944 Clara married for the third time to John Paton.\nShe died in 1957 at the age of 80.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/coolgardie-wedding-1894\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clara-saunders-a-pioneer-of-coolgardie-1894\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daughters-of-midas-pioneer-women-of-the-eastern-goldfields\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Edis, Margaret Dorothy", "Entry ID": "AWE4794", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edis-margaret-dorothy\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Nurse educator", "Summary": "Margaret Edis trained at the Coolgardie Hospital and served in both World Wars; after World War II she held a number of senior administrative positions and was awarded an MBE and the Florence Nightingale Medal.\n", "Details": "Margaret Edis was born in Kyabram, Victoria and moved to Kalgoorlie in 1896. Her early memories were of the lack of water, then the garden competitions after the Mundaring to Kalgoorlie pipeline was completed in 1903. She also describes elaborate picnics to Bardoc, north of Kalgoorlie, in the wildflower season and singing and dancing classes. Her first experience of the medical profession was a three day stay in hospital with tonsillitis when \"the nurses put me in a cap and took me round with them and I was fascinated by it\". When she left school she attended a talk by the matron of the Kalgoorlie Government Hospital who suggested she become a nurse.\nMargaret began her training at the Coolgardie hospital in 1911 where she was initially told she \"would never make the grade\" and was in trouble for refusing to eat her porridge on her first day. She worked in the TB ward where she was not allowed to speak to the patients, and then transferred to the Northam and Albany hospitals before returning to Kalgoorlie to continue her training.\nOn 10 August, 1915, at the age of 25, she enlisted in the Australian Army Nursing Service and was sent initially to Egypt, later nursing on the Western Front. Her unit was so close to the front line that at one time they found themselves in no-man's land during a night-time Allied retreat. After the war Margaret took a midwifery and child welfare course at King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women in Perth, specialising in the care of premature babies. With another war, she was called up in July 1940 and served as principal matron, Western Command (Western Australian Lines of Communication Area) until April 1943. Ten years later she was awarded an MBE \"in recognition of her outstanding public service in the interests of persons suffering from incurable diseases\". In 1965, a year before her retirement, she was awarded the Florence Nightingale medal by the International Committee of the Red Cross. As president (1945-1950) of the Western Australian branch of the Australian Trained Nurses' Association, she helped to establish (1949) the College of Nursing, Australia. She was also State president of the Trained Nurses' Guild (1947-1949) and of the Australian United Nurses' Association (1949-1953), and served (1943-1953) on the Nurses' Registration Board. Margaret Edis died in Perth on 14 August, 1981.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edis-margaret-dorothy-dot-1890-1981\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-margaret-dorothy-edis-nurse-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/first-australian-imperial-force-personnel-dossiers-1914-1920\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cooke, Frederica", "Entry ID": "AWE4797", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cooke-frederica\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sandhurst, Victoria", "Occupations": "Midwife", "Details": "Frederica Georgina Wheeler was born on 29th January 1897 to Phoebe Clarke (nee Morgan) a boarding house keeper and Frederick George Wheeler, a commercial traveller, storekeeper and miner. She attended school in Echuca in Victoria and at the age of 18, on 12 October 1888, she married widower Robert Cooke aged 40 in Melbourne. She had two stepdaughters, Jean and Bella and three children of her own, Clive, Phoebe (Tottie) and Frances (Fanny).\nRobert died of bronchitis and pneumonia in 1904 leaving her a young widow with no particular skills to support herself. She trained as a midwife, because as her granddaughter wrote,\n'Faced with the need to support her family she decided against shopkeeping. Domestic service was beneath her dignity.'\nIn 1904, leaving her youngest daughter Frances in Victoria, she moved to Boulder in Western Australia to take up her profession. One of her first patients was her daughter Tottie. ' Nurse Cooke attended the birth of over a thousand babies and never lost a mother or a full term child'. She briefly conducted a small private hospital, but most patients preferred to be delivered at home, so she continued to give women that service.\nIn March 1917 she married again to a farmer James Glasson but found life on the farm too primitive, so returned to practise midwifery in Boulder and to care for her grandchildren.\nShe died in 1955.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-misfortunes-of-phoebe\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Musk, Jean Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE4798", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/musk-jean-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Teacher", "Details": "Jean was born in Kalgoorlie to Mary Elizabeth Scott (nee Downey) and Thomas Cleghorn Scott. Her father moved to Kalgoorlie as a 21 year-old in 1896 to work on the water supply prior to the construction of the Eastern Goldfields pipeline. He worked on the condensers, which distilled water from the salt lakes outside Kalgoorlie and delivered it door-to door to the townspeople. When scheme water arrived he became a meter-reader.\nHer siblings were Tom, Frank and Bill. There were two other siblings, one a girl who died as a toddler and the other a boy who died at a few months, both of typhoid in an epidemic in 1906, leaving Jean as the only daughter.\nShe attended primary school and secondary school in Kalgoorlie. When she was in her 4th year at high school her mother became ill with gall bladder disease and Jean (as the only daughter) was required to stay at home as housekeeper, thereby missing several months of schooling and impressing on her a sense of indignation at having been selected out of the family to forego education because she was female. Despite this she continued to the end of her 5th year and achieved a conceded matriculation enabling her to enrol at the Claremont Teacher's College in Perth for two year's training as a primary school teacher.\nOn graduation from teachers' college she was posted to a one-teacher school at Wishbone in the wheat belt of Western Australia. Her next posting was to the Fairbridge Farm School and then back in Kalgoorlie at the North Kalgoorlie Primary School where she taught the middle grades, until she married Arthur Thomas Musk on 5 October 1940 and was required to resign to comply with Education Department policy on the employment of married women. Although she did subsequently return to teaching for many years it was only ever as temporary staff\/casual employment. As a result of the employment policies of the time married women could not be employed as permanent staff and every year there was great angst in the family until a job became available for her.\nJean had three children, Francis Alfred in 1942 and twins Arthur and Alexander in 1943. The family moved to Perth at Easter 1945 for more secure employment for Arthur.\nThere was a great shortage of teachers in the post-war period and Jean was invited to return to teaching in mid-1947. Jean continued to teach, wherever a teacher was needed.\nJean also took on the teaching of English as a second language to post-war migrants ('New Australians'). Initially she did this in the evenings at the Queens Park School but the environment was inhospitable and she persuaded the Education Department to allow her to conduct the classes at her home. Many lasting friendships resulted including all the family members.\nJean retired from teaching in 1967 aged 60. Her background in Kalgoorlie and her personal qualities equipped her to make an important contribution to Western Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-regarding-jean-mary-musk\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Heenan, Joan Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE4799", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heenan-joan-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Fremantle, Australia", "Death Place": "Perth, Australia", "Occupations": "Electoral campaign manager, Lawyer", "Summary": "Joan Heenan studied law in Western Australia in the 1930s, moving to Kalgoorlie after her marriage in 1937. She was a partner in the Heenan and Heenan law firm, and was the only permanent lawyer in Kalgoorlie during the war years. She is particularly remembered for her assistance to Italian internees during this period.\n", "Details": "Joan Heenan was born in Fremantle in 1910 to Jessie Grace Townsend, a nurse, and Ezekial Benoni McKenna, an accountant for Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR). Joan's maternal grandfather was Mayor of Bulong and her paternal grandfather a police inspector in Kalgoorlie, so she had familial links to the goldfields. Jessie McKenna volunteered to return to nursing in Fremantle during WWI, setting up the 8th AGH, for the wounded from Gallipoli, so Joan spent time being cared for by her paternal grandparents.\nShe completed her schooling at Sacred Heart Convent in Highgate, where the nuns encouraged their pupil's ambitions. As Joan recalled in an interview in 1989 the idea was '\u2026if you had ability\u2026you should use it'.\nShe studied Arts at the University of Western Australia (UWA) in 1927 and after graduation in 1930 worked as a primary school teacher. After experiencing teaching and deciding it was not for her, she enrolled to study Law at UWA in 1931, completing articles with O'Dea and O'Dea, staying with the firm until December 1936. Some firms in Perth would not engage women lawyers, so it was not easy to find a firm at which was willing to allow a woman complete articles. Despite the Depression there was plenty of work at O'Dea and O'Dea, who were at that time acting for prominent goldfields identity Claude de Bernales.\nJoan married Eric Heenan on 14 January 1937 and moved to Kalgoorlie. Eric had already been elected as Labor MLC for the North East province in 1936, taking in areas of what were then the Kalgoorlie and Murchison gold mining districts. Joan moved immediately into the '\u2026midst of a very busy legal practice' at Heenan and Heenan Law firm in Kalgoorlie as well as being closely involved in his electoral campaigns. She assisted her husband in court and carried out other legal work in the office. When war was declared, many men enlisted and Joan remained the only permanent lawyer in Kalgoorlie.\nWork in Kalgoorlie, which she described as a 'man's town', was a formative experience for her. Joan's clients were the workingmen and women of Kalgoorlie, and she is particularly remembered for her assistance to Italian internees during WWII. Although elections were postponed during the war she remained involved in the electorate and she encouraged her clients and local residents to enrol to vote.\nA son Eric was born in 1945. After his birth, Joan worked spasmodically at the Kalgoorlie offices and in 1950 the family moved to Perth, '\u2026Kalgoorlie was no place for a woman', and for her son's education. She purchased new practice premises in 70 St Georges Terrace and with her husband's encouragement, set up EM Heenan & Co, in Perth and also became the agent for the Kalgoorlie firm Heenan, Hartrey & Co. Eric continued to travel and work in the Parliament in Perth and in his Kalgoorlie electorate and legal practice. He left politics in 1968 but continued to practice law.\nIn 1983 the family practice merged with Northmore Hale Davey and Lake and Joan continued to practice law until her retirement in 1991.\nShe died in Perth January 2002.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-joan-heenan-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mumme, Lillian Annie", "Entry ID": "AWE4800", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mumme-lillian-annie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Boulder", "Death Place": "Fremantle", "Occupations": "Nurse", "Details": "Daughter of Frank Aloysius Mumme and Annie Miller Fraser, Lillian Annie Mumme was born in Boulder on 5 December 1906. The family moved to Collie in Western Australia for Frank's work. Lillian completed her nursing training at the Kalgoorlie Government Hospital, and later worked in Busselton Hospital.\nIn WWII she served with the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) enlisting in Moora Western Australia, she then from 16 October 1942 served with the 2nd\/4th Australian Army Nursing Service in Queensland as Lieutenant. She was discharged from service on the 11 February 1946.\nLillian never married but continued to work as a nurse at various hospitals in Western Australia.\nShe died on 20 November 1989 in Bicton Private Hospital in Fremantle at the age of 82, and was buried in Fremantle Cemetery, Western Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/second-australian-imperial-force-personnel-dossiers-1939-1947\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Furia, Lina", "Entry ID": "AWE4801", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/furia-lina\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Grosotto, Tirano, Valtellina", "Death Place": "Coolgardie, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Hotel owner", "Summary": "Lina Furia owned and ran the Cornwall Hotel in Boulder with her husband Charlie Furia and her son Jack Osmetti from 1926 -1970.\n", "Details": "Lina Robustellini migrated to Western Australia in the early 1900s. Her first husband Jack Osmetti was killed on the Golden Horseshoe Mine and she supported her family by running a boarding house. In 1924 she married Charlie Furia and using the compensation money paid out after the death of Jack Osmetti, they purchased the Cornwall Hotel in Boulder. Young migrant miners stayed at the Cornwall, and dances were held for the community every Saturday.\nDuring the Kalgoorlie riots in 1934 the Cornwall was among many buildings belonging to migrants which were burnt down. Lina continued to sell alcohol to her customers and operated a bar from a corrugated iron shed next door to the remains of the hotel until it was rebuilt with compensation money from the government.\nLina Furia provided employment for many young migrant women and men, including Nerina Beccarelli, who worked as a waitress in the dining room.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/one-hundred-women-of-the-eastern-goldfields\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tess-epis-interviewed-by-criena-fitzgerald-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nerina-beccarelli-interviewed-by-criena-fitzgerald-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mitchell, Lorna May", "Entry ID": "AWE4802", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mitchell-lorna-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kunanalling, Western Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Politician, Red Cross Worker, Teacher", "Details": "Lorna Bell was born in Kunanalling and went to school in Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie. She married Rex Mitchell in 1934 and they had one daughter, Jan. Rex died in 1985, aged 83.\nDuring the Second World war she joined the Red Cross where she became known as 'Mrs Bottletops' as she collected aluminium tops from bottles for recycling as part of the war effort. She met the Australian Troop trains full of soldiers going to or returning from the war, providing soup and other special meals. She ran the Parakeet Dance Hall to raise funds for 'the boys' and later met the trains carrying war brides on to Melbourne and Sydney and on to the US to provide a last touch of home in Kalgoorlie for the women. Lorna said that after a chance to change clothes and freshen up, '\u2026 many was the girl who cried on my shoulder before getting back on that train'. She also helped run the Blood Bank and assisted in the rehabilitation of the returned soldiers. After the war Lorna became involved in the Fresh Air League, a charitable organisation that gave underprivileged goldfields children the opportunity to enjoy a 'fresh air' holiday by the sea.\nFrom 1946 Lorna devoted much of her time as a voluntary aide assisting deaf children with their education. In August 1947 she became an assistant teacher - special education with the then superintendent recognising her incredible perception and ability to teach deaf children and others deemed 'unteachable' because of their disabilities. In 1951 as principal she opened her school dedicated to the teaching of these children. It became the greatest achievement of her life for 33 years, and in 1985 the school was named after her. For her work she received the British Empire Medal and as a further honour in 1998 for her continued work with people with disabilities the Active Foundation made her an Honorary Life Member and Life Governor.\nIn 1969 she was elected the first woman to the Kalgoorlie town council and later became deputy Mayor. In a decade of service to the council and community affairs she raised the status of women and opened the door for many to follow.\nA select list of her other contributions to the community includes helping organisations such as the Citizens Advice Bureau, Women's Health Care Centre, Friends of the Hospital, Police and Aboriginal Community Relations Committee, Goldfields Childcare Centre and Goldfields Aged Welfare along with active roles in social or professional organisations such as Business and Professional Women's Association, Hannans Golf Club, Goldfields Repertory Club, president of the Senior Citizens and president of Prospect Lodge.\nLorna was a Justice of the Peace and Kalgoorlie's best fundraiser, ticket seller and tin rattler for numerous worthy causes. In 1996 she received the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for services to the community.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/one-hundred-women-of-the-eastern-goldfields\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lorna-mitchell-interviewed-by-criena-fitzgerald-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sharp, Lorna", "Entry ID": "AWE4803", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sharp-lorna\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Gnowangerup, Western Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Business owner, Office assistant", "Details": "Lorna Sharp was born in Gnowangerup in 1934, the third child of George Samuel Powell and Hansina Johnson.\nFirst World War veteran, George Samuel Powell moved to Jerramungup to live on his father's Boer War service farm. He was murdered in 1930 and the family moved to Albany, where Lorna and her two brothers Leslie and Paddy went to school.\nIn 1948 the family moved to Kalgoorlie, where Lorna's mother worked in hotels. Lorna continued her schooling at St Mary's Catholic School in Kalgoorlie, working in a milk bar at night to put herself through her education.\nShe left school to begin work at 14 as a junior office assistant at the Producers Market on Brookman Street, Kalgoorlie. She enrolled in nursing, but after a year returned to Kalgoorlie to work for HW Davidson, who owned a pickle factory and were distributors for Mills and Ware biscuits.\nLorna Powell left work and married Robert Corbett (Bobby) Sharp on 4 April 1953. They have five children, Robert, Janet, Colleen, Norman and Beverley.\nWhile her children were still at school Lorna returned to the paid workforce and began her career in real estate with agent Pat Engelbrecht. After several years in real estate, she worked for a year at the offices of a drilling company, but she returned to real estate, and became a partner in Wade's Real Estate Agency in 1970. She was the first person in the Goldfields to gain a Real Estate Licence. Lorna completed studies in accountancy and in 1975 became sole proprietor of Wade's Real Estate Agency, which became Kalgoorlie Real Estate.\nLorna remained involved with the real estate agency, now a family business, together with her daughter Colleen, her son-in law Gavin and her son Norman.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/goldfields-magazine\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lorna-sharp-interviewed-by-criena-fitzgerald-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Benstead, Lulu", "Entry ID": "AWE4804", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/benstead-lulu\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Alice Springs", "Occupations": "Opera singer, Performer", "Summary": "Lulu Benstead began her singing career in Coolgardie and performed from 1907 until 1911 throughout the goldfields and New South Wales. She retired in 1934.\n", "Details": "Lulu Benstead was born in Alice Springs the daughter of goldfields pioneer Bill (William) Benstead and Triphenia Benstead. She studied with Mrs Jack Wilson in Coolgardie and performed regularly in the goldfields. Indeed, the Western Mail newspaper described Coolgardie as the '\u2026musical centre of the goldfields'. She also toured Australia, performing in Sydney and in country areas with the Lulu Benstead Company.\nThe Coolgardie Lulu Benstead Continental Musical Education Fund Committee was set up in 1907 to raise money for Lulu's further musical education. In 1911 Lulu travelled to Paris and Berlin with the assistance of money raised from benefit concerts in Western Australia and donations from her Western Australian supporters. A report of one benefit concert in 1909 described her performance thus: '\u2026a brilliant display of her beautiful soprano voice, and added another laurel to her luxuriant wreath of success'.\nA successful entertainer, Lulu performed in the USA, Canada and England singing vaudeville, comedy, comic opera, burlesque and revue. She retired from the stage in 1934, married Englishman Mr Stelling and lived in England.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lulu-benstead\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lulu-benstead-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-lulu-benstead\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-lulu-benstead-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daughters-of-midas-pioneer-women-of-the-eastern-goldfields\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Stefani, Margherita", "Entry ID": "AWE4805", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stefani-margherita\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cimbergo, Brescia, Italy", "Death Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Business owner", "Summary": "Margherita Stefani ran the Amalfi Boarding House and wine saloon in Kalgoorlie with her husband.\n", "Details": "Margherita Stefani migrated with her mother and her sister Maria to Western Australia in 1940. The family had waited for nine years for their father to send money for their migration. Margherita's mother, aged 38, had four more children in the eastern goldfields mining town of Gwalia, Western Australia. Margherita was forced by her father to remain at home helping her mother with the children and do ironing and washing for single miners until she was 21 when she went to work at the Leonora Hospital as a domestic. She married ex-miner and internee Romeo Stefani in 1953. He had bought the Kalgoorlie Wine Saloon and, after changing the name to the Amalfi, he and Margherita fed, cleaned and cared for young migrant Italians, visitors to Kalgoorlie and those wanting a good home-cooked meal. Margherita worked from 4 a.m. until 9 p.m. seven days a week, leaving her little time for politics or socialising. She was assisted by her mother, who helped in the kitchen and cared for her grandchildren, her sister Maria who worked as a waitress and other married women who needed part-time work and young single girls. Margherita's work and that of the women who assisted her was essential to the operation of the mines of the Golden Mile because the many miners without family support would not have remained in the town without it. Margherita retired to Perth in 1983 after twenty years of hard work.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-maria-guidarelli-and-margherita-stefani-in-2003\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Smith, Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE4806", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/smith-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Argyle Flats, Heathcote, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "West Leederville, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Hotel owner", "Summary": "Mary Smith nee Steedman was the first white woman to live in Bardoc, approximately 30 km from Kalgoorlie. She ran the Bardoc Hotel from 1896 until 1924.\n", "Details": "Mary Dudley left Victoria for the goldfields of Western Australia in 1893 with her husband Lionel, her brother Timothy Steedman and her four children Lionel, Fred, Adelaide and Rene. The family travelled by boat, The Bothwell Castle, by train to Southern Cross and by wagon to Coolgardie. The journey to Coolgardie took eight days. In 1894 the family moved to Bardoc, where Lionel sold liquor to miners from a wayside shanty, building the more substantial Bardoc Hotel two years later in 1896. Lionel died that same year leaving Mary to run the hotel with the help of her family.\nShe married miner William Smith in January 1900 and in 1903 a daughter Kathleen Mary was born. She continued to run the Bardoc Hotel cleaning, cooking for boarders and tending the bar. Even a dose of Spanish Influenza in 1919 failed to deter her. Her daughter Kathleen worked as a housemaid and waitress.\nMary's second husband died in 1916, but she remained at Bardoc, leaving only when the mining population dwindled and it became unprofitable to continue.\nIn 1924, after a lifetime of hard labour, Mary sold the hotel and retired to Perth with Kathleen. She was 64.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "James, Maude Wordsworth", "Entry ID": "AWE4807", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/james-maude-wordsworth\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Composer, jewellery designer, Poet", "Details": "Maude Wordsworth James was born 'at sea' on 19 December 1855 aboard the ship Morning Star in the Indian Ocean approximately 2,500 kilometres south west of Western Australia. Her parents, Thomas and Alicia Crabbe, had sailed from Bristol in October bound for Melbourne as unassisted immigrants. When the couple boarded the Morning Star they had 3 children. Maude was their fourth. Between 1856 and 1871 Alicia bore another 6 children.\nMaude spent her childhood in Victoria moving from Williamstown near Melbourne, to Portland, Dunnolly and Maryborough. She met her husband, Charles Wordsworth Scantlebury James, in Maryborough and they were married at the All Saints Church in Bendigo on 3 November 1875. Maude was aged 19 and Charles was 25. Their first son, Cyril Haughton, was born in Bendigo, Victoria in 1878. Two years later Maude bore a daughter who died when only sixteen days old. The couple moved to Hobart at some stage between 1878 and 1883 where their third child, Tristram (b. 4\/3\/1883) and another daughter, Yolande (b. 15\/7\/1889) were both born.\nMaude's husband, Charles, was a civil engineer who obtained work in Kalgoorlie in 1896. After working for one of the mining companies in Kalgoorlie for almost a year he telegrammed Maude asking that she and their children join him. As the town of Kalgoorlie expanded the financial position of the James family seemed secure. Maude's husband Charles was now employed by the Kalgoorlie Municipal Council as the town surveyor and, while they had not made a fortune, life was more comfortable than when they first moved to Mullingar. By 1907 the 'tent' they inhabited in 1897 was a weatherboard cottage with a separate dining room and they could afford to pay a woman to help with the household duties. However, Maude felt that they needed more money and she took it upon herself to find a means of earning an income. She conceived an idea for Australian souvenir jewellery and she designed, patented and organised for the manufacture of her 'Coo-ee' jewellery. Incorporating Australian fauna, flora and indigenous motifs she sold brooches, bangles, cuff links, pins and spoons which were made from Australian gold and featured tourmaline from Kangaroo Island, opals from Queensland and pearls from Broome. These designs were registered in England and New Zealand, as well as in Australia. Maude proudly pasted in her journal articles about an exhibition in Perth in December 1907 that displayed her designs and a page from the Australian Jewellery Manufacturing Gazette that advertised her 'Coo-ee' jewellery.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/introduction\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/symbols-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gold-and-silversmithing-in-western-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Searles, Nalda", "Entry ID": "AWE4808", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/searles-nalda\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kalgoorlie-Boulder", "Occupations": "Artist, Photographer", "Summary": "Nalda Searles is nationally recognised for her baskets and artworks using materials found in the bush. Working within the landscape her art reflects a deep commitment to nature and culture. Her inspirational workshops and involvement with Aboriginal women have seen new methods of making grass basketry and sculpture spread into remote indigenous communities.\n", "Details": "Nalda Searles was born in Kalgoorlie and went to the Boulder, then Bullfinch, Primary Schools before attending Northam Senior High. She left for Perth to study and work as a psychiatric nurse.\nTravel abroad gave her a deeper appreciation of the arts, and on return she undertook a brief course in macram\u00e9 at the Midland Technical School. This quickly led to a life long commitment to working with fibres.\nRenowned potter and friend Eileen Keys encouraged Nalda to source her materials from the environment, and in 1983 a six-week bush camp in the Yilgarn resulted in an exciting collection of baskets made from bark, grass, flowers and sticks. This led to her first major solo exhibition Bush Meetings and Basketry (1985) at the Craft Council of Western Australia. In 1989 she featured in the ABC television series The Makers. A Fine Arts degree at Curtin University followed.\nIn 1993, while working on the Wama Wanti Street Art Project for indigenous people in Kalgoorlie, she met senior Wongi woman Pantjiti Mary McLean. The two women became close friends, shared their skills, and collaborated in joint exhibitions of their work.\nNalda has worked overseas as an artist-in-residence, and her works are held in numerous public and private collections. A major survey of her work 'Drifting in my own land' was held in 2009 at Curtin University, and has toured nationally.\nIn 2009 her contribution to the arts was recognised by the state with a Lifetime Achievement Award.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nalda-searles-drifting-in-my-own-land\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Manners, Nancy Jean", "Entry ID": "AWE4809", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/manners-nancy-jean\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Trafalgar, Western Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Teacher", "Details": "Nancy Stevens was born on 23 December 1903 to Guiseppa (Jessie) and James (Jim) Stevens. Nancy's parents had travelled separately to Western Australia from Victoria, Jim arriving in 1893. They met at a band concert in Kalgoorlie and were married in the Anglican Church Kalgoorlie. Jim worked as a winder driver and later a tributer and prospector. He was also a member and a regular performer at the Boulder Liedertafel and the Goldfields Operatic Society.\nNancy was the eldest of seven children. Alan, Jessie, Ada, David, Edith and Ted. The family lived on a mining lease in Trafalgar and even when the water scheme came to Kalgoorlie their domestic facilities were rudimentary. Nancy went to school at the Trafalgar and later the Kalgoorlie Central School, where students knitted balaclavas and socks for the Red Cross war effort. Her class was then transferred to the newly-opened Eastern Goldfields High School.\nHer ambition was to become a teacher and she began as a monitor at the Trafalgar School and the Kalgoorlie Central Infants School as an Assistant on Supply. She also furthered her studies and was the first women to study at the School of Mines, where she successfully passed chemistry and geology. She left teaching in 1929 upon marriage.\nShe met businessman Charles Manners, and they married on the 19 September 1929. Both were active in church and community life on the goldfields.\nNancy Manners had two children, Ron and Frances, and although she did not return to teaching she continued to contribute to the education of her children and their friends.\nNancy died in 1980 in Perth.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/never-a-dull-moment\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Beccarelli, Nerina Nesta", "Entry ID": "AWE4810", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beccarelli-nerina-nesta\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Esperance, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Domestic worker, Gardener", "Details": "Nerina Beccarelli was born in Gwalia the youngest child of Maria Tavalli nee Calneggia and Mick Calneggia. Her parents had migrated from Italy to Western Australia, where her father first worked on the Lakewood Woodline and then the Sons of Gwalia Mine.\nIn 1919 her father Mick died of an infection in the Leonora Hospital and the family moved to Kalgoorlie where her mother worked as a cleaner and was paid from the Mine Workers' Relief Fund.\nMaria Tavalli married coal miner, Martin Bonazzi, who died of silicosis in 1940s.\nNerina attended the South Boulder Primary School, playing baseball and other sports. She continued to speak Italian at home, but speaks of other Italians as foreigners. She left school at fourteen to work as a domestic and she later worked as a waitress at the Cornwall Hotel.\nShe married at twenty one to Frank (Francesco Becarelli), a miner, and moved to Norseman. They had three sons, Louis, Albert and Frank.\nPost-war, Nerina helped her husband work in a market garden in Sommerville. In 1983 her husband died of silicosis. Nerina died in Esperance in 2018.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Scott, Olive Gladys", "Entry ID": "AWE4813", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scott-olive-gladys\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Teacher", "Details": "Olive Hadden was born in Kalgoorlie, the daughter of Florence Campling Hadden (nee Hunt) and Gilbert Carlile Hadden. Her father, Gilbert, was a mine manager. Olive's maternal grandfather, Charles Louis Hunt, had also been a mine manager.\nOlive has six siblings; Florence (Adeline), (born 1901), Alice (born 1904), Dorothea (Dorothy) (born 1906), Gilbert (Bert) (born 1908), Jean (born 1913) and Roy (Bunny) (born 1915). Adeline died at the age of 42 and Dorothy at 29.\nOlive attended primary and secondary school in Kalgoorlie. The family lived at 148 Campbell Street at one stage and, at another time, near the trotting track, situated half-way between Kalgoorlie and Boulder.\nOlive's mother, Florence, died in 1923 (aged 48) while Olive was attending Teachers' College. Olive's sister, Alice, was required to stay at home, to care for her father and brother, Roy, and to carry out domestic duties.\nAfter completing high school, Olive worked as a teacher's monitor at North Kalgoorlie Primary School in 1921 and 1922. In 1923 she attended Teachers' College in Perth. Teachers' College records described Olive as having \"a bright, vigorous personality\" and \"she gives considerable attention to the individual\".\nHer first placement as a teacher, in 1925, was to Leonora. In July, 1926, she was transferred to North Kalgoorlie Primary School where she remained until the end of 1933. She then worked at Boulder Primary School, 1934-1936, and returned again to North Kalgoorlie in 1937, the year in which she resigned and was married to Francis (Frank) Palmer Scott (born 1903).\nFrank worked for the \"Goldfields Firewood Supply\", at Kurrawang, approximately 16 kilometres west of Kalgoorlie, as a bookkeeper\/paymaster. In 1937, the Kurrawang township was moved when the company moved their operation to Lakewood, approximately seven kilometres south-east of Boulder.\nWhile living at Lakewood, Olive and Frank's first child, Tom, was born (in 1940). Olive returned to teaching for short periods at the Lakewood Primary School in 1944 and 1945. In 1946, their second child, John, was born. At Lakewood, Olive often provided after-school tutoring for individual students who were having difficulty at school.\nOlive and Frank had an attractive garden at Lakewood with roses, deciduous trees and fruit trees. Life in the harsh Goldfields climate was difficult at times, with very hot, dry summers and many dust storms. Winters were very cold with frosty mornings. There were no fridges or washing machines during the family's early years at Lakewood, with \"Coolgardie Safes\" and ice-boxes, a wood stove and pan toilets. A \"copper\" was used to heat up water for baths and for washing clothes. A Willy's Tourer was the family's mode of transport until 1952 when they bought their first sedan, a Ford Prefect.\nOlive returned to teaching in 1952 at Boulder Infants School. Olive gained permission to travel to Boulder in the \"Lakewood Taxi\", a car service provided by the Education Department, primarily to transport secondary students from Lakewood to attend schools in Kalgoorlie and Boulder. Olive's teaching contract lapsed in December each year and she had to wait until the following February to find out if she had a job again.\nFrank became severely affected by Parkinson's Disease and had to resign from his job at Lakewood. As a consequence, it was necessary for Olive to continue working, at least until John completed his high school education.\nIn 1957 Olive became the teacher of the \"Special Class\" where students with \"special needs\" or learning difficulties were placed. It was in this role that Olive \"made her mark\" and was able to utilise her knowledge and special skills - patience, empathy, and a nurturing, encouraging teaching style - with great success. Olive earned a reputation, among parents and teaching colleagues, of being a highly respected and effective teacher. Olive played the piano and taught the students how to \"Dance the Maypole\" for school concerts and assemblies. She retired from teaching in 1967.\nThe family moved to Richardson Street, Boulder in 1958. Olive broke her hip at home, and this event set her back a great deal. Frank passed away in 1969. Olive then moved to Perth and resided at James Brown House in Osborne Park. During her time there she did a lot of knitting and other craft work. Unfortunately, Olive fell and broke her arm while walking to the shops and this was another major setback for her. She was them moved to another Anglican home, St Georges Hospital in Mt Lawley. Olive passed away in November, 1980.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Alfirevich, Palma", "Entry ID": "AWE4814", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alfirevich-palma\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Boulder, Western Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Mandurah, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Boarding house worker, shopkeeper", "Details": "Palma Alfirevich was born in Boulder, the sixth child of Katica Rulyancich.\nKatica Rulyancich had migrated to Kalgoorlie from Yugoslavia with her husband Jacov in 1909 in search of work and a better life. Jakov died of Spanish Influenza virus in 1919, leaving Katica as a single mother with five children.\nAfter the death of her husband, Katica received the Mine Workers' Relief Pension, which was discontinued when she entered a relationship with Palma's father, Dan Nazor, a miner. She had two children with Dan Nazor, Palma and her brother, Joe, but never married again. Dan Nazor lived and worked at the Dusted Miners' Settlement at Southern Cross, and later died of silicosis.\nPalma attended the Boulder Primary School, but her education was disrupted during the 1934 Boulder riots when the family home was burnt down and she had to miss school for some months. She left school at 14 and worked in a boarding house in Boulder, where she met her husband Bob Alfirevich.\nPalma married Bob Alfirevich in 1942, they had two sons. Palma worked with her husband in Kalgoorlie and later in Perth, where they opened a local delicatessen and grocery store.\nPalma retired to Mandurah and died in 2015.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McLean, Pantjiti Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE4815", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mclean-pantjiti-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kaltukutjarra, Docker River, Western Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist", "Details": "Pantjiti Mary McLean was a Ngaatjatjarra woman from the Western Desert region who grew up leading a traditional life. In the 1950s she left the desert, walking to the Warburton Ranges with her husband and son, and then on to Cosmo Newbury in the Eastern Goldfields. When her son was taken by the government and placed in the Mount Margaret Mission, she followed and worked in the area as a stock woman mustering sheep. During this time a daughter was born and was also taken from her.\nIn c.1970 she moved to the Kalgoorlie Native Reserve, and then c.1980 to the Ninga Mia Community in Kalgoorlie, where she lived as a respected elder until 2008. She then moved into Kunkurangkalpa Aged Care.\nDuring the 1980s Mary produced craftworks and traditional paintings, but a breakthrough came when she participated in the Warta Kutju (Wama Wanti) Street Art Project and met fibre artist Nalda Searles who became her friend and collaborator in 1992. Mary preferred painting and developed a unique figurative style of her own that captured her memories and stories. A sell-out exhibition of her work in Fremantle in 1993 launched her career. Commissions came her way and her work was exhibited around Australia.\nMary won many art awards, including the prestigious Telstra Indigenous Award in 1995. In 2001 she was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Letters by Curtin University. Her work is represented in all major public and many private collections around Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pantjiti-mary-mclean-a-big-story-paintings-and-drawings\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Patroni, Savina", "Entry ID": "AWE4817", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/patroni-savina\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Serino, Northern Italy", "Death Place": "Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Gardener", "Summary": "Savina Patroni migrated to Australia from Italy in 1951. She lived in the Somerville garden district of Kalgoorlie and raised a family while also working on the family market garden.\n", "Details": "Savina Patroni migrated to Australia in 1951 with her husband and two children, Laura and Bert, on the Australia. Prior to her marriage, Savina had worked as a tailor in one of Milan's top fashion houses. She moved with her husband and children into a house, which had been transported from the Gwalia mine. The corrugated iron dwelling was lined with hessian bags, and there was no electricity or running water. Savina had three more children - Nellie, Alfie and Vilma - in Australia, and cared for the family while also doing hard physical labour in the garden. She picked, packed, and loaded vegetables for sale to markets in Kalgoorlie. The family also had a cow and raised goats and pigs for milk and meat.\nSavina continued to work on the garden well into her 60s. She still lives in the same house - albeit with modifications and renovations.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/savina-patroni-interviewed-by-criena-fitzgerald-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Radisich, Zelda", "Entry ID": "AWE4818", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/radisich-zelda\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Auckland, New Zealand", "Death Place": "Boulder", "Occupations": "Contortionist, Hairdresser, Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) worker", "Details": "Zelda Hinemoa Patricia was born to Lily Louise Higham and Jasper Kent Finlay in Auckland, New Zealand in 1922. Jasper was a remittance man who had been sent to New Zealand from the United Kingdom by his father, Sir Jasper Kent-Finlay. He worked as a barber and died when Zelda was four years old.\nZelda and her mother travelled to Australia. Prior to leaving New Zealand, Lily had her body tattooed from her neck to her toes, depicting scenes from many countries. She even had her will tattooed on her back.\nZelda was trained as a contortionist and she and her mother travelled Australia and the world performing 'tasteful and entertaining' exhibitions.\nLily married again to Harry Seabrook, whose act in the show was riding a motorbike and performing the 'Wheel of death'. The family moved to Western Australia in the early 1930s where Zelda attended the Boulder School.\nLeaving school at fourteen, Zelda's first job was in a lolly shop in Burt Street, Boulder and then she went on to work as a hairdresser in an establishment called 'Louise hairdresser & beautician'. She travelled to Kalgoorlie daily on the tram, costing 6 pence, taking her crib (lunch) with her. However, travel became too expensive for a Boulder girl, so she went to work for Boulder hairdresser, Joy Harper in Lane Street, Boulder.\nDuring World War Two, she became a Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD ) worker, doing 1000 hours of voluntary service at St John of Gods hospital in Kalgoorlie. She also helped in the digging of trenches in Burt Street.\nZelda married Matt Radisich in 1944 in the Kalgoorlie Registry Office, and the couple lived in a house built by Matt in 1950 in Dwyer Street, Boulder. They had one son and a daughter.\nZelda died in March 2009 in Boulder.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Galvin, Carmel", "Entry ID": "AWE4819", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/galvin-carmel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Business owner", "Details": "Carmel Galvin was born in 1937, the only daughter of Jessica Dodd and Ted Mabbut, a New South Wales detective. Her mother refused his offer of marriage and courageously decided to raise her daughter herself. Her family disowned her - this was normal for the time. She was not abandoned by Mabbut, who remained a friend and confidant until his death.\nShe was brought up by her mother and attended St Josephs School in Sydney. Her mother supported them both, at a time when there was no Centrelink. Although trained as a concert pianist, there was little work of this type available here in Australia, and she did orchestrations for other musicians, some work as a pianist with the A.B.C. and between times washed dishes in a cafe. In those days, everyone at the ABC dressed formally, and even though she was unseen, she still had to dress grandly as she performed - sometimes the cheque was less than the cost of the dress.\nCarmel started at Dyecraft at the age of sixteen, this was a section of Prestege, the stocking people and was in the laboratory where they tested colours and selected the ones that would be popular for that season. She married Frederick Galvin three years later, and they had one daughter. Frederick died suddenly of a heart attack ten years later.\nSix years further on, Carmel met Walter, and it was as if they had known each other forever. They dabbled in real estate, and at one time bought a boat hire business in North Queensland. Having sold that, they retired to the Gold Coast. Walter died in 1991, and after his death, Carmel, who was feeling very depressed, went to her doctor, and said \"I think my hormones need adjusting\". Her doctor told her, 'There's nothing the matter with your hormones, get out and DO something with your life'. So, Carmel got all the newspapers with the businesses for sale, but found the only ones that looked interesting had the words, 'has potential,' which means they are not making any money.\nA few weeks later, she got an anonymous letter with a cutting from the Australasian Post, that said that Marlene, one of the Madams in Kalgoorlie, wanted to sell her galvanised iron brothel. And the rest is history.\nShe began her career during the containment policy for brothels in Western Australia and has seen many changes in the sex industry. The brothel building remains true to its original design, as Carmel has a commitment to the history of the institution and its function in Kalgoorlie society.\nCarmel continues to work as the brothel madam of the Questa Casa while also conducting tours of the premises for visitors to Kalgoorlie.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carmel-galvin-interviewed-by-criena-fitzgerald-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Berryman, Michelle", "Entry ID": "AWE4820", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/berryman-michelle\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kalgoorlie", "Occupations": "Manager", "Details": "Michelle Anne Berryman (nee Birch) was born in Kalgoorlie Regional Hospital, the second child of Frederick George (Rick) Birch and Betty Anne Birch. Her mother, a paraplegic as a result of a car accident in 1966 near Southern Cross, died in 1975. Michelle's father worked as a remnant miner in Kambalda and was killed in a rock fall in the Otter Juan underground nickel mine in 1996.\nMichelle attended primary and high school in Kalgoorlie-Boulder. Her further education commenced in 1990 at Kalgoorlie College, where she began her environment study, gaining an Associate Diploma in Applied Science (Environmental Technology). In 1993 she started work at Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines Pty Ltd. (KCGM) as the Environment Technician responsible for monitoring sulphur dioxide, noise and dust.\nMichelle undertook further study by correspondence in 1999 and received a Bachelor of Science (Environmental Science) from Murdoch University in 2004. During this time she continued to work for KCGM in a number of roles from Environment Officer to Senior Environment Coordinator. Work focussed on environment monitoring, reporting, project approvals and working with the community as part of KCGM's commitment to social responsibility. In 2001 Michelle was seconded to the Ovacik Gold Mine in Turkey for 4 months to assist with the establishment of environmental management programmes.\nMichelle married Tim Berryman in 2006 and they have two children, Samara and Zane. During and following maternity leave from 2008 to 2010, she was able to work from home part time for KCGM. In 2011 she was enticed back to full time work at KCGM as the Manager Environment and Social Responsibility focussing on environmental management, community engagement and planning for the eventual closure of the mine.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pike, Nicole", "Entry ID": "AWE4821", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pike-nicole\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New Zealand", "Occupations": "Voids Officer", "Details": "Born in New Zealand in 1981, to Diane Noonan a teacher, and Bernie Noonan a Program Manager for Mental Health.\nNicole attended school in Tasmania at Lindisfarne and St Cuthbert's Primary Schools, completing her education at Mount Carmel and Guildford Young Colleges.\nShe studied Pharmacy and Information Systems at the University of Tasmania. Completing a degree in Information Systems; Majors in Management of Information Systems and Systems Development.\nShe married Shannon Pike, a Pastry Chef and Baker in 2007 and they moved to Kalgoorlie in 2008.\nShannon obtained work as a Geo-Technician and Nicole began working for Atlas Copco as a Spare Parts Coordinator in the Mining Industry. She later worked for Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines Pty Ltd. (KCGM) in their warehouse as a Supply Officer.\nIn 2010 she was successful in obtaining a position in the KCGM Mining Department; Survey\/Voids Section, as a Voids Officer and continues to work in this position in 2012.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nicole-pike-interviewed-by-criena-fitzgerald-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dugdale, Helen Blanche", "Entry ID": "AWE4822", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dugdale-helen-blanche\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Inspector for State Children's Department, Matron, Nurse, Policewoman, Prospector", "Details": "Helen Blanche Ryrie, nee Stirling married George Dugdale in Perth in 1912.\nShe\u00a0was a Registered Nurse who had worked as a matron of a women's institution, and been employed as an Inspector for the State Children's Department prior to her employment with the police force.\nAppointed in 1917, she along with Laura Ethel Chipper, was a one of the first two Women's Police constables appointed to work with the Western Australian Police Force.\nThey began what was primarily welfare work in Perth but also worked in Kalgoorlie. Helen served in Perth and was transferred to Kalgoorlie in 1933. She served there until her retirement on the 10th of April 1939.\nHelen died in Kalgoorlie 1952 and is buried in the Kalgoorlie cemetery.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/first-women-police-1917\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/karlkurla-gold-a-history-of-the-women-of-kalgoorlie-boulder\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Arndt, Ruth", "Entry ID": "AWE4840", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/arndt-ruth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cuxhaven, Germany", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory", "Occupations": "Community worker, Teacher", "Summary": "Ruth Arndt was a qualified social worker who, while unable to practise her profession because her British qualifications were not recognised in Australia, was a tireless advocate and community worker in Canberra, particularly for migrants and foreign students. She taught English to many new arrivals, taught German and Economics at both Canberra Boys' and Girls' Grammar Schools and worked as a research officer in the Department of External Affairs. She also served on the Australian National University Council, the Governing Body of Bruce Hall and was president of the Ladies Drawing Room at University House.\n", "Details": "Ruth Emma Auguste Strohsahl was born in Cuxhaven in northwest Germany on 20 March 1915. Her parents were both involved in politics - her mother was leader of the Social Democratic faction in the city council and her father was editor of the Social Democratic newspaper. As a teenager in Nazi Germany she demonstrated the courage and independence she displayed in later life: she refused to give the Nazi salute at school and failed her final examination after writing an essay criticising Nazi economic policy. In 1935 she went to live in England and worked as an au pair then obtained a bursary to enter Edinburgh University. With the assistance of the Warden of Masson Hall, Marjory Rackstraw, she was awarded a scholarship to London University's School of Economics where she studied sociology and obtained an Honours degree. She also met Heinz Arndt (later Professor) and they were married on 12 July 1941.\nThe Arndts came to Australia in 1947 when Heinz accepted a position as a senior lecturer in Sydney University's Economics Department. Demonstrating her adventurous and independent attitude, when Heinz was unable to get leave from his position in 1949, Ruth returned to Germany to see her parents, whom she had not seen since 1939, travelling by ship with her two young sons, Chris and Nick. She stayed on in England to give birth to her daughter Bettina. She then returned by ship with the three children arriving in Sydney nine months after she had set out.\nIn 1951, the family moved to Canberra when Professor 'Joe' Burton, Principal of the Canberra University College, offered Heinz the Chair in Economics. Heinz's position transferred to the Australian National University in 1960 and in 1963 he was appointed Head of the Department of Economics in the Research School of Pacific Studies at the Australian National University.\nRuth used her skills and experience as a social worker to good effect in Canberra, teaching English to European migrants in evening and afternoon classes in her own home and assisting many in their dealings with government bureaucracy and the health system. She was invited to become a member of the Good Neighbour Council which assisted migrants' assimilation into the Australian way of life. However she was never able to practise her profession as a social worker as her British qualifications were not recognised in Australia.\nWhen her children were young, Ruth took an active interest in fundraising for the North Ainslie pre-school, chairing the parents and citizen's committee. She worked as a research assistant at the Australian National University interviewing parents of pre-school children for the psychologist Pat Petony and reading and summarising articles in German-language newspapers published in Australia for the Department of Demography.\nShe taught German and Economics at the Canberra Boys' and Girls' Grammar Schools and was for fifteen years a research officer in the Department of External Affairs, briefing Australian diplomats on the preparation of economic reports. Invariably, Ruth's and Heinz's work spilled over into their home life, with foreign students and foreign affairs cadets joining the many migrants and refugees whom they assisted.\nFrom 1969 to 1975 she was a member, elected by Convocation, of the ANU Council, one of only three women. She was on the Governing Board of the University's residential college, Bruce Hall, from 1970 to 1975 and was also a Tutor (Fellow) there. She was president of the Ladies Drawing Room at University House from 1980 to 1982, following her friend, Molly Huxley.\nRuth died on 20 March 2001, her 86th birthday, from medical complications after a fall. She was survived by Heinz (her husband of 60 years who died the following year), her three children and nine grandchildren.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/arndts-story-the-life-of-an-australian-economist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituary-profound-contributor-to-anu-community\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/arndt-h-w\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/governing-body-of-bruce-hall\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-heinz-wolfgang-arndt-1933-2002-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Clark, Hilma Dymphna", "Entry ID": "AWE4844", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clark-hilma-dymphna\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Linguist, Teacher", "Summary": "Born to Belgian and Scandinavian parents, Hilma Dymphna Lodewyckx grew up surrounded by languages which, combined with a natural talent, saw her master over eight languages and become a successful linguist. Her most ambitious and important work was a translation from German to English of Baron Carl von H\u00fcgel's New Holland Journal. After meeting her future husband Manning Clark at Melbourne University, the couple journeyed to Germany and England, respectively, to continue their studies. They married at Oxford in 1939. Returning to Australia to escape the war in Europe, the couple and their growing family eventually settled in Canberra where Manning took up a position at what would become the Australian National University. Dymphna worked to raise her young family and establish their home as a warm welcoming space for friends and colleagues, as well as assisting Manning with translations and editing for his historical works. By 1959 Dymphna returned to teaching, eventually taking up a position at the ANU German Department. She was also an activist for Aboriginal rights and the environment. After Manning's death in 1991 Dymphna worked tirelessly to turn the home they shared into Manning Clark House - a cultural hub for scholars, artists and writers. Today, Manning Clark House still plays a vital role in the Canberra community.\n", "Details": "Anna and Augustin Lodewyckx welcomed their daughter Hilma Dymphna into their family on 18 December 1916. Their daughter inherited her first name from her mother's Scandinavian side of the family, while Dymphna, the name by which she would be known, came from her father's Belgian heritage. Her mother, Anna Sophia, and her father Augustin between them spoke many languages, but the working language of their home was Dutch except at dinner time when it was French or German if there were no guests. With such cultural backgrounds the couple educated and raised their daughter, and her older brother, Axel, in something akin to a 'little Europe' in suburban Melbourne. Here, Dymphna developed her considerable linguistic talents. She learnt perfect German from her father during formal lessons and picked up Swedish from listening to the exchanges between her mother and grandmother. All told Dymphna learned 12 languages, though she claimed to be fluent in eight and only 'getting by' in the other four. Anna ran the family home alongside teaching duties at Melbourne University where she taught Swedish, and played a key role in the promotion of the language and culture throughout the state, while Augustin worked first at Melbourne Grammar School and then later in 1916 took an appointment at the University of Melbourne as lecturer in German. Before settling in Melbourne at the outbreak of the Great War the couple had lived in Europe, South Africa and the Belgian colony, the Congo, before finally settling in the Antipodes in 1914.\nThis melting pot of culture and experience no doubt nurtured Dymphna's talent for language, but it also coloured her childhood in a distinctly European way. Her brother Axel recalled life at 'Huize Eikenbosch' (the name Augustin gave the family home due to the plethora of European oak trees he planted in the gardens) in the 1920s as a place where you would hear students learning German, and as a place to watch his parents and their friends waltz around the living room practising the latest European dances. Dymphna's father would spend many hours in the garden cultivating and tending it in Flemish ways, possibly sparking Dymphna's later love for plants and gardening. Her mixed cultural heritage at times made her feel as if she had split identities, and she often had trouble with her name at school as there were not many other migrants around. Still, she recalled her childhood as enriching and making her feel as though she could do anything. By 15 she had matriculated from Presbyterian Ladies' College and from there went to Munich in 1933 with her mother to study for a year at the M\u00e4dchenreformrealgymnasium an der Lusienstrasse. She returned to Melbourne in 1934 to study German at Melbourne University. Here her 'Europeanness' was once again made apparent to her, as she was often being called the 'mad girl without a hat or without stockings' due to her casual European style of dress which stood out compared to the formal styles of her Australian peers.\nIt was at Melbourne University in her last year of studies that she met her future husband, and future eminent and controversial historian, Charles Manning Hope Clark. Dymphna left behind no autobiographical writings and remained steadfastly silent on her courtship and marriage to Manning, though her husband describes a passionate and warm courtship in his memoirs and letters. After graduating from Melbourne University, Dymphna won the Mollison travelling scholarship which saw her go to Germany again. This time she studied Greek and Latin at Bonn University. For her it was as much a chance to indulge her passion for travel as to further her education. Although she would later recall that she 'never really found her feet' at Bonn, Nazi Germany still proved to be an awakening of sorts. She recalled learning in this period that politics was real and remembered sneaking off once a week to read British newspapers to find out what was going on in Germany. Yet she still felt herself succumbing to the all-pervasive Nazi propaganda, and understood how so many people became so mesmerised by the regime.\nAs threats of war grew, Manning called for Dymphna to come to England where he was studying for his doctorate at Balliol College, Oxford. She joined him and they married in Oxford on 31 January 1939. During this period she worked as a teacher at Blundell's School in Devon, but found her surrounds depressing. She and Manning welcomed their first child, Sebastian, in December 1939. He would be the first of six children. In 1940 the family decided to return to Australia where Manning took up a teaching position at Geelong Grammar School. In 1949 the Clark family moved to Canberra so that Manning could become the first Professor of History at the Canberra University College, later incorporated into the Australian National University. Over the next 16 years Dymphna's time was primarily taken up with the business of mothering children, running a household and supporting her husband and his academic research. She also found time to indulge in her passion for gardening and plants. She provided most of the produce to feed her family from her vegetable gardens and chicken sheds. Her friends recall the Clark house as being a site for scholarship and learning, but also an extraordinarily warm and friendly place where many delicious meals and good conversations amongst friends could be had.\nIn 1959, Dymphna returned to her teaching at the Soviet Embassy where she taught English to diplomats. She followed this appointment with one at the German Department of the Australian National University. Here, her talents as a formidable scholar in her own right were able to shine. She worked with Peter Sack from the German Department on a nine-year project translating from German to English the reports of the Governor of German New Guinea from 1886 to 1914. However, her most ambitious and important work was the translation of Baron Carl von H\u00fcgel's New Holland Journal. Published in 1994, it provided for the first time in English the Austrian botanist's daily diaries of his expeditions in Australia and New Zealand in the 1830s. Alongside her own work Dymphna did many translations of documents and material for Manning's historical works, as well as proofreading, editing and assisting him in his research for some of his major works including A History of Australia.\nDymphna also became an activist for Aboriginal rights, becoming a member of the Aboriginal Treaty Committee in 1980 which aimed to educate and promote the need for a formal treaty between Indigenous people and the Federal Government. She also wrote the Committee's preamble that was to be reviewed by Parliament. Dymphna continued her lifelong passion for the environment and gardening by working with Greening Australia Volunteers to plant over a thousand trees on the Clark's property 'Ness' in Wapengo on the New South Wales south coast.\nIn 1991 Dymphna's long marriage to Manning ended with his death on 23 May. She continued to work at her own projects, as well as being an avid defender of her late husband and his work. In 1993 Manning's most famous work, A History of Australia, was attacked by his own publisher, Peter Ryan, while in 1996 the Brisbane Courier Mail alleged Manning had been a Soviet spy - an allegation Dymphna's work at the Soviet Embassy helped to fuel. These allegations were all later resoundingly discredited. Dymphna also compiled and donated her own and Manning's papers to the National Library of Australia, and with the assistance of her son Sebastian edited and published Manning's final works, An Historian's Apprenticeship (1992) and Speaking out of Turn (1997), a volume of his speeches and lectures between 1940 and 1991. Dymphna also established Manning Clark House (the family's home in Forrest, Canberra) as a cultural hub for scholars, writers and artists. The house has grown to be a vital and vibrant part of the Canberra arts and academic communities. Having kept her diagnosis of cancer private, telling only a few close people, Hilma Dymphna Clark passed away on 12 May 2000.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-quest-for-grace\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/an-eye-for-eternity-the-life-of-manning-clark\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ever-manning-selected-letters-of-manning-clark-1938-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dymphna-clark-a-portrait\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-dymphna-clark-widow-of-historian-manning-clark-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dawn-richardson-1970-2010-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dymphna-clark-circa-1930-2000-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-lyndall-ryan-1968-1992-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ninette-dutton-1890-2007-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-roslyn-russell-1955-2008-bulk-1982-2001-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dymphna-clark-interviewed-by-heather-rusden-and-elizabeth-cham-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dymphna-clark-interviewed-by-heather-rusden-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/manning-clark-and-dymphna-clark-speak-for-the-aboriginal-treaty-committee-on-mining-in-noonkanbah-w-a-in-the-2xx-collection-sound-recording-interviewer-stuart-reid\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/andrew-clark-interviewed-by-susan-marsden-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-prof-katerina-clark-academic-dr-axel-clark-academic-sound-recording-interviewer-susan-marsden\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sebastian-clark-interviewed-by-susan-marsden-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rowland-clark-interviewed-by-susan-marsden-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Churcher, Betty", "Entry ID": "AWE4846", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/churcher-betty\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Wamboin, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Art educator, Arts administrator, Director", "Summary": "Titles\/ Honours\n\u2022 2012 ACT Senior Australian of the Year\n\u2022 2009 Australia Council's $10,000 Visual Arts Emeritus Medal\n\u2022 2005 New South Wales Premier's Award for Script Writing for the documentary series, The Art of War 2004-2005\n\u2022 2004 HonDUniv (Queensland University) 2004\n\u2022 2003 Honorary Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities\n\u2022 2001 - Centenary Medal\n\u2022 HonDLit (Curtin University)\n\u2022 1996: AO - Officer of the Order of Australia, in recognition of service to art and to the community as Director of the Australian National Gallery\n\u2022 1996 The Australian newspaper's Australian of the Year\n\u2022 1996 HonLLD (ANU)\n\u2022 1995 HonDA (RMIT)\n\u2022 1990 AM - Member of the Order of Australia, in recognition of service to the arts, particularly in the field of arts administration and education\n\u2022 1988 Fulbright Scholar\nBetty Churcher AO AM FAHA was director of the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra from 1990-1997 where she was nicknamed \"Blockbuster Betty\" because of the large-scale exhibitions of famous artworks she organised to make art relevant and accessible to the community. Betty Churcher has been a pioneer and role model for women in the art world: she was the first woman to head a tertiary institution when she was Dean of the Art and Design School, Phillip Institute of Technology (now RMIT University), the first female director of a state art gallery when appointed to the Art Gallery of Western Australia and the first female director of the National Gallery of Australia.\n", "Details": "Betty Churcher was born Elizabeth Ann Dewar Cameron, the second child and only daughter of Scottish-born William Dewar Cameron, and Queenslander Vida Margaret n\u00e9e Hutton. Churcher felt her mother and grandmother focused their attention on her older brother, making her acutely aware of the unfairness of gender differentials in her family during childhood. She cites this awareness as formative, saying that as a child she felt that 'just about everything I wanted to do, I couldn't because I was a girl'.\nFeeling an outsider at her first school but born with the ability to draw, Churcher said of her time at Buranda State School\n\"my friends - could outrun, out-jump and out-spell me but they couldn't out-draw me. Drawing was my way of creating order in a confusing world.\" (Notebooks, p. 2)\nShe describes how she first had her eyes opened to art in 1939 when she was seven and her parents took her to the Queensland Art Gallery where she saw 'Evicted', an 1887 painting by Blandford Fletcher (http:\/\/qagoma.qld.gov.au\/collection\/international_art\/blandford_fletcher):\n\"I really wanted to be able to do it. It was the magic of being able to evoke an image with such precision and full of \u2026 Emotion \u2026It was as though the artist had opened up a glimpse of the past \u2026 as if time had parted \u2026I marvelled that an artist had that power.\" (Canberra Times, 1993)\nThe young Betty Cameron's artistic talent was evident in her early years. She won The Sunday Mail Child Art Contest in 1944 and 3rd prize the following year. She initially studied art with Patricia Prentice at Somerville House School and later studied art privately with Caroline Barker and Richard Rodier Rivron.\nA bequest from her maternal great-grandmother enabled Churcher to attend Somerville House, a private girls' school in Brisbane from 1938-1946. Here she met Patricia Prentice, art teacher and watercolourist who introduced Churcher to art history, ballet and music and encouraged her to travel to broaden her horizons.\nChurcher's father had other plans; he decided there would be no more schooling for his daughter once she reached the age of fifteen, believing education 'spoiled a girl'. Fortunately for Churcher, headmistress Frances Craig intervened. She encouraged William Cameron to allow his daughter to stay at school by offering to waive the fees if Churcher taught art in the junior school art. Cameron agreed and Churcher progressed to her senior year.\nAfter finishing school, Churcher returned to Somerville House as a teacher of art and art history and also taught at two other private girls' schools in Brisbane - Clayfield College and Moreton Bay College. She loved conveying her enthusiasm and passion. \"That's when I first felt the joy of being able to share an enthusiasm\".\nShe joined the Younger Artists Group of the Royal Queensland Art Society, along with future significant artists like Margaret Olley, Margaret Cilento, Peter Abraham, Harold Lane and Joy Roggenkamp. Churcher first exhibited with them in 1948 and was considered one of the most promising members. Her work was included in Queensland Art Gallery's 1951 'Exhibition of Queensland Art', and 'Queensland Artists of Fame and Promise'.\nAs Chair of the Younger Artists Group, Churcher led the charge to establish a travelling art scholarship which she won, setting off for London in early 1952 where she initially studied with Stuart Ray at The South West Essex Technical College before gaining a place at the Royal College of Art. She won the Princess of Wales Scholarship for the best female student's entrant portfolio and had three happy years at the Royal College from 1953-1956.\nIn London Churcher met and married Roy Churcher who was studying painting at the Slade School of Fine Art. Betty Churcher won the Royal College composition prize, graduated ARCA with a First Class pass, won the RCA Drawing Prize and the much coveted Travelling Scholarship which took her and Roy to Europe for three months.\nIn 1957 Betty and Roy Churcher returned to Brisbane for what was to be a brief visit to her parents but Roy fell in love with the place and they stayed, setting up a studio and giving classes. Although she painted and exhibited during that time, by the end of 1959 Churcher said the fire went out of her belly about painting and she gave it up. Unsure of her ability to be both a good mother and a good painter she said motherhood, which she loved, gave her 'an out'. When her youngest son started school in 1971 Churcher took a full-time lecturing job at Kelvin Grove Teachers' Training College, where she wrote her first book - \"Understanding Art\" - for which she won a Times Literary Award. She remained at Kelvin Grove for seven years, taking her husband and four sons to London for a one-year sabbatical during which she completed an MA at London University's prestigious Courtauld Institute. Her thesis topic, that Alfred Barr's exhibition policy at New York's Museum of Modern Art in the 1930s and 1940s influenced the emerging school of Abstract Expressionist painters in New York, shaped her future career and gave her time at Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) and contact with the likes of Jackson Pollock's widow - painter Lee Krasner, Robert Motherwell and Philip Gunson.\nThe Courtauld MA made her 'hot property' back in Australia and from 1979-1987 she taught at the School of Art and Design at Phillip Institute of Technology (now RMIT University, Melbourne) rising to become Dean in 1982.\nIn 1987 Churcher was headhunted by Robert Holmes \u00e0 Court as Director of the Art Gallery of Western Australia. She had doubled attendance figures by late 1980 when she was invited to apply for the position of Director of the National Gallery of Australia (NGA) in Canberra after founding director James Mollison's resignation. She was appointed by a selection panel headed by former Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam.\nChurcher's appointment was controversial and her first years at the National Gallery were made difficult by serious management and building maintenance problems and resistance from existing staff members to her directorship. Her arrival in February 1990 coincided with public service cuts and Churcher faced a budget slide into the red. Her program of cuts through voluntary redundancies was unwelcome and her decision to change the name from the Australian National Gallery to the National Gallery of Australia aroused more controversy. But in the face of all this, Churcher directed a number of highly successful major exhibitions that made significant profits for the Gallery and introduced the Australian public to works that had not previously been shown in Australia. Previously the National Gallery had accepted exhibitions from other institutions. Churcher set in motion the pattern of the Gallery compiling its own exhibitions, using their own curatorial skills and insights. The exhibitions included curator David Jaff\u00e9's Rubens and The Italian Renaissance (1992) which made a profit of around $1 million, and Michael Lloyd's Surrealism: Revolution by Night (1993), the first major surrealist exhibition to include Australian works.\nAfter eight years, in July 1997, Churcher retired from the NGA and moved into another phase of professional life as presenter of television series on art including the ABC's Take Five, Proud Possessors, The Art of War, Focus on John Olsen, The Hidden Treasures of the National Library and The Hidden Treasures of the National Library plus the SBS series, The Art of War.\nIn 1998 the Australian National University appointed her an adjunct professor at the Centre for Cross-Cultural Research.\nChurcher lost the sight in her right eye to melanoma in 2003 and has lost some sight in her left eye as a result of macular degeneration. In 2006 she travelled to London and Madrid to commit to memory those pictures that she most wanted to hold in her mind's eye before her sight further deteriorated. Out of this she produced her latest book \"Notebooks\", featuring drawings and commentary on some of her favourite paintings. \"Notebooks\" was shortlisted for the 2012 Indie Awards for a non-fiction book.\nBetty Churcher lived with her husband Roy in the NSW countryside near Canberra where their second son maintains the hobby vineyard on the banks of the Yass River. They had four children and seven grandchildren. She died on March 30, 2015.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/notebooks\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/betty-churcher\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/betty-churcher-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/losing-her-sight-but-not-passion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sunny-surrealism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/giulia-jones\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/betty-churcher-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/double-take\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/evicted\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-art-of-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/molvig-the-lost-antipodean\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/understanding-art-the-use-of-space-form-and-structure\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/former-director-of-national-gallery-of-australia-betty-churcher-dies-aged-84\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/betty-churcher-cultural-giant-loses-battle-with-cancer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-betty-churcher-1989-2008\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-betty-churcher-director-of-the-national-gallery-of-australia-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/betty-churcher-interviewed-by-sheridan-palmer-in-the-australian-art-from-1950-to-the-present-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dobson, Rosemary de Brissac", "Entry ID": "AWE4848", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dobson-rosemary-de-brissac\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Editor, Poet, Writer", "Summary": "Honours and awards\n1987 Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in recognition of service to literature, particularly in the field of poetry\n1996 HonDLitt, University of Sydney\n2006 New South Wales Premier's Special Award\n2006 New South Wales Alice award\n2001 The Age Book of the Year Book of the Year and Poetry Awards for Untold Lives & Later Poems\n1996 Australia Council Writer's Emeritus Award\n1996 Emeritus Fellowship, Literature Board of the Australia Council\n1985 Victorian Premier's Literary Award, 1985 for \"The Three Fates\"\n1985 honorary life member of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature\n1984 Patrick White Award\n1984 Grace Leven Poetry Prize for \"The Three Fates\"\n1980 Senior Fellowship, Literature Board of the Australia Council\n1979 Robert Frost Prize\n1978 Fellowship of Australian Writers Christopher Brennan Award\n1977 Australian National University Honorary Convocation Member\n1966 Myer Award II for Australian Poetry for Cock Crow\n1948 The Sydney Morning Herald Award for poetry, for \"The Ship of Ice\"\nPoet Rosemary Dobson's significant contribution to Australian literature is evident in the long list of literary awards she received. She began writing at the age of 7, typeset and printed her first book aged 17 and published over twenty poetry collections and other books during her life. The most recent poetry book, Collected, was published just three months before her death in 2012. Recognised early in her career as a significant poet, Dobson was acclaimed as representing \"a coming of age for Australian poetry\" along with Gwen Harwood, Judith Wright and David Campbell. Contemplative and meditative, Dobson's poetry is rich with references to art, history, relationship and the Australian landscape. Her move to Canberra in 1971 brought her into a rich literary and artistic community and she was freed to write again after five years in England when her pen remained still. Dobson became a vital member of Canberra's literary community contributing generously of her time as mentor to younger poets, providing readings for poetry lovers and continuing to publish her own work until she died in 2012.\n", "Details": "Rosemary de Brissac Dobson was born into a literary family. Her parents Austin 'Arthur' Greaves Dobson (1870-1926) and Marjorie Caldwell (-1979) met at the Dickens Society in Sydney and married in 1917. Her English-born father was the son of Austin Dobson - poet, essayist and authority on eighteenth-century literature.\nThe second of Arthur and Marjorie Dobson's two children, Rosemary Dobson was born in Sydney, New South Wales (NSW) on 18 June 1920. Her sister Ruth Lissant Dobson (1918-1989) became Australia's first woman career diplomat to be appointed an Australian ambassador.\nArthur Dobson died when Rosemary Dobson was five years old, leaving his wife and two young daughters in straitened financial circumstances. Through a family connection Winifred West (1881-1971), headmistress and founder of the prestigious Frensham School in Mittagong NSW, offered Marjorie Dobson a housemistress position at the school and scholarships for her daughters. The Dobson girls thrived at Frensham where Rosemary showed early literary talent. Under the tutelage of the school librarian - Australian children's author and printer Joan Phipson - Dobson produced her first collection of poems. She typeset them on the school's small Adana Press and hand-bound the 200 copies, illustrating the cover with her own linocut illustration.\nDobson frequently acknowledged her debt to West for the opportunity to attend Frensham and remained in contact with her until West's death in 1971.\nAfter completing school, Dobson remained at Frensham as a teacher of art, literature and printing before using a small inheritance to study non-degree English literature at Sydney University and art with artist Althea Mary 'Thea' Proctor. Influenced by the combination of elegance, strength, discrimination and balance in Proctor's art and recognising the influence of the different arts on one another, Dobson kept up her visual arts skills throughout her life, painting on holidays and taking life drawing classes.\nDuring the early years of World War 2 Dobson worked as a cipher clerk for the Royal Australian Navy. From the age of 21 she submitted poetry to newspapers and literary journals, including the Bulletin and Meanjin. In 1944 Dymocks published her collection \"In a Convex Mirror\" and in 1947 she won the Sydney Morning Herald poetry prize for \"The Ship of Ice\". Working as a proof-reader then editor at Angus & Robertson publishers in Sydney, Dobson met fellow editor, Alec Bolton. They married in North Sydney in 1951 and set up home at Neutral Bay on Sydney Harbour.\nTragedy struck in 1953 when Dobson and Bolton's first child, Alexandra, lived only a few hours after birth. Dobson expressed some of her grief in her poem The Birth (ii) published in \"Child with a Cockatoo and other poems\" (1955) beginning:\n\"Unknown, never to be known, lost\nBeyond darkness, beyond the reach of time \u2026\"\nIn the following years their second daughter, Lissant and two sons, Robert and Ian were born in Sydney where Dobson and Bolton found friendship with a number of literary people including Douglas Stewart and his artist wife, Margaret Coen, writer and artist Norman Lindsay, Kenneth Slessor, and James McAuley.\nIn 1966 Angus & Robertson appointed Alec Bolton as their London editor and the family moved to England, where they lived in Richmond near London. Although this was a stimulating time for Dobson, with European travel and London's feast of concerts, theatre and art galleries, separated from her Australian roots she found herself unable to write poetry.\nIn 1971 the family returned to Australia to live in Canberra when Alec Bolton was appointed founding Director of Publications at the National Library of Australia. With a population of around 200,000 Canberra was small compared to London, but despite its compact size the national capital nurtured a thriving literary and artistic community and Dobson flourished in the stimulating circle of creative new friends. She and Bolton made friends with the likes of poet, essayist and ANU's foundation professor of English - Alec Hope, ANU academic and literary critic - Dorothy Green, visual artist - Rosalie Gascoigne, ANU academic and poet - David Campbell and writer Robert Dessaix. Dobson delighted in attending lectures by John Mulvaney, foundation professor in pre-history at the ANU and she took classes in Modern Greek. Her poetry found voice again and she flourished, publishing around fifteen collections of poetry in the following four decades.\nWhile continuing to write poetry, Dobson also edited anthologies and gave interviews and public readings of her work. She represented Australian literature in overseas visits where she valued meetings with poets like Denise Levertov who later visited her in Canberra, Michael Ondaatje and Eastern European poet Zbigniew Herbert.\nIn 1972 Alec Bolton established the Brindabella Press which published four of Dobson's books - Three poems on water-springs, Greek Coins, Untold Lives: a sequence of poems and The Continuance of Poetry, two of which Dobson illustrated herself.\nDobson maintained that poetry is 'a vocation'. Her poetry is widely acknowledged for the way she simply and clearly expresses life's complexities. She expressed the importance of this in her own words, \"I really feel the necessity of the poetry being clear, so I can communicate something to people. Clarity is very important.\"\nCertain themes, such as water, light and time run through her poetry, with water usually a metaphor for renewal, consolation, friendship or inspiration. Joy Hooton writes that Dobson's passionate engagement with life emerges throughout her poetry as \"enjoyment of friendships, family relationships, intense appreciation of landscapes, art, literature and music and a relish for the sheer diversity of human personality.\" (Hooton, 21)\nIn the 1990s Dobson's sight began failing - \"one day the dark fell over my eye\". Her progressive sight loss stimulated some moving poetry totally lacking in any self-pity, including Poems a Long Way After Basho:\nI breathe the leaves of the basil\nIt has news for me-\nFor all my senses\nOld, I strive for wisdom\nAs the sage bush speaks, clearly,\nMany-leaved, grey and silver\nSolace for my eyesight\nThe green leaves of borage\nAnd its gentle blue flowers.\nWhen Alec Bolton died suddenly and unexpectedly in 1996, Rosemary Dobson expressed her grief through \"simultaneous celebrations and laments\" for him (Canberra Times, 12 July 2012). Ever grounded in life, she wrote elegantly and sparely of her grief and of Bolton's wisdom in her poem \"Reading Aloud\", dedicated to Bolton and also read at her own funeral at St Paul's Anglican Church, Manuka ACT on 4 July 2012:\n\"We must press on.\"\nFrom books to life, your thought:\n\"Forgive, learn from the past. Press on.\"\nAnd I press on.\nDobson wrote in one of her collections that the poems \"are part of a search for something only fugitively glimpsed; a state of grace which one once knew, or imagined, or from which one was turned away . . . A doomed but urgent wish to express the inexpressible\".\nRosemary Dobson died in Canberra 27 June 2012. Days before she died, fellow poet Geoff Page paid tribute to Dobson and the generosity with which she contributed to Canberra's literary life:\n\"Rosemary Dobson has been a vital member of Canberra's literary community. She has done this both by reading her own work whenever asked - and through acting, over several decades, as an informal mentor to many younger poets. Her consistent support for readings, such as the long-running series Poetry at The Gods (and its predecessor, Poetry at the Goethe), has been a great encouragement to poets from this city (and all over Australia) who were invariably gratified to have a poet of Dobson's stature and experience in the audience\" (Canberra Times, 16 June 2012).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-dobson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/well-versed-prizewinner\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poet-espoused-tradition-yet-remained-distinct\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poets-final-journey-to-the-western-star\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poets-who-drew-from-world-well\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-dobson-enduring-voice-of-australia-dies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/last-of-an-illustrious-generation-of-poets\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-dobson-a-celebration\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-dobson-in-conversation-with-john-tranter\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-dobson-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-dobsons-poetic-life-in-pursuit-of-the-intervening-angel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-last-of-her-line\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-dobson-1920\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-dobson-the-text-and-the-textile\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/over-the-frontier-the-poetry-of-rosemary-dobson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-figure-in-the-doorway-on-the-poetry-of-rosemary-dobson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-world-of-difference-australian-poetry-and-painting-in-the-1940s\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/over-my-shoulder\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poetry-and-painting-a-personal-view\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-celebration-of-the-art-of-rosemary-dobson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-dobson-a-celebration-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-intricate-devised-hearing-of-sight-a-profile-of-rosemary-dobson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-conversation-with-rosemary-dobson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/looking-into-the-landscape-the-elegiac-art-of-rosemary-dobson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-frame-of-reference-rosemary-dobsons-grace-notes-for-humanity\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vision-poetry-and-the-land-in-rosemary-dobsons-poetry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-dobson-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reclusive-grace-the-poetry-of-rosemary-dobson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/focus-on-ray-crook\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poems-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-a-convex-mirror-poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/child-with-a-cockatoo-and-other-poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-dobson-australian-poets\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poems-australian-poets-and-artists-adelaide-australian-letters\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cock-crow-poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/knossos\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/selected-poems-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/three-poems-on-water-springs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moscow-trefoil-poems-from-the-russian-of-anna-akhmatova-and-osip-mandelstam\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greek-coins-a-sequence-of-poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/over-the-frontier-poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/seven-russian-poets-imitations\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/selected-poems-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-continuance-of-poetry-twelve-poems-for-david-campbell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-three-fates-and-other-poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/summer-press\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/seeing-and-believing\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collected-poems-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/untold-lives-a-sequence-of-poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/untold-lives-and-later-poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/folding-the-sheets-and-other-poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poems-to-hold-or-let-go\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collected\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-rosemary-dobson-poet-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-rosemary-dobson-poet-sound-recording-interviewer-heather-rusden\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poetry-reading-by-rosemary-dobson-sound-recording-recorded-by-hazel-de-berg\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-rosemary-dobson-1923-2004-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-1952-1968-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sound-recordings\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dawn-richardson-1970-2010-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-judith-wright-1944-2000-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/literary-papers-1969-1981-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Burton, Pamela Melrose", "Entry ID": "AWE4850", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burton-pamela-melrose\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Pamela Burton, lawyer and author, was born and brought up in Canberra. Apart from working holidays in London in 1964 and 1970, Pamela has lived her life in the Canberra and the Bungendore district. After studying law at the Australian National University she worked on a range of cases involving environmental and social justice issues and has been involved in various government tribunals and committees. She was one of the first women to establish a legal firm in Canberra, following Mrs Bruna Romano and Margaret Elizabeth Reid. In 2010 Burton's biography of the first woman high court justice, Mary Gaudron, was published.\nPamela Burton was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia catalogue record.\n", "Details": "Pamela Melrose Burton was born in Canberra on 30 June 1946, the third and youngest daughter of Cecily Margaret Wear (born Nixon, later Parker) (1916-2007), psychologist and John Wear Burton (1915-2010), Head of the Department of External Affairs (1947-1950).\nAlong with her older sisters Meredith (1941-) and Clare (1942-1998), Pamela grew up on farms at Tuggeranong and in the old Weetangera district. She attended Telopea Park Primary and High School, initially travelling there and back on dirt roads in old Commer van buses run by the federal government.\nThe Burton family lived a strong Methodist ethic extending back to the days of John Wesley himself through Pamela's paternal grandfather, Methodist Minister and President of the Methodist Conference (from 1931), Rev. John Wear Burton (1875-1970). Pamela and her sisters were involved in National Methodist Church (now Wesley Uniting Church, Forrest) through their teens, for the ethos and community rather than dogma or religiosity. Family life was imbued with a strong sense of social justice and respect for all people regardless of social status. The farm often buzzed with guests from Canberra's political and academic community with lively political conversation and enjoyment of John Burton's home-brewed beer.\nAs an Australian National University (ANU) student, Pamela worked summers in Papua New Guinea. As a law student, she assisted on the magistrates' training course. One the course's first students later became prime minister of Papua New Guinea, Sir Michael Somare.\nWhile working in Papua New Guinea Pamela fell in love with geographer Dan Coward (now Huon). They married in Canberra in 1968 and Pamela used the name Coward for the next decade.\nPamela Coward graduated BA (1968), Bachelor of Laws (Hons.) (1970) and Master of Laws (1976) from the Australian National University and commenced practice as an employed solicitor in 1971.\nIn 1973-74 Pamela acted for the group that, on ecological and aesthetic grounds, challenged the Federal Government's right to construct a telecommunications tower on Black Mountain near central Canberra. The High Court found in favour of the government and construction went ahead however the case made legal history as the first environmental law case of its kind to be launched on a 'class-actions' basis on behalf of the local community. She played a major role in implementing the Cooperative Housing Initiative for quality affordable community housing in Canberra out of which 'Urambi' the first cooperative housing development was born.\nFaced with barriers to women becoming partners in legal firms, in 1976 Pamela founded her own firm, Pamela Coward & Associates. She was keen to provide more accessible legal advice for the vulnerable and financially challenged members of the Canberra community. As a woman, she was unable to borrow money so Pamela and her then husband, Dan Coward, mortgaged their family home to establish the firm. Encouraged and assisted by Dan, she aimed to create a legal practice that was people-focussed. She established a warm, welcoming atmosphere aided by Dan's bright paintings and a policy that there would be no desks or barriers during interviews between client and lawyer. It was important to her that the practice was egalitarian; she shared the care for the joeys she brought into work from her farm with the young woman who was the office 'gopher'.\nTwo men and a woman joined Pamela in partnership; solicitor Adrienne O'Connor becoming the first female partner engaged as a principal of a Canberra law firm.\nWord rapidly spread around Canberra that Pamela Coward & Associates was willing to act for people on legal aid, social security recipients, injured workers, the disadvantaged, victims of discrimination and environmental groups; the firm grew rapidly and taking on a 'no-win no-fee approach, forced test cases in matters such as passive smoking and repetitive strain injuries. The firm developed a large practice in workers' compensation and family law.\nIn order to be in a position to offer affordable services Pamela computerised her firm to provide the necessary efficiencies; Pamela Coward and Associates became one of Australia's first fully computerised law firms. Her commitment to low-cost conveyancing led to public clashes with other firms before the Canberra legal profession abandoned its minimum fee scales and moved ACT legal firms into a competitive era which benefited clients.\nYears later, Pamela met a business studies lecturer from the University of Canberra who told her that they used Pamela Coward & Associates as a case study for a successful alternative business model. Pamela said she was dumbfounded: \"I didn't think in business models - I just wanted to bring law to the people, make it more accessible and affordable.\"\nIn the late 1970s Pamela Burton and Dan Coward adopted sisters Amanda and Cassandra Rowland, aged 6 and 7, whose parents had died. Pamela and Dan now enjoy three grandchildren.\nPamela's marriage to Dan Coward ended in the early 1980s and she lived with Canberra journalist Alan Ramsey for close to a decade. In 1986 Pamela was diagnosed with advanced secondary breast cancer. Wishing to see Pamela Coward & Associates continue to thrive she worked right through 18 months of radiation and chemotherapy treatment, celebrating the end of treatment with 10 days on a Greek Island with her sister Meredith and niece.\nPamela sold Pamela Coward & Associates in 1990 to practise as a barrister of the ACT Supreme Court. Two significant accidents had followed her cancer treatment which saw her going to the Bar on crutches. As a barrister she specialised in litigation, acting for both plaintiffs and defendants, and some large medical negligence cases on behalf of the ACT Government and its medical professionals.\nPamela's concern for achieving better and fairer outcomes in citizen-government disputes led her to accept part-time appointments to a range of government tribunals and committees. Appointments included the role of Chair of the Social Security Appeals Tribunal in its first ten years of existence from 1976, Senior Member of the Federal Administrative Appeals Tribunal from 1995 and member of the ACT Parole Board from 1991-2001. Since 2006 Pamela has been an ACT Mental Health Official Visitor.\nFrom 2000, Pamela spent five years as legal counsel for the national Australian Medical Association assisting in the resolution of the medical indemnity crisis and rolling out an education program on the new privacy laws for medical practitioners.\nFrom Moree to Mabo: the Mary Gaudron story, Pamela's biography of Australia's first woman High Court Justice Mary Gaudron, was published in 2010 by UWA Publishing. In November 2012 The Waterlow Killings: A Portrait of a Family Tragedy, was published. It is the true story of the tragic death of art curator, Nick Waterlow and his daughter Chloe Waterlow. In April 2016 Pamela's novel A Foreign Affair was published by Ginninderra Press.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-waterlow-killings-a-portrait-of-a-family-tragedy\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-moree-to-mabo-the-mary-gaudron-story\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/deviant\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/environmental-law-in-sydney-the-law-relating-to-pollution-control-and-waste-management-in-the-sydney-metropolitan-region-1970-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-law-and-the-citizen\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-battle-of-black-mountain-an-episode-of-canberras-environmental-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pamela-burton\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pamela-burton-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burton-was-a-patriotic-public-servant-not-a-traitor\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pamela-burtons-defence-of-her-father\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rev-j-w-burton-new-methodist-president\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-power-of-sisterhood\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pamela-burton-interviewed-by-kim-rubenstein-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-pam-burton-lawyer-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Exley, Thea Melvie", "Entry ID": "AWE4854", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/exley-thea-melvie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Archivist, Art historian", "Summary": "Thea Exley was the first woman to head a regional office of the Commonwealth Archives Office (now the National Archives of Australia), its first national Senior Archivist Reference and Access and the first Director Preservation at the Australian Archives (another predecessor of the National Archives). She was an inaugural member of the Australian Society of Archivists and served as a Councillor from 1977 to 1979. After her retirement she completed a PhD in art history.\n", "Details": "Thea was born in Melbourne on 2 September 1923 the only child of Adelaide (nee Walker) and Harold James Exley who became Deputy Commonwealth Statistician, Tasmania.\nShe briefly attended Canberra Girls' Grammar School (then St Gabriel's School) before moving with her family to Hobart in 1933. She attended The Friends' School and subsequently graduated from the University of Tasmania with a Bachelor of Arts degree. During the Second World War she undertook library training at the Commonwealth National Library and on returning to Hobart worked at the Public Library there. After the war she travelled overseas and worked for a time at the library of Australia House, London.\nOn her return she was invited by the Commonwealth National Librarian Harold White to join the staff of the Archives Division of the National Library. This led to her joining the Archives Division's Melbourne office as an Archives Officer Grade I on 26 February 1953. In 1961 she became the first woman to head a state office of the Commonwealth Archives Office (the successor to the Archives Division). At a time when there were very few women in senior positions in the Commonwealth public service this was a significant achievement.\nDuring her time in Melbourne she was involved in an unsuccessful attempt to form a professional association for archivists. She was subsequently on the committee of the Archives Section of the Library Association of Australia (LAA), at that time the only Australian association which brought archivists together. She was interested in establishing proper training for archivists and served as an examiner for the LAA's paper in records management from 1963 to 1966.\nIn 1970 she moved to Canberra as the first Senior Archivist, Reference and Access. Cabinet decisions under the Gorton government (1970) and the McMahon government (1972) created a new, exciting and quite complex access regime for Commonwealth records. Proactive examination of material created before 1945 was commenced at this time. Twenty access examiners were employed and Thea was responsible for guiding their very lively discussions and for ensuring that the resulting decisions were collected into a substantial body of policy, precedent and procedure which became the foundation of the later Australian Archives Access Services Manual. Thea regarded her work striving for an accountable and fair access regime as her most important professional contribution.\nThea participated in the development of the Australian Society of Archivists and became an inaugural member in 1975. From 1977to 1979 she was a Council Member and chaired the Society's first Public Issues Committee which made submissions to a number of Commonwealth and State enquiries on copyright, privacy and freedom of information.\nFrom 1977 to 1981 Thea was Chief Archivist with considerable responsibility for the operational work of the office while other senior staff members were taken up with the development of the Archives Act. In 1982 and 1983 she was Regional Director, ACT when the first purpose built repository in the Canberra suburb of Mitchell became operational.\nIn 1984 Thea became the Australian Archives' first Director Conservation. Her leadership in commissioning the first survey of the condition of the whole collection and the subsequent development of a policy and procedural framework to manage the physical state of the records was significant in providing a management focus on this important area of archives work.\nThea retired on 1 September 1988 after a 35 year career which made a substantial contribution to the National Archives. She received an Australia Day award for her work in 1989. A meeting room at the National Archives was named in her honour in 2003.\nAfter her retirement Thea studied Art History and in 2000 was awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by the Australian National University for her thesis titled 'Patronage by proxy: art competitions in Australia during the twentieth century'. She was interested in the influence of art competitions within the community.\nThea died on 29 January 2007 after nearly two years of illness. The attendance of three former heads of National Archives and the widow of a fourth at her funeral demonstrated the respect for her professional achievements. Family, friends and former work colleagues reminisced about her cross country skiing, her bushwalking, her hospitality and her love of cats. Professional colleagues particularly remembered her warm welcome to new entrants and her passion for the challenge of archives work.\nShe left a bequest to the National Gallery of Australia which funded an archivist's position and another to Bush Heritage Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituary-dr-thea-melvie-exley\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dr-thea-melvie-exley-1923-2007\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-gallery-of-australia-annual-report-2008-09\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-conservation-report-2008-09\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituary-dr-thea-melvie-exley-1923-2007\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-society-of-archivists-deposit-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/diary-entry-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-thea-exley-thea-exley\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Goodes, Joyce Nancy", "Entry ID": "AWE4856", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/goodes-joyce-nancy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Perth, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor, Director, Drama coach, Librarian, Producer, Teacher", "Summary": "Joyce Goodes was a well-known Canberra personality who made a substantial contribution to the cultural and community life of the capital between the mid-1940s until her death in 1990. In the late war years she instigated meetings for the establishment of the city's first kindergarten at Acton in 1944, and her teaching at Canberra Girls' Grammar School over thirty years culminated in her single-handedly setting up the new library of 10,000 books at the Junior School, built in 1973. But Joyce Goodes is best remembered for the quality of her body of work as a local theatre producer, director and actor, first at Canberra Repertory Society in its early days and, from 1960, with her own group The Theatre Players. The legacy of this work resides in an award, The Theatre Players Scholarship, granted yearly to assist a promising young person from the ACT undertaking their tertiary education in any aspect of theatre craft.\n", "Details": "Joyce Nancy Goodes was born on 14 July 1916, the second youngest of the seven children of a Scot, businessman James Smith Anderson and an Irishwoman, teacher Annie Anderson (nee Gunson) of Victoria Park, Perth. From early childhood days, while her father occasionally played the organ at the city's Presbyterian Church, she took part in religious plays and cantatas, and became an avid reader. Her girlhood teacher and mentor was Perth's celebrated theatrical identity, Florence Dane; it was under her skilled tuition that Joyce Goodes' stage talents were nurtured. Formal secondary education took place at Perth Modern School for five years from 1929.\nAt 18 she was playing Shakespeare while completing a teaching degree at Claremont Teachers' College and continuing with her drama training at Perth Technical College. Psychology, one of her degree subjects, remained a lifelong interest that informed her work both in theatre and education. Her first teaching assignment was in Wagin, south of Perth, in a primary school for Aboriginal children.\nIn 1939, Joyce Goodes married Herbert John Goodes, a British immigrant and economics and accountancy graduate of the University of WA, who was then a statistician and officer at the Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages. When he was seconded to the Commonwealth Treasury for the wartime government in 1943, they moved to Canberra with two-year-old daughter Jayne and another daughter, Dinah, was born in 1944.\nJoyce Goodes soon joined Canberra Repertory Society, an amateur theatre group started in 1932 that further concentrated the rarefied character of the capital's population. In those heady times, under the impetus of life during war - and well before the advent of television - the group produced a feast of international plays, classic and contemporary, first at the 2CA Theatrette, then the Albert Hall and eventually in their own home at Riverside. Joyce Goodes threw herself into this creative hub, acting, directing, designing sets and creating costumes. A woman of an intense kind of energy, her view was that each play must be approached from a fresh, original viewpoint to meet its audience with impact and meaning.\nIn February 1943, in response to the growing community awareness of a need for childcare services including a nursery school, Joyce Goodes wrote to the Canberra Mothercraft Society (established in 1927) suggesting that action now be taken to bring this about. She became part of a sub-committee to harness the enthusiasm of other mothers and friends for the cause and undertook a survey. She herself was also keen to seek the provision of day care to free women up for the war effort but the consensus at that time was to focus on a nursery school. In April, the report was accepted then presented by a deputation to the Minister for Health. After further work by the Council and its committees, a nursery school was opened at Acton in 1944.\nBy this time Joyce Goodes was setting a benchmark at Repertory, notably with the acting role of the wife in W.O. Somin's Close Quarters in 1945, her costume execution and the production of her first full-length play for the Society, Clare Boothe Luce's The Women in 1948. She remained prominently involved until a year after the Society's move to Riverside in 1953, when she left for Melbourne.\nAfter taking up teaching posts at Preshil, Melbourne's progressive primary school, and Taylors Business College (in English for foreigners), she immediately joined Brett Randall's Little Theatre, a semi-professional repertory troupe known for its consistently high standards, where she acted and directed, amongst other plays, Mother Courage by Bertolt Brecht. Back in Canberra in 1957 and reinstated as a Repertory council member, she became vocal in the push towards a small professional company for Canberra housed in its own permanent, intimate theatre. This remained a firmly-held aspiration when she left the Society to form her own group The Theatre Players in 1960, founded on 35 pounds won at the National Eisteddfod for an act from Hendrik Ibsen's A Doll's House.\nJoyce Goodes went on to produce more than 30 plays for The Theatre Players from the first Old Time Music Hall in Canberra through plays of Oscar Wilde, George Bernard Shaw, Frederico Garcia Lorca, Tennessee Williams, N.F. Simpson, Tom Stoppard, Jerome Kilty and many others. Often presented in-the-round, her favoured form when the venue was suitable, the Players also collaborated with other groups such as the University Dramatic Society at the ANU, the Spanish Society or the Polish Club. These arrangements provided performance space and a wider audience, while cutting costs.\nJoyce Goodes had always been keen to promote Australian writing. In 1964, her adaptation of Eve Langley's The Pea Pickers was presented for a 3-week season in Canberra, the first solo performance of an adapted Australian book in the country. Written in 1941, it is a picaresque-style, mostly autobiographical account of two young women dressed as boys who wander through Victoria undertaking seasonal work on farms in the 1920s. Joyce went on to perform it in Sydney and in London at Australia House later that year, sponsored by the Society of Australian Writers.\nIn 1962 a building fund for the construction of a permanent home for the company was launched. Despite setbacks from the abandonment of a previous plan, developed in conjunction with commercial interests to build a theatre as the ground floor of an office or residential block, Joyce Goodes remained fervent about finding a home. Her ideal was a small theatre with a seating capacity of 300-500 people, purpose-built solely for drama. However, as by 1973 a theatre had not eventuated, the funds were invested in order to finance the first Theatre Players' Scholarship, awarded almost every year since. It is designed to provide financial assistance to a worthy young person enrolled in a full-time drama or theatre-related course, who is a current or former resident of the ACT. Many winners have gone on to have successful professional careers both in Australia and abroad.\nBetween 1952 and 1981, Joyce Goodes taught for varying periods at the Canberra Girls' Grammar School, where she also became librarian in latter years. She was the person responsible for the modern library in the Junior School after the new building was built in 1973, dealing with 10,000 books, cataloguing, binding and guiding the girls. In its tribute to her on her death in 1990, the school's magazine Burrawi noted: 'Her contribution to CCEGGS was invaluable and present and future students will share in the benefits of her drive and enthusiasm.'\nJoyce Goodes had always supported women's causes such as the movement for equal pay in the sixties. Although she did not espouse the term 'feminist', she embraced ideals of financial independence, social equality and 'a room of one's own'. She also felt strongly about maintaining the integrity of Canberra's environment as it underwent change, often supporting local community battles.\nAfter The Theatre Players was wound down, Joyce and Herbert Goodes left their spacious, comfortable house in Forrest, the scene of so many ardent rehearsals, for a townhouse in Kingston in the early 1980s. Throughout her life Joyce remained widely read and was a great talker, with forceful opinions. A dogged determination and intransigence at times were balanced by her generosity, large sense of humour and capacity for friendship. Joyce Goodes may never have garnered formal honours or got her professional theatre or even a permanent home but she generated much artistic stimulation, vibrant theatre and sheer entertainment of a high standard over a long period. She had been a big presence who left an indelible imprint on the Canberra of her times.\nJoyce Goodes died in Canberra on 11 March 1990.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-cost-of-jazz-garters-a-history-of-canberra-repertory-society-1932-to-1982\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Griffin, Pauline Marcus", "Entry ID": "AWE4857", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/griffin-pauline-marcus\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Administrator, Arbitration commissioner, Personnel manager, Social worker", "Summary": "Pauline Griffin was a Commissioner of the Australian Conciliation and Arbitration Commission from 1975 to 1990 and a member of the Australian National University Council from 1978 to 1998. She was chair of the National Committee on Discrimination in Employment and Occupation in the 1980s and a member of the 4th National Women's Consultative Council in the 1990s.\n", "Details": "Pauline Griffin was born on 21 December 1925 in Sydney. She attended Abbotsleigh School in Wahroonga, completing her leaving certificate in 1942. She graduated from the University of Sydney with a Bachelor of Arts in 1946 and a Diploma of Social Studies in 1947.\nShe began her career as a social worker with the Local Board of Health, City of Adelaide in 1947 and then moved to the Commonwealth Department of Immigration in Sydney from 1949 to 1951. In 1953 she became a personnel officer, later personnel manager at Bradmill Industries Limited, where she worked for the next twenty years. The then Managing Director and Chairman (and later, Chancellor of the University of New South Wales), Sir Robert Webster was a pioneer in the 1940s in the appointment of women to management and technical positions.\nShe undertook further studies in personnel and production management at the Sydney Technical College in 1954 and in industrial administration at the University of Melbourne in 1956. She participated in HRH the Duke of Edinburgh's Second Commonwealth Study Conference in Canada in 1962, an International Conference on Social Work in Brazil also in 1962, and an OECD meeting on the problems of women workers held in Paris in 1973.\nPauline Griffin took up the position of personnel manager at Ethnor Pty Ltd in 1973 but left in 1975 on her appointment as a Commissioner of the Australian Conciliation and Arbitration Commission (from 1988, the Industrial Relations Commission) where she served until retiring in December 1990. During her time with the Commission she served on a number of government committees: 1976-1979 as a member of the Commonwealth Committee of Inquiry into Education and Training, and 1982-1986 as Chair of the National Committee on Discrimination in Employment and Occupation. She attended an ILO Panel Meeting in Geneva in 1974 and was an adviser to the Australian government delegation to the International Labour Conference in Geneva in 1985 on discrimination in employment.\nFrom 1990 to 1993 she was a member of the Fourth National Women's Consultative Council and from 1992 to 1997 a member of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission's National Advisory Committee on Discrimination in Employment and Occupation.\nShe also served as a member of the Management Committee for Barnardos Australia (1981-1997), as a councillor and honorary fellow of the Institute of Personnel Management, NSW Division, as a board member of Zonta International, Sydney Branch, as Patron of the Industrial Relations Society of NSW (1994-1999) and was a member of the Board of Directors, Australian-American Educational Foundation (Fulbright Foundation) from 1994 to 1999.\nHer involvement with the Australian National University began with her appointment to the ANU Council in 1978 and she served in that capacity until 1998. Her committee memberships from 1990 to 2000 included being a member of the Higher Degrees Committee, the Governing Body of Fenner Hall, the Appeals Committee (Deputy Chair and Chair), and the Buildings and Grounds Committee. She took a lead role in the organisation of the University's 50th anniversary celebrations in 1996 as Chair of the Public Affairs Committee.\nShe was elected Pro-Chancellor in 1991 and continued in that position until 1998 which also marked the end of her appointment as an ANU Council member and her election as an Honorary Fellow of University House.\nShe was appointed by the NSW Government as a Senior Executive Service Grievance Mediator from 1998 to 2002. From 2003 to 2005 she chaired the ANU Foundation for the Visual Arts.\nShe was appointed a member of the Order of Australia in 1988 and received an honorary Doctor of Letters degree from Macquarie University in 1990. In 2002, the University Student Services building at the Australian National University (which had previously been known as the Chancellery Annex) was renamed the Pauline Griffin building in her honour.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pauline-griffin-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hyslop, Dorothy Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE4858", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hyslop-dorothy-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australia", "Occupations": "Embroiderer", "Summary": "Since Australia's 'new' Parliament House opened in 1988, millions of visitors have admired one of the key artworks in the Great Hall, the 16 metre long embroidery which celebrates the story of settlement in Australia. A gift from the eight Australian Embroiderers' Guilds to the nation, the embroidery was conceived, initiated and managed by Dorothy Hyslop, herself an experienced embroiderer and member of the ACT Embroiderers' Guild. For her vision and achievement of a huge project posing enormous challenges of design and coordination, she was chosen Canberra Citizen of the Year for 1988, made a Member of the Order of Australia in 1989, and appointed a Life Member of the ACT Embroiderers' Guild in 1992.\n", "Details": "Dorothy Margaret Hyslop was born in Melbourne in 1916, the second of three daughters of Frances (n\u00e9e Stabb) and James Fleming, a guard with the Victorian Railways. She initially trained in millinery and design at Swinburne Technical College, but then undertook secretarial studies as hats were not in demand during the depression. This led her to work for Legacy for 10 years, a rewarding position that fulfilled her belief in social justice.\nDorothy married Robert Hyslop (1918-2007) in Melbourne in September 1946. Robert had joined the Commonwealth Public Service in 1936 and remained in the service throughout his career which took the family to the UK in 1958 and then to Canberra when the defence departments moved to the capital in 1959. Their two daughters, Gabrielle and Deirdre, were born in Melbourne.\nOnce settled herself in Canberra, Hyslop assisted other newly arrived women to settle into their new homes, away from families and communities. From 1970-1974 she and Robert lived in Bangkok where he was Deputy Secretary-General of the South East Asia Treaty Organisation. On her return to Canberra she became an active member of the ACT Embroiderers' Guild, contributing to their exhibitions and serving as Secretary. Her life was largely that of a supportive wife and mother.\nThis changed dramatically from 1980 when, aged 64, Dorothy Hyslop proposed to the ACT Embroiderers' Guild the idea of a major embroidery, to be made by embroiderers around the country and given to the nation to hang in the new Parliament House. She later said the suggestion was greeted with 'stunned silence'. Few cared for the idea of such a large, collaborative project with all the difficulties that would entail, and the Guild membership was small. At the time, there was little regular communication between the eight State and Territory Guilds and only lukewarm interest in any formal connections.\nWith fellow Canberra embroiderer Loma Ruddock, Hyslop first obtained the support of the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives for the idea of such a gift. The Art Advisory Committee of the Parliament House Construction Authority funded a design competition and the fees of the designer and embroidery coordinator. The ACT Guild set up a Parliament House Embroidery Committee to oversee the work, which Hyslop convened throughout the eight-year project. In the process, she became a master project manager.\nThe Parliament House Embroidery was conceived as one of the two major art works for the Great Hall - a frieze in the tradition of the Bayeaux Tapestry, 16 metres long and 65 centimetres deep. Its theme is 'the settlement of Australia', in tune with the theme of 'the land' for all the public areas of the House. The design competition was won by South Australian artist, Kay Lawrence. The design is unconventional, comprising 24 different images in eight panels, to be read as such rather than as one overall design. It refers to each State and Territory in particular images but emphasises common elements in the experience of settlement rather than distinct, State-based differences. It moves from Aboriginal people's harmonious relationships with the land to the changes wrought by European settlers through the 19th Century. It conveys beauty and ugliness, joy and loss.\nOver a thousand women around Australia were involved in the work - some in making the hundreds of samplers from which stitches and colours were selected, others in preparing the linen and stretching it onto frames before work began, others in preparing the pieces for transport to Canberra, or in joining the sections and mounting the completed work in its case. Twelve thousand unpaid hours of embroidered stitching were put into the eight panels by 504 women, 150 of them in Canberra. Their work was coordinated by master embroiderer Anne Richards and a supervisor in each State and Territory. The Guilds donated not only their labour but also all the funds needed for the materials. The linen and threads were intensively researched and of the highest quality. Along with her national project management role, Hyslop and the ACT Guild held fundraising exhibitions and raffles to help pay for their contribution.\nIt was a bold project, full of challenges in design, coordination and quality control, and with the potential for nightmare. Two States withdrew from the project but later re-joined. Hyslop understood the importance of good communication to overcome doubts and misunderstandings. She and her team kept up a copious correspondence with letters, tape recordings and newsletters and, occasionally, face to face meetings to share ideas and strengthen the trust that gradually developed among the participants. Kay Lawrence later attributed Hyslop's success to 'vision, unwavering faith in the expressive potential of embroidery, a belief in teamwork, the capacity to identify and recruit key people, exceptional project management skills, and tenacity; all of this in a tiny woman\u2026 with a kind and mild demeanour\u2026 and no ego' (Lawrence 2011, p.4).\nThe embroidery was presented to the Presiding Officers of the Parliament on 25 May 1988. Within a decade it had been seen by some 14 million visitors to Parliament House. It is universally acknowledged as a nationally significant artwork and has given prominence to a long undervalued medium. In recognition of her vision and achievement, Dorothy Hyslop was chosen Canberra Citizen of the Year for 1988, made a Member of the Order of Australia in 1989, and appointed a Life Member of the ACT Embroiderers' Guild in 1992. She died in Canberra in 2011.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bureaucrat-had-theatrical-flair\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-parliament-house-embroidery-a-study-in-project-management\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-making-of-the-parliament-house-embroidery\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-making-of-the-parliament-house-embroidery-1980-1988\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-parliament-house-embroidery-a-work-of-many-hands\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/embroidering-the-nation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1984-1988-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/embroiderers-guilds-of-australia-collection\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Koobakene, Salme", "Entry ID": "AWE4860", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/koobakene-salme\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Valgamaa, Estonia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Library Assistant, Philanthropist, Refugee", "Summary": "Salme Koobakene was born in rural Estonia and undertook tertiary studies at the University of Tartu. It is likely that the second Soviet invasion of her homeland ended the possibility of her graduating, when she joined tens of thousands fleeing. She reached what became the American zone of Germany and was selected by the Australia Government to be in the first party of refugees to be resettled from Germany. The bulk of her working life was spent at the Menzies Library of the Australian National University. In her estate, she left an endowment to the National Gallery of Australia and another to the Country Women's Association for annual grants to high school students and young carers in the Canberra-Monaro region.\n", "Details": "Salme Koobakene was born Salme K\u00e4rema in Valga, a county on Estonia's southern border with Latvia. Her mother was a midwife and her father, Ado, a farmer. She was born into the newly independent nation of Estonia, at a time when the Estonian people realised the value of education for their girls as well as boys. She completed her secondary education at the Valga Russian Co-educational High School and began to study for an Arts degree at the University of Tartu.\nThe Soviet Union invaded the Republic of Estonia in June 1940 and a year later, around 10,000 Estonians identified as 'anti-Soviet elements' were deported to Siberia. These people included politicians, as well as those involved in maintaining the state's legal apparatus. Salme Koobakene's husband seems to have fitted into the last category as it is understood that he was a senior prison official.\nThe German Army arrived in Estonia only one week after the deportations, heralding a period of comparative peace. It was during this period that Salme resumed her studies at the University of Tartu, in the late summer of 1943. By September 1944, the German front reached the Estonian capital of Tallinn and at this time an estimated 70,000 to 80,000 Estonians fled by whatever means were available. At the end of the war, Salme found herself in a camp for displaced persons which had been set up in Hanau in the United States zone of Germany. There she would have heard a call on behalf of a visiting Australian selection team by the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration which operated the camps.\nHer widowed status, age, education and other skills led to Salme being accepted by the selection team. She travelled to the Diepholz Camp in the British zone near Bremerhaven to join others before for their ship journey to Australia. This shipload of refugees was the first group of migrants of non-British origin to be selected by the Australian Government. Their ship was the USAT General Stuart Heintzelman, built as a troop transport for the US Army, so it was operated by the Army while crewed by the US Navy. Even though the four-week voyage was more like a holiday after more than seven years of war, there was military discipline on board. All of the passengers were expected to undertake some work like translating the daily newsletter into their mother tongues and staffing the ship's library. In addition to reading, recreation focussed on music making, chess and nightly films and dances.\nThe voyage ended with the disembarkation of the Heintzelman's passengers at Fremantle on 28 November 1947. After four nights in Army camps in Perth, they boarded the Kanimbla, still under the control of the Australian Navy. They arrived at Port Melbourne on 7 December 1947 and disembarked the next day. By 9 December they were settling into another camp routine, this time at the Bonegilla Migrant Reception and Training Centre, near Wodonga on the Murray River.\nThe Bonegilla records show that Salme worked as a waitress in the camp from 15 December until 21 January the next year. However, the record of her receipt of an Aliens Registration Certificate on 13 January 1948 shows her as located at Gorman House, a government hostel for public servants, in Canberra.\nBy mid-1950 she was enrolled to study the Russian language at the Canberra University College. In 1954, she passed both Russian II and Russian III with honours, as well as German I. Her proven skills in the Russian language led to her appointment to the Australian National University as a Library Assistant in 1961. She continued to work at the Menzies Library, which held materials used by the Research Schools of the University, until her retirement, using her Russian language skills to translate material for the Library.\nSalme died on 4 October 1998. She had been a good saver, and had been able to live well in retirement. There was enough money in her estate to benefit the National Gallery of Australia to the amount of at least $10,000 per year between 2001-02 and 2007-08. In addition, she willed funds to the Country Women's Association to provide scholarships for secondary students in the Canberra and Monaro regions. At some stage early on in her Canberra life, she found that the Country Women's Association enabled her to meet Australians of a similar age with similar interests. The Canberra Branch of the CWA uses its half of the income from the bequest to award grants to Year 12 students and young carers in Canberra, and the Monaro Group uses its half to provide scholarships along similar lines. The high regard in which Estonians held education lives on in the legacy of Salme Koobakene.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-red-army-invasion-of-estonia-in-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/album-academicum-universitatis-tartuensis-1918-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eestlasi-voorsil\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/estonia-in-world-war-ii\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/university-college-examinations\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/soviet-deportations-from-estonia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/united-nations-relief-and-rehabilitation-administration\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/estonias-way\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/estonia-and-the-estonians-hoover-institution-press\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bonegillas-beginnings\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jindabyne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-university-college-student-record-cards-e-k\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kilby-ladel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-files-class-6-aliens-registration\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aliens-registration-certificates-displaced-persons-located-in-canberra-ex-general-heintzelman\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-estonians-in-canberra-1948-1998\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-statement-and-declaration-by-alien-passengers-entering-australia-forms-a42\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/name-index-cards-migrants-registration-bonegilla\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/migrant-selection-documents-for-displaced-persons-who-travelled-to-australia-per-general-stuart-heintzelman-departing-bremerhaven-30-october-1947\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Landau, Yetty", "Entry ID": "AWE4861", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/landau-yetty\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bendigo, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor, Broadcaster, Teacher", "Summary": "Yetty Landau was an actor and comedian who worked in Melbourne and with travelling companies. She was a popular broadcaster in Melbourne and Canberra and with her actor husband set up schools which taught drama, elocution and public speaking. After her husband's death Yetty continued teaching verse speaking, training choirs and successfully preparing students for the examinations of Trinity College, London.\n", "Details": "Yetty Landau was born on 6 June 1895 in Bendigo, Victoria to Samuel, (also known as Simon or Yeshiyahu) Landau a 60-year-old hawker and his wife 34-year-old Dora, the daughter of Zebulun Miller and Sophia Muskovitz.\nFrom childhood Yetty showed talent as a performer. Competing against adults from all over Australia, she won the Grand Championship for Elocution at the South Street Eisteddfod, Ballarat, Victoria.\nShe began acting professionally under the direction of Gregan McMahon and then joined the Ian McLaren Shakespeare Company. By 1915 she was working with Harry Craig's Australian Players on their three-month Tasmanian tour.\nWhen she married the actor and sometime lion tamer Frank James Pearson (born Francis Bernard Vaughan) in Melbourne on 24 January 1916, they both gave their usual addresses as 'constantly travelling'.\nYetty played comedy with Bert Bailey's Australian Company for five years creating the role of Amelia Banks in Grand-dad Rudd and Sara in On Our Selection. She went on to contracts with the Fuller Management and Rickards Tivoli Theatre Circuit. In her last Melbourne performances in 1926 she shared the stage with the famous theatre entrepreneur J.C. Williamson himself, in a play called The Farmers Wife.\nYetty taught drama and elocution and her pupils won prizes at the eisteddfods in Victoria. By 1926 Yetty and her students were involved in radio broadcasts. Although apparently popular with listeners, such a public career was not entirely welcomed by her family.\nYetty and Frank ran the Landau-Pearson Academy of Combined Arts from the home they named Franyette in Preston. They taught elocution, dramatic art, public speaking and musical monologues. Yetty's niece tutored piano.\nYetty and Frank visited Canberra for 6 weeks in 1934, but stayed and continued their acting and teaching careers. Yetty appeared with Canberra Repertory and in 1935 briefly presented a children's programme on local radio.\nBy 1936 the Landau-Pearson Modern School of Voice Culture taught speech-craft, drama, broadcasting and talking picture technique to pupils in Canberra's Civic Centre in suburban Manuka and in nearby Queanbeyan, New South Wales. As in Melbourne, pupils were successfully prepared for examinations set from London.\nYetty continued to teach after Frank's death in 1944. She taught verse speaking as well as choirs at St Benedict's Convent in Queanbeyan, St Christopher's and St Peter Chanel's in Canberra. Her pupils were very successful in the Trinity College, London examinations with Robert Crew being the first Canberra student to win the NSW State medal for speech in the Advanced Preparatory Division in 1960 and Merrilyn Jones passing the Intermediate Speech exam in 1964. One of her past pupils, Rosemary Heming, was admitted to Trinity College to train as a teacher of speech.\nShe continued as a radio presenter and her midday programme on 2CA Woman about the Shops ran for twelve years. She also created the Women's Session on the National Station and broadcast it for eight years.\nYetty died from stomach cancer on 7 September 1971. Her ashes were spread at Norwood crematorium. She had no children.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/yetty-landau-a-woman-of-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mildenhall, Adele Emma", "Entry ID": "AWE4867", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mildenhall-adele-emma\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Charity worker, Community worker", "Summary": "Adele (Jill) Mildenhall arrived in Canberra during the settlement's infancy. She quickly became involved in several charitable and religious organisations including St John the Baptist Church, the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) and the Mothercraft Society. She was also a valued member of Canberra's social scene as a tennis player and an entertainer.\n", "Details": "In January 1920 Adele (Jill) Mildenhall, her husband and 18-month-old daughter arrived in Canberra. The family had endured a lengthy train ride from Melbourne and then a four and a half-hour car ride from Yass. William James (Jack) Mildenhall, public servant and photographer, later recalled the family's dismay when arriving at the gate to Upper Acton, then a small settlement of eight weatherboard dwellings. Informed by the driver that 'this was Canberra', he was 'too dum[f]ounded to make further enquiries'.\nThe barrenness of Canberra was also a rude shock to Jill who was used to the inner-city suburban bustle and amenities of Melbourne. Jill's father, Ernest Potter Knight, a local baker in the Melbourne suburb of Coburg had set a strong example as an active community member sitting on the Coburg Infant School Board of Advice and serving as treasurer of St Augustine's Church, Moreland and the Coburg Progress Association. It was with a similar zeal that Jill became involved in the fledgling Canberra community.\nJill's talent in singing and playing the piano was in much demand. In the early 1920s she performed regularly in a company known as the Smart Set Entertainers where her singing voice was described as 'always pleasing'. The group attracted packed houses and helped to raise money for local causes including the Canberra Library and the Queanbeyan Soldiers' Memorial Fund. Familiar with other talented residents, Jill often volunteered to organise entertainment or perform at events in which she had an interest, such as at the YWCA afternoon tea; the Tennis Dance at Acton; the annual Lodge St Andrew Masonic Dinner and Social; the Returned Sailors and Soldiers' Imperial League Masquerade Ball; a concert for Telopea Park School piano; and the opening of the Causeway Hall.\nFor families living in cottages at Upper Acton, local get-togethers were crucial as, with little means of transport, Canberra was known as 'The City of Dreadful Distances'. A favourite community event was tennis matches held at the Residency (then, the Federal Capital Advisory committee and Federal Capital Commission headquarters, later known as Canberra House). Jill was a keen tennis player and later played competitively with the Canberra Tennis Association. She was regularly noted playing in matches held across Canberra at Eastlake, Northbourne and Queanbeyan tennis clubs. In the late 1920s she was selected to play representative tennis at Country Week Tennis tournaments in Sydney.\nReligious observance entailed considerable endurance in Jill's early years in Canberra. A member of the Church of England congregation of St John the Baptist Church, she walked 35 to 40 minutes across a paddock to attend Sunday services. She became a member of the choir and was active in the St John's Churchwomen's Guild (established 1928). In October 1929 Jill organised a Tennis Tournament as part of a successful American Tea held at Canberra House. The event raised over \u00a322 for the church restoration fund.\nJill was also involved in the early years of a number of Canberra charitable welfare organisations. In October 1926 she was elected to the provisional committee establishing the Ainslie Child Welfare Clinic and then in December to the newly formed committee for the Acton branch of the Women and Children's Welfare Society. From 1934 to 1937 Jill served on the Board of Directors of the Canberra branch of the YWCA. During her first year on the board, she was one of a small team of delegates selected to attend the National YWCA convention in Melbourne. After her return she reported back to the Canberra branch on the inspirational significance of the convention. Next year she headed the membership committee and introduced a new card system. In 1939 she became a new member of the Canberra Community Hospital Auxiliary.\nIn March 1942 Jack was transferred to the Department of Munitions in Melbourne for the duration of the war. Although Melbourne-born, it seems that after 20 years' residency, Canberra had become Jill's much-missed home. In 1943 it was noted in the Canberra Times that Mrs Mildenhall 'sent remembrances to Canberra friends' and by late 1945 the couple returned to Canberra where Jack resumed his position as Registrar of Motor Vehicles.\nIn later years Jill assisted her husband as he was appointed to increasingly prominent positions in Canberra charities; as Chairman of the ACT division of the Australian Red Cross Society (1948-50, 1952-6) and inaugural Chairman of the Good Neighbour Council of the ACT (1950). She also developed an interest in religious instruction and she was said to have taught scripture at Canberra Church of England Girls Grammar in the early years of World War II and then at Forrest Primary School from 1959 to 1972.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/st-johns-church-and-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/yabbies-at-acton-a-story-of-canberra-1913-1927\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/parish-notes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-adele-mildenhall-charity-worker-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mitchell, Una Hayston", "Entry ID": "AWE4868", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mitchell-una-hayston\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Principal, Teacher", "Summary": "Una Mitchell was Headmistress of Canberra Girls' Grammar between 1937 and 1947. She left Canberra to return to her home state to become Headmistress of St Hilda's Anglican School for Girls in Mosman Park in Perth. She retired in 1967 and was appointed Chairman of the Conference of Independent Girls' Schools of Australia. She was an inspiring Science teacher and highly respected principal, who had high educational and moral standards. She dedicated her life to ensuring the girls in her care were prepared for what she saw as a rapidly changing and modernizing world. She taught them to have 'a high regard for personal integrity', to be adaptable as well as to have 'enquiring minds and the spirit of adventure'.\n", "Details": "In 1909, at the age of nine years and eight months, Una Hayston Mitchell published a short story in the Western Mail. It was a cautionary tale of a 'disobedient mouse' whose behaviour cost the lives of his brother and sister. She also wrote engaging letters to 'Aunt Mary' at the same newspaper. She grew up in Murrin Murrin, a small mining settlement just north of Kalgoorlie, Her family had moved there so that Una could attend school. She explained to 'Aunt Mary' that earlier they had been nine miles from the nearest post office and she had been four years old before she saw another child. In 1911 her letters came from the Girls High School in Kalgoorlie. Mitchell was the daughter of mining engineer John Hayston Mitchell, a rather colourful and well-travelled character, whose achievements apparently included the invention of brakes and driving gear for bicycles, or so his patent application stated. Una was the daughter of his fourth marriage, to Florence Raddenberry Olney. The couple had moved to Western Australia from Queenstown following Hayston Mitchell's divorce from his previous wife on the grounds of bigamy. Whether Una Mitchell was aware of the scandal in her parents' past is unclear, but her later rigid respectability combined with determination to ensure the girls in her care were self-sufficient perhaps stemmed from this. She also remained unmarried herself. On a more positive note, she certainly inherited her father's scientific bent.\nEducated at Perth College, Mitchell graduated with a Bachelor of Science from the University of Western Australia. She taught Geography, Geology and Physics for twelve years at Presbyterian Girls' College (now Seymour College) in Adelaide before becoming the Senior Resident Mistress and Physics and Chemistry teacher at St Catherine's in Toorak in Melbourne. Arriving at Canberra Girls Grammar in April 1937, with 'an established reputation as an educationalist', according to the Canberra Times, Mitchell found a school with 107 pupils, 30 of whom were boarders. By the end of the year the roll had increased to 121 pupils, including 34 boarders. In 1943 she oversaw the refurbishment of a disused country schoolhouse, which was moved to the school site and extended to become a new Kindergarten building. Although primarily a Mathematics and Physics specialist, she taught Biology at Canberra Girls' Grammar, as that was the subject that was required. According to a later history of the school, 'the enthusiasm with which she taught this discipline was quickly communicated to her pupils'. She also encouraged her students in a variety of sporting and cultural activities welcoming a visit from Heather Gell, pioneering dance teacher, to the school in 1940.\nThe outbreak of WWII affected even the cocooned existence of Girls' Grammar. There were first aid lessons, air raid drills and blackout practices. A shortage of domestic staff meant that pupils were required to assist in boarding house duties. Mitchell led by example, helping with cooking, peeling potatoes and even ironing boarders' blouses. Once a week, senior students were invited to listen to the news on the wireless in her sitting room so that they were kept informed of overseas events. The girls were encouraged to participate in patriotic events and causes.\nMitchell's educational philosophy developed during these years and she became convinced that 'the tempo of world affairs has quickened so enormously in the last few years that children, now at school [must develop] an alertness of mind and resourcefulness which mere book learning alone can never give'.\nMitchell left Canberra to return to her home state as principal of St Hilda's Anglican School for Girls in Mosman Park. She remained here for twenty years, during which time the school 'experienced a surge of growth and development'. The publication of a book of school memories by the 'Year of 1956' provides a rare glimpse of how students perceived her. First impressions appear to have been formidable. 'She could be terrifying ', wrote one former pupil. 'I generally tried to avoid one on one encounters with Miss Mitchell because it usually meant I was in trouble,' remembered another. She 'had a habit of turning up when you least wanted her to', recalled one girl, yet 'her high standards of behaviour and admirable example [were] irresistible'.\nMitchell knew the names of all 600 pupils and was a versatile and committed teacher. She took over the geography class one year because there was no one else and taught it brilliantly. She was 'well-educated and well-versed in the Christian faith'; the girls never forgot 'morning assemblies under Miss Mitchell's beady and morally splendid eye'. An 'outstanding woman', she genuinely cared for her students, who respected her and occasionally witnessed a softer side. One girl remembered that when she had appendicitis, 'Miss Mitchell drove me in her little Morris across the lawn to Sick Bay where she sat on my bed and talked to me like a friend until the Doctor arrived'.\nInterviewed upon her retirement from St Hilda's Mitchell described her work as 'exacting'. 'There are plenty of headaches, but any worthwhile job has problems,' she said, particularly in jobs dealing with people. Mitchell was committed to her work educating women for a future in which, she said 'more and more women will continue with their jobs or professions after marriage, [with] the obvious problem\u2026 [of] how to reconcile the claims of home and children with the demands of a profession'.\nIn 1953 Una Mitchell was one of just over 11,000 Australians to receive a Coronation Medal. In 1980 the new wing of the boarding house at Canberra Girls' Grammar was named in her honour. At St Hilda's in Western Australia there is also a building named for her and the Una Mitchell Scholarship is awarded to a Year 12 Boarder for, appropriately, 'depth, interests and strength of character'.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/class-of-1956-st-hildas-church-of-england-school-for-girls-mosman-park-western-australia-a-collection-of-stories-and-memorabilia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/history-of-st-hildas-anglican-school-for-girls\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/st-hildas-anglican-school-scholarships-information\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tour-of-the-boarding-house\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-una-hayston-mitchell-headmistress-canberra-church-of-england-girls-grammar-school-1937-1947-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pendred, Edith Gladys", "Entry ID": "AWE4869", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pendred-edith-gladys\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Elsternwick, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Early Childhood Educationist, Kindergarten Principal", "Summary": "Gladys Pendred was considered in the mid-twentieth century 'the main Australian authority in the field of early childhood education'. In 1944, after lobbying by Canberra kindergarten and mothercraft groups, Gladys was asked by the Minister of the Interior to draw up a plan for the extension of pre-school care in the Australian Capital Territory, known as the 'Pendred Plan'. Pendred Street in the Canberra suburb of Pearce recognises her contribution to the Canberra community.\n", "Details": "Gladys Pendred trained at the Melbourne Kindergarten Training College and was a director of the Lillian Cannam Free Kindergarten in South Melbourne. In 1928 Gladys was appointed Principal of the Kindergarten Training College and Supervisor of Free Kindergartens in Perth. Taking two years' leave in late 1937, she was awarded a Carnegie Corporation grant to further her studies in the United States (BSc, Columbia) and Britain. On her return, Gladys endeavoured to bring the college into line with the 'modern developments' that she had observed overseas.\nIn 1941 Gladys resigned to take up the post of Field Officer for the Nursery Kindergarten Extension Board in Melbourne. She provided advice on planning playgrounds and equipment and served on an advisory committee of the Australian Broadcasting Commission for children's programmes. In 1944, after lobbying by Canberra kindergarten and mothercraft groups, Gladys was asked by the Minister of the Interior to draw up a plan for the extension of pre-school care in the Australian Capital Territory, known as the 'Pendred Plan'. In November that year, she was appointed Federal Pre-School Officer of the Australian Association for Pre-School Child Development (later Australian Pre-School Association). The job entailed an itinerant lifestyle and was described by Lady Bailey, President of the Association, as a 'flying Federal Officer Service'.\nThrough her extensive travel and publicity schedule, Gladys was well-known in early childhood centres throughout Australia. Each year she presented numerous lectures, newspaper interviews and radio broadcasts. She edited the Association's Parents News Sheets and wrote many herself. She also edited the successful book Play Materials for Young Children (1952).\nGladys worked hard to improve the standard of pre-school education and effect its extension to all children. She supervised the Lady Gowrie Child Centres, made recommendations for the development of pre-school services in the Northern Territory (1948), assisted the Philippines in the establishment of pre-school training (1948), and conducted a survey of child-minding centres in migrant hostels (1952). Gladys also kept up-to-date with advances in early childhood education research and practice, undertaking a British Council-funded study tour in 1949. She was a member of the ACT branch of the Australian Federation of University Women, the New Education Fellowship and the Australian College of Education (Fellow, 1964). In 1963 Gladys was appointed an Officer of the British Empire (OBE).\nFollowing her death in 1964, the Australian Pre-School Association established the Gladys Pendred Memorial Trust that funded a library of educational books in each branch. In 1966 Pendred Street in the Canberra suburb of Pearce was gazetted. Appropriately, it was the address of a new pre-school.\nMore details of Pendred's life can be found in: Mellor, Elizabeth J, 'Pendred, Edith Gladys (1897-1964)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http:\/\/adb.anu.edu.au\/biography\/pendred-edith-gladys-11361\/text20295.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-community-plans-for-its-children-eighth-conference-university-of-sydney-30-august-5-september-1958\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/before-school-the-story-of-the-canberra-pre-school-centres\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-the-kindergarten-union-of-western-australia-1911-1973\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-aspects-of-child-care-education-in-great-britain-a-report-to-the-australian-association-for-pre-school-child-development-from-the-federal-officer-january-9th-april-13th-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/play-materials-for-young-children-a-guide-to-parents-and-pre-school-centre-committees-in-selecting-play-materials\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gladys-pendred-an-appreciation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituary-miss-gladys-edith-pendred\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/naughty-children\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pre-school-centres-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-late-gladys-pendred-obe-bsc-colom-program\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gladys-pendred-1897-1964-1841-2001\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/infant-education-importance-of-health-an-experts-opinion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kindergarten-ideals-miss-pendred-interviewed\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/to-study-child-development\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-carnegie-grant\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-pendred-resigns\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pre-school-help-for-philippines\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pendred-edith-gladys-1897-1964-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pendred-street\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hmss-0141-canberra-preschool-society-incorporated-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-gladys-pendred-honour\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-australian-early-childhood-association-1928-2005-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-australian-federation-of-university-women-act-1944-1985-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hmss-0043-canberra-mothercraft-society-records\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Radford, Gail Gordon", "Entry ID": "AWE4871", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/radford-gail-gordon\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Equal Employment Opportunity Officer, Feminist lobbyist, Public servant, Researcher, Veterinarian", "Summary": "Gail Radford's first career was in veterinary science. In 1970 she joined Canberra Women's Liberation and was the first Convenor of WEL-ACT. In 1973 she was appointed to the first National Committee on Discrimination in Employment and Occupation.\nIn 1975, she was appointed to the Office of the Public Service Board in Canberra as the Director of the Equal Employment Opportunity Section. For fifteen years Gail shaped and led EEO policies and programs, firstly from the Public Service Board and later from the Public Service Commission.\nIn 1992, Gail was appointed to the position of Chief of the Human Resources Development Division in the headquarters of UNESCO in Paris. At the conclusion of her contract, she returned to Australia in 1994 to become a Member of the Immigration Review Tribunal in Sydney. In 2001 she returned to Canberra to research and write at the Australian National University on the history of WEL and EEO.\n In 1985, Gail became a Member of the Order of Australia for her services to women's affairs and EEO.\n", "Details": "Born in Melbourne on 30 April 1941, Gail was the only child of Phyllis Royal Radford (n\u00e9e Bickford), a high school teacher, and John (Jack) Gordon Radford, a journalist and, after the war, an intelligence officer. While Jack was away at the war, Gail and Phyllis lived with Phyllis's mother Alice Hannah Bickford n\u00e9e Baggs. Gail's mother, grandmother and aunt, Dame Ada May Norris, were all strong women and feminists. Under their guidance Gail became an independently minded feminist. Dame Ada, with her work on the status of women, people with disabilities and immigrants, was to be a mentor for Gail when she commenced similar work in later life.\nGail attended Fintona Girls' School in Balwyn. She started studying for a science degree at the University of Melbourne but transferred to second year veterinary science at the University of Sydney in 1961. Here Gail lived in Women's College, joined in student politics as a keen debater and was a Director of the Board of the Women's Union. Her particular interest was in providing support for women who, like her, were studying courses where women were under-represented and not fully accepted.\nShe graduated as a Bachelor of Veterinary Science in January 1966, completed an internship in cardiovascular research at the Animal Medical Center in New York City in 1967 and graduated from Ottawa University in 1971, as a Master of Science in Cardiovascular Physiology.\nGail's career as a veterinarian included periods of small animal practice in Australia and overseas, manufacturing Swine Fever Vaccine with a United States aid team in Saigon during the height of the Vietnam War and teaching small animal surgery at Sydney University. In Canberra she worked in a small animal practice in the Woden Valley and carried out research for a doctorate on the physiology of social stress in wild rats in the Zoology Department at the Australian National University.\nOn her return from Canada in 1970, she joined the newly formed Canberra Women's Liberation and, as a member of its action workshop, organised the first meeting of the Women's Electoral Lobby (WEL) in Canberra in May 1972. She was the first Convenor of WEL-ACT and combined lobbying for reforms for women with her veterinary career for the next few years.\nIn May 1973, she was appointed to the first National Committee on Discrimination in Employment and Occupation, as the member with special expertise on the employment of women, and continued to serve on this Committee until she was appointed to the Australian Public Service (APS).\nIn October 1975, she was appointed to the Office of the Public Service Board in Canberra as the Director of the Equal Employment Opportunity Section. This was the first position of its kind in Australia. Gail was, in essence, the first EEO Officer in Australia. She was given responsibility for the formulation and implementation of EEO policies for women, migrants, Aboriginals and the handicapped, and the avoidance of discrimination in APS employment.\nGail worked in the Public Service Board in Canberra until its abolition in 1987, being promoted to the Senior Executive Service in 1978 and receiving further promotions in 1983 and 1984. In 1987, she was appointed to a senior position in the newly created Public Service Commission.\nFor fifteen years Gail shaped and led EEO policies and programs, firstly from the Public Service Board and later from the Public Service Commission. She developed policies for the Commonwealth's 300,000 employees and influenced the direction of priorities in State Government and private sector employment. Under her guidance the approach to providing employment opportunities in the work place, for women and members of minority groups, developed from a series of ad hoc anti-discrimination initiatives to a systematic one, with the provision of properly structured EEO programs supported by legislation.\nGail sat on numerous interdepartmental committees and chaired two subcommittees of the Joint Council, the peak body that carried out negotiations with staff associations in the APS. She chaired the Joint Council Subcommittee on Women and Joint Council Subcommittee on EEO (Minority Groups) and it was in these subcommittees that she negotiated agreement on all EEO initiatives. She was also a member of the National Labour Consultative Council's Committee on Women's Employment. In 1980, this Committee released Guidelines for Employers on EEO for Women, which were to pave the way for acceptance of EEO legislation in the private sector.\nIn 1985, Gail became a Member of the Order of Australia for her services to women's affairs and Equal Employment Opportunity.\nIn 1992, Gail was appointed to the position of Chief of the Human Resources Development Division in the headquarters of the United Nations Organisation for Education, Science and Culture (UNESCO) in Paris. This position had been especially created for her to assist UNESCO implement reforms in its human resource management systems. At the conclusion of her contract with UNESCO, she returned to Australia in 1994 to become a Member of the Immigration Review Tribunal in Sydney. Following the abolition of the Tribunal in 1999, she resigned from the Australian Public Service.\nGail returned to Canberra in 2001 to research and write at the Australian National University on the history of WEL and EEO. She worked with Professor Marian Sawer on the Australian Research Council funded project on the History of the Women's Electoral Lobby. Their book Making Women Count: A History of the Women's Electoral Lobby in Australia was published by UNSW Press in 2008. Papers and research reports written by Gail can be found on the ANU History of WEL website (http:\/\/wel.anu.au\/).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/making-women-count-a-history-of-the-womens-electoral-lobby-in-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-womens-electoral-lobby-1952-2010-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/office-of-the-public-service-board\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/public-service-commission\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gail-radford-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Randall, Nora", "Entry ID": "AWE4872", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/randall-nora\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Volunteer", "Summary": "From her arrival in Canberra in 1947 till close to her death in 1999 Lady Nora Randall was an indefatigable worker for services and organisations which sought to make life easier for people, with a special focus on women, young families, and newcomers to Canberra. She was awarded an MBE in 1982 in recognition of her many and remarkably varied contributions to the development of the Canberra community.\n", "Details": "Lady Nora Randall (n\u00e9e Clyne) was born in Goulburn in 1916 into a family steeped in community involvement. Both her parents received awards for their work - her father an MBE for education, her mother a St George medal for her work in the CWA and Red Cross - and Randall maintained that tradition throughout her own life. Following schooling in several NSW cities, she moved to Sydney where she held several jobs including as a photographer at Taronga Park Zoo.\nIn 1945 Nora married Richard (later Sir Richard) Randall (1902-1982). He had joined the Commonwealth Treasury before the war but the lack of housing in Canberra meant that they could not move to the city till 1947 when a house became available. He went on to become Deputy Secretary of Treasury (1957-1966) and Secretary of Treasury (1966-1971).\nWhen Nora Randall arrived in Canberra in 1947 it was a city-in-the-making, lacking many basic services. She threw herself into volunteer work and over the next five decades worked tirelessly to help develop the burgeoning community across an enormous range of issues.\nSteeped in a family background of community involvement, Randall helped start one of the Territory's first pre-schools even before having any children of her own, saying 'I was looking ahead' (Stephenson, 1985, p.43). This led to her representing the school at the Nursery Kindergarten Society and she became the latter's delegate to the National Council of Women (ACT) in 1951. Later on she became the founding general administrator for a new Catholic high school, St Clare's College.\nThus began Randall's long involvement in the NCW (ACT), culminating in terms as Vice President (1955-1957) and President (1957-1960). Through those decades she led and was involved in a remarkable range of NCW projects and advocacy for services. For example, she worked on efforts to develop long term housing for the aged; creation of child guidance clinics; improvements in shopping hours; advocacy for social welfare including the establishment of the ACT Council of Social Services; and a survey of flat dwellers' views about design, noise and amenities which led to the Council being recognised in the ACT as an advisory body for housing. She viewed the Council's pioneering work on providing Canberra women with information on pap smears and early detection of cancer as a highlight of her presidency.\nIn the 1950s Nora Randall was also an active contributor to the Mothercraft Society of the ACT and the Emergency Housekeeper Service. She led the early National Heart Campaign and in doing so, launched a distinctive Canberra fundraising event - the Embassy Open Day - which not only raised funds but also firmed linkages between the embassy community and the capital. She was a foundation member and president of the Lantern Club which raised funds for blind people and, through the Red Cross, was active in their blood banks and Meals on Wheels programs. In 1969 Randall was one of eight Australian women community leaders selected to make a fact-finding tour of community services in Germany.\nOne organisation particularly close to Randall's heart was Marymead Children's Home (now Marymead Child and Family Centre), originally founded to provide residential accommodation for children and families in crisis. From organising an initial working bee in the kitchen to prepare meals for the children she moved swiftly to create a fundraising Marymead Auxiliary in 1965. After six very active years as its President she was appointed Patron for life. Under her leadership the Auxiliary introduced the first walkathon to Canberra; it became a major fundraising tool and has become part of the folklore of several generations of Canberrans.\nFor many years Randall was also a committed member of the Women's International Club (a social organisation for embassy wives and local women) and served as its president in the early 1970s. At the same time she was actively involved in the Pan Pacific and Southeast Asian Women's Association, serving on its executive in the 1970s including three years as president; and was later awarded life membership in recognition of her work.\nNora Randall was awarded an MBE in 1982 in recognition of her many and varied contributions to the community. She died in 1999.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lady-randall-to-be-made-a-lantern-club-life-member\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lady-randall-special-focus-on-people\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/capital-women-a-history-of-the-work-of-the-national-council-of-women-act-in-canberra-1939-1979\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wool-trade-led-to-the-treasury\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/capital-women-a-history-of-the-work-of-the-national-council-of-women-a-c-t-in-canberra-1939-1979\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Serjeantson, Susan Wyber", "Entry ID": "AWE4874", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/serjeantson-susan-wyber\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Riverstone, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Geneticist", "Summary": "Professor Sue Serjeantson had a distinguished career as a geneticist in the John Curtin School of Medical Research at the Australian National University. Her research concerned the inherited susceptibility to disease and the human immune response to organ transplantation. She was the first woman to hold the position of Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Director of the Institute of Advanced Studies at the University.\n", "Details": "Sue Wyber was born in the Sydney suburb of Riverstone in 1946 to Nancye and Robert Wyber. Her father was an engineer and Director of the Royal Australian Navy Research Laboratory in Edgecliff, Sydney. She matriculated from Caringbah High School in 1963 and was both Dux and School Captain. In 1967, she completed a Bachelor of Science degree with Honours from the University of New South Wales on an Australian Wool Board scholarship. In 1968 she took up a Postgraduate Research Scholarship, undertaking research in the School of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, then transferring to the Department of Genetics, University of Hawaii on an East-West Center Scholarship. Her research involved data collection in Papua New Guinea for her thesis on the population genetic structure of the Kiunga sub-district of Papua New Guinea. She was awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and married John Charles Serjeantson in 1970. She held positions of Lecturer in Science at the Madang Teachers' College in 1971 and Lecturer at the Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research from 1972.\nIn 1976 she was appointed a Research Fellow in the Department of Human Biology at the John Curtin School of Medical Research at the Australian National University, continuing her research in Papua New Guinea which concerned inherited susceptibility to disease, and managing a tissue-typing laboratory. A contract position as Fellow awarded in September 1980 was converted to a permanent appointment in 1984. Her son was born in 1985. She was promoted to Senior Fellow in July 1986 in what was then called the Department of Human Genetics. She was appointed head of the department in 1987, then 'Group leader' of Human Genetics after a restructuring of the School. On 14 October 1988 she was formally appointed Professor of Human Genetics.\nHer research concerned the genetic basis of diseases such as juvenile and mature-onset diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus and leprosy. Her work on human leucocyte antigens advanced understanding of the human immune response to organ transplants and improved the matching of bone marrow donors and recipients. She published prolifically in international journals and regularly attended overseas conferences, as an invited speaker, in Europe, Japan and the United States. She was successful in securing grant funding for her research from the US National Institutes of Health, the National Health and Medical Research Council, the Anti-cancer Council of Victoria, the National MS Society of Australia and Juvenile Diabetes Foundation.\nShe served on a number of University committees including the Board of the Institute of Advanced Studies from 1987 to 1989, the John Curtin School of Medical Research Faculty Board as an elected representative 1988-1990 and 1992-1994, and the ANU Re-entry Fellowships for Women Committee in 1988.\nShe was awarded a Clunies-Ross National Science and Technology Award in 1992 and the Ruth Sanger Medal by the Australasian Society of Blood Transfusion also in 1992. She was appointed Regional Coordinator for South-East Asia and Oceania for the Stanford University's Human Genome Diversity Project in 1993.\nShe was acting Director of the John Curtin School of Medical Research from April till September 1993, then in January 1994 was appointed Director of the Institute of Advanced Studies and Deputy Vice-Chancellor, and was an ex-officio member of the Board of the Institute of Advanced Studies and the Board of the Faculties. She retained her academic standing as a Visiting Fellow at the John Curtin School of Medical Research. She was a Director of ANUTECH Pty Ltd from 1994 till 1997 and a member of the Commonwealth government's Genetic Manipulation Advisory Committee from 1994 to 1996.\nAs Deputy Vice-Chancellor she was responsible for research at the University: the heads of the Research Schools and Centres reported to her as well as the Director of Computing Services and other areas. She resigned from her position in 1997 but continued as a Visiting Fellow at the John Curtin School of Medical Research until the end of 2001 and was from 1999 to 2001 the President of the Federation of Australian Science and Technological Societies. In this role she spoke at the Women Achieving in Science Conference which was held at RMIT University in November 1999 on 'Why are there so few women in science?'. She was made an Officer of the Order of Australia in 2000, and from 2001 to 2008 was Executive Secretary of the Australian Academy of Science. She was made 'Officer dans l'Ordre des Palmes Acad\u00e9miques' by the French government in 2009.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-entry-serjeantson-susan-wyber-1946\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/why-are-there-so-few-women-in-science\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-report-2008-09-1-april-2008-31-march-2009\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/international-activities\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/serjeantson-susan-wyber-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wensing, Petronella (Nel) Jacoba", "Entry ID": "AWE4879", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wensing-petronella-jacoba\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Teteringen, Holland", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Community activist, Designer, Social worker, Teacher", "Summary": "As a young migrant who arrived in Australia from the Netherlands in 1953, Petronella Wensing became concerned about the welfare of other migrants, particularly women, and how they could be successfully integrated into the community. As a consequence of her growing awareness of the problems that existed for them, she became a delegate of the St. Patrick's branch of the Catholic Women's League and on 22 June 1961, a member of the Good Neighbour Council of the ACT. Her work with migrants was recognised in the ACT International Women's Day Awards 2011.\nAs a skilled artisan her specialities were lace making and embroidery. She was foundation President and a Life Member of the Canberra Lace Makers Association, a past President of the Embroiders' Guild of the A.C.T. and as well, a member of the Australian Lace Makers Guild. She continued to volunteer and consult with the National Gallery of Australia and the Canberra Museum and Gallery, Canberra on lace and textiles for many years.\n", "Details": "Petronella Wensing was born 22 January 1924 in Teteringen, the Netherlands, the fourteenth child of seventeen, born to Johannes Goderie and Cornelia De Weert. As a young child, Petronella suffered from rickets, although this condition did not hinder her education as she was a bright little girl who learnt quickly at school. When she started school at the age of five, she could already knit and crochet. Growing up in the Netherlands during the depression was difficult for the family and even though her father was employed by the Netherlands railway, four of Petronella's five brothers suffered from long term unemployment. In 1943, her mother passed away and her father remarried in 1944.\nPetronella Goderie and Michael Wensing (1912-1988) were married at Ryen on the outskirts of Breda on 19 August 1948. Even though Michael was a skilled sign writer, painter and paper hanger he found there was little work for him in the Netherlands devastated by the Second World War. Consequently, as many other people from the Netherlands were, they were also encouraged by their government with the assistance of the Catholic Migration Association in Breda to immigrate. Initially the family wanted to go to New Zealand but due to restrictions on the immigration to that country of married couples with children, they decided on Australia. Petronella and Michael travelled with their two small sons, on the Sibajak to Sydney, arriving 11 June 1953. The family then spent four months at Scheyville Migrant Camp near Windsor in New South Wales. Their third son was born at Windsor Hospital, the first night they were at Scheyville.\nAround October 1953, Michael found that he could obtain work in Canberra, so the family moved there. They lived on Russell Hill for a time before moving to Braddon. Petronella quickly realised the difficulties faced by women when they first arrived in a new country. She believed that without being able to speak English many migrant women suffered from a lack of confidence restricting their daily lives and integration into the community. Because of the influx of new immigrants into the A.C.T after the war, the Good Neighbour Council had been established in Canberra on 22 March 1950. In these early years, new settlers were welcomed on their arrival at the Canberra Railway Station and at social gatherings held every Sunday afternoon. Petronella joined the St. Patrick's branch of the Catholic Women's League and the Good Neighbour Council with the primary aim of assisting new women settlers. She organised functions for women and children from many countries, working with them in a friendly and unbiased manner regardless of nationality. She advocated strongly the need for consultation between migrant groups and government bodies, so that migrants were made aware of issues surrounding family and criminal law and human rights.\nIn the late 1960s, she taught part-time at St. Patrick's Primary School and at Aranda Primary. She loved teaching children particularly. During 1970, still with a young family herself, she successfully completed a Certificate in Fashion at the College of Technical and Further Education in Canberra. This was essentially the beginning of a long career as a specialist artisan, as she has gone on to inspire generations with her dedication as a teacher and skill as an embroiderer and lace-maker. Between the years 1970 and 1986 she taught Embroidery, Needlework and Fashion at St. Clare's Catholic College in Canberra. In the year 2000, for three months, she undertook a teaching and lecturing tour of New Zealand. In 1982, during a journey she and Michael took to the Netherlands to meet family, she studied lace-making at Brugge, Belgium.\nUp until 2003, she continued to give workshops on lace-making and embroidery transferring her knowledge and crafts generously to many students.\nHer work has been exhibited across Australia and in many parts of the world notably:\n\u2022 1980 - her work was exhibited at the 1st Australian Fibre Conference, Melbourne.\n\u2022 1997 and 2002 - her lace adaptation of the Bok Tower Carillon was exhibited at the Bok Tower Gardens, Florida, U.S.A .\n\u2022 2000 - at the Canberra Museum & Gallery. She was invited by the Belgian Embassy to select and curate their lace exhibition - From Belgium with Lace.\nFor several years she played a prominent part in bringing to Australia international lace makers and textile designers such as Victoria van Strik. In 2006 she received a grant from the government of the Netherlands to assist with the celebration of the 400th Anniversary of the arrival of the Dutch in Australia. She spoke four languages, English, Dutch, French and German. She was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) in June 2013.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/state-conference\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-the-good-neighbour-council-of-the-australian-capital-territory-inc\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/southern-stitches\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/act-womens-honour-roll-celebrating-local-women-on-the-100th-anniversary-of-international-womens-day\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-petronella-wensing-1946-1987-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mulvaney, Jean", "Entry ID": "AWE4884", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mulvaney-jean\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Moonee Ponds, Victoria", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "Jean Mulvaney was an active and committed community worker in Canberra from the mid-1960s until her death in 2004. She was a founding member of Canberra Lifeline, the ACT Girl Guides Commissioner, and president of the Canberra Mothercraft Society, the Queen Elizabeth II Family Centre Committee, and the University House Ladies Drawing Room. She was also an active member of the Civil Rehabilitation Committee (Prisoners' Aid) and served on the National Council of Women.\n", "Details": "Jean Campbell grew up at beachside Black Rock in Melbourne and was active in the Girl Guides and in a number of sports: swimming, yachting, tennis and horseriding. She attended the Presbyterian Ladies' College and then trained as an infants teacher, teaching at Travancore Experimental School for disadvantaged children.\nFrom 1948 to 1951 she cycled around Australia on a working holiday, starting from Melbourne accompanied by three friends, two of whom returned from Perth and the third staying in the Northern Territory, so that she completed the trip by herself. On the way she had a variety of jobs including fruit and vegetable picking, waitressing, nursing and work on a pearl lugger in Broome, and crocodile shooting in the Northern Territory.\nJean met her future husband, the prehistorian John Mulvaney, when visiting England to represent Victorian Girl Guides at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth in 1953. They were married in Melbourne on 6 February 1954 and had six children, the first born in 1955 and the last in 1965. They moved from Melbourne to the suburb of Yarralumla in Canberra in 1965 when John took up his appointment as Senior Fellow in Prehistory in the Anthropology and Sociology Department in the Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. He was appointed Professor of Prehistory in 1971 and held that position until his retirement in 1985. Jean called herself 'a prehistorian by marriage' and shared many work-related trips with John.\nHer community work in Canberra began shortly after her arrival: in 1966 she was a foundation member of Canberra Lifeline and Canberra Toastmistress, and started as\nGuiding representative on the Civil Rehabilitation Committee (now known as Prisoners Aid) and continued this work which included visiting prison inmates until her death. From 1969 to the 1970s she was founding secretary of the Canberra Children's Theatre (later the Canberra Youth Theatre) and in the 1970s was Girl Guides Commissioner in the Australian Capital Territory.\nFrom 1984 to 1985 Jean was a volunteer at Massachusetts General Hospital when John was Professor of Australian Studies at Harvard. She was presented the 'Volunteer of 1985 Award'; the citation read: 'Jean Mulvaney - wise, caring, intuitive, responsible and a wonderful sense of humour\u2026'\nFrom 1985 Jean was president of the Canberra Mothercraft Society and the Queen Elizabeth II Family Centre Committee but left disillusioned in 1995 when the institution was renamed and moved from Civic. Jean served on the National Council of Women (ACT) from the 1990s until her death, and was Convener of the Ladies Drawing Room at University House with Lena Karmel 1993-1997.\nJean was always a very active person - John reports that she enjoyed canoeing in Canada in 1997 when she was in her mid-70s - but in their last years together her health deteriorated. She died on 13 November 2012 in Canberra at the age of 81 after heart surgery.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/digging-up-a-past\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-mulvaney-1923-2004\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-museum-of-australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/remember-to-breathe\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/university-house-as-they-experienced-it-a-history-1954-2004\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Doobov, Sue", "Entry ID": "AWE4885", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/doobov-sue\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland", "Death Place": "Jerusalem, Israel", "Occupations": "Community Leader, Office worker, Youth worker", "Summary": "Sue Doobov moved to Canberra in 1965 from Brisbane. She was a leader of the Jewish community in Canberra, as well as the Executive Officer of the Council on the Ageing ACT at a time when it assisted in the establishment of many service organisations. Sue is recognised as the instigator of the University of the Third Age (U3A) in Canberra. She retired to Israel in 1998.\n", "Details": "Sue Doobov was the daughter of Siegfried (Fred) and Leoni (Lee) Gans, who had escaped Nazi Germany in 1937. She had an older brother, Alfred, who survived her.\nShe grew up in Brisbane and was initially educated for office work. She led the Betar Zionist youth movement in Brisbane and studied in Israel at the Machon leMadrichai Chutz l'Aretz (the Institute for Youth Leaders from Abroad). In Betar she met Mervyn Doobov, whom she subsequently married, in 1964, and with whom she moved to Canberra. Her two children, Ilana and Arieh, were born there, in 1967 and 1969.\nShe and Mervyn became very involved with the small Jewish community in Canberra and served in many roles within it, including president. Sue was mainly active in the women's side of the community and in educational activities. For many years she prepared girls for bat mitzvah and led the women's volunteer Chevra Kadisha. She was known for her interest in helping elderly members of the community as well as being a by-word in hospitality. For her contributions to the Jewish community, she was awarded a medal in the Order of Australia, in 1998, a distinction she shared with her husband.\nAfter a period at home caring for two young children, Sue decided that it was time to continue her formal education. She had not completed secondary education in Queensland, but decided to try for a university degree. Without matriculation, the Canberra College of Advanced Education (now the University of Canberra) required her to pass a minimum of four subjects in her first year. She succeeded and completed a degree in Sociology and Economics in five years.\nShe then became the Executive Director of the Council on the Ageing ACT, from 1982 to 1994. Under her leadership, the Council was active in establishing other organisations to provide services for older people. Some of these organisations were the Abbeyfield Society (a not-for-profit community housing provider), Community Options (a not-for-profit, community-based organisation providing care and support to older people, people with disabilities, their families and friends), Handy Help, Home Help and Respite Care. The University of the Third Age (U3A) has recognised a public meeting called by Sue as the starting point for its activities in Canberra. In September 2011, she was guest of honour at the 25th Anniversary Celebrations for U3A.\nThe family moved to Israel in 1998. She was diagnosed with a brain tumour in 2000 and subsequently underwent a number of operations and extensive treatment, all without complaint and with fortitude. She managed to visit Australia for the U3A celebrations less than one year before her death in August 2012.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sue-doobov\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/u3a-act-25th-anniversary\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/u3a-act-news\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Salthouse, Sue", "Entry ID": "AWE4889", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/salthouse-sue\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Disability rights activist, Feminist, Human Rights Advocate, Leader, Teacher", "Summary": "Sue Salthouse worked in the area of social justice from 1996, playing an active role in the systemic advocacy for women with disabilities. In Canberra she ran her own consultancy company that specialised in work in the disability sector and conducted social research, policy analysis and advice in a number of areas beyond disability advocacy, including project development and management, conference facilitation and TAFE teaching. She worked extensively with Women in Adult and Vocational Education (WAVE) to develop leadership training projects for women, including women in Aboriginal communities. She worked in a voluntary capacity for Women with Disabilities ACT and Rights International (Australia).\nIn 2015, Sue was Canberra Citizen of the Year, in recognition of her outstanding commitment and contribution as a disability advocate. In late 2019, Sue was further acknowledged for her enormous contribution to the public good when she was awarded the honour of 2020 ACT Senior Australian of the Year. Sue Salthouse died in a motor vehicle accident in Canberra on 20 July 2020.\nRead an interview with Sue Salthouse in the online exhibition Redefining Leadership.\n", "Details": "Sue Salthouse described her introduction to the disability sector as 'arrival by surprise'. She was forty-five when she fell off a horse in the Snowy Mountains, and embarked on her life of 'new opportunity' in a wheelchair. The learning curve was steep and physically challenging, but the recently retired ex-president of Women with Disabilities Australia (WWDA) was adamant when she claimed that 'psychologically I have had more difficult things to deal with in my life, despite the challenges my accident presented'. (Interview) \nBorn in 1949 in McKinnon, Melbourne, Salthouse had a happy childhood, sharing the love of her parents with one older sister, whom she adored. She attended Kilvington Baptist Girls Grammar, a small private school with a community spirit that she credits with setting her on a humanitarian path. A small school offered her any number of opportunities to take on leadership roles, which she adopted with great relish, although she did experience a crisis of conscience when offered the role of head prefect. Conditional upon the offer was the requirement for her to be confirmed. She agreed to the condition, but not without some reflection on the nature of hypocrisy. Why did the school think she had to be confirmed to perform a leadership role? How much was she prepared to compromise in order to take on a leadership role? Salthouse says it was a pivotal moment in her life and a difficult decision for a teenager to make. To this day, she is not sure that she made the right decision, but she did compromise and became head prefect in 1966.\nAfter completing secondary school, Salthouse enrolled in Agricultural Science at the University of Melbourne in 1967. Inspired by the 'green revolution' of the 1960s, she wanted to further her understanding of the environment and at the time, agriculture seemed like the best way of combining her love for science with a passion for environmental issues. After graduating, she worked as a field officer for the (then) Victorian State Rivers and Water Supply Commission, where she mainly did scientific writing. Although she enjoyed this work, what she really wanted was a job that enabled her to travel. So in 1972 she completed a Diploma of Education at La Trobe University. Here, she engaged in political ideas and innovative teaching methods that focused on flexible learning environments and a view of education as an instrument of change.\nAfter a placement at Lorne Higher Elementary School in Victoria, Salthouse moved to Alice Springs High School where, amongst Aboriginal communities she learnt profound lessons about the power of education as an instrument against discrimination and a path towards self determination. Working with women in these communities, she gained an appreciation of their openness, their wisdom, their respectfulness and their capacity for listening and understanding. She credited this experience with her own emerging conceptualisation of leadership as facilitation. For Salthouse, the hallmark of a good leader was someone who is able to consult and connect in order to solve a problem. It might be a more complex way of achieving outcomes than traditional authoritative models, but she believed it to be the most effective way of proceeding in the sector she knew best, non-government organisations: no one person can possess all the skills required to lead in this area, especially in advocacy organisations, so a good leader recognises the skills in the collective, nurtures them and calls upon them when required. This non-hierarchical 'hub and spoke' model associated with early feminist organisations was something she first gained an appreciation of when working in Alice Springs. As well as learning from Aboriginal communities, she was an early member of the Alice Springs chapter of the Women's Electoral Lobby (WEL).\nAfter the Alice Springs experience, Salthouse travelled overseas to Kathmandu to trek in the Himalayas. There she met the man she would marry (a widower with children). The family spent another 3 years in Nepal (1978-81) and 3 years in Italy (1985-88), before returning to live in Canberra in Australia. She was not on any confirmed career path and was relatively happy taking the time to look after the family, while her husband pursued his career in aid organisations. When their marriage broke down, she returned to teaching. Despite the barriers to advancement that existed for women teachers in the ACT, in the early 1990s she felt she had a good career ahead of her as a teacher.\nIn April 1995, Salthouse had her accident. After a lengthy period of rehabilitation, she returned to teaching but found that she had lost confidence in her ability to do the job and felt isolated from other staff members in ways she had not expected. The principal helped her to move towards what she calls 'a graceful retirement'. Around this time she met Carolyn Frohmader from Women with Disabilities Australia (WWDA) through her wish to become involved in sport for people with disabilities. Frohmader asked if she would like to work for them and the rest, as they say, is history. For most of her life in a wheelchair, Sue Salthouse was involved with WWDA. She was president for a term in 2009 -2012.\nSalthouse always had a commitment to social justice issues and her immersion in the world of disability advocacy provided her with new perspectives on how best to work for, and on behalf of, people who feel powerless and discriminated against. Disability is not a medical problem, it is a human rights issue and 'the work of WWDA is grounded in a rights based framework that links gender and disability issues to the full range of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights'. (WWDA Annual report 2009-2010). Salthouse was proud of the leading role WWDA took in creating this framework at an international level, a prime example being its work to ensure that a specific article on Women (Article 6) was included in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, a Treaty ratified by Australia in 2008.\nAs far as Salthouse was concerned the strength and efficacy of WWDA has always been its people and their commitment to the issues, rather than their egos. This is not to say that individuals are not forthright in stating a case they strongly believe in. 'Leaders must have presence,' she says. 'They can't be too self-effacing' (Interview). But they must speak from the group and towards the outcome. Creating a structure where all members of an organisation feel they can contribute to a discussion, where the issue is what is important, not the person who promotes it in public, was the type of leadership Salthouse aimed to provide.\nLeadership training for women with disabilities was also important, according to Salthouse. 'It's crucial that WWDA empowers and endorses women with disabilities in leadership roles.' (WWDA Annual report 2009-2010) They must 'have a seat at the table', not only because the voices of women with disabilities must be heard but because there is enormous symbolic importance attached to women with disabilities being seen to be leaders. They need to be able to demonstrate to themselves and the able-bodied people around them 'I look like you, only sitting down'. (Interview).\nSue Salthouse was posthumously appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in 2022 for significant service as an advocate for people with disability, and to the prevention of family violence.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-report-2009-2010\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sue-salthouse-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-women-and-leadership-in-a-century-of-australian-democracy-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cullen, Ngingali", "Entry ID": "AWE4893", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cullen-ngingali\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Maralinga, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal rights activist, Community development worker, Health worker, Nurse", "Summary": "Ngingali Cullen, who was formerly known as Audrey Kinnear, was a co-chair of the National Sorry Day Committee that worked to achieve wide recognition of the wrongs suffered by Aboriginal people across Australia. Although scarred by the policies of forced removal of Aboriginal children from their families, it was healing those wounds that was her constant preoccupation. A proposal initiated by her led to the Journey of Healing campaign launched by the National Sorry Day Committee in 1999.\n", "Details": "Born at Ooldea Soak in Maralinga lands, in the south-east corner of the Nullabor Plain, Ngingali Cullen (formerly Audrey Kinnear) was the youngest of four children born to May Cobby, a Yankunjatjara woman. 'Born into the oldest culture in the world,' she explains, 'I had the honour of a traditional Aboriginal birth; no doctor, no birth certificate.' (Standing Tall and Feeling Proud) When she was four years old, she was wrenched from her family and placed in the Koonibba Lutheran Mission Home near Ceduna on the coast, over 300 km from the lands. Her brother was one of fifty other children in that home, her sister Mabel was in a different home in Ooldea. Loran, her older sister, escaped the attention of the police and native welfare officers by hiding under rugs or hollow trees whenever they came calling. She grew up with her mother on her lands and became a woman of status, who eventually helped Ngingali back to contact with her family in her lands.\nLife at Koonibba, a so-called 'half-castes' home, was dormitory based, disciplined, institutionalised but, on a daily basis, 'reasonably happy'. (Interview), Religion provided the platform for their education, but Ngingali bears the Lutheran missionaries no ill will. 'They were simply carrying out the wishes of the Government,' she says, claiming that the Lutherans were amongst her strongest supporters and best friends as her career developed and her quest for identity progressed. (Standing Tall and Feeling Proud) The Lutheran church did provide her with things that she still appreciates - a love of music, education, social skills and friendship. 'But the loneliness and knowing your were different was inescapable.' (Interview),\nNgingali shone at school and after completing primary school went to boarding school in Adelaide. She was the first Aboriginal girl to attend Concordia, a Lutheran boarding college. She then went on to train as a nurse at the Royal Adelaide Hospital where Lowitja O'Donoghue was a charge nurse, moving on to work in South Australian Hospitals, the Trans-Australian Rail Health Clinic and the Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS). She enjoyed her training, liked living in Adelaide and navigated her way through the world of white people, accepting that to be like them would be 'the way to happiness'. (Standing Tall and Feeling Proud)\nWhen she graduated in 1964, she felt drawn to work in the hospital at Port Augusta, one of only two Aboriginal people on staff. It was here that the reality of race relations in Australia hit her. The discrimination against aboriginal people who lived on the mission five miles out of town, the unnecessary deaths of Aboriginal babies who were denied basic health services; the attitudes towards Aboriginal people on Port Augusta were markedly different from what she has experienced in Adelaide. She was married, rearing a family of her own, working in a job she loved but a crisis of identity that she had managed to keep repressed for several years came to the surface. 'I was working in a doctor's surgery at the time, accepted by the white community, a success. But inside I was so fragile. There was a big part of me missing,' she recalled some years later. ((Standing Tall and Feeling Proud)\nNgingali was already suffering when she learned that her mother was alive and living on the reserve outside Port Augusta. 'After all those years without seeing her I was a nervous wreck, I couldn't go to her. It was my [first] husband, Laurie who made the firsy contact.' (Standing Tall and Feeling Proud) Slowly and emotionally, Ngingali reconnected with her mother, extended family and her lands.\nBut a year later, tragedy struck and the outcome proved to be the catalyst for Ngingali's turn to activism on behalf of her people. Her mother disappeared in unexplained circumstances from outside a road house near Port Pirie and Ngingali used her knowledge of the system to force a coronial inquest to highlight the lack of police action in the search for an elderly Aboriginal woman. 'It nearly sent me over the edge to lose Mum so soon after finding her again,' she says. 'This is when I got off the fence and started speaking out for my people.' (Standing Tall and Feeling Proud)\nThis decision has lead to a long list of achievements. Ngingali Cullen brought RFDS to remote communities, managed welfare train cars, and Aboriginal alcohol rehabilitation units. She worked for the Drug and Alcohol Services Council of South Australia and for crisis-counselling services in the Port August jail and as a part-time commissioner in the South Australian Health Commission. She was instrumental in setting up a centre for Aboriginal women in Port Augusta and established regional health programs in northern South Australia. She was the linchpin for the Aboriginal community in Port Augusta.\nWhen she was elected a member of the Nulla Wanga Tjuta Regional Council (a part of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC)) in 1990, her focus began to shift to the national scene. When she was offered a job in Canberra in 1992 as a health policy officer for ATSIC she was ready for the challenge and took the offer, despite the difficulties associated with leaving Port Augusta. She was important to the community, as it was to her. But her children were grown and she felt is was time to do something new, for her sake and for the Aboriginal community at large. Her work with ATSIC now took her all over Australia, evaluating the national Aboriginal health strategy.\nWhen Sir Ron Wilson and Mick Dodson inquired into the separation policies that affected the lives people like Cullen and published the Bringing Them Home report, the media sought stories from the stolen generations, Ngingali was one of those they turned to. She was seconded to the Office of Indigenous affairs, to the National Sorry Day Committee and was at the forefront of Canberra's preparations for the first 'sorry day', on May 26, 1998. The campaign caught national attention, and nearly a million people signed 'sorry books'.\nAfter the first sorry day, many of the stolen generations met in Sydney, and Cullen urged that they seize the moment to heal the wounds caused by the separation policies. She found a warm response, and the Journey of Healing was launched across Australia on May 26, 1999. When the Sorry Day Committee's co-chair, Carol Kendall, became too ill to continue, Cullen was elected to take her place. This campaign brought thousands of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians together in initiatives for healing and provided a mechanism by which the stolen generations' voice was heard throughout the next decade.\nAfter 250,000 people walked for reconciliation across the Sydney Harbour Bridge, the government agreed to remember the stolen generations at Reconciliation Place, Canberra. Cullen was vital to the process of helping indigenous groups and government reaching consensus over the design of the memorial and the text to accompany it. 'This memorial could be healing if it is created properly,' she told the then Minister, Philip Ruddock. (Champion of Healing) She proposed that teams travel the country, seeking the views of the stolen generations on the text of the memorial, and also seeking the views of the non-indigenous people who had staffed the institutions to which Aboriginal children were removed, and those who had fostered the children. The process resulted in text that the government did not prefer but, confronted with consensus, had no option but to accept it. Kevin Rudd's apology offered in 2008, and the generally positive response of the Australia community owes much to her inclusive approach and commitment to healing.\nAlthough she spent most of her life in South Australia, she came to love the city of Canberra and the opportunities it created. She loved coming to work and seeing Parliament House outside her window a building that gave her 'a magical feeling, like Uluru.' (Standing Tall and Feeling Proud). She died in a Canberra nursing home in 2012 survived by her second husband, Derick, her three children, and a legacy of healing. As she said quietly, of herself, in 1996, Ngingali Cullen 'came a long way for a kid who was born in the desert.' (Standing Tall and Feeling Proud)\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/champion-of-healing-and-sorry-day\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/standing-tall-and-feeling-proud\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/audrey-ngingali-kinnear-interviewed-by-francine-george-in-the-bringing-them-home-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hughes, Helen", "Entry ID": "AWE4894", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hughes-helen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Prague, Czechoslovakia", "Occupations": "Economist", "Details": "Helen was born on 1 October 1928 to Charles and Elsie Gintz in Prague, Czechoslovakia and migrated with her parents to Australia in 1939. She attended MacRobertson's Girls' High School, Melbourne, matriculating in 1946 and studied at the University of Melbourne, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts with Honours in History and Economics in 1949. She completed a thesis on the history of the Australian iron and steel industry for a Master of Arts Honours degree awarded in 1951. She then studied at the London School of Economics and was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of London in 1954 for her thesis on the effects of technological change on labour in the pre-war iron and steel industries of Great Britain, the United States and Germany. She became a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society for statistical work she undertook as part of her thesis.\nFrom 1959 to 1960 she was a lecturer in Economics at the University of New South Wales and then from 1961 at the University of Queensland, being promoted to Senior Lecturer in 1962. She came to the Australian National University in 1963, initially as a visiting fellow in the Department of Economic History in the Research School of Social Sciences and then as a Senior Fellow in the Department of Economics in the Research School of Pacific Studies.\nShe was appointed a Senior Economist at the World Bank in Washington, DC in 1969 while on sabbatical leave from Canberra, and was promoted to Deputy Director in 1973 and was Director of the Economic Analysis and Projections Department from 1976 to 1982. She had returned to Canberra briefly in 1976 as a visiting fellow in the Development Studies Centre in the Research School of Pacific Studies and in 1982 was appointed Professor of Economics and Director of the National Centre for Development Studies.\nShe gave the ABC Boyer Lectures in 1985 on the topic 'Australia in a Developing World' and was made a member of the Order of Australia and a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia the same year.\nShe was a member of a broad range of committees including the United Nations Committee for Development Planning 1987-1993, the Advisory Council of the Asian Development Bank Institute, the Jackson Committee to review Australia's overseas aid program 1983-88, the FitzGerald Committee to review Australia's immigration policy 1988, the Hughes Committee to review export market development assistance 1989, the National Advisory Committee on Skills Recognition 1989-1992 and the Board of AUSSAT 1983-1992.\nShe had two sons by her first marriage and remarried in 1975 to Graeme Dorrance, an economist at the International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC.\nShe retired in 1994 and became an Emeritus Professor of the Australian National University where she was a visiting fellow in the Crawford School of Economics and Government. In 1994-5 she was a Professorial Fellow at Melbourne University and directed a full employment project at the Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research. She was also a Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for Independent Studies, an Australian independent public policy 'think tank', focusing on issues of development in the Pacific and in Australia's remote Indigenous communities.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-centre-for-independent-studies\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hughes-helen-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Shea, Agnes Josephine", "Entry ID": "AWE4895", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shea-agnes-josephine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Oakhill, North Yass, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Aboriginal Elder, Aboriginal rights activist", "Summary": "Aunty Agnes Shea is a highly respected elder of the Ngunnawal Aboriginal people of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). A foundation member of the United Ngunnawal Elders' Council and a member of the ACT Heritage Council, Aunty Agnes works toward improving non-Indigenous Australians' understanding of Aboriginal culture. She contributes significantly to progress towards reconciliation. (Reconciliation is about unity and respect between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders and non-Indigenous Australians. It is about respect for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander heritage and valuing justice and equity for all Australians.) Her work in the area of health and social equity for Aboriginal people contributes to an increase in the quality of life for many. Aunty Agnes is one of the Ngunnawal elders who performs the traditional Ngunnawal Welcome to Country ceremony for visitors to the ACT.\n", "Details": "Aunty Agnes Shea (n\u00e9e Bulger) was born at Oak Hill, North Yass, New South Wales (NSW) in 1931, the fifth of eight children of Violet Josephine Bulger (n\u00e9e Freeman), domestic servant and Edward Walter 'Vincent' Bulger, railway worker.\nAunty Agnes grew up at Oak Hill and the Hollywood Aboriginal Reserve, near Yass, NSW. (Hollywood Aboriginal Reserve is often referred to as the Hollywood Mission.) She portrays a strong sense of community when talking about those years:\nIt was a different life to now, we had much more closeness and togetherness and we lived with our uncles and aunties, grandparents and friends and we cared and shared with each other. We felt protected because our Elders were there with us (AIATSIS NTRU Conference 2010).\nAunty Agnes describes Oak Hill as an 'open bit of ground on the stock route' (Brown, 2007, p. 79) where Aboriginal people were permitted to build and live in gunjes, dwellings with dirt floors, stringy-bark walls and galvanised iron roofs. They had no electricity or running water, only an open fire for heating and cooking. For warmth, people lined the gunjes with layers of newspaper and corn bags from the nearby mill.\nAunty Agnes attended school from the age of 7. This meant walking 10 kilometres each way from Oak Hill to the Hollywood Aboriginal Reserve school, until 1938 when they were all moved to the Reserve where housing was a little better with galvanised iron walls, wooden floors, separate bedrooms and cement water tanks. The Aboriginal children were permitted access to limited parts of town and only under supervision. They were forbidden to speak their own language when in town; and threatened with court and removal to a children's home if they did. Aunty Agnes said that practices and policies changed very slowly for the Aborigines and that 'Hollywood was a place that you survived. But we had happy times there.' (Brown, 2007, p. 90).\nOn Christmas Eve 1939 when Aunty Agnes was eight years old her father Vincent died suddenly, leaving his widow with eight children. Violet Bulger was given permission to do domestic work in town, but eventually the family was forced to leave the Reserve. Aunty Agnes remembers:\nThe authorities came and told her she had to be moved off the Mission, because she was now a single mother and she was a bad influence on the rest of the community. (Brown, 2007, p. 86.) (This was clearly the family understanding. To date research has not found a record of any such official policy but unofficial local policies were not unknown on Aboriginal Reserves.)\nAunty Agnes tells how they then lived at 'a place called Morton Avenue', about five kilometres from Yass. She and her siblings walked the five kilometres to school because Aborigines were not permitted to use the school bus service. She explained the limited schooling opportunities for Aborigines during those days: 'you had to leave when you were fourteen \u2026 to make room for the other ones coming up behind you. I - and many others in my age group - only had education from first class to third class. \u2026 But we did have the cultural education which came from our family; our Elders and grandparents.' (Brown, 2007, p. 83).\nIn 1947 at Yass, Aunty Agnes married Ronald Joseph 'Ron' Walker, taking his surname until she married again after his death. Walker was a professional boxer who also worked on the Burrinjuck Dam. They stayed on at Morton Avenue where their children were born. When her mother, Violet Bulger, moved to Tumut, Aunty Agnes took on her domestic jobs in town.\nAunty Agnes' first baby, Mary, was born in 1949. Aunty Agnes was one of first three Aboriginal women allowed to have babies in Yass Hospital although they were confined to a back ward and could only use the rear entrance to the hospital. She tells how a yellow line painted across the corridor marked the boundary of where the Aboriginal women were permitted to walk. They could walk to the yellow line and no further; they were forbidden from associating with the non-Indigenous new mothers in the adjacent ward.\nIn 1952 Ron Walker burnt to death working in a shearing shed on Sir Walter Berryman's property on Dog Track Road, Yass leaving Aunty Agnes a widow with three young children. Aunty Agnes' second husband Charles Shea was a non-Indigenous person from Yass with a contracting business. Aunty Agnes said this meant she no longer had 'to worry about the income coming in' although she did continue doing domestic work. She had four children with Charles Shea.\nAunty Agnes is Ngunnawal although her parents were Wiradjuri. She describes how in Aboriginal culture bloodlines follow the female side of the family and that she follows her paternal grandmother, Grace Bulger (n\u00e9e Lewis) while her brother, Vincent Bulger OAM, follows their mother Violet Bulger (n\u00e9e Freeman) who was Wiradjuri.\nAunty Agnes' significant community involvement is indicative of her commitment to helping young people and fostering respect between the many cultures of people in the Canberra region. She is a member of the Advisory Board to ACT Health and a foundation member of the United Ngunnawal Elders Council (UNEC). Through her UNEC work Aunty Agnes is involved in the initiative to establish the Ngunnawal Bush Healing Farm (NBHF), an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander alcohol and other drug residential rehabilitation service implementing culturally appropriate prevention and education programs. She is a member of Journey of Healing ACT, an organisation that supports local Indigenous communities who live with the effects of earlier Australian policies that separated Indigenous children from their families and communities and works for healing between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people.\nFurther testimony to the esteem in which Aunty Agnes is held occurred in 2008; she was invited to officially greet the Olympic flame when it visited Canberra in preparation for the Beijing Olympics. Her words expressed the longevity of Aboriginal history in Australia and hope for the future:\nI welcome the Olympic torch to Australia in the spirit of peace on behalf of my people, whose history in this place goes back to the beginning of time. May its stay here be one that symbolises good will for all mankind (USA Today, 2008)\nIn her role as a Ngunnawal elder, Aunty Agnes frequently represents the local indigenous people - the Ngunnawal - in Welcome to Country ceremonies at official ACT and Commonwealth government events. In accord with traditions dating back thousands of years, on behalf of her people she welcomes visitors to Ngunnawal traditional land and offers safe passage. Aunty Agnes always finishes the welcome in the language of her people with the inclusive statement, 'Ngunna Yarabi-Yengue' which translates as 'you are welcome to leave your footprints on our land.'\nAunty Agnes says each of her children had a good education, which enabled them to go into good employment. She has 14 grandchildren and 3 great-grandchildren and lives in Canberra where she continues her extensive community work championing social equity for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and reconciliation between cultures.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/meet-some-elders-agnes-bulger-shea-oam\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/act-honour-walk-plaque-agnes-shea-oam\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aussie-tribeswoman-greets-olympic-flame\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reconciliation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Smith, Heide", "Entry ID": "AWE4898", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/smith-heide\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Hannover, Germany", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Heide Smith was born in 1937 and trained, then worked, as a photographer in Germany. In the 1960s she married Brian Smith and immigrated initially to Britain and then to Australia, where they settled in 1971. Heide worked as a photographer in Canberra from 1978 to 1998 operating her own studio in Fyshwick from 1981 to 1997. Her photographs include a number of Canberra and Canberrans, as well as collections of photographs of Cambodia and the Tiwi people of Northern Australia. She has been honoured by the Australian Institute of Professional Photographers, has run workshops throughout Australia and overseas and is one of Australia's most prolific and well-respected photographers. Heide and Brian now live in Narooma and continue to work in photography, with their most recent book of photographs of Canberra published in 2012.\n", "Details": "Heide Smith (n\u00e9e Solstein) was born in Hannover, Germany on Christmas Day 1937 and was raised in Hamelin. Her father was a graphic artist and painter so Heide was exposed to art from an early age at a time when photography and photojournalism were increasingly popular career paths. With the intention of becoming a war photographer she completed an apprenticeship and diploma in photography working as an industrial photographer, also completing a diploma in advertising. Later, she worked as a photojournalist for a daily newspaper, shooting in a range of settings and developing her own photographs by night, working in a career which, at the time, remained male-dominated.\nWhile working as a photographer in Germany in the early 1960s she met her husband Brian Smith, a British Army officer who was, at the time, dating one of the models at the photography studio. They were married in 1963 and moved to England where Heide continued to work as a photographer throughout Europe. In 1971, having 'outgrown' Europe and Britain, the couple and their two daughters immigrated to Australia and Brian transferred into the Australian military. Heide first worked for The Entertainer magazine in Sydney, later photographing weddings and other events for a studio in Liverpool. In 1975, Brian was posted to Melbourne and Heide worked at a professional photo laboratory.\nAfter Brian was posted to Canberra in 1978, the family decided to settle permanently; Heide opened her own general photography studio in Fyshwick in 1981 and, after leaving the army, Brian took over the management of the studio. Heide and Brian operated the Fyshwick studio until 1997, during which time Heide also pursued a number of other projects both within Canberra and further afield. These included an exhibition of the Churches and Churchmen of Canberra in 1983, which was commissioned by the National Library and which led to Heide receiving the Australian Institute of Professional Photographers Portrait Photographer of the Year Award. Other major projects included a series of photos of the tradesmen of Fyshwick, and an ongoing series of portraits of leading Australian professional photographers, commissioned by British photographic materials manufacturer, Ilford.\nAs an immigrant, Heide was interested in the original inhabitants of Australia and their culture, as a means to understanding where Australia itself had come from. In 1987, she made her first trip to photograph the people and landscapes of the Tiwi islands north of Darwin. These photographs formed the first exhibition at New Parliament House in 1990 and were subsequently exhibited in Sydney and Darwin, as well as being published in a book in 1990. In 2009 a second, more comprehensive book was published which documented 20 years of Tiwi life. During these trips Heide formed lasting friendships with many of the people she met and recalls this as the most rewarding project of her career.\nPerhaps the most well-publicised of Heide Smith's exhibitions was the Because beauty is timeless exhibition, exhibited initially at the National Press Club in 1990. For this project, Heide photographed a number of prominent women covered in drapes, motivated by a desire to challenge the perception that women could be either intellectual or good-looking but not both. Rather, Heide wanted these photographs to 'show that intellect and beauty could go together. One should not exclude the other, rather enhancing it.' A number of the photographs and interviews with the subjects were included in Portfolio magazine and subsequently taken up by the mainstream media and dubbed the 'women in sheets exhibition'. The exhibition attracted particular attention when a photograph of Ros Kelly, a Federal government minister, was withdrawn and later cropped and used alongside 'semi-nude minister' headlines. Media attention for this exhibition was as widespread as tabloids in London and Hong Kong.\nIn the early 1990s Heide twice accompanied Marje Prior to post-conflict Cambodia, in order to provide the photographs for Marje's book, Shooting at the Moon, which focussed on the role of the United Nations Taskforce - headed by Australian Lt General John Sanderson - and the Australians who were facilitating Cambodia's first free elections. The book, and Heide's photographs, document life in Cambodia at a time when the Khmer Rouge violently sought to prevent free elections and many civilians remained exposed to landmines and the remnants of Pol Pot's regime. As well as being published in Shooting at the Moon, these photographs were exhibited at Sydney Town Hall and later donated to the Australian War Memorial.\nThroughout her time in Canberra Heide photographed a number of Canberra icons and institutions, as diverse as the Canberra Raiders and Pegasus Riding School, as well as portraits of a number of Canberrans. These include Chief Minister Katy Gallagher, Questacon founder Mike Gore, historian Manning Clark and his wife Dymphna Clark (also an accomplished academic and a friend of Heide's). Her extensive photography of Canberra has been published in five books, the first of which, I Love Canberra was published in 1983.\nHer most recent book, A Portrait of Canberra and of Canberrans 1979-2012, was released in September 2012 prompting a journalist from Sydney to ask 'what's so bloody special about Canberra?' When asked what motivated her extensive photography of Canberra and Canberrans over three and a half decades, Heide refers to the desire to capture her family's new home, in particular the appeal of Canberra for a photographer: a liveable city designed with nature - whether lakes or bushland - so convenient to the city, without the pollution of larger cities, but also to the variety of people who have made Canberra their home. In 1998, Jane Dargaville of the Canberra Times referred to Heide as 'a national treasure and her work is acclaimed around the world, but \u2026 holds a special place in the hearts - and homes - of Canberrans'.\nThroughout her career it has often been Heide's portrait photographs which attracted the most attention, with Mike Seccombe of the Sydney Morning Herald remarking that 'among photographers she has a reputation as probably Australia's best portrait photographer'. However, Heide's work also features extensive landscape photography. While portraits provide an opportunity to meet and photograph a variety of people, reflected in the anecdotes that Brian prepared for the Canberra Times to accompany a number of Heide's portraits, landscapes provide, she says 'an escape from people'. Since moving to Narooma in 1996, Heide has photographed both beach and bush landscapes of the south coast. In particular, she is interested in photographing more extensively the forests of the south coast in order to highlight the value of forests and the importance of preserving forests, and the environment more generally, in the face of climate change.\nThe variety of Heide's work has prevented her from falling into a trap of formulaic or clich\u00e9 images and has led to extensive recognition both in Australia and overseas. Heide has been invited to present workshops and seminars to professional photographers both in Australia and overseas giving presentations at an Australian Photographic Society convention, a Caxton Awards presentation to the Australian advertising industry in Cairns, and workshops at the Light of Australia convention in Sydney. In the light of her extensive recognition and the variety of her work, it is unsurprising that Paul Burrows in Profoto Magazine in 2009 remarked that 'she has become Australia's most important female photographer of recent times. Of course, this also makes her one of Australia's most important contemporary photographers, but women have particularly struggled to be seen in this country, and history will, one day, record the true value of Heide's contribution to our visual history.'\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heide-smith-portrait-of-a-photographer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heide-smith-1937\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heide-smiths-canberra-blog\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/about-heide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heide-smiths-photostream\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-portrait-three-decades-of-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/between-the-sheets-but-no-smut\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Stevenson, Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE4899", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stevenson-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Maybole, Ayrshire, Scotland", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Political candidate", "Summary": "Mary Stevenson was the first woman elected to the ACT Advisory Council and the President and founding member of the ACT Liberal Party Women's Branch. She was a lifelong advocate for women's involvement in politics and community affairs. As well as having a full and impressive political career, she devoted a great deal of time to community organisations such as the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA), the National Council of Women, the Business and Professional Women's Association and the United Nations' Association. She was awarded an MBE in 1954.\n", "Details": "Mary Stevenson was born in Maybole, Scotland in 1896. She attended the North Kelvinside School in Glasgow and after receiving her leaving certificate managed a successful local business.\nShe married Robert Stevenson in January 1925 and in March of the same year emigrated to Australia. They initially lived in Queanbeyan and in 1926 settled in the suburb now known as Griffith. They lived the rest of their lives in their home called \"Braeside\". Soon after moving to Braeside, their only son John Stevenson was born.\nStevenson's first venture into political life in Australia was as a member of the Citizens' Rights League, which was established in 1927 to secure Federal parliamentary representation for the ACT. As a member of the CRL, she took part in a delegation to Prime Minister John Curtin to advocate for an ACT seat in Federal Parliament. She was a strong supporter of full federal voting power for the ACT, as well as for democratic local government. On this point she was quoted as saying, \"we cannot develop good citizenship or proper pride if we do not have some measure of responsibility.\"\nDuring the Second World War she served as Commandant of No 750 Voluntary Aid Detachment. In recognition of her work for the VDA she received a citation from Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, the wife of the wartime Governor General, Prince Henry. At the same time, she was an Executive Member of the ACT Division of the Red Cross Society and received a Red Cross Medal.\nShe also served as a Board Member of the YWCA of Canberra during the war, and as President from 1940 to 1942. The 80th Anniversary Apron for the YWCA of Canberra features a quote from Mary: \"\u2026we strive to give women a design for living, a design that will show them how to live fearlessly\u2026\".\nIn 1947 she became the first woman elected to the board of the Canberra Community Hospital, where she served for several terms. At this time she also served on the ACT Tourist Bureau Advisory Board and became the first Girl Guides Divisional Commissioner for the ACT and surrounding districts.\nShe was a founding member of the Canberra Brach of the Liberal Party, established 27 January 1949.\nOn 24 June 1949, at the Gloucester Hotel in Civic, she convened the inaugural meeting of the ACT Liberal Party Women's Branch, which was attended by 24 women. She later became the President of the Women's Branch and an executive member of the New South Wales branch of the Liberal Party.\nIn 1951 she became the first woman elected to the ACT Advisory Council, a forerunner of the ACT Legislative Assembly, representing the Liberal Party. She served on the council until 1959. She also served as President of the ACT Liberal Party Electorate Conference.\nIn 1953 she received the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal for her ongoing contributions to Canberra's community.\nIn 1954 she stood as the Liberal Party candidate for the federal seat of the ACT. She campaigned for the need for more public halls, community centres, theatres and art gallery's in Canberra; the involvement of women in the design of Canberra houses; an expanded local bus service; and a highway to the coast. She also believed in worldwide membership to the United Nations and fair, uniform divorce laws.\nThat same year she was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), in recognition of her outstanding public work for Canberra's community.\nOn top of those already mentioned, she was committed to a range of community organisations, including the National Council of Women, the Business and Professional Women's Association, the United Nations' Association, the Soroptimists, the Victoria League, the Sub-Normal and Incapacitated Children's Association, the Order of the Eastern Star and the Pan-Pacific's Women's Association.\nShe died in Canberra on 3 July 1985.\nHer granddaughter is Meredith Hunter, politician and previous member of the ACT Legislative Assembly representing the Greens.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-stevenson-canberras-pioneer-liberal-woman\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-mary-steel-stevenson-community-worker-and-politician-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Tillyard, Pattie", "Entry ID": "AWE4900", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tillyard-pattie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Borstal, Kent, England", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Community Leader, Teacher", "Summary": "A student of Newnham College, Cambridge, and a suffragist, Pattie Craske completed a natural sciences degree in botany with second-class honours at a time when the university did not grant degrees to women. After teaching in England, she married Australian entomologist, Robin Tillyard, in Sydney. In 1928, by then the mother of four daughters, she moved to the small, isolated community of Canberra where she became a leader in community, sporting and university organisations and was elected to the Canberra Community Hospital Board in 1935. She was the social face of the growing city, renowned for her welcome to newcomers, in later years being regarded as the 'grande dame' of Canberra.\n", "Details": "A student of Newnham College, Cambridge, and a suffragist, Pattie Craske completed a natural sciences degree in botany with second-class honours at a time when the university did not grant degrees to women. After teaching in England, she married Australian entomologist, Robin Tillyard, in Sydney. In 1928, by then the mother of four daughters, she moved to the small, isolated community of Canberra where she became a leader in community, sporting and university organisations and was elected to the Canberra Community Hospital Board in 1935. She was the social face of the growing city, renowned for her welcome to newcomers, in later years being regarded as the 'grande dame' of Canberra.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tillyard-pattie-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Faupula, Sioana", "Entry ID": "AWE4901", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faupula-sioana\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kolomotua, Tonga", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community Leader, Teacher", "Summary": "Tonga-born Sioana Faupala graduated from Sydney Teacher's College in 1959. She taught at the Queen Salote College before marrying Halote Faupula in 1966. From 1972-82 she and their three children lived on the Yirrkala Mission in Arnhem Land following her husband's appointment as its Methodist minister. There she taught in the Yirrkala Primary School. After subsequent appointments to Uniting Church parishes in Dee Why and Kurri Kurri in NSW, Halote retired to Canberra where he died in 2000. Sioana worked in the Pacific Manuscript Bureau at the Australian National University's College of Asia and the Pacific, participated in Tongan language broadcasts and was an active member of the Multicultural Women's Advocacy and the City Uniting Church's social welfare programs. She was also a Uniting Church Elder, assistant Chair of its Tongan congregation and President of both the Canberra Tongan and Pacific Islands United Associations.\n", "Details": "Sioana Faupola was born in Kolomotua Tonga on 23 February 1938, the first of the seven children of Ana Palu and Salesi Manoa Havea, a magistrate, Member of Parliament and later Minister for Police in the government of Tonga. Following her graduation from the Queen Salote College, from 1957-59 she undertook teacher training at Sydney Teacher's College. On her return to Tonga in 1960 she taught at the Queen Salote College before her marriage in 1966 to Halote Faupula, then a teacher of agriculture. Following her husband's ordination as a Methodist Minister in 1972, Sioana and her three young children accompanied him to the Methodist mission at Yirrkala on the Gove Peninsular, Arnhem Land, where she lived from 1972-82. She taught for three years at the Yirrkala Primary School then worked as an assistant to its Principal. In 1982 she moved with her husband to Dee Why, where he was appointed Minster in the Uniting Church, and to Kurri Kurri in the Hunter Valley in 1993 when he transferred to that parish. On his retirement in 1997 she moved to Canberra where her husband became an associate Minister in the City Uniting Church where he died in 2000. Sioana worked in the Pacific Manuscript Bureau of the College of Asia and the Pacific at the Australian National University, translating and collating documents of the nineteenth century Wesleyan missionary to Tonga, Shirley Wildemar Baker. She participated in Canberra Multicultural Radio and SBS Tongan broadcasts, was an active member of the Multicultural Women's Advocacy and was President of the Queen Salote College Ex-students' Association. She was also an Elder in the City Uniting Church where she taught Sunday school, participated in its support services for women and the homeless, and was Assistant Chair of its Tongan congregation, Toe Talatalanoa. From 2010 Sioana was President of the Tongan Association of Canberra and President of the Pacific Islands United Association.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sioana-faupula-interviewed-by-ann-mari-jordens-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sawer, Marian", "Entry ID": "AWE4903", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sawer-marian\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Auckland, New Zealand", "Occupations": "Academic, Political scientist, Public servant", "Summary": "As an early-career academic, Marian Sawer experienced first-hand the difficulties encountered by women in a male-dominated workplace. After establishing equal employment opportunity programs at the Australian National University and the Department of Foreign Affairs in the 1980s, she pursued an academic career as a political scientist at the University of Canberra and the Australian National University, becoming head of the Political Science Program in the Research School of Social Sciences at the Australian National University in 2000 and being promoted to professor in 2003. From 2002 to 2008 she led the Democratic Audit of Australia which assessed the health of Australian democracy and produced over 200 discussion papers and reports. Marian took a leading role in Women's Electoral Lobby campaigns in the 1980s and 1990s, particularly around equal opportunity legislation, women's policy machinery and tax reform. She has authored or edited around twenty books, including a history of the Women's Electoral Lobby.\n", "Details": "Marian Sawer was born in New Zealand but moved to Australia for her secondary schooling. She studied at the Australian National University being awarded a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) degree in 1968, a Master of Arts degree in 1970 and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1975.\nMarian was awarded an Australian National University postdoctoral travelling fellowship on completion of her doctorate, although two small children made overseas travel somewhat difficult. In general the 1970s posed difficult problems in combining career and family (three daughters by the end of the decade). Such issues received little formal recognition in Australian universities at a time when the absence of married women from academic positions was regarded as normal. For Marian there were the stresses of commuting to Adelaide for a postdoctoral fellowship, to Sydney for a short-term lectureship and cutting short visiting fellowships at Stanford and Columbia Universities.\nIn 1979 Marian surveyed the status of women in political science departments around Australia, finding that the most common pattern was for there to be one woman on the academic staff and that a common attitude was 'why would one need more?' In that year she co-founded with Carole Pateman the Women's Caucus of the Australasian Political Studies Association. She has continued to play an active role in the research and policy role of the Women's Caucus from this time and was responsible for initiating the Women and Politics Prize in 1981. She was also actively involved in the establishment of other professional bodies such as WISENET (Women in Science Enquiry Network), of which she was made a life member.\nBy 1983 when she became full-time Equal Employment Opportunity consultant to the Australian National University Marian had accumulated a wealth of first-hand experience as well as knowledge of the barriers to equal opportunity for women in academic employment. She was also able to build on an earlier report by Gwenda Bramley and Marion Ward, commissioned by the ANU in International Women's Year. Her own report could be more forthright, with federal legislation on its way to require universities to remove barriers for women. She also helped establish an association of women employees to provide a political base for the report's recommendations. There was still strong resistance to ideas, for example, that there should be career structures for women in keyboard positions or formal selection criteria for positions in the research wing of the university. Too often there had been a pattern of homosocial reproduction that resulted in women holding only six of the tenured research positions in the whole university at the time of Marian's report.\nMarian took her ANU experience with her to the Department of Foreign Affairs, where she developed another path-breaking equal opportunity program in 1985. Her edited book of that year, Program for Change, was intended to allay some of the fears surrounding equal opportunity both in universities and public sector employment. It was launched by newly appointed Commonwealth Sex Discrimination Commissioner Pam O'Neil. Reflecting the policy relevance of her books, many have been launched by Ministers, including Senator Susan Ryan, Carmen Lawrence MP, Prime Minister Paul Keating and former Minister Peter Baume. But she was also receiving recognition for her academic and professional contribution and in 1985 became President of the Australasian Political Studies Association.\nIn the latter part of the 1980s Marian combined work in Foreign Affairs and the Office of the Status of Women in the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet with a senior research fellowship in the social justice project headed by Pat Troy at the ANU. This enabled her to reflect on the meaning of the feminist institution-building that had been taking place in Australian government, exemplified by the wheel model of women's policy machinery and the women's budget process for which she had responsibility in the Foreign Affairs portfolio. Her pioneering book Sisters in Suits provided empirical information about what had been happening in Australia as feminists engaged with the state. It was a revelation for many and became a building block for international theory and practice regarding 'state feminism'.\nOutside her work as public servant and academic, Marian took a leading role in Women's Electoral Lobby (WEL) campaigns in the 1980s and 1990s, particularly around equal opportunity legislation, women's policy machinery and tax reform. As well as writing WEL submissions she provided briefs on women's policy machinery for United Nations and other transnational agencies and served on government advisory bodies. One highlight was workshops for national and provincial governments in South Africa on the eve of Nelson Mandela's launching of women's policy machinery in that country. Closer to home she was able to ensure the new ACT Anti-Discrimination Act became a model for reforms to the Commonwealth Sex Discrimination Act.\nIn 1990 Marian left the public service to take a position at the University of Canberra heading the politics discipline. In addition to her applied research, Marian was developing a new interpretation of the Australian liberal tradition, emphasising the influence of Thomas Hill Green and not simply that of Jeremy Bentham. Green's social liberalism made the provision of equal opportunity the central responsibility of the state. His followers played a major role in putting this into practice in Australia through the creation of conciliation and arbitration machinery and other state initiatives. Green's philosophy (and his own feminism) lent itself to addressing gender as well as class obstacles to equal opportunity, although this extension was slow to arrive in Australia. Marian's work in this area began influencing historiography in the 1990s, but more significantly with the publication of her book The Ethical State? Social Liberalism in Australia published in 2003.\nIn the meantime Marian took up a visiting position in the Political Science Program, Research School of Social Sciences at the Australian National University in 1998 to work on centenary of federation projects. She became head of the Political Science Program in 2000 and in 2003 was promoted to professor. At this time she was also engaged in major centenary projects on parliamentary representation and electoral administration, with two books published in 2001. They led to further collaborative projects with the Electoral Council of Australia and to the initiation of the Democratic Audit of Australia with Australian Research Council (ARC) funding in 2002. This was part of an international program of democracy assessment auspiced by the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance in Stockholm.\nThe Audit assessed the health of Australian democracy, examining how its institutions measured up against core democratic principles of political equality and popular control of government. Some of the key problems included a relatively laissez-faire attitude to party financing. The Audit found the principle of political equality was being undermined by the effects of corporate donations. As leader of the Democratic Audit Marian oversaw the publication of some 200 refereed discussion papers and 10 Audit reports, as well as co-authoring Australia: The State of Democracy (2009). The Audit regularly appeared before parliamentary inquiries and provided advice to ministers. In addition to contributing to reform of political finance and electoral enrolment arrangements, the Australian Audit also contributed to the methodology of democracy assessment, particularly in areas relating to legislative-executive relationships, intergovernmental decision-making and the mainstreaming of gender-impact assessment. She was also continuing to undertake research projects for WEL, both a documentary history of the abolition of the Commonwealth Marriage Bar (1997) and, with the help of Gail Radford and ARC funding, Making Women Count: A History of the Women's Electoral Lobby (2008).\nMarian is now an Emeritus Professor in the School of Politics and International Relations, ANU and an ANU Public Policy Fellow. She publishes widely on issues relating to gender and politics and democratic institutions including co-publishing with past and present PhD students. She has led a number of projects relating to how social movements sustain themselves over time, as well as a project on women and leadership in movements for social change, part of an Australian Research Council Linkage project headed by Professor Pat Grimshaw of the University of Melbourne.\nMuch of Marian's work has aimed at bringing gender-inclusive approaches into 'mainstream' political science. She has continued to research the gendered nature of the discipline, co-authoring Australian and international reports on the subject and becoming one of the leaders of an ANU-based comparative project. She has also been able to use her membership of the Executive of the International Political Science Association and her role as IPSA Vice-President for Asia and Oceania (2009-12) to promote respect for a plurality of regional and methodological approaches. Her election was only the second time Australia had been represented on this peak political science body (the first time was when Carole Pateman was elected). She is also able to promote a more inclusive discipline through her membership of many editorial and research advisory boards and her current role as co-editor of the International Political Science Review.\nDuring her career Marian has received important forms of acknowledgment both for her advocacy work and her contribution to political science. In 1994 she was made an Officer of the Order of Australia and two years later was elected as a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia. In 2009 she received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Australian Political Studies Association for her longstanding contribution to political science and to the advancement of women in the discipline.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-womans-place-women-and-politics-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-impact-of-feminist-scholarship-on-australian-political-science\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-advancement-in-political-science\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-who-caucus-feminist-political-scientists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/towards-equal-opportunity-women-and-employment-at-the-australian-national-university\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/working-from-inside-twenty-years-of-the-office-of-the-status-of-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/femocrats-and-ecorats-womens-policy-machinery-in-australia-canada-and-new-zealand\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-ethical-state-social-liberalism-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-the-state-of-democracy\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/socialism-and-the-new-class-towards-the-analysis-of-structural-inequality-within-socialist-societies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/socialism-and-participation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-and-the-new-right\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/program-for-change-affirmative-action-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/removal-of-the-commonwealth-marriage-bar-a-documentary-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/representation-and-institutional-change-50-years-of-proportional-representation-in-the-senate\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elections-full-free-and-fair\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/speaking-for-the-people-representation-in-australian-politics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/us-and-them-anti-elitism-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-movements-flourishing-or-in-abeyance\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/federalism-feminism-and-multilevel-governance\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/making-women-count-a-history-of-the-womens-electoral-lobby-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sisters-in-suits-women-and-public-policy-in-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-relating-to-the-development-of-the-anu-equal-employment-opportunity-program\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marian-sawer-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-and-politics-sound-recording-an-anu-convocation-luncheon-address-given-on-22-july-1982-by-marian-sawer-introduced-by-senator-susan-ryan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-marian-sawer-political-scientist-feminist-and-associate-professor-of-politics-university-of-canberra-1993-sound-recording-interviewer-sara-dowse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/2012-emeritus-professor-marian-sawer-feminism-for-the-21st-century\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-australasian-political-studies-association-1956-1996-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-relating-to-the-pamela-denoon-lecture-series-1989-2013\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Reid, Heather", "Entry ID": "AWE4905", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reid-heather\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Goulburn, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Chief Executive Officer, Soccer player, Softball Player, Sports administrator, Sportswoman", "Summary": "Heather Reid has been instrumental in forming, developing and promoting opportunities for women and girls in sport and physical activity, predominantly through football (soccer) since 1978. She has a sound knowledge of the cultural, social and political complexities of the Australian sport industry.\nIn 2004, she was the first woman appointed as CEO of a State football federation, at Capital Football. Since then she has led the integration of all aspects of football in the ACT - for male, female, junior, indoor and outdoor players along with referees and coaches.\nShe has won numerous awards in recognition for her outstanding service to sport in Canberra and at a national level. In 2006, she won the Australian Sports Commission's Margaret Pewtress Memorial Award for her contribution to women in sport.\n", "Details": "Heather Reid is the daughter of migrants from Scotland who spent most of her childhood growing up in the Snowy Mountains, as the Snowy Mountain Hydro-electricity Scheme grew up around her. As a result, she gained an understanding of cultural diversity long before many Australians in cities experienced its pleasures. She also gained an appreciation for the game that Australian Rules Football and Rugby obsessed Australian's called soccer, but the rest of the world calls football. With all those European close at hand, it was impossible not to.\nReid showed leadership potential at school and was named School Captain at Tumut High School in 1973. Upon completing school, she worked in Canberra as a public servant and enjoyed periods of extensive travel overseas, where she connected with family in Scotland and another branch who migrated to Canada. She always enjoyed playing competitive sport and Canberra was the right place to be for someone so inclined. Public service units established regular competitions and Reid was an enthusiastic participant in softball and football teams.\nReid decided to take her enjoyment of football a step further when she became a foundation member of a club and then a state association that started organized football competitions for women in 1978. She has had continuous involvement in the sport since then and has seen the development of the sport from 10 teams in 1978 to 62 teams in 2005, with girls participation growing at a rate of about 18% per annum. If there has been a significant development in women's soccer in Canberra, indeed nationally, Heather Reid will have been involved in some capacity. She held the position of National Executive Director of Women's Soccer Australia between 1986-1993. She introduced state representative teams for women in 1980, coached the first ACT Under 15 teams in 1983, pioneered the establishment of a women's world cup and successfully lobbied for the inclusion of women's soccer in the Olympic Games. In 2003 she was appointed to the position of General Manager of Women's Soccer Canberra and in 2004 she was appointed CEO of Soccer Canberra (now Capital Football) thus becoming the first woman to lead a State football association. Since 2005, she has led the integration of all aspects of football in Canberra - male, female, junior indoor and outdoor players, referees and coaches into this one organisation. She is in charge of an organisation that administers the needs of 18,000 players, 450 referees and hundreds of coaches. In 2008 she was instrumental in obtaining the licence for Canberra United Football Club to compete in the Westfield W-League, the Football Federation of Australia's national competition for elite women.\nTo say that Heather Reid has a passion for creating opportunities for women to participate in sport of all kinds, not just football, is an understatement. She has been involved in several committees and advocacy organisations on a volunteer and professional basis. Between 1990-1992 she was a Director of Womensport ACT, National Executive Director of Womensport Australia 1994-1998 and was a member of Australian Womensport and Recreation Association 2007-2012. She was the longest-standing member of the ACT Sport and Recreation Council when she resigned in 2002, having joined in 1991. Between 2003-2008 she was a member and chair of the ACT Advisory Council on Women and Sport and was a member of the ACT Sport and Recreation Council in 2008-2012. Heather has also worked for the Australian Sports Commission, as a consultant to the Women and Sport Unit 1999-2001 and as a project officer, Ethics and Women's Sport between 2002-2003.\nNumerous reports and recommendations on the state of women's sport have been completed under her guidance. In 1993 Gender Equity in ACT Sport - Not Just a Women's Issue was the culmination of a review of development plans for 33 sports conducting on behalf of the ACT government. Many initiatives arising from the report are still in operation. Mentor as Anything - guidelines for implementing a mentor program came out of a national project examining the training and leadership requirements to increase women's opportunities to take on leadership roles in sporting organisations.\nHeather Reid has been recognised for her outstanding service to sport in Canberra and at a national level. In 2000 she was the ACT Sport Star of the Year in the administrator category and in 2001 she received an Australian Sports Medal for her contribution to soccer and community sport. In 2006, she won the Australian Sports Commission's Margaret Pewtress Memorial Award for her contribution to women in sport.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gender-equity-in-a-c-t-sport-not-just-a-womens-issue\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mentor-as-anything-guidelines-for-developing-and-implementing-a-mentoring-program-for-women-in-the-sport-and-recreation-industry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heather-reid-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Parsons, Sylvia", "Entry ID": "AWE4908", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/parsons-sylvia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Gunning, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Business owner, Dressmaker", "Summary": "Sylvia Parsons was a dressmaker and women's fashion retailer who owned a popular dress shop in Kingston during the second half of the twentieth century. Parsons was active in the Canberra community and hosted regular fundraising fashion shows for local charities.\n", "Details": "Sylvia May Parsons was born into one of the capital region's earliest settler families, the Johnsons, on a property near Gunning, New South Wales on 5 July 1911.\nShe was a talented pianist and in 1935 was accepted as an associate into the Royal Victoria College of Music, London. She continued to teach piano until after World War II.\nIn 1941 she married a Royal Australian Air Force officer, John Parsons, and moved to Canberra. At the end of the war, the Parsons purchased and built a red brick war service home in the newly formed inner-south suburb of Narrabundah. They had one son, Peter Parsons.\nDuring the war, Parsons taught Home Economics at Kingston Technical College, specialising in dressmaking and design. Immediately after the war, she worked for local businessman Stan Cusack in his Kingston furniture store.\nIn 1948 she opened her own fashion house on Kennedy Street in Kingston, Sylvia Parsons of Canberra Fashions, where she offered a design and dressmaking service, as well as selling clothes off the rack. One of the first fashion salons in Canberra to make high quality women's wear, Parsons' shop was immediately successful. While the Kingston shop remained her flagship (and favourite) store, trading from 1948 to 1996, eventually the Sylvia Parsons enterprise expanded to include shops in three other locations across Canberra: Manuka (1950 - 1955), Civic (1955 - 1963) and Woden (1972 - 1990).\nParsons is believed to have sold clothing to the Great Train Robber, Ronald Biggs, when he was on the run from the British police in 1966.\nParsons' canny business skills, spirited personality, and community consciousness ensured that she maintained a loyal clientele for almost fifty years.\nThroughout her career, Parsons funded and organised exactly 99 fashion shows to raise money for local charities, including Canberra's first Gown of the Year parade. Parsons and her fashion shows were hugely popular, with the last parade drawing an audience of 1250 people. Parsons was also involved in the local chapter of the Soroptimists Club.\nIn 1997 Parsons made a significant financial donation, as well as an oral history, to the Canberra Museum and Gallery. This contribution prompted the Gallery's collection of historical materials relating to private commerce in Canberra.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sylvia-parsons-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/parsons-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fashioned-here\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-sylvia-parsons-womens-fashion-retailer-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hmss-0138-heide-smith-photographs-the-canberrans\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Liepa, Zenta", "Entry ID": "AWE4910", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/liepa-zenta\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Riga, Latvia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Refugee, Research assistant", "Summary": "A former World War II refugee from Latvia, Zenta was asked to work at the CSIRO to assist communication between a Ukrainian refugee entomologist and his work colleagues. Working in CSIRO Entomology, specialising in assisting those working with Diptera (flies), became the rest of her life's work. Her assistance was so valued that there are now at least two genera and 19 species named in her honour.\n", "Details": "Zenta's mother died at her birth so she was brought up by a grandmother and an aunt. The aunt worked for the government-run telephone company while her father, from a farming family, had become a shopkeeper in Riga. When Zenta was aged 13, her life was interrupted by war: Soviet troops entered her homeland on 17 June 1940. In June 1941 at least 15,000 Latvians, identified as 'anti-Soviet elements' were deported to Siberia, and shortly afterwards, the Germans drove out the Soviet forces. Zenta's older brother was conscripted into the Latvian Legion, part of the Waffen SS, the armed wing of the Nazi Party, and was killed by the Soviets outside Riga in 1944.\nIn October 1944, an opportunity arose for Zenta to leave Riga when two German soldiers entered her father's shop for cigarettes and, seeing her in tears, advised her to be at their ship next morning, as it would be the last to leave Riga. Before dawn she walked with her aunt across Riga to the Daugava River bridge where the ship was preparing to cast off. Zenta departed Latvia on 4 October 1944 through the Soviet shelling of the city and its harbour, through the minefields of the Baltic, to the north German coast, as a deck passenger. She found her way to southern Germany and a transit camp in Dachau, near Munich, then further west to a munitions factory in the village of Leibi, near Ulm, until the end of the war. In 1945, she was sent further west again to a camp for displaced people in the town of Schwabische Gemund. From there she was able to continue her education at the nearby G\u00f6ppingen Latvian High School.\nIn 1946, she moved further west again, to the Esslingen displaced persons' camp where she finished high school and completed the qualification course for Swedish massage. She did not practise massage, working instead in the American Army Special Service Club in Esslingen as an assistant librarian. There she heard that the Australian Government wanted to resettle a group of the displaced persons. She saw it as a challenge to go to the other side of the world, as fulfillment of her aspiration to be an archaeologist, in which she had always expected a professional career of world-wide travelling.\nWithin two weeks, Zenta was on the ship to Australia. In this short period of time, she had travelled from the Esslingen camp to the Butzbach camp where a three-man Australian team was interviewing. Having been accepted and having passed her medical and security checks, she returned to Esslingen to pack her few belongings and from Butzbach was then sent north to a former Luftwaffe base near Bremerhaven.\nThe shipload of refugees assembled there was the first group of migrants of non-British origin ever to be selected by the Australian government. Their ship was the USAT General Stuart Heintzelman. It had been built as a troop transport for the US Army, so it was operated by the Army while crewed by the US Navy. Even though the four-week voyage was more like a holiday after seven years of war, there was military discipline on board. All of the passengers were expected to undertake some work such as translating the daily newsletter into their mother tongues and staffing the ship's library. In addition to reading, recreation focussed on music making, chess and nightly films and dances.\nThe voyage ended with the disembarkation of the Heintzelman's passengers at Fremantle on 28 November 1947. After four nights in Army camps in Perth, they boarded the Kanimbla, a former coastal steamer still under the control of the Australian Navy. They arrived at Port Melbourne on 7 December 1947 and disembarked the next day. By 9 December they were settling into another camp routine, this time at the Bonegilla Migrant Reception and Training Centre, near Wodonga on the Murray River. Zenta's Bonegilla record card shows that she was sent to Canberra to work as a waitress at Acton Guest House only nine days later. She spent the rest of her life in Canberra.\nAfter the Acton Guest House, Zenta moved her workplace to Lawley House. It was there that she got talking with one of the residents, Dr Sergey Jacques Paramonov, who had worked in the Zoological Institute of the Ukrainian Academy of Science. During the war, he was deported to Germany together with other staff of the Academy, and after the war, found himself in Paris. Through a contact in the British Museum, he was offered a taxonomic position in the CSIRO's Entomology division and had arrived in Canberra in March 1947, some months before Zenta. Paramonov had sufficient English to read the scientific literature but not much practice in spoken English. Later, Zenta's boss wrote that Paramonov 'was a highly cultured man, fluent not only in his native Russian but also in his mother's French and the German of his science: but his English was awful! No doubt Zenta's general education played a part: but it seems very likely that her fluent German greatly influenced her next step, to a post as Paramonov's assistant in the Division of Entomology.'\nZenta commenced work with CSIRO as a temporary Laboratory Assistant in the Museum Section on 6 February 1950. Her position was made permanent after she obtained Australian citizenship on 11 June 1953. She used the application for citizenship to change her surname from Liepa-Liepins to Liepa.\nDon Colless, her supervisor, described her working life thus: 'During the next 10 years Paramonov passed on to Zenta his great skill and meticulous standards in the collection and preparation of specimens, as well as a wide acquaintance with the taxonomy and biology of the Diptera. In lab and field she served him faithfully while together they built up a magnificent collection of Australian Diptera. And from May 1960, she found herself attempting to pass on her acquired skills to Paramonov's successor (Colless) who arrived with a specialised knowledge of mosquitoes and little else! Nor did her service to Paramonov end there; for another 7 years she acted as his part-time assistant and especially during his last long illness, his factotum and loyal friend.\n'Apart from these technical services, Zenta established two important projects: a card catalogue of Australian Diptera and (on her own initiative) a gazetteer of Australian place names \u2026 Talents of this kind enabled her also to publish a valuable bibliography of Paramonov's voluminous taxonomic output (1969), and later to do most of the hard work in our co-authored catalogue of Oriental Mycetophilidae (1973). Eventually she became largely responsible for searching the current literature for taxonomically important papers and dealing with a wide variety of requests for material or information. For these services regular promotions brought her in 1982 to Senior Technical Officer Grade 2, the effective ceiling for her post.'\nIn 1962 Zenta took up part-time studies at the Australian National University, majoring in History and Political Science and graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1967. She enrolled in a Master's degree course in 1968 but did not finish it. She became involved in Liberal Party politics both on and off campus. Don Colless said that her studies and political activities did not bring 'any reduction in the enthusiasm she brought to her work. She had, in fact, an enormous capacity for work that interested her. Perhaps her case might warn us, against too rigidly favouring the scientifically trained as assistants to taxonomists.'\nHer particular skill as an assistant was in sharing specimens of Diptera with her supervisors' colleagues. The upshot of this collaboration is that Zenta Liepa has had at least two genera (Lieparella and Zentula) and 19 species of flies named after her. In the case of Lieparella zentae, both the generic and specific names honour her. The list includes: Anabarhynchus liepae, Anagonia zentae, Aphyssura zentae, Aphyssura liepae, Austrothaumalea zentae, Axinia zentae, Diplotoxa liepae, Lieparella zentae, Dolichopeza zenta, Drosophila zentae, Exeretonevra zentae, Helina liepae, Merochlorops liepae, Molophilus zenta, Orthogonis zentae, Paramonova zentae, Phytobia liepae, Stylogaster liepae, Tanytarsus liepae, and Zentula vittata.\nIn addition to her political interests, Zenta was also an officer-bearer of the Institute of International Affairs. Her spare-time interests included volleyball, hockey (playing for Canberra), horse riding, lawn bowls, cricket, amateur theatre, stamp collecting, knitting, crochet, tapestry and weaving. She also wrote poetry, but should not be confused with another Latvian poet of the same name, born 11 years earlier in 1916, who continued to reside in Latvia.\nHaving been introduced to smoking by the freely available cigarettes in the American Zone of postwar Germany, Zenta developed lung cancer. She retired from the CSIRO on the grounds of ill health on 6 August 1986 and died fourteen months later, on 25 October 1987. In her will she left $68,680 to the Canberra Branch of the Latvian Relief Society Daugavas Vanagi.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituary-zenta-rosalia-liepa\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/liebelei\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lists-of-the-scientific-works-and-described-species-of-the-late-dr-sj-paramonov-with-location-of-types\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-rich-and-diverse-fauna-the-history-of-the-australian-national-insect-collection-1926-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-tribute-to-sj-paramonov\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kanberas-latviesu-saime-piecdesmit-gadi-1947-1997-canberra-latvian-community-fifty-years-1947-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/liepa-liepins-zenta-dob-22-january-1927\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/name-index-cards-migrants-registration-bonegilla\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bolger, Irene", "Entry ID": "AWE4913", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bolger-irene\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Nurse, Nurse educator, Trade unionist", "Summary": "Irene Bolger was Branch Secretary of the Australian Nursing Federation (Victorian Branch) from 1986 - the year of the Victorian Nurses' Strike - to 1989.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-blueprint-for-union-organising-multiplying-the-membership-in-the-australian-nursing-federation-victorian-branch-1989-2012\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Morieson, Belinda", "Entry ID": "AWE4916", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/morieson-belinda\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Trade unionist", "Summary": "Belinda Morieson was Branch Secretary of the Australian Nursing Federation, Victoria Branch (ANF(Vic)) from 1989-2001. She oversaw the biggest membership growth in the history of the Branch.\nA more comprehensive entry for Morieson will appear later in 2013 when the Encyclopedia of Australian Women and Leadership in the Twentieth Century goes online.\n", "Events": "Australian Nursing Federation (Victorian Branch) (1989 - 2001) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2004 - 2004)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-blueprint-for-union-organising-multiplying-the-membership-in-the-australian-nursing-federation-victorian-branch-1989-2012\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-nursing-federation-victorian-branch-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fitzpatrick, Lisa", "Entry ID": "AWE4917", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fitzpatrick-lisa\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Nurse, Trade unionist", "Summary": "In 2012 Lisa Fitzpatrick was Secretary of the Australian Nursing Federation (Victoria Branch) (ANF (Vic)), a position she has held since 2001. Her tenure has been characterised by stability within the Branch, and the increasing strength of the union as both an industrial and a professional body.\nIn 2012,under leadership, as well as forcing bed closures and cancellations of surgery, ANF (Vic) members withdrew their labour in rolling stoppages. Nurses voted to ignore Fair Work Australia's order to suspend their action, risking individual fines. This action was effective and popular with nurses. The Victorian state government was forced to increase wages and also retain, and in some circumstances improve, nurse-to-patient ratios.\nA more comprehensive entry for Fitzpatrick will appear later in 2013 when the Encyclopedia of Australian Women and Leadership in the Twentieth Century goes online.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-blueprint-for-union-organising-multiplying-the-membership-in-the-australian-nursing-federation-victorian-branch-1989-2012\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Carson, Barbara", "Entry ID": "AWE4918", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carson-barbara\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Nurse, Trade unionist", "Summary": "Barbara Carson became Branch Secretary of the Royal Australian Nursing Federation (Victorian Branch) (RANF(Vic)) in 1980. This appointment heralded an ideological shift within the union which had traditionally been a conservative organisation.\nMost famously, in 1984 Carson lobbied successfully for the removal of the 'no strike clause' from the Branch rules.This action paved the way for nurses to have more collective power and industrial strength, allowing their demands to be taken seriously.\nA more comprehensive entry for Fitzpatrick will appear later in 2013 when the Encyclopedia of Australian Women and Leadership in the Twentieth Century goes online.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-blueprint-for-union-organising-multiplying-the-membership-in-the-australian-nursing-federation-victorian-branch-1989-2012\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bain, Yvonne", "Entry ID": "AWE4919", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bain-yvonne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Educator, Engineer, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Yvonne Bain was a woman who respected tradition while enjoying new challenges. She was passionate about education, for herself and for others. She was appointed to the governing council of Griffith University, and to a range of national and state advisory committees on aspects of education. Griffith University awarded her an honorary doctorate of the University in 1998. Bain was also passionate about the rights of women, working for decades in the Queensland National Council of Women and the National Council of Women of Australia. She served as the national president 1991-1994. In 1990, she was made a Member of the Order of Australia for service to women's affairs, particularly through the National Council of Women. During her presidency of NCWA, Bain persuaded the Australian Bureau of Statistics to include the categories of work in the home and volunteer work in the national census data, allowing the calculation of the value of unpaid work within national productivity. This is perhaps her most lasting contribution to the Australian women's movement.\n", "Details": "Yvonne Bain was born in Brisbane in 1929, the daughter of Jeffrey and Helen West. She was raised in Rainworth where she was the dux of the local primary school. At Brisbane Girls' Grammar School, she proved to be a good netballer, an academic prize winner, and dux of the state in history.\nAt her mother's insistence, she left school without completing her final year to join the Post-Master General's Department where her father worked. She enrolled in night classes at the Central Technical College and gained a Diploma in Civil Engineering, the only woman in her class. She met her husband, Thomas, in the drafting department of the PMG, and married him on 16 June 1951. The young couple lived in the Bain family home, Gowrie House, an old colonial mansion in the centre of Brisbane. Yvonne Bain turned the front wing into professional rooms, leased mainly to speech and drama teachers, and the ballroom into a space for amateur theatre. When the house was demolished for roadworks in the 1960s, Bain established a second Gowrie House nearby, allowing the speech and drama teachers to stay together.\nBain's two children, a son and a daughter, were born in 1955 and 1959. Bain served on the Parents and Citizens Association at their school, Brisbane Central, for 10 years, much of the time as president. She researched the history of the school and led a campaign to recover its original foundation stone. She was also actively involved with the Brisbane Girls' Grammar Old Girls and, in 1968, she was appointed to the school's board of trustees, serving till 1990, with 4 years as vice-chair. She was chair of the school's development fund and later its centenary building fund, negotiating grants from government and reviving her engineering skills. Brisbane Girls' Grammar named one of its new centres in her honour. It was as a delegate of the BGG Old Girls' Association that she joined the National Council of Women of Queensland.\nIn 1979, after her children had finished their schooling, Bain returned to study as a mature-age student at Griffith University. In the same year, she was appointed to the Queensland Planning and Finance Committee of the Commonwealth Schools Commission, serving until 1985. It was also in 1979 that she took up the twin roles of treasurer of NCWQ, and treasurer of NCWA on Laurel Macintosh's Queensland-based board. In 1980, Bain was appointed to the Australian Statistics Advisory Committee, and she gave a talk to NCWQ on the topic 'Statistics as a Means of Communication between Individuals and Public Authorities'.\nThomas Bain died in 1981. Thereafter, Bain's studies at Griffith University became more central to her life. She completed a Bachelor of Administration in 1983 and a Master of Philosophy in Administration in 1988. In 1994, her continuing interest in the university was recognised by her appointment to the university council, and she served there until 2000, chairing the university's library committee and funds committee and assisting with the establishment of the university's eco centre and multi-faith centre.\nYvonne Bain continued to work with NCWQ, as vice-president and then as president from 1986-1990. A highlight of her presidency was the creation and furnishing in 1989 of Ballard Cottage, showing aspects of the history of Queensland pioneer women: 'a project which will enable children of the future to understand the life of our pioneers'. The project was developed in close co-operation with the Queensland Department of Education, a link that was strengthened in 1990 with Bain's appointment to the minister for education's Advisory Committee on Non-State Schooling and, in 1991, to the Advisory Committee on Gender Equity. On 26 January 1990, Yvonne Bain was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for service to women's affairs, particularly through the National Council of Women.\nIn 1991, Bain became the president of the National Council of Women of Australia. Her presidency was distinguished by her exceptional ability to advance the interests of the Councils-and of Australian women-through close co-operation with politicians and bureaucrats. Bain and her fellow Board members became expert at writing submissions, winning grants, and delivering the outcomes bureaucrats wanted. Thus a seminar in February 1993 on Women and Ecologically Sustainable Development presented the results of 2 major research projects carried out by NCWA in co-operation with the National Women's Consultative Council. Another important submission came out of a national seminar on Care for the Carers, NCWA's principal activity for the International Year of the Family.\nWomen's unpaid work was also a major concern of Bain's presidency. It was Bain's lobbying that persuaded the Australian Bureau of Statistics to include the categories of work in the home and volunteer work in national census data, allowing a degree of systematic assessment of the value of this work to the community and the economy. It was at the end of her presidency in 1994 that the necessity to re-incorporate NCWA to conform with new federal legislation about liability saw a rewriting of the national constitution, which resulted in the omission from the articles of membership of the clause providing for one constituent council only for each state or territory. In by-law C7 of the 1994-1997 constitution, it seems that Launceston appeared for the first time as a constituent council rather than simply an autonomous one. This compounded the 'Tasmanian problem', which had been festering since 1946.\nIn the international sphere, Yvonne Bain and her Board produced a series of well-researched and well-written submissions for International Council of Women committees and enquiries, with the effect of strengthening NCWA's international profile. The ICW 1994 Paris conference, which Bain attended, adopted an Australian resolution that rape should be recognised as a war crime, a formulation later included in the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and other UN instruments. Bain served the ICW as the International Convenor in Economics, enabling her to take her campaign for the recognition of women's unpaid work to a global audience.\nYvonne Bain contributed to a wide range of community activities beyond the National Councils of Women. She worked as president and chairman of the Queensland Arts Council and director of the Arts Council of Australia. She was also a senior associate of the Australian Institute of Management and an active member of the Australian Federation of University Women. She continued her long association with Anglican education by serving on the council of the All Saints Anglican School at Mudgeeraba from 1987 to 1989. From 1990 to 1999 she served on the Anglican Schools Commission, and from 1988 to 2000 on the Anglican Schools Systems Council.\nIn April 1999, Griffith University conferred on Yvonne Bain a doctorate of the university for her services to education. She also received a medal from the retiring archbishop of Brisbane, Peter Hollingworth, in recognition of her services to the archdiocese in education. Yvonne Bain held a firm faith, and was a traditionalist who loved the liturgies of the church. She died in Brisbane in May 2004.\nRetiring as NCWA president in 1994, she welcomed the future as 'a time for the formulation of positive plans and strategies to cope with future changes, future technologies and the future multiple roles women will have opportunity to fulfil in the next century'.\n", "Events": "Brisbane Girls' Grammar School Board of Trustees (1968 - 1990)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-national-council-of-women-of-queensland-the-second-fifty-years-1955-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/yvonne-bain\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pressmans-l5161\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/weekend-weddings\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-rights-advocate-tireless-behind-the-scenes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ncwa-board-minute-books-and-ncwa-papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/7266-national-council-of-women-of-queensland-minute-books-1905-2004\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Christopherson, Leonie Therese", "Entry ID": "AWE4923", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/christopherson-leonie-therese\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Advertising practitioner, Author, Community activist, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Leonie Christopherson gave up a promising career in advertising to marry into the army. She turned her talent for communication to the service of political and community organisations: the Liberal Party of Australia, and the National Council of Women. She served as president of National Council of Women of Australia from 2003 to 2006 at a time of great change for the association, and her consensual style of leadership provided a secure basis for it to move forward. In 2006, she was made a Member of the Order of Australia, and, in 2013 she was invested as a Dame of Honour in the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem Knights Hospitaller, honouring her for her services to the community.\n", "Details": "Leonie Christopherson is the second daughter of Frank Pryke and his wife Millicent (n\u00e9e Winchester), born on 4 November 1939 in Sydney. Her father's employment with Mobil Oil meant frequent relocation for the family, and Leonie attended 5 different Anglican schools in 3 states. At 16 years of age, she left school to work in advertising, reaching management level by the age of 18. At 20 she 'married into the army'.\nChristopherson believes that 'there is no finer training for public office than having been an army wife'. She married Geoffrey John Christopherson on 18 April 1960, and they have 3 sons. Geoff Christopherson's army service has taken the family to 20 different locations in 5 different countries. Leonie worked when that was convenient, in promotion and advertising, and educational administration. She also moved into community service, acting as honorary secretary to the Army Wives Association in Queensland and initiating a range of support activities.\nIn the middle 1970s, the family settled in Victoria, and Christopherson completed a BA in Language and Literature at Swinburne University. She was a founding member of the Boroondara Writers' Group. She took an interest in local community affairs, becoming chairman of the Ashburton Community Centre. She also became active in the Women's Sections of the Liberal Party (Victoria), working as a campaign manager in local government elections and serving as vice-chairman of the Central Council of the Women's Sections.\nIn 1993, Christopherson's success in the backrooms of the Liberal Party inspired Gracia Baylor, then president of the National Council of Women of Victoria, to invite Leonie to join her executive as honorary secretary. When Baylor became president of the National Council of Women of Australia in 1997, Christopherson was appointed to the Board to take charge of communications, redesigning publicity material and editing the NCWA's Quarterly Bulletin and other publications. In 2000, the International Council of Women invited her to become editor-in-chief of the ICW Quarterly Newsletter, which she published in three languages, printing and distributing it from Australia. She is currently (2013) the ICW advisor for arts and letters.\nLeonie Christopherson served as national president of NCWA 2003-2006. At the beginning of her term, the association faced a major funding challenge with the establishment by the Howard government of 4 coalitions representing Australian women to government, and the cessation of direct government funding to women's organisations except for specific projects. The challenge was met by rigorous economies, by sharing projects and funding with one of the new groupings, the Australian Women's Coalition (which NCWA had helped form), and by seeking projects with alternate funding sources. Two of these projects produced booklets that proved to have strong and lasting community impact. Breathtaking Women: Asthma Awareness and You was produced by NCWA and the Asthma Foundation of Victoria, and funded by the Commonwealth Department of Health and Aging and the Asthma Foundation of Western Australia. Funds were also found to produce versions in Greek and Italian. What Now in Contraceptives? was published under the imprimatur of NCWA, and financed by commercial interests; it proved a valuable guide for young women to the kinds of contraception available to them.\nChristopherson's philosophy of leadership is to 'always lead from behind', valuing the workers 'for the gold they are'. She believes that the most valuable achievement of her period of office was a qualitative change in relations between the national executive and state NCWs: the end of an atmosphere of 'Us and Them'.\nChristopherson's army connections have led her into unusual roles for a member of the NCWA. She has worked through the Defence Reserves Support Council, Victoria, to encourage the enrolment of women in the Army Reserves-'not in the crush\/kill\/destroy capacity but as peacekeepers'. And she has served on the Firearms Appeals Committee, Victoria, the tribunal that hears appeals from people who have lost their gun licences.\nChristopherson's publications include as author What's Politics, Nan?, a book for children, Forceful Females, a play in one act celebrating the centenary of Victorian women's suffrage, and Teresa Angelica: Nurse Winchester, a biography of her grandmother. She has also contributed as author to anthologies, That Once We Lived, This Bit Is for Me, and The Fabric of Life, and has edited 2 anthologies, From a Camel to the Moon, produced by NCWA for the International Year of the Older Person, and Valuing Volunteers, produced for the UN Year of the Volunteer. She has also edited the NCWV's and the AWC's monthly newsletters.\nIn 2006, Leonie Christopherson was made a Member of the Order of Australia for service to the development of national policies relating to issues and concerns of women, particularly through the National Council of Women of Australia, and to promoting the equal status of all in the community.\nIn the same year, Christopherson was chosen as one of NCWV's 'celebrated women achievers'. On this occasion, Gracia Baylor described her as 'a wonderfully warm, enthusiastic person who has a great sense of fun and who can handle anybody or any situation, whatever the circumstances may be'. In 2013 she was invested as a Dame of Honour in the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem Knights Hospitaller, honouring her for her services to the community.\nLeonie was quoted at a NCWA conference as saying: 'we're here to save the world on issues relating to women and their families. We only have two and a half days to do it, but as women that will not be a problem'.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-achievers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/leonies-c-v\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/notre-dame-medical-school-welcomes-womens-council-president\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ncwa-papers-1984-2006\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/so-proud-to-be-australian\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-victoria-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Edwards, Dorothy Edna Annie", "Entry ID": "AWE4926", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edwards-dorothy-edna-annie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Deloraine, Tasmania, Australia", "Death Place": "George Town, Tasmania, Australia", "Occupations": "Alderman, Community worker, Mayor, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Dorothy Edwards was the first Tasmanian woman to be elected president of the Australian National Council of Women. It is significant that Edwards' base was in the Launceston branch of the NCW, for her election thus had implications for the status of the NCW of Tasmania, based in Hobart and acknowledged in the ANCW constitution as the official state Council. Edwards held office in the Launceston Council as secretary and president before election to the ANCW presidency 1960-1964. Her period in office was notable for her forthright engagement with government on issues such as equal pay and for her enthusiastic promotion of the International Council of Women's new 'twinning program' and, in particular, for fostering close relations between the Australian Council and the Councils of Thailand, Fiji and Papua New Guinea. Her presidency also saw the holding of an ICW regional seminar on international understanding in Brisbane in 1964. She went on to serve in the ICW as convenor for finance, vice-treasurer and vice-president, and travelled overseas regularly to executive meetings and triennial conferences until 1996. She was made an honorary vice-president of both the Launceston and Australian Councils (1974 and 1973) and admitted to ICW's Committee of Honour (1979).\nDorothy Edwards was also the first woman to be elected to the Launceston City Council. She served as an alderman for 15 years and was mayor 1955-1957, the first woman city mayor in Australia. She was subsequently admitted as an Honorary Freeman of the City of Launceston (1984). She was also awarded an OBE in 1958 and a CBE in 1979, and was entered on the Tasmanian Honour Roll of Women in 2005.\n", "Details": "Dorothy Edna Annie Edwards was born 20 June 1907, the daughter of Percival James Marshall Fleming and Edna Annie Rydale (n\u00e9e Best), in Deloraine, Tasmania, where her father was the town clerk. She was educated at Launceston High School, the University of Tasmania and the London School of Economics where she earned a Masters of Arts. Dorothy taught Latin and literature at Launceston High School for many years. A gifted teacher, she was remembered with respect, admiration and affection by many of her former students. She married Rex S.C. Edwards, a fellow teacher, on 20 May 1933 and had 2 sons. In keeping with the regulations of the time, she was forced to resign from the Education Department on her marriage, but, once her sons were at school, she found many other outlets for her talents and leadership qualities.\nDorothy Edwards was a remarkable individual who broke new ground for women in many areas and was an outstanding ambassador for the Council movement worldwide. She joined the revived National Council of Women of Launceston as secretary (1947-1956) and was active in the campaign to force the Launceston City Council to amend the Corporations Act to allow women to stand for election as aldermen. Edwards had a long-standing interest in local government given her father's career as a council clerk. The Corporations Act was amended in 1945 and, in December 1949, she became the first woman not only to seek election for the Launceston City Council, but also to be elected. Edwards served as an alderman for 15 years and was mayor from December 1955 to December 1957, the first female city mayor in Australia. She counted among her achievements the building of the City Baths at Windmill Hill, flood prevention measures and the opening of a by-products plant for the Killafaddy Abattoirs.\nDorothy Edwards' contribution to the National Council of Women was significant at the local, national and international levels. In addition to her contribution as secretary to the Launceston NCW for nearly a decade, she was president from 1958 to 1960. She went on to become the first Tasmanian president of the ANCW, serving in that role from 1960 to 1964. Although Hobart's Emily Dobson had played a crucial role in founding state Councils and encouraging interaction between them, and though she led, and therefore was president of, Australian delegations to the ICW up to 1921, she was never president of the Federal Council or ANCW. It is significant that Edwards' base was in the Launceston branch of the NCW, which, though recognised as an autonomous Council in 1946, was not a state Council. Since her presidential base was Launceston, her election gave credence to the view that Launceston NCW was equivalent in status to NCW Tasmania, based in Hobart, and thus helped perpetuate the stand-off over the constitutional position of the 2 Tasmanian branches. Only one member of NCWT, Vee Couche, served (as treasurer) on Edwards' board, albeit briefly. Rivalry between the Tasmanian Councils festered for the rest of the century with serious repercussions. It is, however, indisputable that Launceston was a more vibrant Council than NCWT at the time of Edwards' ANCW presidency and that she was a particularly forceful, influential and innovative national leader. She showed considerable initiative in ensuring the financial viability of her board and funding the extensive regime of travel she undertook to all states by arranging for the Launceston City Council to cater for an International Rotary Conference held in Launceston and organising 3 public exhibitions.\nEdwards' period in office was notable for her enthusiastic promotion of the ICW's new 'twinning program' and, in particular, for fostering close relations between the Australian Council and the Councils of Thailand, Fiji and Papua New Guinea. She arranged for visits to Australia by the president of Thailand's NCW, Princess Prem Purachatra, in 1962, and later helped finalise the twinning relationship with Thailand in 1967. She also persuaded the administrator of PNG to consent to 2 New Guinea representatives attending the 1962 and 1963 ANCW conferences, and gained Australian government financial assistance to bring 2 PNG women, 2 Northern Territory Aboriginal women and representatives of 7 Asian nations to the ICW regional seminar on international understanding in Brisbane in 1964. After the 1963 ICW conference, she expressed the view that 'our work over the next Decade [designated by the UN the Decade of Development] should be largely that of increasing our International contacts, particularly with the new Councils, which are anxious to participate fully in I.C.W. . . The future of millions of people may depend on the relationships we establish now'. The focus of the 1964 regional seminar was 'the responsibility of woman to herself, her home, her community and mankind, as seen by people of different cultures'.\nWith regard to Australian issues, Edwards pulled no punches, attempting to jolt the Councils into more activist pursuit of their objectives as distinct from just paying lipservice to them with the same or similar resolutions passed year after year. 'I often doubt', she said, 'if even our own members are really behind us'. They needed to ensure that goals such as equal pay and the lifting of the marriage bar in the public service had 'a large informed body of public support behind them', and they should start this work with their own affiliated societies. Edwards' frustration on the issue of equal pay, for example, was evident in her response to the Liberal Party women senators' failure to vote for a Labor Party amendment to the Public Service Bill to provide for equal remuneration within the Commonwealth Public Service. In 1961, her board wrote a letter of protest to the 4 senators (3 of whom had close ANCW connections) sharply reminding them that had they voted for Senator Willesee's motion it would have been carried. The letter concluded: 'This protest is in conformity with ANCW's policy on equal pay for women'. Edwards clearly believed the outcome would have been different if the senators had felt the pressure of public opinion.\nIn line with these views, Edwards made concerted attempts to expand the Australian Council movement, arguing that it was time to go beyond the previous emphasis on consolidation and unity, and noting the formation of a Townsville branch in Queensland as well as the successful extension into large country towns in Victoria to make NCWV a truly state-wide organisation. ANCW itself had now helped establish a provisional Council in Darwin and Edwards requested support from the state Councils to sustain it. She also suggested speeding up decision-making by giving more power to state Councils' officers or to the ANCW board and using modern forms of communication to disseminate information more effectively. Encouraging individual associate membership might help rejuvenate debate and bring in new talent, and choosing convenors of standing committees on the basis of merit rather than state representation might increase efficiency and initiative. More systematic and routine communication between state, national and international convenors was necessary for the committee system to operate smoothly. The extent to which these aims were achievable in a volunteer organisation was another matter but Edwards' board was certainly a very well-oiled operation and its records were meticulously kept. She was appointed a life vice-president of the National Council of Women of Australia in 1973.\nAt the 1963 triennial ICW conference in Washington, Edwards was elected vice-treasurer (1963-1970) and vice president (1963-1979) of the International Council of Women, as well as convenor of the Finance Committee. After relinquishing the ANCW presidency in 1964, Edwards made ICW work the centre of her continuing Council activity. She was appointed to the ICW Committee of Honour in 1979. Her attendance at ICW conferences and executive meetings extended from 1963 to 1996, and, like her Tasmanian exemplar, Emily Dobson, she rarely missed one of these gatherings.\nDorothy Edwards worked actively with many other organisations for extended periods before and after her retirement from Launceston City Council. She was a member of the ABC Board (1962-1975); the State Library Board (1953-1978); the Decimal Currency Committee (1959-1960); the Queen Victoria Hospital Board (1958); the Tasmanian Orchestra Advisory Committee (1953-1954); vice-warden of Convocation at the University of Tasmania (1963-1965) and chairman of the Interim Board of the Launceston General Hospital (1971-1972). She was also a member of the Women Graduates' Association and the Business and Professional Women's Club, and was president of the Launceston branch of the United Nations Association of Australia (1967-1979).\nDorothy Edwards was awarded an OBE in 1958 and a CBE in 1979. She was admitted as an honorary freeman of the City of Launceston in 1984 and was entered on the Tasmanian Honour Roll of Women in 2005 in recognition and acknowledgment of her distinguished service to Tasmania through her long association with local government, community and cultural organisations. Her distinguished service, wisdom and leadership over nearly 60 years in so many areas of community life was legendary and so was her capacity for open, warm and forthright interpersonal relations. She eschewed false modesty and any pretension, and, unlike most of her predecessors in the Council movement, openly enjoyed a cigarette and a glass of sherry or whisky with friends and colleagues.\n", "Events": "International Council of Women (1963 - 1970) \nInternational Council of Women (1963 - 1979) \nNational Council of Women of Launceston (1958 - 1960)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/report-1963-64\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-report-22\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dorothy-edna-annie-edwards-cbe\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Giddings, Maureen", "Entry ID": "AWE4928", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/giddings-maureen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Maureen Giddings has worked with a wide range of community organisations, many connected with the National Council of Women. She served as president of NCW NSW from 1970 to 1974, and as president of the National Council of Women of Australia from 1988 to 1991. She also worked for many years with the Liberal Party, serving as president of the Women's Council of the Liberal Party of Australia (NSW division) from 1974 to 1979 and chairman of the party's Federal Women's Committee from 1977 to 1980. She was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1974, in recognition of service to the community.\n", "Details": "Maureen Giddings was born in Melbourne, the only child of Eleanor Bell Quinton (n\u00e9e Wilson) and Frederick Robert Quinton, a manufacturer of electroplated metals. She was educated at the Presbyterian Ladies' College, East Melbourne, the Melbourne Conservatorium of Music and the University of Melbourne. Her university studies were interrupted by enlistment in the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF), where she trained as an orthoptist. On 30 January 1946, she married her fianc\u00e9e, Major Niels Giddings, whom she had known since Sunday School. The couple had two daughters.\nBoth of Giddings' parents were involved in voluntary and philanthropic work; her mother was active in the Federation of Mothers' Clubs and the National Council of Women of Victoria. On her mother's advice, she joined NCWV: 'It gives people the opportunity to put their point of view. And the government will listen to you'. Maureen joined as an associate, and, on moving to Sydney, transferred her membership to NCW NSW where she was elected to the executive as the associates' representative. In 1970, she took on the NSW presidency, and became vice-president of the National Council of Women of Australia when Jessie Scotford formed her NCWA Board in the same year. She remembered the highlights of those years as the NCWA activities associated with the opening of the Sydney Opera House and the organisation of the ICW regional conference, both in 1973; Board meetings were 'fun and productive'.\nThe political awareness learned from her mother also led Giddings into long-term membership of the Liberal Party.\nShe was president of the Women's Council of the Liberal Party of Australia (NSW division) from 1974 to 1979 and chaired the Federal Women's Committee from 1977 to 1980.\nGiddings' work in NCWA led her into leadership roles in other organisations. From 1973 to 1975, she was deputy chairman of the NSW International Women's Year committee. In 1978, she became chairman of the Status of Women, Committee United Nations Association of Australia (NSW branch) then president of the UNAA (NSW) and vice-president of the National UNAA. In July 1980, she was chosen by the Australian government to attend the forum at the NGO UN Decade of Women conference in Copenhagen.\nIn 1988, the NCWA Board returned to NSW under Giddings' presidency. Issues taken to government by her Board included paid surrogacy, which NCWA strongly opposed; and the UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child, which they strongly supported in line with ICW policy, despite 'widespread disquiet' in the state Councils. Projects included a report on ageing and a seminar that led to the adoption of the Seniors' Card in NSW; and a report on women's unpaid work for voluntary organisations and within the home, which moved the Australian Bureau of Statistics to undertake a national survey. Other highlights of Giddings' presidency included a visit to the USSR as a guest of the Soviet Women's Committee in 1989, and the leadership of the Australian delegation to the ICW conference in Bangkok in 1991. In the same year, she was appointed a life member of ICW.\nMaureen Giddings has contributed to many community activities during her life. She was honorary secretary of the Captain Cook Bicentenary Women's Committee 1968-1970, deputy chairman of the Festival Women's Committee for the opening of the Sydney Opera House 1972-1973, a member of the Royal Flying Doctor Service NSW 1971-1974, president of Child Care Week 1974-1978. Giddings has also contributed to other organisations and causes as president of the Australia-Britain Society (NSW), councillor at Enterprise Australia, deputy chairman at the Volunteer Centre (NSW), chairman of the Intellectually Handicapped Organisation of NSW, a member of the Board of Management of Chatswood Sheltered Industries, and vice-president of the NSW Torch Bearers for Legacy and president emeritus the English Speaking Union of NSW. She was a life governor at the Rachel Forster Hospital and a member of the Wahroonga Preparatory School Council, the Wahroonga Progress Association, Meals on Wheels, the Heart Campaign, and the committees of the Asthma Appeal and the Churchill Appeal.\nIn August 1971, Maureen Giddings wrote in the NCW NSW's NCW News about the past, present and future of NCWA: 'Australian women, while enjoying a formal equality, do not as yet possess a complete practical equality \u2026 Confidently we look to the future, proud of our past achievements but remembering one of the objects of the National Council is that we must promote the interests of women and secure their proper recognition in the community'.\n", "Events": "Captin Cook Bicentenary Women's Committee (1968 - 1970) \nChild Care Week (1974 - 1978) \nFestival Women's Committee for the opening of the Sydney Opera House (1972 - 1973) \nNSW International Women's Year Committee (1973 - 1975) \nWomen's Council of the Liberal party of Australia (NSW) (1974 - 1979)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1983\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/like-mother-like-daughter\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ncwa-papers-1984-2006\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-further-records-ca-1891-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-maureen-giddings\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-betty-davey\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hamilton, Anne Dorothy", "Entry ID": "AWE4929", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hamilton-anne-dorothy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kerang, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Jindalee, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Campaigner, Dressmaker, Secretary, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Anne Hamilton was the second Queensland president of the Australian National Council of Women. She held office between 1964 and 1967, having already served as president of the Queensland Council from 1961 to 1964. Her period as state president was notable for successfully hosting the ANCW triennial conference and the International Council of Women regional seminar on international understanding in Brisbane in 1964. As national president in the ensuing 3 years, she set up the twinning relationship between the Australian and Thailand NCWs-a program initiated by the ICW to encourage 'reciprocal relationships between N.C.Ws of contrasting economic patterns'. Her period in office also saw continuing lobbying of the federal government for the lifting of the marriage bar on the employment of women in the Commonwealth public service (achieved in 1967), for equal pay, and for seeking Australia's re-election to the UN Status of Women Commission (achieved in 1967). As president, she also encouraged state NCWs to include welfare of Aborigines in the considerations of their standing committees, succeeded in persuading the government to include the portrait of an outstanding Australian woman on the new $5 note, and agitated for liberalising the means test for pensions with the aim of its eventual abolition. Hamilton represented the ANCW and the ICW at the International Federation of University Women conference in Brisbane in 1965, and led the ANCW delegation to the ICW triennial conference in Tehran in 1966.\nHamilton's other major interest was the propagation and growth of Australian plants, and she served as president of the Society for Growing Australian Plants, Queensland from 1965 to 1966.\n", "Details": "Annie Dorothy Hamilton was born on 22 June 1910 in Kerang, Victoria, daughter of William James Norwood McConnell of Barham, NSW, hotel manager, and his second wife, Eliza Anne Hobbs of Strathbogie, Victoria. Anne (as she preferred to be known) was educated at Esperance Girls' School in Victoria before embarking on a business course. She subsequently engaged in office work, apart from a short period as a dressmaker in partnership with an aunt in Swan Hill. On her return to Melbourne she met and subsequently married Charles A. Hamilton, architect, at the Gardiner Presbyterian Church, on 27 March 1936; they had 1 son, Peter (born 1938) and 1 daughter, Prudence (born 1947).\nAnne Hamilton's first public activism occurred in the immediate postwar period when, in opposition to continuing wartime rationing, she joined other women in campaigning to elect the first Liberal Party member for the Victorian federal seat of Balaclava in 1946. The family shifted to Brisbane in 1947 when Charles was appointed deputy city architect to the Brisbane City Council. To overcome her sense of isolation and constriction at home, she joined Forum, a group for encouraging women in public speaking. It was as this club's delegate that she joined the National Council of Women of Queensland. Like many women leaders of her generation, Hamilton found the domestic routine unstimulating, and NCW activities provided a more satisfying outlet for her talents and energies. She was elected state president in 1960. Her desire for effective and meaningful work is evident in her summation of the role as 'trying to stir NCW women to logical, informed mental processes and consequent action towards community welfare', and 'to attract women of spirit and intelligence to work with an organization of some significance \u2026 by persuading them that what they did had some real effect'.\nHer energetic leadership was focused first on finding solutions to the parlous state of the Council's finances, and, second, on shifting its headquarters from the 'squalid rooms in Celtic Chambers' to more comfortable accommodation in Ann Street. She was also responsible for beginning NCWQ's news-sheet, NCW News, in 1961, for using NCW auspices to inaugurate the Children's Film and Television Council and the Consumers' Association of Queensland, and for establishing a Townsville branch of NCWQ.\nThe Council's new rooms were used to host the International Council of Women's regional seminar on international understanding in Brisbane in September 1964, and Hamilton's home and gardens in Bardon were made available for a luncheon for delegates both to the seminar and to the Australian National Council of Women triennial conference held in conjunction with the ICW meeting. It was at this ANCW conference that Hamilton was elected president for the ensuing triennium.\nAs national president in the ensuing 3 years, Hamilton extended her interests into the international arena and was responsible for overseeing the setting up the long-mooted twinning relationship between the Australian and Thailand NCWs-a program initiated by the ICW to encourage 'reciprocal relationships between N.C.Ws of contrasting economic patterns'. As Hamilton reported to the 1967 ANCW conference, the 'joint association was a bit slow to get off the ground' owing to communication problems, but face-to-face meetings helped overcome initial difficulties. In 1965, Hamilton's ANCW Board set up a fund to help the Thai Council with developmental education programs enabling small numbers of village children in the north of the country to be brought to the city for a course of training at the University of Agriculture, so they could take necessary skills back to their communities, and for 40 village women to be taught to sew to provide school children with uniforms, among other things. Both programs were supervised by project committees established in the village, thus providing their members with administrative skills and experience. Hamilton visited the Thai NCW in 1966 and reported back that, as a result of these initiatives, the idea of education had been encouraged, and also the development of 'self respect, independence and cooperation'. ANCW would continue to provide funds, she said, including for a scholarship to educate a Thai student in her own country. ANCW also hoped to continue its participation in UNESCO's Study Tours for Women Educational Leaders and Leaders of Women's Voluntary Organisations, having in 1965 sponsored a 3-month tour of Australia by Mrs Tameno, a teacher and member of the Kenyan NCW.\nHamilton represented the ANCW and the ICW at the International Federation of University Women conference in Brisbane in 1965, and led the ANCW delegation to the ICW triennial conference in Tehran in 1966, where she attended the seminar on literacy held in conjunction with the conference. The main message she brought back to ANCW was that 'the true development of nations depends on the state of advancement of women and their participation in their communities', and that literacy, understanding and skills of communication formed the bedrock of the ability to participate. Like her predecessors, she had come to see support for the work of the United Nations as crucial for women everywhere, and her Board lobbied the federal government to seek Australia's re-election to the UN Status of Women Commission (CSW), achieved in 1967. She also put consideration of CSW's Draft Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women on the agenda for discussion at the 1967 ANCW conference in Melbourne.\nAt the national level, Hamilton, like her predecessor Dorothy Edwards, was concerned to 'to streamline methods of working'-'If A.N.C.W. is to tackle social problems, our lines of communication have to flow still more smoothly, administration has to be firmer'. But she was forced to admit, as other Boards had also found, that progress was 'slow and difficult', largely because of the limitations on continuity imposed by reliance of voluntary workers and the inevitable high turnover of personnel.\nOn policy matters, Hamiltons's period in office saw continued lobbying of the federal government for the lifting of the marriage bar on the employment of women in the Commonwealth public service (achieved in 1967) and for equal pay. As president, she also encouraged state NCWs to include the welfare of Aborigines in the considerations of their standing committees, succeeded in persuading the government to include the portrait of an outstanding Australian woman on the new $5 note, and agitated for liberalising the means test for pensions with the aim of its eventual abolition.\nHer term in office is also notable for the evidence it provides of anxieties about changes taking place in social mores; in her 1967 presidential address, Hamilton expressed concern about an apparent growth in 'selfish egoism', reckless self-indulgence' and 'callous disregard for human life and for the rights of others', reflected in problems as diverse as the rising road toll, offences against girls and women, and 'the rising rate of illegitimate births'. Conference resolutions and standing committee reports also reflected this anxiety, protesting against smoking in public places, lowering of censorship standards, and an evident rise in 'sexual promiscuity' and venereal disease. These and other matters were the focus of a seminar, Ethical Standards for Modern Living, which followed the 1967 conference and at which it was admitted that: 'Uneasiness and concern had been felt by NCW about the changing pattern of society'.\nParticipants in the end fell back on old verities in confirming 'the importance of the family unit for stability in society and the principle of one moral standard for both men and women'.\nIn the years following her national presidency, Anne Hamilton began to withdraw from NCW activities as a consequence of a series of family crises including hospitalisation of her daughter for several months after a car accident in 1967, her own increasing incapacity from an old back injury and arthritis, and husband Charles's severe heart attack in the mid-1970s. She focused her activities more on the Society for Growing Australian Plants (of which she had been president from 1965 to 1966, at the same time as she presided over ANCW) and, after Charles's recovery, on the investment portfolio she started as part of the family company Charles set up to fund their retirement.\nAfter Charles's death in 1986, Anne was able to continue living at home with the support of her daughter and son and their families until the mid-1990s. When the level of care she required increased beyond what the family was able to provide, she agreed to sell up and move to a retirement village at Taringa, then, as she deteriorated further, to the Tricare Nursing Home at Jindalee where she was still able to maintain a modicum of independence. She died there, aged 94, on 25 July 2002.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-national-council-of-women-of-queensland-the-second-fifty-years-1955-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1965\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/7266-national-council-of-women-of-queensland-minute-books-1905-2004\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wee, Hean Bee", "Entry ID": "AWE4930", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wee-hean-bee\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Penang, Malaysia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Educator, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Hean Bee Wee was president of the National Council of Women of Australia from 2006 to 2009 (the first Asian-born woman to hold the position) and a vice-president of the International Council of Women from 2012. She brought to both positions a passionate commitment to gender and ethnic equality, first learned in her birthplace, Penang, and developed through voluntary work undertaken in South Australia. Her work for NCWA and ICW also benefitted from Wee's professional expertise in business and international education.\n", "Details": "Hean Bee Wee was born in Penang, Malaysia, on 23 March 1946, daughter of Gan Chin Huat and his wife, Khoo Hong Sean. After completing her secondary education, she came to Australia to study economics at the University of Adelaide. On graduating as a Bachelor of Economics (Honours) in 1969, she chose to become a secondary school teacher specialising in business education. She married a fellow teacher, Victor Wee, in Adelaide in 1970. In 1973, she completed a Diploma of Education at the University of Adelaide and, in 2003, an Advanced Diploma of Financial Services at the University of Technology Sydney. Within her teaching career, she developed further expertise in international education, teaching and co-ordinating International Baccalaureate programs and becoming an ambassador for South Australian schools in Southeast Asia.\nWee is passionately committed to the principle of social equality, in terms of both gender and ethnicity. Growing up in a society where girls were valued less than boys, she became aware of gender inequity at an early age. When she was 11 years old, her best friend told her that she would have to leave school because her parents could not afford to pay for her to sit the entrance examination to secondary school, preferring to save the money to pay for her younger brother's examination the following year. Hean Bee Wee was horrified, and paid the examination fees from her own savings.\nIn Australia, Wee carried her passion for equality into a range of voluntary activities. In 1991, she joined the City Group of the Penguin Club of South Australia, initially to develop her skills as a public speaker. Wishing to share these benefits, she set about recruiting other women from Non-English Speaking Backgrounds to join the club, with considerable success. The same drive for equality led her to become a delegate for the Penguin Club to the National Council of Women of South Australia. She also joined the South Australian branch of the Asian Pacific Business Council for Women, serving on the executive in 1994-1995 and 1998-1999. From 1995 to 1997, she took on the position of commissioner for the South Australian Multicultural and Ethnic Affairs Commission, and, from 1999-2003, she served as president of the Asian Women's Consultative Council of South Australia. She has also served as treasurer of the South Australian Women's Trust from 1999 to 2002. Her work on behalf of Asian and Non-English Speaking Women is ongoing.\nWithin the National Council of Women SA, Hean Bee Wee soon undertook executive roles. From 2002 to 2004, she was economics adviser to the South Australian Executive and, from 2004 to 2006, vice-president. In 2006, she was elected president of the National Council of Women of Australia, representing the ACT Council and serving until 2009. Her proudest achievement as NCWA president was to obtain funding from the federal government for 2 projects, both directed to the advancement of women. The first of these worked to promote the well-being of Aboriginal women in Oodnadatta, the second to provide a culturally and linguistically appropriate leadership training course for Non-English Speaking women at TAFE; both have had successful outcomes.\nHean Bee Wee has carried these concerns for education and equity into the international arena. In 2012, she was elected a vice-president of the International Council of Women, with responsibility for supervising a project in Samoa to establish a financially viable marketing structure for handicrafts produced by local Samoan women-a project bringing together the full range of her expertise and commitment.\nHean Bee Wee is also the proud mother of Samuel and grandmother of 2, Sebastian and Annabel.\n", "Events": "Asian Women's Consultative Council of South Australia (1999 - 2003) \nAsian-Pacific Business Council for Women (SA) (1994 - 1999) \nInternational Council of Women (2012 - ) \nPenguins Club of South Australia (1991 - 2012) \nSouth Australian Women's Trust (1999 - 2002)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Macintosh, Laurel Jean", "Entry ID": "AWE4931", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/macintosh-laurel-jean\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Picton, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Community activist, Ophthalmologist, Surgeon, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Dr Laurel Macintosh served for nearly 40 years as an ophthalmic surgeon in Brisbane hospitals, working all the while for women's rights and as a community activist. In her professional life, she chaired the Queensland Branch of the Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists. Her community work took her to the presidency of both the National Council of Women of Queensland (1977-1979, 1994-1996) and the National Council of Women of Australia (1979-1982), and to membership of state, national and international committees with the capacity to influence government. An achievement of which she is proud is the winning of the case for late night shopping for Brisbane and Ipswich in Queensland's industrial court in December 1978.\n", "Details": "Laurel Macintosh was born on 29 April 1924 in country New South Wales, the daughter of C.H.V. Macintosh, a 5th-generation Australian. She was educated at Sydney Girls' High School and the University of Sydney, graduating in general medicine in 1946. She trained in ophthalmology at the Royal Brisbane Hospital 1947-1951, and then as a surgeon at the Royal Eye Hospital, London, 1951-1953. She entered private practice in Orange, NSW, 1954-1958, then moved to Brisbane where she became a visiting ophthalmologist with the Royal Children's Hospital and, later, with the Brisbane Repatriation Department, the Princess Alexandra Hospital, and the Narbethong School for the Visually Handicapped. She joined the Queensland Medical Women's Society and the Ophthalmology Society (later Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists) in 1958 and was made a Fellow of the College in 1995. She was also made an honorary life member of the Australian Medical Association in 1996, after 50 years in the profession, and of the Queensland Medical Women's Association in 2004.\nDr Macintosh joined the Quota Club, a service club for professional women, in Orange and then Brisbane. Her introduction to the National Council of Women came in 1960 when NCW Queensland asked Quota to find someone to take on the job of state convenor for women and employment, and Laurel was duly appointed (1960-1975). In 1964, she was recruited to serve as international secretary on Anne Hamilton's ANCW Board; she remembers those Board meetings as 'the most fun I [ever] had'. She took on the task of Australian convenor for women and employment from 1970 to 1973, and the ICW vice-convenorship from 1973 to 1979.\nDr Macintosh's work for NCW led her into broader leadership roles within the women's movement: president of the Status of Women Committee (Brisbane) 1973-1976; vice-president of the United Nations Association Australia (Queensland) 1975-1978; chairman of the Queensland International Women's Year Committee 1974-1976 and a member of the National UNAA IWY Committee, under the chairmanship of Ada Norris.\nIn 1977, Macintosh became president of NCW Queensland and, on completion of this term in 1979, president of NCWA. She was rare among NCWA presidents in also holding down a full-time job, and only survived the workload by taking months of long service leave to allow her to travel within and beyond Australia. She remembers as a significant achievement of her presidency the development of close relations with the National Councils of Women of Thailand and Fiji-both 'twinned' with NCWA.\nThe most memorable event of Macintosh's presidency was the World Conference of the United Nations Decade for Women, held in Copenhagen in July 1980. She was one of 4 women from voluntary organisations who attended as official Australian government representatives-a role she found restrictive. Macintosh enjoyed good relations with politicians, state and federal, and with the federal Office of the Status of Women. When the Queensland government established an Advisory Council of Queensland Women 1975-1976, she was a founding member.\nDr Macintosh continued her involvement with Quota, holding the Queensland presidency from 1959 to 1961 and again from 1988 to 1989. She presided over the Queensland Branch of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists 1972-1973, acted as a federal councillor of the College 1972-1974, and, in 1995, became a Fellow of the College. She was twice elected president of the National Council of Women of Queensland-in 1977 for 2 years and again in 1994 for 4 years. As president of NCWQ, she was instrumental in obtaining late night shopping for Brisbane and Ipswich in December 1978, which involved appearing as an advocate in the industrial court where she encountered the opposition of unions and shop-owners alike. She also served on the Queensland Consumer Affairs Council.\nFrom 1982 to 1991, Macintosh was ICW convenor for the Standing Committee for Women and Employment and she continued to serve as a consultant from 1991 to 1994. During her many years of the involvement with NCWA and the ICW, she attended triennial ICW conferences in Nairobi 1979, Seoul 1982, London 1984, Washington 1988, Bangkok 1991 and Paris 1994, as well as executive meetings in Brussels 1981 and Kiel 1983.\nDr Laurel Macintosh was awarded a Queen's Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977 and appointed to the Order of the British Empire in 1980 for her services to women. In 1984 she was made a life member of NCWQ and, in 1988, an honorary life vice-president of NCWA in recognition of her long and distinguished service to the organisation. In the same year (1988), she was appointed a dame in the Knights Hospitaller Order of St Lazarus, an international humanitarian organisation, and in 2001 was awarded an Australian Centenary Medal for service to the community as president of the National Council of Women in Queensland.\n'All people should have the opportunity to develop what talents they have to choose the life they wish to lead while recognising the rights of others to choose differently. We need tolerance and understanding of each other.'\n", "Events": "Council of Queensland Women (1975 - 1976) \nInternational Council of Women (1965 - ) \nQueensland Medical Women's Society (1958 - ) \nQueensland Museum Advisory Committee on the Status of Women (1994 - 1998) \nQueensland UNAA International Women's Year Committee (1974 - 1976) \nQuota Club of Brisbane (1959 - 1961) \nQuota Club of Brisbane (1988 - 1989) \nUNAA Status of Women Committee (Brisbane) (1973 - 1976)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-national-council-of-women-of-queensland-the-second-fifty-years-1955-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ncwa-papers-1984-2006\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/7266-national-council-of-women-of-queensland-minute-books-1905-2004\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-laurel-macintosh\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Metcalfe, Thelma Constance", "Entry ID": "AWE4933", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/metcalfe-thelma-constance\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Fitzroy, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Emu Plains, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Thelma Metcalfe was president of the Australian National Council of Women from 1957 to1960. She also held office in a variety of other organisations, including as president of the NCW of NSW 1948-1960. During her term of office as national president, she stressed the importance of regional activism and work towards improving social and economic conditions, particularly for women in the Asia-Pacific area, most urgently in Papua New Guinea. Metcalfe's presidency also saw ANCW attention directed towards redressing inequality issues relevant to women, varying education standards in Australia, the declining value of child endowment, and the financial hardships of deserted wives. In light of her extensive community involvement, an ANCW obituarist claimed she was regarded as 'the best authority on the women's organisations in NSW'.\n", "Details": "Thelma Constance Vagg was born on 10 September 1898 in Fitzroy, Melbourne, the daughter of Victorian-born parents Harry Vagg, farmer, and his wife Emily Anne, n\u00e9e Sallery. She was educated at Albury District School and the University of Sydney (BA, 1922; Dip. Ed. 1923). She taught languages in NSW public schools before marrying John Wallace Metcalfe, deputy principal librarian of the State Library of NSW, on 3 March 1934. She then accompanied him on a 6-month tour of libraries in the USA and Europe, for which he was funded by a Carnegie Corporation of New York travel grant, and thereafter worked with him in the Free Library Movement, a citizens' group formed in 1935 to lobby for a system of public libraries to serve the needs of all the people. In November 1935, the Sydney Morning Herald published an article she wrote on 'Andrew Carnegie: Father of Libraries'. Thelma remained John's loyal supporter in his many library activities as deputy and principal state librarian, founder of the Australian Institute of Librarians (now Australian Library and Information Association) and director of the first university library school at the University of NSW. Thelma's teaching experience, interest in languages and libraries, and her overseas travel fostered a commitment to education and international awareness that she brought to her leadership roles in the National Council of Women.\nThelma Metcalfe was an office bearer in the NSW and\/or Australian NCW for 40 years. In the NSW Council she was secretary (1941-1948) under Ruby Board's presidency, then president (1948-1960), a regular delegate to ANCW from 1946, and state convenor for migration from 1962 until 1981. It was through her hard work and dedication as Council secretary in the war years that the Nutritional Advisory Council was set up in1942, and, in cooperation with president Ruby Board, she helped found the Housekeepers' Emergency Service in 1943. Meals on Wheels in NSW began as a pilot project in the early 1950s, operating from a church in Newtown. Under the sponsorship of NCW NSW, led by Metcalfe, the program grew to become a statewide community service. She was also instrumental in establishing the Children's Film Council in 1950 (later the NSW Council for Children's Films and Television) and presided over it during her period as NCW NSW president. The Council provided valuable comment and guidance for parents in a period of rapid growth in the film and television industries. Metcalfe's NCW and other work was acknowledged by an MBE awarded for community services in 1956. In 1970, NCW NSW marked her 30 years of service to the organisation with an honorary life vice-presidency.\nMetcalfe was elected to represent the Australian National Council of Women at the Jubilee Women's Convention in 1951 and served as president of ANCW from 1957 to 1960, then as national convenor for migration 1962-1964. During her presidency, ANCW focused on redressing discrimination against married women in the workforce; increasing representation and participation of women in local, national and international forums; urging government ratification of the 1951 ILO convention on equal pay as well as putting its conditions into effect; lobbying state and federal governments for correlation of standards between state education systems; and agitating for measures to deal with the declining value of child endowment as well as the financial hardships of deserted wives. Metcalfe's particular interest and expertise in migration saw her represent the ANCW at the 10th and 11th annual Citizenship Conventions in Canberra in 1959 and 1960, and on the National Executive Committee of World Refugee Year 1959-1960.\nIn 1959, Thelma Metcalfe also represented the International Council of Women at the conference of the UN Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE, now Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific or ESCAP) held in Brisbane. This experience and her involvement in the Pan Pacific and Southeast Asian Women's Association led her to stress the importance of regional activism and work towards improving social and economic conditions for women in the Asia-Pacific area. All Councils were especially urged to focus on education in Papua New Guinea. The final conference of Metcalfe's ANCW presidency in 1960 saw discussion of the possibility of an ICW conference or executive meeting being held in Australia, or, alternatively, a regional conference. Metcalfe favoured the latter, believing it would gain government financial support in helping cement good relations with Asian countries. Although it did not eventuate during her presidency, an Asia-focused ICW seminar on International Understanding was held in Brisbane in 1964, with some support from the federal government, and the idea of a larger conference simmered in Council circles and came to fruition in an ICW regional conference on population issues in 1973, held in Sydney and supported financially by the UN and the Australian government.\nThelma Metcalfe also held office in a great many other organisations, remaining active in most till her last illness. She was a long-term member and president of the Lyceum Club, a founding member and, later, president of the Good Neighbour Council of NSW, an early member of\nNSW Pan-Pacific and Southeast Asia Women's Association from its re-establishment in 1954 and its president from 1963 until 1968, and for many years the Council delegate to and vice-president of the NSW branch of the UN Association of Australia. She was also active in the British Drama League, the NSW committee for International Children's Book Week and the Arts Council of Australia, NSW. She once remarked that she was the 'best Annual Meeting attender in Australia'.\nHer NCW obituarist, Jean Arnot, wrote that Thelma Metcalfe would be remembered for her 'significant work \u2026 in the cause of human welfare, for her perseverance, for her tolerance, for her good humour and for her great capacity for objectivity'. She died on 18 May 1984 at Emu Plains after suffering physical disability for some years.\n", "Events": "Pan Pacific and S. E. Asia Women's Association NSW (1963 - 1968)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1959\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/metcalfe-thelma-constance-1898-1984\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mocatta, Necia", "Entry ID": "AWE4935", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mocatta-necia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kadina, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, International activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Necia Mocatta devoted much of her life, energy and enthusiasm to the betterment and dignity of the lives of women and children. She believed that the family unit was the foundation on which a caring, prosperous society was built and focused her attention on strengthening it at local, national and international levels, rather then pursuing broad issues of gender equality. An astute and successful businesswoman, she became actively involved with the National Council of Women at a state, national and international level as president of both NCW South Australia (1980-1983, 1996) and the National Council of Women of Australia (1985-1988), and as a Board member (1988-1991) then vice-president (1991) of the International Council of Women.\n", "Details": "Necia Mocatta (n\u00e9e Homan) was born 14 January 1938 in Kadina, South Australia. She was educated in Kadina, followed by Paskeville and Girton Girls' School (now Pembroke School). She married George Somerset Mocatta and had four children.\nWhen Mocatta and her family lived in Tintinara and Keith, her community involvement revolved around mothers and babies, the church, the school and general community activities. To give the children a better education, the family moved from Tintinara to Adelaide, where both Necia and George were involved in the real estate business. Later, Necia Mocatta became a licensed sales person and was the first woman auctioneer in South Australia, building a reputation for ethical practice as well astuteness.\nMocatta's interest in the National Council of Women began when she attended the South Australian branch as a delegate for the Soroptimists. She joined NCWSA in 1970 and, with her passion for organisation, hard work and efficiency, willingly took on executive responsibilities, becoming president from 1980 to 1983. She was made an honorary life member and agreed to be president again in 1996 when circumstances made it difficult to fill the role. She was national president of NCWA from 1985 to 1988. As national president, she looked to adopt business principles and practice; for example, she organised Qantas to supply sponsorship so Board members could attend conferences. Mocatta represented NCWA on various committees, including the National Forum of Non-Government Welfare Co-ordinating Bodies, the National Keep Australia Beautiful Council, the Parliamentary Disarmament Forum and the committee that established the Telecom Consumers' Council.\nAfter her term as president of NCWA, Mocatta was elected a voting member of the International Council of Women Board (1988-1991), becoming an ICW vice-president in 1991. She attended many ICW conferences, including Nairobi in 1979, London in 1986, and Washington in 1988, which was also the centenary of the International Council. She also attended executive meetings in Kiel, Lucerne, Malta and Auckland. Mocatta directed the triennial conferences in Bangkok in 1991 and Paris in 1994. She was also ICW co-ordinator of Development Projects and liaison officer to Project Five O, an international co-operative enterprise of five women's service clubs concerned with vocational and other training for women and girls in developing countries and countries in transition.\nMocatta was a long-time member of the Liberal Party and served on the South Australian State Executive and the State Council and was vice-president of the Women's Council. She became Mayoress of St Peters and a member of the Metropolitan Mayoress's Charity Committee.\nMocatta also held office in a number of other organisations, including the presidency of the Torrens Soroptimists and club representative to the Soroptimists Regional Council. She was a member of the Steering Committee of the Non-English Cultural Background International Women's Conference held in Adelaide in 1994, a member of the Australian Institute of Management, president of the Rostrum Club No. 2, and a foundational member and NCWSA's representative on both the Women's Information Switchboard support group, and the South Australian Jubilee 150 Women's Committee. A committed Christian, Mocatta was also on the board of the St Laurence Home for the Aged (now part of Anglicare) for 10 years. She was an active member of All Souls Anglican Church, St Peters, being a member of the Parish Council and a lay assistant, sidesman and a member of the Sanctuary Guild.\nMocatta responded enthusiastically to the needs of women and families, not just in Australia but throughout the world. This interest was stimulated by attending conferences in Germany, Kenya and Korea, where she could see first hand the work of Five O.\nNecia Mocatta was made a member of the Order of Australia (AM) in 1990 for her services to the community and was awarded a Ruth Gibson Memorial Award by NCWA in 1992. She was awarded the Adrian Stock Award for service to Rostrum in 1993 and 1995. She died in Adelaide on 4 December 2000.\n", "Events": "International Council of Women (1988 - 1994) \nSouth Australian Jubilee 150 Women's Committee (1986 - 1986)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whats-next-the-continuing-history-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-south-australia-1980-2000\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ncwa-papers-1984-2006\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-s-a-summary-record\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/necia-mocatta-am-aimm\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Parker, Judith Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE4938", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/parker-judith-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Geelong, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Counsellor, Educator, Human Rights Advocate, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Judith Parker was an activist for human rights over a period of 50 years, with a special interest in the rights of women and children. She was particularly active in the National Councils of Women, at state, national and international levels, and was only the second Western Australian to hold the national presidency (2000-2003). She was responsible for winning the right to hold the International Council of Women triennial conference in Australia (in Perth) in 2003, the first time Australia had hosted this event. Judith Parker was also very active in the United Nations Association of Australia. In 2004, she was made a Member of the Order of Australia and, in 2009, she was invested as a Dame Commander in the Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem Knights Hospitaller, honouring her for her services to women and human rights.\n", "Details": "Judith Parker was born in in 1941 in Geelong, Victoria, the youngest of 8 daughters of Amelia and Thomas Sinclair. Her parents were both English-born and raised in Australia. Thomas Sinclair managed a series of building companies, and the family followed the building boom. Parker attended primary schools in Mornington, Victoria, and Telopea Park, ACT, followed by a secondary education at the Canberra Church of England Girls Grammar School, from 1953 to 1957. She remembers as formative experiences the training in logical thinking she received at the Grammar School, and the conversations she overheard between neighbours like Heinz Arndt and Manning Clark.\nIn 1958, Parker won a scholarship to study at the Melbourne Kindergarten Training College. She supported herself by working night shifts in the Down's Syndrome ward of the Kew Mental Hospital. She witnessed the transformation in that institution achieved by the reformer, Dr Eric Cunningham Dax, who did away with constraints like straitjackets for patients. From this experience, Parker took away an enduring interest in disability, especially as it affects children. The thesis component of her degree was a study of the effects of parental alcoholism upon small children.\nOn graduating, Judith Parker worked in a Canberra pre-school, the beginning of 32 years in the ACT education system. When a supervisor refused to endorse her decision to enrol a blind student, she took the issue to the school parents and the press, and eventually won her case. A growing interest in dyslexia led her to take a post-graduate course in special education at The University of Canberra, and later a second post-graduate degree in community counselling. She put these skills to use during her last four years in Canberra by running a special pre-school for elective mutes - children who could not or would not speak. In addition, Parker ran a private counselling service assisting children through grief and loss.\nJudith's marriage in 1962 to George Parker, an officer in the Customs Department, and the births of a son and a daughter, did not check her commitment to community engagement. Across this period, she held executive office in the National Council of Women of ACT, the Canberra Preschool Society, the Canberra Mothercraft Society, the ACT Teachers' Federation, SPELD ACT (the Dyslexia and Specific Learning Difficulties Association), NALAG ACT (the National Association for Loss and Grief), the ACT Women's Health Centre, and Anglican Women ACT. As president of Anglican Women, she initiated a series of forums about women's rights within the church, generating much debate.\nParker made an enduring mark in all of these associations, none more so than the National Council of Women. She attended her first meeting of NCWACT in 1961 as a proxy delegate for the Children's Book Council, and was 'blown away' by the 'thinking' women she met, like Alexandra Hasluck and Dame Pattie Menzies. She joined as an associate member, later acting as delegate for the Preschool Society, the Mothercraft Society, SPELD ACT and Anglican Women. She was quickly taken onto the executive and filled a number of roles, including as NCWACT spokesperson to Senate committees. She was also a NCWACT delegate to the UN Decade for Women Conference in Canberra, and to the ICW Conference in India.\nIn 1994, George Parker retired, and the family moved to Waikiki in Western Australia. Judith Parker joined the National Council of Women of Western Australia as an associate member, became the state convenor on child and family, and took various positions on the executive including three years as vice-president. Most unusually, she did not hold a state presidency before standing for national president; her term as president of NCWA WA would occur a few years later, in 2005-2007.\nWhen Judith Parker nominated for the national presidency in 1999, the competition was unusually fierce, with three candidates standing for the position; Parker's victory came despite being the youngest of the candidates and by reputation the most radical. She held the presidency of NCWA from 2000 to 2003. She listed amongst the achievements of her presidency the formation in 2002 of the Australian Women's Coalition, one of three coalitions representing Australian women to government; NCWA, having been funded to provide National Secretariat services, was the designated agency for its establishment. Parker also took pride in the establishment of the NCWA Young Women's Consultative Group and, above all, the organisation of the Triennial General Assembly of the International Council of Women in Perth in 2003. To bring the ICW assembly to Australia seemed an impossible dream; the ICW president told Parker that 'the women from Europe are not going to fly to Australia'. Parker made the dream possible by winning a Western Australian award that financed the preparation of the proposal to hold the assembly, by a passionate presentation of the proposal at the 2000 ICW general assembly in Helsinki, and, finally, by persuading the WA Lotteries Commission to make a very large grant towards the running of the assembly. The conference was a great success, confirming Australia's high profile within the International Council of Women.\nDuring the 2003 General Assembly, Judith Parker was elected to the executive of ICW, with the portfolio of managing ICW projects worldwide. Over the next six years she ran 34 projects around the world to better the lives of women and girls. These included building water tanks in villages along the Kokoda Trail in Papua-New Guinea; setting up computer classes for women in Macedonia; establishing a women's collective in Kenya to buy cows and sell their produce; starting a sewing centre in India for widows forced to become prostitutes; again in India supplying artificial limbs for people damaged by war and leprosy; and in South Africa two projects: one working with girl prostitutes whose parents had died of AIDS, the other teaching women to turn recycled materials into hats and bags and brooches for the tourist trade.\nIn 2005, Parker was an ICW delegate to the 'Beijing+10' conference in New York - the special meeting of the UN Commission on the Status of Women, which reviewed the achievements, and more particularly the failures, in the implementation of the Platform for Action set by the Beijing Conference 10 years before. On her return to Perth, Parker accepted the position of convenor of the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations Association of Australia. In 2008, she took on the role of state president of UNAA (WA Division) and, in 2009, she was elected vice-president of the national body. She was active in pressuring successive governments to further the cause of human rights in Australia, in particular to sign the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).\nParker continued her commitment to local community organisations, taking leading positions in the Rockingham Historical Society, the Rockingham Family History Society, the WA Genealogy Society, the Rockingham Women's Health Centre, and the vestry of St Brendan's Anglican Church, Warnbro. She was also a member of the Telstra Consumer Consultative Committee, representing women's interests, and patron of the Partners of Veterans Association (WA). In 2009, she was the chairperson of the committee Honouring Creative Women in Western Australia.\nJudith Parker was the author of several books and numerous articles dealing with the issues of grief and loss, child development and the value of play. In 2004, she was made a Member of the Order of Australia, 'for service to the community through the National Council of Women of Australia and a range of other organisations that benefit women and children'. In the same year, she was awarded the City of Perth Active Citizens Premier's Award. In 2009 she was invested as a Dame in the Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, Knights Hospitallers, honouring her for her services to women and human rights. In 2012, she was a recipient of the United Nations Australia Peace Award.\nOn her return from the 'Beijing +10' Conference, Parker told the NCWA that: 'despite these developments all over the world, there continues a reality that women's fundamental human rights are denied. They lack basic education and training; many are unaware of their human rights; and to others rights are unattainable. The challenge is to implement the agreed goals, strategies and commitments made by governments, including the Australian government. To achieve this, non-government organizations, governments and the U.N. must work together'.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ncwa-quarterly-bulletin-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/winfo\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-peoples-movement-for-the-united-nations\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-national-osteoporosis-prevention-and-management-strategy\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-western-australia-records-1911-2001\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ncwa-papers-1984-2006\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-judith-parker\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Roderick, Gwendoline Blanche", "Entry ID": "AWE4939", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/roderick-gwendoline-blanche\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Public relations professional, Volunteer, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Gwen Roderick was the first Western Australian woman to be elected president of the National Council of Women of Australia - 63 years after it was founded. She brought to the presidency a passion for efficient management that served the association well during a difficult period in terms of its relationship with government.\n", "Details": "Gwen Roderick was born Gwendolyn Blanche Pearce in Toowoomba, Queensland, and educated at Fairholme Presbyterian Ladies College in that city. She trained as a secretary and held several administrative positions, including that of personal assistant for public relations to the Queensland manager of the ANZ Bank. She then travelled overseas, working in London and then Canada, where she was employed as an assistant producer for Canadian Television. Gwen married a Canadian geologist, Stanley Roderick, and had two children born in Canada. The family then spent 6 years in Brazil and 5 years in Queensland, finally settling in Perth, Western Australia, where she was a producer for community radio.\nRoderick joined the National Council of Women of Western Australia as a delegate from the State Women's Council of the Liberal Party. In 1984, she became the state convenor of economics, in 1987 the honorary secretary, and, from 1991 to 1994, president of NCW WA. Relations with the state government were excellent during this period. When Roderick was elected president of the National Council of Women of Australia for the 1994-1997 triennium, she was the first Western Australian woman to hold this position, an indication that, after 6 decades, communication barriers with the state most distant from Canberra had finally become less significant within the NCWA. Furthermore, Western Australia's minister for women's interests assisted in facilitating communication with the eastern states by supplying an office and office equipment for the NCWA Board, allowing administrative processes to be modernised, with teleconferencing employed to overcome the remaining elements of the tyranny of distance.\nRoderick was always an advocate of bureaucratic and business efficiency. In 1995, she took the NCWA Board through a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) of the organisation. The major challenge was the rise of a new coalition of women's organisations, CAPOW! (Coalition of Participating Organisations of Women) initiated by the Women's Electoral Lobby, which, under the Keating federal Labor government, was displacing NCWA as the peak body linking government and women's groups. Government funding of NCWA was also under threat. Roderick and the Board responded by developing promotional material, publicising the fact that NCWA represented some 500 organisations, looking to maintain a corporate image with a national logo, badges and stationery, cultivating bureaucrats and media representatives, producing high-quality submissions, and organising high-profile national seminars with prominent speakers on matters of public interest, such as women and technology. The election of the Howard Liberal-National Party government in 1997 undermined CAPOW!'s ministerial access and raised that of NCWA once more but failed to guarantee recurrent funding for non-government women's organisations.\nRoderick's Board faced a further challenge in the ongoing and growing antagonism between the Hobart-based National Council of Women of Tasmania and the National Council of Women of Launceston. An attempt was made by Launceston delegates to the Perth conference of 1997 to redirect and resolve this conflict by focusing on the principle of regional organisation but without success. The continuing conflict became the major challenge confronting Roderick's successor as president of NCWA.\nAs national president, Roderick represented NCWA at many national and international meetings. She was a member of the Optus, Telstra and Austel telecommunication advisory councils, where she spoke as a consumers' representative. In 1995, she was a delegate representing NCWA and Australia at the 39th session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women in New York. This was the final preparatory meeting for the Beijing 4th World Conference on Women: Action for Equality, Development of Peace, which she also attended in September 1995. Roderick then led the Australian delegation to International Council of Women conferences in Auckland and Ottawa in 1997, acknowledging the importance of putting Australia's views to ICW although she emphasised that her major concerns were national ones and that 'Australian women were my priority'. In August 1997, Gwen Roderick was one of 10 representatives from women's organisations invited to meet with Prime Minister John Howard. The NCWA's major areas of concern were economic security for older women, women on public service boards and committees, domestic and community violence, availability of clean water for all Australians and family-friendly workplaces.\nRoderick was also a member of the WA Censorship Advisory Committee, an executive member of the WA branch of the Order of Australia Committee, and a life member of the Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Women's Auxiliary.\nIn 1998, Gwen Roderick received the NCWA Centenary Award, and, in 1999, she was made a Member of the Order of Australia, for 'service to women, particularly through the National Council of Women of Australia'.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-western-australia-records-1911-2001\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ncwa-papers-1984-2006\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-gwen-roderick\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Scotford, Jessie Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE4940", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scotford-jessie-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Casino, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Arts administrator, Community worker, Novelist, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Jessie Scotford was president of the National Council of Women of New South Wales (1967-1970), and national president (1970-1973). She brought to her work with the National Councils a strong sense of the importance of history and literature as the creators of national culture and identity. The same concern led her to join the National Trust, where she campaigned for 'the importance of preserving not only the buildings, but the contents of the buildings'. In 1973, she ran in Sydney the first International Council of Women's Regional Conference to be held in the Pacific region.\n", "Details": "Jessie Scotford was born in 1917 in Casino in outback New South Wales, where her father, Edward Vivian Timms, had taken up farming after returning injured from Gallipoli. The family returned to city life a few years later when Timms and his wife, Alma, decided he was better suited to a career as a writer. Timms went on to become a successful historical novelist; his best-known works are probably Forever to Remain (1948) and The Beckoning Shore (1950). Jessie Scotford remembered her country upbringing as a time when 'we put down a lot of very good Australian roots'.\nJessie attended Gosford High School, becoming the school captain in her final year. She went on to become an evening student at Sydney University, working by day at a number of jobs, including journalism. In 1940, before she graduated, she married Herbert Edward Scotford, at that time a sergeant in the AIF. For the next 6 years the couple were separated by war. Mrs Scotford was awarded a BA in 1942.\nAfter the birth of her children - twins, a boy and a girl - Jessie Scotford became involved in a range of community activities. She joined the Women Graduates Association and found herself preparing abstracts of United Nations documents on women's rights for publication in the WGA newsletter. She joined the mothers' association at her children's school and soon became president. She worked as honorary archivist for the New South Wales National Trust for about 7 years, later joining its council. And, as president of North Shore group of the National Heart Campaign in its first year of operation, she became involved in fund-raising, event organisation, and public speaking. She became a speaker for the National Heart Campaign and subsequently for the Freedom From Hunger Campaign, discovering a talent for public persuasion.\nAdvised by her husband that she needed a professional qualification, in 1955 Jessie Scotford undertook a Diploma of Education in the new education-by-distance program at the University of New England, again studying by night and teaching by day. A thesis written for this program became in Scotford's words 'a turning point in my whole life'. Taking a trunkful of 19th-century family letters, she analysed their potential as a means of teaching history. This innovative exercise also involved her in the new discipline of folklore studies, and the popular movement to establish folk museums for the preservation of 'our Australian heritage'.\nAfter an overseas tour, during which she visited 'all the major folk museums in the British Isles and on the Continent', Jessie Scotford began to campaign through the National Trust 'on the importance of preserving not only the buildings, but the contents of the buildings'. The idea was entirely new to the National Trust Executive Council and its members were difficult to convince. But Scotford established a large collection of historical costumes dating from early Sydney, and, by the mid-1970s, the Trust was persuaded to purchase these as the basis of a future folk museum. She was a council member of the National Trust of Australia (NSW) from 1974 to 1981.\nIn parallel with this work on the heritage front, Jessie Scotford became involved in the national and international women's movement. She joined the National Council of Women of NSW as a delegate of the Women Graduates Association, becoming convenor of the committee for arts and letters in 1965, and president of the Council from 1967. This led to her chairing the Women's Committee of the Captain Cook Bicentenary Celebrations, and effectively managing a range of bicentenary events in 1970, including a women's 'Pageant of Endeavour'-an exhibition in the Sydney Town Hall demonstrating women's contribution to the development of NSW. 120,000 people visited the exhibition. A series of 'Life in the Home' tableaux demonstrated 'family life, costume, customs, household furniture and contents'. Scotford also collected and later published a collection of brief histories of all the 250 women's organisations involved in the 'Pageant'.\nIn 1970, Scotford also became president of National Council of Women of Australia. As president she carried forward the reform programs of her predecessor, Ada Norris, including the long struggle for equal pay, finally achieved with the Arbitration Court decision to abolish the male basic wage in 1974. She initiated new programs to obtain equal treatment for women in the areas of pensions and taxation, and to improve the standard of care in child-care centres. She raised the issue of Aboriginal welfare within the National Councils, calling in 1972 for reports from all affiliates on the local treatment of Aborigines.\nIn retrospect Jessie Scotford remembered as the major achievement of her presidency the staging of the 1973 International Council of Women's Regional Conference in Sydney. She got funding for the conference from the United Nations Development Program in New York-'probably the hardest thing I ever had to do'. Scotford was made a life member and a vice-president of ICW in 1979, in recognition of her skills and commitment in organising this and several later events for the ICW Board. She attended the United Nations Mid-Decade Conference for Women in Copenhagen in 1980, the United Nations World Conference for Women in Nairobi in 1985, the UNESCO General Conference in Paris in 1983, and the United Nations Conference on Decolonisation in Port Moresby in 1984.\nIn Australia, Scotford's work with the National Councils led her to undertake a range of voluntary positions: membership of the State Committee for Human Rights Year 1968; chair of the Sydney Opera House Festival Women's Committee in 1973; membership of the board of governors of the Law Foundation of New South Wales, 1974-1977, the first non-legal woman so appointed; membership of the Council for the Royal Flying Doctor Service; and membership of the Standing Committee of Convocation at Macquarie University.\nIn 1977, Scotford was appointed executive officer of the Cultural Council of the City of Sydney. This involved the organisation of the City of Sydney Eisteddfod, an event with over 20,000 entrants, and also a more general brief to promote the performing and creative arts in the city.\nIn her later years, Scotford wrote a historical novel, The Distaff Side. It follows her ancestral female lines, to her great grandmothers and beyond. She wrote that 'I wanted to honour my ancestors, not because they were great heroines, but because of the sort of people they were-steady, and good'. The book was published in 1996 by Harper Collins.\nJessie Scotford was active for many years on the presbytery of St David's church, Lindfield, and, with the union of the Presbyterian, Congregational and Methodist churches in 1977, she became an Elder in the Uniting Church of Australia-'perhaps my greatest honour'. In 1976 she told an all-women service in St David's that the impact of International Women's Year was like a huge submerged ocean current whose force was not yet felt. Women are rising in slow persistent waves to effect a 'revolution that is as vital a part of human progress as the discovery of the wheel, the invention of the printing press or the conquest of space'.\n", "Events": "Central West Region Women's Committee of the National Trust of Australia NSW (1995 - 1995) \nFestival Women's Committee for the opening of the Sydney Opera House (1973 - 1973)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-distaff-side-an-epic-saga-spanning-five-generations-of-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1971\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-super-achiever\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ncwa-quarterly-bulletin-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/education-for-citizenship\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-nsw-program-for-the-launch-of-the-centenary-stamp-issue-and-a-complete-set-of-the-issue-1996\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-further-papers-1895-1981\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-nsw-inc-further-records-1926-1927-1937-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-relating-to-national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-1895-1897\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-further-records-1895-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-scotford-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-records-1895-1976\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ncwa-papers-1984-2006\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dobson, Hazel", "Entry ID": "AWE4941", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dobson-hazel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Public servant, Social worker", "Summary": "In 1948 Hazel Dobson was commissioned by the first Minister for Immigration, Arthur Calwell to investigate the living conditions and social problems of newly arrived refugees. Her report successfully recommended the employment by the Department of Immigration of professionally qualified social workers to assist migrants and refugees experiencing settlement difficulties. It also successfully recommended the enlistment of community organizations in helping new arrivals settle through what became the Good Neighbour Movement. She became the first Director of The Department of Immigration's Assimilation and Social Welfare Section and continued in that role until her death.\n", "Details": "Hazel Dobson was born in St Leonards, Sydney, the daughter of Robert and Agnes Dobson. After completing her Leaving Certificate at North Sydney Girls' High School, she trained as a nurse.\nShe then commenced a course in what was then called Social Study, offered in Sydney from 1929 by the Board of Social Study and Training. She graduated from it at the end of 1939.\nDuring 1942, she and H.E. Howes undertook a study of the wartime living conditions in the NSW town of Lithgow, where the expansion of the Small Arms Factory had caused a major population influx. Their study was published by the Industrial Welfare Division of the Department of Labour and National Service in 1943.\nHazel worked in Canberra with Arthur Calwell before his appointment as the first Minister for Immigration in 1945. In late 1948 she was asked to prepare a research report on the living conditions of aliens living in the community, and of refugees in the Department's Reception and Holding Centres.\nHer report successfully suggested that the Department employ professionally qualified social workers to assist migrants and refugees experiencing settlement difficulties. On 1 July 1949, she was appointed the first Officer in Charge, Assimilation and Social Welfare, by the Department of Immigration in Canberra. Her Section started with 39 positions for professionally qualified social workers, initially in Sydney, Melbourne and Perth.\nHer report also successfully recommended that the Department co-opt community organisations to assist it in settling newly arrived migrants and refugees. The Good Neighbour Movement fulfilled this role Australia-wide from 1950 to about 1980, with Tasmanian branches operating still.\nHazel Dobson was described by one of her staff as 'a tall, handsome woman with shortish iron-grey hair, decisive but gently spoken, approachable and not at all intimidating, who was supportive of her staff and gave them a great deal of autonomy'. Based in Canberra, she headed the Assimilation and Social Welfare team until her death in about 1961.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/redefining-australians-immigration-citizenship-and-national-identity\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alien-to-citizen-settling-migrants-in-australia-1945-75-allen-and-unwin-in-association-with-australian-archives\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/good-neighbor-to-aid-migrants\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/more-friendship-should-be-shown-to-migrants\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/social-workers-appointments\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/plan-to-assist-migrants-s-a-good-neighbor-committee-formed\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Le Roy, Katherine Jane (Katy)", "Entry ID": "AWE4943", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/le-roy-katherine-jane-katy\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Academic, Consultant, Lawyer, Parliamentary Counsel, Solicitor", "Summary": "Dr Katy Le Roy is Parliamentary Counsel in the New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office. An expert in constitutional law, federalism, governance and Pacific legal systems, she has undertaken a number of consultancies for the United Nations Development Program. Le Roy was formerly Consultant Legal Counsel and Parliamentary Counsel for Nauru.\nKaty Le Roy was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Dr Katy Le Roy was born in 1974 and spent her early life in Bayside Melbourne. She attended Mt Eliza Primary School before receiving her secondary education at Mt Eliza High School and St Margaret's School, in the south-eastern Melbourne suburb of Berwick.\nIn 1993 Le Roy enrolled in arts and law degrees at the University of Melbourne. While studying, she worked as a research assistant to Bryan Keon-Cohen QC, compiling and annotating archives of Mabo, the watershed Indigenous land rights case, which were subsequently presented to the National Library of Australia. She was also engaged as an editorial assistant on the Public Law Review and undertook research with the Centre for Comparative Constitutional Studies, working closely with the then Director, Professor Cheryl Saunders AO. Collectively, these experiences fuelled her deepening interest in public law. Enjoying the exposure to student politics that university life offered, she became interested in the Resistance and Labor Parties, and was ultimately elected President of the Law Students' Society.\nAfter graduating with an LLB (Hons) and a BA, she spent a period in Japan, Europe and South Africa before returning to Australia and beginning articles of clerkship at law firm Holding Redlich. She was articled to managing partner Peter Redlich AO, and worked mainly on personal injury claims. While completing her articles of clerkship full-time, Le Roy also did her honours year in Arts, majoring in politics and public policy. During this period she continued to work part time for the Centre for Comparative Constitutional Studies.\nIn 1999, a few months after her admission as a barrister and solicitor of the Supreme Court of Victoria, Le Roy left Holding Redlich and moved to Germany, where she commenced as legal counsel with Allianz Asset Management. Intent on a career in public law, however, in 2002 she returned to Australia to take up the position of Assistant Director at the University of Melbourne's Institute for Comparative and International Law (now Institute for International Law & the Humanities). In 2003, encouraged by Saunders, Le Roy began a PhD at the University on the topic of public participation in constitution-making in Fiji and the Solomon Islands. She became a Senior Fellow in the Law School's Graduate Program, lecturing in Common Law and Constitution Making.\nFrom 2006 Le Roy's career took her back overseas, her PhD research instrumental in her assuming the role of adviser to Nauru's Standing Committee on Constitutional Review on behalf of the United Nations Development Programme [University of Melbourne]. She also undertook further consultancies on Nauru's Constitutional Review Project, and on Federalism in Sri Lanka. During this time Le Roy met her new partner, a member of the Nauru Parliament and later Minister for Education in the Nauruan Government, Roland Kun, and moved to live in Nauru.\nIn 2007-2008 Le Roy was retained by the Institute of Federalism at the University of Fribourg (Switzerland) to undertake a project from her new homebase in Nauru, translating a legal treatise from German to English (T Fleiner and L Basta-Fleiner, A General Theory of State: constitutional democracy in a multicultural and globalised world, Springer Books 2009). In 2008 Le Roy also worked as Consultant Legal Counsel to the Nauru Government. She provided legal advice to Cabinet and the Minister for Justice on a range of legal issues, including legal policy and legislation. In October 2008 Le Roy took on the full-time role of Parliamentary Counsel: she was head of the Office of Parliamentary Counsel and responsible for legislative drafting; she also provided legal advice to the Speaker, parliamentary committees and government. In a piece published by the University of Melbourne Law School in their alumni magazine, Le Roy remarked that \"the workload is unwieldly but there's never a dull moment\" [University of Melbourne].\nIn 2010 the people of Nauru held a referendum on some of the proposed amendments arising from the Constitutional Review Project which Le Roy had conducted for the United Nations in 2006. When the referendum failed, Le Roy was philosophical: \"In Australia we know it is notoriously difficult to pass a referendum. In Nauru the requirement is the approval of two thirds, which is an even higher bar. But throughout the constitutional review process, ordinary Nauruan citizens have been engaged; they have learned about their existing constitution and thought about new possibilities. Many people now have a much better understanding of responsible government and how their system ought to work. That is a huge gain for Nauru, and that alone might result in improvements in the way politics operates, because politicians are going to have to account to a more informed public. Hopefully it will become a good example of the wonders of education\" [University of Melbourne].\nThe valuable reform work undertaken by Le Roy in Nauru found further expression when she oversaw the Legal Information Access Project from 2010 to 2012. This project aimed to strengthen human rights and good governance in Nauru; to strengthen the capacity of Nauru's legal and judicial system; and to improve access to Nauruan legal information [OPC Annual Report 2011-12]. It resulted in, among other things, a complete consolidation of the laws of Nauru and a new government website hosting a free online database containing up-to-date, official versions of all laws in force in Nauru. It was towards the end of this project, in 2012, that Le Roy also submitted her PhD thesis.\nIn 2013 Le Roy's role as Parliamentary Counsel for Nauru came to an abrupt end a few weeks after the election of the Waqa government. Following the removal of the Secretary for Justice and the Police Commissioner (both Australians), Le Roy too was removed from her position. Several senior public servants in Nauru were effectively forced to resign around the same time.\nLater in 2013, Le Roy travelled to Melbourne to do consulting work for Bendigo Bank, and to give birth to her third child. At the very beginning of 2014, while she was in Melbourne with her newborn baby and the rest of her family, Le Roy learned that her Nauruan residence visa had been cancelled. In her absence, the Government of Nauru declared her a prohibited immigrant, thus preventing her return to the country. The Nauruan Government also expelled its Resident Magistrate (an Australian national) and would not permit its Chief Justice (also an Australian) to return [Lee].\nUnable to return to Nauru, Le Roy accepted a permanent position as Parliamentary Counsel in Wellington, New Zealand, and moved to live in New Zealand with Kun and their 3 children in May 2014.\nA week after arriving in New Zealand Kun, an opposition MP, was suspended from Parliament after criticising the Nauru Government's removal of judicial officers [Lee]. He and other opposition members remained suspended for more than 2 years of the 3 year parliamentary term they had been elected to serve.\nIn June 2015, Le Roy's husband Kun travelled to Nauru for a 4 day visit, primarily to talk to the Speaker of Parliament about the situation of the suspended members. During the visit, the government of Nauru cancelled his Nauruan passport. Kun became stranded on Nauru for more than 12 months, effectively a political prisoner [Taylor].\nLegal academics from Australia and New Zealand wrote to their respective countries' foreign ministers to urge them to intervene to reunite Kun and Le Roy, expressing concern for the infringement of Kun's international human rights and for the deterioration of the rule of law in Nauru [Lee]. On 10 July 2016, Kun slipped out of Nauru on a New Zealand passport, finally able to join Le Roy and their children back in their Wellington home.\nAn elected member of the Council of the Commonwealth Association of Legislative Counsel (CALC) since 2011, Le Roy has commended that CALC provides important opportunities for Pacific members to further improve the standard of legislative drafting in the Pacific [OPC]. Le Roy is currently serving a 2 year term as Vice President of CALC, and is chair of its conference program committee.\nIn 2015, Le Roy co-taught a third year LLB subject on legislation in the Law School at Victoria University of Wellington, and will likely to continue to teach in this program in alternating years.\nLe Roy has previously served as chair of the Working Group on The Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (PacLII) and was a member of the interim board of the PacLII Foundation. She has been a member of the Executive Committee of the Pacific Islands Law Officers' Network and a member and founding treasurer and legal officer of the Australian Association for the Advancement of Pacific Studies.\nLe Roy has made a significant contribution, at an early stage of her career, to the study of comparative public law and systems of governance in the Pacific region. She has demonstrated immense dedication to education and public participation in government reform, transparency and access to government information, and to the rule of law. Her commitment to reforming constitutional systems in the Pacific and holding the Government of Nauru to account to maintain the rule of law has come at a heavy personal cost to her family.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/katy-le-roy-interviewed-by-kim-rubenstein-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Burgmann, Verity", "Entry ID": "AWE5001", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/burgmann-verity\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Political activist, Political scientist", "Summary": "Professor Verity Burgmann is a leading Australian political scientist who has taught in Europe and Australia. She was the first female professor at Melbourne University's School of Social and Political Sciences and has been active in the Women's Caucus of the Australian Political Studies Association from its early days. She has a long history of radical political activism, including for Aboriginal land rights, the anti-Apartheid movement, female prisoners' rights, the Public Education Group and environmental groups. Verity is currently Adjunct Professor of Political Science in the School of Social Sciences at Monash University, and Honorary Professorial Fellow in the eScholarship Research Centre at the University of Melbourne.\nRead more about Verity Burgmann in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Details": "Verity Burgmann was born in Sydney, Australia on 17 September 1952 to Lorna Constance (n\u00e9e Bradbury) (1915-2004) and Victor Dudley Burgmann (1916-1991), the youngest of four children after Jon (former civil engineer), Dr Beverley Firth (former public servant) and Dr Meredith Burgmann (former Labor MLC and President of the New South Wales Legislative Council). Lorna Burgmann named Verity after Verity Hewitt, well-known Canberra bookshop proprietor, with whose sister Mary Lorna had shared a flat while a student at Sydney University.\nFourth-generation graduates, Verity and her two sisters became the first three sisters in Australia to all achieve doctorates. The family's strong intellectual and social service ethos shaped their lives. Verity's paternal grandfather Dr Ernest Henry Burgmann was a politically progressive churchman who served as Bishop of Goulburn (1934-50) and Bishop of Canberra and Goulburn (1950-60). Her father Victor Burgmann worked in radar research during World War II then at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), becoming CSIRO Chairman in 1977. Former NSW Labor politician, Verity Helen Firth, is her niece.\nIn 1975 Verity completed a Bachelor of Science (Economics) with First Class Honours at the London School of Economics (LSE) where she was awarded the Harold Laski Scholarship for best undergraduate essay and the Bassett Memorial Prize for topping her final year in the Department of Government. She returned to Australia in 1977 where she completed a PhD on Revolutionaries and Racists: Australian Socialism and the Problem of Racism at the Australian National University in 1981.\nFrom mid 1975 until early 1977, Verity taught British Government at South London College and worked in the India Office Library as research assistant for an academic writing about communism in Kerala. Between 1978 and 1980 she tutored part-time in General Studies at the University of New South Wales and in Government at the University of Sydney, where she was impressed by political theorist Carole Pateman and concerned by her departure to the USA. After one year as full-time tutor in History at the University of New South Wales, she moved to Melbourne with her husband, where she worked as full-time tutor in Political Science (1981) and History (1982-83) at the University of Melbourne, then as Post-Doctoral Fellow at Deakin University (1984-86) and University of Melbourne (1986-87). From 1988, she lectured in the Political Science Department at the University of Melbourne, subsequently the School of Social and Political Sciences. In 2003, she became its first female professor. Verity remained an active member of the National Tertiary Education Union while working as an academic.\nBriefly in the late 1980s, Verity was the sole female academic above tutor level in her department. Joined soon after by three new female lecturers, these young women academics discovered their male colleagues referred to them as 'The Gang of Four'. Finding Australasian Political Studies Association (APSA) conferences similarly male-dominated, Verity became active in the Women's Caucus of APSA, especially encouraged by, and collaborating with, Carol Johnson, Marian Sawer and Marian Simms. She became President of APSA 2002-03 following a year as its Vice-President. Verity was elected to the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia (ASSA) in 1999 for her scholarship in labour history and politics, social movements and Australian studies. Within ASSA, she was especially inspired by the activism of Patricia Grimshaw and Jill Roe, who did much to confront ASSA's patriarchalism.\nAs Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Arts between 2004 and 2007, she chaired more than fifty selection committees presiding over new academic appointments. However, following significant regime change in both the Faculty and the School of Social and Political Sciences, Verity felt beleaguered and bullied, and so decided to leave paid employment at the University of Melbourne in January 2013. From 1 April to 30 July 2013, Verity was Ludwig Hirschfeld Mack Visiting Professor of Australian Studies at the Institut f\u00fcr Englische Philologie at the Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin. On her return from Berlin, she became an honorary Adjunct Professor of Political Science in the School of Social Sciences at Monash University, with the support of Monash Dean of Arts Rae Frances and Monash Politics Professor James Walter. Also in 2013, she was appointed an Honorary Professorial Fellow in the eScholarship Research Centre at the University of Melbourne, where she is Director of the Roger Coates Labour History Project and Reason in Revolt digital-scholarship platform (accessible at www.reasoninrevolt.net.au), an online resource of primary source documents of Australian political and cultural radicalism from the 1850s to the present day.\nIn addition to more than 70 refereed journal articles and book chapters, Verity is the author of Globalization and Labour in the Twenty-First Century (2012); Climate Politics and the Climate Movement in Australia, with Hans Baer (2012); Power, Profit and Protest (2003); Unions and the Environment (2002); Green Bans, Red Union, with Meredith Burgmann (1998); Revolutionary Industrial Unionism (1995); Power and Protest (1993); and 'In Our Time': Socialism and the Rise of Labour, 1885-1905 (1985). She is editor of Changing the Climate: Utopia, Dystopia and Catastrophe, with Andrew Milner and Simon Sellers (2011), and the four-volume A People's History of Australia, with Jenny Lee (1988). Her work has been translated into Spanish, French, Japanese, Korean and Swedish. She regularly presents papers at conferences overseas and in Australia, including invited keynote and plenary addresses.\nVerity has a long history of radical political activism, beginning in 1971 when a first-year student at the University of Sydney. She became involved in supporting Aboriginal land rights. She joined the anti-Apartheid movement, specifically the campaign that disrupted the tour of the racially selected Springboks Rugby Union team and forced cancellation of the impending South African cricket tour. While protesting at the Sydney Cricket Ground during the Springboks versus Wallabies match, she and her sister Meredith Burgmann were arrested for interrupting play. Verity succeeded in reaching the centre of the ground and kicked the ball out of the scrum. She received a $400 fine for 'offensive behaviour' while Meredith received a jail sentence that was suspended on appeal. Through this campaign, Verity met Gary Foley and became involved in support for Aboriginal land rights, especially the Tent Embassy established in January 1972. This political activism during the early 1970s brought her to the attention of the Australian Security and Intelligence Organisation (ASIO); she would later discover through accessing her ASIO file that not only ASIO but also MI6 in Britain kept her under surveillance.\nMI6 became interested when she commenced a relationship during 1971 with Peter Hain, pioneer of the international sporting boycott of racially selected South African teams and leader of the UK Stop the Seventy Tour campaign. Verity discontinued her Arts degree at the University of Sydney and moved to London in July 1972 where she lived with Hain and his family, mixing with South African expatriate political activists, while commencing her politics degree at the LSE. Also in London, Verity joined the International Socialists, a Trotskyist-influenced organisation, which argued that the Soviet Union and similar Eastern Bloc countries were not socialist models but 'state capitalist' countries just as deplorable as capitalist ones, and emphasised militant rank-and-file working-class activism rather than reliance on reformist politicians and union officials.\nBack in Sydney and Canberra from February 1977, Verity campaigned for female prisoners' rights through Women Behind Bars, influenced by Virginia Bell and Julie McCrossin; marched in Sydney's first Mardi Gras demonstration in 1978; and supported Indigenous rights campaigns. In Melbourne in the early to mid 1980s she was frenetically active in People for Nuclear Disarmament, even during the pregnancy and after the birth of her first child. A long-time critic of private school education including her own at Abbotsleigh, a private Anglican school for girls in Sydney, and experiencing the effects of underfunding of her sons' local state high school, Verity became involved in the Public Education Group from the late 1990s onwards; she has frequently served as an office bearer in this organisation. Since early this century, she has joined in climate movement actions through participation in summits and demonstrations, and speaking often and writing much about 'red-green' issues, based on her scholarly work on the green bans movement and trade union environmental activism.\nIn 1977 Verity married the British-Australian cultural theorist and literary critic Andrew Milner whom she met at the LSE; they have three sons (David, James and Robert) and a grand-daughter Norah, named after the strong, female protagonist of Mary Grant Bruce's Billabong books.\nThe revision of this entry in 2017 was sponsored by a generous donation from the later Dr Thelma Hunter.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/verity-burgmann\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fellows-list\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/political-science\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-womans-place-women-and-politics-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-and-the-political-system\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-who-caucus-feminist-political-scientists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Erickson, Frederica Lucy (Rica)", "Entry ID": "AWE5072", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/erickson-frederica-lucy-rica\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Boulder, Western Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Botanical artist, Historian, Naturalist, Writer", "Summary": "Read more about Frederica (Rica) Erickson in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Details": "Rica (Frederica) Erickson was born in Boulder in 1908 to Phoebe Cooke and Chris Sandilands, filter press operator. She was the eldest of eight children.\nShe stated in conversation, 'I could run as fast as any boy, I could jump further than most\u2026I never ever thought there was any difference to start with, and the men respected me for what I was able to do'.\nRica attended Boulder State School. She won a scholarship to the Eastern Goldfields High School and then studied teaching, at Claremont Teachers College, working in various one-teacher schools in the South West where she painted local flora. She married Sydney Erickson in 1936 and had four children Dorothy, John, Bethel and Robin and worked raising a family, returning later to botanical studies in 1946 and writing history. She is the author of some twenty books on history and botany. In 2006 she was listed as one of the 100 most influential people in Western Australia's history and in 2007 won a State Heritage Award. She was publishing into her 99th year. Her paintings hang in Pittsburgh, London and Australia. Throughout her life and career her work was strongly linked to the development of the collections at the J.S. Battye Library of West Australian History.\nRica died in Perth on 8 September 2009.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-rica-erickson-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rica-erickson-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Greig, Flos", "Entry ID": "AWE5106", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greig-flos\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ferry, Scotland", "Death Place": "MoorabbinMoorabbin, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Flos Greig was a remarkable pioneer whose determination to practise as a solicitor advanced gender equality in the legal profession in Australia in the early twentieth century. The first woman to be admitted to legal practice in Australia, Greig was at the vanguard of 'the graceful incoming of a revolution' as described by then Chief Justice Sir John Madden, as he presided over the ceremony granting her admission to the Victorian bar in August 1905 (The Advertiser, 1905).\nRead more about Flos Greig in our sister publication The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-brief-history-of-the-greig-sisters\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Chong, Patti", "Entry ID": "AWE5371", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/chong-patti\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Batu Pahat, Johore, Malaysia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Lawyer, Philanthropist, Solicitor", "Summary": "Patti Chong is a Perth based legal practitioner with thirty-five years experience in both private and public practice. Born and educated in Batu Pahat, in the state of Johore, Malaysia, she came to Perth in 1973, studied law at the University of Western Australia and graduated in 1979 with a Bachelor of Jurisprudence and a Bachelor of Laws in 1980. She was the only Chinese woman in her class, one of only four women in total. In 2006 she established her own practice, working in a wide variety of areas. She has a commitment to mentoring young lawyers and legal students.\nPatti Chong was interviewed by Nikki Henningham in the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Patti Chong is a Perth based legal practitioner with thirty-five years experience in both private and public practice. Born and educated in Batu Pahat, in the state of Johore, Malaysia, she came to Perth in 1973, studied law at the University of Western Australia and graduated in 1979 with a Bachelor of Jurisprudence and a Bachelor of Laws in 1980. She was the only Chinese woman in her class, one of only four women in total.\nThe tenth of eleven children brought up in a traditional Chinese family, Patti was lucky enough to have a mother who encouraged her to get an education; which would be her 'ticket to freedom'. She suspects that her mother, who was married at fourteen, 'would have been a force to be reckoned with if she had received an education'. Patti did not initially migrate to Australia as a student but once she arrived, she took full advantage of the opportunities offered by the free tertiary education system introduced by the Australian Government in the 1970s.\nProving herself a capable student by studying the pre-law in BA in the first instance, she was accepted into the Faculty of Law in 1977 and completed her degree in 1980. Her ethnicity and gender combined to create a sense of isolation through her undergraduate years. The various support systems available for international students that exist now were non-existent in the 1970s, including services that helped students to develop English language skills. Difficulty in comprehending Australian accented English was hard enough, but time helped to improve her ability in this area. Lack of competence in spoken English was not as easily fixed, and held her back. Early in her career, Patti undertook speech therapy to improve her English annunciation, doing what she could to remove that impediment to her career progression.\nDespite having no access to the legal networks available to many of her classmates, Patti found an interesting training environment to complete her articles with the Director of Legal Aid. She was admitted to practice in 1981, and left Legal Aid soon afterwards in 1982, joining the Australian Government Solicitor's (AGS) Office in 1983. Regarded at the time by many corporate lawyers as 'the poor cousin' to the big, commercial firms in Perth the AGS offered Patti a wide range of legal experience and, as it turned out, the opportunity to rub shoulders with some of the big names in Perth legal and business circles.\nA particular highlight in 1984 was briefing the Honourable Robert French, then a senior barrister, as part of the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal Inquiry into the granting of a third TV licence for Perth. What was supposed to be six weeks worth of hearings ended up being closer to eighteen months work, bringing her into contact with notable Perth identities such as Alan Bond, Robert Holmes a Court, Martin Bennett and Carmel McLure. 'It was a highlight of my life,' says Patti. 'The big guns were out and here was little Patti Chong'. Working in that environment gave Patti a sense of her own strengths as a lawyer. Never a 'black letter lawyer', she was a good, 'practical, effects person', a lawyer who established great rapport with juries, using the evidence to create a narrative to present to the court. Furthermore, despite Patti's early problems with English expression, she now regards her capacity for communication to be one of her strengths. Her experience with the AGS and then, in 1992, the newly established Western Australian Office of the State Director of Public Prosecutions gave her the ability to work with people across all social contexts. 'I pride myself,' she says, 'that I can speak to a billionaire like Kerry Stokes, to an intellectual giant like Robert French, to the criminals I see in prison\u2026and the refugees and non-English-speaking migrants. Not everyone has that ability.'\nWhile working in the AGS, Patti met her second husband, Ken Bates, with whom she had three children, but not before she had adopted her brother's three children, in accordance with her sister-in-law's dying wish, after a long, protracted legal battle that saw her appearing in the Malaysian High Court while she took on Australian Immigration authorities. In 1992, she joined the newly established office of the WA Director of Public Prosecutions as a Crown Prosecutor, where she gained broad experience across a whole range of criminal offences in the Supreme, District and Children's courts. Whilst working for the AGS, she was also involved in some important non-criminal matters, including handling asbestosis claims against the government, and handling claims for Australian Government statutory authorities, such as Australia Post.\nIn November 2004, Patti was appointed the inaugural General Counsel to the Corruption and Crime Commission. She held this appointment until December 2005 when she returned to the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions. In 2006 she decided to set up her own private practice, where she continues to work. A significant feature of her practice is to offer mentoring and internship opportunities to young lawyers and undergraduate students in their penultimate and final years, hoping that the experience will help them build the networks and opportunities that she missed out on as a young lawyer.\nIn addition to her professional practice and family responsibilities, Patti has been active in a large number of community causes and organisations. She sat on a number of Law Society committees and was, for a number of years, on the Committee of Women Lawyers Western Australia. On their behalf, she organised the collection of pre-loved clothes from women lawyers and staff for donation to the Banksia Pre-release Centre to assist women prisoners prepare themselves for job interviews, attendance in court and release from prison, by having appropriate clothes for such occasions. She has served as a Vice-President of the W.A. Chinese Chamber of Commerce, a member of the Chung Wah Association, a board member of Constable Care, a board member of Celebrate W.A., a board member of W.A. Ballet, and a trustee of the Simon Lee Foundation. In March 2006 Patti became Patron of the Dyslexia-Speld Foundation and in September 2006 a fund-raising Ambassador for the Leukaemia Foundation.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/newsmaker-patti-chong\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/about-patti-chong\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australasian-legal-information-institute\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/patti-chong-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bennett, Annabelle", "Entry ID": "AWE5384", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bennett-annabelle\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Judge, Lawyer, Senior Counsel, Tribunal Member", "Summary": "The Honourable Justice Annabelle Bennett AO was appointed a Judge of the Federal Court of Australia in 2003. She is also an additional judge of the Supreme Court of the ACT. Prior to joining the bench of the Federal Court, she was a barrister and then Senior Counsel specialising in intellectual property law. She was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in 2005. In July 2011 her Honour was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of the University by the ANU.\nJustice Bennett completed her BSc (Hons) and PhD in Biochemistry (the latter in the Faculty of Vet Science) at Sydney University and later obtained her law degree at the University of New South Wales. Her interest in biological sciences has led to membership of the Genetic Manipulation Advisory Committee, the Biotechnology Task Force, the Pharmacy Board of New South Wales and the Eastern Sydney Area Health Service. She is a member of several other boards and tribunals.\n", "Details": "Justice Bennett is President of the Copyright Tribunal of Australia; Chair of the National Health and Medical Research Council; a Presidential Member of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal; Arbitrator of the Court of Arbitration for Sport; member of Chief Executive Women; member of the Australian Academy of Forensic Sciences; and member of the Advisory Board of the Faculty of Law at The Chinese University of Hong Kong.\nHer Honour has also served as Pro-Chancellor of the Australian National University for 13 years. In addition she has been a member of the Gene Patenting Advisory Committee of the Australian Law Reform Commission; member of the Advisory Group for the Dean of Medicine at The University of Sydney; Trustee of the Centennial Park and Moore Park Trust; Director of the Sydney Children's Hospital Foundation; President of the Australian Academy of Forensic Sciences; President of Chief Executive Women; as well as a member of the Reference Group for the APEC Women Leaders' Network Meeting 2007 and the Head of Delegation to the APEC Women Leaders' Network Meeting 2008 in Peru.\n", "Events": "Companion (AC) in the General Division, Order of Australia: For eminent service to the law, and to the judiciary, particularly in the field of intellectual property, to higher education, and to sports arbitration. (2019 - 2019)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-hon-annabelle-claire-bennett-ao\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anu-pro-chancellor-annabelle-bennetts-correspondence\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Exel, Audette", "Entry ID": "AWE5387", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/exel-audette\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Dunedin \/ Ng\u0101i Tahu, Otago, New Zealand", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Lawyer, Managing Director, Philanthropist", "Summary": "Elected a Global Leader of Tomorrow by the World Economic Forum, Audette Exel is a founder of the Adara Group, established in 1998, and Chief Executive Officer of its Australian private placement and corporate advisory business, Adara Advisors. A qualified lawyer, she has used her knowledge of corporate law to establish not for profit businesses that help to generate wealth for women and children in developing nations.\nHer business success has seen her recognised with multiple awards over the years. She was the recipient of the Economic Justice and Community Impact Award from the Young Presidents Organisation Social Enterprise Networks in 2010. In 2012, Exel won the Telstra 2012 NSW Commonwealth Bank Business Owner Award, and she was the winner of the 2012 NSW Telstra Business Woman of the Year Award. She was also one of The Australian Financial Review's 100 Women of Influence in Australia in 2012. In 2013, Exel was awarded an honorary Order of Australia for 'service to humanity through the establishment of the Adara Group to provide specialist care to women and children in Uganda and Nepal' and was recognised by Forbes as a 'Hero of Philanthropy' in 2014.\n", "Details": "Audette Exel was born in New Zealand in 1963, the second child of Mary and David Exel. Her father, journalist David Exel, covered the Vietnam War for the New Zealand Press Association in the 1960s and early 1970s, during which time his family was based in Singapore. This gave Exel the opportunity to experience multiculturalism first hand. It had a great impact on her.\nFollowing her schooling, Exel, undertook a law degree in Australia at the University of Melbourne. Already a passionate advocate for a variety of social justice issues (she was particularly active in the anti-apartheid rallies that coincided with the 1981 Springbok World tour), Exel realised during her time at university that if she was going to create significant change for people in need, she needed to understand the worlds of business, money and power. To the shock of many of her friends, who assumed Exel would use her Arts\/Law degree to work in the field of Human Rights, she instead began a career in corporate law at Allen, Allen and Hemsley in Sydney. This was followed by a stint in Hong Kong with UK law firm Linklaters & Paines. She quickly developed a reputation as a specialist in international finance, an interest that would see her move to Bermuda in 1992.\nExel began her time in Bermuda working with a small law firm, but at age 30, she became one of the youngest women ever to run a publicly traded bank when she became Managing Director of Bermuda Commercial Bank (BCB), one of Bermuda's three banks. During her tenure, she managed to bring the then failing bank to profitability, returning an average increase in profits of over 75% p.a., increasing assets by US$280 million, and increasing the assets under administration, custody and trust by over US$2 billion to US$4.5 billion. With Exel at the helm, the BCB became the best performing bank on the Bermuda Stock Exchange (BSX). During 1995 and 1996, Exel was also Chairman of the BSX, and from 1999 to 2005, she was on the Board of the Bermuda Monetary Authority, Bermuda's central financial services regulator, and was Chair of its Investment Committee.\nDespite her great success at BCB, by 1997 Exel was yearning to return to her social justice roots. She began to think of ways she could use the skills she had developed over her career to help people in need. She spent the next year travelling and learning about development work before beginning the Adara Group (formerly the ISIS Group).\nThe Adara Group was born from Exel trying to reimagine ways of achieving equality, wealth, security and hope in the world, and was driven by two underlying philosophies. The first was the belief that all people deserve good quality health and education services, no matter where they live. The second is that the halls of business and power have incredible potential for creating change for communities in need.\nGiven these guiding principles, Adara Development implements international development work, undertaking projects in three main areas of expertise: maternal infant child health, remote and rural community development, and care, support, and reintegration of children at risk. Adara also conducts detailed research to ensure projects are always evidence-based, and shares the knowledge it has gained locally, nationally and globally in the hope of making a greater impact. It is estimated that since the group began in 1998 the organisation has reached hundreds of thousands of people.\nThe principles also inform the operations of Adara Advisors which Exel describes as 'a business for purpose rather than profit'. It exists solely to fund Adara Development's administration costs and emergency project costs. At the end of 2014, Adara Advisors had donated more than US$6.89 million (AU$8.3 million) to Adara Development. This innovative partnership model allows 100% of all other donations received by Adara Development to go directly to improving health and education for women, children and communities living in poverty.\nAlongside her work with Adara, Exel is also the Vice Chairman of the Board of Steamship Mutual Underwriting Association Trustee (Bermuda) Limited. Steamship Mutual is one of the world's largest Protection and Indemnity clubs for the shipping industry. She is also a Non-Executive Director of Suncorp Group Limited, an ASX 20 company.\nExel's achievements through the Adara Group have seen her recognised with multiple awards over the years. She was the recipient of the Economic Justice and Community Impact Award from the Young Presidents Organisation Social Enterprise Networks in 2010. In 2012, Exel won the Telstra 2012 NSW Commonwealth Bank Business Owner Award, and she was the winner of the 2012 NSW Telstra Business Woman of the Year Award. She was also one of The Australian Financial Review's 100 Women of Influence in Australia in 2012. In 2013, Exel was awarded an honorary Order of Australia for 'service to humanity through the establishment of the Adara Group to provide specialist care to women and children in Uganda and Nepal' and was recognised by Forbes as a \"Hero of Philanthropy\" in 2014.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rebel-with-a-cause-how-audette-exel-is-bridging-worlds\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/audette-exel-high-flyer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/banker-saves-20000-from-nepal-to-uganda-with-her-profits\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Glass, Deborah", "Entry ID": "AWE5388", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/glass-deborah\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bega, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Banker, Lawyer, Ombudsman, Public servant", "Summary": "The Victorian Ombudsman, Deborah Glass, left Monash University Law School in the early 1980s, never imagining that thirty years later she would be honoured with an OBE for her services to law and order. A law graduate who hasn't practised since 1984, with the benefit of hindsight she nevertheless saw the legal training she received as a valuable foundation for supporting the various twists and turns her career has taken over the last thirty years.\nAfter graduating in 1982, Deborah Glass began her professional career as a lawyer based in Melbourne, but relocated to Switzerland to work for Citicorp, a US Investment Bank. She then transferred into the financial regulation sector, pursuing a career with the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission. Returning to Europe, she was appointed Chief Executive of the Investment Management Regulatory Organisation in 1998. Under her stewardship it was successfully subsumed into the London based Financial Services Authority. She also worked as an Independent custody visitor, someone who visits people who are detained in police stations in the United Kingdom to ensure that they are being treated properly, between 1999 and 2005.\nBetween 2001 and 2004 she was a member of the Police Complaints Authority, and it was from here that she was appointed to the Independent Police Complaints Commission in London. At the IPCC she was responsible, among other things, for many high profile criminal and misconduct investigations and decisions involving the police. These included decisions in relation to the police response to the phone-hacking affair and the decision to launch an independent investigation into the aftermath of the Hillsborough football stadium disaster.\nShe was awarded an OBE for services to the IPCC in 2012. She left the IPCC in March 2014, having completed a ten year term with the organization and returned to Melbourne to take up the position of Victorian Ombudsman. She is the first woman to ever hold the position\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Deborah Glass for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Deborah Glass and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nMy initial response to being asked to contribute to a project on women lawyers was to say: I am not a lawyer! I may have studied law, but I haven't practised since 1984. I would get embarrassingly lost in a law library these days. And please don't ask me to cite any cases.\nBut I was told no, that was the point, the project was also about where women who studied law ended up, and I had ended up as the Victorian Ombudsman, rather to my surprise a member of the 'FW2 Club': First Woman To be in the role. To which my reaction had been amazement that it had taken forty-one years.\nSo let me reflect on the journey from law student, more interested in the freedom of university life than the interior of the law library, to Victorian Ombudsman.\nI did enjoy studying law, despite some periods of inattention, but as a young lawyer on William Street in the early 1980s it felt like you had to be better than a man to get to the same place. Which meant you had to really want to be a lawyer. I am not going to dwell on my brief experience as a practising lawyer as I decided very quickly the law was not for me. Although it proved an invaluable training ground for what I went on to do I didn't realise it at the time, as I left Melbourne on a one-way ticket to Europe with a small pot of savings and dreams of being a great travel writer.\nI realised pretty swiftly that was not even going to pay for repairs to my rucksack, so when the money ran out in Switzerland I noticed an advertisement in the local paper for management trainees with an international investment bank. They were looking for graduates in finance, accounting or law. Although I have never quite understood the relevance of my Australian law degree, rather to my surprise I got the job.\nSometimes you go for things because they are unknown, or because the other options, like waitressing or going back to Australia, seem so much worse.\nIt was in fact a dynamic time working with many very clever people, and an intense training ground in both financial markets and management. But I found after several years and the same number of promotions that I did not really care enough about corporate profits to be a good banker.\nThus began my long career in the public sector. First, I joined the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission at its inception. Knowing how the corporate world worked, but using that knowledge to promote the public interest within a rapidly changing marketplace, was immensely rewarding. Why Hong Kong? It was exciting - a Chinese New York - and the opportunity to join a new statutory agency at the outset and shape its policy-making was unbeatable.\nSometimes you go for things because you just know they will be right for you.\nFinancial services regulation was my life for the next dozen or so years, and an exhilarating one it was, with periodic scandals and upheavals requiring deft handling and occasionally unique policy responses. In that time I left Hong Kong for London, where I took on the role of Chief Executive of the Investment Management Regulatory Organisation as it was being merged with the new Financial Services Authority.\nIn London after the merger came one of those mid-career points when it is a good idea to take stock. Whether I was finished with financial services or financial services was finished with me, I knew I needed to do something different. I had no fixed notions about what that might be, other than it was important it involve the public interest. So I applied for, and was appointed to the Police Complaints Authority. Three years later, I became a Commissioner with the newly established Independent Police Complaints Commission, and five years after that, its Deputy Chair with operational responsibility for Commissioners across England and Wales.\nSometimes you go for things because of what they are not. Not corporate, not financial services. But I learned rapidly about the world of police complaints and investigations, allegations ranging from the most serious and substantiated misconduct, to the misplaced or downright vexatious. Dealing with grieving and often angry families bereaved following a death in police custody, which can affect whole communities. Handling hostile and occasionally unco-operative police officers. Responding to a media and political environment at times more interested in headlines than facts. And through all of it, the challenge of independent, robust and proportionate investigation, the importance of evidence-based decision-making, and the sensitive communication of difficult decisions. Decisions are often criticised by both parties to an outcome - such roles will never win a popularity contest.\nBut it is better to be right than popular, and justice is its own reward - although sometimes, when the brickbats are flying thick and fast, you wonder if it is all worth it. But you stay with it, because it is.\nSo I came to the end of a 10 year term at the IPCC, and as TS Eliot said:\n We shall not cease from exploration, and the end of all our exploring will be to arrive where we started and know the place for the first time.\nAnd so after 29 years I am back in Melbourne, knowing the place, and myself, so much better than I did.\nThis time, I applied for a job because I knew it was right - my ideal job, to deal with complaints about public services in Victoria, not including the police.\nSo the journey continues - in the current role, I trust, until 2024. As I said to my staff on my first day, you do not start a 10 year term with a plan. You start with a set of values and beliefs - in integrity, fairness, social justice and human rights - and in the way you work. I believe in working with people wherever possible to achieve change - and that the most impactful powers are the ones you don't need to use because everyone knows you have them.\nIt is a rare and wonderful privilege to be a constitutionally independent officer of Parliament, making decisions in the interests of justice. The opportunities to make a meaningful difference are incalculable.\nSometimes you go on a journey with no destination in mind, but looking back down the road it all makes sense.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/power-to-the-people\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/deborah-glass\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Robinson, Frances Alice (Alice)", "Entry ID": "AWE5402", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/robinson-frances-alice-alice\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Pompapiel, near Bendigo, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Kew, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Army Nurse, Nurse", "Summary": "Frances Alice Robinson served in Egypt, France and England and on hospital transports nursing soldiers being repatriated to Australia during her service with the Australian Army Nursing Service in World War I. Before enlisting she had been matron at Jerilderie and Queanbeyan hospitals in NSW and at Duntroon Military Hospital, ACT.\n", "Details": "Frances Alice Robinson (known as Alice) was born at Pompapiel north of Bendigo on 1 August 1882, daughter of William and Catherine Robinson. She trained at Bendigo Hospital and was registered as a trained nurse on 2 July 1909. She had been matron at Jerilderie Hospital for about four years when, in 1913, she beat six other nurses for appointment as matron of Queanbeyan Hospital. In Jerilderie she had cared for a young nephew following the death of his mother but this arrangement appears to have ceased by the time she reached Queanbeyan. Obviously a countrywoman, she was described as 'a good shot with a rifle' when she offered to join the AIF as a field nurse in 1914.\nShe resigned as Queanbeyan Hospital matron in April 1915 to enlist in the Australian Army Nursing Service and, while waiting to be called up, nursed at Royal Military College from 8 May to 30 July 1915. While still waiting she returned briefly as matron of Queanbeyan Hospital as her replacement had been unsatisfactory. Her enlistment as a staff nurse in the Australian Army Nursing Service dated from 13 October 1915. She was farewelled at the Protestant Hall Queanbeyan and presented with a gold watch and later with \u00a313\/8\/6 to purchase a uniform.\nWhen Frances Alice Robinson enlisted she was 33 years, her religion was Church of England and she named her father William Robinson, 'Birthday Villa' of Malmsbury Victoria, as her next of kin. Birthday Villa is now a boutique winery in the Macedon Ranges, named after a nearby mine discovered on Queen Victoria's birthday.\nFrances Alice Robinson left Sydney on HMAT Orsova on 10 November 1915 bound for Egypt. Her first posting was to 2nd Australian General Hospital (AGH) at Ghezireh Palace Hotel outside Cairo which had been taken over to add to the accommodation at Mena House when it was overwhelmed by the great numbers of sick and wounded being evacuated from Gallipoli. The two hospitals comprising 2 AGH had a total of 1500 beds. In January 1916 she travelled to Lemnos to nurse Gallipoli patients being evacuated by ship from 3rd AGH during its closure and relocation to Egypt.\nFor the following seven months she nursed at the British Choubra Military Hospital, Cairo, an infectious diseases hospital at that time specialising in enteric (typhoid) cases, and then briefly at 3rd AGH at Abbassia on the outskirts of Cairo. At the beginning of September 1916, Robinson joined HMAT Ascanius, a hospital transport ship, at Suez to nurse patients on the return trip to Australia. Hospital transports took 'non-cot patients' and were fitted with hammocks and double-tier bunks. After leave in Sydney, she nursed briefly at the Garrison Hospital before returning to London on HMAT Benalla.\nDuring the first half of 1917 she was attached to 2nd Australian Auxiliary Hospital (AAH) in Southall near London which specialised in the fitting of artificial limbs and then at 3rd AAH, Dartford, Kent, where war neuroses and nerve cases were treated. On 20 July 1917 she was again posted to a hospital transport, joining HMAT Euripides to make another trip back to Australia nursing returning soldiers. She had leave in Sydney then worked briefly at the 4 AGH Randwick before returning to Britain on HMAT Demosthenes. After landing at Glasgow at the end of 1917, she was attached briefly to the 2 AAH Southall but became ill with cholecystitis (inflammation of the gall bladder). Alice Robinson returned to Australia on HMAT Euripides arriving on 21 March 1918. She was discharged medically unfit on 21 September 1918 with the rank of Staff Nurse.\nAlice Robinson did not return to nursing after the war. After working as a knitting manufacturer she ran a haberdashery and manchester shop at Belgrave in the Dandenong Ranges east of Melbourne. On 18 June 1930 while living at Belgrave she married Harvey Alexander White of nearby Upwey. Her husband died about seven years later and she had three other long-term relationships. During the latter years of World War II she had a confectionery and grocery shop in Brisbane where she had relatives then returned to live in the Melbourne suburb of Canterbury. She died in an aged care home in Kew on 17 March 1973 at the age of 90 years 7 months.\nFrances Alice Robinson was awarded the 1914-15 Star, the British War Medal and the Victory Medal and is commemorated on the ACT Memorial and listed on the Queanbeyan World War I Roll of Honour.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/history-of-the-rmc-hospital-5-camp-hospital-and-21-dental-unit\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/official-history-of-the-australian-army-medical-services-1914-18-vol-iii-problems-and-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/more-than-bombs-and-bandages-australian-army-nurses-at-work-in-world-war-i\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/robinson-frances-alice\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/robinson-frances-alice-sern-s-nurse-pob-bendigo-vic-poe-n-a-nok-f-robinson-william\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Steel, Ruth Allardyce", "Entry ID": "AWE5403", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/steel-ruth-allardyce\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bungendore, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Army Nurse, Nurse", "Summary": "Ruth Allardyce Steel enlisted in the Australian Army Nursing Service in 1917 for service in World War I and was sent with a group of Australian nurses to Salonika. She became ill almost immediately with malaria and in 1918 returned to Australia. She had trained at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney and was a nursing sister there both before and after her enlistment in the military.\n", "Details": "Ruth Allardyce Steel was born in 1882, the third daughter of Reverend Robert Alexander Steel and his wife Amy (nee Barnet) at Bungendore, NSW, where the Steels were living while they waited for a manse to be built at Queanbeyan. Her father was a son of Reverend Robert Steel, minister of St Stephen's Church Sydney and a moderator of the Presbyterian Church. Her mother was a daughter of the Colonial Architect James Barnet who was responsible for the design and construction of many public buildings in Sydney including the GPO, Customs House, Public Library and the International Exhibition building. He designed the Queanbeyan manse which became home for the Steel family of five girls and three boys.\nRuth Steel's connection with Canberra was through her father's position as minister of St Stephen's Presbyterian Church, Queanbeyan, whose far-flung parish included what became the site of the National Capital. During seventeen years at Queanbeyan Rev. Steel preached wherever services were required. This included monthly services at St Ninian's Church on the Yass Road north of the Molonglo River (now in the Canberra suburb of Lyneham), at John McInnes's farm at Kowen, at Richard Vest's overseer's cottage at Yarralumla, at Majura, Lanyon, Gudgenby and Booroomba, all now in the ACT. He also held an annual March tea followed by one in May with outdoor log fires in Canberra.\nAfter Amy Steel's death in 1897, the Steel family moved to a new parish at Campbelltown. Later one of the Steel daughters, Ruby, married Rev E. Sydney Henderson who had been appointed minister at Queanbeyan and the family continued its association with St Stephen's, Queanbeyan and with also with St Stephen's Presbyterian Church Forrest ACT after it opened in 1934. Ruth Steel endowed a pew in St Andrew's Warriors' Chapel.\nIn 1909, when she was 27, Ruth began training at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney. In old age she recalled that nurses received no pay in their first year and only a nominal amount in the second year. Ruth was registered as a nurse on 4 August 1911 and continued nursing at the hospital. She wished to enlist early in the First World War but was dissuaded by the Matron who told her she was needed at the hospital. (English-born Matron Mabel Newill enlisted herself in 1917 and served at hospitals in England and at Wimereux in France before being discharged medically unfit. She remained in England after the War.)\nOn 21 May 1917 Ruth Steel volunteered in Sydney in the Australian Army Nursing Service. On her enlistment papers she was described as 34 years 9 months, and a Presbyterian. Within a few weeks she embarked on the Mooltan in Sydney expecting to nurse in France but landed at Suez and was sent to Egypt and then on the Huntsgreen to Salonika.\nWhen she arrived in Salonika on 12 August 1917 she was assigned to the 60th General Hospital (BGH), a British tent hospital at Hortiach about 20 km from the city, high in the hills towards Bulgaria, but a month later was admitted to the 43 BGH with a serious attack of malaria. In 10 November, after treatment in hospital and at a Sisters\" convalescent home, she rejoined 60 BGH. Just two weeks later, she was back in 43 BGH as a patient with recurrent malaria.\nOn 26 November 1917 a Medical Board decided that she would be unfit for duty for at least six months and should be invalided back to Australia. She left for Australia from Egypt on the Ulysses on 15 February 1918. She recovered in Sydney and worked for a short time in the military hospital at Randwick before being discharged on 30 November 1918. She received the British War Medal and the Victory Medal and is commemorated on the City of Queanbeyan Roll of Remembrance in Queanbeyan and Bungendore and District War Memorial.\nRuth Steel returned to Royal Prince Hospital as sister in charge of a ward, her service at the hospital both before and after the First World War totalling 28 years. Later she did private nursing. In her late eighties while living with her youngest sister Mary in Neutral Bay she still attended Anzac Day services although blind. She died in Sydney in 1971 at the age of 89.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mettle-and-steel-the-aans-in-salonika\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/more-than-bombs-and-bandages-australian-army-nurses-at-work-in-world-war-i\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guns-and-brooches-australian-army-nursing-from-the-boer-war-to-the-gulf-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/and-this-stone-the-story-of-st-stephens-presbyterian-church-queanbeyan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barnet-james-johnstone-1827-1904\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/steel-ruth-allardyce-2\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/steel-ruth-allardyce-service-number-staff-nurse-place-of-birth-bungendore-nsw-place-of-enlistment-n-a-next-of-kin-sister-steel-amy-roberta\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Austrian girls", "Entry ID": "AWE5405", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/austrian-girls\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Austria", "Summary": "The Austrian Girls were three young women who were imprisoned as enemy aliens in Australia during World War I. They were held at the Molonglo Concentration Camp, Canberra, in the then new Federal Capital Territory from August 1918 to May 1919.\n", "Details": "Within a week of Australia's entry into World War I in August 1914 the Government declared all German subjects resident in Australia enemy aliens and required them to report to the police and register their addresses. Some enemy aliens were interned under the War Precautions Act 1914 which enabled government to hold internees without trial.\nIn February 1915 the Government broadened the definition of an enemy alien to include migrants who had been naturalised as British subjects (Australian citizenship did not yet exist at this time - Australian-born people were British subjects and foreign-born people could apply for naturalisation as British subjects). At this point Australian-born people with German-born fathers or grandfathers were also declared enemy aliens. The Government targeted leading members of the German community in Australia, including Lutheran Church pastors, honorary consuls and business men, but also the destitute and people accused of disloyalty by their neighbours.\nInternment camps were established in Rottnest Island in Western Australia, Torrens Island in South Australia, Enoggera in Queensland, Langwarrin in Victoria, Bruny Island in Tasmania, and Trial Bay in New South Wales. Around 5000 to 6000 men were detained at Holsworthy Military Camp near Sydney, while German and Austrian women and children were deported from Asia and the Pacific and interned at Bourke, New South Wales. German mariners and their families captured in Australian ports were detained at Berrima, New South Wales. Families from both the latter camps, including two Australian-born women married to Germans and living in Fiji, were transferred to the Molonglo Concentration Camp near Canberra in May 1918.\nThere appears to be no information about the three Austrian women pictured waiting to collect their rations at the Molonglo Concentration Camp. Their names and family connections were not recorded. It is likely they were described as Austrian because of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Whether they were German or from Austria-Hungary, whether they were on their own or with families, and even why the photographer captured them this particular day with their cart, remain mysteries. In the background the wooden barracks in which the prisoners lived can be seen on the treeless plain. Daisy Schoeffel, an Australian-born woman detained with her husband and two small children, recorded that while rations were good and plentiful and they were treated better than they had been at the Bourke Camp, life was unpleasant on the open plain in poorly built wooden barracks that let in the rain, wind and noise from the other internees (NAA: CRS 457, Item 406\/1 cited in Fischer, 1989).\nInternees were not released from the Molonglo Camp until May 1919 when most were deported to Germany, regardless of where they had originally been detained. Of around 7000 people interned in Australia, 5414 were deported from 1919, along with a further 736 family members. Of more than 1000 people who appealed to the Commonwealth Alien Board against deportation only 306 were successful, including 179 naturalised or native-born Australians. From those interned at Molonglo, Daisy Schoeffel and her sister Hally Kienzle, their German-born but British naturalised husbands and their children, all of whom were British subjects were among those who successfully appealed deportation.\nThe three young Austrian women are likely to have been among the Molonglo internees deported to Germany on the Kursk which sailed on 29 May 1919. Molonglo camp internee Lore Hurtzig, two-years-old when she was captured and interned with her mother, sister and sea captain father in Brisbane harbour in 1914, and nine-years-old when she was released in May 1919, was deported on the Kursk with her family. Eighty years later and an 87-year-old Second World War widow, Lore described the ship as 'a slow, filthy, chartered Russian tub' (Simons, 205). Crowded conditions on board the ship contributed to an influenza outbreak affecting 535 of the internees, of whom 16 died as a result ('Cases on the Kursk', 1919, p. 17).\nIf they survived the voyage home, the three young women would have returned to a defeated, humiliated, economically devastated Austria or Germany. Within twenty years their country was again at war; they may have had to watch husbands and sons go off to war and their country being again devastated. Again, we know nothing of these women's later lives but we do know that for nine months from August 1918 to May 1919, they lived in Australia's Capital Territory, so they are part of Canberra's story.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-enemy-at-home-german-internees-in-world-war-i-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prisoners-in-arcady-german-mariners-at-berrima-1915-1919\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cases-on-the-kursk\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/enemy-aliens-internment-and-the-homefront-experience-in-australia-1914-1920\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dunlop, Mary Paule", "Entry ID": "AWE5408", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dunlop-mary-paule\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tuggeranong, Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) worker, Volunteer, War Worker", "Summary": "In 1915 Mary Paule Cunningham travelled to England where she trained with the Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) and thereafter worked in military hospitals in southern England.\n", "Details": "Mary Paule Cunningham was born on 8 April 1893 to Mary Emily Cunningham (n\u00e9e Twynam) and James Cunningham, pastoralist, at the family homestead 'Tuggeranong' near Queanbeyan, New South Wales. She shared a tutor with Kate Campbell of the Yarralumla homestead before attending Ascham School, a progressive independent girls' school then at Darling Point, Sydney .\nAt Ascham Mary Paule and her sister were keen cricketers, played polo, acted in dramatic productions and were prefects. Family photographs show that at home Mary Paule enjoyed fancy dress parties, family picnics beside the Murrumbidgee River where it ran through their property, and riding with Kate Campbell.\nA Twynam cousin remembered Mary Paule and her sisters Tommy and Peggy as the 'golden girls', blessed with money, good looks and confidence (Horsfield, p. 103). But life was not always easy. In December 1910 their eldest sister, Jane Cynthia, died of appendicitis, casting a pall of grief over the family for some time.\nBy 1914 Mary Paule had left school and was enjoying the society of the district, including polo, tennis, horse riding and the young cadets from the recently opened Royal Military College (RMC) at Duntroon to whom her mother regularly extended hospitality.\nOnce war broke out, Mary Paule and her sister Tommy were inspired by male friends who joined the Australian Imperial Force (AIF), and by female friends and family who served overseas as nurses or joined the Voluntary Aid Detachment, in which women with no nursing experience provided assistance in military hospitals. In 1915 Mary Paule left home to travel to Britain to train for the Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD). She worked in hospitals in Colchester. On 23 December 1916 in London Mary Paule married William Archibald Shuldham 'Billy' Dunlop (1892-1966) who she had met when he was among the first intake in mid-1911 at the newly opened Royal Military College, Duntroon near the future site of Canberra. Billy Dunlop got a brief leave from the battlefront in order to marry. Mary Paule's maternal aunt, Phoebe Wesche, who was in London helping in the Soldiers Club for Australian troops in London wrote of the wedding to her sister Mary at Lanyon: 'Our dear little Mary Paule was married to William Archibald Dunlop at St Margaret's Westminster. Dear Ned [Mary Paule's maternal uncle who was serving with the Australian Light Horse] had special leave to attend, and helped make the wedding party a success. A wedding is the only festivity that takes place in London now' (Twynam papers cited in Horsfield, p. 116).\nWith her sister Tommy, Mary Paule had hoped to join the British Women's' Land Army which had been formed by the Board of Agriculture to ensure food production continued in the absence of three million men who were away fighting, but her maternal grandfather, Edward Twynam, had strictly forbidden it as unsuitable work for young ladies (Twynam family papers cited in Horsfield, p. 197) so she continued her VAD work in military hospitals.\nMary Paule and her husband returned to Australia in 1919 and in 1921 moved to Melbourne with their two children. Their marriage later ended. The Australian electoral rolls show Mary Paule living in Wentworth NSW from 1934 to 1936, and then from 1937 to 1954 she was back in the Eden Monaro area. From the late 1950s, apart from a brief time in the early 1960s in the New England area, she lived in Sydney where she died on 6 May 1978.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-cunningham-an-australian-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-cunningham-family-1834-1902-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-1910-1960-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hollingsworth, Susan", "Entry ID": "AWE5410", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hollingsworth-susan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Yass, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "HallHall, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Community stalwart, Red Cross leader, Volunteer", "Summary": "Susan Hollingsworth was a widow with three of her eleven children and six grandchildren living at home in Hall, a small village in the north of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT - now the ACT) when World War One broke out. When two of her sons-in-law enlisted with the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) she offered safe haven to her daughters and their children who moved back to Hall. Her son Clyde died in France in 1917 aged 23 years. Susan was well-known as a supporter of the Red Cross in their fundraising ventures.\n", "Details": "Susan Curran was born in Yass, New South Wales, Australia on 7 August 1851 to Anne (nee Griffiths) and Patrick, a plasterer. She married Malachi Hollingsworth at Yass in 1873 and they had eleven children: Dorothy 'Dolly' 1874, Josephine Ellen 'Queenie' 1881, John Edward 1876, Patrick 'Paddy' Curran 1879, Rose 1884, Eva 'Florence' 1886, Ada 'Myra' 1889, Leila 1891, Clyde 1893, Dora 1896 and Malachi Joseph 'Billy' 1897.\nIn 1896 the family moved from Murrumbateman to Hall where Malachi ran the Cricketers' Arms Hotel. When he died aged 54 on 9 July 1898, Susan took over the hotel licence and ran it with the help of her older daughters until 1905 when they were evicted at short notice after a gentleman and his illicit lady love were discovered to be guests at the Cricketers' Arms and Susan was suspected of running a house of ill repute. The villagers considered it a trumped up charge. Such was Susan's popularity in the district and the esteem in which she was held - she was affectionately known to all in the village as 'Granny Hollingsworth' - that Hall people rallied together under the leadership of George Kendall Kinlyside (who later married her daughter Ada Myra) and built her family a house on the corner of Victoria and Gladstone Streets, part of a block owned by her son Paddy. She later ran a boarding house from there.\nAt the outbreak of World War One Susan had three of her children living with her at home and six grandchildren - the children of her daughter Dolly who had died in 1909. Susan's son Clyde, a blacksmith, was the man of the house in that he provided the main financial support to the family. In August 1915 Florence's husband Jack Kevans enlisted. Although families were supported with a generous portion of a serving soldier's pay, they were vulnerable without a man and often sought safe haven with extended family. Florence and her two children moved back to Hall to be close to Susan when Jack enlisted, and leased the old Catholic church at Gininderra (as it was then spelt) where she and her two sons lived. Another of Susan's daughters, Leila, returned to Hall with her two children when her husband Fred Bradley enlisted in February 1916.\nDespite the demands of her life with a large family living in her small house, and others nearby, Susan found time to support the Red Cross. The minutes of the Yass branch of the Red Cross record that she was a familiar figure at Red Cross events in the district and beyond.\nClyde enlisted in the AIF in February 1916; the following year Susan received the tragic news that he had been killed by a piece of shell near Bullecourt on the Western Front in France on 11 May 1917. Around the same time Florence would have heard that her husband Jack Kevans was reported missing on 11 April 1917. It was not until 13 January 1918 that the AIF wrote to Florence to advise that Jack had been captured by the Germans during an attack on the Hindenburg Line at Bullecourt that day and was officially a prisoner of war. He spent 21 months imprisoned in Germany before being repatriated to England in January 1919 and to Australia in May that year. A letter he wrote from the prisoner of war camp to Florence provides a glimpse of how important the work of the Red Cross was to soldiers overseas and particularly to prisoners of war when he stresses how he looks forward to a Red Cross parcel. The Queanbeyan Age and Queanbeyan Observer published the letter on 19 October 1917:\nSome of the boys here have been captured as long as nine months and received their first instalment of parcels from the Red Cross the other day. Underclothes are scarce. I understand the Red Cross send them and we are all anxiously looking forward to some coming to hand at no distant date. With our scanty wardrobe renewals are absolutely necessary, socks and shirts in particular. ('Our Boys in Khaki', 1917, p. 2) \nIn late July 1919 the Hall Public School principal, Charles Thompson, arranged for thirty pine trees to be planted around the school boundary, each representing a Hall district Red Cross member. He invited Susan, as one of Hall's oldest and most highly respected residents, to plant a Juniper Pine named the 'tree of peace'. She had, he said, 'made a greater sacrifice than anyone present to gain the desired peace.' The Peace Tree still stands in the Hall school grounds.\nIn October 1919 the Hall branch of the Red Cross Society agreed to cease active work when the need diminished after hostilities ended.\nSusan continued to be busy with the care of her children and grandchildren, and growing flowers which she loved even when her advancing years made gardening painful.\nSusan died at Hall on 4 March 1936 aged 84 years and was buried at Yass Cemetery with her husband. In a fine tribute to her in the Queanbeyan Age shortly after her death, the writer commented: 'Old and young, rich and poor, will all feel that they are the poorer by the passing of this grand old lady to her eternal reward' ('An Appreciation', 1926).\nHollingsworth street in Gungahlin, a north Canberra suburb, was named after Susan in 2001.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clyde-hollingsworth\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hollingsworth-clyde\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ginninderra-forerunner-to-canberra-a-history-of-the-ginninderra-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-southwell-family-pioneers-of-the-canberra-district-1838-1938\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kevans-john-edward-service-number-2694-place-of-birth-geelong-vic-place-of-enlistment-liverpool-nsw-next-of-kin-wife-kevans-eva-florence\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hurtzig, Klara Luise", "Entry ID": "AWE5411", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hurtzig-klara-luise\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Dorum, Niedersachsen, Germany", "Death Place": "HildesheimHildesheim, Niedersachsen, Germany", "Summary": "During World War One the Australian government interned Frau Luise Hurtzig as an enemy alien together with her husband Captain August Hurtzig, an officer with the Norddeutscher Lloyd shipping company, and their two younger daughters Hanna and Lore. Initially the Hurtzigs were interned in Brisbane and then Enoggera before being moved to the Berrima Concentration Camp, New South Wales in 1915, and then to the Molonglo Concentration Camp, Fyshwick, Canberra in May 1918. They were finally released on 22 May 1919, and repatriated to Germany on the SS Kursk, sailing on 29 May 1919.\n", "Details": "Klara Luise Von Hanffstengel was born to Margarethe Bredenkamp and Cornelius Gustav von Hanffstengel in Dorum, Niedersachsen, Germany on 13 October 1878. She married August Wilhelm Herman Martin Hurtzig (1870-1938) on 11 Jul 1902 in Wulsdorf, Bremerhaven, Germany and gave birth to three daughters in Wulsdorf - Eva Margarethe Anna Klara Hurtzig on 20 August 1904, Hanna Meta Cornelia Hurtzig on 17 December 1908 and Lore Agnes Luise Hurtzig on 12 January 1912.\nIn 1914 Luise Hurtzig, with Hanna and Lore, accompanied Captain Hurtzig on a voyage from Bremen in northern Germany to Australia via Singapore. The eldest daughter, Eva remained at home with her grandparents so she could attend school. The family intended to be back in Germany in time for Christmas but when Britain declared itself at war with Germany in August 1914, soldiers boarded German ships in Australian harbours, seized them as prizes of war and detained German nationals on board. Among the ships seized was the Prinz Sigismund, a Norddeutscher Lloyd vessel captained by August Hurtzig who was detained along with his wife Luise and daughters, five-year-old Hanna and two-year-old Lore, who had sailed with him for a family holiday. Initially the Hurtzigs and other German nationals were detained on board the Prinz Sigismund, a comfortable ship originally built as the Kaiser's private yacht, moored in the Brisbane River off the Botanic Gardens. (Simons, 25-27). During this time Frau Hurtzig began a diary which she continued during the long years of the family's detention - on board the ship (1914), at Enoggera Concentration Camp, Queensland (1914-1915), Berrima Concentration Camp, New South Wales (1915-1918) and then the Molonglo Concentration Camp, near the new federal capital at Canberra (1917-1919). She recorded day to day life, delight when receiving news of Eva and anguish at being parted from her, grief when her brother Otto was killed in action on the Western Front near Reims, details of their moves from one camp to another, and life as an internee.\nIn October 1914 the family were moved from Brisbane to Enoggera Concentration Camp, west of Brisbane. Here those senior merchant marine officers with families were permitted to live outside the camp with their families as long as they reported to the camp once a week. Luise recorded that her family was able to share a house with two other couples and three older men and that the military paid them each one shilling a day in living expenses which she noted they were able 'to manage quite well on' (Simons, 56). Authorities permitted internees to return to their ships to collect clothing, bedding, furniture and other personal possessions and Brisbane's Lutheran community helped with outstanding needs.\nAround August 1915 the Hurtzigs were moved to Berrima, New South Wales along with other interned members of the German mercantile marine, mainly officers from German merchant vessels caught in Australian ports at the outbreak of war and officers from the SMS Emden, a light cruiser sunk by the HMAS Sydney off Cocos Island in 1914. The men were required to live in the Berrima gaol, which they named Ahnenschloss (Castle Foreboding) in light of the basic facilities. They could visit their wives and children and were free to move within a two mile radius of gaol area during the day as long as they returned in time to be locked up at 5.30 pm. Women had to find rental accommodation, which was scarce, for themselves and their children. Frau Hurtzig was dismayed to have to share a house with the store manager's wife, the quarrelsome and moody Frau Glinz. Having not been permitted to take their furniture with them from Enoggera, the internees pooled resources and talents and made it themselves. Creative in their approach to the difficult circumstances, they established a canteen from which they raised funds to rent ground and buy seeds so they could grow their own food. They established art and music classes, theatre groups, an orchestra, built recreational huts on the river banks, organised festivals and sporting events on the nearby river and established a school for the girl internees, including Hanna and Lore Hurtzig.\nSoon after their arrival in Berrima, local police required three of the other German women to leave while Frau Hurtzig and other internee wives were permitted to stay on condition they swore on the bible that they 'would not raise arms against England'. Her children played with local children although the local schoolteacher had forbade it. By Spring 1915 word of the bridge the Germans had built over the river, their huts and general activities was drawing large crowds of visitors. Frau Hurtzig wrote: 'They come by horse, motor bike, car, dray and omnibus. They are all anxious to see the Germans, the \"Huns\". They admire the cabins and the picnic places which they then use, leaving behind heaps of paper and rubbish' (Simons, 83).\nThe Hurtzigs were delighted to be told in late 1916 that they would soon be repatriated to Germany, but having packed their belongings and seen them taken away in the expectation and promise they would be leaving on 7 February, the family's hopes were dashed. Luise's spirits slumped and as a result she seldom wrote in her diary which she had previously written each Sunday evening. Her occasional entries expressed sadness at deaths of family and friends on the battlefronts, concerns about her husband's health and his bouts of depression and that of his colleagues, and the resumption of Frau Glinz's abusive and neurotic behaviour. Although they had some freedom, they remained prisoners in a foreign country.\nIn August 1918, authorities relocated married men and their families, including the Hurtzigs, to Molonglo Concentration Camp near Canberra that had originally been constructed to hold German and Austrian nationals from China and East Africa, however overtures by the German government and threats of reprisals on British internees in Germany meant the plan did not go ahead. Poor conditions in the Bourke Concentration Camp in western New South Wales, and the death of an internee from sunstroke, led to the removal of families from that camp to Molonglo. At the same time, authorities relocated most of the families from Berrima.\nThere is a gap of more than a year between Luise's diary entries from August 1917 to October 1918. Her first entry from Molonglo 14 October 1918 records excitement at news that hostilities had ceased. The following day Luise's hope were again dashed - she wrote of her disillusionment and despair that fighting had resumed. After that she recorded only happy times and these were few, however in her final entry on 9 March 1919 Luise expressed apprehension about the future for her family and her country.\nOn 29 May 1919 the family sailed on the Russian ship, SS Kursk, described eighty years later by Lore, then an 87-year-old Second World War widow, as 'a slow, filthy, chartered Russian tub' (Simons, 205). Eighteen passengers died after contracting Spanish influenza on board and Captain Hurtzig became ill with encephalitis which later paralysed him, rendering him a helpless invalid. He died in 1938. Of the rest of the family, Eva Hurtzig, separated from her family for five years by war and internment, married Wilhelm Dieckmann in Wulsdorf, Germany in 1925; Hanna married Martin Witte in Madras, India in 1935; and the same year Lore married Ernst Junghans who died in 1942 fighting for Germany. Lore died in 2013 in Hildesheim, Germany.\nFrau Luise Hurtzig died in Hildesheim, Germany on 16 May 1978 and was buried in Wulsdorf.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-enemy-at-home-german-internees-in-world-war-i-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prisoners-in-arcady-german-mariners-at-berrima-1915-1919\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Miller, Jane Mary Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE5414", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miller-jane-mary-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bungendore, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Volunteer, War Worker", "Summary": "Jane Miller lived in Canberra from 1913 after her husband Colonel David Miller was appointed the first administrator of the Federal Capital Territory (as the ACT was called until 1938) in 1912. Early in World War I, she founded and became President of the Federal Territory War Food Fund. She also organised collections of clothes for Belgian babies and oversaw the organisation of many fundraising concerts. Her son, Selwyn Miller, served with the British Army in Palestine from 1917, returning to Australia in 1919.\n", "Details": "Jane Mary Elizabeth Thompson was born in Bungendore, New South Wales, Australia to Margaret Catherine Carroll and James Burford Thompson, civil servant, who served as the Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Queanbeyan during the 1880s. On 23 April 1890 Jane married widower, Major David Miller, a citizen soldier, at Harris Park, Sydney.\nIn August 1912 Jane's husband, then Secretary of the Department of Home Affairs, was appointed as Administrator of the new Federal Capital Territory. On 20 February 1913 when King O'Malley, the Minister for Home Affairs, ceremoniously drove the first peg to mark the axis between the Capitol and Mount Ainslie and define the central feature of Parliament House, he invited Jane Miller to name the site. She christened it 'Canberra Hill'. ('The Federal Capital', 1913, p. 15).\nThe Millers initially lived under canvas before moving in 1913 into Canberra's first permanent building - The Residency (now Old Canberra House on the Australian National University grounds) in Acton.\nSoon after the outbreak of war on August 1914, Jane convened a meeting of women residents of Canberra and the Federal Capital Territory to initiate a movement 'for the purpose of helping our soldiers and sailors who are at the present moment on active service upholding the British Empire in the great war now\u2026 and for relieving distress amongst the relations of soldiers and sailors or the poor' ('Patriotic Fund', 1914, p. 2). She proposed a division of districts each with a representative who would appeal for funds and distribute collecting boxes, and suggested that money collected be donated to the War Food Fund established by the Sydney Chamber of Commerce.\nThe War Food Fund had two purposes: to help soldiers, and to benefit Australian workers on the home front by purchasing foodstuffs and articles that were produced in Australia by Australian workers, thus providing employment opportunities at a difficult time. The Queanbeyan Age reported that the women present enthusiastically approved Jane Miller's scheme and appointed a committee comprising 'Mesdames Miller, Broinowski, Piggin, and Brown, of Canberra; Mesdames Macartney and Barnard of the Royal Military College; Mrs. E. G. Crace, of Gininderra, and Mrs. Sheaffe, of Tharwa.' ('Patriotic Fund', 1914, p. 2).\nIn addition to the proposed collecting boxes, Jane and her committee members arranged fundraising events, including a concert reported in the Queanbeyan Age on 29 October 1914, at which the Canberra Amusement Hall was 'packed to the doors' and the audience 'lustily' joined in patriotic airs from\nthe National Anthem\u2026 the Marseillaise; and\u2026 \"It's a long, long way to Tipperary,\" The Canberra Orchestral Society supplied music and actors presented the final scene of \"The Merchant of Venice\" and comedy. During the interval Jane, as president of the Territory War Food Fund, presented prizes to winners of the fundraising sports meeting held at the Canberra sports ground on 17 October. ('Patriotic Sports Meeting Canberra', 1914, p. 31).\nThe War Food Fund distributed money donated from its branches, including the Federal Capital Territory fund, to a number of organisations: Committees for Relief of the Distressed Poor, hospitals receiving wounded soldiers, Belgian Relief Fund, Homes for Belgian Refugees, Belgian Soldiers' Fund, Belgian Relief Commission for Belgian Refugees in Holland, Distressed Belgians in Belgium, Serbian Relief Fund, and the Committee for assistance to families of French soldiers. By August 1915 the Sydney Chamber of Commerce noted that the Federal Capital Territory fund had contributed \u00a31531\/17\/5 (around $150,000 in 2014) from which no expenses had been taken, and expressed their heartiest thanks ('Federal Territory War Food Fund', 1915, p. 2). (2014 equivalent based on the Reserve Bank of Australia Pre-Decimal Inflation Calculator.)\nOn 11 May 1915 the Queanbeyan Age and Queanbeyan Observer reported on Jane's project collecting clothes for Belgian babies and appealed for warm clothes for 'the poor destitute Belgian mothers caring for their little ones in many of the towns of Belgium, France, England and Holland'. She told the reporter who called on her at the Residency: 'This is what we women are doing\u2026 And not one has been asked for, all have been brought or sent here by the donors without being approached'. The report described a room 'filled with hundreds of little garments of all descriptions, flannel and flannelette night dresses, pilchers, flannels, petticoats, dresses of various materials, hoods, bonnets, lovely bootees, boots, even to a fur boa,\u2026 the useful and practical work of patriotic women'. The article lauded the efforts of 'the patriotic women in all parts of the Federal territory making up useful little garments during their spare hours'; and reported that 'the school girls are now interesting themselves in the praiseworthy object'. ('Clothes for the Belgian Babies', 1915, p. 2).\nIn late October 1915 the Queanbeyan Age and Queanbeyan Observer reported that the Federal Territory War Relief Fund committee, \"under the able presidency of Mrs. Miller, wife of the Administrator, continue to do good work on behalf of the excellent cause they have so enthusiastically taken up.\" ('Federal Territory War Relief Fund', 1915, p. 2). The following month the newspaper reported that at the third Canberra Sports Carnival held at the Canberra Recreation ground in aid of Allies' Day, Jane 'very thoughtfully arranged a marquee in which to receive clothes for the Belgian children, and a liberal response was made by the ladies of the district, especially those residing in the vicinity of Canberra'. It noted that in addition to Colonel and Mrs Miller, 'Colonel and Mrs Parnell and other prominent residents lent their patronage to the Carnival' ('Canberra Sports Carnival', 1915, p. 2). And so it continued, on Friday 21 January 1916 the Queanbeyan Age and Queanbeyan Observer included an advertisement for 'A popular open-air entertainment' in aid of the Federal Territory War Relief Fund, naming Mrs Miller as president.\nDuring the latter two years of the war, Jane's own son, Selwyn Miller (born 1892) served as a Second Lieutenant with the Army Service Corps in Palestine, arriving back in Australia in September 1919. Her stepson - Captain David Frederick Miller (b.1879) - had died in 1902 in the Boer War where he had commanded a troop of Imperial Bushmen from New South Wales.\nAfter clashes with King O'Malley, and with his credibility damaged in a seven-month commission of inquiry into the administration of the territory, David Miller took early retirement in 1917. The Millers left Canberra for a grazing property near Glen Innes, New South Wales where they remained until David Miller's death in 1920.\nJane Miller died in Sydney in February 1932.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miller-david-1857-1934\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-official-history-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1914-1918-australia-during-the-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-sports-carnival\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/federal-territory-war-food-fund\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/patriotic-fund\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/patriotic-sports-meeting-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clothes-for-the-belgian-babies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/advertising\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituary-mrs-david-miller\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-federal-capital\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rohrmann, Emma Maria Laura Paula (Ellen)", "Entry ID": "AWE5416", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rohrmann-emma-maria-laura-paula-ellen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Munich, Germany", "Death Place": "CanberraCanberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Summary": "Ellen Rohrmann was living with family in Singapore when World War I broke out. Declared an enemy alien by the ruling British, she and other relatives were transported to Australia and initially interned at Bourke, New South Wales before being moved to the Molonglo Concentration Camp in the Federal Capital Territory where Ellen died in 1918.\n", "Details": "Emma Maria Laura Paula Mueller was born circa 1888 in Munich, Germany to Luisa Herbold and Emil Mueller, merchant. 'Ellen' became the name people knew her by. She married Johann Rohrmann in Munich in 1913 and shortly afterwards her husband left to establish a business in Sarawak; Ellen was to join him there three months later. Tragically, Johann died of bacillic dysentery just days before Ellen arrived in Singapore. It seems she remained in Singapore with her husband's step-brother - merchant August R.A.K. Rohrmann and his family.\nOn the outbreak of war, the British authorities in Singapore interned nationals of enemy countries, even if they had been naturalised as British. A later agreement between Britain and Australia saw those internees sent to Australian camps in three groups - in April and May 1915, and early in 1916. The Rohrmanns were initially sent to the camp in Bourke, New South Wales. Ellen was allocated the number W49; her brother-in-law was allocated number 38. Two other women prisoners with the name Rohrmann were interned with them - W48 M. Rohrmann and W140 R. H. Rohrmann - possibly August's wife and daughter, or wife and mother. Because most records of internees were destroyed after World War I, there is currently no way of obtaining further detail about these people.\nThe Bourke camp closed in 1918 because poor conditions and intense heat created health problems. The death from heatstroke and apoplexy of one internee - 57-year-old Karl George Krafft, a timber merchant and former German Consul in Fiji - prompted the German government to demand, via the Swiss Consul in Sydney, better conditions for German nationals interned in Australia. The Australian government responded in May 1918 by moving family groups of internees to the newly built Molonglo Concentration Camp in the nation's recently established capital at Canberra. The Molonglo camp been built for 5,000 Austrian and German nationals from China and German East Africa, but under international pressure Britain abandoned transporting them to Australia and took advantage of the empty camp to accede to the German government's and Swiss consul's requests. The families travelled the 1000 kilometres by steam train from Bourke to Molonglo.\nWhile conditions at the Molonglo Camp were reportedly better than in Bourke, they were not ideal and certainly not comfortable. Sunstroke struck Ellen, followed by the related complication of pneumonia which caused the lining of her lungs to suppurate. Ellen's heart failed and she died in Canberra Hospital, Acton on 30 November 1918, aged 30, three weeks after hostilities ended in Europe. She was buried at Queanbeyan Cemetery in nearby New South Wales (Section 1, Row O, Grave 5.) A photograph in the Australian War Memorial collection shows a line of grim-faced people, including a clergyman, at her funeral on 5 December 1918 beside the simple grave marker - a concrete cross inset with a small brass plaque inscribed 'E.L.P. ROHRMANN \/ 30\/11\/18'.\nAt the end of the war 6150 of the nearly 7000 people interned as enemy aliens by the Australian government were deported to Germany. Of these, 5414 were internees and the rest were family members. August Rohrmann, and the other two female internees M. Rohrmann and R. H. Rohrmann were among those forcibly repatriated to Germany, leaving on 29 May 1919 on board the SS Kursk. During the voyage crowded conditions on board contributed to an influenza outbreak affecting 535 of the internees of whom 16 died as a result ('Cases on the Kursk', 1919, p. 17).\nIn April 1961 the Commonwealth War Graves Commission removed Ellen Rohrmann's remains and reinterred them in the German War Cemetery, Tatura, Victoria where a total of 250 Germans who died in Australia during the two World Wars are buried: 239 civilian internees and 11 Prisoners of War.\nThe rectangular bronze plaque from Ellen's original grave in Queanbeyan, with its simple inscription in raised script, is now in the Australian War Memorial, Canberra.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/enemy-aliens-internment-and-the-homefront-experience-in-australia-1914-1920\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-molonglo-mystery-a-unique-part-of-canberras-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/more-about-molonglo-the-mystery-deepens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cases-on-the-kursk\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sheaffe, Catherine Erskine (Katie)", "Entry ID": "AWE5418", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sheaffe-catherine-erskine-katie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Lake Cargellico, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "CanberraCanberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Volunteer, War Worker", "Summary": "Catherine 'Katie' Sheaffe represented the Tharwa community on the Federal Capital Territory War Food Fund committee during World War I.\n", "Details": "Catherine Erskine McKellar was born in 1886 at Lake Cargellico, New South Wales, Australia to Jane and Duncan McKellar, graziers of Wooyeo Station. She was educated at Presbyterian Ladies' College, Croydon in the inner west of Sydney, New South Wales.\nOn 23 March 1913 Katie married Percy Lemprier Sheaffe at Rushcutters Bay, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. She moved to the Canberra region where Percy had been appointed to the Commonwealth Public Service as a Senior Surveyor in 1910. He led one of three teams of surveyors who surveyed the then Federal Capital Territory (the Australian Capital Territory from 1938) border with New South Wales. Katie accompanied her husband on much of the survey defining the boundary of the new Territory, covering the part of the boundary from Coree through Bungendore and Queanbeyan to Mt Clear near Naas. This involved treacherous terrain and unpredictable weather as well as disgruntled land holders and government pressure. The surveys took five years to complete.\nThe couple had four children; Isabel Gordon born 25 July 1917, Jean Lempriere Gordon born 17 May 1919, Robertson Gordon born 13 December 1920 and Percy Hale 'Gordon' born 24 November 1921.\nOn 21 August 1914, soon after World War I erupted, Katie attended the inaugural meeting of the Federal Territory War Food Fund convened by the Territory Administrator's wife Jane Miller at the Residency in Acton. The meeting initiated a movement 'for the purpose of helping our soldiers and sailors who are at the present moment on active service upholding the British Empire in the great war now\u2026 and for relieving distress amongst the relations of soldiers and sailors or the poor' ('Patriotic Fund', 1914, p. 2). According to the same report, a representative group of women residents of Canberra and surrounding districts attended the meeting and supported the establishment of a local branch of the War Food Fund which had been established by the Sydney Chamber of Commerce to 'assist in relieving the great amount of distress which is inseparable from war'. The War Food Fund aimed to help soldiers, and benefit Australian workers on the home front by purchasing food and products made in Australia by Australian workers, thus providing employment opportunities at a difficult time. The Queanbeyan Age reported that the women present enthusiastically approved Jane Miller's scheme and appointed a committee comprising 'Mesdames Miller, Broinowski, Piggin, and Brown, of Canberra; Mesdames Macartney and Barnard of the Royal Military College; Mrs. E. G. Crace, of Gininderra, and Mrs. Sheaffe, of Tharwa' ('Patriotic Fund', 1914, p. 2). The detail of Katie's involvement was not recorded, but it is possible she handed over the reins for Tharwa once she moved to a more central part of the Territory in 1915 and began having children.\nIn 1915 Percy left the border work when he replaced Charles Scrivener as Chief Surveyor and the family moved to the historic Acton house, a former pastoral homestead built in late 1823 and acquired by the Commonwealth on 25 February 1911 for the home of the Chief Surveyor. Later it was used as a police station and court house. It was demolished in 1940 to make way for the new Canberra Community Hospital.\nKatie was an active member of St John's Anglican Church, Reid and the Women's Guild. She played an active part in the Prince of Wales' visit to the Territory in 1921.\nIn 1927 the Sheaffes built a house at Forrest where they lived until they moved to Stonehaven Street, Deakin in 1961. The Canberra Times reported in Katie's obituary on 26 June 1962, that she had played an active part in various kinds of auxiliary work during World War II ('Pioneer Woman's Death Severs Historic Link', 1962, p. 7).\nKatie died in Canberra on 21 June 1962 aged 75 years. Her husband died the following year and both are buried in the cemetery at St John the Baptist Anglican Church, Reid, Australian Capital Territory.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/patriotic-fund\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pioneer-womans-death-severs-historic-link\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sheaffe-family-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eulogy-percy-hale-gordon-sheaffe\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-mrs-p-l-sheaffe-wife-of-percy-lempriere-sheaffe-surveyor-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Southwell, Louisa", "Entry ID": "AWE5419", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/southwell-louisa\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ramsay, Huntingdonshire, England", "Death Place": "JuneeJunee, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Red Cross leader, Volunteer", "Summary": "Louisa Southwell was the founding president of the Hall branch of the Red Cross Society, which was founded in May 1916. She became vice-president in 1917 when Blanche Crace took over the presidency.\n", "Details": "Born on 13 October 1844 in Ramsay, Huntingdonshire, England, the daughter of Edward Smith and Mary Kilby, Louisa married into the well-established Southwell family of Parkwood near Hall when she wed John Southwell on 4 June 1867 at Parkwood Church, Gininderra. She gave birth to seven children - Albert 1868, Eva Annie 1869, Amelia Alma 'Milly' 1871, William Shelton 1873, Raymond 1875, Sydney Roland, 1879 and Edward John Thomas, 1881. Her husband erected the first building in Hall and opened a post office and store in 1888, farmed several properties in the Hall and Queanbeyan areas, served as a Justice of the Peace and sat as a magistrate on the Queanbeyan Bench. Louisa and John were both active in the community; Louisa taught Sunday School after it was established in association with the local Methodist Church at Bedellick in 1882. John Southwell died on 21 October 1912, leaving Louisa a widow.\nOn 16 July 1915 Louisa's son Raymond enlisted with the Australian Expeditionary Force (AIF) and served in France with the 3rd Reinforcements to the 8th Field Ambulance, the 5th Division Sanitary Section and the 5th Artillery Group. Despite being court martialled for possessing a camera with films which were confiscated by military authorities in France (and returned to him in 1926), he was promoted to Sergeant. Mentioned in Despatches for conspicuous service by Sir Douglas Haig on 16 March 1919, Raymond was discharged 5 September 1919. He was the only one of Louisa's five sons to enlist in the AIF.\nOn the 24 May 1916 the women of Hall founded a Red Cross Society branch under Louisa's presidency, with Mrs E. Brown as treasurer and Mrs George Southwell, secretary. The new branch organised a patriotic picnic and sale of gifts in November 1916. They raised \u00a386\/6\/3 in their first year, made 67 articles of clothing and assembled 25 Christmas parcels for soldiers.\nBy November 1917 Blanche Crace had taken over the presidency, perhaps because by then Louisa was 73 years old and the demands of the work may have taken its toll on her health. She did, however, remain as vice-president. The group continued to be busy fundraising, knitting and sewing. In 1917, the 75 members raised \u00a3214\/14\/4 and contributed 188 items of clothing to soldiers at the battlefront or in hospital. During 1918-1919 the Hall membership had dropped to 69 but the branch raised \u00a3177\/5\/3 and made 296 articles of clothing, including shirts, pyjamas, socks, mufflers, mittens, gloves, balaclavas, hospital and kit bags, dusters, washers, pillow slips, handkerchiefs and bandages. They distributed funds to the New South Wales Red Cross parent branch in Sydney, the French Red Cross, the War Chest, to prisoners of war in Germany and Turkey, and to various special celebrations such as France Day. The group displayed creativity and a sense of fun in some of their fundraising ventures; in May 1918 the Goulburn Evening Penny Post reported that the Hall Red Cross had held a fundraising cricket match between the ladies and the gentlemen, with the men handicapped by wearing hobbles and batting with pick handles ('Gininderra', 1918, p. 2).\nThe branch gave up active work in October 1919 - war had ended so there was no longer the need of the previous years. The Hall schoolteacher Charles Thompson penned a tribute to the women that was published in the Queanbeyan Age and Queanbeyan Observer on 28 October 1919 acknowledging the challenges of such a group in a rural area. He wrote that many of the Red Cross members had been compelled to travel eight miles to attend meetings and had to convey provisions in all weathers. 'Nevertheless', he wrote 'this noble band of lady workers were fully determined that the brave lads who have dared their all for the sake of King and country, should not be wanting in comforts and necessaries if their exertions and nimble fingers could supply the want'. When the Hall branch closed it donated the remaining balance of \u00a350 to provide a four-bed ward in a soldiers' convalescent home ('Gininderra', 1919).\nLouisa moved to Junee, New South Wales to be near her children William, Edward and her daughter Milly. She died at Junee on 1 December 1926 and was buried with her husband John at Hall cemetery in the Australian Capital Territory.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-southwell-family-pioneers-of-the-canberra-district-1838-1938\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ginninderra-forerunner-to-canberra-a-history-of-the-ginninderra-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/raymond-southwell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/southwell-raymond\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/southwell-raymond-service-number-9082-place-of-birth-ginninderra-n-a-place-of-enlistment-liverpool-nsw-next-of-kin-uncle-southwell-mark\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wilson, Bethia (Beth)", "Entry ID": "AWE5423", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wilson-bethia-beth\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Public servant, Tribunal Member", "Summary": "Dr Beth Wilson AM is a former senior public servant who retired in December 2012 after serving as Victoria's Health Services Commissioner for 15 years (1997-2012). In this role, Dr Wilson managed complaints made against health service providers.\nAfter graduating from Monash University (BA 1975, LLB 1977), Dr Wilson worked in administrative law with a particular interest in medico-legal and ethical issues.\nPrior to her role as Health Services Commissioner Dr Wilson was president of the Mental Health Review Board, a senior legal member of the Social Security Appeals Board and legal member of the WorkCare Appeals Board. She has also held various positions with the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, the Law Reform Commission, the Victoria Law Foundation and Telecom (now Telstra).\nIn 2001 Monash University acknowledged Dr Wilson by presenting her with a Distinguished Alumni Award. The award celebrated her contribution to research, public administration and ethical practice in the areas of law and health.\nIn 2003 Dr Wilson was recognised for her services to health with a Centenary Medal.\nShe received an Honorary Doctorate in 2004 from RMIT for her contributions to health education.\nIn 2008 Dr Wilson was named on the 2008 Victorian Women's Honour Roll.\nOn Australia Day 2013 she received a Member of the Order of Australia 'for significant service to the community of Victoria through the provision of dispute resolution in the area of health services'.\n", "Details": "The fourth of five children of Isa May Wilson 'deserted wife', Beth Wilson grew up in Hastings, Victoria. She left school at age 15 because she had holes in her school shoes and no money to pay for new ones. Beth worked in shops, factories, fruit picking and fishing until she returned to night school at Prahran High School in 1970. Beth worked at Pict Frozen Pea factory in Notting Hill during the day. She was assisted by a Commonwealth Scholarship to Monash University and later, Gough Whitlam's abolition of university fees. At night school Beth met the feminist activist Mary Owen who became a dear friend and influence on her strong sense of social justice and women's rights.\nAt Monash Beth studied Arts and Law and later Librarianship at RMIT. She worked in the Library at Telecom and then as librarian\/researcher to the Victoria Law Foundation and the Law reform Commission of Victoria. She is currently a mentor for Monash University students.\nIn the mid 1980s Feminist Lawyers was re-formed and Beth and her colleagues assisted two young women, Sandra and Tracey Collis who had been charged with perjury and jailed for withdrawing their claims of incest by their father. Convinced that these two young women were victims not offenders Feminist Lawyers worked with the Domestic Violence and Incest Resources Centre to launch a successful appeal to have the Collis sisters released from prison and later to have their convictions erased through a Pardon.\nFeminist Lawyers sought the assistance of Barrister John Dixon (pro bono) and Fitzroy Legal Centre (Angela Palombo) to lodge a complaint to the then Solicitor's Disciplinary Board against the lawyer who represented the Collis sisters and their father. Not surprisingly the Board found there was a conflict of interest and upheld the complaint against Robert John Gallbally. John Dixon later assisted the Collis sisters in a civil suit against Robert Gallbally.\nBeth worked in the legal and policy section of the Department of Health with Feminist Lawyers founder, Bebe Loff. It was an exciting time for policy as recent major reforms had been made with the establishment of the Heath Services Commissioner, the Guardianship and Administration Board and the Mental Health Review Board. She also joined the editorial collective of the Legal Services Bulletin that later became the Alternative Law Journal and she established its long running column 'Sit Down Girlie'.\nBeth was appointed to the Social Security Appeals Board in 1985, the WorkCare Appeals Board in 1990 and became President of the Mental Health Review Board in 1992. She is a past President of the Victorian Branch of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law.\nIn 1997 she became Victoria's Health Services Commissioner, a position she held until 2012. Highlights included an Inquiry into The Royal Melbourne Hospital, an investigation into the activities of a disgraced dentist turned cancer quack Noel Campbell and an Investigation into Peter DeAngelis aka Thunder Eagle a sham 'shaman'. Beth also assisted the very brave Ercan Tekin, a man with cerebral palsy who had been 'ripped off' by a chiropractor who claimed to be able to 'cure' cerebral palsy with hyperbaric treatment. Ercan's story was featured on The Law Report ABC Radio National, 16 June 2009 and in Beth's exit interview on The Law Report on 11 December 2012).\nIn 2006 Beth led an Australian Delegation for HREOC assessing the progress of China's human rights obligations in family planning held in Urumqui, Xiang Jing Autonomous Region, North West China. Beth travelled twice to Sri Lanka with AusMat to assist victims of the 2004 Tsunami and in 2014 she travelled to Canada to speak at an international conference on health complaints. Beth was a member of the Disability Services Board from 2007 to 2012 and she is a respected person of the Tarwirri Indigenous Law Students and Lawyers Association of Victoria.\nFollowing her retirement from the HSC in 2012 Beth became Patron of the Continence Foundation of Australia, Patron of The Satellite Foundation, Member of the Board of Directors of Women and Mentoring, Independent Chair of the Royal Children's Hospital Travancore Child and Adolescent Health Service's Community Reference Group, Victorian AIDS Council (VAC) volunteer and Independent Chair of the VAC, Cabrini Hospital's Patient and Resident Advisory Council, Victoria Legal Aid Community Consultative Committee and is a member of Breacan's Community Advisory Group.\nAustralia has committed to the United Nations Declaration commitment to the Greater Involvement of People Living With HIV\/AIDS (GIPA) and Beth is the Independent Chair of the VAC committee which is implementing GIPA. Beth is also a part time Legal Member of the Mental Health Tribunal.\nBeth has her own business Lawfully Funny and is a popular public speaker and part time member of the Mental Health tribunal. She is also a member of Wild at Heart which brings the creative arts to the mental health community and performed in their play The Mental Health Act. In 2013 and 2014 she appeared in The Vagina Monologues.\nBeth was a member of Joan Kirner's Women's Advisory Group in the 1980s and has continued to campaign for women's health reproductive rights. She also advocates on a range of social justice issues including euthanasia, women's rights, mental health, inequality and disability.\n", "Events": "Health Services Commissioner (Victoria) (1997 - 2012) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2008 - 2008)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Holmes, Catherine", "Entry ID": "AWE5425", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/holmes-catherine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Judge, Lawyer, Senior Counsel, Solicitor", "Summary": "Catherine Ena \"Cate\" Holmes, AC, assumed the office of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Queensland on 11 September 2015.She holds the degrees of B.Econ (ANU), B.A. (Hons), LLB, LLM (Advanced) (UQ).\nHolmes was admitted as a solicitor in 1982 and as a barrister in 1984, taking silk in 1999. While in practice, Justice Holmes was at various times a part time member of the Anti-Discrimination Tribunal, Deputy President of the Queensland Community Corrections Board and, during 1998 and 1999, Counsel assisting the Forde Commission of Inquiry into Child Abuse. Her Honour was appointed to the Supreme Court of Queensland in March 2000. She was the judge overseeing the Court's criminal list for some years, and was the judge constituting the Mental Health Court from February 2005 until May 2006, when she was appointed to the Court of Appeal. From 16 January 2011 until 16 March 2012, Justice Holmes was the Commissioner of the Commission of Inquiry into the Queensland Floods 2010-2011.\nJustice Holmes AC was made a Companion in the General Division of the Order of Australia on Australia Day in 2020, for eminent service to the judiciary, notably to criminal, administrative, and mental health law, and to the community of Queensland. She was a founding member of the Queensland Women's Legal Service in 1984.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-womans-place-100-years-of-queensland-women-lawyers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/who-is-catherine-holmes-queenslands-first-female-chief-justice\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ordway, Catherine", "Entry ID": "AWE5426", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ordway-catherine\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Fencer, Handball Player, Lawyer, Rugby player, Solicitor, Sports administrator, Sportswoman, Tribunal Member", "Summary": "Catherine Ordway is a highly respected sports lawyer, sports administrator, lecturer and consultant. In recognition of her strong reputation for regulatory review in the international sport integrity field, Catherine has recently been awarded an academic appointment at La Trobe University in Melbourne, Victoria as Professor of Practice (Sports Management). As well as her academic appointment, Catherine holds a position as Special Counsel at Snedden Hall & Gallop (SHG Sport) in Canberra.\nOrdway's expertise in assisting organisations to strengthen integrity in sport programs has led to her consultancy services being highly sought after by National Anti-Doping Organisations and countries bidding to host Summer or Winter Olympic Games. She is regularly requested to present at conferences and seminars, and to comment in the media on sports law, gender equity and integrity issues.\n", "Details": "Catherine Ordway has a Bachelor of Arts (Jurisprudence) and Law from the University of Adelaide; a Graduate Diploma of Legal Practice from the University of South Australia; and a Graduate Diploma in Investigations Management from Charles Sturt University. She has been admitted as a solicitor in the High Court, South Australia, the Australian Capital Territory and New South Wales. Catherine lectures at the Masters level in sports law and sports management subjects: at La Trobe University (risk management), the University of New South Wales (anti-doping), the University of Melbourne (sports integrity and investigations) and the University of Canberra (performance integrity). She has also taught undergraduate sports management units as Senior Lecturer at the University of Canberra.\nCatherine Ordway is currently completing her PhD in governance, leadership and sports integrity. The Australian Sports Commission has mandated a 40% gender inclusion policy and intends that this should lead to better integrity outcomes. Her research involves gathering data and consulting stakeholders to determine whether this new regulatory initiative is likely to have the desired effect.\nA former national level handballer, Catherine Ordway has competed for the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) in rugby union, and at intervarsity level in fencing. Her professional interest in integrity in sport began when, as a solicitor working for Browne & Co from 1997, her primary client was the Australian Olympic Committee. She appeared in over thirty anti-doping hearings, before the Court of Arbitration for Sport or National Sports Dispute Centre, in the lead up to the Sydney Olympic Games. (Catherine understands that she was the first Australian female lawyer to 'prosecute' athletes under the relevant anti-doping policies, and remains one of the few women world-wide to do so.) At that time, Catherine had conducted one third of all international anti-doping cases. After living and working in Europe and the Middle East for five years developing national and international anti-doping programs, she returned to Canberra to work at the Senior Executive level at the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA).\nOrdway has represented and chaired tribunals in sports as diverse as: archery, athletics, baseball, combat sports, cricket, cycling, football, softball and swimming in a variety of selection, anti-doping and code of conduct disputes. Catherine has also served as a board member of Australian Canoeing and Capital Football. Catherine is on the International Sports Law Journal (ISLJ) Editorial and Advisory Board and is an Expert Contributor to the Australian Sports Commission Clearinghouse. Catherine is also an Ethics and Integrity Panel member for Triathlon Australia.\nAWARDS AND DISTINCTIONS\n\nBrazilian Olympic Award, as a consultant contributing to the IOC awarding hosting rights to Rio for the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games\n World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), legal paper prize\nAustralian and New Zealand Sports Law Association (ANZSLA), legal paper prize\nRepresented WADA at the 2002 Manchester Commonwealth Games in the WADA Outreach team\nRepresented WADA at the 2007 Rio Pan-American Games as a WADA Independent Observer\n\nCURRENT (2015) TRIBUNAL AND BOARD MEMBERSHIPS\n\nInternational Sports Law Journal (ISLJ) Editorial Board\n International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), Medical & Anti-Doping representative for Australia\n International Cricket Council (ICC) Anti-Doping Panel\nWorld Baseball-Softball Confederation (WBSC), Baseball Division, Medical and Anti-Doping Commission [formerly IBAF] -Expert\nSportAccord Members Doping Hearing Panel\n West Indies Cricket Board's Independent Review Board \nAustralian Sports Commission, Clearinghouse, Expert Contributor\nTriathlon Australia, Ethics and Integrity Panel member\nAustralian & New Zealand Sports Law Association (ANZSLA) Member, 1996- The only lawyer asked by ANZSLA to present in five capital cities as part of the 2013 national roadshow on the Australian Football League and Australian Sport Anti-Doping Authority investigation into the Essendon Football Club: \"Doping Issues in Sport and the ACC Report\"\nWomen on Boards (WOB) Co-Founder, 2001- The WOB network was co-founded by Ruth Medd and myself to connect interested and talented women with, initially sports, corporate and not-for-profit boards to increase the gender and skills diversity in decision-making. It now has almost 22,000 subscribers from all sectors and industries including rural, mining, and the public service. The network has many qualified, female executives from legal, financial, IT, sales and marketing, human resources, business development and project management backgrounds who are looking for a Board career. WOB has recently expanded into the UK and Hong Kong.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mullins, Debra Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE5428", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mullins-debra-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Judge, Lawyer, Senior Counsel, Solicitor, Tribunal Member", "Summary": "Debra Mullins is a Judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland, a Trustee of the Sylvia and Charles Viertel Charitable Foundation and the Chancellor of the Anglican Diocese of Brisbane. She is the patron of Justice and the Law Society based at the University of Queensland and a member of the Visiting Committee of the Griffith Law School. She is also extensively involved in judicial education through her work with the National Judicial College of Australia.\n", "Details": "Debra Mullins was born in 1957 in Sydney, to Ken Curtis, bookmaker, and Laurina Curtis (n\u00e9e Holz). She has two sisters, Karen Curtis and Roslyn Curtis. She attended Coorparoo State High School from 1969 until 1973, where she was dux of her year. Debra was interested in a career in the law and enrolled in a dual degree of Commerce and Law at the University of Queensland in 1974. Throughout this period and into her professional life, Debra was strongly supported and encouraged by her family.\nDebra completed her undergraduate degrees at the University of Queensland in Commerce in 1977 and in Law with Honours in 1980. During her university years, she taught speech and drama.\nDebra was admitted as a solicitor in 1980. She had completed her articles of clerkship at Kinsey Bennett and Gill, where she then worked as a solicitor until 1984. During this period, she worked closely with her master, Graham Macdonald, who greatly influenced the development of her areas of expertise in the law, particularly in property law and landlord\/tenant law.\nDebra married Patrick Mullins in 1981. They have three children. Debra describes her husband Pat, who is also a lawyer, as her greatest supporter. Debra went on to complete a Master of Laws in 1987, again at the University of Queensland, which was upgraded to a Master of Laws (Advanced) in 1999.\nIn 1984, Debra was admitted to the Bar, where she worked predominantly in commercial, property and estate matters. She did experience occasional reluctance of clients and solicitors to brief female barristers, but considered they were the losers by depriving themselves of complete choice from the available pool of talent at the Bar.\nThere was an underrepresentation of women at the Bar, and Debra sought to remedy this through involvement with the Law Council of Australia's Equalising Opportunities in the Law Committee, as well as chairing a similar committee for the Bar Association of Queensland, and through her mentoring of junior women barristers. Debra became a member of the Women Lawyers Association of Queensland in 1980 and has continued to be a loyal supporter of its activities.\nIn 1998, Debra was appointed Senior Counsel. She performed duties as a part time member of the Queensland Building Tribunal and as a part time member of the Queensland Law Reform Commission.\nDebra was appointed to the Trial Division of the Supreme Court of Queensland on 16 March 2000.\nDuring her career on the bench, Debra has continued to be involved in the legal community through a variety of organisations. As well as involvement with her judicial peers through the National Judicial College of Australia, Debra regularly assists with the Bar Practice Course, assessing and encouraging trainee barristers. She also regularly volunteers her time to assist lawyers in furthering their professional development, presenting on a wide range of topics.\nMentoring has also been a part of Debra's activities. Through mentoring the young law students from Justice and the Law Society, acting as a judge in moots, to staying in touch with her long list of former associates, Debra is much involved with assisting subsequent generations of legal professionals. Debra was the inaugural Judge in Residence at the Griffith Law School for a week in September 2014.\nDebra's life is also marked by her Christian faith and her involvement in the Anglican Church. In 2004, Debra was appointed Deputy Chancellor of the Anglican Diocese of Brisbane, a position which she held until appointed Chancellor in July 2014. Debra has been a member of the Chapter of St John's Cathedral, Brisbane, since 2002.\nIn 2009 the Queensland Law Society awarded Debra the Agnes McWhinney Award in recognition of outstanding achievement by a female practitioner.\nIn 2010 Debra was admitted by Griffith University to the honorary degree of Doctor of the University for her contribution through her membership of the Griffith Law School Visiting Committee to the development and maintenance of close relations between the Griffith Law School and the legal profession.\n", "Events": "Officer of the Order of Australia (AO): For distinguished service to the law, and to the judiciary, to professional development and legal education, and to women. (2019 - 2019)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/debra-mullins\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bolton, Elizabeth Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE5429", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bolton-elizabeth-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Judge, Lawyer, Magistrate, Solicitor", "Summary": "When Elizabeth Bolton was appointed South Australian Chief Magistrate in 2007, she became the first woman to head a court jurisdiction in the history of South Australia.\nAfter completing a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) majoring in English Literature and then a Master of Arts degree at the University of Adelaide, Elizabeth Bolton subsequently completed a Law degree at the same university before commencing practice as a lawyer in 1985.\nAfter periods as a prosecutor firstly with the state Department of Public Prosecutions (DPP) and then with the Commonwealth DPP, she was appointed as a magistrate in December 1999. She began with two years sitting in Elizabeth, where she also went on circuit to Tanunda, Clare, Peterborough and Berri. In 2004 she was appointed the regional manager at the Christies Beach Magistrates Court.\nShe became Chief Magistrate in 2007. This role was changed by legislation to be both Chief Magistrate and a Judge of the S.A. District Court in July 2013.\nChief Magistrate Elizabeth Bolton resigned from the position in July 2015 due to ill health.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ill-health-forces-first-female-south-australia-chief-magistrate-elizabeth-bolton-to-resign-after-eight-years\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Shaw, Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE5430", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shaw-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Advisor, Advocate, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Elizabeth Shaw is a qualified company director and holds degrees in arts and law as well as a Masters of Public Policy. She currently (2015) serves as the President of UN Women Australia, Deputy Chair of Global Voices, and as a Director of Inclusion WA. She has been recognised with an Australian Leadership Award from the Australian Davos Connection, and a West Australian of the Year Award.\n", "Details": "Elizabeth Shaw works as a Manager in KPMG's Advisory practice. She also holds leadership roles in the not-for-profit sector, currently serving as the President of the Australian National Committee for UN Women and the Deputy Chair of Inclusion WA.\nElizabeth's role as President of the Australian National Committee for UN Women reflects her long-term commitment to increasing gender equality, in Australia and around the world. She has presented at sessions at the UN Commission on the Status of Women in New York and written on gender issues for the Australian Financial Review and The West Australian.\nElizabeth completed a Bachelor of Arts at the University of Melbourne and a Bachelor of Laws at the University of Western Australia, where she served as the President of the Law Students' Society, Editor of the UWA Student Newspaper and Editor of the UWA Law Review.\nElizabeth started her career as a solicitor for the State Solicitor's Office in Western Australia (2007 - 2010), winning the Golden Gavel competition in 2010.\nIn 2008, Elizabeth was selected to be the Australian Youth Representative to the United Nations, consulting with over 5,000 young Australians before presenting her findings at the UN General Assembly in New York.\nElizabeth's passion for engaging young people in the community continued through her support of organisations working with young people, including her work as a director of ReachOut.Com (2009 - 2013), a Trustee of the UN Youth Foundation (2013 - 2014) and Deputy Chair of Global Voices (2013 - 2015).\nElizabeth worked as the Executive Director of the UN Association of Australia (2010 - 2014). During this time, she completed a Masters in Public Policy at the ANU, receiving a scholarship to complete coursework at the University of Oxford and interning for United States Senator Richard G. Lugar.\nElizabeth has a keen interest in politics and international relations, and was selected to participate in the State Department's International Visitors Leadership Program, the Australia American Leadership Dialogue and the Australia India Youth Dialogue.\nElizabeth has been recognised with an Australian Leadership Award from the Australian Davos Connection, a West Australian of the Year Award (Youth) from Celebrate WA and as a 'Global Leader of Tomorrow' by the University of St Gallen in Switzerland.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bolton, Genevieve", "Entry ID": "AWE5431", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bolton-genevieve\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bendigo, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Genevieve Bolton was born in Bendigo Victoria but spent most of her childhood growing up in Brisbane. After graduating from Mount Saint Michael's College in Ashgrove, Brisbane she undertook her Bachelor of Law Degree at the Queensland University of Technology graduating in 1994.\nShe then spent a year in Melbourne undertaking a social justice volunteer placement run by the Jesuits and Sisters of Mercy where she was placed with the then Refugee and Advice Casework Service now Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre (RILC). In that role, she provided legal assistance to onshore asylum seekers and people seeking to sponsor relatives from refugee situations abroad.\nShe quickly learnt that she wanted to pursue a career in the community legal sector. In 1995, she completed her legal practical training at the Leo Cussen Institute in Melbourne and was admitted as a Solicitor and Barrister in Victoria and obtained her first paid legal job with then the Victorian Immigration Advice and Rights Centre now known as RILC. Genevieve has also been admitted as a Solicitor in Queensland and the ACT and is on the High Court roll.\nGenevieve Bolton is currently (2015) the Co-ordinator\/Principal Solicitor at Canberra Community Law which provides free legal services to disadvantaged and vulnerable people.\n", "Details": "Genevieve Bolton was born in Bendigo Victoria but spent most of her childhood growing up in Brisbane. On graduating from Mount Saint Michael's College in Ashgrove, Brisbane she undertook her Bachelor of Law Degree at the Queensland University of Technology graduating in 1994.\nYearning to find a satisfying and rewarding path which would enable her to make a difference, she spent a year in Melbourne undertaking a social justice volunteer placement run by the Jesuits and Sisters of Mercy where she was placed with the then Refugee and Advice Casework Service now Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre (RILC). In that role, she provided legal assistance to onshore asylum seekers and people seeking to sponsor relatives from refugee situations abroad and quickly learnt that she wanted to pursue a career in the community legal sector.\nIn 1995, she completed her legal practical training at the Leo Cussen Institute in Melbourne and was admitted as a Solicitor and Barrister in Victoria and obtained her first paid legal job with the then Victorian Immigration Advice and Rights Centre now known as RILC. Genevieve has also been admitted as a Solicitor in Queensland and the ACT and is on the High Court roll.\nDuring the period 2000 to 2003, Genevieve was the Principal Solicitor of the then Welfare Rights Centre in Brisbane, now known as Basic Rights Queensland. During this time she managed a large casework practice and ran several test cases in the Social Security jurisdiction. During this period she was also an active member of the Refugee and Immigration Legal Service's Management Committee and was one of two integral members who put together a migration training program for the services' migration agent volunteers.\nCurrently, Genevieve is the Co-ordinator\/Principal Solicitor at Canberra Community Law which provides free legal services to disadvantaged and vulnerable people. In this role she manages the Centre and its legal practice whilst continuing to provide front line legal services to some of the most marginalised and disadvantaged people in the ACT community. Under her leadership, Canberra Community Law has successfully established a number of innovative programs including the Street Law program and a multi-disciplinary practice model which combines legal and social work advocacy to prevent homelessness. Genevieve was also instrumental in the establishment of the Centre's Community Law Clinical Program in partnership with the Australian National University (ANU) and has led the ongoing development of the program. The program is regarded as the ANU's flagship clinical program.\nGenevieve is currently the chair of the ACT Community Legal Centres Association and a member of the National Association of Community Legal Centre's (NACLC) Advisory Council. She has recently been appointed as a Commissioner to the Legal Aid ACT Commission Board.\nGenevieve was an inaugural member of the National Welfare Rights Network Inc (NWRN) from 2002 to 2008 and played a leading role in the establishment of NWRN as a national peak body in the area of Social Security law. Whilst NWRN's National Liaison Officer, Genevieve also undertook a scoping study on legal need in the Northern Territory in 2007 which resulted in the funding of four welfare rights worker positions in the two Aboriginal Legal Services in the Northern Territory.\nGenevieve helped set up the Pro Bono Clearing House in the ACT in 2005 and continues to serve on its Management Committee. She is currently the Secretary of the Tenants Union (ACT) Management Committee and the ACT Representative on the NACLC's Professional Indemnity Insurance subcommittee.\n", "Events": "Medal (OAM) in the General Division, Order of Australia: For service to the law, particularly to welfare rights. (2016 - 2016)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Durham, Helen", "Entry ID": "AWE5432", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/durham-helen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Mt Isa, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Feminist, Human rights activist, Lawyer", "Summary": "Dr Helen Durham is a leading international lawyer, focusing on international humanitarian law (IHL or the laws of war). With a passion for the protections afforded to civilians during times of armed conflict (in particular women) Helen has had a long term career with the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. In 2014 she was appointed as the Director of International Law and Policy for the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) headquarters in Geneva Switzerland and is the first woman to occupy this role in the institution's 150 year history.\nIn 2017, Helen Durham was made an Officer in the General Division of the Order of Australia 'for distinguished service to international relations in the area of humanitarian and criminal law, to the protection of women during times of armed conflict, and to legal education'.\n", "Details": "Studying Arts\/Law at Melbourne University in the late 1980s Helen was always active in matters of local and global justice, doing voluntary work with a number of Non-Government Organisations (NGOs), an internship in Bangkok and becoming interested in the need to create legal clarity around rape and sexual violence as war crimes. Starting her career as an articled clerk with the Labor law firm Holding Redlich and then moving to work for Asialink, she established a leadership program and explored the different ways human rights are understood by business and culture. Concurrently she commenced a doctorate in international law at Melbourne Law School examining the role of community groups and NGOs in international criminal prosecutions with the emphasis on cases dealing with sexual violence. After obtaining a Queens Trust Scholarship she was able to complete her studies at New York University and engage directly with the discussions being held at the United Nations on the creation of an International Criminal Court.\nIn 1997 she commenced with Australian Red Cross as National Manager of the International Humanitarian Law (IHL) program, working closely with Professor Tim McCormack and her team to build a stronger understanding and respect for IHL within the Australian academic sector, government, militaries and the general public. She was part of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) delegation to the negotiations for the Statute of the International Criminal Court in Rome in 1998 and did a number of short missions for ICRC in the field to places such as Burma, Aceh, the Philippines and the Pacific.\nIn 2002 Helen became Head of Office for ICRC in Australia based in Sydney and regional legal adviser for the Mission of the ICRC in the Pacific. For the next three years she travelled extensively in the Pacific, assisting governments ratify IHL treaties, implement these laws domestically as well as training military officers and non-state armed groups on matters such as the conduct of hostilities. Due to family commitments (son Alexander born in 2001 and daughter Hannah in 2004) Helen returned to Melbourne and took up the part time position as Director of Research for the Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law at Melbourne Law School, teaching in the Masters of Law program (Women, War and Peacebuilding) and also supervising a number of PhDs in international law.\nAfter a few years in academia Helen went back to Australian Red Cross as Director of International Law and Strategy, whilst continuing to teach and publish in the area of IHL as a Senior Fellow of Melbourne Law School. Combining her practical field experience and the 'grass root' work of the Red Cross during conflict and her research allowed Helen to focus upon bridging the gap between legal practitioners in the humanitarian sector and the academic community. In 2014 she was appointed to the Directorate of the ICRC in Geneva, with a portfolio which includes the legal division, armed forces delegates, academic outreach and policy\/multilateral engagement. Presenting to the Security Council of the United Nations on the needs of women during war, visiting detainees in Iraq, lecturing at military institutes in Europe and Americas and providing training to diplomats in New York - her current position builds upon her experiences and the support gained from many over the years. In 2014 Helen was inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women and in 2015 she was honoured with a Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) Centenary PeaceWomen Award.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2014 - 2014)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Murrell, Helen Gay", "Entry ID": "AWE5433", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/murrell-helen-gay\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Barrister, Judge, Lawyer, Senior Counsel, Solicitor", "Summary": "Helen Gay Murrell was sworn in as the Chief Justice of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Supreme Court on 28 October 2013, thus becoming the ACT's first female Supreme Court Chief Justice.\nMurrell was first enrolled as a solicitor in 1977, working in the then Commonwealth Crown Solicitor's Office and the New South Wales (NSW) Legal Aid Commission. She was called to the NSW Bar in 1981, appointed silk in 1995, and has practised across criminal law, administrative law, environmental law, common law and equity.\nIn 1996, Judge Murrell was appointed a NSW District Court Judge in 1996. She is former president of the NSW Equal Opportunity Tribunal and set up the first NSW Drug Court in 1998\n", "Details": "Her Honour, Chief Justice Helen Murrell, attended the University of New South Wales, from which she graduated in 1976 with Bachelor Arts\/Bachelor Laws degree. In 1981 her Honour attended the University of Sydney and obtained a Diploma of Criminology.\nHer Honour was admitted as a solicitor to the Supreme Court of New South Wales in 1977. From 1977 to 1981 her Honour practised at the Commonwealth Crown Solicitor's Office and NSW Legal Aid Commission. From 1981 to 1996 Her Honour practised as a Barrister in criminal law, administrative law, environmental law, common law and equity. From 1994 to 1996 her Honour was the first Environmental Counsel for the NSW Environment Protection Authority. In 1995 her Honour was appointed Senior Counsel in New South Wales.\nFrom 1996 to 2013 her Honour was a Judge of the District Court of New South Wales. In 1996 her Honour was also an Acting Judge in the Land and Environment Court of New South Wales. From 1997 to 1999 her Honour was President of the Equal Opportunity Tribunal of New South Wales and then Deputy President of the Administrative Decisions Tribunal of New South Wales, Head of the Equal Opportunity Division.\nFrom 1998 to 2003 her Honour was the first Senior Judge of the Drug Court of New South Wales. In 1999 her Honour was a member of the United Nations Expert Working Group on Drug Courts, Vienna. From 2005 to 2013 her Honour was Deputy Chairperson of the New South Wales Medical Tribunal.\nHer Honour has had a longstanding involvement in judicial education and is currently active within the National Judicial College of Australia (NJCA).\nHer Honour was appointed Honorary Air Commodore of No 28 (City of Canberra) Squadron in April 2014.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/introducing-the-acts-first-female-supreme-court-chief-justice\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hogg, Margaret Mary Judy (Judy)", "Entry ID": "AWE5435", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hogg-margaret-mary-judy-judy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Community activist, Feminist, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Judy Hogg has had a lifelong concern for the socially disadvantaged leading to her interest in law and political reform, and her involvement in the women's movement in Victoria where she was a founding Member of the Kew Women's Liberation Group. She returned to university after having children and was fortunate to graduate from Law School as the Family Law Act came into operation in 1976. As she had written a thesis on this legislation, she was placed in a strong position for entering the work force in that jurisdiction.\nAfter working for several law firms, both large and small, and for Legal Aid, Hogg started her own firm in 1985. She invited her friend Janet Reid to join her and they formed Hogg and Reid (which amalgamated as Carew Counsel incorporating Hogg and Reid in 2013). The prime focus was Family Law which was dealt with in a non-sexist manner. Her philosophy was to ensure that the law was available to redress imbalances of power.\nHogg has always contributed beyond her professional role, and has served in a voluntary capacity on many committees and boards of management, including those of\n\n Fitzroy Legal Service\nParents anonymous\nTwin Care\n Domestic Violence Committee, Rotary\n\nGo to 'Details' below to read an essay written by Judy Hogg for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Julie Hogg and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\nJudy Hogg, an only child, was born in Melbourne in 1937. Her father, Peter Spier, was a successful Melbourne architect. During her childhood, he served in the Middle East and New Guinea in the Second World War, initially in the Infantry and then in the Engineers. He attained the rank of Major. After the War he was a Director of the Australian War Graves Commission and his work took him to Japan, other areas of the Pacific, and South East Asia. He was frequently absent from home. Her mother was not in paid employment.\nJudy attended Tintern and Melbourne Girls' Grammar School (MGGS) (Merton Hall). Both were progressive schools. Ms D.J. Ross, the inspirational head of MGGS was a particular influence.\nJudy has had a lifelong concern for the socially disadvantaged leading to her interest in law and political reform, and her involvement in the women's movement in Victoria where she was a founding Member of the Kew Women's Liberation Group.\nJudy decided early in life that she wanted to have a career; she did not want to follow in her mother's example of home duties. However, in the late 1950's, she found the Law School at the University of Melbourne discouraging of women and did not complete her degree at this stage. She later returned to university after having children. She was fortunate to be graduating from Law School as the Family Law Act came into operation. As she had written a thesis on this legislation, she was placed in a strong position for entering the work force in that jurisdiction.\nAfter working for several law firms, both large and small, and for Legal Aid, Judy started her own firm in 1985. She invited her friend Janet Reid to join her and they formed Hogg and Reid (which amalgamated as Carew Counsel incorporating Hogg and Reid in 2013). The prime focus was Family Law which was dealt with in a non-sexist manner. Her philosophy being that the law was available to redress imbalances of power. She has, for example, successfully obtained orders for fathers to be the primary carers of children, and for women to obtain the control of a business.\nThe objective of the firm has always been to resolve matters in a conciliatory manner with a minimum of expense and stress to the parties and to focus on the future needs of the children and their parents.\nJudy has always regarded it as important that the firm should provide a supportive environment for employees and in particular women returning to work after absence from work due to domestic responsibilities. She has had a number of articled clerks, continues to be a mentor to junior solicitors, and has had numerous work experience students. Many of these who have had such associations have achieved distinction in their careers.\nJudy has always contributed beyond her professional role. At the suggestion of a publisher friend, she wrote 'Splitting Up', a vital hand book for people facing separation and divorce in Australia\", now in its fourth edition. The book was designed to prevent people from making decisions based on incorrect assumptions about the law, to help them through a difficult period, and to put them in touch with resources.\n\u2003\nAs well as the voluntary roles, that she has occupied, listed above, Judy has held the following appointments:\n\nVarious positions on Committees at the Law Institute of Victoria\n Founding member of the Family Law and Psychology Association of Australasia\n Instructor in Family Law at the Leo Cussens Institute for Continuing Legal Education\nMember of the Social Secretary Appeals Tribunal\nMember of the Equal Opportunity Board of Victoria\nBoard Member of Relationships Australia\n Board Member of Women's Health Victoria\n Board Member of Peter McCallum Cancer Institute\nRoyal Women's Hospital Committee\nBreast Screen Victoria Committees\nMember of Panel of Expert Lawyers advising Mediators as to the state of Family Law\n\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Auty, Kate", "Entry ID": "AWE5437", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/auty-kate\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Academic, Barrister, Commissioner, Lawyer, Magistrate, Public servant, Tribunal Member", "Summary": "Born in Brisbane, Kate Auty was educated, and has worked, all over Australia. The former Victorian Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability, she is now an academic who continues to work as a barrister.\nAuty was the inaugural Koori Court magistrate (Victoria) and Aboriginal sentencing court magistrate in the goldfields and western desert (WA). She has been a Mining Warden (WA). She was also a senior solicitor for the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (Vic, Tas., WA).\nOther diverse roles have involved developing justice e-technology in remote and regional settings, and chairing the Ministerial Council on Climate Change Adaptation (Victoria). Auty's board memberships extend to having chaired the National Rural Law and Justice Alliance. She presently chairs the Boards of NeCTAR, the Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute at the University of Melbourne and a La Trobe Research Focus Area. She is a member of the advisory boards of the Murray-Darling Basin Authority Advisory Committee on Social, Economic and Environmental Sciences, the University of Melbourne Community and Industry Board for the Office of Environmental Programs and the Australian Urban Research Infrastructure Network.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Kate Auty for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Kate Auty and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nKate Auty is a Queenslander by birth but has lived and worked all over Australia. Her parents moved around Australia as her father worked in veterinary and agricultural contexts and Kate has continued to explore the country both in employment settings and leisure activities with her partner Charlie Brydon.\nKate's first schooling was received at the Ord River Research Station where she was exposed to Aboriginal culture through other students and the grand and profound Indigenous art and iconography of the region. From the Ord River, schools as diverse as Surfers Paradise (Qld) and Parap (NT) Primary Schools and the Darwin and Balwyn (Vic) High Schools provided a sound public school education, notwithstanding state and territory vagaries.\nThe benefits of a well-travelled education and a family interested in reading and contemporary issues played out in awards of a Commonwealth Secondary Scholarship in Darwin and a Commonwealth Tertiary Scholarship in Victoria.\nInterest in Australia, as a cultural geography and a landscape, were instilled in Kate (and her three siblings) as a function of the family's highly mobile lifestyle, travel for pleasure, and working on a cattle station south of Darwin on weekends and during school holidays (1967-1970). When the family left the Northern Territory to relocate to Melbourne, Kate's older brother Peter (who had just completed his matriculation with distinction) set out to ride the family's stock horses to Melbourne. He did this, for the most part, by himself, occasionally picking up with droving teams, until Kate joined him at Bourke (NSW) from where together they continued overland to Melbourne (1971-72 Christmas school holidays).\nKate's tertiary education commenced with the study of arts (history) and law as a dual degree at the University of Melbourne.\nDuring her time at university Kate was an active member of the Feminist Lawyers group at Melbourne and through this group she formed enduring friendships with women who were studying at Monash. Kate was also a member of the Folk Music Club at the university.\nIt was at Melbourne that Kate renewed her interest in Aboriginal issues, meeting Sandra Bailey (the first Yorta Yorta woman to gain a law degree) and Rochelle Patten (a senior Yorta Yorta woman who has been instrumental in the genesis of the Yorta Yorta Climate Change Group and the Shepparton Koori Court). These two women have remained significant others in Kate's life since 1980. Both of these great women have been pivotal in informing Kate's views about Indigenous exposure to the Australian colonial and post-colonial legal systems.\nUpon graduation Kate worked for a small criminal law firm in the western suburbs of Melbourne and it was there that she became more exposed to the iniquities of the legal system as it played out in the lives of the working poor of a large metropolis. Lessons from that time, about access to justice, continue to provoke Kate in her work.\nKate now (2015) holds the following qualifications:\n\n2012 Graduate\/Member, Australian Institute of Company Directors.\n2006 Graduate Diploma International Environmental Law, UNITAR.\n2000 Doctor of Philosophy, La Trobe University, shortlisted Margaret Medcalfe awards for research excellence (WA).\n1999 Certificate of Refugee Interview Training.\n1994 Masters of Environmental Science, Monash University.\n1979 Bachelor of Arts (honours)\/Bachelor of Laws, University of Melbourne.\n\nKate's Masters in Environmental Science has promoted significant career shifts into roles in academia and as the Victorian Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability (2009-2014). Her interest in taking up this study was prompted by a discussion with another important woman in her life - Louise Kyle, who was also a public school scholarship law student and feminist law student at the University of Melbourne.\nKate's doctorate arose out of her Arts (honours) thesis which explored the 1927 Royal Commission into the Killing and Burning of Aboriginal People in the Forrest River District of the Kimberley in 1926. It also built upon some research undertaken when appointed as to advise Commissioner Patrick Dodson in the RCIADIC in WA. Kate was encouraged to undertake this study by another important woman in her life, Professor Sandy Toussaint, anthropologist. In each of these post graduate endeavours Kate had the support of her mother Jean (an interlocutor, typist and proof reader) and of family members who took a keen interest in the research she did.\nAs you might expect Kate's employment history has been varied. From 1980-1999 she held the following positions:\n\nSolicitor Victorian Aboriginal Legal Service (1980-1983) - here she worked as a solicitor-advocate across the whole state and was involved in the early efforts to attain the repatriation of cultural material and skeletal remains and early land rights discussions. She remains a close friend of the first ALS CEO, Jim Berg - himself a pathfinder and mentor. \n Solicitor VLA (Superior Courts) (1983). \nSelf-employed principal in legal firm Auty and Popovic - Kate and Jelena Popovic established a welfare law practice in inner Melbourne which represented many women's refuge clients and Aboriginal people.\nSenior Solicitor RCIADIC Victoria, Tasmania and Western Australia (1988-1991) - this role saw Kate work all over Victoria, Tasmania, into New South Wales and across Western Australia where she was involved in re-examining specific cases, establishing community conferencing models for discussion of justice issues, and liaising with multiple government departments and agencies and organizing commission hearings and witnesses as with any case preparation. Once her role in the eastern states concluded Kate was invited to join the staff of Commissioner Patrick Dodson to develop the Western Australian RCIADIC community conferencing model and draft report content for the Commissioner.\nLecturer and cross-cultural course-developer of the Graduate Diploma\/Certificate in Environmental Heritage and Interpretation (Deakin University 1992-1994).\n Barrister (1992-ongoing, currently Academic List) - a practice in criminal law and administrative law.\n\nAfter the death of her mother in 1999 Kate was appointed a magistrate in Victoria. Initially she worked in Melbourne where she was delegated to the role of the magistrate involved in the development of the Aboriginal Justice Agreement (whilst continuing to work in the ordinary jurisdictions of the court). In 2001 Kate assumed the role of senior coordinating magistrate in the north east, based in Shepparton. It was there that the first Koori Court was ultimately established, in collaboration with the Yorta Yorta people with whom Kate had continued long friendships from her time at the University of Melbourne. This work also drew upon her involvement in community consultation and built upon models derived from the RCIADIC work of the previous decade.\nThe north east Magistrates Court region comprises nine courts - Corryong, Wodonga, Cobram, Mansfield, Myrtleford, Wangaratta, Benalla, Shepparton, Seymour - and whilst acting as the regional Co-ordinating Magistrate and building the Koori Court work Kate worked in all the jurisdictions of the region including as:\n\nMagistrate - criminal, civil and family matters.\nInaugural Koori Court Magistrate.\n Coroner.\n Children's Court Magistrate - criminal and family matters.\n Member, Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal.\n\nIn this role Kate contributed to the ordinary and extraneous work of the court in the following manner:\n\nCoordinating Magistrate - establishment of significant community consultation processes and the Koori Court (Shepparton) and the Aboriginal Bail Justices program and Aboriginal Liaison Officer position (Melbourne), setting up the protocols and providing guidance about the creation of the position of Aboriginal Justice Worker attached to Koori Courts.\nPreparing Senate Select Committee oral and written submissions on justice and regional contexts.\nContributing to discussions, papers and seminars on law reform initiatives in sentencing diversion, family group conferencing, the adult corrections cautioning program,\nmental health court trials, and the disability court pilot program.\n Production of materials for cross cultural awareness and professional development for Magistrates and County Court Judges.\nEngagement with diverse community projects involving the Royal Children's Hospital Intellectual Disability Project , Goulburn Valley Community Health Service, Rumbalara Aboriginal Co-operative , Wangaratta Family Violence Integration Project, and the Human Rights Commission.\n\nKate resigned from her Victorian position once the Koori Court was well bedded down and went to work in the Western Australian Magistracy and as a WA Mining Warden where she remained until 2009. Her interest in doing this arose out of the RCIADIC work and her research interests. It also simply looked interesting. Kate and her partner Charlie Brydon both moved to Kalgoorlie, with Charlie taking up positions with the Goldfields Land and Sea Council as a lawyer and the WA WorkCover Directorate as an arbitrator.\nThe region where Kate worked in WA also comprised nine courts - Kalgoorlie, Coolgardie, Norseman, Esperance, Laverton, Leonora, Warburton, Warrakurna, Kiwikurra). Her formal appointments included:\n\n Magistrate.\nAboriginal Sentencing Court Magistrate.\n Industrial Magistrate.\nCoroner.\nMining Warden.\nChildren's Court Magistrate.\n\nIn this role Kate contributed to the ordinary and extraneous work of the court in the following manner:\n\nCommunity conferencing to establish the Aboriginal Community Courts in Norseman and Kalgoorlie.\nDevelopment of cross cultural training for court staff.\nDevelopment of sentencing training materials for and delivery of the information to senior Aboriginal people involved in the Aboriginal Community Courts.\nDevelopment of WA Aboriginal Bench Book.\nCommentary on reports by the Auditor General, Equal Opportunity Commission; and the reference on 'Aboriginal Customary Law ' by WA Law Reform Commission.\nPresentation to the Commonwealth Bail Act Reform Initiative, Steering Committee of Attorneys General.\n\nBoards and other memberships in WA during her time as a magistrate\/mining warden :\n\nMember, Under Secretary of Treasury Policy Round Table.\nMember, Chief Justice's Cultural Awareness Committee.\nMember National Judicial Council Australia, Aboriginal cultural awareness committee.\nChair, Kalgoorlie Courts redevelopment committee collaborating with University of Melbourne, Hassells Architects, WA Department of Justice, regional Aboriginal court user organizations.\nChair, DotAG Aboriginal Justice Committee - establishment of Aboriginal sentencing courts.\nMember, DOIR Mining Act (WA) review committee.\nMember, Australian Institute of Judicial Administration - Aboriginal cultural awareness committee and steering committee Aboriginal Sentencing Courts conference (Mildura 2007) and steering committee Aboriginal Cultural Awareness conference (Qld 2009).\nMember, Australian Research Council Linkage Projects: Universities Canberra and Melbourne - Information Technology and Remote Western Australian Courts and Designing Safe Courts (architecture, sociology and justice).\nMember, COAG Tri-state Justice (WA, SA, NT) Project - developing inter jurisdictional legislative and procedural programs in remote courts in collaboration with contiguous jurisdictions and judicial officers.\nMember, WA Magistrates Courts modernization of courts' technology committee.\n\nReturning from WA and in the period 2008-2009 in Victoria Kate was appointed as:\n\nInaugural Charles La Trobe Fellow, La Trobe University - examining cross cultural community development, courts, and Indigenous women's participation in processes.\nChair, Ministerial Reference Council on Climate Change Adaptation.\n Member, Premier's Climate Change Adaptation Advisory Committee.\nMember, Department of Treasury and Finance Green Procurement Task Force.\n\nCurrently Kate is appointed to the following positions:\n\n2014-2017 - University of Melbourne Vice Chancellor's Fellow.\n2010-ongoing - Adjunct Professor, Faculty of Law and Business, La Trobe University.\n2014 - ongoing - Member of the Victorian Bar, Academic.\n\nFrom the period 2009 Kate has been or continues as a member of the following boards\/committees:\n2009 - ongoing\n\n Member, Murray Darling Basin Authority Advisory Committee on Social, Economic and Environmental Sciences.\nChair, National eResearch Collaborative Tools and Research Board (Commonwealth Super Science initiative - University of Melbourne host organisation).\nChair, Humanities Research Focus Advisory Board, La Trobe University.\nChair, Melbourne Sustainable Societies Institute Advisory Board, University of Melbourne.\n Member Australian Urban Research Infrastructure Network Board (Commonwealth Super Science initiative - University of Melbourne host organisation).\nMember University of Melbourne Office of Environmental Programs Community and Industry Advisory Board.\nMember, Sustainability Research Focus Advisory Board, La Trobe University.\nMember, Faculty of Law and Business Advisory Council, La Trobe University.\n Member, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS).\n\nRetired positions 2009-2014:\n\nMember, Education for Sustainability Advisory Committee, Monash University (retired 2014).\n Member, La Trobe University Institute for Social and Environmental Sustainability External Industry and Community Advisory Board and Internal Advisory Board (retired 2012 when the Institute ceased due to a university restructure).\nMember, RMIT-UN Global Compact, Cities Program.\nMember, Environment Institute of Australia and New Zealand.\n Inaugural Chairperson, National Rural Law and Justice Alliance (2012-2014).\n\nKate continues to engage in pro bono public speaking on issues of Aboriginal justice and environment. This takes her all over the state and she is fortunate to have the Vice Chancellor's Fellow appointment as a backstop for this work.\nOn a community level Kate is a member of the group Strathbogie Voices in the north east of Victoria where she currently lives and she also enjoys membership of the Euroa Environment Group and Euroa Arboretum. In her community she is actively working with other volunteers promoting a discussion about environment and climate change (see www.strathbogievoices.com.au). In 2015 this community development work has produced the Euroa Environment Series and, from 2014 into the future her energies (when not being expended in board and other appointments) will be directed to the encouragement of participation in all our democratic processes.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kate-auty\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sampson, Katherine", "Entry ID": "AWE5439", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sampson-katherine\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Director, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Katherine Sampson is the Managing Director of Mahlab Recruitment (Vic) Pty Ltd. In addition to partner and senior level search, she advises clients on mergers, strategic partner selection, law firm management and legal department structures and often speaks at industry conferences and seminars.\nKatherine serves on a number of boards and committees in both legal and non-legal spheres. In May 2014 she was appointed as a trustee director of industry superannuation fund CareSuper.\nOther extra curricular roles have included executive committee member of Australian Corporate Lawyers Association (ACLA), board member of Craft Victoria (1995 to 1997), Deputy Chair of the Walter & Eliza Hall Institute Ethics Committee (1991 to 2002), board member of the Melbourne International Arts Festival (1998 to 2004) , Deputy Chair of The Australian Press Council (2002-2011) and, until recently, board member of the Monash Law School Foundation.\nKatherine undertook the Williamson Community Leadership program (Leadership Victoria) in 1996. She was a participant in the 2020 Summit, Governance section.\nShe joined Mahlab Recruitment in 1985 after a career in law at (the then) Corr & Corr. She holds a Bachelor of Arts with Honours and a Bachelor of Laws from Monash University and is a graduate of the Australian Institute of Company Directors (AICD) and the Australian Institute of Superannuation Trustees (AIST).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Vickers, Laura", "Entry ID": "AWE5440", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vickers-laura\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Lawyer, Solicitor, Writer", "Summary": "Laura Vickers is the founder of Nest Legal, Australia's first online after-hours law firm. She graduated from the University of Melbourne in 2006 with first class honours in law and since then has practised law in everything from conveyancing to High Court appeals.\nVickers has worked as a Principal Solicitor with the Victorian Government Solicitor's Office, where she represented the State of Victoria in the constitutional challenge to chaplains in schools and was the legal advisor to the Victorian Floods Review, assisting former Chief Commissioner Neil Comrie AO, APM. She has also worked for top 20 firm Maddocks and local Clifton Hill law firm Elliott Stafford & Associates, taught undergraduate law at La Trobe University, chaired the Constitutional and Administrative Review Committee at the Law Institute of Victoria and volunteered with the Fitzroy Legal Service.\nGo to 'Details' below to read an essay written by Laura Vickers for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Laura Vickers in June 2015.\n\nLaura Vickers is the founder of Nest Legal, Australia's first online after-hours law firm.\nLaura grew up in Castlemaine, Victoria. She ran a number of businesses as a child, including a roadside egg stall, coordinating birthday parties and playing functions with her string quartet. In 2000, she moved to Melbourne for university to study a double degree in law and communications.\nThroughout her university studies, Laura worked as a skincare consultant, copywriter, pyjama model, secretary and conveyancing clerk in Melbourne and London. She had planned to finish her degrees, get admitted as a lawyer and then return to Europe to pursue a career in communications.\nShe graduated from the University of Melbourne in 2006 with first class honours in law. She then lived for three months in Paris at Shakespeare & Co bookshop, supplementing her writing income by teaching French children to sing English nursery rhymes.\nIn 2007, she undertook her articled clerkship at Maddocks, coordinated the marketing for the inaugural Human Rights Arts and Film Festival, and wrote a column for Richard Ackland's Justinian. By the time of her admission to the legal profession in 2008, she had made three discoveries that adjusted her life plans: it was a hard slog earning an income as a writer, she didn't mind legal practice and she was rather fond of a handsome prosecutor in the firm's Construction Law team.\nIn 2009, when the global financial crisis hit and Laura's state government commercial practice dried up, the prosecutor (who she would ultimately marry) helped her develop a practice prosecuting dog and brothel owners for local councils. After the novelty of this wore off and the prosecutor went to the Victorian Bar, Laura accepted a position as a constitutional lawyer with the Victorian Government Solicitor's Office (VGSO).\nLaura worked at the VGSO from 2009 until 2013, during which time she acted as the legal adviser to the Victorian Floods Review, taught undergraduate law at La Trobe University, performed with her band at various Melbourne live music venues, completed a Graduate Diploma in Government Law and chaired the Constitutional and Administrative Review Committee of the Law Institute of Victoria (LIV). In 2013, her son Rufus was born. Whilst he slept, Laura created and managed the VGSO blog.\nAt the end of 2013, unable to secure enough childcare to enable her to return to fulltime work at the VGSO, Laura started Nest Legal. Its services are designed to meet the needs of busy working parents who do not have time to visit a lawyer's office during the day. It provides after-hours Skype consultations, advertises its fixed fees online and obtains initial instructions via secure web forms, which can be provided at the client's convenience. This not only suits her client base but enables Laura to do the bulk of her work at times when her son is asleep or her husband is home to assist with childcare. The firm's law clerks collaborate with Laura via the cloud, working at times that suit their own personal commitments. The firm grows through word of mouth on social media.\nNest Legal has been heralded as a blueprint for lawyers thinking creatively about technology to better serve their clients and parents continuing to practice law meaningfully after having children. In 2014, Nest Legal received the LexisNexis Legal Innovation Index award and in 2015 was shortlisted for the Law Institute of Victoria's Law Firm of the Year (less than 50 partners). Laura now mentors other lawyers wanting to develop online law firms and sits on the LIV's Technology and the Law Committee, which guides the profession on the use of technology.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McMurdo, Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE5443", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcmurdo-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Feminist, Judge, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Justice Margaret McMurdo AC is the President of the Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court of Queensland. She was the first woman appointed as the presiding judge of an appellate court in Australia.\nMcMurdo was born in 1954 in Brisbane, the youngest of six children born to Gina, a homemaker, and Joe, a commercial law solicitor and ultimately senior partner at Thynne & Macartney. She attended New Farm State School and Brisbane Girls Grammar School (1967 - 1971) before studying law at the University of Queensland. During her university years, she volunteered at the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Legal Service. She graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1975.\nOn 16 December 1976, McMurdo was admitted as a barrister of the Supreme Court of Queensland. She worked in the Public Defender's Office (1976-89), holding the office of assistant public defender (1978-89). McMurdo then practised at the private bar in Brisbane (1989-91), holding a commission to prosecute. She was a part-time member of the Criminal Justice Commission Misconduct Tribunal (1990-91). McMurdo was a founding committee member (1978-82) and then president (1980-81) of the Women Lawyers Association and a founding member of the Department of Children's Services Serious Offenders Review Panel (1978-83). McMurdo was appointed a judge of the District Court of Queensland on 29 January 1991, being the first woman to be appointed to the court. She also served as a judge of the Children's Court of Queensland from 1993.\nOn 30 July 1998, McMurdo was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland and the second president of the Court of Appeal. She was the first woman appointed as the presiding judge of an appellate court in Australia. McMurdo was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia in 2007 and awarded the Centenary Medal in 2003. She was awarded the Queensland Law Society's Agnes McWhinney Award in 2006. She was awarded the degree of Doctor of the University by Griffith University (2000) and by the Queensland University of Technology (2009). McMurdo was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Laws of the University of Queensland (2012). She has also served as a trustee of Brisbane Girls Grammar School (1994-98) and a member of the council of Griffith University (from 2003).\nOn 23 January 1976, McMurdo married Philip Donald McMurdo who later became a judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland. They have four adult children.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Anne Crittall, Associate to the Honourable Justice Margaret McMurdo AC, 2014 - 2015, and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nJustice Margaret McMurdo AC is the President of the Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court of Queensland.\nMargaret Anne Hoare was born in 1954 in Brisbane. Her father (Joseph Harold Hoare) was a commercial law solicitor and ultimately senior partner at Thynne & Macartney. She was the youngest of six children. She attended New Farm State School and Brisbane Girls Grammar School (1967 - 1971) before studying law at the University of Queensland. During her university years, she volunteered at the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Legal Service. She graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1975. On 23 January 1976, she married Philip Donald McMurdo who later became a judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland. They have four adult children.\nFrom 1975 to 1976 she worked as associate to his Honour Judge Alan Demack, later the Honourable Justice Demack, first in the District Court of Queensland and then in the Family Court of Australia. On 16 December 1976 she was admitted as a barrister. She joined the Public Defender's Office as its first female paralegal. She was an assistant public defender from 1978 to 1989 appearing regularly in high profile cases in all Queensland courts and on two occasions in the High Court of Australia. She was also a founding member of the Department of Children's Services Serious Offenders Review Panel (1978 - 1983). In 1989 she commenced practice at the private bar in Brisbane where she practiced primarily in criminal defence work. She also held a commission to prosecute and developed a growing civil practice.\nIn January 1991 she became the first woman appointed a judge of the District Court of Queensland. At 36, she was also the youngest judge ever commissioned to the Queensland District Court. She convened the District Court Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Committee. From 1993 she also served as a judge of the Children's Court of Queensland, the first woman to be appointed to that role.\nJustice McMurdo was appointed President of the Court of Appeal, Supreme Court of Queensland in July 1998. She was its second president and the first woman appointed as the presiding judge of an appellate court in Australia.\nHer Honour has a deep commitment to education, serving as a trustee of the Brisbane Girls Grammar School (1994 - 1998), a member of the Queensland University of Technology Faculty of Law Advisory Council (1991 - 2011) and a member of the Griffith University Council (2003 - 2013).\nJustice McMurdo has been awarded the Centenary Medal (2003) and the Queensland Law Society's Agnes McWhinney Award (2006). In 2007 she was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia for \"service to the law and judicial administration in Queensland, particularly in the areas of legal education and women's issues, to the support of a range of legal organisations, and to the community.\"\nHer contribution to the law has also been recognised by a number of tertiary institutions. She was awarded the degrees of Doctor of the University by Griffith University (2000) and by the Queensland University of Technology (2009), and an honorary Doctorate of Laws by the University of Queensland (2012).\nShe is a founding fellow of the Australian Academy of Law, a member of the American Law Institute, and a Queensland committee member of the Australian Association of Women Judges (2014 - 2015).\nJustice McMurdo's passion for social justice has permeated her career. In 1978 she co-founded the Women Lawyers Association of Queensland (WLAQ) and was its president from 1980 to 1981. Her Honour was patron of Southside Education Centre, a school for disadvantaged young women who have not flourished in mainstream education (2001 -2009). She mentors Indigenous law students from Queensland universities through regular work experience placements. Her Honour is currently patron of both the Women's Legal Service and QPILCH's Civil Justice Fund. She has been a member of the Zonta Club of Brisbane for over 35 years.\nHer Honour's leadership in promoting excellence in judicial administration, legal professional ethics, protection of the rule of law, judicial independence, and the advancement of women and disadvantaged groups are evidenced by her published articles and speeches.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-mcmurdo\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judicial-papers-and-judicial-profile-of-the-honourable-justice-margaret-a-mcmurdo-ac\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rizkalla, Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE5444", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rizkalla-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Judge, Lawyer, Magistrate, Tribunal Member", "Summary": "In 1985, Margaret Rizkalla was appointed a magistrate in the state of Victoria, the first woman to be appointed to the position. Changes to the appointment criteria, which introduced a Law Degree as a requirement for new appointments in the Victorian Magistrates Act, rather than a progression from the rank of Clerks of Courts, enabled this appointment. Rizkalla graduated with a law degree from the University of Melbourne in 1975 and completed the Leo Cussen Legal Education course as an alternative to completing articles in 1976. She was admitted to practice as a solicitor and barrister in Victoria in 1976.\nRizkalla practised at the Victorian Bar until December 1984, when she was appointed a Member of the Small Claims and Residential Tenancy Tribunal of Victoria. Her appointment to the magistracy occurred in September 1985.\nWhilst a sitting magistrate, Rizkalla was also appointed Chair of the Police Disciplinary Board of Victoria. In June 1988, she was appointed President of the Victorian Equal Opportunity Board and Deputy President of the Victorian Administrative Appeals Tribunal.\nIn June 1994, Rizkalla was appointed a Judge of the County Court of Victoria. She retired from this position in February 2013.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Margaret Rizkalla for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Margaret Rizkalla and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nI retired from the County Court in February 2013 after spending all my adult years in the Law -28 years in all and I can truly say that despite the pressures both emotional and intellectual, that were presented over that time, there wasn't a day that I didn't find my work fulfilling . It is still amazing to me that a young girl from the country who hadn't even met a lawyer prior to entering the Law Course at Melbourne University was able to have such a fulfilling successful career in the Law. Sometimes Ignorance Is Bliss! I didn't imagine any obstacles in pursing Law, and didn't really have any formed idea as to what I would do once I graduated -I simply trusted that life and circumstances would dictate my path. And they did!\nI had no intention of studying Law until a perceptive friend of my parents spoke to me the year I finished school and after much discussion announced he thought I would make a good lawyer. He then proceeded to direct me as to how to change my University preferences from Arts to Law and set me on a path that I have loved ever since. Once I finished my degree the Leo Cussen Institute in Victoria was beginning an alternative to Articles Course which suited me perfectly, as I was by then married and had a small son. Here, via the instructors from the Victorian Bar, I learnt of the life at the Bar, and was encouraged to apply to join the Bar, which I did. So at the ripe old age of 23 years I signed the Bar Roll in November 1976 and began reading with David Byrne (later Justice Byrne of the Victorian Supreme Court) , who accepted me sight unseen on the basis of a request from David Ross Q.C. then a director of Leo Cussen Institute. And so I was on the path.\nI loved my years at the Bar doing anything and everything my Clerk could rustle up. There were not many women practising at the Bar then (I think about 15 or so) and I guess we were regarded by the majority as a bit of an oddity. This didn't manifest itself directly, although I know solicitors took a bit of convincing to proffer briefs until \"we had proved ourselves\". Ironically, I think it was more problematic for women in the profession once they were obvious in numbers and hence seen as genuine competition by some of their male counterparts.\nAfter nine years or so I decided I would look for part time work whilst I had my second child, so applied for a position at the Small Claims and Residential Tenancy Tribunal. I was successful in obtaining a position as a Member adjudicating on all sorts of disputes; mostly where the parties represented themselves, so active participation was very necessary. Despite the fact that it wasn't really a part time position, I realised that I thrived on deciding disputes, even more than I did arguing for one side or the other. Hence, when I received a call from the Attorney General asking if I would be interested in an appointment to the Magistrates' Court of Victoria as one of the first Law Graduates to be appointed, and as it turned out, the first woman, I jumped at it.\nThereafter I had three fantastic years in the old City Magistrates' Court in Melbourne before I was offered the challenge of taking up the position of President of the Equal Opportunity Board for a three year contract period with my security of tenure attached to a dual position as Deputy President Administrative Appeals Tribunal of Victoria. Once again I had been handed another interesting opportunity and I grabbed it, not really knowing what was in store. It was a fascinating and challenging job, involved in determining all disputes which were brought under the Anti-Discrimination Legislation.\nIt goes without saying that it was a controversial area and often involved Government agencies as Respondent. At that time the President sat on cases with two other members who came from legal and lay backgrounds, and this in it was a challenge which I came to love. Discussing the case with other members really did mean I had to be clear on my thinking and non-lawyers especially challenged how far a body such as this should go in determining the way members of the community treated each other, in terms of the areas covered in the Legislation. Sparks did fly a few times as discussions were argued with feeling and determination. After a second three year term I was then offered an appointment to the County Court as a Trial Judge and by this time I was ready to return to what I called the \"straight law\". And so in 1994 I started on the County Court bench and remained there until retirement.\nI suppose when I look back on my experience I think there is a lesson for others in not being deterred from taking a course which might at first appear outside the areas you have thought would be your career. In my case if I had done that I would never have experienced a fulfilling life in the Law. When we are young, it seems to me the main thing, especially for women, is to have an open mind and be prepared to accept challenges life presents.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-barristers-in-victoria-then-and-now\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bryant, Diana", "Entry ID": "AWE5526", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bryant-diana\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Judge, Lawyer, Magistrate, Queen's Counsel, Solicitor", "Summary": "The Honourable Diana Bryant is an Australian jurist. She was appointed Chief Justice of the Family Court of Australia on 5 July 2004. Before this, she was the inaugural Chief Federal Magistrate of the Federal Magistrates Court of Australia (now the Federal Circuit Court of Australia) from 2000-2004.\nHer Honour's appointment to the bench followed many years practising in family law in both Perth and Victoria. In Perth, she was a partner with the firm Phillips Fox; in Melbourne she was a founding member of Chancery Chambers. Known to be 'a brilliant lawyer', with an 'innate sense of justice and fairness,' her time as a barrister was marked by her preparedness to pursue both on behalf of her clients even at her own cost.\nHer Honour has long been committed to advocating on behalf of women in the legal profession, having been a founding member of the Women Lawyers Association of Western Australia. She is currently Patron of Australian Women Lawyers and a committee member of The Australian Association of Women Judges.\nBorn into a family of legal professionals (her mother was a lawyer, as was her grandfather), Her Honour has witnessed considerable change across the course of her professional life, with regards to the status of women in the legal profession. In a 2016 address at the Australian Women Lawyers conference, she noted, '[a]although there are further mountains to climb for women lawyers, the progress is encouraging, 'suggesting that one of the most 'encouraging signs' was greater acceptance of the need for 'different work policies and practices which do not impede the path to success.'\nDiana Bryant was interviewed by Nikki Henningham for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of AustraliaCATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "A more detailed essay about Her Honour's career is in development.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cool-head-leaps-into-legal-hot-seat\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-view-from-the-top-of-the-hill-a-retrospective-by-an-activist-woman-lawyer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/diana-bryant-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Morrison, Sibyl Enid Vera Munro", "Entry ID": "AWE5544", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/morrison-sibyl-enid-vera-munro\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Petersham, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Collaroy, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Sibyl Enid Vera Munro Morrison became the first female barrister in New South Wales in June 1924. She was often briefed by fellow pioneering female lawyers, Christian Jollie Smith and Marie Byles, to whom she referred as her 'sisters-in-law'.\n", "Details": "Sibyl Morrison (nee Gibbs) was born on 18 August 1895 at Petersham, Sydney. She had an uncle and half-brother who were lawyers, and graduated from law at the University of Sydney in 1924. She interrupted her legal studies to visit Britain in 1923 where she married a ranch owner, Charles Carlisle Morrison. Known for her fashionable dresses, Morrison asserted that 'the law is one of the best professions you can take up and one for which women are particularly suited'. She was a member of the National Council of Women of New South Wales and convener of their laws committee. In 1926, when the National Council of Women was advocating uniform Federal marriage and divorce laws, she presented a paper on divorce in Australia.\nSibyl divorced Charles Morrison in 1928 and travelled to London where she was called to the Bar in 1930. She returned to Sydney and married architect Carlyle Greenwell in 1937. After her marriage she ceased to practice as a barrister. In 1940 she was first president of the Law School Comforts Fund, becoming a life vice-president in 1942. She was also involved with the Business and Professional Women's Club of Sydney. Sibyl Morrison died at Collaroy on 29 December 1961.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sybil-morrison-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/morrison-sibyl-enid-vera-munro-1895-1961\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cohen, Nerida Josephine", "Entry ID": "AWE5569", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cohen-nerida-josephine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Chairperson, Lawyer, Public servant, Solicitor, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "Nerida Josephine Cohen (later Goodman) was the second woman (and first Jewish woman) to practise at the New South Wales (NSW) Bar. Amongst her early mentors were Professor Gladys Marks and feminist leaders Jessie Street and Ruby Rich. She was admitted to the NSW bar in 1935.\nShe built her business steadily throughout the 1930s and 40s, particularly in the area of divorce and industrial law, because she had an abiding interest in advancing the rights of women in the domestic and industrial spheres.\nDuring WWII, Nerida left the Bar to play a part in the war effort by working firstly with the Women's Employment Board and then with the NSW Department of Labour and Industry as a legal officer. She was chairman of the Council for Women in War Work, which collected records of the achievements of women during the war.\nIn 1952, she was invited to be the inaugural president of the Women Lawyers Association of New South Wales.\n", "Details": "Nerida Goodman (nee Cohen) entered the University of Sydney at the age of 15, an outstanding scholar and violinist; she resided at the Women's College while studying Arts and Law. In the final years of her degree she was articled to Pigott Stinson Macgregor & Palmer. Following her admission on 26 July 1935, she became the second woman, and first Jewish woman, to practise at the New South Wales Bar. Her practice reflected her dedication to advancing women's rights in the domestic and industrial settings. With mentor Jessie Street, she campaigned for equal pay for women; another preoccupation was divorce law reform. During the Second World War, she left the Bar to work with the Women's Employment Board and later with the New South Wales Department of Labour and Industry. In 1943 she chaired the newly-established Council for Women in War Network. Marrying Bernard Goodman in 1946, she shortly afterwards ceased to practise at the Bar. Goodman was the inaugural president of the Women Lawyers' Association of New South Wales in 1952 and the first woman to serve on the NSW Board of Jewish Education. She also served on the provisional executive of the Liberal Party when it was formed and in 1948 became vice-president of the Party's Darlinghurst branch. An MBE granted in 1980 recognised her service to women's affairs and the Jewish community.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jonathan-goodman-interview-jonathan-goodman-interviewed-by-juliette-brodsky-28-june-2010\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/street-jessie-mary-grey-1889-1970\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nerida-cohen-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-women-in-the-legal-profession-in-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nerida-goodman-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Symon, Helen", "Entry ID": "AWE5576", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/symon-helen\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Queen's Counsel, Solicitor", "Summary": "Helen Symon QC is a leading advocate with wide experience in taxation law as well as commercial and administrative law. She appears regularly in the High Court of Australia, the Federal Court of Australia and the Supreme Court of Victoria. One of the most experienced taxation silks in Australia, Symon has been, professionally, 'outstandingly successful - for a woman. That,' she says, 'sums up both my professional achievements and my professional frustrations.'\n", "Details": "Helen Symon graduated with a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws (Hons) at the University of Melbourne. She was admitted to practice in April 1984 and has progressed since to become one of Australia's leading advocates in taxation, commercial and administrative law. She was appointed silk on 28 November 2000 and appears regularly in the High Court of Australia, the Federal Court of Australia and the Supreme Court of Victoria. Despite this, or perhaps, because of this, she has encountered the frustrations of gender discrimination along the way. In an interview in 2007 she said, 'Women know that they are seen in a different light, or their skills are seen in a different light, or they're not recognised to the same degree that some of the men are and it is a real frustration because you've got this little voice in your head saying, 'Well I'm okay, I'm doing a good job.\"\nSymon has been active in professional associations. In 1996, she was the third convenor of the Women Barristers' Association and has campaigned on such matters as rental subsidies on chambers for women with young children. She was an advocate member of the Legal Profession Tribunal from 1997 to 1999 and a member of the Victorian Bar's Readers' Course Committee from 1988 to 1999. She was involved in teaching advocacy from as early as 1987, first in the Victorian Bar Readers' Course and, from its inception, at the Australian Advocacy Institute. She was Chair of the Leo Cussen Institute (now Leo Cussen Centre for Law) from 2009 to 2013, during which time the Institute's government funding was withdrawn and it was re-invented as a business.\nSymon was a member of the Victorian Bar Pro Bono Committee from 2006 to 2008. In 2016 she is Chair of the Victorian Bar Ethics Committee and a member of the Federal Court Users' Committee. From 1999 to 2002, she was President of the Buoyancy Foundation of Victoria which provides drug and alcohol counselling services. She has also served as Chair of the Hunger Project Australia. From 2008 to 2014, Helen served on the board of the Australian Art Orchestra.\nDuring the 1998 Constitutional Convention, Symon was a Candidate on the Women's Ticket - An Equal Say. She was an elected Board member of the Victorian Women's Trust from 1999 to 2002.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/even-it-up-a-conversation-with-past-and-present-wba-convenors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Proust, Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE5578", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/proust-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Chairperson, Chief Executive Officer, Lawyer, Public servant", "Summary": "Elizabeth Proust is one of Melbourne, Victoria's leading business figures, having held leadership roles in the private and public sectors in Australia for over 30 years. She is Chairman of Nestle Australia Ltd, Chairman of Bank of Melbourne, a director of Perpetual Ltd, Spotless Ltd, Insurance Manufacturers Australia Pty Ltd, Sinclair Knight Merz Holdings Pty Ltd, and of Sports Australia Hall of Fame. She is also a member of the Advisory Board of JP Morgan, and a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Company Directors.\nPrior to taking on roles as a non-executive director, Elizabeth spent eight years with the ANZ Group, including four years as Managing Director of Esanda. At ANZ itself, she held the positions of Managing Director, Metrobanking and Group General Manager, Human Resources, Corporate Affairs and Management Services. She was global head of HR at ANZ at a time when the bank was represented in some 43 countries.\nBefore joining ANZ, Proust was Secretary of the Victorian Department of the Premier and Cabinet and Chief Executive of the City of Melbourne. She had previously been appointed Secretary of the Victorian Attorney General's Department. Proust's first role after graduation was in public affairs at BP Australia.\nEducated by the Good Samaritan sisters in Balmain and Wollongong, Proust worked for the Young Catholic Students' movement after leaving school. She has a BA (Hons) from La Trobe University and a Law degree from the University of Melbourne.\nProust was made an Officer of the Order of Australia in 2010 for distinguished service to public administration and to business, through leadership roles in government and private enterprise, as a mentor to women, and to the community through contributions to arts, charitable and educational bodies. Previous board roles include Chairman of the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra, Chairman of the Centre for Dialogue at La Trobe University and a director of Nonprofit Australia.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Elizabeth Proust for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Elizabeth Proust and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nI had a very traditional Catholic upbringing and education at primary and secondary schools (primary schools were in Orange, Wagga Wagga and Balmain) and I completed my secondary education in 1968 at St Mary's Wollongong. My parents expected that all 9 of us would go to university and the nuns who taught me and my sisters reinforced this.\nIn 1969, I did what would now be called a \"gap year\" and worked for the Young Catholic Students movement in Melbourne. My future husband, Brian Lawrence, was working there, taking 2 years off between finishing his law degree at Melbourne University and starting articles.\nI then spent 2 years at Sydney University starting an Arts degree (Government, Psychology, Anthropology and English). Most of my class mates from Wollongong did teaching or nursing and I started Arts without a clear idea of where this might lead.\nTo my parents' horror I married at 21 and moved back to Melbourne. I completed a B.A (Hons) at La Trobe University, the only university in Melbourne to recognise some of my second year subjects. I had a daughter and started post graduate studies. These have never been completed because I started a law degree at Melbourne University in 1979 and never went back to my post graduate work.\nI should explain that my Honours thesis was on the (then) Workers' Compensation Board and the relationship between barristers and their clients in that jurisdiction (my husband by this time was a barrister, but not in this jurisdiction). My post graduate studies were intended to expand on this work but I became more interested in the law, and far less interested in either sociology or an academic career.\nMy Law degree was all undertaken part time as finances dictated that I needed to work. Generous employers (BP Australia, BP International and the Victorian Government) allowed me time off work and covered tuition costs but getting to lectures (held then only between 9 and 4) was always a struggle and I owe a debt of gratitude to the many people who took notes for me and assisted in many other ways. I sat my final exams on London, overseen by Sam Ricketson who was on sabbatical at the time.\nSo, it was an unusual way to complete a Law degree and I sometimes think that the part time nature of my degree, and my disconnect from much of campus life probably led me away from a life in the law. I never undertook summer school subjects nor sought articles, as, somewhere in the 8 years it took me to graduate, I realised that there were other interesting career options.\nWhen I graduated in 1986 I was 36 and becoming senior in the Victorian public service. Articles seemed a big backward step, both in career terms and financially.\nHowever, the degree has never felt anything but integral to what I have done. As a company director today, a working knowledge of many aspects of the law (corporations law, work health and safety, employment law, etc) is vital to much of what I do.\nBut it has always been relevant. I was Secretary of the (then) Attorney-General's Department in the late 1980's and being accepted as a lawyer (even if it was only as a very junior one) was important. This was especially so as the then Attorney-General, Andrew McCutcheon, was an architect by training, the State of Victoria's first, and I think, only, non \"legal\" Attorney-General.\nThen as Secretary to the Department of Premier and Cabinet, a working knowledge of the law was an advantage. The Cabinet Office was, and is, in this department so that much of the business of the Department is the production of legislation for Parliament.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lunch-with-elizabeth-proust\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Brown, Sally", "Entry ID": "AWE5597", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brown-sally\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Barrister, Chairperson, Judge, Lawyer, Magistrate, Solicitor", "Summary": "Sally Brown was at the forefront of women advancing in the Victorian judiciary, as one of the first female magistrates appointed in Victoria in 1985. She was appointed Chief Magistrate in 1990, and then a Judge of the Family Court of Australia in 1993. She has served on a number of boards, including as Chair of the Australian Institute of Criminology.\n", "Details": "After time as a solicitor, tertiary lecturer and barrister, Sally Brown was appointed a magistrate in Victoria in 1985; in 1990 she was appointed Chief Magistrate, the first woman to head a Victorian Court. Between November 1993 and June 2010 she was a judge of the Family Court of Australia and for much of that time was the Judge Administrator for the Southern Region, which included Tasmania and South Australia.\nBrown was instrumental in the development and delivery of judicial education in Australia, particularly education relating to gender and culture, and the incidence and impact of family violence. She has maintained a long-standing interest in juvenile justice, child protection and children's rights. Other interests, pursued through a range of organizations, relate to support of the marginalised and disenfranchised, including the homeless and prisoners after release, and maintenance of the rule of law.\nIn 2003 she was appointed to the Victorian Honour Roll of Women and in 2006 was made a member of the Order of Australia. She has been a member or chair of the board of numerous organizations including the Alfred Hospital, the Australian Institute of Criminology, the Australian Institute of Judicial Administration, the Australian Drug and Alcohol Foundation, the International Commission of Jurists (Victorian Chapter), the National Judicial College and the Australian Community Support Organisation.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2003 - 2003)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-barristers-in-victoria-then-and-now\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sally-brown-interviewed-by-ruth-campbell-in-the-law-in-australian-society-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Schreiner, Susanne (Sue) Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE5598", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/schreiner-susanne-sue-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Coroner, Magistrate", "Summary": "Susanne Elizabeth Schreiner (Sue) was born in Sydney in 1939 of parents who left Vienna before the outbreak of World War II. She spent her early life in Canberra and was in the year of the first graduates (in Law) of the Australian National University (ANU) in 1962. She also completed a Diploma in Criminology from the University of Sydney.\nSchreiner signed the High Court roll as a barrister and solicitor in 1962, the same year she was admitted to practise at the NSW Bar. She was the first female barrister to appear in the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and the fourteenth woman admitted to the NSW Bar. She had difficulty gaining articles in NSW and this led to her finally gaining employment as a solicitor in Canberra with Mr J. D. Donohoe. She stayed with him until 1964 when she went to Sydney. She practised at the Bar there until 1975 when she was appointed a NSW Magistrate. She was the second woman appointed as a NSW Magistrate and the first person to be so appointed from outside the Public Service. Her appointment caused great outcry as it heralded a big shift in the way in which NSW Magistrates were appointed.\nSchreiner is the co-author (with K.B. Morgan) of 'Probate practice and precedents'. She did some law reporting as well as research for Butterworth's into the feasibility of an Australian version of Halsbury's Laws of England, the existence of which is now a fact.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Sue Schreiner for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Sue Schreiner and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\nAs a magistrate, Sue Schreiner presided in almost all courts in NSW, both metropolitan and country. A highlight is the eight years she spent sitting at Redfern Local Court where she had the good fortune to become a close friend of MumShirl (the Black Saint of Redfern) who became a mentor in Aboriginal affairs and in life with all its challenges.\nSchreiner was Assistant City Coroner for two years. As a result she authored a study, called 'Ultimate Isolation', into the circumstances surrounding people who died alone and lay dead for days, weeks, months, sometimes years, with a view to helping the community understand how this might be prevented. Her first mine deaths inquest caused some much consternation when she was not allowed access to the site because according to tradition \"women are not allowed below ground because it is bad luck\". This attitude was changed with good grace when it became obvious that it was not going to prevent her carrying out her coronial responsibilities.\nSchreiner presided over the Broken Hill Circuit Court for two years, which provided a good opportunity to see large areas of NSW, particularly the far west, and to understand and try and ameliorate the challenges faced by those communities, particularly in the predominantly Aboriginal towns. Her work as a magistrate gave her wonderful opportunities to engage with people from many areas of life. She became involved with children and helped form the Homeless Children's Association; was the first Patron of South Sydney Youth Services (now Weave), a wonderful organisation which helps young people in inner Sydney with the myriad problems they face. She was President of Glebe House, a halfway house for men leaving jail with drug and alcohol problems and no family or other support. She was also involved in changes to NSW Mental Health legislation.\nSchreiner retired from the bench in 2000 but returned for five years as an Acting Magistrate. For several years she served as Chair of the Serious Young Offenders Review Panel (SYORP) which concerned itself with juveniles serving sentences for serious crimes and was an adviser to the Director General on matters such as conditions and leave. Also on her retirement, she was invited to join the (NSW) Premiers Council on Crime Prevention for one year which gave her an opportunity to speak at the highest political level about issues faced by various communities.\nAfter retiring from paid work, Schreiner and her partner, Alan, moved to Canberra where she is at present (2016) engaged in a number of community based organisations as well as following her passion for classical music as a listener and pianist, whilst learning to be an 'older woman'. She has also developed a growing interest in and concern for animal welfare and ethical issues. She completed the first Animal Law Course at the University of NSW, and presently assists the RSPCA as a member of the Approved Farming Scheme Panel, a body which seeks to improve the lives of intensively farmed production animals. She has served for some years on the Boards of Vets Beyond Borders and Delta.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/probate-practice-and-precedents\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/legal-pioneer-with-an-empathetic-heart\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Budavari, Rosemary", "Entry ID": "AWE5599", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/budavari-rosemary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Lawyer", "Summary": "Rosemary Budavari is currently (2016) the Senior Solicitor for Disability Discrimination Law at Canberra Community Law, a position she has held since 2013. She has played an important role in Australian community law services and, in 2010, she was recognised for this role when she was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for service to the law through the advancement of human rights and through the Women's Legal Centre of the ACT.\nGo to 'Details' below to read an essay written by Rosemary Budavari for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Rosemary Budavri and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nRosemary was born in Sydney in September 1957, the youngest of three daughters of Alajos and Rozalia Budavari, who had come to Australia as Hungarian refugees in 1949. Alajos had a doctorate in law from the University of Pecs in Hungary and had practised as a lawyer in Europe. However this was not recognised for admission as a legal practitioner in Australia and his circumstances were such that he was not in a position to complete admission requirements. However, he completed a librarianship degree and became the Law Librarian at the University of Sydney. He and Rozalia were immensely proud when Rosemary decided to pursue a career in law.\nRosemary was educated at Our Lady of Mercy College in Parramatta and completed her Higher School Certificate in 1975. She completed a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1978 at Macquarie University. In 1979 and 1980 she worked for the Tertiary Catholic Federation of Australia, the national representative body for Catholic students in Australian tertiary institutions. She returned to Macquarie University and completed her Law degree in 1982 and was the recipient of five academic prizes that year.\nWhile studying at Macquarie University, Rosemary became involved with a group of academics and students who established the Macquarie Legal Centre in Parramatta. This involvement began a long association with community legal centres and other forms of legal assistance to vulnerable and disadvantaged Australians. It also reflected a strong commitment to social justice and the Australian community. Rosemary volunteered at Macquarie Legal Centre and was a member of its Management Committee during her studies.\nOn completion of her studies and Practical legal Training Certificate, Rosemary moved to Alice Springs with her husband Paul Burke, a fellow young lawyer, who was working at the Central Australian Aboriginal Legal Service. Rosemary commenced work as a Legal Officer at the Australian Legal Aid Office in Alice Springs in 1983. She appeared as a duty lawyer daily in the Alice Springs Court of Summary Jurisdiction in criminal matters and also conducted summary proceedings in that court. She also conducted pleas; appeals from the Court of Summary Jurisdiction and family law matters in the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory and instructed counsel in serious criminal trials in that court.\nIn 1987, Rosemary and Paul's first child, Mark was born and their second child, Helen was born in 1990.\nIn 1989 and 1990 Rosemary worked in private practice with Dittons in Alice Springs conducting a range of civil and family law matters.\nIn 1991, Rosemary taught a number of law subjects at the Alice Springs College of TAFE.\nIn 1992, Rosemary and Paul moved to Canberra to be closer to their families. Rosemary undertook a Master of Laws degree by thesis at the Australian National University. Her thesis, \"SuperMabo Orders: An Analysis of the Federal Scheme for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection\" reflected Rosemary's interest in environmental law and the close relationships that she and Paul had developed with several Aboriginal families in Alice Springs. One of the case studies in Rosemary's thesis related to the protection of a sacred site in Alice Springs that would have been destroyed by the development of a dam there.\nIn 1997 Rosemary was able to pursue her interests in environmental protection and the community legal centre sector further when she commenced work as the Co-Ordinator and Solicitor at the Environmental Defender's Office in Canberra. She advised individuals and groups who were seeking to protect the environment in the ACT. She prepared law reform submissions and appeared before ACT Parliamentary Committees in relation to reviews of environmental impact assessment, nature conservation, utilities and tree protection legislation. She prepared a comprehensive set of Fact Sheets on ACT environmental legislation and policies. She actively participated in the national network of Environmental Defenders' Offices. She was a member of the Planning and Environment Committee of the ACT Law Society and a committee member of the National Environmental Law Association during this time.\nIn 2000, Rosemary took up a position as Co-Ordinator and Principal Solicitor of the Women's Legal Centre in Canberra. She supervised a number of staff and volunteer solicitors in this community legal centre which focussed on discrimination, employment, family law and victims' compensation matters. She supervised the preparation of law reform submissions in relation to bail, discrimination, employment, family, human rights, restorative justice and victims' compensation laws. She appeared at parliamentary inquiries in relation to these submissions and represented the centre at meetings with the ACT Government in relation to these issues. She also supervised the centre's community legal education activities including a 'Lawsupport' course for community workers about domestic violence and family law and the centre's annual public 'Women and Justice Forum'.\nDuring her time at the Women's Legal Centre, Rosemary also contributed to a number of ACT and national committees and groups including as:\n\nConvenor of the National Network of Women's Legal Services from 2000 to 2002\nACT Representative and Treasurer for the National Association of Community Legal Centres from 2000 to 2006\n A Member of the ACT Government Intersectoral Expert Reference Group on Women and Corrections from 2001 to 2004\nA member of the National Relationship Support Network from 2003 to 2007\nA member of the ACT Law Society's Pro Bono Clearinghouse Steering Committee and Law Week Committee from 2004 to 2007\nA member of the ACT Family Pathways Network and the ACT Domestic Violence Prevention Council Law Reform Sub-Committee from 2004 to 2007\nA member of the Family Court Self-Represented Litigants Committee and Chief Justice's Consultative Committee in 2005\n\nIn 2007, Rosemary took up a position as a policy lawyer at the Law Council of Australia, the peak representative body for Australian lawyers. She prepared policy statements and submissions in a range of civil law matters before moving into the criminal law and human rights division where she became a Co-Director in 2008. She undertook advocacy in relation to anti-terrorism laws; anti-money laundering legislation; and serious and organised crime legislation. She also undertook advocacy in relation to anti-discrimination legislation, immigration and other human rights legislation. She was involved in the Law Council's advocacy in the cases of David Hicks and Mohammed Haneef.\nIn 2010, Rosemary was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for service to the law through the advancement of human rights and through the Women's Legal Centre of the ACT.\nIn 2013, Rosemary returned to the community legal centre sector in her current position as the Senior Solicitor, Disability Discrimination Law at Canberra Community Law. She represents people with disability in discrimination complaints to the ACT and Australian Human Rights Commissions and in proceedings before the ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberrans-awarded-for-service-to-the-community\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Owens, Rosemary", "Entry ID": "AWE5603", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/owens-rosemary\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Academic, Lawyer, Volunteer", "Summary": "Emerita Professor Rosemary Owens AO was formerly Dame Roma Mitchell Chair of Law (2008-2015) and served as Dean of Law (2007 - 2011) at the University of Adelaide. She was appointed as an Officer in the Order of Australia in January 2014 for her distinguished service to the law, as an academic and administrator, to international and national labour organizations, and to women. Professor Owens is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Law.\nAcknowledged internationally as a leader in her field, Professor Owens has held many significant appointments during her academic career. In 2010 she was appointed to the International Labour Organisation's Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations (CEACR), which comprises 20 leading experts from around the world appointed on the basis of their independence and integrity as well as knowledge of their discipline.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Rosemary Owens for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Rosemary Owens and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nFrom an early age I knew I would go to university. Looking back now I realize how remarkable that was, as none of my forebears had ever had that privilege. However, my parents, Peter Edward Landers and Patricia Marjorie Irwin believed in the value of a good education and encouraged me from the outset to follow my dreams. After I completed my secondary schooling at Marymount College, SA, I enrolled at the University of Adelaide in a Bachelor of Arts degree, majoring in English and History, and later taking Honours in the latter, and then a Diploma of Education. At that point in time I was destined to become a secondary school teacher. However, after the birth of my three children, and a stint working in a voluntary capacity for Amnesty International, I felt at a crossroads in terms of a return to paid work. With the strong encouragement of my husband, Lewis William Owens, I returned to University to study law. So in conventional terms, I came to law somewhat 'late' in life.\nTo paraphrase the Beatles' song - 'a career is what happens when you're busy making other plans'. During my student days at Law School I harboured thoughts of going to the bar. With the Angas Parsons Prize for the most meritorious Honours student and a cluster of other academic awards, I thought with hard work I might make a success of it. But the nearer I came to the completion of my LLB studies the more I also realised what a tough choice it would be with three still young children. As luck would have it, a tutorship in law was advertised at The University of Adelaide just after I had completed my LLB. Knowing it offered more flexibility for managing work and family responsibilities, I was overjoyed to be the successful applicant. When I took up the position I thought it might be a short term option before I embarked on my real passion to go to the bar when the children were a little older. Nearly three decades later I retired from my academic position at Adelaide Law School - with the enormous satisfaction of having a career which has been more fulfilling than anything I could ever have planned or even imagined.\nA career as a legal academic provided me with a wide array of opportunities. First, amongst them were the teaching and research which are the mainstay of an academic's working life. I always loved teaching - and the chance to engage with some of the brightest young minds has been a great privilege. I taught a wide variety of subjects during my career, but two of the constants were those in the public law area, especially constitutional law, and those dealing with the law regulating work. It was in the latter area that I came to focus my research. One of the greatest privileges of the academic life is the capacity to determine your own research agenda. I was especially interested in law's impact on the working lives of women - the way in which it constructed and structured those lives, and the things that were both visible and invisible to it. Most particularly I was interested in the potential of law to deliver decent work and the impact that has on whole communities. The effects of globalisation, which has wrought enormous transformations in the world, not least the world of work, during the three decades I spent as an academic, meant my research inevitably became also focused on the role and potential of international labour law. Because I never thought of law as something that existed simply in books, in the judgments of courts or on the statute books, but as something that was integral to the lives of people in a community, I also benefitted enormously from the opportunity being an academic gave me to engage with organisations, such as the Working Women's Centre, which exposed me to the operation of the law which often does not make it into the books.\nWhile I never had any particular ambition to take on a senior administrative role at the University, I was deeply honoured to be appointed to the role of Dean of Law at Adelaide Law School at the beginning of 2007. In that role I came to appreciate to a much greater depth the colleagues with whom I worked both in the Law School and also the wider university. The Deanship also provided the opportunity to think more strategically about the role of legal education and the place of the Law School in the University and the wider community. As Dean I served on a number of committees that were comprised predominantly of members of the legal profession - judges, barristers and solicitors - giving me the opportunity to work with new and different groups and to witness first-hand their professionalism and generosity to the Law School and to legal education. During the period as Dean I also travelled widely, not only throughout Australia, but also internationally to other countries, such as Malaysia from where many of our international students came, and to Shanghai, China, as part of the Australian legal delegation to the 2010 Expo. However, administration had never been my passion in life, and the job of Dean is certainly the most difficult one I have ever undertaken.\nSo at the end of my term as Dean in 2011, I was relieved to be able to step down and back into the role of an ordinary law academic. I continued in that role with the further honour of appointment to a named chair in law, the inaugural Dame Roma Mitchell Chair in Law which I held from 2008 until my retirement in 2015. This award was particularly cherished by me because, of all Australian women in the law, Dame Roma is surely the 'first among equals'. I did not know her personally, but I heard her speak on many occasions. She was always wise. I remember her once saying something to the following effect: 'don't assume there were no disappointments in my career. Everyone has disappointments. The important thing is what you do in overcoming them.' Little wonder that Dame Roma has provided inspiration not only to me, but also to many generations of women in law at The University of Adelaide and beyond.\nIn 2015 the University of Adelaide bestowed on me the title of Emerita Professor, with attendant benefits such as an office and access to the library and technology services of the University, meaning that the decision to retire from my full-time academic position would not be a leaving of the law and so tinged with no sadness. I continue to conduct research - working with a range of wonderful colleagues both in Australia and around the world.\nFurthermore, I continue my work as a member of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations (CEACR) of the International Labour Organization (ILO), a position to which I was first appointed in 2010 by the ILO's Governing Body. The CEACR is part of the ILO's regular supervisory system, and comprises 20 eminent jurists, judges and academics, from around the world - an extraordinary group of people and I am most humbled by the great honour that has been bestowed upon me in being appointed to work with them. The values and ideals that are at the heart of the ILO continue to be as relevant now as they were when the ILO was first established nearly 100 years ago.\nLooking back over my life in the law, I am reminded that (as in the rest of life) there is much that is determined by luck and timing. In my career in the law, I was very lucky and my timing was fortuitous. When I returned to University to study law in 1981 there were no fees and tertiary education was 'free'. Given my family's financial circumstances at the time, I am not sure I would have ever gone back to study if there had been an additional cost burden in the form of fees to do so. When I began my academic career my main interest was constitutional law, but early on a colleague who taught labour law took leave from the University and the responsibility for the subject was transferred to me. It wouldn't then have been my first choice, but it was not long before the place of work in people's lives made me realise its importance and interest - and the move into this area of the law was also the happiest and most rewarding developments in my career.\nMy life in the law has only been possible because of the encouragement and support of others. First amongst these are my family. As well as support for my education, my parents also instilled in me the importance of hard work ('if a thing's worth doing', my mother would say, 'it's worth doing well') and, more importantly, a passion for social justice and a sense of responsibility to do all in one's power to achieve it. My husband and all my children have encouraged and supported me throughout my career - all of them pulled their weight in the family showing an understanding that all of us, regardless of gender, have a right to have a fulfilling and rewarding career and a responsibility to do work in the home.\nIn the workplace I have had the support of many - both men and women in my own university and beyond. However, it is true to say that the friendship and support from other women who were themselves also forging impressive careers in the law made things much easier for me. At Adelaide Law School I was fortunate to be in the company of many other strong feminists. Of those who preceded me, the hardships and setbacks they endured made life easier for me and my contemporaries. During my years at Adelaide Law School, extraordinary women, such as Marcia Neave and Hilary Charlesworth, held professorial and leadership positions providing both example and leadership. In the early 1990s a large group of us at Adelaide Law School formed a feminist legal theory reading group. All of us were passionate about achieving equality for women, and the support the members of the group provided in both intellectual and other ways was a significant factor in enabling me to flourish as an academic. Links with other women academics with whom I collaborated, both in Australia and internationally, further encouraged and supported my career. The impressive work of women practitioners in the legal profession, such Justice Robyn Layton and Justice Margaret Nyland, provided further inspiration. Without them all I could never have lived such a wonderful career in the law.\nFor this reason I see my appointment an Officer in the Order of Australia in January 2014 for 'distinguished service to the law, particularly to legal education as an academic and administrator, to national and international employment and labour organisations, and to women' as a tribute to my family and to all those with whom I have worked and whose support has enriched my life in the law. I am deeply grateful to them all.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Layton, Robyn", "Entry ID": "AWE5606", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/layton-robyn\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Barrister, Judge, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "The Hon. Dr Robyn Layton has been a champion of social justice and rights for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, refugees, women and children. A former Judge of the Supreme Court of South Australia, Layton was the third woman to take silk in the State. She is a former Judge and Deputy President of the South Australian Industrial Court and Commission, and a former Deputy President of the Commonwealth Administrative Appeals Tribunal. She was the reporter and author of the landmark Child Protection Review into South Australian Child Protection Laws in 2003. Layton has the distinction of having been the first Australian to be appointed as a member of the International Labour Organization's Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, and its first female Chair. In 2012 she was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for services to the law and to the judiciary, particularly through the Supreme Court of South Australia, as an advocate for Indigenous, refugee and children's rights, and to the community.\nRobyn Layton was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Robyn Layton graduated from the University of Adelaide with a Bachelor of Laws in 1967. Admitted in 1968, she worked in private practice, predominantly in the areas of industrial, criminal, civil, personal injury and family law. She commenced her court work acting pro bono for demonstrators and conscientious objectors to conscription during the Vietnam war and later for Aboriginal people charged with criminal offences.\nIn 1972, Layton was appointed by the Commonwealth as solicitor to the Central Aboriginal Land Rights team; the experience kindled in Layton what would be a life-long commitment to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and the law. The team's achievements would also make a valuable contribution to the later work of the Central and Northern Land Councils. The following year, in a departure from her usual legal work, Layton accepted an offer from the Rolling Stones' tour promoter: \"to shadow the Rolling Stones on their tour of Adelaide, and provide any legal advice if needed\". While Layton remembers it as a 'surreal' experience, it was said that \"[d]espite the legal safety net created, the tour went off almost without a hitch\" [ABC News].\nIn 1978 Layton was appointed a Judge and Deputy President of the South Australian Industrial Court and Commission; in 1985 she became the Deputy President of the Commonwealth Administrative Appeals Tribunal. She returned to the legal profession and the South Australian Bar and was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1992, the third woman to take silk in South Australia [UNI SA].\nLayton was the first Australian to be appointed as a member of International Labour Organization (ILO) Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, and its first female Chair. This prestigious Committee of international jurists monitors and reports on government practices on international labour standards world-wide. She sat on this body in Geneva from 1993 to 2008. [UNI SA].\nBetween 2002 and 2003 Layton reviewed and reported on a whole of state government response to child protection in the landmark Child Protection Review into South Australian. This Report found that Family and Youth Services was ill-equipped to deal with child abuse and called for more funding for child protection and major reforms, including a paedophile register [MX]. In June 2004 the South Australian Premier commended Layton's report, committed further funding to her recommendations and observed that her comprehensive review had provided a guide to rebuilding child protection in South Australia [Weatherill].\nLayton was appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court of South Australia in 2005, the fourth female judge in South Australia. A year later she and two fellow female judges made legal history in South Australia when they sat - an all-female bench of three - in the State's Court of Criminal Appeal [James]. During her time at the Supreme Court Layton developed an international reputation as an expert in the field of education for judges and lawyers on labour standards [The Australian]. She was also active nationally on judicial and legal education on the issues concerning children in court. In 2010 Layton resigned from the Supreme Court. In her farewell speech Layton advocated for more funding for judicial education and indicated her commitment to continue her efforts in this area [The Australian]. In 2011, Layton continued in her judicial education capacity internationally with ILO.\nIn relation to a judge's role, Layton has observed that it increasingly complex: \"It is not just knowing the law and how to apply the law in an academic sense\", \"[t]here is now a greater need to connect with the community, to keep public confidence; the need to have the public feel that the judicial system is part of their community, to make decision making understandable to people other than lawyers. In particular in the criminal law, to ensure that the sentencing process is fair and it is understood both by the defendants and victims\" [Hunt].\nIn 2012 Layton was also appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia for her services to the law and to the judiciary, particularly through the Supreme Court of South Australia, as an advocate for Indigenous, refugee and children's rights, and to the community. In the same year she was recognised in the Australian of the Year Awards as the \"South Australian of the Year\" for her social justice advocacy for Aboriginal people, children and refugees. Thereafter, further awards followed in 2013, an Honorary Doctorate, D.Univ. University of South Australia and the Justice Award by the Law Society of South Australia; and in 2016 the Australian Woman Lawyer of the Year by the Australian Women Lawyers Association.\nLayton's skills were further extended to benefit not only Australians but women in communities further afield, as evidenced in 2012 to 2013, when she became the team leader for the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Project on good legal, social and economic practices to reduce poverty and increase employment for women in Kazakhstan, Cambodia and the Philippines [The Australian].\nIn 2014 Layton became Chair of the Panel for the Review of the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981. This Review required undertaking an intensive consultative approach to report on recommendations to reform the governance of the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yunkunytjatjara Lands (APY Lands). Many visits were made to the APY Lands to obtain views on how Anangu people wanted governance structures to operate on the APY Lands [SBS].\nLayton is a patron of the Australian Migrant Resource Centre, Junction Australia, Women's Legal Services SA, and the International Women's Day Committee. She chairs the Advisory Council for the Australian Centre for Child Protection and the Justice Reinvestment SA Committee. She is also member of many bodies and organisations concerned with social justice and is active at the University of South Australia as an Adjunct Professor in the Law School.\nDuring her lifetime, Layton has made a considerable contribution in the areas of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander rights, the rights of refugees and children, and the advancement of women's economic empowerment. She has done much to increase the profile of judicial and legal education in Australia and is internationally recognised as an expert in the field of international labour law.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/robyn-layton-interviewed-by-kim-rubenstein-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Nyland, Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE5607", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nyland-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Commissioner, Judge, Lawyer", "Summary": "The Hon. Margaret Nyland AM was the second woman to be appointed to the Supreme Court of South Australia. One of only three women admitted to practice in the State in 1965, Nyland obtained articles and in time became the senior partner in her own law firm. She later enjoyed a successful career, where her area of specialisation was family law. Subsequent appointments included Inaugural Chairperson of the Commonwealth Social Security Appeals Tribunal (SA) (1975 to 1987); Chair of the South Australian Sex Discrimination Board (1985); Deputy Presiding Officer of the Equal Opportunity Tribunal (1986); District Court Judge (1987) and Supreme Court Judge (1993). After retiring from the Supreme Court in 2012, in 2014 Nyland was appointed Commissioner to the Child Protection Systems Royal Commission (SA). Nyland was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia for services to the judiciary, human rights and the equal status of women, and to the community through a range of cultural organisations.\nMargaret Nyland was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "The Hon. Margaret Nyland was born into a family which was keenly aware of the power of education to change society. Nyland's father was a self-educated and prominent trade unionist who was awarded an Order of Australia for his services to trade unionism. From early on, Nyland benefited from being surrounded by strong, high achieving women, beginning with her teachers at Gilles Street Primary School, and later, at Adelaide Girls' High School [McNamara].\nNyland undertook a Bachelor of Laws degree at the University of Adelaide; she was one of just 15 female undergraduates in the Law School at the time [Attorney-General]. At university her Family Law lecturer was Roma Mitchell (later Dame); in time the two would became close friends and Mitchell a mentor to Nyland. Upon graduating in 1965, Nyland was one of only three women admitted to practice that year, the other two being Jenny Litchfield and Jay Sandow. In the same year Roma Mitchell's place in Australian legal history was cemented and an inspiring example for aspiring female lawyers set, when she became the first woman to be appointed to a Supreme Court bench in Australia [Attorney-General].\nNyland was articled to Pam Cleland; theirs would be a long partnership and close friendship at a time when it was difficult for women to undertake a legal career [Attorney-General; Maguire]. In 1966 Cleland established her own practice and Nyland joined her as a solicitor and later became a partner in that firm. When Cleland left the firm to join the separate bar, Nyland took over the practice and conducted the successful family law practice of Nyland, Haines & Co. From 1975 to 1987 Nyland was Chairperson of the Commonwealth Social Security Appeals Tribunal in South Australia and in from 1985 to 1987 was Chair of the South Australian Sex Discrimination Board and subsequently Deputy Presiding Officer of the Equal Opportunity Tribunal (SA).\nIn 1987 Nyland was the second woman to the District Court of South Australia. An appointment to the Supreme Court of South Australia followed in 1993. Nyland became the second woman after Roma Mitchell to serve on that court.\nIn her judicial capacity she was Director of the Australian Association of Women Judges (1994 to 2001) and was Chair of the Law Foundation for 17 years. In the Supreme Court she participated in all aspects of the work of that Court but her particular expertise was in the criminal jurisdiction where she presided over many high profile trials, including that of Peter Liddy, a magistrate charged with historical sexual offences against children. In 2000 Nyland made history at the Supreme Court when she employed the first female tipstaff. She made history again in 2006 when, together with Justice Ann Vanstone and Justice Robyn Layton, she presided over the first all-female bench of the State's Court of Criminal Appeal.\nIn 2005 she was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia for her service to the judiciary, human rights and the equal status of women, and to the community through a range of cultural organisations. Coincidentally, Nyland was honoured with this recognition 25 years after her father, Jack Nyland, received his Order of Australia for services to trade unionism [Maguire].\nIn 2011 Nyland chaired the Electoral Districts Boundaries Commission (SA) before retiring from the Supreme Court of South Australia in November 2012, thus bringing to an end 19 years on the Supreme Court bench. On her retirement the Attorney-General remarked on Nyland's 'sensitivity and skill' when dealing with 'the convoluted human problems to be solved in people's lives' and also observed how Nyland's listening skills, diplomacy and humour combined to give her \"a superb ability to very effectively manage people in [the courtroom] environment\" [Attorney-General].\nIn 2009 she was awarded the Woman of Achievement Award for services to the legal profession. In 2013 she was made an Alumni Fellow of the University of Adelaide in recognition of her contribution to the John Bray Law Alumni. Nyland was appointed to the South Australian Women's Honour Roll in 2013; like her mentor, Dame Roma, Nyland was chosen for her efforts to support and recognise the contribution of women in diverse roles in the community, as parents, carers and community members. She was also recognised for demonstrating great compassion and respect in her engagement with women in the community.\nPerennially encouraging of the progress being made by women in the legal profession, Nyland was critical of the state of judicial equality in South Australia in 2013. Observing a decrease in the number of female Supreme Court judges since her retirement, she remarked: \"It's all very well to sit back and say the situation will change in time. The problem is this - there have been more women coming out of law school for years\u2026 a lot of time seems to have passed without a great deal of change\" [Akerman].\nIn 2014 Nyland, together with Professor John Williams, was instrumental in establishing the Dean of Law's Fund at the Adelaide Law School to assist students who may be in crisis as a result of straitened financial circumstances. Nyland continues to be the Chair of that Fund.\nOn education, Nyland has noted that: \"learning is not a static experience but a lifelong commitment\" [Adelaide].\nNyland's retirement from the judiciary was short-lived, as in August 2014 she was appointed to lead the Child Protection Systems Royal Commission. Her report to reform the child protection system in South Australia was delivered on 5 August 2016. [Novak].\nNyland's service to the legal community includes her former role as Chair of the Commonwealth Social Security Appeals Tribunal; Chair of the South Australian Sex Discrimination Board; Deputy Presiding Officer of the Equal Opportunity Tribunal; Chairperson of the Law Foundation of SA Inc; Former President of the Australian Association of Women Judges; current Fellow, Australian Academy of Law; and Individual Member, JusticeNet. She is past President of the John Bray Law Chapter and is current Patron of the Women Lawyers' Association South Australia and Roma Mitchell Community Legal Centre.\nNyland's interests beyond the law can be seen in her roles as former Chairperson and Inaugural Life Member of the Australian Dance Theatre [Taylor]. She was on the Board of the Art Gallery of South Australia for four years; she is a current Advisory Member to the Kennedy Arts Foundation and is the Patron of the Adelaide High School Old Scholars' Association. A long time follower of the South Adelaide Football Club, Nyland is a patron of the Panthers Club and was a Member of the SANFL Boundaries Commission in 2013 She was also a long-serving Council Member and subsequent Fellow of St Ann's College and in 2016 became a Governor of the St Ann's College Foundation.\nWell-known for her trailblazing example, and as mentor to young female lawyers, Nyland at her retirement sitting commented while Dame Roma Mitchell (as the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court of South Australia) undoubtedly did it better, she - that is Margaret Nyland - with 19 years of service, was able to say that she at least did it longer.[Fewster].\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-nyland-interviewed-by-kim-rubenstein-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hunter, Rosemary", "Entry ID": "AWE5608", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hunter-rosemary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Lawyer", "Summary": "Rosemary Hunter is a feminist legal academic who, through her research, writing, leadership and activism has worked to support women in legal and academic careers, as well as to promote more generally women's equality, women's access to justice, and justice for women.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Rosemary Hunter for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Rosemary Hunter and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nRosemary Hunter was born in Sydney but moved to Melbourne with her parents as a child. She attended Montmorency Primary School (1967-73) and Presbyterian Ladies' College (1974-79). During 1980 she took a gap year and travelled around the UK, before returning to study Arts part-time at Melbourne University, while working to support herself as a junior typist in the University's English Department. In 1982 she switched to Arts-Law at Melbourne, and in 1983 moved to full-time study, with the benefit of free higher education and a student living allowance on which it was almost possible to live. She supplemented her income with freelance typing work and also volunteered on the literary magazine Scripsi, through which she met the poet Laurie Duggan, whom she married in 1987. She completed University in 1988 with first class honours in Arts (History with English) and 2A honours in Law. During her final years at Law School she finally developed an interest in the study of Law, helped by inspirational teachers such as Hilary Charlesworth, with whom she studied international human rights law and for whom she worked as a research assistant, and Jenny Morgan, who had just introduced a course in feminist legal theory to Melbourne Law School.\nWith no interest in practising law but an aptitude for research, Hunter was offered a post as a Research Fellow in the Melbourne Law School, and the following year was appointed to a Lectureship in Law. She lectured at Melbourne from 1990-1997, but during that time took a year's leave to undertake a Master's degree and enrol in a doctorate at Stanford University in the USA. Stanford had been one of the centres of the Critical Legal Studies movement, and her supervisor was the well-known feminist legal scholar Deborah Rhode. After the year away Hunter returned to Melbourne to undertake fieldwork for her doctorate, spending many hours sitting at the back of Magistrates Courts and the Family Court observing domestic violence cases. Subsequent moves interrupted work on her thesis, and she did not finally complete the doctorate until 2006.\nIn 1997-98 Hunter took a further two years' leave of absence to take up the post of Principal Researcher at the Justice Research Centre (JRC) in Sydney. The JRC was an independent, interdisciplinary, public-interest research organisation and she relished the opportunity to devise and conduct large empirical research projects, learn new research skills, and work with a team from a wide variety of disciplinary backgrounds. At the conclusion of that period, rather than returning to Melbourne, she moved to Griffith University in Brisbane, where she became the Director of the Law Faculty's Socio-Legal Research Centre (2000-2002) and subsequently Dean of Law (2003-2004). Looking for a new challenge, she decided to move to the UK in 2006, working first at the University of Kent (2006-2014) as a member of the AHRC Centre for Law, Gender and Sexuality, and afterwards at Queen Mary University of London (2014-present).\nThroughout her academic career Hunter has actively engaged in university equality and diversity activities. At Melbourne she founded the position of Koori student liaison officer and was a member and sometime Chair of the Law Faculty's Equal Opportunity Committee, as well as being a member of the University's Union Affirmative Action Consultative Group, Equal Opportunity Standing Committee, Aboriginal Education Committee and Students with Disabilities Advisory Working Group. At Griffith she chaired the Law Faculty's Equity Committee and was a member of the University's Equity Committee and the Task Group on Women in Senior Academic Positions which succeeded in almost doubling the number of women professors employed by the University over a two year period. In recognition of her expertise in this area she was appointed Acting Pro-Vice Chancellor (Equity) for a short period. At both universities she and colleagues undertook significant research projects concerned to identify and address the needs of a diverse student body.\nIn Australia Hunter was also actively involved in women lawyer organisations - Feminist Lawyers in Melbourne and Women Lawyers in Queensland. In 2002 she was named Queensland Woman Lawyer of the Year. She played a significant role in supporting the former Chief Magistrate of Queensland, Diane Fingleton, who was wrongly convicted and imprisoned for alleged misfeasance in her handling of personnel matters within the Queensland magistracy. Hunter wrote articles and gave media interviews expressing the view that Fingleton was a victim of gendered injustice and would not have been treated the same way if she had been a man.\nHunter's early teaching and research focused on anti-discrimination law, particularly sex discrimination and pay equity. Her first book, Indirect Discrimination in the Workplace (Federation Press, 1992) remains the only book-length treatment of indirect discrimination internationally, and she was also the first to investigate the process and outcomes of conciliation in sex discrimination cases. She made numerous law reform submissions on equal opportunity and anti-discrimination law, including a successful argument for the redrafting of the definition of indirect discrimination in the federal Sex Discrimination Act 1984. Her work on pay equity included membership of the National Pay Equity Coalition, contributions to the NSW and Queensland Pay Equity Inquiries, and collaborative research on the reproduction of pay inequity in emerging occupations. In 1999 she was invited to give the inaugural Clare Burton memorial lecture series, with her lecture addressing historical attempts to achieve pay equity for Australian women and the promising new approach to the undervaluation of women's work adopted by the recent state pay equity inquiries.\nA second strand of Hunter's research has been on access to justice, beginning with studies on legal aid and litigants in person in family law cases, and access to justice for discrimination complainants commenced while working at the Justice Research Centre. At Griffith she continued to work on legal aid, including an ARC-funded project on service innovations in legal aid provision, consultancies for National Legal Aid and the Commonwealth Attorney-General's Department, and a study in collaboration with Legal Aid Queensland which sought to identify why some of the most disadvantaged women were denied legal aid for family law, domestic violence and discrimination matters, which resulted in changes to policy and practice. Work on this theme has continued in the UK with a team project on litigants in person in private family law proceedings for the Ministry of Justice, training for family judges on litigants in person, and research and submissions related to major legal aid cuts in 2013. In 2012 she was invited to become a Council member of JUSTICE, a prominent law reform and human rights organisation working to strengthen the justice system in the UK.\nA third, overlapping strand of research has been on family law, family justice processes and domestic violence. Her doctoral thesis investigated the implementation of feminist law reforms around domestic violence and the experiences of women seeking to invoke these laws in State Magistrates Courts and the Family Court of Australia. The thesis was subsequently published as Domestic Violence Law Reform and Women's Experience in Court: The Implementation of Feminist Reforms in Civil Proceedings (Cambria Press, 2008). At Griffith she undertook evaluations of Legal Aid Commissions' primary dispute resolution programs in family law and of the Family Court of Australia's Children's Cases Pilot Program. In the UK she was invited to join the Kent Family Justice Council (subsequently Family Justice Board), as well as the national Family Justice Council's Domestic Abuse Committee. For the latter she undertook research with Adrienne Barnett on the courts' approach to allegations of domestic violence in residence and contact cases. Among other things, this research contributed to revisions to the Domestic Violence Practice Direction which specifies the procedures to be followed in cases raising allegations of violence. With colleagues at the University of Exeter, she also undertook a three-year study of out-of-court dispute resolution processes in family cases, 'Mapping Paths to Family Justice', funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, which has influenced policy and practice on family dispute resolution.\nA fourth strand of research has been on women in the legal profession and the judiciary. In 1997-98, Hunter and Helen McKelvie undertook research for the Victorian Bar Council on barriers to the advancement of women at the Victorian Bar. Their report, Equality of Opportunity for Women at the Victorian Bar (1998) has had an ongoing impact in terms of its recommendations on briefing practices, the culture of the Bar and attrition rates. Hunter's support for Diane Fingleton sparked an interest in women judges and judicial appointments. In the UK she was one of the organisers of the pioneering Feminist Judgments Project, a project which took its cue from the Women's Court of Canada in rewriting judgments from a feminist perspective, and which has in turn been emulated in other parts of the world including Australia, Ireland, the USA and New Zealand, and in international law. Hunter has co-edited two of the books arising from these projects: Feminist Judgments: From Theory to Practice (with Clare McGlynn and Erika Rackley, Hart Publishing, 2010) and Australian Feminist Judgments: Righting and Rewriting Law (with Heather Douglas, Francesca Bartlett and Trish Luker, Hart Publishing, 2014). She has published further theoretical and empirical work on feminist judging, and is also a member of the Equal Justices Initiative, a lobby group whose aim is to promote the equal participation of men and women in the judiciary in England and Wales.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/equality-of-opportunity-for-women-at-the-victorian-bar-a-report-to-the-victorian-bar-council\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mak, Sandy", "Entry ID": "AWE5610", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mak-sandy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Malaysia", "Occupations": "Chairperson, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Sandy Mak is currently (2016) a corporate partner at Corrs Chambers Westgarth, specialising in mergers & acquisitions. In 2013 she won Female Partner Award at the Lawyers Weekly Women in Law Awards. At the awards, she was described as 'a leading light, 'a dynamo' and 'a champion of women lawyers inside and outside Corrs, a driver of change in gender diversity, a role model and mentor to young lawyers, a critical member of our leadership team and a formidable corporate M&A lawyer'.\n", "Details": "Sandy Mak was born in Malaysia in 1973 to Chinese Malaysian parents. Formally known as Hueih-Hsien Mak, she completed her primary and secondary school education at SMK Convent Klang. Sandy arrived in Australia in 1994 to undertake a Bachelor of Laws\/Commerce (Accounting) at the University of New South Wales.\nUpon finishing her degree, she commenced her legal career at what was then Freehill Hollingdale & Page in Sydney. At Freehills, she worked with renowned mergers and acquisitions partner, Braddon Jolley, who became her mentor and who set her on the path to becoming a mergers and acquisitions practitioner.\nAfter some time at Freehills, Sandy left for London to work in the corporate team at Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer, where she met her husband. She was then seconded to Freshfields' Hong Kong offices for a short period before returning to Freehills in Sydney in 2006.\nSandy left Freehills in 2008 to join Corrs Chambers Westgarth as a corporate partner. She has since been involved in some of the largest and most high profile transactions in regulated and unregulated mergers & acquisitions. In 2013 Sandy was awarded \"Female Partner of the Year\" by Lawyers Weekly and was profiled in 2014 by Australasian Lawyer Magazine as a \"Hot 40 Lawyer\" for her contribution to the legal community.\nIn addition to her practice as a corporate lawyer, Sandy is currently the co-chair of the Diversity Council and a member of the executive leadership team at Corrs. As an Asian female in a highly male dominated field, diversity within the legal workforce is a key focus for Sandy. She has developed the firm's diversity strategy to retain and expand its pool of female talent and to remove barriers to women's progression to senior positions, including partnership. Under Sandy's leadership, the diversity programmes at Corrs are aimed at providing staff with flexibility in their working arrangements and creating a more inclusive working environment.\nSandy spends a significant amount of her time on the education and mentoring of junior lawyers both within the firm and without. She is actively involved in the recruitment programme for lawyers at the firm and passionate about nurturing young legal talent.\nAt the time of writing (2015), Sandy was a lecturer at Sydney University's Law School in the area of Corporate and Securities Regulation and a guest lecturer at the University of New South Wales on schemes of arrangement, as well as the editor of the chapters in Halsbury's Laws of Australia in Takeovers, Acquisitions and Fundraising.\nSandy lives in Sydney and is married with three children.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/corrs-leading-light-sandy-mak-is-australias-finest-female-partner\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/partner-profile-sandy-mak\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bailey, Sandra", "Entry ID": "AWE5611", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bailey-sandra\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Chief Executive Officer, Lawyer, Public servant, Solicitor", "Summary": "Sandra Bailey, a member of the Yorta Yorta nation from southern NSW and Victoria, is the Chief Executive Officer of the Aboriginal Health and Medical Research Council of NSW (AH&MRC), the peak representative organisation and advocate for Aboriginal communities on health and has a membership comprising of nearly 50 Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services (ACCHSs) who deliver culturally appropriate primary health care services to Aboriginal people across NSW.\nA graduate of Melbourne Law School, Sandra has worked as a Solicitor for the Victorian Aboriginal Legal Service and Head of the Victorian Aboriginal Issues Unit of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, and gained extensive experience working in partnership with Aboriginal community organisations in the areas of the advocacy and support of Aboriginal self-determination, building on the strengths of Aboriginal community development, legal and health inequalities and the preservation of cultural heritage.\nSandra's current role incudes representing members interests through the provision of member services support, effective policy and program development within the sector and building on State and Commonwealth partnerships to ensure appropriate Aboriginal primary health care service delivery to achieve better health outcomes for Aboriginal people. Another significant role includes working in the broader health system with external partners in government and non-government agencies to promote engagement with the AH&MRC and ACCHSs in policy planning and service delivery at state, regional and local levels.\nSandra has held her current position since 1992 and with the support of an Aboriginal community-elected Board of Directors, the AH&MRC has expanded to include support for nearly 50 ACCHSs through various activities delivered through Public Health Units which assists members with clinic services, cancer care, child & maternal health services, chronic disease management, tobacco cessation, drug\/alcohol use and harm minimisation; a Business Development Unit supporting members with service and clinical accreditation, governance, IT infrastructure & information management systems; a Social and Emotional Wellbeing Workforce Support Unit assisting AHWs; Research & Data Support; an Aboriginal Health College to provide education and training for current and future sector workers; and auspicing an Aboriginal Ethics Committee that ensures culturally appropriate ethical review of Aboriginal health research projects in NSW.\nSandra is a co-chair of the NSW Aboriginal Health Partnership, which is strengthened by a formal agreement between the NSW Government and the AH&MRC, and has served on a number of Ministerial Advisory Committees and boards. She has also been involved in a number of research projects in Aboriginal health including in the areas of child health and resilience.\nIn recognition of her service in the Aboriginal health sector, Sandra was awarded the Australian Government Centenary Medal for Contribution to Health in 2003. In 2014 Sandra was again acknowledged for her service to the Aboriginal health sector, receiving the Hall of Fame award at the 2014 NSW Health Aboriginal Health Awards.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Webb, Raelene", "Entry ID": "AWE5612", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/webb-raelene\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Gawler, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Chairperson, Lawyer, President, Public speaker, Queen's Counsel, Solicitor, Teacher, Tribunal Member", "Summary": "Raelene Webb QC holds a Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Physics from the University of Adelaide and a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Queensland. She was admitted to the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory and the High Court of Australia in 1992. In 2004, she was appointed Queen's Counsel. Prior to her five year appointment on 1 April 2013 by the Attorney General, as President of the National Native Title Tribunal (NNTT), Raelene was named as one of the leading native title silks in Australia. She has appeared as lead counsel in many native title and Aboriginal land matters and has advised upon and appeared in the High Court in most land-mark cases on the judicial interpretation and development of native title\/Aboriginal land law since the decision of Mabo V Queensland (No 2).\nRaelene became a fellow of the Australia Academy of Law in August 2013 and delivered the Annual Richard Cooper Memorial Lecture at the TC Beirne School of Law, University of Queensland, at the end of September 2013. She was a recipient of the 2014 Law Council of Australia President's Medal, in recognition of her outstanding contribution to the legal profession in Australia.\nOn receipt of the award, Raelene encouraged other women thinking of taking risks with their careers to be brave.\n'I marvel how it is that a shy country girl coming to the law in mid-life, finds herself here receiving this prestigious award and in the company of so many distinguished lawyers who have themselves contributed so much to the legal profession, both personally and through their work with the Law Council of Australia.\nMy advice to all who are contemplating scaling the walls of the legal profession, and particularly to women: be courageous, be bold, and above all, be passionate about the law.'\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Raelene Webb for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Raelene Webb and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nMs Raelene Webb QC holds a Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Physics from the University of Adelaide and a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Queensland. She was admitted to the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory and the High Court of Australia in 1992. In 2004, she was appointed Queens Counsel.\nRaelene was born at Gawler, South Australia in 1951, the elder of two children of Ray and Joyce Webb. At that time her father was teaching at nearby Reeves Plains. Shortly thereafter Raelene's family moved to Batchelor in the Northern Territory where Ray had been appointed the first headmaster of the Batchelor Area School. Her family returned to South Australia in 1955 where Raelene commenced her education, graduating from Adelaide University in 1971 with a Bachelor of Science (Honours), majoring in physics.\nRaelene then returned to the Northern Territory and taught at Alice Springs High School, transferring to Casuarina High School around 1972. Both of her sons were born in Darwin (in 1974 and 1977) but the advent of Cyclone Tracy led to a temporary relocation back to Adelaide in 1975. After returning to Darwin in 1976, in addition to managing several small businesses, Raelene also lectured part-time at the Darwin Community College in mathematics. She was then appointed Acting Head of Commercial Studies on a full-time basis, establishing an Education Program for Unemployed Youth at the College during that period.\nAfter completing half of the Bachelor of Accounting Course at Darwin Institute of Technology, Raelene commenced law studies in 1986 externally with Queensland University. She continued to lecture part-time at the Darwin Institute of Technology in building science and mathematics, and then worked for 18 months as a management trainer\/consultant with the Northern Territory Centre for Management Training.\nIn August 1989 Raelene commenced her legal career as an associate to his Honour Sir William Kearney, then Justice of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory, before moving to the Department of Law (now the Department of Justice) where she commenced articles in 1991; also completed her Bachelor of Laws in that year. During 1990-1991 Raelene lectured for several semesters in Taxation Law for the Bachelor of Business course at the Northern Territory University, calling in aid her previous business\/management and accounting experience as well as legal training.\nRaelene was admitted to legal practice in the Northern Territory in 1992. From that time and until joining William Forster Chambers in March 1999, Raelene practiced, in effect, as a member of Counsel in Chambers with Mr Tom Pauling QC, the Solicitor General for the Northern Territory and Mr Graham Nicholson, previously Senior Crown Counsel and Constitutional Advisor to the Northern Territory Government. Her position as Crown Counsel was formalized in 1994 although she had been acting in that capacity since 1992.\nAs Crown Counsel Raelene gave legal advice to the Northern Territory Government on a wide range of complex legal matters, including administrative law, constitutional law, government contracts, torts generally and particularly liability of public authorities, medical negligence, mining law, native title and Aboriginal land matters.\nThe particular demands of Crown Counsel required that Raelene rapidly develop the advocacy skills necessary to research, prepare and present complex cases, many of which were destined to be finally determined by the High Court where Raelene made numerous appearances as junior counsel with the Solicitor General for the Northern Territory, and with other leading senior counsel, particularly in constitutional matters and later in native title\/Aboriginal land matters. During her period as Crown Counsel, Raelene also deputised for the Solicitor General on a number of occasions at meetings of Solicitors General.\nRaelene's move to the private bar in Darwin in 1999 allowed her to expand her practice, and she rapidly developed a national practice, appearing for and advising clients in most States and Territories. Between 1999 and 2011 Raelene practiced from William Forster Chambers. From 2009 she was Head of William Forster Chambers, before she left to establish Magayamirr Chambers in July 2011.\nFrom 2010 to 2012, Raelene was President of the Northern Territory Bar Association, and a Director of the Law Council of Australia. She held the position of Honorary Treasurer of the Australian Bar Association in 2012 and was Vice President of that association in the following year, prior to her appointment. In 2011 Raelene was awarded a Board Diversity Scholarship and undertook governance training with the Australian Institute of Company Directors to assist her in these roles.\nA significant part of Raelene's practice at the private bar was in the Federal Court and the High Court, first addressing a Full Bench of the High Court in 2001. In August 2001 the Honourable Justice Michael Kirby, in a speech to the Victorian Women Lawyers' Association, lamented the few speaking parts of women before the High Court in Australia, naming Raelene as one of only 6 women who had addressed the High Court from the central rostrum during his term of office. Over the next two decades, Raelene continued to argue matters in the High Court, advising upon and appearing in most land-mark cases on the judicial interpretation and development of native title\/Aboriginal land law since the decision of Mabo v Queensland (No 2) in 1992. Just prior to her appointment Raelene was named as one of the leading native title silks in Australia.\nRaelene became a fellow of the Australian Academy of Law in August 2013 and delivered the Annual Richard Cooper Memorial Lecture at the TC Beirne School of Law, University of Queensland, at the end of September 2013. She was a recipient of the 2014 Law Council of Australia President's Medal, in recognition of her outstanding contribution to the legal profession in Australia. Raelene is in great demand as a public speaker on a range of topics, native title matters especially, and has presented or chaired sessions at various conferences throughout Australia and internationally, including at the Annual World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty held in Washington DC in March 2015. In April 2015 Raelene gave a number of public lectures at Canadian universities and was a guest speaker at the University of Northern British Columbia's Global Fridays Speakers Series.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/congratulations-to-president-raelene-webb-qc\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Young, Tamara (Tammy) Leonie", "Entry ID": "AWE5613", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/young-tamara-tammy-leonie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Businesswoman, Chief Executive Officer, Law clerk, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Tammy Young is the founder and owner of Young's List, a boutique barristers' clerking service in Victoria. Combining a passion for practice management and a keen interest in business, Young sought to build upon the expertise she acquired in commercial law, when she launched Young's List in 2012. Of the thirteen Victorian based barristers' clerks, Tammy is the sole female business owner, and one of only two female CEOs.\nAs a young, single parent of two small children, Tammy completed a Bachelor of Arts (Hons), majoring in history, at the University of Melbourne. She then commenced undergraduate studies in law, which she completed with honours in two and a half years. Young then undertook her articles of clerkship at Minter Ellison where she worked predominantly in taxation. She subsequently completed an associateship at the Federal Court of Australia where she gained experience in both migration and native title law.\nYoung later worked at Freehills in mergers and acquisitions, and commercial litigation at Cornwall Stodart Lawyers. She signed the Victorian Bar Roll in 2008.\nAfter the birth of her fourth child, Tammy left the Bar and took the unprecedented step of joining Foley's List as a barristers' clerk. This inspired her to start her own list of barristers, with an emphasis on commercial law.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Davies, Rebecca", "Entry ID": "AWE5614", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/davies-rebecca\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Academic, Lawyer, Partner, Solicitor", "Summary": "After working at ANU law school, as an associate to a High Court judge and a brief stint with Michael Kirby at the Australian Law Reform Commission, Rebecca Davies joined Freehills as an articled clerk, with Kim Santow as her master solicitor.\nJust under three years after her admission she became the third female partner at a major Australian law firm.\nDavies practised as a litigator and a commercial lawyer working in both the Sydney and Melbourne offices of the firm, managing a range of high profile cases and projects.\nShe was a member of the firm's board and chair of the Women at Freehills steering committee.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Rebecca Davies for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Rebecca Davies and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nBecoming a lawyer was not something I positively set out to do. There were no lawyers in my family. My mother had been a nurse prior to having four children, of whom I was the first. My dad had been in the merchant navy and then went into business.\nI went to an all girls' government high school, and although we higher achieving girls were encouraged to succeed, there was still an expectation in those days (late 60's) that girls would either leave in Year 10, and maybe become hairdressers, or if they stayed to year 12, the vast majority would become teachers and then marry.\nI had become involved in various political activities during school (Women's Lib, anti Vietnam activities, 18 year old voting etc.) and so my ambitions were more in the political arena. I thought studying politics and economics would be the way into that field, and ANU in Canberra made sense, not only because Canberra was the centre of federal politics, but also it was a way to leave home and spread my fledging wings.\nAnd somewhere in the background, were the stories my mother told about some of the women in her own family, who had been real pioneers in the early 20th century; the first policewoman in South Australia, the first female professor of psychology at Adelaide University, the political activist wife of the editor of the Adelaide Advertiser and others. Real role models of women who made a positive contribution to their communities.\nJust before doing the HSC in 1971, I went to the Vocational Guidance Centre in the city with three friends to do the IQ and physiological tests then on offer. It was suggested for me that law was a possible career and that made me consider this option for the first time. It was attractive as I could do both an economics and law degree together at ANU, and was a reasonable stepping stone into politics. Of course, on discussing our experiences, it seemed the Vocational Guidance people may have been pushing students into law at that time, maybe particularly women, as that advice was given to three of the four of us! I was the only one who did take that path in the end. So in early 1972 I left home in Sydney and moved into Bruce Hall, one of the residential colleges at ANU.\nDuring my University life, I enjoyed my law studies, but there were frankly more exciting things going on around me with the election of the Whitlam government and the tumultuous events of the following few years. I became involved with environmental issues and other campus activities, and also enjoyed the freedom of being away from home and in a mixed sex environment. They were heady days!\nI was probably not totally engaged in my legal studies until the final year where I really enjoyed Constitutional Law under Professor Leslie Zines, who was super tough but intellectually challenging. And of course we had witnessed at close hand the constitution under challenge with the dramatic dismissal of the Whitlam government.\nAfter finishing my law and economics degrees in 1976, I then needed a job. Being in Canberra, the public sector was an obvious choice and for a short while I worked in defence superannuation, but soon realised that this was not a realistic long term option for me. Luckily a position back at the Law School came up and I spent the next year or two working as a research assistant back in the Faculty of Law.\nOne of the fun things from that time was working on the Legal Services Bulletin, the 'alternative' law journal, which meant working with some great people, who I later saw move into very important positions. People like Peter Hanks, Gareth Evans, Mark Richardson, John Basten and Jack Goldring were particularly impressive. But it's also interesting to note, that here I was a young woman among lots of men, so very much in a minority- a feature common to much of the next 20 years of my career.\nThen a faculty colleague suggested I become Associate to Sir Kenneth Jacobs at the High Court; a job he had had himself, and without a formal application, I took up that role and worked for Sir Kenneth until his retirement due to illness. It was a great experience, working at the very top of the legal system, and many of the lessons I learned then have stood me in great stead over the years.\nI then decided it was time, maybe, to try practicing law rather than thinking and writing about it. A totally unscientific process, as being in Canberra I didn't really have much idea about private law firms. So I went through the phone book and wrote to firms who had bold entries in the listing- figuring that this might mean they were larger ones!\nThis was 1979. And the interview process was pretty ghastly. I was asked when I was going to get married, if I was engaged, told I should be happy with small salary - 'you just need pin money' - and ignored by many firms, despite having a pretty good degree and having been a High Court Associate.\nFeeling that I might need to look further afield or go back to academia, I then got lucky and was interviewed by Kim Santow, the great late Court of Appeal judge, then a senior partner at Freehill, Hollingdale and Page (FHP) in Sydney. We had a most engaging and entertaining interview and I was hired as an articled clerk at the salary of $9000 pa, about half what I had earned at the High Court.\nFHP was a leader in many ways. There was a woman partner, Helen Brown and other senior women, people from varying backgrounds - not just the traditional Catholics - and David Gonski had just been promoted to partner as the youngest in a major law firm. The firm was also expanding beyond the boundaries of one city; again in the forefront of that national, and then international expansion. As for me, although I was initially apprehensive about moving to the dark side - working at the big end of town - I discovered pretty quickly that I actually really enjoyed the work, the people, the clients, the issues. And, to my surprise, I discovered that I was also ambitious.\nIt's funny to reflect on the things that can motivate you. One thing that really spurred me on was working with another lawyer, around my age but an admitted solicitor, on a piece of research. He told me my work was 'quite good really.' Given I had spent the previous few years writing and assisting senior academics and a High Court judge with research, this was a bit rich! I remember deciding then and there that I was going to get to be a partner in the firm, and I was going to get there at least as fast as any of the men, particularly this one! So I set my mind to that goal and achieved it, just under 3 years after being admitted in 1980. I think I achieved that by working hard and smart and being up front about what I was looking to achieve, although I was still surprised when it happened as quickly as it did.\nI then continued to build my practice, being the third woman partner in a major law firm in Australia, and I think the first who was a commercial litigator. Made a partner before I was 30 and looking much younger than that, a major challenge was getting people to take me seriously. I became quite adept at reading the signs from the senior business people I was dealing with that they were thinking 'what is this girl doing running this major piece of litigation for my company', and knowing how to quickly win their confidence. Again, because I had to overcome the assumptions people made based on my age and gender, I worked out that I needed to be better prepared and find the best way to connect with the clients. And that turned out not to be so hard as I found I was really interested in what clients were doing, the challenges they faced and them as people. That I think was key to success in being a business acquirer, so after a few years I had one of the most successful practices in the firm.\nMostly I found, after the initial shock on meeting me, that clients trusted me and enjoyed working with me. I do, though, recall one setback in particular. We had a US based client, and I was running the case with a smart male lawyer assisting me. One day my assistant confessed to me that the client had said he really didn't want to work with a woman leading the team. That was a real blow to my confidence. And I felt let down by some of my male colleagues who took over the case rather than standing up for me. The client, though, was a complete pain, and not too long after the partner who had taken over from me actually sacked the client! Small comfort, but I remember being quite depressed as I thought that my youth was a disadvantage that time would deal with, but being female wasn't going to change.\nThen in 1987 I was asked to move to our Melbourne office, the firm having recently linked up with a Melbourne firm. The Sydney office thought the Melbourne litigation team needed to become more commercial and that was the task I was given. I was very apprehensive about that step, and was concerned that the main reason I was asked was because I was single, so relatively easily moved. When I arrived in Melbourne, there was some resentment of the Sydney 'spy', and at that time I was also the only female partner in the Melbourne office. There was a bit of a 'freeze' applied, and it was quite lonely to start with.\nAnyway, I used the skills I had learned in winning people over, and again developed one of the highest billing practices in the firm and was able to sponsor a number of young lawyers, including young women, into the Melbourne firm.\nI moved back to Sydney in 1989, and not long after getting back home I met the man who a year later became my husband. I think by this stage there may have been other women partners who were married; certainly over the 80's there was a big increase in the % of women In the partnership. I continued to have a very significant commercial litigation practice, and given my seniority was able to maintain that practice during two periods of maternity leave and some part time work when I had my two children in 1991 and 1993.\nAlthough partner maternity leave was included in the partnership agreement, part time work wasn't and I think I was the first partner to ask to do part time work. This was quite controversial as some felt that as a partner you needed to demonstrate 100% commitment and the only way you could do that was being present and billing at a minimum of 5 days a week. There was certainly a strong macho culture of working long hours and spending little time at home, so giving priority to family wasn't playing the game by the accepted rules. I guess being relatively senior and having a very successful practice gave me the influence to ensure this worked for me, and hopefully that helped pave the way for others who followed after.\nThe cases I worked on were some of the most interesting around at the time and I had the opportunity to work with amazing people; clients, barristers, opponents and most importantly, the members of my own teams. Major cases included Estate Mortgage, Burns Philp Trustees, Christopher Scase and Qintex, Linter, Alan Bond and Bell Resources.\nOn my return to full time practice, there was a period of increasing management responsibility within the firm. I was elected as the first female member of the firm's board. I had wider responsibilities for the litigation group as a whole and for risk management and professional indemnity insurance for the firm. It was a time when law firms, ours included, were subject to a number of very large claims resulting from corporate collapses in the late 80's early 90's, and I had the job of successfully managing the firm's defence of those claims.\nI then decided to move out of litigation and became a corporate lawyer for several years, focussing on IT issues in particular. I led the Freehills team running the successful demutualisation of the NRMA, acting for the insurance arm of the operation. But my real love was litigation, so I moved back into that field in the early 2000's and stayed in that area until I retired as a partner in 2009. Highlights were acting for Kerry Stokes on a range of major cases, some successful, and some less so, but all amazing challenges from which I learned a great deal.\nAlthough I have really enjoyed all the things I've done since I left full time legal practice, I look back on my legal career with great satisfaction. I acted on some of the Australia's biggest and most complex cases, worked with wonderful people all around the world and was able to make an impact on a range of business and policy issues. I mentored many young lawyers, and brought many into the partnership. As a working mother, I was able to provide one model to young women of how a successful legal career might be achieved. As a champion for women inside law firms, ours in particular, I saw an increasing percentage of women partners in the firm, and talented women taking other senior roles in the firm. I was proud to talk about those successes both locally and internationally, showing what was possible and hopefully encouraging others.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rana, Rashda", "Entry ID": "AWE5615", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rana-rashda\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Arbitrator, Barrister, Educator, Lawyer, Senior Counsel", "Summary": "Rashda Rana SC is a Barrister, Arbitrator and Mediator. She has worked at the Bar in London, in various states in Australia and in the Asia Pacific region, notably Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia and China, for the past 20 years. Most recently, she was the General Counsel for Lend Lease Project Management & Construction. Rashda is also an Adjunct Professor at The Sydney University Law School. She was appointed Senior Counsel in 2014.\nRana is the President of ArbitralWomen, the Immediate Past President of the Australian branch of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb), the Founding Member and former Vice Chair of the Society of Construction Law Australia, a Fellow and former Director of the Australian Centre for International Commercial Arbitration (ACICA), Fellow of Institute of Arbitrators & Mediators Australia (IAMA), Fellow of Commercial Law Association of Australia (CLAA) and the Australian representative to the ICC Taskforce on Subcontracting and the ICC Taskforce on Public Procurement.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Rashda Rana for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Rashda, Rana and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nEvents in life, some brought about deliberately, others by happenstance, often give rise to circumstances that lead to the generation of new and sometimes surprising passions or the development of a passion that otherwise lies latent. My passion turned out to be initially international arbitration and then as a necessary off-shoot which emerged through experience, the need for diversity and equality in the legal profession, more specifically, gender diversity and equality in the worldwide dispute resolution industry.\nMost astounding for me has been the slow realisation that in the first quarter of the 21st Century we are still talking about gender equality and trying to find ways to achieve it at all levels of society. After decades of supposed equality, however, a recurring and disturbing issue in the workplace remains the differential and unequal treatment of and responses to women in the workplace. How does a woman deal with that if, like me, your job depends on being heard?\nEverything I do professionally depends entirely on my voice being heard. I have three main professional roles: as advocate, as arbitrator and as teacher. The most critical demand made by each role is clear, effective and persuasive oral communication.\nAs an advocate, I am the mouthpiece of my client. I might be appearing before 1, 3, 5, 7 or 10 judges or 1 or 3 arbitrators. They are usually of the pale, male and stale variety. Usually, I am the only woman in the room or the court. In this role, the most significant rule that applies to the proceedings is that parties are afforded natural justice. This is usually understood to mean that the parties are entitled to have their dispute determined by an impartial and independent decision maker and that they have the right to be heard. In order to fulfil this role properly and effectively not only do I, on behalf of my client, need to ensure that I am heard but that I am actively heard such that I can persuade the listener of my point of view, my submission, my case theory.\nNext, as an arbitrator either with 2 other co-arbitrators and a number of advocates appearing before me (all usually male), my voice also needs to be heard. In this role, I am required to control the proceedings and make decisions which the parties are required to follow or comply with. Unlike the position of a judge, who has coercive powers to ensure compliance the role of arbitrator does not have coercive powers and does not necessarily bring with it authority. The authority has to be imposed by deed or demand.\nThirdly, I am also a teacher, a role that relies heavily on the teacher being heard. In the 21st century, the real test of a good teacher, whether make or female, is to get across the message without the use of visual aids! I have seen panic on the faces of students when I say we are going to listen, think and discuss as opposed to type like automata everything the teacher is saying without switching on the brain cells!\nThe legal profession is not the only profession in which women experience unequal treatment. Discrimination or gender bias, whether deliberate or unconscious, is everywhere.\nFor a long time now, I have been the only Australian female barrister actively involved in international arbitration outside Australia. I am, for instance, the only Australian female barrister listed on the arbitration panels of a number of significant regional arbitral institutions. In 2013, I was the first female President of the Australian branch of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators.\nIt is not a new organisation. The Chartered Institute of Arbitrators is celebrating its centenary this year (2015). It is an elite, international dispute resolution body with members from all over the world. I don't know why I should have been the first female President as late as 2013 when there are so many highly competent women in the field of dispute resolution. I don't know why I am the only female barrister listed on arbitration panels around the world. It seems that women are still required to be better than their male counterparts in order to be heard, seen or accepted.\nI have never doubted my ability to perform as well as my male colleagues. Likewise, I never doubted the capabilities of my female peers in the law. I have tried to accept people on merit alone no matter what their background, race or gender. It was not until the last few years of the 20th Century, that the true plight of female lawyers dawned on me. Women lawyers were experiencing hurdles and problems in their careers as a result of gender bias. I had not myself been consciously aware that I had ever been discriminated against because of my gender. What was more apparent to me (especially when I arrived in Australia) was the constant references to racial differences as if that attribute might affect one's ability to perform.\nOf course, I possess many attributes which can readily be the subject of discrimination. The most obvious is that I am a woman. But my Indian heritage makes me a target too. When I first arrived in Australia many people, especially taxi drivers (those great arbiters of social commentary) would ask, 'where are you from?' I'd say that I was from London (because I learnt very quickly that the way I pronounced 'England' sounded very much like India to them or perhaps that's what they wanted to hear). Anyway, to this response I'd often get (and still do) 'But, where are you really from?' Thus, the conversation would continue along those lines for a few more minutes, with some even braving the absurd line, 'but you don't look like you're English'. Of course, what they were referring to was my ethnic background, which, of course is an entirely different matter.\nIf I had been aware of gender bias then I had dismissed it as being an 'excuse'. After all, we lived in an enlightened world. The first meeting I attended of the Equal Opportunities Committee of the NSW Bar Association, chaired by Michael Slattery QC (as then was, now Justice Slattery of the NSW Supreme Court), however, opened my eyes to the true depth of a problem I had not even conceived existed. I resolved there and then to do what I could to bring the problem to light and to deal with it as best I could. The first project I got involved in was the emergency child care scheme for barristers. There was no one better suited to delving into this problem since my husband & I both worked and we had no family to support us in Australia (my family were all in London and my husband's in Ireland) and any friends who would otherwise be willing to help also worked.\nHow did I get to where I am?\nMy focus has always been to do things about which I am passionate. For that I must thank my family, particularly my father. I was lucky to have been brought up in a family environment in which everyone was encouraged to be themselves and to do what they enjoyed. After all, success follows those who follow their passions. With 2 older rough-and-tumble, rugger-bugger brothers and a father who treated each of us in the same way, I never noticed that my life had to be different from my brothers or male friends just because I was a girl. I remember my mother's horror at my father's suggestion that I should read for a conceptually based degree such as philosophy rather than mathematics which was my initial choice since that's where my interests seemed to lie. He was absolutely right. He never dictated to us. He guided us. It was always a discussion of the pros and cons of our proposed actions or decisions that he investigated with us. He taught us analysis and introspection.\nPhilosophy also helped me to think with clarity and reason persuasively - skills which have proved very useful in my career as a barrister. Loss of an academic grant made me switch from a life in academia to a vocational course in law that culminated in qualification as a barrister at the Bar of England & Wales.\nI was persuaded by a highly regarded silk at the English Bar that being an advocate was not dissimilar to being an academic and so my life would not necessarily be that different in substance: barristers receive issues in a brief; academics think of them in the course of their work; barristers research the point in issue, as do academics; barristers prepare submissions as academics prepare papers or articles; barristers present the issue as set out in their submissions to a court of 1 or 3 or more judges who have some interest in what you are saying, academics present to 200 snotty nosed students who do not generally care what you are saying; barristers get an answer by way of a judgment; academics get 200 essays, none of which may have anything useful to say. I switched fairly readily.\nThe love of teaching, however, has never left me and so I have continued to teach at various levels from undergraduates to apex court judges.\nThen came marriage to an Irishman who did not then want to live in London so we traversed the seas to Sydney where he had been living and where I knew there was an independent private Bar and so I could continue doing what I had been trained to do. It was not at all common in Sydney then (nor is it now) for people to go straight to the Bar. In England, after a straight law degree and Bar School, one could be a fully qualified barrister at about 23. In England it was also the practice to choose either the path of a solicitor or a barrister and to stick to that choice for life. There was very little movement between the professions. There is much more now. In Sydney, there has always been movement between the professions.\nThe admissions board did not make it easy for me, requiring me to sit 11 exams which I sat over 2 semesters. Apparently, the Admissions Board simply could not understand how I could possibly have got any kind of practising certificate with a Diploma Course in Law. The lady I spoke to at the Board was incredulous and actually said to me over and over again, 'But I don't understand how you could've got the practising certificates. You don't have a law degree!'.\nThe Diploma Course in question is one designed for graduates who wish to convert to law. Successful completion of the Diploma course then puts candidates on par with law graduates. It's a one year intensive course in the 6 core subjects. In order to become a barrister, one is required to undertake the Bar Practice Training Course as well which is also over a year and includes a number of substantive legal subjects. If I recall correctly, out of the 100 students in my conversion course over 80% went on to become barristers.\nThe figures for barristers in London with that background is also approximately 80%. So, it was a very common path to becoming a barrister in London. But not so in Sydney. Indeed, I think I was the first barrister from England who wanted to go to the NSW Bar. When Stuart Littlemore modelled his female protagonist in the Curry Murder Books on me, I pointed out to him that, unlike his fictional character, Arabella Engineer, I did not come to Sydney because I had \"failed as a barrister in London\"!\nI passed the tests.\nDuring that time, my husband and I decided that it would probably be better to have our first child before I got going afresh, as it were, at the Bar in NSW. So our daughter arrived on 2 February 1994. 2nd February happens to be the date by which the beginning of the Bar Term is set. A few years later, my son would be born on the last day of the Bar Term that year. So, my children are truly Bar children.\nThings progressed well and my international arbitration career continued to grow steadily. On one occasion, some 15 years ago, I was chastised by a senior member of the Bar for appearing in international arbitrations, that is to say, appearing before arbitrators (1 or 3) when I should be appearing before 'real' judges. Having been weaned on the dual tracks of the court system and arbitration, I could not quite understand his objection. Arbitrators before whom I was appearing in international arbitrations were eminent jurists in their own right. The same people might switch from being arbitrators to taking an appointment as a judge. I did not and do not think that judges are clothed with any magical powers (or divine inspiration) that makes them better decision makers than arbitrators. I sit as an arbitrator and I know my Awards are every bit as good as the judgments of my judge peers. Suffice it so say that this same senior practitioner has in the past few years been haranguing me to get him into international arbitrations!\nIn this time, the urge to do something about gender bias started to grow. As well as continuing my work at the NSW Bar Association and participating in mentoring schemes at the Bar, the Universities, and industry organisations, I joined ArbitralWomen. ArbitralWomen is an international networking organisation committed to promoting women in dispute resolution around the world. It was beginning to take a foothold then. Last year, in 2014, we celebrated 20 years and I became the President of ArbitralWomen. My column in the ArbitralWomen Newsletter regularly points to achievements in this field as well to failures which need rectification in the name of equality.\nI know that, for me, the single most important factor in any success I may have achieved has been the support I have received from my male colleagues and most importantly my husband. It is because of the fact that my support came from male not female mentors that I have been actively promoting the importance of mentoring for women by women in dispute resolution. The mentoring program at ArbitralWomen is a very successful one. There are more and more women at higher echelons of the dispute resolution ladder who are prepared to give up their time freely to help others. There are, unfortunately, also plenty at the higher reaches who do not want to help, their mantra being, 'I did it myself so let them learn how to do it by themselves'. What these women forget is that men help each other all the time and in helping others promote themselves. What they also forget is what Madeleine Albright once said, 'There is a special place in hell for women who do not help other women!'\nThe last thing on one's mind when one makes the choice of a life partner is whether you will enjoy the same support from that person as you might be prepared to give back. The support can oftentimes be one way - support by the wife for the husband's needs, desires and goals. None of what I've done would have been possible without my husband's support and willingness to take over things, to pick up the running of the house, the care of the children every time I had to leave the country for work and his generally positive attitude to my goals. He also shares with me the drive to eradicate gender bias in all its forms.\nIt is not just my interest in gender diversity and equality that has been growing. The problem of gender bias and the need for diversity and equality has mushroomed in the past few years in many parts of the world. For instance, my old college (Pembroke) at Cambridge University has been celebrating 30 years of women at the College. The celebrations are timely and significant. This is a great achievement in itself, but to put it in context, this is 30 years in the life of a college that has existed as male only domain for over 800 years. I was invited back to talk about women in the workplace to current and former students of the college as well as others from the University.\nIn addition, as part of my work with ArbitralWomen, we prepared a Special Issue on 'Dealing with Diversity in International Arbitration' jointly with Transnational Dispute Management.\nIt is well acknowledged that the high demand for arbitration services has driven many governments to cultivate a pro-arbitration environment through new arbitration legislation and other mechanisms, and has led to the proliferation of international arbitral centres throughout the world. Likewise, many global law firms have also responded to this increased demand by aggressively entering new markets and deploying significant resources to those emerging regions. The expansion of international arbitration into new regions as well as steady growth in more established markets has not, however, been reflected in the greater participation of more women. Women are not getting the same opportunities as men, regardless of background.\nStatistics published by arbitral institutions indicate quite strongly that, more generally, there is a severe imbalance in the vast number of appointments whether by the parties or by the institution concerned-for instance, the London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA) annual report for 2013 shows that in 2013, 9.8% of the 162 appointees selected by the LCIA and 6.9% of the 160 appointees selected by the parties were female. The LCIA is the only institution which actively pushes for the appointment of female chairs of tribunals. The appointment of European and American arbitrators usually account for a large chunk of the pie, within that the thinnest, barely visible slivers represent female arbitrators. Further analysis of the numbers indicates that things are not really improving.\nThere are many studies which indicate there is a huge gender gap-for instance, the Institute for Continuing Legal Education in California has carried out studies which show that 85% of the women lawyers surveyed perceived a subtle, but pervasive, gender bias within the legal profession. Almost two-thirds agreed women lawyers are not accepted as equals by their male peers (see also 'Implicit Gender Bias in the Legal Profession: An Empirical Study' by Justin D Levinson & Danielle Young, Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy Volume 18:1 2010). Despite the fact that approximately 60% of all law graduates are women, this figure steadily decreases over time and rank, such that, by the time we get to the managing partner level, only 4% are women.\nThe gender gap is to some extent perpetuated by deep-rooted cultural perceptions and misperceptions. In every field unconscious bias is evident and perpetuated. Many studies (for example 'Science faculty's subtle gender biases favour male students'-Moss-Racusina, PNAS, 2012) show categorically that unconsciously, we tend to like people who look like us, think like us and come from backgrounds similar to ours. This means that white men choose white men for board rooms, as counsel, as arbitrators, as judges. The bias clearly is not always unconscious-sometimes it is deliberate negative bias.\nIn the same report by the Institute for Continuing Legal Education, the findings were that 76% of those surveyed reported feelings of negative bias were from opposing counsel, 64% from clients, 48% from superiors, and 43% from peers. It is interesting to note that most feelings of negative bias were from opposing counsel, and the least was from peers. While 65% did not make any career changes due to these perceptions of negative bias, it is statistically significant that 35% did, and that 37% made no career changes because they believed it would not be any better elsewhere.\nAffirmative action has and can effect change. It has been pioneered in many different sectors including; the political arena for numbers of MPs in any one party, the commercial arena, with demands on boards of organisations to have a certain percentage of female directors, in model briefing policies for female counsel to be briefed on cases and in the judiciary for numbers of female judges. For instance, women now account for 20.7% of board members in FTSE 100 companies.\nIn Australia, the latest percentage of women on ASX 200 boards is 19.8%. In the US, the percentage of S&P 500 companies with at least one female director is just over 90%, yet 10% of these companies still do not have women directors and 28% have just one. The European Commission aims to attain a 40% 'objective' of women in non-executive board member positions in large publicly listed companies by 2020 (see further EU Directive on Women on Boards in 2012). Even that is not enough. There are ways of introducing affirmative action in law and in particular arbitration, but it has to be accepted and taken up by lawyers (young and old) advising their clients, the clients themselves and other counsel and arbitrators. A cultural shift is needed, not just time, to get there.\nTo women 'coming through the ranks' in arbitration, I would say - persevere! Surround yourself with supportive people: family, friends, colleagues, bosses, mentors. Find support for your ideas, yourself, your career path.\nMen overestimate their abilities and capabilities which, in itself, leads to greater confidence, confidence building in others, promotion, pay rises and so on, with their prospects shooting upwards. Women, on the other hand, routinely underestimate themselves leading to a lack of confidence and consequently others doubting their ability, slower promotion, less pay and so on, with their prospects spiralling downwards.\nWomen need to reverse that trend by helping themselves and helping others. They should be assertive without being aggressive, promote their skills and expertise. They should remember they don't need to mimic male behaviour, and, more importantly, they should be themselves.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prominent-barrister-to-lead-arbitration-body\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Tate, Pamela Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE5616", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tate-pamela-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Dunedin, New Zealand", "Occupations": "Barrister, Judge, Lawyer, Senior Counsel, Solicitor", "Summary": "The Honourable Justice Pamela Tate was appointed as a Judge of the Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court of Victoria on 14 September 2010. She was appointed to the role of Solicitor-General for Victoria in 2003, the first woman to receive the appointment, and served in the role until 2010, representing the State of Victoria in constitutional challenges in the High Court of Australia. During her tenure, she was appointed Special Counsel to the Human Rights Consultation Committee that recommended the enactment in Victoria of the Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities. She is a Foundation Fellow of the Australian Academy of Law and was the Winner, Women Lawyers Achievement Awards (Victoria) in 2010. In June 2007 she was a Visiting Fellow, Centre for the Study of Human Rights, at the London School of Economics.\n", "Details": "Pamela Tate was born in Dunedin, New Zealand, and graduated from Otago University in 1979 with first class Honours in Philosophy. She received a three-year Commonwealth scholarship from the British Council and undertook postgraduate study in Philosophy under the supervision of Professor Michael Dummett at Oxford University, United Kingdom, graduating with a B.Phil. Pamela returned to New Zealand and taught Philosophy at Otago University before moving to Australia to live. While teaching Philosophy at Monash University, she graduated with a first class Honours degree in Law from Monash University in 1988.\nShe joined the Victorian Bar in 1991, having served as an associate to Sir Daryl Dawson of the High Court of Australia for two years. At the private Bar she specialized in Constitutional law, Administrative law, and the law of trade practices. She appeared regularly in constitutional law cases before the High Court and in constitutional and public law cases before the Supreme Court. In 1999-2000 she was Convenor of the Women Barristers' Association. She was appointed Senior Counsel in 2002.\nShe is a judicial representative on the External Professional Advisory Committee of the Faculty of Law of Monash University. She is a member of the Judicial Conference of Australia; the Australian Association of Constitutional Law; the Australian Institute of Administrative Law; the Australian Association of Women Judges; the Australian Institute of Judicial Administration; and the International Commission of Jurists. She is a Fellow of Monash University and the Patron of the Australasian Association of Philosophy.\nJustice Tate retired from the Court of Appeal in 2021 and in May 2021 became adjunct professor of law at Monash University. She was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in 2023 for significant service to the judiciary, to the law, and to legal education.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-honourable-justice-pamela-tate-llbhons-1988\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Blumer, Noor", "Entry ID": "AWE5617", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blumer-noor\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Malacca, Malaysia", "Occupations": "Civil Libertarian, Director, Lawyer, Litigator, Solicitor", "Summary": "Women's advocate and civil libertarian Noor (Nooraini) Blumer (Dip Law (LPAB) LLM, GAICD) is a Director at Blumer's Personal Injuries Lawyers. She has served as President of Australian Women Lawyers (2005-2006), Chair of the Equalising Opportunities in the Law Committee of the Law Council of Australia (2007-2010) and President of the Law (2011-2012. She has also served as Vice-President of Civil Liberties Australia. In the 2026 Australia Day Honours she was appointed Member of the Order of Australia (AM) 'for significant service to the law, to the legal profession, and to the community.'\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Noor Blumer for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Noor Blumer and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nI was born in Malacca in 1962 to a Malay father and my mother Dianne who had grown up in Perth.\nThe law played a part on my life even then. When I was 5 months old, my mother wanted to leave Malaysia without my father's knowledge and take me with her to Perth permanently. In those days, a child under the age of one did not need a separate passport and could travel on their mother's passport. Thus she was able to make the escape, which in recent years we have come to understand could be called an abduction, particularly under Malay law where the children are the property of the father.\nI grew up happily in Perth but was usually the only Asian in my class. I used to forget I was Asian and get a shock when I saw myself in the mirror! I did well at school and my burning desire was to be a lawyer or a journalist.\nI finished school at 16 and when I was 17 had my first child in 1979. I had the support of the father, who is still my husband, and I went to the University of WA with a view to studying law. In those days to gain entry to Law you had to pass first year Arts with suitable marks. I did this, but that year demand was high and the entrance marks requirement, which I had easily made, was raised and I missed out. I was devastated. I then embarked on second year Arts, but lacked enthusiasm.\nMy husband Mark came from Griffith NSW where his father was a lawyer and his father before him. Mark was not then a lawyer, but in 1982 we made the decision to go and live in Griffith, work for the family law firm as clerks and study the SAB by correspondence, now the LPAB.\nI had trouble filling in the application to apply to become a 'student-at-law' as the form assumed that applicants would be male and a lot of 'Mr, he and his' had to be crossed out to accommodate me.\nI didn't get to work as a law clerk, but eventually managed to get a job in the public service as an employment officer, which I enjoyed.\nThe study was very hard. In Griffith, we were 7 hours' drive from Sydney. There was no access to a law library and there was no internet. Fortunately, in those days, most solicitors firms had their own basic libraries. To qualify to sit the exams one had to complete a series of assignments. The exams were always 3 hours and closed book. This meant learning by rote the names of the 100 -150 cases necessary for each subject, a feat in itself, without also having to remember the relevant point they turned on.\nThe closest examination centre was about 4 hours away by car, so we often sat them in different locations. The first was in Broken Hill, a fantastic drive in 1982 just before the drought broke.\nLectures were held in Sydney, twice for each subject over a weekend. The SAB was easy to get into but notoriously hard to complete. I remember that the first lecture was held in a large lecture theatre at the University of Sydney; there would have been 200 students. Towards the end of the course I attended the family law lecture and it was just me and the lecturer, so we had a nice 'one to one'.\nI continued to work full time and study and we had another 3 children along the way, as one does in the country! My progress was slow and I suffered more than a few failures along the way, mainly because the time I had to study was very limited and I did not have the luxury of aiming for fancy results. We were pretty poor at the time and we both needed to work full time. Also, I had real difficulty coping with subjects such as 'Practice and Procedure' with no experience working in a legal environment.\nAnother obstacle was attending the College of Law in St Leonards. I had to do it in 3 blocks of 4 and 6 weeks. This was difficult and expensive with a young family and the lecturers were notoriously un-family friendly- I could do a whole essay on that one! While the block course was supposed to be for the benefit of country students, it was really for the benefit of those working for fancy Sydney law firms who could turn up, leave at lunch time and go to work and get their billable hours.\nI was finally admitted in 1992, just after the birth of our fourth child and I started the practice of law at Cater & Blumer in Griffith NSW.\nI was so relieved to have finally finished I had not given the slightest thought as to what kind of law I wanted to practice. That decision was made for me as there was need for another litigation lawyer and that turned out well as I really loved it. At that time, I was the only female lawyer in Griffith, but the local lawyers were always supportive and helpful.\nI remember sitting at the bar table one day when the magistrate came on the bench and said 'Good morning Gentlemen' He then looked at my sheepishly and apologised. I said, with bravado, that it was OK, I did like to think I was a gentleman in some respects.\nIn 1998 I became the first ever female partner of a law firm in the Riverina Law Society district. This was sufficiently noteworthy to warrant an article in the NSW Law Society journal, which came out, embarrassingly, just after Mark and I had decided to leave Griffith.\nIn late 1998 we moved to Canberra and I was branch manager of a plaintiff personal injury firm which Mark and I took over in 2000 and have operated ever since, Blumers Personal Injury Lawyers.\nIt was in Canberra that I became involved with the Women Lawyers Association of the ACT and served as President for several years. Through that, I served on the board of Australian Women Lawyers (AWL) and was President in 2004\/2005. What a wonderful journey that was for me, I still have good friends throughout Australia.\nAt that time AWL was pressing for a more formalised and transparent process for judicial appointments. Also, we were working on having a model equitable briefing policy for large firms and government. What a hoot it was to be talking to Attorneys General and Chief Justices about such matters.\nAlso the AWL had instigated the first survey of appearances by gender in Australian courts, which was important in demonstrating that women barristers were not getting a fair share of the work in the higher courts and were mainly working in the lower courts with less lucrative work. Much time was spent with my fellow board members manually collating the thousands of check sheets that had been provided from all around Australia.\nAfter the retirement of Justice Gaudron in 2003 there were no women on the High Court until the appointment of the Hon. Susan Crennan in 2005. It was a very difficult time as there were more women than men entering the profession, but no visible signs that a woman had a decent chance of achieving such an appointment. Fortunately that position has considerably improved with the subsequent appointments of Justices Kiefer, Bell and Gordon.\nAfter my year as President of AWL, my family were concerned that with nothing to distract me I might become a nuisance to them, so at their urging I undertook a Master of Laws at ANU. It was a pleasure to finally be attending university in a normal way and to take subjects which interested me. When I first applied I was refused entry to the course because they 'did not recognize my qualifications'. This was a bit embarrassing, and would have been more so had they actually seen my transcript, but I wrote a letter pointing out my experience and there was no problem. I finished this in about 2008.\nI also served for several years as Chair of the Equalising Opportunities in the Law, a standing committee of the Law Council of Australia (LCA). This involved further work in developing the Equitable Briefing Policy and conducting a professional survey of court appearances by agenda.\nIn 2011 I was elected President of the ACT Law Society, only the 2nd woman to hold that position. I served 2 years as President as well as a Director of the LCA and loved nearly every minute of it.\nWhen I ran for President, my electioneering material had clearly stated that I was Vice-President of Civil Liberties Australia and that I was interested in human rights. What a joy it was to discover that when speaking as President of the ACT Law Society on legal issues, taking a civil liberties stance was seen as appropriate. While there may have been some murmurs, not one of our members ever took issue with that approach. I learned that lawyers mostly care deeply about such issues and appreciate it when their peak bodies are vocal in upholding and explaining the law.\nThere were so many issues in the past in the ACT where I had thought to myself, 'Well, no one ever asks me what I think about \u2026\u2026.', but having the job of President put paid to that complaint. I was asked about everything and had real input into legal issues including proposed legislation and the work of the courts.\nI continue to be a director of Blumers Lawyers with my husband Mark and the fun continues. As my colleague John Eades said to me in the Griffith Local Court 23 years ago, 'Noor, litigation, it's the only game for adults'. Working on cases continues to excite my interest and enthusiasm.\nI strongly believe that both the public and the profession wants to have the law explained to them by lawyers, not by journalists. It is great to see that most professional conduct rules allow such public discussions to take place.\nAs well as personal injury litigation, I have been privileged to act for the ACT Human Rights commission from time - to - time and this has given me an insight into the application of a modern Human Rights Act.\nThe law is not for everyone, but I continue to derive pleasure from litigation, drafting pleadings, being privy to the lives of clients, which are rarely boring or ordinary. It is also a privilege to work with some great minds, grappling with problems and finding solutions to help everyday people. There is also the joy of running a business, having a wonderful staff and being constantly impressed by the knowledge, skill and enthusiasm of younger lawyers.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hall, Marlene Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE5618", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hall-marlene-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Public servant, Teacher", "Summary": "Marlene Hall rose to become a highly regarded specialist in the field of aged care law, and the first person to be appointed as Special Counsel Aged Care Law in the Commonwealth Department of Health. Hall came to the law after a career as an English teacher; studying for a Bachelor of Laws degree at night school in order to graduate, she attributes her background in English language and literature, and her work at weekends in nursing homes over the years, to the later success she experienced in her dealings in complex aged care law matters. She made a significant contribution to public sector law, including through the national 'Living Longer Living Better' aged care policy reforms.\nMarlene Hall was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Marlene Hall received her primary education at St Felix School in the southwestern Sydney suburb of Bankstown, before attending (with the assistance of a state bursary) Our Lady of Mercy College, Parramatta, in central western Sydney, for two years. She later graduated from the University of Sydney with a Bachelor of Arts with first class honours in English.\nAfter marrying a fellow student, she worked as a tutor in the English Department at the University of Sydney before travelling to Europe, she and her husband intending to complete postgraduate degrees in English in the United Kingdom. Shortly before leaving Australia, however, Hall impulsively applied for scholarships for the couple to study at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Upon arriving in London, Hall and her husband received correspondence from the Hebrew University informing them of their success and so, in 1968, they went to Israel to begin further studies.\nThe year which she spent in Israel gave Hall a chance to reflect on her career and she decided she would study medicine when she came home. In March 1969 she gave birth to a son. Following her return to Australia, Hall's marriage ended. As a single parent, the option to study medicine was not possible and she returned to tutoring, this time in the English Department at the University of New South Wales. She completed a Diploma in Education by correspondence from the University of New England; she also obtained a Master of Arts degree with first class honours in English from the University of Sydney.\nOver the next 16 years Hall enjoyed a rewarding career as a high school English teacher at Kincoppal Rose Bay Convent of the Sacred Heart, Newington College and Queenwood School. However, she perceived drawbacks to remaining a teacher, including the need to rely on the aged pension in retirement because of the lack of superannuation in the private school system, and she enrolled at the University of Technology Sydney in a Bachelor of Laws degree which could be undertaken part-time in the evenings.\nAfter graduating with a Bachelor of Laws degree, Hall joined the Commonwealth Department of Health as a Graduate Administrative Assistant in 1995. A secondment to Parliament House as Departmental Liaison Officer in the Parliamentary Secretary's Office provided Hall with critical insight into how laws are made and how the Senate operates. In the Department of Health, Hall worked in Aboriginal health and the hearing services program before obtaining a Graduate Diploma in Legal Practice and moving to the Department's Legal Services Branch. Shortly afterwards she embarked upon a Master of Laws degree in public and commercial law at the Australian National University. Hall was soon invited to join the Complaints and Compliance Taskforce Legal Unit, a new taskforce which would deal with aged care compliance matters.\nIn the ensuing 14 years before she retired, Hall applied her expertise in aged care law, the position of Special Counsel Aged Care Law being specially created to allow her to concentrate on the more complex aged care law matters in the Department of Health. Hall's legal training enabled her to have an immediate and practical impact on the quality of life of extremely vulnerable older people, including advising on compliance action against nursing home operators who were providing poor quality care. Together with Departmental officers, members of the aged care law team and the Office of Parliamentary Counsel, Hall went on to deliver the 'Living Longer Living Better' aged care policy reforms for the nation.\nThe following additional information was provided by Marlene Hall and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\nIf I were asked to name a book that has had the most influence on my life, it would be a brochure published in the 1950s called Careers for Graduates of the Faculty of Arts.\nAlong with my classmates in third year (year 9) at St Felix School, Bankstown, I had undertaken a vocational guidance test conducted by the Vocational Guidance Service and I had nominated nursing as my chosen career. Nursing was an attainable career for working class girls from Bankstown with the Intermediate Certificate awarded at the end of third year. We knew (or thought we knew) what nurses did and nurses were trained on the job and were paid while they trained.\nWhen we received the results of our vocational guidance tests, other girls who had nominated nursing received packages of information about how to apply for training positions. I received a letter stating: \"While your own choice of nursing is well within your capabilities, we suggest that you consider careers available to graduates of the Faculty of Arts\". Enclosed was a brochure setting out information about careers such as teaching and journalism and, crucially for me, matriculation requirements for entry to Sydney University.\nI had only ever met one person who had been to university - Sister Justinian, who taught our class in first year (year 7). Sister Justinian had taken me aside one day and suggested that I should consider going to university. She explained that I would need to study Latin, as it was an entry requirement, and offered to teach me Latin at lunch time while she supervised the tuckshop queue. I had turned up hopefully a few times for the promised Latin lessons, but it appeared that she had forgotten our conversation. (It became increasingly evident, as the year wore on and the first year classroom became more and more chaotic, that Sister Justinian was suffering from early stage dementia.)\nI had kept alive for a few months the hope of attending university by borrowing a book called Teach Yourself Latin from Bankstown Municipal Library and working my way through the exercises, but eventually I had to face the fact that I would not be able to reach matriculation standard by my own unaided efforts. Now, two years later, reading Careers for Graduates of the Faculty of Arts, I found to my surprise that Latin was no longer a matriculation requirement. (It had ceased to be a requirement in 1945.)\nA new potential stumbling block presented itself. At least one science subject was required for matriculation and St Felix School, along with many other parish schools for Catholic girls in the 1950s, lacked the resources to teach any science subjects. There was a window of opportunity, however, in that geography would be taken to meet this requirement for a few more years - just long enough, as it happened, for me to meet the matriculation requirements if I sat for the Leaving Certificate in 1961. Our third year teacher, Sister Bonaventure, was willing to teach geography after school to any girl who chose to sit for the externally examined Intermediate Certificate with the aim of winning a state bursary. I studied geography after school with the wonderful, irascible, Sister Bonaventure, sat for the external Intermediate Certificate and was awarded a state bursary to pay for two more years of schooling.\nThe bursary paid my school fees at Our Lady of Mercy College, Parramatta. I sat for the Leaving Certificate in 1961 and obtained what used to be called a 'maximum pass'. With financial support from a Commonwealth scholarship and a state bursary awarded on the basis of my Leaving Certificate results, I enrolled in the Faculty of Arts at Sydney University to study English, modern history and philosophy.\nOn the eve of my enrolment my father, who was a factory worker, suggested that I study medicine. I didn't think this would be possible given that (geography notwithstanding) I had not studied any science subjects. The thought of studying law never crossed my mind. I don't think anyone I knew had ever met a lawyer. Although there must have been lawyers practising in Bankstown, I don't recollect ever walking past a lawyer's office. In the years I spent at Sydney University, law students were not part of the campus milieu because the Sydney University law school was located down town, in Phillip Street. This meant that informal opportunities to get to know what was involved in the study of law, such as discussions with law students over coffee in the Union, did not exist.\nI graduated with first class honours in English, married a fellow student and we both worked as tutors (ie associate lecturers) in English at Sydney University before setting off for Europe with the idea of completing postgraduate degrees in English in the UK. Shortly before embarking on the Galileo Galilei, however, I saw a notice in the Sydney Morning Herald about scholarships to study at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. On a whim, I submitted applications for both of us. After back-packing from Genoa to London we found, waiting at Poste Restante in Trafalgar Square, letters from the Hebrew University offering us scholarships. The lure of adventure was too great and, abandoning plans to study in England, we consulted an atlas in a public library to ascertain where Israel was and set off on our pilgrimage to Jerusalem.\nThe scholarships were designed to give recipients the opportunity to experience life in Israel rather than to obtain a formal postgraduate qualification. We were encouraged to take an intensive course in Hebrew and to enrol in any other subject that appealed to us. I chose to take a course in American social history taught by a visiting professor from Columbia University. This course has influenced my thinking ever since.\nThe year in Israel gave us an opportunity to take stock and we decided not to pursue academic careers in English but to change direction and study medicine when we returned to Australia. We also decided that the time was right to have a child and our son was born in Jerusalem in March 1969.\nOn our return to Australia, I became a high school English teacher to support my husband while he studied medicine. The plan was that, when he graduated, he would support me while I studied medicine. Our marriage broke up, however, and as a single parent who needed to work full time I had no real prospect of being able to study medicine, although I did commence studying science by correspondence in the hope that I might be able to work out a way to do so.\nI became a tutor in the English department at the University of New South Wales, completed a Diploma in Education by correspondence from the University of New England, Armidale, and commenced work towards a Master of Arts in English at Sydney University. I was awarded a Master of Arts degree with first class honours.\nOne of my colleagues in the English department at UNSW was Michael Crennan. His wife, Susan, had been an English teacher and was completing a law degree at Sydney University. It was through Sue Crennan that I became interested in studying law. She invited me to accompany her to a Women in the Law lunch and I realised that a career in law might be possible. I made enquiries about enrolling in the Solicitors Admissions Board course by correspondence, but I was told that the correspondence option was only available to students who did not live in the Sydney metropolitan area. I would have had to attend evening lectures, but as my son was too young to be left alone at night this was not an option.\nFor the next twelve years I had an interesting and rewarding career as a high school English teacher, becoming head of English at Newington College and at Queenwood School. I realised, however, that there were virtually no opportunities for progression beyond head of department level in the private school system for a teacher without a religious affiliation. In addition, with no access to a superannuation scheme in the private school system, I would need to rely on the aged pension in retirement if I continued in my teaching career. I again explored the possibility of studying law while continuing in my very demanding full time job.\nI found that the University of Technology Sydney (UTS) offered a law degree that could be studied part time in the evenings. The information booklet stipulated, however, that students must be able to attend classes on at least one afternoon each week in addition to evening lectures. This would not have been possible for me because the school at which I taught had a rotating timetable. Even if I had been able to negotiate a free afternoon it would have been on a different day each week.\nIt occurred to me that the requirement to attend on one afternoon each week might not be quite as rigid as the information booklet suggested. I rang the UTS switchboard and asked to be put through to any lecturer in the law faculty who was available. I asked the lecturer whether it would be possible to complete a law degree at UTS without attending any afternoon classes. He said that he thought that it would be possible, but it might restrict my choice of units.\nOn that basis I enrolled in the LLB course at UTS. I spent the next four years working full time each day teaching English and attending evening classes at law school from 5pm to 9pm on three or four nights each week. On arriving home, I would mark English essays and prepare lessons until midnight, then take my law books to bed and read, often until 2 or 3am. Weekends were spent marking English essays and completing law assignments.\nDespite the rigours of this regime, I loved what I was doing. I loved the way the common law worked by analogy, from precedent to precedent. It was like poetry. I loved the logic and precision of legislative drafting and the dry wit of judicial judgments. My fellow students were a bunch of desperadoes with whom I could empathise - ABC presenters preparing for the day when their contracts would not be renewed, politicians whose careers could end at the next election and legal secretaries who had come to realise that they were more intelligent than the men from whom they took dictation.\nI graduated from UTS and joined the Commonwealth Department of Health in 1995 as a Graduate Administrative Assistant (GAA). This gave me the opportunity to learn the ropes by moving around the department and learning how things are done in the public service. When there was a change of government in 1996, I was sent across to Parliament House as Departmental Liaison Officer in the Parliamentary Secretary's office. This was an immensely valuable experience as it gave me an insider's perspective on how the Senate works - how political deals are done and laws are made.\nOn returning to the department I worked in Aboriginal health, as a member of the project team setting up the Office of Hearing Services and as the legislation project officer for the introduction of Lifetime Health Cover. While working on these projects I completed a Graduate Diploma in Legal Practice at the Australian National University. On completion of the Lifetime Health Cover project, which involved working closely with legislative drafters, I was offered a position as a legal officer in the Department's Legal Services Branch.\nI realised that, because I had got off to a late start in my legal career, I needed to fast track my acquisition of knowledge of public and commercial law. Therefore I enrolled in a Master of Laws degree at the Australian National University soon after joining Legal Services Branch. I found this course gave me valuable insights that I was able to draw upon on a daily basis.\nShortly after I joined Legal Services Branch, a taskforce was being formed within the department to deal with aged care compliance issues. I was asked to join the Complaints and Compliance Taskforce Legal Unit, which would be co-located with the taskforce, participate in aged care policy development and provide immediate and practical legal advice, day or night, when compliance issues arose. I jumped at the chance.\nAs an undergraduate at Sydney University, I had worked over the Christmas breaks in various nursing homes as an assistant in nursing. Since then, whenever I needed to earn extra money to keep on top of my mortgage, I had worked on weekends in nursing homes. I felt that the invitation to join the taskforce was an opportunity to work in an area of the law where my work could have an immediate practical impact on the quality of life of extremely vulnerable older people. For the next fourteen years, until my retirement, I specialised in aged care law. I became the section head responsible for the work of the aged care law team until the position of Special Counsel Aged Care Law was created to enable me to concentrate on the more complex aged care law matters in my final years with the Department.\nThe eyes of young law graduates assigned to Legal Services Branch would generally glaze over when they were offered the opportunity to join the aged care law team for a rotation. They imagined that aged care law was a sleepy backwater. This was far from being the case. Taking compliance action against a nursing home operator who was providing poor quality care often led to hard-fought challenges in the Administrative Appeals Tribunal or the Federal Court. The day to day work of an aged care lawyer included advising on multi-million dollar contracts, sorting out complex administrative law matters, drafting legislative instruments and working with the Office of Parliamentary Counsel on the reform of primary legislation. I particularly enjoyed providing legal awareness training to line officers, the department's executive and the Minister's advisers as this often helped to nip problems in the bud.\nLooking back on my career as an aged care lawyer, I gain most satisfaction from the knowledge that, by working with counsel to defend the Department's compliance action in courts and tribunals, I have assisted in removing some of the worst operators from the aged care industry. Providing advice on complaints about aged care providers was also particularly rewarding. It often required lateral thinking to resolve seemingly intractable disputes and I was able to draw on my first-hand experience of working in aged care to come up with practical solutions.\nLegislative reform was the focus of my work in the final years before my retirement. Legislative drafting requires a feel for the English language, for such things as the weight of a word and the effect of a parenthesis, which I had developed through my study of English literature. Drawing on these English language skills together with my knowledge of the existing aged care legislative scheme, how the legislation had been interpreted over the years by courts and tribunals and the practical realities of how aged care is delivered drew together the various strands of my academic studies and working life. Working with Departmental officers, members of the aged care law team and the Office of Parliamentary Counsel on delivering the Living Longer Living Better aged care reforms was a satisfying way to end my legal career.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marlene-hall-interviewed-by-kim-rubenstein-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "L'Estrange, Noela", "Entry ID": "AWE5619", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lestrange-noela\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Academic, Chief Executive Officer, Director, Lawyer, Manager, Public Education Advocate, Solicitor", "Summary": "Noela L'Estrange was awarded a Bachelor of Arts with a major in English Literature from Monash University, and continued her studies at The University of Queensland obtaining her LLB. She then studied for a Masters of Business Administration focusing on Professional Services and Quality Assurance.\nProfessionally, L'Estrange decided to take an alternative approach within the legal services industry. Instead of joining a firm and taking the mainstream route, Noela decided to use her Law Degree within the Corporate and Governance sector specializing in managerial roles and dealing with strategic planning, marketing, client development and human resources.\nL'Estrange is a highly experienced Director in both public and private sectors, specializing in governance and leadership, corporate, learning and development. She is a member of the AuSAE, ALPMA, ACC, AIM, AICD, ACLA, FCAQ, Queensland Law Society, and was a founding member of the Women's Lawyers Association of Queensland (WLAQ). She was a foundation Chair of the Women in Management group at the Australian Institute of Management in Brisbane, and one of the first women to be made a Fellow of the AIM.\nIn 2009, she was appointed as CEO of the Queensland Law Society, the first female to hold the position. She retired from that position in June 2015, but remains an active member of the Society. She also remains active in WLAQ, which honoured her with an Honorary Membership in early 2015.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Noela L'Estrange for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Noela L'Estrange and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nI grew up in the burgeoning eastern suburbs of Melbourne in the late fifties and early sixties, after we moved there from Brisbane at the start of 1956. I did well at school, which I enjoyed, though the classes were very full. My grade 2 photo has 92 children in it. I'm sure that some would have been absent on the photo day. There was no assistance (or time to assess) anyone who might have had learning difficulties, and I always felt sorry for those who were at the bottom of the class, when, as a general exercise at the start of each term, everyone in the class was called out in order of academic merit to stand on the platform at the front of the class. It seemed to me, even as a child, that it was unfair to single out people who did not achieve well academically. Together with my parents' continual encouragement to gain a good education, my love of learning for a purpose in life remains a constant.\nWhen I was in secondary school, I rather liked the idea of becoming a micro-biologist. But as biology was the only science subject offered, entering the general sciences was a dim prospect. I was always involved in debating, which people thought was an indication of a legal bent. In my final year of school, my parents asked the parish priest if there was someone we could talk to about law as a profession, as we had no connection with the profession. We duly attended at the home of the recommended worthy parishioner, who harrumphed gently and said dismissively \"Girls ought not do law - they are not suited to it\". There was probably no greater spur for a young woman who had been taught by nuns - and informed by family - that it was an obligation to make the most of one's talents! Then I had to win a place in university, which I did for Arts at the very new Monash University in 1968. My scholarship was for Arts, but after submission, they agreed that if I did well in first year, then they would support me changing to a combined Arts\/Law degree.\nI loved university, and had a Soldiers' Children Education Scholarship which paid my fees, purchased all compulsory textbooks and paid a very small allowance fortnightly. This was luxury in comparison to many of my fellow students who had to work part-time to support themselves. The down-side was that the scholarship was only available because my father was a Totally and Permanently Invalid pensioner, arising from war injuries. My mother and my 3 siblings and I were well used to spending weekends visiting my father when he was regularly hospitalised at the (then) Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital. Dad unfortunately died a fortnight after my 18th birthday, and just before my first year results came out, leaving Mum widowed at 44 with 4 children. But Dad would have been very pleased, as I did do well - sufficiently to be invited to do English Honours, which I accepted, and the combined Arts\/Law degree.\nI was active in the Monash Association of Debaters (MAD), regularly participating in lunchtime debates and becoming President in third year. Starting the combined degree, I loved the very new law School. Wonderful surroundings, state of the art (then) facilities and great, young, enthusiastic teachers - as well as some notable \"elders\" like Professor Enid Campbell. I completed a BA with Honours in English. Mum had decided to move back to Queensland, where all our extended family lived. So I reluctantly left Monash and came to complete my law degree at University of Queensland. What a cultural shock that was for me. It had little of the multi-cultural life of Monash, it was housed in a noble but internally unattractive building, and the staff-student ratio was much larger than what I was used to. I joined the Law Students Association, and began to talk about what other law schools were doing, and how courses were structured - with more tutorials, and less emphasis on lectures as the sole method of teaching. This did not make me the most popular student with the staff. But gradually things did change.\nMales dominated in the law school, both as students and on the staff. In most classes there were 2 or 3 females. This male attitude applied to the social scene, where, once on the committee of the UQLS, I strenuously objected to the funding of the annual Beer and Prawn (and strippers) event. This was a shock as it was a standard event, and no one had ever before objected. There were no strippers that year - or I think again.\nI later became the first female president of the UQLS. There were also no female toilets anywhere near the Law School. The closest ones were in the French Department, at the other end of the building. Petitions and requests were made, and eventually, it was agreed that the male toilets on the ground level could become female toilets. There was much ceremony with the changing of the gold-lettered, silky oak panel on the door from \"Men\" to \"Ladies\". Once we were granted entry, nothing inside had been altered, with a long row of urinals remaining along one wall. However, above them, there was a neat sign: \"Ladies, please do not use\". That was regarded as a challenge by some. One small step\u2026\nAt the end of my third year, I suddenly realised that I was supposed to be applying for articles of clerkship so that I could be admitted. I knew no one in the profession. Most students had some connections. I got the student advice about which firms simply did not interview females at all; and which were the firms which asked about your school; and which did not employ Catholics (or Protestants). One of my friends had been offered a place in a very good firm, but had decided to take a tutorship, as he was married with a young family, and couldn't survive on clerk's salary. He suggested that I should contact them, as they would now have a vacancy. This I did, and was interviewed by a delightful commercial partner. I received an offer, which I accepted. There is a lot about my career which is serendipitous - and this was certainly one of those moments.\nThe firm was Cannan & Peterson, and long-standing and highly successful firm, and one of the large firms in Brisbane at the time. I undertook 2 years of articles with them, and learned an enormous amount. I made friends - clerks, partners and support staff - who remain so today. I started work the week after the 1974 Brisbane floods. The office was on the 17th and 18th floors. The lifts weren't working, as the basement had flooded. Nor was there any air conditioning - in January in Brisbane. I took my lunch to work, and whenever you had to go to court or to the registries, you made very sure you had everything you needed. No mobile phones for the call back to the office. The clerks were very fit by the end of the three or four weeks it took to get the lifts working.\nWhen I finished articles, I took a position with the then Public Curator (now Public Trustee) in the will-making section. I had one subject to complete my degree - Conveyancing and Drafting. I enjoyed the work, which involved taking instructions from the public for their wills and drafting the wills for execution. There were no other women in the legal area. I learned a lot from the very experienced lawyers, and I gradually convinced most of them that I could be trusted with drafting work. I could draft all sort of clauses automatically - which was very useful when I sat the drafting exam at the end of the year. I finished way ahead of time, and got a distinction. I was expecting our first child, which was of some consternation to the front office staff, who would insist on bringing the clients into the office, rather than me escorting them from the waiting lounge. Some of the clients were similarly concerned, including one who asked, as I stood to welcome him - \"Are you all right to do this?\" There were so many possible responses - but I simply assured him that I was.\nIn 1976, there was no maternity leave. In Queensland, there was not even any discrimination legislation, so I had to resign my position. There was no such thing as part-time practice, except if you were in your own firm, and I was in no financial position - or experienced enough - to do that. So I was left with a new baby and no job. Then I heard that the new Law School at the (then) Queensland Institute of Technology was seeking part-time tutors. I applied, and the week prior to the interview, I had 4 wisdom teeth removed. I thought that I scrubbed up fairly well, though my face was still a little swollen. It was only afterwards that one of the interviewers said \"You looked so awful. We felt sorry for you\". He hastened to add that I had got the job on merit.\nIt was in that initial interview that some of the attitudes of the profession came to bear. The interview panel was two of the foundation staff members, and a very senior solicitor. All proceeded well, until the solicitor asked \"I see you have a child. Do you really need to work? Have you made appropriate arrangements?\" All sorts of responses shot through my head, but I really needed a job. Resisting the temptation to say that I had organised fresh water and a running leash, I stated that I able to do the work, and had relevant qualifications. The two academics had looked appalled when the question was posed, so I realised that my response wouldn't have a major influence in the assessment. But the fact that it was asked - and was clearly something that that practitioner would normally ask at an interview - was a sign that the profession had a way to go in dealing with women and family responsibilities.\nSo I began my legal teaching career with part-time tutoring in the evenings, when my teacher husband could look after our daughter. I enjoyed the work - and the interaction. The evening classes were part-time students, as QIT (now QUT) offered the first part-time law degree in Queensland. So my students were public servants, police, teachers, and five year articled clerks all of whom worked full-time. They were interested, challenging and wanting to work in the law. Many of them, certainly from the first few years, when the intakes were smaller, became - and remain - friends. There was quite a close relationship between the staff and students which diminished over time as intakes and staff numbers grew. There were sessions at the pub, and cricket matches on back lawns.\nOver the years, my teaching loads increased, and I began to take on lecturing as well as tutoring. I had two more daughters - one timed for the mid-semester break, and the other not quite so, resulting in a semester off. It was only many years afterwards that one of my students said \"We saw you teaching and working when you were pregnant, and thought yes, see - it can be done\". Over the 11 years I was in the law school, I lectured and tutored in Introduction to Law, Land Law, Torts, and Succession. I wrote articles for the Law Society Journal and for the ALJR.\nDuring this time, I was also highly involved in the establishment of the Women Lawyers Association of Queensland, and was a foundation member in 1978, later becoming Social Secretary, Vice-President and President. There was a lot to do to address some of the attitudinal issues in the profession. Much of it related to the fact that women in the profession were still regarded as something of an exception. When the Queensland Law Society negotiated a disability insurance cover for practitioners, we took a close look at it, and discovered that there was a penalty premium for women. We approached the Society to explain the basis, having done some research ourselves on the actuarial information. The Society's initial response was that they hadn't \"noticed\" the penalty. When pressed for action, they did take it up with the insurers, who had to admit that there was no actuarial basis for the penalty, and revised the policy to remove it. If WLAQ hadn't read the policy and taken action, women practitioners would have paid more for no reason other than they were women. There was also a notable brouhaha when the Society one year published its Symposium program, which included a sponge making session for the \"accompanying persons\". It was time to accept that women were an increasing part of the profession, and ought not be treated as oddities.\nIn 1988, I wrote the cover story for Proctor, the Law Society journal, analysing the numbers of practitioners and asking why so few women were making it to partner level in firms. I received a furious phone call from the then President of the Society, demanding to know where I had got the figures from. I assured him that the Society had provided me with the data, and that I had simply done the calculations which were not undertaken or published then by the Society. Whilst he was still unhappy, he couldn't dispute the numbers.\nI also worked as an honorary solicitor, and board member for an increasing number of voluntary and community organisations, putting my legal knowledge to work where it helped. At one stage, I could put together a constitution for a kindergarten in my sleep. I worked for a number of years on the board of the Foster Parents Association as they dealt with difficulties in child protection and the police.\nIn 1998, my old firm advertised for someone to design and conduct their internal professional development and recruitment. I successfully applied, and was appointed the first Human Resources Lawyer in Queensland, and I think at that time, in Australasia. I was responsible for designing and implementing the recruitment and in-house professional development for clerks, lawyers and partners, including designing and facilitating national strategy meetings and retreats - or as I preferred to call them, \"advances\". Whilst with the firm, I became increasingly involved and interested in law firm management, particularly in managing legal services and risk.\nThe Managing Partner asked if I would look at how the firm could gain Quality Assurance certification, which was then a requirement for appointment to Queensland Government legal panels. And so I learned everything I could about QA, and worked with the CFO to design and implement QA in a law firm. In 1993, the firm (now Norton Rose Fulbright) became the first law firm to achieve external QA certification. During this time, I also undertook part-time, a Master of Administration, as I was managing more than practising, and my thesis was on measuring service quality in a professional firm.\nAt that time, there were very few legal practice managers, there were no law firm marketers, and few HR managers - and none of them were qualified lawyers. I was able to bring to those diverse disciplines my knowledge and understanding of the law, how lawyers were trained and thought, how the legal system worked, and how the disciplines of management and legal practice - in particular client relationship management and practice risk management were at the heart of what was needed for the challenges of the new century ahead. I had a level of acceptance at partner level in firms as a lawyer speaking about management issues. I could provide support with personal professional experience about the issues of law firm management \"from the inside\".\nI was a foundation member of Australian Law Practice Managers Association in Queensland and of the Queensland Association of Law Firm Marketers. I was an active participant in Continuing Legal Education Association of Australasia. I led writing about legal practice management and seminars for the QLS. But my professional training was always the touchstone for what would be practical.\nI saw a market opportunity, and started my own consultancy firm, and spent the next 6 years working with professional service firms all over Australia and New Zealand to implement QA, develop and deliver professional development, undertake strategic planning, and implement practice risk management. I became involved in the AIM, as my work was increasingly law firm management rather than legal practice.\nI also became involved in the National Council of Women of Australia in Queensland, when the then President invited me to assist in the policy submissions for the Queensland Anti-Discrimination Act in 1991-2. I then became a member of Queensland Committee, and then National Vice-President. In 1994, I was invited to become a member of the Australian Council for Women, a consultative body established by the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet as part of the preparations for the UN Conference on Women to be held in Beijing in September 1995. Not only did I assist with conducting consultation sessions for women all over Australia - from Burnie to Darwin - but I was also fortunate to then be nominated as the NCWA delegate to the not-for-profit section of conference in Beijing, as well as attending some of the Conference Plenary sessions - an experience I will always treasure.\nIn 2009, I was recruited to a Senior Executive national business development role at the Australian Government Solicitor (AGS) in Canberra, as part of moving the organisation from the public service into a fully competitive national law firm. At the time AGS was one of the largest law firms in Australia, with an office in every capital city and more than 700 lawyers. All work (apart from a limited area of cabinet and security work) became fully competitive through tender. I was responsible for developing and implementing innovative approaches to client service management, including a national client service management model that was so successful that it became part of the requirements in many Departments' legal panel tender processes. I applied my marketing and knowledge management skills to support AGS in being a highly successful participant of the national legal market. I designed, developed and implemented a national practice standard for applied practice risk management.\nWhilst in Canberra, I was one of the initiators in establishing the ACT chapter of Australian Corporate Lawyers Association (ACLA). I served as vice-president of ACLA for 5 years, during which time the chapter grew from an initial membership of 25 to over 450, becoming the third largest chapter in Australia. I was also a National Director for ACLA. ACLA in the ACT was dominated, unsurprisingly, by public sector lawyers, and it was at my instigation that ACLA (now ACC) extended their awards to include one for public sector lawyers. That continues to this day.\nI also became a Director of the AICD, the first woman to be appointed in the ACT. I was already a Fellow of the AICD, which I had achieved in 1993, when I was a Director of Powerlink Queensland. I was initially appointed because AICD wanted a lawyer - but they also got someone who was keenly interested in the (then) emerging area of corporate governance and director training. I remained on that Council until 2009. My legal training and experience was recognised as important in ensuring the development of appropriate Director training on the legal aspects of directorship; in ensuring that the challenges of being a director of a government owned corporation or business enterprise were included in the curriculum. My understanding of practical ethics contributed to the development of the conflicts area of director training.\nI was a foundation Chair of the Women in Management group at the Australian Institute of Management in Brisbane, and I was one of the first women to be made a Fellow of the AIM - though at the time, I did joke that perhaps they should instigate \"Sheilas of the Institute\" as becoming a fellow had never been a high priority for me as a female.\nMy major achievement for AIM was to instigate the Women in Management Great Debates, the first of which was held in Brisbane in 1997. This event is now the largest AIM event, attracting annual attendances of over 2000 in the Brisbane Convention Centre in the week of International Women's Day. When I moved to Canberra, I took the Debate idea south, with similarly spectacular success - it became the largest event in the ACT, with more than 1200 attendees. In 2015, the event was also held in Melbourne and Sydney. In Canberra, I was also responsible for establishing the first AIM mentoring program for women in management.\nThroughout my work with other professional organisations, I became well known as a lawyer who was vitally interested in management, in progressing women through corporate ranks and in tackling the challenges of managing professionals and professional cultures. I was regularly called on for comment or to write about successful approaches to managing professional staff and firms.\nIn 2009, I was appointed as CEO of the Queensland Law Society, the first female to hold that position. As the peak professional body for solicitors, it was warming to return to where I really started my professional career. I was constantly impressed by the amount of pro bono work that lawyers undertook. Not just the high profile and important representation in court, but the daily contributions made to help individuals and communities across the state. One of my major achievements was to implement a measure for the hours of pro bono which practitioners undertook annually. The number was enormous, and represented millions of dollars of value. We used that information with Government and with the press to push for recognition of the extent and financial value of that contribution by lawyers across the State.\nOver the six years I was CEO, we worked closely with the WLAQ to ensure that the Society was offering services to women in the profession. We established the Flexibility Working Group, which regularly publishes personal stories of how flexible approaches can work in the profession. Increasingly, the importance of wellbeing in the profession was raised as a critical issue, and I was pleased to be able to instigate the Society's support mechanisms to assist practitioners, with free sessions, the extension of the LawCare program and the establishment of the Resilience Working Group as well as being the first Law Society to become a signatory to the Tristan Jepson Memorial Foundation Guidelines for wellbeing.\nThrough just over 40 years in my professional career, I have seen enormous changes. Most are for the better. The growth of women in the legal profession to almost 50% (from 15.5% in 1988) poses current and future challenges to ensure that this significant feminisation brings positive and creative results for clients, firms and for the individual members of the profession.\nI retired as CEO in June 2015, but I remain an active member of the Society, and of WLAQ, which honoured me with an Honorary Membership in early 2015. I have had a most enjoyable and very rewarding professional life, though one at a slight tangent from the usual profession life in practice. The chief lessons I have learned are that no learning is ever lost; to take up opportunities, even if they are not necessarily mainstream; to maintain a strong sense of humour and to practice the key touchstones of professional courtesy and strong ethics in everything you do. As a personal benefit, I treasure my many valuable, lifelong friendships, and have always been proud to be a lawyer. I hope to keep contributing whilst I have something useful to offer.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-womans-place-100-years-of-queensland-women-lawyers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rooney, Kim M.", "Entry ID": "AWE5620", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rooney-kim-m\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Arbitrator, Barrister, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Kim Rooney is an Australian barrister and international arbitrator who has been practicing in Asia, based in Hong Kong, since 1990. She is regularly appointed as an arbitrator in international arbitrations involving banking and finance, commercial, corporate, construction and infrastructure, energy, power and resources, infrastructure, investment, IT and technology licensing and trade disputes, and is on the panel of various arbitral institutions.\nSince the 1990s, as counsel, Kim has represented clients in a wide range of international banking and finance, commercial, corporate, construction, energy, infrastructure and investment disputes in Asia, Europe and Latin America under the laws of civil and common law jurisdictions and investment treaties.\nKim is the Chair of the Hong Kong Law Reform Commission's Sub-Committee on Third Party Funding for Arbitration, a member of the Hong Kong Government's Committee on Provision of Space in the Legal Hub and of its Advisory Committee on Promotion of Arbitration. She is also a member of the Hong Kong Bar Association's Council and Chair of its Special Committee on International Practice. She writes and speaks regularly about international dispute resolution.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Kim Rooney for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Kim Rooney and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nIn 1976 women students constituted a significant number of the entry class at the Law School of the University of Western Australia (UWA) for the first time, albeit a minority at around 30%. When leaving school in 1974 I had wanted to be an archaeologist, inspired by my mother's study of anthropology as a mature age student at UWA. However my experience during an internship at the WA Museum in 1974\/75 of participating in one dig at Devils Lair in the heat of a Western Australian summer, while filling me with admiration for the dedicated archaeologists whom I had accompanied, made me realize that I should reconsider my career. I decided to enroll in law, motivated by a desire to be an advocate and a general desire to \"make a difference\" (a desire I still hear expressed by many law students and young lawyers).\n I had had the good fortune to been born to parents who valued education. We moved from Sydney when I was 3 months old to live in England for 5 years while my father studied for a higher degree in medicine. (My mother had previously lived in England in the 1950s while a nurse and then a BOAC airhostess). After returning to Sydney in 1963 we moved with my younger brother Mark and sister Rosie to Perth in 1968. Having attended 7 primary schools in NSW and WA (3 in grade l), I attended Loreto Claremont for high-school where I received an excellent high school education from teachers who encouraged us to believe we could undertake any career we wished. I topped the state in English in my final exams (with a Loreto friend) and was also awarded a special exhibition.\nThe 1970s were an exciting time to be studying law; law reforms were being implemented at a federal level in a diverse range of areas, important constitutional cases were being heard, and the student body was composed of a diverse group of students of widely diverging political and social views. There was far less pressure on law students than today . Our university education was free, the cost of living was low and we all thought we would be able to practice as lawyers if we wanted to; every one of my graduating class of 1979 who applied for articles eventually obtained them. Less pressure allowed time for extra-curricular activities. The 47 Fairway Legal Counselling and Advisory Service was set up by a group of academics, students and lawyers in the late 1970's and I served as its convenor for a year. While at law school I mooted -Peter Van Hattem and I were grand finalists in the 1977 National Mooting competition conducted by the Australian and New Zealand Law Students Association. I was also the representative of the Law Student's Blackstone Society on the Faculty of Law in 1979.\nFrom 1980-1981 I served my articles and restricted practice year at Lavan & Walsh (later Philips Fox) where I had the good fortune to be trained by some very able lawyers in civil, commercial and family law litigation including by Kevin Hammond and by Diana Bryant SC (now Chief Justice of the Family Court of Australia). Western Australia is a fused profession and there were many opportunities as a young advocate to appear in chambers and in court, as well as in pretrial conference in various courts and tribunal. As part of the Firm's pro bono services I also did work for a women's refuge.\n In January 1982 I moved to the Aboriginal Legal Service (ALS) where about 90% of my practice was as a criminal advocate for adults and children working with many talented and committed advocates and field officers in cases involving clients from around Western Australia. These ranged from wilful murder charges (junioring Lloyd Davies QC) to children's court charges and involved appearing in multiple courts often on the same day.\nWhile I was at the ALS David K Malcolm QC (who later became the Chief Justice of Western Australia) offered me an opportunity to be his pupil. I served my pupillage with him in the second half of 1983. In my early years at the Bar I worked part time as a university tutor, as duty counsel and as the \"Moot Master\" at the UWA Law School. While at the Bar I met Valerie French who had been the first woman in WA to practice exclusively as a barrister; she generously gave me excellent advice. I admired her professionally and her ability to juggle her practice with family commitments. A number of other colleagues also gave encouragement I had the opportunity to work with various more senior barristers including Eric Heenan QC and Geoffrey Miller QC, as well as with David Malcolm. The focus of my practice shifted from criminal to commercial, administrative and media law.\nIn 1980 I had been elected as the articled clerk representative on the Council of the Law Society of Western Australia. I served as an elected member of its council for many years during the 1980's. Among other roles, I was chair of the Law Society's Equal Opportunity Committee and moved the motion passed by the Law Society Council that made it unprofessional conduct to discriminate on the basis of gender or race. I also served for some time on the Council of the Western Australian Bar Association. Both Associations regarded law as a profession. Moira Rayner was among the women who were active in the Law Society and generally in pro bono and public service in Perth in the 1980's -she rejoined the Bar during that time.\nIn 1982, Vivien Payne, Antoinette (Toni) Kennedy, Diana Bryant, Anne Payne, Christine Wheeler, Rhonda Griffiths, Becky Vidler and I established the Women Lawyers' Association of Western Australia. Vivian Payne was its first president. I later served as its Vice President. In the 1980's my appointments included serving on the Social Securities Appeal Tribunal (as a part time legal member), as a visitor to Heathcote Psychiatric Hospital, and as a member of the WA Standing Committee for Publications (the WA Censorship Board). In the mid 1980's I was among a small group of young lawyers and social workers who wrote and published a guide for victims of domestic violence which we arranged to publish, translate into 10 or so languages and distribute.\nIn 1987 I married my husband David Parker who had one daughter Kate; our daughter Madeleine was born in 1989. By 1990 David and I had decided to move to Hong Kong. We have lived and worked in Hong Kong since July 1990. My husband has been very supportive of my work as a lawyer, and we shared parenting, with the invaluable assistance of child carers.\nHong Kong is a divided legal profession. In 1990, as I was not permitted to practice as a barrister in Hong Kong until I had lived in Hong Kong for 7 years I decided to qualify and work as a Hong Kong solicitor. From 1990-1992 I worked at Baker & McKenzie in insolvency litigation on the Carrian cases. Whilst at Baker & McKenzie I qualified as an English solicitor in late 1991 and as a Hong Kong solicitor in 1992.\nIn 1993 I joined the newly established Hong Kong office of White & Case LLP an international law firm headquartered in New York. George Crozer was the head of the Hong Kong White & Case office. Originally from the US he is a project finance lawyer with a profound knowledge of Asian legal practice. I became a partner of White & Case LLP and head of its Asian dispute resolution practice. It was during the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997 that I started working in international arbitration; many of the arbitrations involved disputes arising from infrastructure projects around Asia. In the late 1990's I undertook a law reform project funded by the World Bank on the Lao international arbitration law. My other extracurricular activities were focused on arbitration related areas including the ICC Arbitration Commission and the ICC Hong Kong Arbitration Committee and judging mooting.\nIn 2006 I received my first appointment as an arbitrator. In late 2009 I left White & Case LLP to qualify as a Hong Kong barrister. I now primarily work as an international arbitration with some work as arbitration counsel in international arbitration of disputes involving parties and law from Asia, Europe and the Americas. I am also engaged in law reform in Hong Kong and Indonesia, in Hong Kong chairing the Hong Kong Law Reform Commission's sub-committee on Third Party Funding for Arbitration and in Indonesia working in an EU-funded Alternative Dispute Resolution Project in the public sector. Among other extracurricular activities, I am a member of the Council of the Hong Kong Bar Association and Chair of the Hong Kong Bar Association's Special Committee on International Practice, as well as a member of the Hong Kong Government's Advisory Committee on Promotion of Arbitration in Hong Kong and of its Committee on the Provision of Space in the Legal Hub. I continue to participate in the work of the ICC Arbitration Commission, and am on the editorial committee of the International Bar Associates \"International Dispute Resolution\" journal among others. I still regularly judge mooting competitions around Asia, and speak and write about international dispute resolution.\nMy generation of law students were fortunate to study law at a time when the practice of law seemed exciting, fresh and relevant, and to commence practice at a time of great opportunity. Most of us thought we would spend our professional lives working in Perth. In fact a number of us moved to study and work interstate and overseas. We had the chance to practice in different areas of the law before we specialized and to move between different branches of the law. For those of us who wished to be advocates we had the chance to be continually on our feet in various courts and tribunals.\nLegal practice has become more specialized in the past few decades. The internet has emerged as a major factor in efficient and effective practice while adding time pressure. The ways that law can be practiced have increased exponentially and international work has greatly expanded.\nYet many of the present generation of law students are anxious about whether they will have an opportunity to practice, even if they have the academic credentials and the personal qualities needed, having found the financial resources to complete a law degree. There are many more law graduates, less funding of the non-profit sectors and bottle-necks to access to opportunities to gain the experience needed to practice. There is also pressure to specialize much earlier.\nWhile it is easy to romantize the past, my impression is that those of us who starting to practice in the early 1980's generally had much easier access to practicing law, more time and opportunity to find a fulfilling area of practice and to juggle work and extra curricular activities as young lawyers.\nMentoring was important for my career development and for that of a number of my friends. My peers and myself now have the chance to act as mentors. It is important that we do so, whether directly as mentors, including by providing internships, or by participating in legal education, mooting and other student related activities, to ensure that society continues to be served by dedicated, accomplished and principled lawyers.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Peirce, Judith", "Entry ID": "AWE5623", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/peirce-judith\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Barrister, Commissioner, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Judith Peirce has been an important figure in community legal centres and law reform in Victoria for over forty years. With Lynne Opas she lobbied government in the 1970s to adopt the proposed new Family Law Act; once enacted, she was active on the Family Law Committee of the Law Institute.\nPeirce also served as the Community Legal Services representative on the Law Institute Council, eventually becoming an Executive Member as Treasurer and then Vice - President of the Law Institute (1999- 2003.)\nJust as she was about to take on the presidency of the Law Institute her career took another path. Her work in family violence, experience with the Courts in seeking protection for women, and the inadequate nature of a response to violence against women by police, courts and our community led to her appointment as a Commissioner of the Victorian Law Reform Commission to conduct the review into family violence law and systems.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Judith Peirce for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Judith Peirce and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nRecognition of the impacts of class and gender on law students and practising lawyers was largely absent from any consideration in the world of the Melbourne University Faculty of Law in 1964. I entered into this world as a young, migrant, working class, financially very poor woman. At first naivet\u00e9 was my savior as I started my studies. However, it soon became apparent that I could no longer deny the significance of these disadvantages. There were obvious discrepancies between myself and the majority of students - money and contacts being the two most important. I had left home with my sister before I finished school, moving to North Melbourne in order to qualify for a place at University High School, a selective state high school. We looked after ourselves, worked during University holidays and rented a flat. If I wanted a day off I wrote the note to the school myself.\nStudying, assignments and exams took second place to cooking, washing, cleaning and working, activities which many students share today but that were unusual then. I became a \"crammer\". I knew nothing of good studying habits. My goal was to pass matriculation and get a place in the law faculty. I achieved those aims together with the all- important Commonwealth Scholarship, which provided a living allowance and paid fees. It was a night to remember when I received the news as I clocked off work as a waitress and housemaid at the Koonya Hotel in Sorrento, Victoria.\nThe attainment of this ambition was almost solely due to my English teacher at Preston Girls High School. An elegant and reserved woman, she completely surprised me when she suggested that I should go to the careers night at Melbourne University. She even arranged to take me there. Unheard of intervention! Although I remember almost nothing of what I learnt that evening I decided that I would become lawyer. I actually had little idea of what a lawyer did but I knew I did not want to be a teacher or a nurse the most obvious prospects then open to educated young women.\nI had a lonely and unhappy time at University. I didn't make many friends and I took a break after a few years to become a full time secondary teacher of English and history. I received no training at all. Two years of teaching confirmed to me that my original decision not to teach was the correct one. I returned to the Law School to complete my degree.\nThe next challenge was to get articles in order to qualify to practise. This was the point at which the twin disadvantages of gender and class really came into play. I did not know anyone who was a lawyer and had no contacts or any one who could advise. I made many applications to no avail. Then I remembered that my sister had once had a boyfriend whose father was a solicitor. I went to see him and he took me on. He was a fascinating character, an active member of the Communist Party who assured that my articles were interesting, different and unusual as he had a wide practice with many colourful clients. Wharfies and women came by for their divorces, doctors and nurses in abortion practices were defended, workers were ably assisted in their compo claims, some well- known criminal \"personalities\" hung around the waiting room. I interviewed one client who had been convicted of armed robbery and prepared a statement for him along the lines of \"if you are reading this I will be dead\u2026 .\" He subsequently disappeared and although his body has never been found he is presumed dead. However we also did bread and butter work - conveyancing, wills, probate, company incorporations. There were skilled typists and secretaries who could cut a perfect stencil for the Gestetener machine.\nI was already a member of the fledging Fitzroy Legal Service and went on the roster of providing legal advice and assistance. Many now well- known and established lawyers worked there and it prospers to this day.\nAnother ambition took over and I decided to become a barrister. I did the rounds of the Barrister's Clerks to obtain a position but only one Clerk, Dave Calnin, was prepared to take me on. David Willshire, a barrister with a diverse practice, accepted me as his reader. So it was that in 1973 I signed the Bar Roll, the 21st woman to do so. There were then about 8-9 women in active practice. Naturally I was mainly briefed in \"matrimonial\" work, although there was other \"crash and bash\" work, driving offences and the like. I had been active in divorce law reform before this and I continued to seek and support reform in this area. Injustices to women were rife, particularly those of violence and lack of financial support for themselves and their children. I had steady work which produced interesting and challenging times in the Magistrates Courts and the Supreme Court, then the jurisdiction for matrimonial work. I was a close friend of Lillian Lieder (later QC), who became a formidable criminal law barrister. We shared a set of robes and a wig as we didn't have enough resources to buy a set each.\nOne incident in the Supreme Court startled me. While I was addressing the Court, the Judge's Associate handed a note to me. Thinking I was doing something terribly wrong I became alarmed. However the note read, \"Madam you are undressed.\" Even more alarmed I hastily checked my robes. Apparently some of my long hair had escaped from under my wig!\nI was married and pregnant at this stage which led to some confusion in the Magistrates Court as many times I was mistaken for the Applicant. During this time my interest in law reform led me to travel to Canberra with Lynne Opas (later QC), a high profile matrimonial lawyer, to lobby politicians to support the proposed new and radical Family Law Act. Again a pregnant woman doing this work was an object of curiosity.\nThe barrister's life was never very well suited to raising a baby without significant day-to-day assistance. Briefs come in late in the day, babies wake frequently and courts don't wait for a child to be ready or a babysitter to turn up. When I was expecting my second child I knew it was time for a change so I decided that a solicitor's practice would be more suitable, subsequently joining my previous employer, Cedric Ralph, in his practice when he wanted to start winding down his work hours. I was later invited to join a medium sized firm as a partner, to support their family law practice, working with Patricia Clancy AM. The practice was split into commercial law and litigation and family law and was one of the first to introduce computerized systems for tracking and costing.\nDuring these years I was also active on the Family Law Committee of the Law Institute, and with a few other family lawyers started a movement to introduce and develop children's contact centres. These programs are designed to protect children and women at the point of changeover of children who are required to spend time with another parent in accordance with Family Court Orders. We formed a national association, conducted conferences, wrote standards, lobbied the Federal Government for funds. I received a travelling fellowship with the Australian and New Zealand Trust to examine these centres in New Zealand. I spoke at large international conferences in Paris and San Francisco about these issues. Eventually our group was successful in obtaining funding. My early experience in Family Law Reform was instrumental in understanding the process of getting government to listen. These centres continue to operate across Australia providing protection for women and children subjected to violence and abuse.\nThroughout this time I gave sessional lectures to law students at Leo Cussen Institute (an alternative way to do articles) and wrote materials for them in family law. I also lectured in family law for private legal education companies. I had remarried by this time and my husband was a barrister. I often briefed him in difficult family law cases. We worked well together and had some significant results. We had one case which went to the High Court and forever defined the law in that area, although we lost the case! In 1990 he was appointed as a Justice of the Family Court, retiring 21 years later.\nMy interests in the area of violence against women and in community legal centres led me to leave the more lucrative area of private practice and to join a western suburbs community centre (Brimbank Community Centre, later Community West,) to manage the legal service. Before undertaking this position I studied for a Graduate Diploma in Equal Opportunity Administration. As part of these studies I undertook a comparison of promotion to partnership between male and female lawyers in medium sized legal firms in the CBD. No surprises that opportunities for promotion for women were few and far between and that there has been only modest improvement since then. I undertook interviews with the senior partners of these legal practices and was dismayed but not surprised at the discriminatory comments which were made with impunity.\nI eventually took on the management of the community centre, which provided nine government funded programs to the seriously disadvantaged residents in the west. This was a very challenging position, working in poor and cramped conditions. I was responsible for project management, program development and accountability, financial management, human resources and networking. I became the Community Legal Services representative on the Law Institute Council, eventually becoming an Executive Member as Treasurer and then Vice - President of the Law Institute (1999- 2003.) I joined PILCH (The Public Interest Law Clearing House) as a Board member - this organization matches people without funds with law firms and barristers who would undertake the work without payment.\nJust as I was due to become a full time President of the Law Institute I took a different direction.\nMy work in family violence, experience with the Courts in seeking protection for women, and the inadequate nature of a response to violence against women by police, courts and our community led to my appointment as a Commissioner of the Victorian Law Reform Commission to conduct the review into family violence law and systems. In a few years we produced a large body of work, conducted hundreds of consultations, released a number of publications and the final Report. Most of our recommendations were implemented in legislation by the government. Our extensive definition of family violence was enacted and subsequently adopted by the Family Court of Australia.\nAt the conclusion of my appointment I had serious injury and for the first time in years had a break of sorts before taking on a role as a part time in-house counsel for a family law firm which did mainly legal aid work. It was full circle, legal aid and court appearance work.\nThese days, although I no longer practice law, it has become second nature to me, analyzing arguments about current policy issues and providing support to community organisations, friends and acquaintances. A strong sense of justice and fairness remains with me. One of the most important things that I have learnt is that the rule of law is fundamental to the proper functioning of an enlightened, morally aware democratic society.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Maxwell, Josephine", "Entry ID": "AWE5624", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/maxwell-josephine\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Judge, Lawyer, Solicitor, Tribunal Member", "Summary": "In June 1976, Josephine Maxwell was one of four women appointed to the Bench of the then brand new Family Court of Australia, which was headed by its first Chief Judge Justice Elizabeth Evatt.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Josephine Maxwell for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Hon. Josephine Maxwell and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nIn June 1976, I was one of four women appointed to the Bench of the then brand new Family Court of Australia, which was headed by its first Chief Judge Justice Elizabeth Evatt.\nI came from the Solicitors' branch of the Profession and my appointment and that of Bryce Ross-Jones made at the same time, was the first time that a Solicitor had been appointed to the Bench in New South Wales.\nAt the time of my appointment, I was thirty-eight, and a sole practitioner practising under the name of T.J. McFadden, Maxwell & Co, in the Trust Building on the corner of King and Castlereagh Streets, Sydney. Teague Joseph McFadden had been my 'Master Solicitor' when I commenced five-year articles in April 1955. When he died on 18 July 1970 he bequeathed me his legal practice, which I then amalgamated with my own practice.\nAt the time of my appointment in 1976 I was conducting this practice with the assistance of an employed solicitor and clerical staff, and undertaking work in conveyancing, probate, divorce (as Family Law was then classified) and other litigation as it arose. Many of my clients had been clients of the firm since my articled clerk days.\nAs well as running a busy and varied practice I was mother of three children, who were 16, 15 and 12 at the time of my appointment. My husband Frederic, whom I had married in 1959, was at that time a property lawyer with the Commonwealth Crown Solicitor's office in Sydney.\nUpon my swearing-in on 21 June 1976 I sat at the Sydney Registry of the Court, then operating at 220 George Street Sydney. There was no time for preliminaries such as judicial education - one was sworn in at 4 pm one afternoon and had a substantial list the next day, as the volume of work coming into the Court was enormous.\nA few months later I went to sit at the brand new Parramatta registry of the Court. This building had been erected as commercial premises and was at the end of Charles Street adjacent to the Parramatta River, close to where the ferry wharf now stands. The Parramatta River was a very different sight then from today. It was dirty, muddy rocky and decorated with abandoned car bodies. The Senior Judge was Raymond Sanders Watson, one of the architects of the controversial Family Law Act of 1975.\nThe extraordinary difficulties and history of the development of this brand new and innovative Court, conceived in the era before 11 November 1975 and painfully born in quite a different era on 5 January 1976, have been discussed at some length in 'Born in Hope-The Early Years of the Family Court of Australia' by Shurlee Swain and need not be further explored here. Suffice it to say that it was a most interesting time. It was exciting and a privilege to be part of this large and disparate group of people, judges and other personnel from various disciplines, brought together in a Court setting for the first time.\nMost were enthusiastic and focussed on making this brand new Court work under difficult circumstances, including antagonism from sections of the legal profession, the media and others. On the other hand, with few exceptions, the legal practitioners in this new and controversial setting rallied around to make it work.\nRules, procedures and precedents had to be developed 'from scratch', and the Court was absolutely deluged with clients from its opening day. Many of these people had been waiting for years for this new 'no fault' divorce court and hundreds had their cases transferred to the new Court from the Supreme Courts, which had previously had jurisdiction over matrimonial matters.\nI was particularly attracted to the 'no fault' ground because as a solicitor I had seen at first hand the distress of parties in failed, sometimes violent and destructive, marriages who had to fit the details of their unhappy situations into one of the bases of fault such as cruelty, desertion or adultery. However I do think there may have been some basis for making the required period of separation two years instead of one year. Perhaps the ardent critics might have found that more acceptable.\nWhile the public may have been focussed on the changed ground for divorce, there were many other changes introduced by the Family Law Act. It put beyond question that the welfare of the child was paramount in relation to all matters involving children. Most significantly, and certainly for the first time in this country, there were appropriately qualified counsellors, either psychologists or social workers, working within the Court framework. Their work involved not only counselling parties about custody and access (as the issues were then called) but also preparing reports for the Court where appropriate in contested cases. These reports, and those prepared by experts on the instructions of children's representatives, looked at the family structure as a whole, rather than each party producing competing reports by experts who had seen only one side, as had occurred under the old system. This produced a much better outcome from the children's perspective.\nDisputes about property were also dealt with in a more equitable fashion, as the Court could consider contributions other than directly financial and could consider a broad range of factors to produce a fairer result.\nIn July 1978 I returned to the Sydney Registry then at Temple Court, 99 Elizabeth Street, Sydney and later the Registry moved to purpose built premises in Goulburn Street.\nAlthough appointed for life (life appointments ceased after the amendments to the Constitution in 1977), I retired from the Bench in July 1999 after 23 years on the Family Court Bench.\nBy this time the vast majority of cases settled either before Court and with or without the assistance of their legal practitioners, or within the Court's mediation and conciliation services. The five or six per cent of cases that remained in dispute were mostly bitterly fought and full of conflict and contention. Sadly this was proof that human nature cannot be changed by an Act of Parliament, however well intentioned.\nFor several years after my retirement I sat on the Guardianship Tribunal. Since then I have continued a busy life with a variety of activities, not least of which include my three grandsons.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/born-in-hope-the-early-years-of-the-family-court-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dodd, Moya", "Entry ID": "AWE5632", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dodd-moya\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Lawyer, Soccer player, Solicitor, Sports administrator, Sportswoman", "Summary": "Moya Dodd is a lawyer and former international footballer with the Matildas, now making a contribution to sports governance in Australia and internationally. She was named one of World Soccer magazine's People of the Year in 2013, and listed in the top 100 Women of Influence by the Australian Financial Review in 2012 and 2014.\n", "Details": "Born and raised in Adelaide, South Australia at a time when organised sport for girls was very limited, Moya Dodd discovered football (soccer) when her family bought a television set when she was 10. Within a few years she was playing enthusiastically for her local team, Port Adelaide, later joining the Adelaide University Soccer Club when she enrolled in Law at age 16. She edited the university student newspaper On dit (1986), and gained an Honours degree in Law, before working as the Associate to Justice Michael White at the Supreme Court of SA (1988). It was during this time that she participated in FIFA's first ever World Tournament for women in China 1988, helping Australia to a famous 1-0 victory over Brazil and achieving a quarter-final placing.\nIn 1989 she moved to her mother's home town of Sydney where she completed her admission requirements and worked at Mallesons Stephen Jaques, while continuing to play on the national football team. She later worked as in-house counsel at Telstra, including as General Counsel of Telstra's Multimedia business unit during the rollout of pay TV in Australia and the establishment of the FOXTEL joint venture with News Corporation.\nAfter an ACL knee injury in 1995, she retired from the Matildas and completed an Executive MBA at the Australian Graduate School of Management. Her interest in media and telecommunications converged in the dot-com boom, when she took up a business role at leading publisher Fairfax, including serving as Content Director for masthead websites smh.com.au and theage.com.au.\nAfter a period working as an economics consultant, Moya returned to the law in 2007, joining Gilbert+Tobin as Special Counsel (later Partner) and working extensively on broadband, mobile and NBN issues both in Australia and overseas.\nDuring this period she also joined the board of Football Federation Australia, which was re-establishing the game in Australia under chairman Frank Lowy following the demise of the former national governing body. Australia had moved to the Asian Football Confederation (AFC), which co-incidentally had just created quota positions for women in each region. Moya was co-opted onto the AFC Executive Committee, and later elected as the confederation's first female Vice President, and the first woman in the world to hold such a role. She also joined AFC's Legal Committee and Women's Football Committee, serving through a difficult period of corruption allegations during which the AFC President received a life ban. She also worked with then FIFA Vice-President Prince Ali bin Al Hussein of Jordan, in overturning FIFA's ban on women wearing the hijab (headscarf) in international matches.\nIn 2013, FIFA held its first ever election for a female Executive Committee member. Moya was nominated as Asia's candidate and ran second in the ballot, but was appointed as a co-opted member of the FIFA Executive Committee where she became a vocal advocate for women in football, chairing FIFA's Women's Football Task Force and presenting ten key principles for women's football development to the approval of the 2014 FIFA Congress.\nShe also travelled extensively to developing football regions to advocate for greater women's participation in sport, including to a refugee camp near the Jordan-Syria border; and to Tehran, where she and FIFA President Sepp Blatter spoke out against the bar on women entering football stadiums.\nWhile scandals consumed much of the media airtime about FIFA, she became known as one of only three members of the FIFA Executive Committee who did not accept $25,000 gift watches while in Brazil for the FIFA World Cup in 2014.\nIn 2014 she joined the International Council for the Arbitration of Sport (the governing body of the Court of Arbitration for Sport, chaired by John Coates AC) as an athlete representative.\nMoya was named as one of World Soccer magazine's People of the Year in 2013, and listed in the top 100 Women of Influence by the Australian Financial Review in 2012 and 2014. She was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 2023 for distinguished service to football as a player and administrator at the national and international level, as a role model to women, and to the law.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-finally-receive-call-up-to-footballs-top-team\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moya-dodd-is-goal-driven\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moya-dodd-scores-for-womens-soccer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Shelton, Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE5633", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shelton-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Shepparton, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer", "Summary": "Ann Shelton graduated in 1964, winning the Anna Brennan Memorial Prize for the woman placed highest in the final year law class at the University of Melbourne. She went on to be Victorian Parliamentary Counsel, where she worked with the legendary John Finemore.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Ann Shelton for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Ann Shelton and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nI was born in Shepparton in 1942. My father, John Riordan, was a solicitor there.\nAfter 4 years as a boarder at Genazzano College, I matriculated and received a Commonwealth Scholarship. Prior to receiving the scholarship I had always thought 'If I were a boy I would do Law'! I find this extraordinary now, but, I guess, being a country girl with no knowledge of any female lawyers, it wasn't so silly at the time. I am eternally grateful I received that scholarship! In 1960, I commenced the Law course at Melbourne University (the only Law Course in Victoria at that time).\nIn 1962 I was invited to join the Melbourne University Law Review, which of course I accepted. I completed my course in 1963 and on graduating in March 1964 I was awarded the Anna Brennan prize for the top female law student. I was delighted when, at this time, Columb Brennan gave me the wig of his aunt, Anna Brennan. Anna Brennan was the second woman, and the first Australian-born woman, admitted to practise in Victoria.\nI did Articles with my father, in Shepparton and stayed on there for another approximately 12 months. I loved my time there with Dad and it was all a great experience .\nBack in Melbourne, I worked for a short time, approximately 12 months, as one of the Solicitors in the free legal service of the RACV - and for the first and only time in my life, became an expert in one area of law - Road Traffic Law!\nFrom there, in the latter part of 1967, I moved to the Parliamentary Draftman's Office, as it was then called. It was subsequently renamed the Parliamentary Counsel's Office, and after this title change, the lawyers in the office all signed the Bar Roll.\nDuring my time in the PCO, John Finemore was the Chief. He was a great teacher and boss. I loved the work and John gave me many wonderful opportunities.\nI was part of the Victorian support team at meetings of the Standing Committee of Attorneys General. I found this interesting - both the work and the personalities involved. And I enjoyed the interstate travel it entailed.\nIn 1970 I took 6 months leave of absence to travel in Europe. After about 4 months I was in Norway and received a letter from John Finemore asking me to stay on in London for approximately 6 extra months to do research. After some hesitation - I was all geared to be home after 6, not 12 months - I agreed. Thank God I did, as I loved every minute of that 6 months and it was an experience of a lifetime.\nIn London I worked primarily in the Public Records Office, by the Silver Vaults. I was also in the Foreign & Commonwealth Library, opposite 10 Downing Street, and did some research in the Duchy of Cornwall Offices both in London and Cornwall.\nMy research was into early correspondence between the Colonial Office and the various Australian states with a view to discerning the attitude at that time into ownership of the offshore areas of the country.\nI reported to Professor Daniel O'Connell in Adelaide and after my return home I flew to Adelaide to assist in sorting out the relevant parts of my reports. This resulted in a book, authored by Professor O'Connell & me, entitled \"Opinions on Imperial Constitutional Law\", published by the Law Book Company of Victoria in 1971.\nIn 1973, I was sent to the USA & Canada to study their Federal systems. I took my annual leave at the same time, and en route spent 2 weeks in London. Whilst there, I was roped into doing some more research - I don't recall by whom or into what. But I thoroughly enjoyed being back in London and briefly working there again, and felt it made my whole trip worthwhile - at that time I had no interest at all in the USA and Canada.\nBefore leaving Australia I had bought a Visit USA air ticket, for $50 US. With this ticket, before starting work, I flew all round the States, including Alaska, & by the time I'd finished, I was fascinated by the States & had quite forgotten London!\nMy research work there took me up the east coast of the USA and to Ottawa and Toronto in Canada. I loved it all and again it was a wonderful experience, perhaps all the more so because I was there in the middle of the Watergate hearings! In addition to the interesting work and personalities, I was struck by the extraordinary hospitality I experienced. Although very much on the move from city to city, I was invited home for dinner virtually every night, until in the end, exhausted, I had to refuse!\nLater that year I was secretary to the Victorian delegation to the Constitutional Convention in Sydney. The purpose of the Convention was to look at the modern day working of our Constitution i.e. the reality at that time of the power sharing under the Constitution between the Commonwealth and States. John Finemore was very involved in the organisation of the Convention. It was a huge affair, including the Prime Minister and Federal Opposition leader, the Premiers and Opposition leaders of each State and numerous other elected representatives from government and opposition in the various Parliaments across the country - plus, of course numerous support staff. It was a huge amount of work but again, another wonderful and fascinating experience for me!\nIn 1974 I married Frank Shelton, a lawyer who later became a County Court judge. Quite sadly, I retired from the Parliamentary Counsel's Office in 1975, just before the birth of our first child.\nI continued doing some drafting work at home, but, to my surprise, despite enjoying the work, I found working from home very sterile, and I realised it wasn't just the work I enjoyed but the whole scene.\nSome years later, I did some work at home for Monash University. Then in 1998 I began part -time work in the Monash University Solicitor's Office, drafting the statutes & vetting the regulations of the University. This was the perfect job for an otherwise busy mother of 5 and I thoroughly enjoyed my time there. I finally retired in 2009.\nFrom my father, I believe, I inherited a love of the law. And I wasn't the only one of our family to do so. We were a family of 6 children, and 4 of us became lawyers. The youngest, Peter, was recently appointed to the Supreme Court of Victoria. And this love of the law has even gone down to the next generation - we have two daughters in the Law, and my three legal brothers each have one or two young lawyers in their family.\nThe law has certainly been very good to me and I am most grateful for all the wonderful experiences and enjoyment it has given me and for the continuing interest it provides.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wallbank, Rachael", "Entry ID": "AWE5634", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wallbank-rachael\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Human Rights Advocate, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Rachael Wallbank is an Accredited Specialist (Family Law - LSNSW) and principal of the legal practice Wallbanks Legal.\nWallbank represented and appeared on behalf of 'Kevin' and 'Jennifer' at trial in Re Kevin: Validity of Marriage of Transsexual (2001) 28 Fam LR 158 and on appeal in The Attorney-General for the Commonwealth & \"Kevin and Jennifer\" & Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission [2003] FamCA 94 whereby Australians who experience diversity or difference in sexual formation, including Transsexualism, gained the right to legally marry in their affirmed sex.\nWallbank also acted and appeared for the Applicant Parents in Re Bernadette [2010] FamCA 94; the first case in Australia to authorise Phase 1 Treatment to suspend puberty for an adolescent living with the condition of Transsexualism (as an interim order in 2005) and the first case to challenge the Australian legal regime initiated by Re Alex (2004) FLC 93-175 which requires court authorisation of Phase 1 and 2 Treatments as a precondition to treatment.\nWallbank is a member of the Legal Issues Committee of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) and a founding member of the Australian and New Zealand Professional Association for Transgender Health (ANZPATH).\nWallbank has written academically, undertakes lectures and presentations on the subject of the legal and human rights of people who experience diversity or difference in sexual formation and gender expression, especially with regard to Australia, and appears in the media as a public advocate and legal expert on the subject.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Rachael Wallbank and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\nBorn on 4 March 1956, as Richard Wallbank, Rachael attended St Patrick's College Strathfield in Sydney and the University of New South Wales. Rachael was admitted to practise as a solicitor on 4 July 1980. Rachael has three adult children.\nAfter having worked as a junior solicitor and later rising to Associate at Messrs Fred A. and John F. Newnham of Sydney, Rachael established her own legal practice, Wallbanks Legal, on 1 July 1985. Wallbanks Legal is a specialist practice concerned with Family, Wills & Estates and Succession Law.\nAs is typical for those who experience the condition of Transsexualism, Rachael was aware of her female self in childhood. In the circumstances of the times, however, and although she was referred to doctors by her parents for being found dressing in her sister's clothes and telling them \"I'm really a girl\" at about 7 years of age, the condition remained an untreated shame to be consciously ignored by all concerned. Rachael's adolescence and young adulthood were extremely confusing, painful and shame-filled.\nRachael publicly affirmed her female sex on 4 July 1994, undertook sex affirmation procedures including genital surgery and had her Legal Sex reassigned to female in New South Wales pursuant to that State's births, deaths and marriages laws on 17 July 1997.\nRachael is grateful that her life and legal career have presented her with the opportunity to achieve significant legal and human rights reform and to advance the understanding of Transsexualism as a naturally occurring form of diversity in human sexual formation and a form of intersexual disorder of sexual development with a clearly therapeutic medical treatment protocol and not a mental disorder or a psychological phenomenon.\nRe Kevin has been relied upon in several landmark international decisions; including I v The United Kingdom and Christine Goodwin v The United Kingdom, decided by the European Court of Human Rights. These decisions, which quote Justice Chisholm's decision in Re Kevin at length and with approval, finally determined that there had been violations of articles 8, 12, 13 and 14 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in respect of the legal status of people who had experienced Transsexualism in the United Kingdom and, in particular, such people's treatment in the spheres of employment, social security, pensions and marriage. As a result of these decisions the government of the United Kingdom introduced the Gender Recognition Act 2004.\nRe Kevin was also relied upon in the landmark decision of the Sixth Judicial Circuit, Pasco County, Florida, in the United States of America in The Marriage of Kantaras. At page 673 of that decision Justice O'Brien said: '\u2026it is essential that Kevin not be given a mere \"citation\" but studied for what it represents in the law. It is one of the most important cases on Transsexualism to come on the scene of foreign jurisprudence.'\nRachael continues to advocate for the abandonment of the requirement imposed by the Family Court of Australia requiring court authorisation of time critical therapeutic hormonal treatment for Australian adolescents who experience Transsexualism; with all the unnecessary suffering from non-treatment and self harm that inevitably results. Rachael deeply appreciates the fact that her children and her former wife were all obliged to share in the social and personal suffering associated with her Difference and her public affirmation of her innate female self and that, without the love and support of many people, and especially her children, this entry would not exist.\nRachael's favourite saying is that of Helen Keller who said \"Life is either a daring adventure or nothing.\" Enjoying her 21st birthday as an affirmed female in 2015, Rachael is grateful to be recognised amongst the wonderful Australian women lawyers in this exhibition and to finally be one of those lucky people who no longer care if the family parrot falls into the hands of the town gossip.\nSignificant presentations by Rachael Wallbank:\n\nA Critique of Re Jamie and the Role of the Family Court in Determining the Access to Medical Treatment of Young Australians Living With Transsexualism for the 30th QLD Family Law Residential 2015.\nThe inaugural (2013) Isabelle Lake Memorial Lecture for the Equal Opportunity Commission Western Australia and The University of Western Australia\n'Medico\/Legal Issues in the Treatment of Young People With Transsexualism\", XVIII World Congress of the World Association of Sexual Health (WAS) - 1st World Congress For Sexual Health (April 2007) Darling Harbour, Sydney, Australia.\n'Human Rights and Diversity in Sexual Formation and Expression', XXIII ILGA World Conference (March 2006) Geneva, Switzerland.\n'Children with Transsexualism - From Difference to Disorder', The Fourth World Congress on Family Law and Children's Rights (2005), Cape Town, South Africa.\n'The Different Roads to Reform' presented at the 6th International Congress on Sex and Gender Diversity (2004) The School of Law, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK.\n'Difference on Trial' presentation and paper, 11th National Biennial Conference of the Family Law Section of the Law Council of Australia 2004, Conference Handbook (2004) TEN, GPO Box 61A Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia'\n\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/re-kevin-in-perspective\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/re-alex-through-a-looking-glass\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/speaking-secrets-sex-and-sexuality-as-public-property\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McIntyre, Anthea", "Entry ID": "AWE5635", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcintyre-anthea\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Businesswoman, Lawyer, Policy adviser, Solicitor", "Summary": "Anthea McIntyre is a lawyer, sole practitioner, business woman, writer, and strong supporter of mothers as lawyers.\nAnthea was formerly a Senior Associate at Australia's top tier law firm, Herbert Smith Freehills, where she specialised in Commercial Litigation and Corporate Governance law. She then worked as a Senior Policy Advisor at the Australian Institute of Company Directors where she established Australia's first ASX200 chairmen's mentoring program designed to increase the number of women on Australian listed company boards. The program was a huge success and assisted in significantly increasing the number of women appointed to boards as well as raising the profile of the importance of gender balance in boardrooms as well as in business generally. Anthea was also the author of the book \"Tomorrow's Boards: Creating balanced and effective boards\".\nFollowing the birth of her two daughters, Anthea established a support group for lawyers who are mothers called \"Lawyer Mums Australia\" comprising almost 700 of Australia's top lawyers. In 2014, Anthea also established her own law firm, McIntyre Legal Pty Ltd, which specialises in Wills, Estates & Succession Planning.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Yates, Heidi", "Entry ID": "AWE5636", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/yates-heidi\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Heidi Yates is Head of General Practice at Legal Aid ACT, a position she has held since 2015. A well-known solicitor and human rights advocate, Heidi has been appointed to roles including Executive Director of the ACT Women's Legal Centre, advisor to the ACT Human Rights and Discrimination Commissioner and a Clinical Education Convenor at the ANU College of Law.\nHeidi's professional reputation is well-established at a national level as an advocate for the development and funding of free legal services across Australia (particularly for victims of family violence) and as a trailblazer in gender-related law reform.\nHeidi has also been a spokesperson and advocate at a local and federal level for the removal of legislative discrimination on the basis of gender identity and sexual orientation. She has undertaken this work through roles including spokesperson for the community law reform group 'Good Process' and as the inaugural chair of the ACT LGBTIQ Ministerial Advisory Council.\nAfter just two years of practice, her work was recognised when she won the ACT Law Society's Young Lawyer Award in 2008. In 2011, Heidi was also a state finalist in the Young Australian of the Year Awards.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Heidi Yates for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Heidi Yates and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nThe principles of social justice have been a constant in my life, taking root early and ultimately informing my decision to pursue a career as a legal practitioner and law reform advocate. Born in Canberra, the second of four children, I grew up in a supportive family and community where the big questions were asked and debate was encouraged. I was a curious small person, and I asked a lot of questions.\nSchool should have been a good fit for me and although I did well academically, the experience was not without its challenges. In third grade we were asked to count how many corners there were in different geometric shapes. When we got to circles, a classmate quickly volunteered that a circle did not contain any corners. I put my hand up and alternatively suggested that circles have infinite corners, but that they are too hard to count because they are so close together. I was hauled in front of the class and told that 'nobody likes little girls who are too smart for their own good.'\nLooking back, I recognise I was only one of an infinite number of girls and young women who were 'put in their place' for providing an insightful response. Although it was an upsetting experience as a 9 year old, it ultimately revealed to me a more complex world, and marked the beginning of my aspirations to 'level the playing field' for those who may otherwise go unheard.\nI completed my education in the ACT and, like many of my peers, took a gap year after Year 12. I worked as an administrator, a piano teacher, an academic tutor, a netball coach and a boarding house 'mum' at a small boarding school in Suffolk before returning to Australia in 2000 to study Arts\/Law at the Australian National University (including an exchange year at McGill University, Montreal in 2002-03).\nLegal Practice\nI had tossed up between doing social work or law at University. I settled on Arts\/Law with a Women's Studies Major, but never intended to practise as a lawyer. Instead of applying for a corporate clerkship at the end of my fourth year of law studies, I obtained an internship at the ACT Office of the Community Advocate. I had heard about the Office through my mother's work and it sparked my interest as a place where 'non-lawyers' undertook community-based advocacy for vulnerable clients.\nIn 2005, I was accepted into a graduate program in the Australian Public Service. I had applied to the department in which my father, a career public servant, had spent the bulk of his working life, keen to understand that world and the workings of government. It was the era of WorkChoices and when I found myself tasked with contributing to the creation of industrial relations policy aimed at stripping rights and entitlements from vulnerable workers, something had to give. I began seeking other options.\nIn mid-2005 I joined the Legal Aid Office (ACT) as the Primary Dispute Resolution Program Manager. The interview panel noted that I had limited experience for the role but, in part due to my raw enthusiasm, offered to let me 'give it a crack'. I began my Graduate Diploma of Legal Practice whilst managing the program and subsequently took on my first solicitor's role in the Legal Aid Domestic Violence and Protection Orders Unit.\nWorking on the 'treadmill' of cases churning in and out of the Magistrates Court, I became keenly aware of the systemic issues impacting the operation of the Domestic Violence Order system. In 2007, I joined the Women's Legal Centre (ACT & Region) as a solicitor, welcoming an environment where my client work could be complemented by law reform and community education roles. The holistic approach of Community Legal Centres has always appealed to my sense of efficiency. It makes good sense when doing casework to identify recurring legal problems and then develop community education and law reform proposals to prevent and mitigate them. The efficacy of grassroots organisations pushing to improve systems, rather than tackling cases one at a time, has consistently driven my interest in law reform.\nIn 2013, I spent an inspiring year working as an Advisor to ACT Human Rights and Discrimination Commissioner, Dr Helen Watchirs, before being appointed as the Women's Legal Centre (ACT & Region) Executive Director. In this role, I fought hard (and successfully) to safeguard the Centre when the Federal Government brought the axe down on funding for the legal assistance sector. My work was part of a national campaign, highlighting the appalling social and economic consequences of cutting legal support for vulnerable Australians. In particular, I advocated the essential role of specialist, front-line legal services for women subjected to Domestic and Sexual Violence.\nIn 2015, I returned to Legal Aid ACT as Head of the Commission's General Law Practice. The position offered the opportunity to increase delivery and coordination of education, outreach and duty legal services to vulnerable clients across the region, particularly those isolated due to experiences of domestic violence, trauma and\/or cultural marginalisation.\nLaw Reform \nI have had an enduring interest in the intersections between gender, sexuality and the law that has driven my systemic law reform work. I work from the premise that Australia's federal system provides unique opportunities for lawyers to work together, either as a unified voice for federal change, or as colleagues exchanging expertise to inform incremental state reform. Such reform is often 'organically' improved as individual jurisdictions observe the operation of new law or policy and seek to address any weaknesses or inconsistencies in their subsequent implementation. In this context, I have worked with colleagues across Australia to improve law relating to issues including relationship recognition, domestic violence and gender identity.\nI have been appointed to a range of national law reform roles including as convenor of the National Association of Community Legal Centres (NACLC) Human Rights Network; convenor of the NACLC Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex( LGBTI) Network; and convener of Women's Legal Services Australia, the peak national body for women's legal services in Australia. I have also been appointed to various government advisory bodies including the ACT Victims Advisory Board, the ACT Law Reform Advisory Council and as the inaugural Chair of the ACT LGBTIQ Ministerial Advisory Council.\nMy professional engagement with law reform has been complemented and augmented by my involvement in community-based advocacy. In 2002 when I was undertaking my Arts\/Law degree, the ACT Assembly passed a motion to remove legislative discrimination against LGBTI people. I joined a group of local community members intent on making this motion a reality. As a media spokesperson, community facilitator and legal consultant for the 'Good Process' lobby group, I was one of many Canberrans who rode the wave of political controversy surrounding parenting laws, discrimination legislation and Federal overturn of the 2006 Civil Unions Act.\nIn 2014, the ACT became the first Australian jurisdiction to remove the requirement for sexual reassignment surgery as a prerequisite for change of legal sex, and to introduce a third legal sex category. My involvement in the 10 year push for this reform included representing transgender discrimination complainants; sitting as a member of the Law Reform Advisory Council tasked by the ACT Government to consider these issues; volunteering as a legal consultant to community-based intersex and transgender organisation 'A Gender Agenda'; and chairing the ACT LGBTIQ Ministerial Advisory Council whose advice was sought on the details of the amending legislation. The passing of amendments to the Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act 2013 with bipartisan support in March 2013 was monumental, setting a new bar for recognition of sex and gender in Australian law.\nLegal Education and Good Governance\nSince 2008, I have been regularly involved in the teaching work of the ANU College of Law. As a course convenor, guest lecturer, tutor and assessor I have welcomed the opportunity to engage future colleagues in various aspects of social justice, in particular, about how experiences of intersectional disadvantage can impact an individual's experience of the law. Reflecting the 'hands-on' focus of other client-focused degrees such as medicine and allied health, I believe that clinical law programs provide a crucial opportunity for students to 'practise' legal practice and better understand how the law is experienced by different parts of the community. Clinical courses are also a great opportunity to promote pro bono work with community legal centres as part of a well-rounded legal education and indeed, a well-rounded legal career.\nI have also made significant contributions to the broader community through volunteer board and committee work. Although a strong interest in corporations law may not generally be considered a 'natural fit' for a social justice lawyer, I have become a strong advocate of good governance. In 2012, I was fortunate to receive a scholarship from the ACT Office for Women to undertake the Australian Institute of Company Directors 'Company Directors Course' and have since worked as a consultant and facilitator with a range of organisations to streamline their risk-management and strategic frameworks. My board roles have included the National LGBTI Health Alliance Ltd, the Welfare Rights and Legal Centre Ltd and more than a decade on the ACT Domestic Violence Crisis Service Board including three years as Chair during a time of significant organisational change.\nThe future\nToday, I commute to work in Canberra from the home I share with my partner, child, dog (on loan) and a growing number of chickens in Gundaroo Village, NSW. My work spans casework; community education and engagement; working with community and government on law reform; education of future lawyers; upskilling of community organisations to achieve their goals through good governance; and experimenting with our unruly vegetable patch.\nI haven't stopped asking questions.\n\nWhat are the limitations of an adversarial system where one party can't access legal representation? \nHow can the law recognise the diversity and lived experience of sex and gender? \nHow can the law protect survivors of domestic violence, and how can legal services best empower survivors to stay safe and move forward? \n\nThese are questions that are unlikely to be answered in my lifetime, but I value the chance to be an active part of the dialogue.\n\n", "Events": "Winner - ACT Law Society Young Lawyer of the Year Award (2008 - 2008) \nFinalist - Young Australian of the Year (2011 - 2011) \nSpeaker - 10th Anniversary of the Human Rights Act event (2014 - 2014)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Power, Jane", "Entry ID": "AWE5637", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/power-jane\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Lawyer", "Summary": "Associate Professor Jane Power completed her Law Degree at The University of Western Australia in 1983. She immediately commenced practice as an Articled Clerk with the Legal Aid Commission of Western Australia, specialising mainly in the area of Family Law. Jane continued to work in a part time capacity after the birth of the first of her three children, again concentrating in Family Law but also Juvenile Justice and minor Criminal Law. In addition to working for the Commission in Perth, she spent a number of years assisting as Duty Counsel and in the Advice Bureau in the Fremantle jurisdiction. She has also worked for a medium sized local firm and a sole practitioner.\nJane currently holds the position of Director, Professional Legal Education at the Law School of The University of Notre Dame Australia (Fremantle Campus) having commenced the position in January 2012. She was previously the Associate Dean (Students) from 2004 - 2007, and Dean from 2008 - 2011. She was the second female Law Dean in Western Australia. She is responsible for the School's Continuing Professional Development (CPD) programme, for practitioners and serves on numerous practitioner related bodies. She continues to hold her Practice Certificate.\n", "Details": "Jane Power is the eldest daughter (and third of five siblings) of Joan and Ken Mckenna and attended school at Iona Presentation College (where she was a prefect) before studying law at the University of Western Australia; she was admitted to practice in 1984 having completed her Articles at Legal Aid Western Australia. She was the first law graduate of Iona Presentation College. Between 1984 and 2002 she practised mainly in the areas of Family Law and Juvenile Justice in both a full time and part time capacity with Legal Aid and a small private firm. She is married to barrister Tony Power of Francis Burt Chambers and has three adult children.\nJane has always maintained a passion for pro bono and volunteer legal work and has held her practice certificate for this reason continuously since her entry into academia in 2002. She maintains a specific interest in the education of women at both secondary and tertiary level, and served on the school board (as Chair for nine years) of an all-girls school. Her PhD, conferred in December 2015, included Education Law. From 2005 - 2010 she held various positions with the Curriculum Council of Western Australia in relation to writing and marking year 12 exams in Politics and the Law. She is, or has recently been, a member of the following:\n\n Law Society of Western Australia (LSWA)\nWomen Lawyers of Western Australia (WLWA)\nWLWA Gender Bias Taskforce Report Review Committee\nGraduate Recruitment Advisory Group (Convener)\nLaw Society's Graduate and Academic Standards Committee (Deputy Convener)\nLaw Society's Mental Health and Wellbeing Committee\nLaw Society's Francis Burt Law Education Committee\nAustralian and New Zealand Education Law Association (ANZELA, Vice President WA Chapter)\n Australian Law Teacher's Association (ALTA)\nAustralian and New Zealand Legal History Association (ANZLHS)\n\nAs a member of Women Lawyers of Western Australia Jane was co-convener of Chapter 2 of the Chief Justice's Gender Bias Report Review 2014 ('the Review', published in October 2014), a member of the Standing Committee of the Review and is currently a member of the Review's Implementation Committee. She is committed to advancing the prospects of women in the law and ensuring a fair and equitable participation in practice. She was nominated for Senior Woman Lawyer of the Year by the WLWA and Woman Lawyer of the Year by the Law Society in 2012.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McKimm, Catherine", "Entry ID": "AWE5638", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mckimm-catherine\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Solicitor, Teacher", "Summary": "Catherine McKimm graduated from the Australian National University (ANU) College of Law in 1975; one of the 10% of her class who were women. After spending a short period of time developing her litigation skills as an insurance lawyer, she decided to strike out on her own. She moved to Northern New South Wales where she and a friend established their own legal practice. While not always lucrative, running her own practice meant she could work in areas that truly interested her and fulfil her sense of social justice through the law. Some examples of the work she did include a Land and Environmental Court action acting on behalf of a local community organisation who were endeavouring to stop the development of a hard rock quarry in a river which formed the headwaters of the local town water supply and a Federal Court action involving a single mother who sued one of the big four banks after her husband lost their life savings gambling on the foreign currency market.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Catherine McKimm for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Catherine McKimm and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nIn the 1960s when I was young, women became nurses and teachers not doctors and lawyers. I had the good fortune to be brought up in a home where it was not only accepted, but expected, that I go to university, despite being female. I had the added advantage of attending a convent school where we were actively encouraged to pursue a university education. Consequently I found myself stepping into the Law Faculty at the Australian National University in March 1971. There weren't many women among my peers. At my graduation 6 years later there were even less. I recall that, out of about 80 law graduates in the graduating class of 1975, only about 10% of us were women.\nAfter attending the ANU College of Law and an abbreviated gap year, I returned to Australia to start looking for work in the private profession. It was a demoralising time. I sent out at least 50 - 60 applications and received only limited responses and, on rare occasions, I was invited to an interview. One interview I recall well was with a Canberra firm where the two male partners adopted a particularly intimidatory approach to the interview process. Whilst one stood behind me, the other fired questions at me, many of a personal nature. My patience was exhausted when the partner standing behind me spoke for the first time: \"So when is the first one due?\" I stood, turned to look at him and replied, \"Thank you for your time. I don't think this firm is for me\". As I walked out of the room they both appeared shocked by my impudence, leaving me with some small satisfaction.\nIt took about 6 months to find a job. I was lucky enough to take a position with the anachronistically named Abbott Tout Creer & Wilkinson. The Canberra firm was led by two particularly progressive partners, Robert McCourt and David Harper. I remain indebted to them for their confidence in me, their guidance in the law, their tutelage and their ethics. Over the next two years I was thrown in at the deep end, encouraged to run my own litigation, appear before various magistrates and judges - some cranky, some kindly - and to rapidly develop my skills as a litigation lawyer.\nUltimately insurance law was not for me. My family had been highly politicised by the Vietnam War which embedded in me a strong commitment to social justice. I decided that the best way that I could fulfil that sense of social justice through the law was to start my own legal practice. 1979 saw myself and a close friend from A.N.U. making our way to the north coast of New South Wales to open our own legal practice. Although initially derided as the 'hippie lawyers' by colleagues in town and by the local business world, we gradually managed to gain sufficient respect to grow our business into a strong and healthy legal practice.\nOver the ensuing 32 years, the freedom of being a partner in my own firm gave me the opportunity to pursue cases that were not always financially sustainable but that were to me, more importantly, morally sustainable. Some of these cases were very time and resource consuming without being particularly monetarily rewarding. A few examples: a Land and Environmental Court action acting on behalf of a local community organisation who were endeavouring to stop the development of a hard rock quarry in a river which formed the headwaters of the local town water supply; a plethora of cases arising from a dispute between a neighbouring landowner and a recently established lesbian feminist cooperative; a Federal Court action involving a single mother who sued one of the big four banks after her husband lost their life savings gambling on the foreign currency market. As well there were the many victims' compensation claims, in which I worked primarily for victims of child sexual assault. It was not always easy to rationalise the payment of compensation for a young life damaged and often destroyed but there was an indefinable sense of fulfilment in helping these young people to receive recognition for the crimes committed against them.\nI see these as my major achievements but there were numerous other cases which I was able to take on and which proved to be morally satisfying and which sustained my commitment to social justice issues.\nThe Federal Court action also offered me the opportunity to become a published author. In the early 1990s the case attracted a significant amount of media attention, following not too long after the Amadio decision, and addressing similar issues arising from the manner in which big banks dealt with their customers. The legal arguments revolved around a bank's obligations and responsibilities to women holding joint accounts with their husbands. The case was literally settled on the Court room steps. Later my client, who had become a close friend, encouraged me to co-author a book with her about the litigation and our mutual experiences running the case. The book was published in 2005 by Random House under the title 'Til Debt Do Us Part', a title used as a headline by the journalist, Anne Lampe, in her newspaper coverage.\nI also gained satisfaction from my involvement in voluntary community education programs, various governing boards in the fields of health, education and women's issues. I urge all new lawyers to actively participate in their communities, not only for the work that it brings into your firm, nor only for the benefits that this work offers to the community at large, but also for the personal fulfilment that is gained through such 'extra-curricular' activities . As a senior counsel said to me many years ago, \"It's good for your soul.\"\nThroughout this I managed to raise four strong and independent daughters. Like many women of my generation, I suffered the guilt of the working mother. For many years I was in the office on more weekends than I was in the home and there were many times when I questioned my choices and my commitment to my career. Now, my daughters, in their late 20s and early 30s, frequently express their gratitude for the role model that I offered them during their childhood. Their gratitude soothes my disquiet.\nAfter 34 years in private legal practice, the time came to take down my shingle and settle into a kind of retirement. My children had left home and were travelling the world. Our home seemed too quiet and empty so my partner and I decided to close my legal practice and take a belated gap year of our own. By age 58 I had graduated with a Masters degree in Applied Linguistics from the University of New England and completed a CELTA program in Berlin in Germany. For the past 4 years I have been a teacher of business English and academic English in Istanbul, Turkey, and continue to do a little legal consulting work on the side for a software development company. I have a strong sense that it has been a life well led. Perhaps one day in the future I will retire and find the time to finish that partially written crime novel that I started years ago.\nFor newcomers to the profession, I strongly advise breaking away from the traditional mould. Such a choice can make blending parenthood (if that is one's choice) and career less demanding but also, importantly, offers a freedom to pursue one's own personal career interests. These days more than 50% of law graduates are women but still there are many hurdles for women to overcome within the profession. To branch out on one's own is one way for women to avoid the strictures of the male-dominated, top-heavy large city legal practices.\n\"Life shrinks and expands according to one's courage.\" -Anais Nin\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sheedy, Joan", "Entry ID": "AWE5639", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sheedy-joan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Port Augusta, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Policy adviser, Public servant", "Summary": "During a long career in the Australian Public Service in the Attorney-General's Department and in the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Joan Sheedy held a number of senior positions responsible for the provision of legal policy advice on, and the development of legislation in the fields of human rights, privacy, copyright and freedom of information. She was involved in the development of many major legislative reforms including the Sex Discrimination Act 1984, the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act 1986, the Privacy Act 1988 (and subsequent reforms in the privacy area), the Disability Discrimination Act 1992, the Copyright Amendment (Digital Agenda) Act 2000, the Copyright Amendment (Moral Rights) Act 2000 and the significant Commonwealth FOI reforms of 2009 and 2010. She also represented Australia in negotiations at the United Nations in Geneva and Vienna on human rights, at the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) in Geneva on copyright and at the EU in Brussels on privacy.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bisley, Paulette", "Entry ID": "AWE5642", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bisley-paulette\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Solicitor, Volunteer", "Summary": "In 1968, Paulette Bisley (nee Parkinson) became the tenth woman to sign the Victorian Bar Roll. Although she spent most of her career pursuing activities outside the legal profession, she credits the legal training and experience she received for helping to 'shape and define different parts of my life. It made me stronger and helped find my voice that I could use to help others.'\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Paulette Bisley for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Paulette Bisley and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nMy career at the Bar was fuelled by ignorance and optimism.\nI attended Elwood High School, a newly established high school, and matriculated in 1962. I received a Commonwealth Scholarship to attend University. My elder sister went to Monash University to become a teacher but I chose to go to Melbourne University to study law. The University appealed to my love of history.\nThe Law School was somewhat confronting. There were very few women and they were mostly private school girls. There has always been snobbishness in Melbourne about schools but up until then it did not concern me. At Law school, indeed at the University, the refrain was often, \"but tell us where did you really did go to school\". My parents had decided that a University education was better than paying for a private school - the stipulation being \"unless we were brainless\" and then they would have to use connections to find a vocation.\nI confess to enjoying myself at Law School to the detriment of my studies. I met my future husband at University. I passed, but many law books were left unread.\nAs a High School girl without inspiring marks it was very difficult to get Articles. I ended up, through my husband's family connections, to be Articled in Dandenong. I was set to work with an unqualified Law Clerk in Common Law. The practice was commercial and the partners largely left the Law clerk to his own devices. This was my first experience of being marginalised by a male. The clerk corrected every sentence I wrote and I dumbly believed he was helping. He hid my work and made me appear foolish in front of the partners. He was later sacked when he did this to a male colleague.\nThe politics of the office left me cold and the Bar beckoned. My inspiration came from the young barristers whom I had briefed. I knew I was bright and with the arrogance of youth and lots of encouragement thought I would become a Barrister. My admission to practice was moved by Richard McGarvie QC. Since I was a woman it was decided that I would most likely only succeed in a practice in Domestic Relations. Bear in mind I had no connections whatsoever with the legal profession, and no old school ties to help. But encouraged by a family that believed women could do anything, and with the financial and positive support of my husband, I was prepared to have a try. My Master was a specialist in Matrimonial Causes as it was then. There was no formal training to be a barrister and you relied on learning from your Master. I signed the Bar Roll and was told that a Bar Council meeting was held to determine the length of my dress. I was never sure if that was true or not. My borrowed wig (when I needed one) perched upon the bouffant sixties hair.\nI engaged a Clerk, put a desk in the corner of my Master's room, and awaited a brief. My Clerk was very supportive and encouraging. The only woman at the Bar then was Molly Kingston. I was too much in awe of her to seek any advice and she certainly did not make any attempt to welcome me. The other women were absent as Joan Rosenove had retired and Lynne Opas was in New Guinea. My Master had no idea what he should do with me so did nothing. Not once did he help, just kept saying \"have a go, have a go\". I quickly realized this was largely because work I received was nothing to do with Domestic Relations. It was largely motor accident damages described in those days as 'crash and bash', drunk driving, petty crime and the Imprisonment of Fraudulent debtors. The cases were mostly in the Court of Petty Sessions but sometimes in the County Court and rarely in the Supreme Court. None were to do with Matrimonial Causes. Cramming at night, I survived and learnt much from the men on my floor who were very supportive and helpful. I was known as Bisley Mrs.\nI could never pluck up the courage to eat in the Dining Room which was on the top floor of Owen Dixon Chambers. I could not eat in my room as my Master I discovered, to my horror, spent his lunch hour reading girlie magazines. I was appalled. Most barristers were supportive but many thought it would be fun to tease and make suggestive remarks. I was often asked what was in my brief case, was it the shopping and did I carry my books in a shopping bag. I was often asked out but I learnt quickly to say no as their motives were less than honourable.\nI duly finished my six months, slightly terrified but exhilarated at the same time.\nI set up Chambers in Tait Chambers. I was often told that \"this case is hopeless but since you are a woman you can talk the magistrate\/judge around.\" I was also advised, tongue in cheek (I thought so), to wear a low cut dress in front of some Magistrates. I did not.\nWithout adequate training and lack of support of a Master, as my practice started to build up I was becoming out of my depth. Supreme Court appearances to do with Company Law, which I had not studied, were fearful. I was and am still indebted to Harry Emery, Kevin Mahony, Charles Wheeler, Graeme Uren and the other men on my Floor for their support at this time. My biggest fear was that they would be on the other side of a case and could not help.\nDespite the loving support of my husband who believes that women can do anything, I had what is called an anxiety state. I was supplied with a prescription and told to continue working. Neither of those options was a match and I decided it was time to leave practice to start a family. My thought being that I would have children, resume study and then go back to work. However it transpired that an overseas posting when my youngest child was in prep meant I had to make alternative plans. We stayed away eleven years but my legal career was my passport to many different roles.\nMy husband worked for Exxon Chemical Company and we went first to Connecticut, USA. I learnt quickly that I could not work for money (no visa) but could do volunteer work. American women were not ashamed to put volunteer work down on their CVs. I learnt to do the same. I became involved in their Newcomer Group, that was very active as most of the population of our town was itinerant. American women moved at least every three years. These were often professional women who gave up a lot for their husband's career. My law degree was highly respected and gave me entr\u00e9e to many interesting and exciting activities including being a docent at the Wilton historical society. I could say it helped define me and my time at the Bar gave me confidence to express myself. From Connecticut we went to Hong Kong.\nI was never a lady who 'lunched'. It was important to me that the social issues that arose for women in the expat life be addressed and support systems put in place. In Hong Kong I became the Secretary of the English Speaking Members Department of the Young Womens' Christian Association (YWCA). In this role I determined the activities of the organisation.\nMy law degree was highly regarded by the Board of the Association, the members of whom were all Chinese. Indeed when it came time to leave because we were moving to Tokyo they refused to take me off their books. They even suggested that I fly back to Hong Kong weekly. On $6000 Hong Kong dollars a month I did not think so. I was told that the Chinese husbands would allow their wives to attend this very British department because I was a barrister.\nThe YWCA with its 'At Home' programme for newcomers taught me how to understand the problems relating to relocation. There were many issues, particularly for women who had had busy professional lives but now could not work and lacked friendship groups, family and an inability to network. Asia in those days was very trying for intelligent western women. In the programs we developed we were able to provide the framework from which they could launch themselves into a productive life. Again I became involved with history and museums as I had done in America.\nIn Japan I had to really stand on my own two feet as my husband was often away and we relocated into a largely Japanese community. Very little English was spoken in the 1980's. Friends were made through the Australian-Japan Association. Again my law degree opened doors and earned me initial respect. I was asked at one stage to speak on the role of women in Australia - I had not lived in Australia for some years so I spoke to academics at Latrobe University who had completed research in this area. I was a bit depressed as women had not progressed very far.\nI returned to Australia hoping to study for a social work degree and to prepare I decided to volunteer and do the course for the Citizens Advice Bureau. It was from this role that I was nominated to sit on the Legal Aid Review Panel.\nThen life changed again. I was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1995. And in 1997 we left for Singapore for a final posting. In the meantime we had started a vineyard in the Yarra Valley which was demanding my attention.\nIn Singapore I again looked to museums to hold my interest. I became a docent and trained with Singaporean colleagues. Believe it or not they were the first ever Singaporeans trained as docents for their museum (the first Museum was started in 1819). Again my law degree was my currency. I also worked with the Australian Association and worked towards making life easier for newcomers. Depression and anxiety were common among many women. Many were successful in their careers but had chosen to accompany their spouse, take a few years holiday and have a bit of fun. However many found that it was very difficult to start a new life. This was where my experience at the YWCA proved helpful. I also worked on the Magazine committee of the Tanglin Club where my Law degree gave me entr\u00e9e.\nWe returned home to Australia in 2001 and since then I have been involved in the vineyard and my three acre garden which is open often for the public for charities. I am now Chairman of the Trust of the Regional Museum of the Shire of Yarra Ranges amongst other interests.\nWhile I left the Bar many years ago the experience helped shape and define different parts of my life. It made me stronger and helped find my voice that I could use to help others. It has proved to be my entr\u00e9e to a very different life than I had imaged when I first entered the courts in my borrowed wig.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-barristers-in-victoria-then-and-now\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Croucher, Rosalind Frances", "Entry ID": "AWE5643", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/croucher-rosalind-frances\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Commissioner, Lawyer, Musician, Solicitor", "Summary": "Professor Rosalind Croucher AM is a leading legal academic and current (2016) president of the Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC). In 2014, she was the inaugural winner of the Australian Woman Lawyer (AWL) Award. She was described as:\n'an inspirational leader in the legal community, making a distinct contribution to law reform and legal education across the national stage. She has enthusiastically taken on 'tough' roles with great success and is a true institution builder. Prof Croucher restored the reputation of Macquarie Law School and successfully steered the ALRC through two inquiries which threatened the ALRC's very existence. At the ALRC she has led seven inquiries of great public policy significance, including on family violence, older workers, and disability. She is also an exceptional mentor, with a deep and abiding commitment to fostering the careers of others, particularly women.'\nProfessor Croucher was appointed President of the Australian Human Rights Commission, 30 July 2017, for a seven year term.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Rosalind Croucher and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nEarly years\nI was born on 14 November 1954, at Rosslyn Hospital, Arncliffe, Sydney, the eldest of four girls born to Frank Roland McGrath AM OBE and Amy Gladys McGrath (n\u00e9e Cumpston) OAM, and a Scorpio.\nI grew up with the value of education imprinted in my DNA-particularly on the maternal side. My mother is one of four sisters and three brothers. Her father, Dr John Howard Lidgett Cumpston CMG, was the first Commonwealth Director General of Public Health-the numberplate ACT 4 is still in the family. His mother, Elizabeth (n\u00e9e Newman) was a pioneer kindergarten teacher. Sadly, my grandfather died the year I was born so I never got to know him. He had a profound commitment to education-and that his daughters would have the same opportunities as his sons. For women in the 1930s and early 1940s this was still pretty unusual. My grandfather said to his children that he could not leave them 'capital', but he would give them an education. In my mother's generation this was an exceptional standard to create as 'the norm' for his children. This is not 'normal' for many, but it did influence me profoundly. Three of them gained PhDs (the eldest, in 1998, at the age of 82), one became a Reader in History at Birkbeck College, University of London (Dr Ina Mary Cumptson); one an entomologist and researcher in PNG on mosquitoes, with her medical doctor husband (Dr Margaret Spencer OAM); another, my mother, a poet, playwright, novelist and all-round extraordinary woman. The youngest, Maeva Elizabeth Galloway BEM, had the prospect of doing medicine, but, as she said to me, she wanted to get married and medical study was not amenable to married women at the time, so she did physiotherapy instead. Later she spent many years managing the Canberra Symphony Orchestra.\nI was named after the character Rosalind in Shakespeare's play, As You Like It. It was Shakespeare's largest role for a female character and one in which she is even given the Epilogue. (My sister Leone Celia Lorrimer, was also named after a character in the play, Rosalind's cousin, Celia. She is an architect and now CEO of a large architectural practice in Australia.)\nWhen I was four years old we moved from Grand Parade, Brighton-le-Sands to 'Purfleet', in Billyard Avenue, Elizabeth Bay, an historic house on the waterfront side of Arthur McElhone Reserve and Elizabeth Bay House (although not on the waterfront).\nAfter attending kindergarten in Rushcutter's Bay, opposite Trumper Park in Roslyn Gardens, Sydney, I went to Sydney Church of England Girls School in Darlinghurst until the end of third class. I remember catching the bus from our home in Elizabeth Bay to William Street and then walking up Forbes Street. I took my younger sister, Leone, who was in the class behind me. We would only have been about 7 and 8.Our mother had two small children, our younger sisters Eloise and Vivian, so she trusted us to be responsible in getting ourselves to and from school. For the most part we were, although I do recall our walking up a gutter full of rainwater. (If you had wet shoes you were allowed to take them off!) My mother tells me that the Headmistress suggested I should go to a school where I could get more competition-or perhaps she wanted to get rid of me! One of my school chums from my SCEGGS days was Jenny Morgan, now Professor of Law at the University of Melbourne.\nI did move school, to Woollahra Demonstration School, in fourth class. My teacher was Mr Miller. The cane was still used regularly, even for girls (although very rarely by Mr Miller). I participated in lots of extra things, the Gould League (for bird lovers), the junior Red Cross, which had a lovely uniform, and the school choir, led by Mr Armstrong. (At Sunday School at All Saints Church, Woollahra, I joined the Girls' Friendly Society-yet another uniform that mother happily purchased).\nI was once summoned to the Headmaster's office at Woollahra (Mr Nicholson). I had thrown a blackboard duster at a boy who was being a bit of a wag, but the dust had got in his eyes and caused him suffering. I remember the sickening feeling both of knowing I had caused injury but also of that conversation in the Headmaster's office.\nThe test in fourth class saw me catapulted into the Opportunity Class for the final two years of primary. The two years with Miss Conlon were a wonderful experience. I was also elected girls Vice-Captain in 6th class. Two of my classmates I still see regularly-the Hon Justice Anna Katzmann of the Federal Court and Professor Vivienne Bath of the University of Sydney.\nAt the end of my years at Woollahra I went to Ascham school in Edgecliff, while my peers went in different directions-a number to Sydney Girls High and some also to SCEGGS. My years at Ascham were a wonderful period. (It could have begun much earlier, however. My mother said that she took me for an interview when I was very small and that, after somersaulting off the chair in the Headmistress's office, or other antics, I was not enthusiastically given that first opportunity of enrolment). I ended as dux of the school and Chairman of the School Committee. We didn't have 'prefects' and 'school captain' but we had a School Committee, with a Chairman and Secretary. I remember one particular meeting of the School Committee that I chaired. There was quite a lively discussion and, to inject some order into the proceedings, I said, 'would you please direct your questions through the chair!' The Headmistress, Miss Roberts, was quite surprised. What she didn't know was that I was an avid listener of parliament. My 'dream job' in my teenage imaginings was to be Speaker of the House. Music was largely whatever the music master, Mr Ken Robbins, could arrange. Choir was always fun, especially the joint choral works we did with a boys school, Cranbrook or Sydney Grammar. Mr Robbins also organised an 'orchestra', a handful of those who played something. I had played recorder at Woollahra and volunteered. There was a senior girl who played oboe, and I thought the sound was wonderful. A Canberra cousin of mine had an oboe and lent it to me and I was hooked. My first experience playing oboe in the orchestra was very challenging: 'He who would valiant be', in Eb major-three flats. But it got easier. The first big, and paid, 'gig' I did was to play in the orchestra for 'The Mikado', being performed by Sydney University Musical Society (SUMS). By the HSC I undertook 1st Level Music as an independent study, as I could not do it at school. Throughout high school I attended as many music camps as my holidays would allow, first at Sydney Grammar School under the music leadership of Peter Seymour, and then national music camp. I completed what would now be regarded as a huge load for my HSC, and all at 1st level: English, German, Geography, Modern History, Maths and Music, plus the General Studies subject that everyone had to do.\nAll through my high school years two things I remember, apart from school things, were my mother's PhD and the theatres. Mum won a scholarship, about the same time as father was appointed a judge, to undertake the history of medical organisation in Australia. From this emerged a whole range of whitegoods (clothes dryer etc) and school holiday trips in our red and white Volkswagen microbus to all parts of Australia where mum did research on her thesis. She used a manual typewriter. The tap-tapping of the keys punctuated many evenings over many years. She graduated in 1977.\nThe second thing was that mother had a theatre in our backyard-the Mews Playhouse-as a tryout theatre for Australian playwrights, once we moved from Elizabeth Bay to Centennial Park. I recall actors like Lex Marinos, Lynne Rainbow and John Meillon, to name but a few, performing in plays. My sister Leone and I often helped with stage management. (One mistake was to use real whiskey instead of cold tea, which is the usual stage substitute!). The Mews developed into a much bigger project with the establishment of the Australian Theatre in Newtown. Playwrights like David Williamson and the Indigenous writer, Kevin Gilbert, had try-outs of their plays either at our home in Martin Road, Centennial Park (down the road from Patrick White), or in Newtown. The opera director, David Freeman, was assisted in the beginnings of his career when he directed when of mother's music theatre pieces on Sir Walter Ralegh, and another on the Children's Crusade. I performed in a couple of the musicals at the Australian Theatre: 'Crusade' and 'A Bunch of Ratbags', set in the 1950s. Mother was regularly organising special events, often associated with fundraising for the theatre, and on one occasion the actress, who was to read some poems, was unable to perform at the last minute. I was rapidly 'press-ganged' into the task. A huge enterprise was a music theatre symposium which saw her bringing Stephen Sondheim, Tim Rice, Alan Jay Lerner and several other incredibly famous music theatre luminaries from around the world to Sydney. That was all part of the normal of our lives at Martin Road!\nFather, meanwhile, was appointed to bench in 1966 (the Workers' Compensation Commission, later Compensation Court), chaired the Arts Council of NSW and endeavoured to get his teenage daughters into sailing, through the Double Bay Sailing Club. In the latter endeavour he was much more successful with my sister Leone, a keen and excellent sailor now, than me. (When my father retired from the bench at the age of 72, as Chief Judge of the Compensation Court, he also undertook a PhD, in history at the University of Sydney-he had been the University Medallist in history when he completed his BA).\nUniversity\nWith my HSC result I could choose whatever I wanted to do. I had no inclination to study Medicine (although many of my mother's family were doctors), but wanted to do Law, like my father. I won a much-coveted National Undergraduate Scholarship at the Australian National University, which paid for absolutely everything. I note that the dux of the year ahead of me at Ascham, Hilary Penfold (now the Hon Justice Hilary Penfold of the ACT Supreme Court), also went to ANU on these excellent scholarships). I went to Burgmann College, a co-educational college, and embarked upon Arts\/Law. I also joined the Canberra Symphony Orchestra. Just before I went to Canberra in early 1973, my oboe teacher enlisted me as her Deputy, to play in 'Jesus Christ Superstar' at the Capitol Theatre in Sydney (bedecked in mission, now 'Superstar', brown). I played the Friday and Saturday shows. I was able to continue this after going to Canberra, flying down for the purpose. (I remember the return student airfare was $14). I had underestimated what the shift to Canberra would involve and returned to Sydney at the end of first year, but keeping my options open with ANU for another year.\nIn 1974 I commenced studies at Sydney University in second year of Arts\/Law. I played in the Australian Youth Orchestra at the end of that year. During my second year of university study my musical involvement took me to audition for the ABC Training Orchestra and I won a scholarship that I took up in 1975. I also joined the Renaissance Players at the University under the amazing Winsome Evans OAM BEM. My involvement in the Training Orchestra meant that I only continued my History Honours study in third year, doing no law subjects that year. During 1975 Training Orchestra the position of second oboe\/cor anglais became available in the Elizabethan Theatre Trust Orchestra, later the Opera and Ballet orchestra, and I was successful. In 1976 I was playing in the opera house but also was undertaking History Honours. It was a very full year. After six months in the opera house orchestra I left that position, preferring the variety of musical involvement in the Renaissance Players and opting to finish my law studies. I kept playing in casual positions for the orchestra as needed for a further two years. And in 1976 I married Michael Jeffrey Atherton, a lute player and multi-instrumentalist in the Renaissance Players. I entered my final two years at law school in a minority - I was married.\nI completed History Honours, with a thesis on a renaissance diplomat, Sir Nicholas Thockmorton, continued with the Renaissance Players and plugged away at my law studies. My aim by this time was to follow my father's example and to go to the Bar, after a period of practice as a Solicitor.\nBut when I was at the College of Law, doing my Practical Legal Training course in 1980, I found out that I was pregnant. When I was admitted as a solicitor in December 1980 in the Supreme Court of New South Wales, it was not as a 'lawyer' but as 'a solicitor, proctor and attorney' of 'this honourable Court'. And Sir Laurence Street as Chief Justice had a famous invocation to any mother with a crying baby, deployed at each ceremony: 'Madam, do not feel you have to leave, this is a family occasion!'.\nWhen my daughter, Emily Alexandra McGrath Jones Atherton, was born in March 1981, I was utterly clueless about motherhood. Although I had worked two years part-time with a firm of solicitors, as successor to my classmate in my law studies at Sydney University, Susan Crennan (later Justice of the High Court), in a research\/devilling role, obtained my practising certificate, and could have continued there, the demands of motherhood came as a real shock. They were incompatible for me at that time. So I held a practising certificate for only one year. I also left the Renaissance Players. My career journey then took a different turn.\nAcademic years\nWhen my daughter was nearly a year old I applied for a position in teaching at Macquarie University. I got it. Curiously, what secured me the teaching position, at the age of 27, was none of the things that a career path would have mapped out. Not a higher degree-I hadn't even thought about that one yet, the PhD would come later, although I did have an Honours degree in History which evidenced research ability; not publications-I didn't have any of those-all essential these days even to start in the academic world. But I did have teaching experience-in music. I had taught a residential summer school in early music, with a group aged from 17 to 70. It was a great background for teaching distance students, who came in for weekends at a time on campus. It was quite an enlightened approach to appointments, by the late Professors Jack Goldring and John Peden - two inspiring men, both passing away long before they should have.\nThen the teaching was like a duck to water. I loved it. I built an academic career from that accidental starting point. I completed a PhD in legal history at the University of New South Wales, graduating in 1994-as Sir Gordon Samuels' last doctoral conferral in his role of Chancellor of UNSW before taking up the position of Governor. I embarked upon publications and became a Professor and Dean in 1999 at Macquarie University. My doctoral study took ten years, worked around fulltime work and my children, including in 1987 my second child, Marc Edward John McGrath Jones Atherton.\nThe two early years at Macquarie were during an intensely controversial time in its history. It shared the tension of left\/right arguments that had been dividing English, Economics, Politics departments as well as law schools in the US, the UK and Australia for a number of very troubled years. I was elected to Chair the School meetings, just in my second year as a Tutor-the youngest on staff. In my na\u00efvet\u00e9 it never occurred to me that this had anything other than to do with my abilities. But I did take it very seriously, learned a lot about chairing and had my eyes opened to university (and broader) politics.\nIn 1984 I was appointed to the University of New South Wales and then in 1990 to Sydney University, where I move into a number of increasingly senior leadership roles, including as Head, Department of Law (Jan 1996-Feb 1997); Acting Dean (June 1994, July 1995); and Interim Dean (Feb 1997-March 1998). In 1998, I was elected as Deputy Chair of the Academic Board of the University.\nAt the end of 1999 I took up an appointment as the first externally-appointed Dean of the Law School at Macquarie University, a position in which I served for over seven years.\nI have now done a circuit of three major Sydney law schools: two years at Macquarie, seven at UNSW, nine at Sydney and then back to Macquarie for seven. I accidentally got on another track and it opened up a whole new career path. 25 years, including the last seven years of it as Dean of Macquarie Law School, and over a year as Interim Dean at Sydney Law School (the first woman in that position).\nIn 1995 I sang in a small group of lawyers organised by the Hon Justice Peter Hidden, known as the Bar Choir. It is still going and I am still singing with them, 20 years later. (Many of the barristers who sang in the choir in the early days are now on the Bench, and many are still singing in the choir too.) In 1994 I auditioned for the Sydney Philharmonia Choir and joined the Alto section. After singing in the Symphonic choir for three years I was invited to join the Motet choir-if felt like being in 'the first eleven'. With this choir I sang at the opening ceremony of the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000 and as part of The Proms at Albert Hall, London, singing Mahler 8th symphony, which we had also sung in Sydney.\nIn 2001 my marriage to Michael Atherton was dissolved. In 2004 I married Professor John Sydney Croucher, a statistician, of Macquarie University, and became the second 'Professor Croucher'. (We have now been married for over eleven wonderful years.)\nAustralian Law Reform Commission\nThe opportunity to join the Australian Law Reform Commission came in 2006, after I had been Dean of Law at Macquarie for seven years. The position of Commissioner was advertised. I was appointed for three years. The Hon Philip Ruddock MP was the Attorney-General. At the end of 2009 the position of President became vacant and the then Attorney, the Hon Robert McClelland MP appointed me for five years. This was renewed by the Hon Senator George Brandis QC for a further year to December 2015. I am now up to my fifth Attorney-General! I retain my chair at Macquarie University, which has kindly given me leave for the duration of my appointment at the ALRC.\nAt the ALRC I was the Commissioner in charge of the following inquiries:\n\nCapacity, Equality and Disability in Commonwealth laws, ALRC 124, 2014\n Access All Ages-Older Workers and Commonwealth Laws, ALRC 120, 2013.\n Family Violence and Commonwealth Laws-Improving Legal Frameworks, ALRC 117, 2012.\nManaging Discovery-Discovery of Documents in Federal Courts, ALRC 115, 2011.\nFamily Violence-A National Legal Response, ALRC 114, 2010.\n Secrecy Laws and Open Government in Australia, ALRC 112, 2009.\nPrivilege in Perspective, Australian Law Reform Commission, ALRC 107, 2008.\n\nOther reports I have overseen as President, with another Commissioner in charge:\n\nConnection to country: Review of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), ALRC 126, 2015 (with Commissioner Professor Lee Godden, University of Melbourne)\nSerious Invasions of Privacy in the Digital Era, ALRC 123, 2014 (with Commissioner Professor Barbara McDonald, University of Sydney)\nCopyright and the Digital Economy, ALRC 122, 2013 (with Commissioner Professor Jill McKeough, UTS)\n Classification-Content Regulation and Convergent Media, ALRC 118, 2012 (with Commissioner Professor Terry Flew, QUT)\n\nI am currently leading the inquiry into encroachments on traditional rights, freedoms and privileges in Commonwealth laws. My work at the ALRC draws upon all the various aspects of my academic and management experiences and adds to it a wonderful layer of intersection with government, through its various departments, and the parliament itself-particularly the twice-yearly Senate Estimates appearances (which, perversely perhaps, I enjoy greatly).\nPro bono roles\nI have undertaken many pro bono leadership roles-including as Governor of Ascham School for nine years; Councillor of St Andrew's College; as a board member of the Sydney Philharmonia Choirs; Chair of the Council of Australian Law Deans, 2002-2003; Vice-President of the International Academy of Estate and Trust law 2000-2005; and as Chair of the Projects Committee of the Australian Academy of Law 2012-. I have also been involved with the NSW Women Lawyers in committee roles over the years, particularly in relation to career aspirations.\nHonours\nI was honoured in being elected to the International Academy of Estate and Trust Law, 1993; as a Fellow, Royal Society for the encouragement of the Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, 2000; a Member, Australian Academy of Forensic Sciences, 2004; a Foundation Fellow of the Australian Academy of Law in 2007; and elected to the Society of Trusts and Estate Practitioners in 2008.\nMy contributions have also been acknowledged in a number of honorary appointments: Honorary Fellow of St Andrew's College of the University of Sydney (2002); Honorary Fellow of the Australian College of Legal Medicine (2004); 'Rapporteur' for the 8th biennial conference of the International Association of Women Judges, 2006; and honorary life membership of the Women Lawyers' Association of NSW (2013). On St Andrew's College I was the first lay woman appointed to the College Council, while the Rev Theodora Hobbes was appointed the first female member of the Presbyterian clergy-we were part of the Council that moved the College from an all-male College to a fully co-residential one. (The very-much missed Theodora, who passed away in 2011, also conducted the marriage proceedings when John and I married, by Macquarie University's lake, in 2004-the first time she had married anyone 'in a paddock', she said. I was delighted to present the St Andrew's College Lecture in 2013 in honour of her.)\nIn 2011 I was recognised as one of the 40 'inspirational alumni' of UNSW. In 2014 I was acknowledged for my contributions to public policy as one of Australia's '100 Women of Influence' in the Australian Financial Review and Westpac awards; and for 'outstanding contribution to the legal profession' in supporting and advancing women in the legal profession I was awarded the Australian Women Lawyer's award.\nIn the Australia Day Honours list, 2015, I was conferred the award of Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for 'significant service to the law as an academic, to legal reform and education, to professional development, and to the arts'. My husband, Professor John Croucher, also received an AM on the same day, 'significant service to mathematical science in the field of statistics, as an academic, author, and mentor, and to professional organisations'. 'What are the odds?', we asked each other!\nPublications\nMy text on Succession law, Succession: families, property and death, (with Prue Vines) was first published in 1996, and is now in its 4th edition (2013). I have edited seven books, including Families and Estates: A Comparative Study, Kluwer Law International, 2005; Law and Religion-God, the State and the Common Law, with Peter Radan and Denise Meyerson, Routledge Publishing, 2005; and written 20 book chapters, including most recently: 'Towards a common legislative base for inquiries', in Royal Commissions & Public Inquiries: Practice & Potential , S Prasser and H Tracey (eds), Connor Court Publishing, 2014; and 'Family law: challenges for responding to family violence in a federal system', in Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia, A Hayes and D Higgins (eds), Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2014. I have a long list of journal articles and conference papers as befits a University Professor.\nI have also written the lyrics for three choral works, composed by Michael Atherton:\n\n'Songs for Imberombera', with W Porter-Young and M Atherton, for work commissioned by the Gondwana Voices choir. First performed January 1997.\n 'Exhortation' Contemporary Singers. First performed July 1996. Review in Opera Australia, Aug-Sept 1996: 'splendidly poetic text'.\n'Namatjira' for work Australian Voices Choir 1996. First performed 1996. Recorded on The Listening Land - Australian Choral Music, VOICES CD 1002, 6m 11s.\n\nOther interests\nI greatly enjoy my garden, restoring and extending the garden at our Blue Mountains home, 'Weroona', a former boys' home that John and I bought in May 2013, complete with its own cricket pitch and a spare house, 'The Lodge', which my parents live in on weekends (my father still driving at age 93). I continue to find enormous pleasure in choral singing and in playing my oboe and recorder in chamber music. I am also a proud grandmother to Alessandra and Cara Montuori.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosalind-croucher-on-the-couch\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alrc-president-wins-legal-accolades\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/commission-welcomes-new-president\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wilson, Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE5648", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wilson-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Commissioner, Judge, Lawyer, Queen's Counsel, Solicitor", "Summary": "The Hon. Margaret Wilson QC was a barrister and judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland.\nShe is known for her contribution to mental health law, as the first judge of the Mental Health Court and as the Commissioner who inquired into the closure of the Barrett Adolescent Centre, as well as for the part she played in procedural and substantive law reform in Queensland through her membership of the Rules Committee and the Queensland Law Reform Commission.\n", "Details": "Margaret Wilson was born in Brisbane, Queensland, in 1953. Her parents were not lawyers - her father was a civil engineer, and her mother, a former nurse, was active in community organisations. Like many parents, they valued hard work and education, and with their encouragement, Margaret excelled in her studies. In 1970, she completed her schooling at Clayfield College as school captain and dux and won an open scholarship to study at the University of Queensland.\nInitially enrolled in a Bachelor of Arts, Margaret majored in Japanese language and culture. In her third year of study, she undertook two subjects in the TC Beirne School of Law, beginning her lifelong interest in the law. She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1973, and a Bachelor of Laws with Honours in 1976, winning a number of academic prizes.\nMargaret entered the legal profession as an articled clerk at Feez Ruthning & Co (now Allens) and was admitted to the bar in 1979. She developed a broad practice, advising and appearing in all areas of civil litigation, including administrative law. In 1992, she was appointed Queen's Counsel. Outside the demands of her practice, she was a member of the Bar Association of Queensland's Committee (now Council), a Legal Aid Commissioner and board member, and a member of The Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for the State of Queensland.\nIn August 1998, Margaret was appointed a judge of the Trial Division of the Supreme Court of Queensland. It was a time of significant change in the composition of the court, and in the way civil and criminal cases were conducted. She was the fourth woman to join the Supreme Court.\nIn her role as a Trial Division judge, Margaret sat on a number of high-profile cases, including a civil jury trial about the sexual assault of a pupil at a boarding school in regional Queensland, and the State's first judge-alone murder trial. She was a Commercial List Judge from 2009 to 2011, and an Additional Judge of the Queensland Court of Appeal from 2011 to 2012.\nSoon after her appointment to the bench, Margaret joined the Rules Committee where she served actively for 12 years. Comprised of representatives of all levels of Queensland courts, the Registry of the Supreme and District Courts and the Department of Justice, the Rules Committee finalised Queensland's Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 1999 - one set of rules that applied to all civil proceedings in the Magistrates, District and Supreme Courts, simplifying litigation for the benefit of all who came before the courts in their civil jurisdiction. It also formulated the Civil Proceedings Act 2011 (Qld), which updated the statutory infrastructure supporting the Supreme Court of Queensland in significant respects. It repealed and replaced an array of provisions, many dating from the 19th and early 20th centuries, about the judicature system and some aspects of substantive law, as well as provisions about the structure of the Court, its registry and its officers. Margaret was impressed by the shared commitment and co-operative approach of everyone on the Rules Committee, and she took pride in its quiet achievements under the leadership of Justice Glen Williams and then Justice John Muir.\nIn 2002, Margaret became the first judge of the Mental Health Court. That Court's primary function is to determine the sanity and fitness for trial of persons charged with criminal offences. It was set up on the inquisitorial model, constituted by a Supreme Court Judge assisted by two experienced psychiatrists acting as assessors. The new Court benefited from the legacy left by its predecessor, the Mental Health Tribunal, which had been established in 1985. As the Court's first judge, Margaret performed a pivotal role in developing new procedures, consulting Health Department officers and medical experts, and presiding over the Court as it sat in Brisbane, Townsville and Cairns.\nMargaret's interest in court architecture led to her serving on an advisory committee associated with the design of the new metropolitan courthouse for the Supreme and District Courts of Queensland. It facilitated liaison between the judges, the architects, the builders and relevant Government departments involved in what was a significant public works project. The new building was opened as the Queen Elizabeth II Courts of Law in August 2012.\nMargaret retired from the Supreme Court of Queensland in April 2014. Early retirement was a big decision for her, but she felt comfortable it was the right one. As she was leaving the court, she reflected on the previous fifteen and a half years as a period of enormous privilege and continuous challenge in her life. But she had always believed that there is a time to come and a time to go in all things, not least in public office - that renewal is important for any institution and for individuals. She vowed not to lose touch with her friends in the legal world, or to forsake her interest in the law.\nLater that year Margaret was appointed as a Justice of the Solomon Islands Court of Appeal and as a part-time member of the Queensland Law Reform Commission. She embraced both of these new roles with enthusiasm and industry.\nMargaret savoured the opportunity to participate in reshaping Queensland law in response to a number of contemporary challenges. The Queensland Law Reform Commission made recommendations for reform in a number of important areas over the six years she was a commissioner. These included civil surveillance and the protection of privacy, termination of pregnancy, expunging historical gay sex convictions and extension of mandatory reporting of suspected child abuse to the early childhood education and care sector. She holds Justice David Jackson (the Commission chair), her fellow commissioners and the small team of exceptionally talented legal and administrative officers in the secretariat in the highest regard. Despite frequent and intense pressure to meet tight deadlines, they never deviated from the pursuit of legally sound and practical solutions to what were often complex issues. The Commission's reports were produced by true collaboration in a harmonious and mutually respectful environment.\nIn September 2015, Margaret was commissioned to inquire into the closure of the Barrett Adolescent Centre, a facility for the treatment and rehabilitation of young people with severe and complex mental illnesses. The Queensland Government implemented all of the recommendations in her report, including the establishment of a new facility, Jacaranda Place on the campus of Prince Charles Hospital.\nShe is presently a PhD candidate at the University of Melbourne Law School, exploring sub judice contempt of court and the internet.\nIn 2019 the Women Lawyers Association of Queensland Inc conferred its Woman in Excellence award on Margaret. She is a fellow of the Australian Academy of Law. Her career has been, and continues to be, one of diligent service in and to the law, marked with many professional successes. She has always set high standards for herself. As a judge she strove to approach every case with an open mind and to ensure all parties were given a fair hearing and the opportunity to respond to the case against them. She worked hard to produce summings-up and reasons for judgment that were thoughtful and expressed in clear and simple terms.\nMargaret is a very private person, embarrassed by focus on her personal qualities. She is independently minded and resilient, but quick to acknowledge the contributions of others and to ensure that they feel valued personally and professionally. She has often said how much she enjoyed working with the young people who were her associates - and they have consistently commented on her generosity of spirit, patience, kindness, and ability to relieve tension in the courtroom (for her associates, counsel and court staff alike). Her unique blend of personal and professional qualities is part of the rich tapestry of Australian women lawyers.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-wilson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McCay, Beatrix", "Entry ID": "AWE5652", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mccay-beatrix\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Castlemaine, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Canterbury, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Volunteer", "Summary": "Beatrix (Bix) McCay was the second woman to sign the Victorian Bar Roll when she did so in 1925. Unfortunately, her career at the Bar was cut short by a diagnosis of tuberculosis and the requisite sojourn in a sanitorium and subsequent convalescence. She nevertheless went on to contribute to public life through her involvement in numerous community organisations, including the Red Cross and the Girl Guides.\nGo to 'Details' below to read a tribute to Beatrix McCay written by her daughter in 2009, for which permission to reproduce has been granted for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Sophie Quinlivan (Beatrix McCay's daughter) and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\nBeatrix (Bix) McCay was born on 8 January, 1901 in Castlemaine. Her only sibling, Mardie was 4 years older. Both spoke of a childhood in which one of the highlights was being read to by their father, both stories and verses he wrote for them and the \"Thinking\" games they would play. This 'pre-school' education in language, literature, classics and mathematics was delivered by no mean teacher - their father, James McCay was, in 1885, co-owner and co principal of Castlemaine Grammar School, was M.A., LLM., wrote for The Argus and from 1901 to 1906 was a member of the Federal Parliament, Above all, James McCay was passionate about the rights of women to obtain as good an education as their male counterparts, and he did all he could to ensure that his daughters received that good education.\nBix's early formal education was at Castlemaine with a brief interlude at the Ballarat convent. Her mother died suddenly in July, 1915, the same month that her father was wounded in Gallipoli so her latter secondary years from 1916 were spent as a border at the Convent of the Sacred Heart, Burke Road, East Malvern.\nIn 1918, Bix commenced her studies at Melbourne University, initially for a Bachelor of Arts, but in 1919 began a combined Arts\/ Law course. She was in residence at Janet Clarke Hall from 1918 to 1920. She enjoyed university life, participating in many extra curricular activities including theatre, sport, particularly hockey and regular volunteer service at Yooralla Kindergarten for disabled children\nShe bought a motorbike and became a familiar figure in breeches, leggings and leather coat around the University and, after graduation, around Melbourne town itself. To quote Smith's Weekly's Sidelights on 09.01.32:\n\u2026. It was the said Bix who in her Janet Clarke Hall days used to startle the natives by careering around on a motorbike clad in breeches and leggings.\nIn 1923, Bix graduated LLB (with honours) and in 1925 graduated LLM being, at that time, only the third woman to have done so. She did her articles with Moules Solicitors.\nIn 1925, she was admitted to the 'Bar', the second woman to be admitted to the Bar, in Victoria. Bix read with Bob Menzies. She was the only woman at Selbourne Chambers at that time and it was with great joy and pleasure that she spoke of those two to three years. She had a great admiration for Menzies and I believe he respected her ability. She greatly enjoyed discussing points of law with other lawyers, was very quick mentally, was accurate in her analysis of material, had a good sense of humour and was a good speaker. I particularly admired her impromptu speaking.\nUnfortunately, her career at the Bar was cut short by a diagnosis of tuberculosis and the requisite sojourn in a sanitorium and subsequent convalescence.\nIn August 1930, she married George Reid, my father, the marriage having been delayed considerably because of her lengthy convalescence.\n.\nBix had always been very close to her father and the early completion of my parents' home-to-be enabled her to personally care for her father in his final illness until his death in October 1930. She and George actually planned the house with a view to her father's comfort, having a specially long bath to accommodate his wounded, unbending leg.\nFrom mid 1933, being a mother as well as a good wife claimed most of Bix's time. Happy memories of my early childhood included wonderful bed-time stories, poetry and thinking games (styled on her own experience, I expect). When I was older, weekend meals could be very long because of great discussions. Guests were fascinated by their length and by the number of reference books which ended up on the table!\nDuring the 1939 - 1945 war, there was some discussion as to whether Bix should return to the law, but she felt she'd been out of it for too long and her child was still quite young. She therefore volunteered for the Red Cross Transport Services, for which women drove their own car on Red Cross duties. She did this from 1941 to 1947. My mother was a good and experienced driver - prior to her marriage the motorbike had been superseded by a car which, at this time, was a 1937 Oldsmobile. Red Cross Transport did do C.B.D. \"waste collection\" using a large truck on which Volunteers did training sessions. Manipulating this through the narrow lanes of the Melbourne CBD and manipulating the bales of waste from back door to truck was a challenge my mother accepted with alacrity and really enjoyed.\nMy mother was associated with the Girl Guide movement from 1925, until the late 1960s. Initially she was a guider and later became a member of the State Council, and State Executive. She was convener of the Property Sub-committee. Also she drafted the first constitution for Victoria and was very much involved with the work relating to their Act of Parliament. On her retirement from guiding she was given the Emu Award.\nShe was a Special Magistrate of the Children's Court at Box Hill from 1937, probably up to the late 1960s. She used to sit on alternate Monday afternoons. She was an active member of the Children's Court Magistrates Association and was vice-president for at least one term.\nIn 1952, she also became an Official \"Visitor\" under the Children's Welfare Act.\nIn 1953, she was awarded a Coronation Medal.\nShe was a great believer in Mens Sana in Corpore Sano and played golf once a week at the Croydon club where she was president of the Associates for a year or so. She was also a member of the Box Hill Archery Club.\nMy mother was a great support to my father when he was a member of the Legislative Assembly. He won the seat of Box Hill in 1947, but lost it in the next election. He then regained it and held it till his retirement in 1973. People found it easy to pour out their troubles to my mother - she was a great listener and could often suggest a solution herself, and if she could see that their local Member's help was what was required, she would assist them with preparing submissions to him. She was very interested in my father's parliamentary activities and would often spend time in 'the visitors' gallery, especially when my father was speaking.\nFate may have denied my mother a stellar career at the Victorian Bar, but I think she was very satisfied with the life she had. She was absorbed in her many voluntary activities in which her special talents and legal training were invaluable. Also she had a wonderful marriage, was best friends with her only child, had a loving family and an army of friends in all walks of life.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-barristers-in-victoria-then-and-now\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Prott, Lyndel Vivien", "Entry ID": "AWE5654", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prott-lyndel-vivien\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Academic, Lawyer", "Summary": "Lyndel Prott (AO (1991), \u00d6st. EKWuK(i) (2000), Hon FAHA; LL.D. (honoris causa) B.A. LL.B. (University of Sydney), Licence sp\u00e9ciale en Droit international (ULB Brussels), Dr. Juris (T\u00fcbingen) and member of Gray's Inn, London, is former Director of UNESCO's Division of Cultural Heritage and former Professor of Cultural Heritage Law at the University of Sydney.\nShe has had a distinguished career in teaching, research and practice.\nAt UNESCO 1990-2002 she was responsible for the administration of UNESCO's Conventions and standard-setting Recommendations on the protection of cultural heritage and also for the negotiations on the 1999 Protocol to the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1954 and for the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage 2001. She contributed as Observer for UNESCO to the negotiations for the UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects 1995.\nShe has authored, co-authored or edited over 300 books, reports or articles, written in English, French or German and translated into 9 other languages. Currently Honorary Professor at the University of Queensland, she has taught at many universities including long distance learning courses on International Heritage Law.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-lyndel-prott-and-patrick-okeefe-1978-2003-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-lyndel-prott-1970-1990-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kings, Kathryn", "Entry ID": "AWE5655", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kings-kathryn\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Judge, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Judge Kathryn Kings is a judge of the County Court of Victoria, a position she has occupied since 2009. As of January 2015 Kathy became the judge in charge of the Court's Family Property List which includes cases relating to deceased estates. She takes an active role in managing the litigation in that List, including mediating settlement conferences. She also undertakes work in the Court's Personal Injury List, which includes cases involving workplace injuries, transport accidents and medical negligence, trial being by judge alone or by jury.\nBefore coming to the County Court, Kathy was an Associate Judge, formerly known as a Master and Listing Master of the Supreme Court of Victoria from 1993 to 2008. She was the first female judicial officer appointed to the Supreme Court of Victoria. In that Court she was actively involved in the management of civil proceedings, including acting as a mediator and sat on numerous committees in relation to civil procedure.\nPrior to being appointed as a judicial officer, Kathy practised as a litigation lawyer both in city and country law firms. Immediately prior to her appointment to the Supreme Court she was an Associate at Mallesons Stephen Jaques (now King & Wood Mallesons) from 1987 to 1992. She graduated from the University of Melbourne (LLB in 1974 and later LLM in 1984).\nOutside of the law, Kathy is a passionate advocate for educational institutions that provide opportunities for young women. She is currently a member of the school board of Korowa Anglican Girls' School in Glen Iris. Kathy was also a board member of Wesley College and MLC. Kathy was also the Chair of the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Royal Women's Hospital from 2004 to 2006, and a director of the Nurses Memorial Centre from 2005 to 2009.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Truong, Pauline", "Entry ID": "AWE5657", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/truong-pauline\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Vietnam", "Occupations": "Entrepreneur, Lawyer", "Summary": "Pauline Truong came to Australia with her extended family as a refugee baby. She studied Science\/Law at the University of Melbourne and went on to be the first person of Vietnamese background to be awarded the prestigious Justice Lionel Murphy International Postgraduate Award for attendance at UCLA Law School to complete postgraduate studies. Her thesis (with empirical research) on international and comparative law at UCLA Law School received top score from a world-renowned and distinguished Law Professor from Columbia Law School and UCLA Law School.\nDescribed as a socio-legal entrepreneur, Pauline is working on some interesting innovations for global commercialization and impact.\n", "Details": "Honored in the Worldwide Who's Who VIP, Who's Who in the World, Who's Who in American Law and the Queen's Trust, Pauline Truong is originally a Vietnamese Boat Person with over twelve years global experience in international law, business, education, public-speaking and a track record of awards.\nShe is one of, if not the first, Australian-Vietnamese woman to receive Honorable Order (U.S.A.) for her global innovation, leadership and contribution. The prestigious honor has been including President Bill Clinton, President Ronald Reagan, President George Bush, President Johnson, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, John Glenn, George Clooney, Elvis Presley, Johnny Depp, Betty White, Muhammad Ali, Whoopi Goldberg & Billy Ray Cyrus.\nPauline is featured on Forbes (USA & Global), MOGUL (USA), Examiner (USA), The Boston Globe (USA), Postgraduate (EU), Social Media Week (USA), Nagoya News (Japan) and other media globally. She will be the first person of Australian and Vietnamese origin to be inducted into the Millennium Global Woman of Honor.\nAs a Vietnamese refugee fleeing Vietnam after the war with her extended family, Pauline is very grateful for all the opportunities that the global leaders and community have offered her. Her family first migrated from China to Vietnam, and then a generation later risked their lives to reach Malaysia from Vietnam on their family boat after the war. They were blessed to receive refugee status in Australia and expanded internationally thereafter. At each transition, it was necessary to 're-build' part of their lives and businesses. Whilst it was challenging initially, this later became an asset for the globalization of her work, businesses and lifestyle.\nAs a minority woman, Pauline studied and worked very hard, winning scholarships and awards frequently (since childhood) to attend selective schools and be with the top people around the globe. Pauline attended MacRobertson Girls' High School, winning the General Excellence, Oreads and Melbourne Community Chest Awards. Upon graduation, she studied Science and Law at the University of Melbourne, on the E. Richards Scholarship, where she was the Convener of the Cultural Collective and Polyglot Magazine.\nAt Law School, most of her friends' parents were judges, partners in law firms, owners of well established businesses and\/or other distinguished professions. As a migrant student, she realized that her career could be interesting by being 'different.' Whilst completing her studies, she undertook community and advocacy work for various state and national Ethnic Community organisations, and government organisations to promote access and equity to the law. Pauline also initiated and developed new community educational programs with the Equal Opportunity Commission. She also guest lectured at various government organisations and at Melbourne Law School whilst taking on many leadership roles and other public speaking engagements.\nAfter graduation from Melbourne Law School and a period of legal practice, Pauline was the first person of Vietnamese background to be awarded the prestigious Justice Lionel Murphy International Postgraduate Award for attendance at UCLA Law School to complete postgraduate studies. Her thesis (with empirical research) on international and comparative law at UCLA Law School received top score from a world-renowned and distinguished Law Professor from Columbia Law School and UCLA Law School.\nPauline has served as a Young Ambassador where she worked with the United Nations, State Law Office & Parliamentarians on U.N. Conventions, human rights, gender and diversity issues. She has been an Editor and Board Member of the prestigious Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs (JILFA) and Asian Pacific American Law Journal (APALJ) and Vice-Chair of the Los Angeles Bar Association.\nDescribed in Forbes (USA) as a 'Dynamic Entrepreneur Shaping the Global Economy,' Pauline is a passionate Founder and C.E.O. of Ascendo International Group and a share- and stake- holder in a conglomerate of global companies, specializing in innovations to help global clients in: Innovation & Start-Ups, International Legal, Government, Investments, Trade & Business, Strategic Internationalization, M & A's, Immigration and Real Estate. Her peers and colleagues now 'witness the business acumen, strategic vision and networking expertise she brings to her clients.' (Todd Moster - Attorney & Author)\nAs a socio-legal entrepreneur, Pauline is working on some interesting innovations for global commercialization and impact. She is also the Founder of ShePreneurs.com, a global platform endorsed by celebrities that empowers and celebrates global entrepreneurs from diverse backgrounds in a 'different' way.\nMOGUL describes Pauline as having had 'a true dream career that has spanned across multiple areas' and 'an inspiration who is giving back to the community.' She is honored to be a Global Adviser to famous Public Figures, global Guest Lecturer & Public Speaker, at UCLA Law School, international universities, professional conferences & events and Philanthropist. She is also an Ambassador and regional representative for UCLA Law School for the U.S.A., Australia and Asia. Moster Esq states that 'even in a world brimming with talented people, Pauline brings a breathtaking energy level and generosity of spirit to the table that is truly unique.'\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gallagher, Anne", "Entry ID": "AWE5658", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gallagher-anne\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Academic, Lawyer, Teacher", "Summary": "Anne Gallagher AO is a lawyer, practitioner, teacher and scholar, specialising in human rights and the administration of criminal justice. She obtained a BA and LLB from Macquarie University; a Masters of International Law from the Australian National University; and a PhD from the University of Utrecht.\nAfter teaching international law for several years at ANU, Anne sat for the national competitive examinations to enter the United Nations and was recruited in 1992 to the UN's human rights operations. From 1998 to 2002 she was Special Adviser to Mary Robinson, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and former President of Ireland. During that time Anne was at the forefront of developing the new international legal framework around transnational organized crime, migrant smuggling and human trafficking.\nSince resigning from the UN in 2003, she has been working with the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and its ten Member States to strengthen legislative and criminal justice responses to human trafficking and related exploitation. This Australian-government funded program - the world's largest and most ambitious criminal justice initiative against trafficking - has been acclaimed for its impact on laws, policies and practices within and outside the ASEAN region and Anne's contribution has been widely recognized, including by the ASEAN Secretary-General.\n", "Details": "Anne has combined her career as a UN official and high-level development professional with a vocation as a teacher and independent, self-funded scholar. She has published widely in the areas of human rights and criminal justice and is, according to the United States Government, \"the leading global authority on the international law on human trafficking\". Her publications in this field include articles in major journals including Human Rights Quarterly and Virginia Journal of International Law; the official legal commentary to the UN Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking; and the sole legal reference text on this subject, The International Law of Human Trafficking, published by Cambridge University Press and awarded the 2011 American Society of International Law Certificate of Merit - Honorable Mention. The companion volume, The International Law of Migrant Smuggling, was published in 2014 to high acclaim.\nAnne continues to advise the United Nations and is the author of many UN and ASEAN documents, handbooks, research reports and training materials on human trafficking, human rights, criminal justice and the rule of law. From 2012-2015 she led in a multi-year research project, mandated by the United Nations Crime Commission, focusing on problematic elements the international legal definition of human trafficking and is currently leading a similar initiative examining the international legal definition of migrant smuggling. During the period 2011-2015 Anne was an invited guest lecturer at Cambridge University; Oxford University; the University of Glasgow; the Australian National University; the American Society of International Law; Harvard University; American University; Johns Hopkins University; Duke University; and Stanford University. In 2014 she was appointed Co-Chair of the International Bar Association's Presidential Task Force on Trafficking in Persons. Also in 2014 she was made a member of the High-level Advisory Group to the Director-General of the International Organization for Migration and, in 2015, a Member of the Track II Dialogue on Forced Migration in the Asia-Pacific Region. In 2016 Anne joined Doughty Street Chambers, the UK's leading human rights and civil liberties chambers.\nIn November 2011 Anne was awarded the inaugural Australian Freedom Award for her international work against contemporary forms of slavery. In June 2012 she was appointed Officer of the Order of Australia (AO), the country's second-highest civic honor. This appointment was made for her: \"distinguished service to the law and human rights, as a practitioner, teacher and scholar, particularly in areas of human trafficking responses and criminal justice\". Also in June 2012, Anne was named a \"2012 Hero\" by US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton \"for her ambitious work in the global fight against modern slavery\". In 2013 she received the inaugural Australian National University Alumni of the Year award and, in 2015, the \"Peace Woman of the Year\" award from the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-international-law-of-human-trafficking\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anne-gallagher-worldwide-hero-class-of-2012\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "de Gruchy, Rayne", "Entry ID": "AWE5659", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/de-gruchy-rayne\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Johannesburg, South Africa", "Occupations": "Chief Operating Officer, Lawyer, Public servant", "Summary": "Born in Johannesburg, South Africa, Rayne de Gruchy migrated as a child to Australia in 1962. She was educated at St Hilda's school in Southport, Queensland and went on to graduate with a BA (UQ) in 1975. After spending some time working and travelling overseas, de Gruchy returned to study law (LLB with honours) at the Australian National University. She was admitted as a solicitor in New South Wales and Queensland in 1981, and in Victoria in 1985.\nShe then worked in private practice and a variety of large firms throughout the 1980 and 90s:\n\nPrivate practice, property and commercial, Morris, Fletcher and Cross, Brisbane (1981-85)\nPartner and lawyer Freehill, Hollingdale and Page, Melbourne (1985-92)\nDirector, MLC Building Society (1989-95)\nCouncillor, Law Institute of Victoria (1989-95)\nPractised at Melbourne and Brisbane Bars (1992-94)\nExecutive Director Crown Law Queensland (1994-95)\nExecutive Director Australian Financial Institutions Commission (1996-99)\nCEO Australian Government Solicitor (AGS) (1999-2010)\nDeputy CEO Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC) (2010-14)\nChief Operating Officer ACCC (2014- )\n\nDe Gruchy's leadership as the inaugural CEO Australian Government Solicitor was integral to the successful evolution of the AGS to a fully commercial and competitive national law firm. She was awarded a Centenary Medal in 2001, a PSM in 2003 and an AM in 2008. She left the AGS in later in that year, commencing with the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission where she is now Chief Operating Officer.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/de-gruchy-delivers-major-achievements\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lusink, Margaret (Peg)", "Entry ID": "AWE5660", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lusink-margaret-peg\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tocumwal, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Judge, Lawyer, Professor", "Summary": "Peg Lusink was the first Victorian woman appointed to the judiciary and also the second woman appointed to the Family Court, when it began operations in 1976. Prior to her judicial appointment, Peg was a Partner at Corr and Corr, working principally in the areas of matrimonial causes and family law. She briefly practiced at the Melbourne Bar before becoming a Family Court Judge. Upon retirement from the Family Court, in 1990, Peg became one of the foundational Professors in the Law Faculty at Bond University. In 1996, Peg accepted another judicial appointment, becoming the President of the Commonwealth Professional Services Review Tribunal. In that same year she was appointed AM for law for services to the Family Court and the community.\nPeg Lusink was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of AustraliaCATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Peg Lusink was born in Tocumwal, New South Wales to Joan Rosanove QC and Dr Edward Rosanove. She was educated first at Loreto Mandeville Hall and then later at Merton Hall. In 1939 Peg enrolled at the University of Melbourne to study law. At age 16, she also made history by being articled to her mother, Joan Rosanove. Six months later, in 1940, she married Dr Graeme Larkins and went on to have three sons. Upon Graeme's early death in 1959, Peg returned to the University of Melbourne in 1960, as a mature aged student, and completed a Bachelor of Laws degree.\nAdmitted to the Bar in 1965, Peg went on to become a Partner at Corr and Corr, Solicitors working in the matrimonial causes area. She practised briefly at the Victorian Bar before becoming Victoria's first female judicial officer and the second woman appointed to the Family Court in 1975. In 1984 Peg was appointed the Judge Administrator of the newly established Dandenong Registry of the Family Court and pioneered a progressive counselling approach to family disputes until her retirement in 1988.\nIn 1990 Peg became one of the foundational Professors in the Law Faculty at Bond University, teaching family law and running the Moot Court Program. In 1996, Peg accepted another judicial appointment, becoming the President of the Commonwealth Professional Services Review Tribunal, and in that same year was awarded an AM for law for services to the Family Court and the community.\nThe following essay was written with the cooperation of Peg Lusink in May 2016.\nLusink, Peg (Margaret) AM\nJustice of the Family Court of Australia\nPeg Lusink was the first Victorian woman appointed to the Judiciary of a Superior Court of Record and also the second woman appointed to the Family Court of Australia, when it began operations in 1976. Prior to her judicial appointment Peg was a partner in Corr and Corr, Solicitors, working principally in the area of family law under the then Matrimonial Causes Act. She signed the Roll of Counsel and worked as a barrister for a brief period until taking up her appointment in February 1976 on the newly established Family Court of Australia, which was created within the newly introduced Commonwealth legislation, the Family Law Act 1975. In 1984, upon the opening of the new Dandenong Registry she became the Judge Administrator where she was given the opportunity by the Chief Justice of the Court, Justice Elizabeth Evatt to pioneer a more progressive approach to family disputes. Upon resignation of her commission in 1990 she became one of the foundation professors in the Law Faculty of the newly established Bond University and in 1996 accepted another judicial appointment as President of the Commonwealth Professional Services Review Tribunal. In that year Peg received the honor of an AM for law, services to the Family Court and to the community.\nPeg Lusink was born in 1922 in Tocumwal, New South Wales. Her mother was Joan Rosanove QC, the renowned trailblazing female barrister at the Victorian Bar. Her father, Edward Rosanove, was a General Practitioner in Tocumwal at the time of Peg's birth, before the family relocated to Westgarth, in the inner northern suburbs of Melbourne. Peg was raised by parents who had a 'remarkable' relationship being 'absolutely devoted to each other' in their support of each other's professional careers (Interview Rubenstein). For a significant period of time Joan Rosanove was the only woman at the Victorian Bar and was unusual in pursuing a career in law at that time. Peg particularly adored her father who she says 'allowed her mother to work and was ahead of his time' (Interview Rubenstein).\nPeg's father relocated the family to London, England in 1932 to further his studies in dermatology. Peg's younger sister Judy was born in London, and when the family returned to Melbourne they lived in Toorak. Peg was enrolled first at Loreto Mandeville Hall and then later at Merton Hall. In 1939 Peg enrolled at the University of Melbourne to study law. This event was recorded by The Daily News in Perth as 'legal history' in the making with Peg articled, aged just 16, to her mother Joan Rosanove (Daily News).\nHowever, this period of time at the University of Melbourne and undertaking articles with her mother was short lived; she studied for six months and in 1940 married 'the love of her life' Dr Graeme Larkins (Interview Rubenstein). Peg went on to have three sons with Graeme and enjoyed many happy years of marriage living in Corryong, where life as a doctor's wife in the country guaranteed much community work and a good social life. Peg returned to England, again living in London, as Graeme pursued his medical career. Graeme's early death in 1959 left Peg bereft but nonetheless a young widowed mother with the responsibility for raising three sons. While law was never high on her list of priorities, and grieving the loss of her dearest companion and husband, Peg realised she had to provide an income for her family. Supported by her son John Larkins, who was already a law student at the University of Melbourne, in 1960 she returned to her studies in law.\nCompleting her degree at the University of Melbourne as a mature aged student, Peg found support from then Dean Harold Ford and from lecturers such as Sir Zelman Cowen and Professor Robin Sharwood. Peg was one of only four female mature aged students at the Law School.\nIn this environment she met another mature aged law student, Theo Lusink, a Dutch national who had re-located to Australia after World War 2 and joined the Royal Australian Air Force. In November 1964 she and Theo married. Soon after, at the beginning of 1965, Peg's admission to practice was moved in the Supreme Court of Victoria by her mother Joan Rosanove Q.C with her son John Larkins as her Junior. As a solicitor, she commenced articles with the law firm of Corr and Corr (as it then was). Almost immediately she was asked to run the then small matrimonial practice which was conducted under the existing State legislation, the Matrimonial Causes Act. At this time Peg quickly found support and friendship with members of the legal fraternity and was inspired by many including the Hon. Esler Barber who was in the Supreme Court sitting mainly on family disputes. In the late sixties Peg was made a partner in the firm, becoming the first woman to do so in a large prestigious commercial law firm in Melbourne.\nIn June 1974 Peg was called to the Bar reading with Bill Gillard, who would later become Justice Gillard of the Supreme Court. However, her time as a Barrister was short lived, as in February 1976 she was appointed a Justice of the Family Court of Australia becoming the first woman in Victoria to be appointed under the newly introduced Commonwealth Family Law Act 1975 and the first Victorian woman to be appointed to a Superior Court of Record. Peg was mentored among others by Chief Justice Elizabeth Evatt who she describes as \"a woman of great intellect\" (Interview Rubenstein). Peg further states that she was a woman of compassion and vision.\nHowever, the Family Court was in its infancy at a time of great excitement and anticipation, the radical reform legislation having been led and introduced by the Whitlam government. Peg recalls \"\"being thrown in at the deep end being given a whole new meaning\" as a Judge of a new and unexpectedly popular Court. A court \"without any mentors or experienced judges to tell us how to do it, no precedents to follow or assist, a brand new law to interpret and rule upon behavioural scientists who had had no training in the law and lawyers who had had no training in counselling. Having done a brief year of psychology -1 I was marginally better equipped- if you'd call it that and we were plopped in this commercial building and told to be a \"nice friendly helping Court\"\" (Interview Brodsky). In the early months Peg was operating in this environment with three male judges enjoying with them the stimulation and challenge of riding a steep learning curve in the shaping of this new court and its law.\nIn 1984 Peg was appointed to be Judge Administrator of the new Registry of the Family Court, which was established at Dandenong. It was an initiative of Chief Justice Evatt who provided five counsellors to one Judge, an unheard of ratio, and a more formalized Court setting with the idea of pioneering less adversarial solutions. This proved popular and very successful leading to Judges visiting at first from Melbourne, and later a second Judge being appointed by the Attorney General Mr. Bowen. During these years Peg was also invited by the Premier of Victoria to become Foundation President of the newly established Victorian Womens' Trust.\nUntil her retirement, aged 66 in 1988, Peg shared the Family Court bench in Australia with only a handful of women with whom she was on very friendly terms. These included Chief Justice Elizabeth Evatt and Justice Josephine Hemsley-Maxwell both from Sydney and Justice Kemeri Murray from Adelaide. Of this time historian Shurlee Swain observed \"Justice Peg Lusink's excitement at the prospect of change which the Family Law Act provided is shared by many of those with whom she worked during the early years of the Family Court. However much of the dream faded over subsequent years, they remain proud of the contribution they made to reforming the way in which the breakdown of relationships was managed in Australia. Hailed as the 'fulfilment of possibly the most humane and enlightened social reform to be enacted in Australia since the Second World War\" (Swain).\nRetirement from the law was to be a brief interlude. In 1990 Peg was approached by Bond University to join its newly created Law School. In these \"exciting times\" Peg taught Family Law and was instrumental in developing the Law School's Moot Court program (Interview Rubenstein). In 1992 Peg and her husband returned to Victoria where she and some like-minded Solicitors provided mediation for matrimonial disputes as an alternative to the adversarial alternative. Although \"mediation\" was in its infancy this proved very successful. This was in Benalla in the North East of the State and was conducted whilst her husband Theo continued his passion for farming.\nFurther appointments followed in 1996 with Peg becoming the President of the Commonwealth Professional Services Review Tribunal investigating medical professionals and Medicare fraud. Peg was also appointed a Member of the Adult Parole Board of Victoria and was awarded an AM for law for services to the Family Court and the community. In 2004, Peg was honoured with induction into the Victorian Women's Hall of Fame as a leader in law, women's health and education.\nHaving spent significant periods of her life in regional Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland, Peg has contributed enormously to the cultural fabric of rural communities, forming many lasting friendships. In 1992, she convened the Friends of the Library in Euroa and subsequently became Chairperson and Honorary Life Member of the National Friends of the Libraries of Australia. She has also been a board member of a number of local hospitals and was the representative of the Euroa Bush Nursing Hospital on the Victoria Bush Nursing Hospitals Association.\nPrincipally considered a trailblazer for her appointment as Victoria's first female Judicial Officer of the Family Court and first female Partner in a Melbourne commercial law firm, Peg has been privileged, over nine decades, to observe tremendous social change and developments in the law. However, Peg's greatest achievements must also be noted to include the deep and enduring relationship with her two adored husbands and three sons. As Peg observes of her life both inside and outside the law: 'it's a great history' and 'an extraordinary journey' (Interview Rubenstein).\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2004 - 2004)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/born-in-hope-the-early-years-of-the-family-court-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law-in-family\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/peg-lusink-interviewed-by-kim-rubenstein-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rayner, Moira", "Entry ID": "AWE5662", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rayner-moira\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Dunedin, New Zealand", "Occupations": "Commissioner, Lawyer, Solicitor, Tribunal Member", "Summary": "Moira Rayner is a senior lawyer with particular expertise in workplace relations and anti-discrimination law, management and policy advice and investigations with a penchant for working closely with employers who appreciate the benefits of diversity and workforce participation. She chaired the Law Reform Commission in WA; was Commissioner for Equal Opportunity for Victoria; a Hearings Commissioner for the Australian Human Rights Commission; and an Acting Anti-Corruption Commissioner.\nIn 2016 she is a practising lawyer, conciliator, mediator and educator: some of her research and other appointments have included Melbourne University (Advisory Board Labour Law Centre; Senior Fellow), Deakin (Adjunct Professor, Centre for Human Services), RMIT (Adjunct Professor School of Social Inquiry); Murdoch (Visiting Scholar), UWA (Lecturer, Senior Fellow Law School, Visiting Fellow at the Australian Centre) and Curtin (Lecturer) and Australian Institute of Family Studies (Deputy Director, Research).\nGo to 'Details' below to read a reflective essay written by Moira Rayner for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Moira Rayner and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nMoira Rayner was born and educated in New Zealand. She was raised in a family environment of high academic expectations and Presbyterian values within a large network of extended family, in Dunedin. In her childhood New Zealand was socially, if not economically, a thriving and egalitarian country gradually coming to terms with its history of dispossession of the first Polynesian inhabitants and deliberate failure to meet its obligations under the Treaty of Waitangi (1840). Moira's family had been early settlers, and her great grandfather the Minister for Native Affairs, John Bryce, who was held responsible for much of the violent confrontations between Pakeha militia and Maori and especially for the dire consequences of imprisoning pacifist activists during the second wave of Land Wars in the latter part of the 19th century.\nIn her final year at Columba College, aged 16, Moira's family moved to Western Australia. At that time Perth was and seemed to her the most isolated capital city in the world.\nThroughout her subsequent career Moira has been and remains committed to the principle that every person has and should be able to exercise fundamental human rights at any age, whatever their personal characteristic such as social origin, 'class', race, disability and gender, particularly to participate effectively in the decisions that affect their lives.\nShe established and ran her own law firm in Western Australia for 14 years, chaired the Social Security Appeals tribunal for 7; then chaired the Law Reform Commission in WA for 4 years, publishing reports on the evidence of children and other vulnerable witnesses, consent to medical treatment, laws prohibiting incitement to racial hatred and the authority of Justices of the Peace, among others.\nMoira Rayner became Victoria's Commissioner for Equal Opportunity in 1990 and then a full time consultant to the international firm now known as Norton Rose Fulbright, where she established the firm's Discrimination Law Practice, for 6 years while she was also a Hearings Commissioner of the Australian Human Rights Commission.\nAfter setting up the Office of Children's Rights Commissioner for London (2000) she was appointed to the Anti-Corruption Commission and then its successor, the Crime and Corruption Commission before she returned to Victoria.\nShe is (2016-2017) Chair of the Law Institute of Victoria's Workplace Relations Section, which has 2700 members.\nMoira represents and advises employers on managing employee and management participation in workplace decision making as a solicitor in her current Melbourne practice. She has handled thousands of complaints and grievances as investigator, conciliator, mediator and arbiter; and conducted many law reform and quasi-judicial or investigative reviews including ethics and professional standards within the Anglican and Catholic churches; is an inspiring speaker, educator and trainer; mentors and supports people affected by investigations as well as managers affected by problems, and has also published two best-selling books.\nCareer Highlights\n\nMoira established her own legal firm in WA (1975): this practice regularly provided free legal services to grossly disadvantaged people particularly mental patients, Aboriginals, migrants, children, and abused and battered women from that time, and she continued to do so at the Western Australian Bar (1985-1990).\nFounding member of the WA Association of Family Law Practitioners and of the Family Law Section of the Law Council of Australia: as member of its then Courts (Federal) Committee was responsible for drafting the Council's recommendations on the future of the Family Court (1987) under the chairmanship of the Hon. Daryl Williams QC later Attorney General in the Howard Coalition government.\nVice Chair of the Welfare and Community Services Review (WA, 1983-1985) which, inter alia, caused a controversially adapted behaviour modification program in a children's detention centre to be abandoned, introduced the concept of community-based services for children into the Department for Community Welfare, legislation and practice, and significant reform into the then child protection system (1983-84)\nChaired the WA Child Care Planning Committee (1984-85) - this Commonwealth\/State\/non-government collaborative body was responsible for planning, implementing and coordinating the first ever provision by government of planned child care services in Western Australia. The Committee involved all three levels of government - Commonwealth (establishment and recurrent fees, sitting fees), State (provided land, architectural services and project management) and Local (support to centre management committees.) in a new collaborative model. Its Chair reported to both the Commonwealth and the State Ministers for Community Services. The Committee, with minimal resources, planned and eventually caused to be built and operate 11 community-managed child care centres\/community houses with government-provided child care services, and changed the child care regulatory and inspection structure to enable a cost-effective model and an effective matching of supply and demand for child care across the community.\nEstablished Childright Inc, a voluntary association of lawyers for children and expert social workers, whose object was to improve the quality of decision-making by courts and tribunals affecting children in Australia, in 1986, on the model of the (then) effective Guardian ad Litem network in the UK\nAfter completing a Churchill Fellowship (1987) to study legal representation of children in the UK, established (with WA Law Society funding) the first training program for lawyers representing children in Australia (1988) through Childright.\nFirst woman Commissioner (full-time) (1986) and then first woman to be twice elected to chair the Law Reform Commission in Western Australia (second woman in Australia, after Elizabeth Evatt, to chair any LRC) 1988-90\nConsultant to the HREOC Inquiry, Our Homeless Children, wrote a report on WA's compliance with the Declaration on the Rights of the Child (1988).\nHelped establish and fundraised as well as chaired the Board of Directors of the National Children's and Youth Law Centre Inc. (1993-2000) (based in Sydney) raising the profile of children's rights and advocacy of their status and participation with government, including test cases on behalf of classes of children (Mt Druitt children's successful civil action for defamation against a newspaper that profiled their 'failure') and individuals. Its website, Kidstuff, won international recognition (2000).\nResponsible for the report for the (federal) minister for Family Services, The Commonwealth's Role in Child Protection, while Deputy Director of the Australian Institute of Family Services (1995)\nIn 2000, established the Office of Children's Rights Commissioner for London, which modelled effective participation of children in its own activities and at regional government level, by the Mayor of the Greater London Authority. This office also consulted effectively with children on their views of government and their city, published the first of a series of ground breaking research reports, The State of London's Children (2001) and in partnership with the Greater London Authority, created the first children's strategy for one of the world's great cities to be predicated on the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (2003, 2004) and which obliged the GLA to require consultation and evaluation of all mainstream strategies in terms of the Convention right of children to participate in decisions that affect them.\nAs Acting Commissioner for Equal Opportunity, WA, 2002 introduced a public inquiry into the reasons for the persistent and rising rate of complaints by Aboriginal people about their access to public housing and allegations of discrimination against the State Housing Commission (2002)\nWas a commissioner of the WA Anti Corruption Commission (2002-2004) and an acting (occasional) commissioner of its successor, the Corruption and Crime Commission (until 2005).\n\nAs Commissioner for Equal Opportunity in Victoria (1990-1994):\n\nEstablished the first Koorie community education and conciliation program by allowing it to be devised and run by Aboriginal staff to meet the unique needs of Aboriginal and TSI community in accessing equal opportunity complaints and a responsive community education regime\nBy instituting proceedings for injunctive relief pending the resolution of the Commission's finding that women prisoners detained in men's prisons were subjected to discrimination, preserved the rights of women prisoners and ensured that government plans to close women's prisons and collocate women with male prisoners were abandoned. The then Kennett government had proposed to close women's prisons and co-locate men and women detainees in Pentridge Prison, in 1993. The Commission had conducted a formal statutory investigation into co-detention of women and men prisoners and concluded that such would be unlawful discrimination against women. Her public stand on this issue led to the proposal not being proceeded with, and her role being temporarily abolished.\n\nRayner has been a social commenter and advocate of the rights and civil liberties of all peoples to participate fully and on terms of moral equality as citizens of their chosen communities, throughout her career. She has published and participated publicly on the proper uses of power in a representative democracy, civil society, ethics, and the human rights of disadvantaged groups, particularly children.\nDetails of many of Moira Rayner's published articles, conference papers, magazine and newspaper columns and speeches can be found at or through her website.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-power-handbook\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/feminist-fighter\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/foreword\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rooting-democracy-growing-the-society-we-want\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Brasch, Jacoba", "Entry ID": "AWE5663", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brasch-jacoba\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Academic, Barrister, Lawyer, Queen's Counsel", "Summary": "Jacoba Brasch was admitted to the Bar in 2000 and has developed a practice in family law, mental health law, and customs and excise. She has appeared in matters in most States and Territories of Australia and often appears in the Full Court of the Family Court of Australia. Jacoba has also appeared a number of times in the High Court of Australia with those appearances concerning customs and excise, as well as Family Law matters and the Hague Convention (child abduction).\nPrior to coming to the Bar, Jacoba spent the 1990s in law-related government jobs, including Press Secretary to an Attorney-General. In 2000, Jacoba completed an LLM at New York University as a Fulbright Scholar and NYU Graduate Merit Scholar. In 2010, Jacoba graduated with a PhD from the University of New South Wales where her doctoral thesis concerned what constitutes a fair, independent and impartial trial, using Australian courts martial as her subject matter.\nJacoba holds a Bachelor of Arts, Masters in Public Administration (UQ), a Bachelor of Laws (Hons) (QUT), LLM (NYU) and PhD (UNSW).\nShe has Chambers in Brisbane, Cairns and Melbourne.\nGo to 'Details' below to read an essay written by Jacoba Brasch for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Jacoba Brasch and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nDr Jacoba Brasch QC recalls a defining moment from her high school years - she and four other Grade 10 girls had approached the Headmistress to ask if they could continue with both French and German in Grade 11 and 12 in lieu of biology - usually, only one language was permitted and biology was compulsory. \"No!\" said the Headmistress. \"Why?\" asked one of the girls. Said the Headmistress, \"biology is a prerequisite for nursing, and you meet so many doctors that way.\"\nWithout underestimating the vital importance of nursing, the answer was seared in Jacoba's brain, and from that moment, she determined to chart her own course, not constrained by traditional expectations. Ironically, of the five girls attending on the Headmistress that day, Jacoba later won a Fulbright Scholarship and is now one of Australia's most highly respected family law barristers and a Queen's Counsel. Another was awarded the Caltex Woman of the Year Scholarship to an Oxbridge university, ultimately becoming a professor in law, and another is also a leading Queen's Counsel in criminal law. They were not allowed to drop biology. None of them married doctors.\nOn completing her secondary education, Jacoba embarked upon a long list of university degrees, whilst always working full time and supporting herself, and then her family. Indeed, Jacoba jokes she has more letters after her name, than in it - two Bachelor degrees, two Master degrees and a PhD. Her family roll their collective eyes when she raises doing another BA \"because I'd really like to know about Lady Jane Grey, who was Queen of England for 15 days.\" Asking the \"why\" question is something which has long shaped Jacoba's approach to life, an attribute she hopes she is instilling in her daughters.\nAt university, Jacoba studied politics at UQ, both at undergraduate and Master's level; her Master's thesis concerned the Role of Women in Local Government. At the same time, she worked at Channel 7 Brisbane and then for the Fitzgerald Corruption Inquiry inspired Electoral and Administrative Review Commission. Jacoba was then appointed Press Secretary to the Hon Dean Wells, Attorney-General of Queensland. This was pivotal for Jacoba, as it opened her eyes to the power, importance and symbolism of the law. Whilst working as the Attorney's Press Secretary, Jacoba started a Law Degree, studying part-time and externally at QUT.\nShe graduated with First Class Honors, and was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship. Consequently, she undertook an LLM at New York University.\nOn her return to Australia from New York, Jacoba was admitted to the Bar in 2000 and has developed a practice in family law, mental health law, and customs and excise. She has appeared in matters in most States and Territories of Australia and often appears in the Full Court of the Family Court of Australia. Jacoba has also appeared a number of times in the High Court of Australia with those appearances concerning customs and excise, as well as Family Law matters and the Hague Convention (Child Abduction).\nJacoba was Junior Counsel to Tim DOJ North SC in a successful High Court challenge to the standard of proof by which customs prosecutions must now be conducted (Chief Executive Officer of Customs v Labrador Liquor Wholesale Pty Ltd [2003] 216 CLR 161). Jacoba also acted for the mother (without a Silk leader) in a high profile child abduction case which also found its way to the High Court of Australia (RCB as litigation guardian of EKV, CEV, CIV and LRV v The Honourable Justice Colin James Forrest [2012] HCA 47).\nHowever, Jacoba would say that she is most proud of some of the quiet pro bono work she has undertaken, including: acting for a woman to have her birth certificate changed from male to intersex; or, acting for the parents of a woman who was killed by her husband in securing for them decision making rights with respect to their grandchildren; or, acting for a young male transgender individual, to obtain an order from the Family Court authorising him to undergo hormone replacement therapy.\nNotwithstanding a leading family law practice at the Bar, and her own growing family, Jacoba completed a PhD which she started at ANU and then transferred, with her supervisor, to UNSW. Her doctoral thesis concerned what constitutes a fair, independent and impartial trial, using Australian courts martial as the subject matter.\nUpon the completion of her PhD, and thus with a little free time, Jacoba has been actively involved in the governance and policy leadership of the Bar Association of Queensland and the Law Council of Australia. She has held, or currently holds many leadership positions, some of which include:\n\nLaw Council of Australia (\"LCA\"), National Chair, Domestic & Family Violence Taskforce;\nLCA, elected Member, Family Law Section Executive;\nLCA's representative at a roundtable held by the Royal Commission into Institution Responses to Child Sex Abuse;\nTreasurer, Bar Association of Queensland (\"BAQ\");\nMember, Bar Council, BAQ;\nChair, Family Law Committee of BAQ Council;\nBAQ Nominee to the Law Council's participation in private roundtables held by the Royal Commission into Institution Responses to Child Sex Abuse;\nBAQ Nominee to the Premier's Domestic and Family Violence Task Force Summit;\n Member, Curriculum Advisory Committee, College of Laws, for the College's Master of Applied Law (Family Law) and Master of Laws;\nDelegate, Australian Bar Association's Advocacy Delegation to Vanuatu;\nDelegate, Australian Bar Association's Advocacy Delegation to Bangladesh;\nState Judge, Fulbright Commission;\nBoard Member, QUT Law Founder's Scholarship Committee;\n Member, Quinquennial Curricula Review Committee, Bachelor of Laws, QUT.\n\nJacoba holds a Bachelor of Arts, Masters in Public Administration (UQ), Bachelor of Laws (Hons) (QUT), Masters of Law (NYU) and PhD (UNSW).\nShe took Silk in 2014.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Segal, Jillian Shirley", "Entry ID": "AWE5665", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/segal-jillian-shirley\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa", "Occupations": "Chairperson, Commissioner, Director, Executive, Lawyer", "Summary": "Jillian Segal has held executive and non-executive positions in a variety of Australian corporations and across the financial sector. She is a Fellow of the Institute of Company Directors, Member of the Harvard Club of Australia, Member of Chief Executive Women and Founding Co-Chair, Women Corporate Directors (Australian Chapter).\n", "Details": "Jillian Segal has a BA LL.B from the University of New South Wales and an LL.M from Harvard Law School. She started her law career as a judge's associate to The Right Honourable Sir Anthony Mason at the High Court of Australia after graduating from Law School with the University Medal.\nAfter completing her Masters at Harvard Law School and working in a New York law firm, Jillian returned to Sydney to become a Senior Associate and later a partner at Allen, Allen and Hemsley in the corporate and environment fields.\nShe then become a Commissioner and later Deputy Chair of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). After completion of her five year term, she was a member of the Dawson Review into the Trade Practices Act. In 2003 she set out to pursue a non-executive career. Since that time, she has held a range of corporate and government advisory board positions including as \u00a0Non-Executive Director of the National Australia Bank, ASX Limited and the Garvan Institute of Medical Research; a Trustee of The Sydney Opera House , a Member of the Australian War Memorial Council and Chairman of the General Sir John Monash Foundation. Segal was Deputy Chancellor of UNSW Australia 2010 - 2019. She has also served on the Banking and Finance Ombudsman Board, the Administrative Review Council and the Federal Government's Remuneration Tribunal.\nJillian Segal was created a Member of the Order of Australia in 2005 and Officer of the Order of Australia in 2019.\nShe is a former Preisdent of the Executive Council of Australian Jewry and in July 2024 was named as the first Special Envoy to Combat Antisemitism in Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cameron, Leah", "Entry ID": "AWE5666", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cameron-leah\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tasmania", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Leah Cameron is a Palawa woman from Tasmania and the Principal Solicitor and owner of Marrawah Law, a Supply Nation certified Indigenous legal practice. Her primary areas of practice are native title, cultural heritage, future acts and commercial law.\n", "Details": "Leah Cameron's passion for her work is unwavering and has assisted her in achieving six native title consent determinations to date. Her efforts were recognised in 2008 when she was awarded the Tasmanian Young Achiever of the Year Award in the category of Trade and Career Achievement. Her commitment has also led to her being awarded the Centenary Medal of Australia and the Robert Riley Law Scholarship whilst studying at the University of Tasmania. Her greatest honour was being asked to negotiate and repatriate her ancestors' remains from the British Museum in London on behalf of the Tasmanian Aboriginal community.\nLeah is a regular contributor to the National Talk Black radio program presenting on topical legal issues. She is also a director of Access Community Housing and a member of the Queensland Law Society, North Queensland Law Association and the Far North Queensland Law Association.\nSome of her significant achievements in the field of law include:\n\nActing for first Indigenous homeowner (99-year lease) under Indigenous Home Ownership program in Queensland;\nActing as solicitor for the applicants in the Djiru People #2 and #3 native title consent determinations 2011; \nActing as solicitor for the applicant in Wanyurr Majay People native title consent determination 2011; \nActing as solicitor for the applicant Jirrbal People #1-#3 native title consent determination 2010; \nSupervising solicitors with the successful consent determination of the following native title matters: Muluridji, Djungan, Combined Gunggandji, Gugu Badhun, Jangga, Juru, Tableland Yidinji and Combined Mandingalbay Yidinji Gunggandji;\nSuccessfully preparing the first application for National Heritage listing for an Aboriginal site within North Queensland.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Vardanega, Louise", "Entry ID": "AWE5667", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vardanega-louise\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Griffith, New South Wales", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Public servant, Solicitor", "Summary": "Louise Vardanega PSM is Chief Operating Officer of the Australian Government Solicitor (AGS), a role she has held since 2009.\nLouise joined AGS (then known as the Deputy Crown Solicitor's Office) in 1975, and with the exception of 6 months attending legal workshop and 3 months with the Justice and Family Law Division of the Attorney General's Department in 1977, has been with AGS throughout her career.\nGo to 'Details' below to read an essay written by Andrew Sikorski about Louise Vardanega for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Andrew Sikorski and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nEarly life\nLouise grew up in the town of Griffith in New South Wales, where she attended Griffith High School.\nHer father Pompeo (known as Bob) Vardanega immigrated to Australia from Italy in 1928. Her mother Evelina (known as Lina) Vardanega (nee Cappello) arrived in Australia from Italy in 1938. Bob and Lina were married in 1939 amidst much celebration - the associated festivities lasted 3 days.\nBob, along with 2 partners, started a plant nursery under the name of 'Premier Nurseries', which ultimately grew to be one of the largest nursery businesses in New South Wales. Bob was also a key player in starting up the Coronation Club - an Italian social club that became the social hub for many Italian and Australian families in Griffith.\nLouise is the youngest of 3 siblings. Her brother Roger is a lawyer, who Louise credits with opening her mind to the possibility of pursuing a career in law. Her sister Silvana took over the running of Premier Nurseries when her father retired.\nEducation\nLouise studied Law at the Australian National University from 1970 to 1975, graduating Bachelor of Laws (Honours) and Bachelor of Arts.\nIt was during the course of her studies at ANU that she developed a strong interest and determination to practise in government law.\nCareer at the Australian Government Solicitor\nLouise was admitted to practise as a Barrister and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory in 1976.\nAfter joining AGS in 1975, she spent 10 years working in various areas of law, including general litigation, administrative law and advocacy matters. Much of her practice included appearance work as counsel and the handling of significant matters in both the ACT Magistrate's and Supreme Courts. During this period, she also gained high-level expertise in handling administrative law matters for government departments and agencies in the Administrative Appeals Tribunal, Federal Court of Australia and High Court of Australia. She also practised for several years in the criminal law jurisdiction appearing in many prosecution matters before the ACT Magistrate and Supreme Courts.\nLouise became Director of AGS's Canberra City office in 1991, and was appointed Director AGS Canberra (incorporating the Canberra City and Barton offices) in 2000. She was also National Practice Manager of the Litigation and Dispute Management Practice Group from 1999 until mid-2003.\nFrom 2003 to 2005 Louise was National Director of AGS's Clients and Market Office. In that role she led the national team responsible for developing client relationships and coordinating the strategic marketing and business growth of AGS.\nIn 2009 AGS's corporate structure shifted to an integrated national model, and Louise was appointed to the role of Chief Operating Officer.\nProfessional associations\nLouise has always maintained a very active profile in the local professional community as a member of the ACT Law Society since 1976. She has served continuously as Secretary and a member of the Council since 1991 and has been a member of a number of the ACT Law Society's committees. In 2014, the Council of the ACT Law Society conferred Honorary Life Membership on Louise for outstanding service to the legal profession. In his speech conferring Honorary Membership on Louise, Law Society President Martin Hockridge said:\n'Through a combination of calm good sense and expert advice, she has played a central role in the stability of the Society and its effectiveness as a regulator of the professional conduct of its members, to the benefit of the profession and the community in general.'\nShe is also a member of the ACT Legal Practitioners Admissions Board, on which she has served since 2014.\nClient Service\nLouise is well-known across the government legal community for her passionate commitment to excellent client service. She is the embodiment of, and driving force behind AGS's client service culture, making it her business to ensure that all in AGS have the knowledge, tools and support they need to provide great service. Her irrepressible energy and enthusiasm are infectious, providing a rich source of motivation and inspiration to many of her colleagues.\nShe brings a formidable sense of fun and creativity to her work. Nevertheless, she takes her role in AGS, and her responsibility to the government of the day extremely seriously - a fact that is clearly apparent to anyone who comes into contact with her.\nIn 2007, she developed the AGS Client Care program and introduced the AGS client service expectations, which form a key part of initial orientation and continuous skills development for all AGS staff.\nIn 2014 she introduced the AGS Client Listening program. Designed to support all staff in understanding and meeting client needs to the highest possible standard, the program provides ongoing communication training across AGS.\nShe also publishes a regular internal blog on the topic of client care, presenting AGS staff with information and encouragement to support them in providing first-rate service.\nLouise's genuine zeal for client service, and her affection for AGS and its people are manifest in the personal warmth that permeates her interactions with colleagues and clients. Her ability to blend empathy, humour and spirit with exemplary professionalism is exceptional.\nLeadership\nLouise's legal skills are clearly evident in the many successful outcomes she achieved as legal adviser to a great variety of clients, particularly in the early stages of her career. Her qualities as a leader are equally impressive, and have long been recognised and appreciated by those around her. Louise's role in AGS has been largely that of a leader - setting AGS's strategic direction, and guiding and motivating AGS people to achieve their full potential.\nFormer Chair of the AGS Advisory Board (2000-2013), John Allen said this about Louise:\n'One of the memories that I will carry away from my twelve and a half years here is that in the number two, Louise Vardanega who has been number two all the way since I've been here, AGS has a leader - not with great titles to reflect that but clearly the number two person to both [former AGS CEOs] Rayne de Gruchy and Ian Govey. I've watched how people follow her in my classical definition of leadership. I've also watched how well she works with the number ones, both Rayne and Ian and I'm always aware of watching two leaders interacting.' (Presentation to AGS's Leadership Group, 23 May 2013)\nMentorship\nLouise takes great satisfaction from her role as a mentor to AGS staff. Although she has largely moved away from hands-on legal practise, she sees herself as a 'facilitator' of outstanding legal services to government. She makes it a priority to identify lawyers with outstanding potential, and to guide their professional development. In doing so, she is more inclined to provide people with opportunities and encourage them to stretch themselves, than to dish-out proscriptive guidance. If (as 1 AGS lawyer has said), 'a truly great mentor is someone who points you to possibilities and gives you the courage to explore them while giving you complete ownership of the choices you make', Louise certainly fits the bill.\nTom Howe QC, Chief Counsel AGS Dispute Resolution, shared the following thoughts about Louise:\n'For the whole of my 30 years in AGS I have worked closely with Louise. She leads, first and foremost, by example. Minute by minute of every day, of every week, over each of those 30 years she has been scrupulous in her judgment, unstinting in her effort, and selfless in her commitment to achieving the best outcome for the people around her. I am often asked how Louise manages to maintain her loyalty and commitment to AGS, and to public service more generally. I think part of the answer lies in the heartfelt pleasure she takes in 'growing' those around her, and then watching them take their place in the world. I am a very grateful beneficiary of this extraordinary generosity of spirit. There are innumerable others.'\nSarah Court, former Director AGS Adelaide, now an ACCC Commissioner, said:\n'\u2026the ball of energy that was Louise, motivated me, encouraged and challenged me - and gave me so many wonderful opportunities. To this day she has remained an inspiring role model and mentor, as well as a close friend.' (AGS Alumni Newsletter, December 2012)\nAwards and honours\nIn January 2000, Louise was awarded a Public Service Medal in the Australia Day 2000 Honours List for outstanding public service through leadership and management of the AGS's ACT office.\nAs Director of AGS Canberra, Louise was instrumental in AGS being named 'Best Canberra Law Firm' in the 2007 Business Review Weekly Client Choice Awards for professional services.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Siddique, Rabia", "Entry ID": "AWE5672", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/siddique-rabia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Army officer (former), Barrister, Lawyer, Public speaker, Solicitor", "Summary": "Rabia Siddique is a criminal and human rights lawyer, a retired British Army officer, a former terrorism and war crimes prosecutor, a professional speaker, trainer, MC, facilitator and published author.\nIn 2006 she was awarded a Queen's commendation for her human rights work in Iraq and in 2009 was the Runner Up for Australian Woman of the Year UK.\nMore recently Rabia was named as one of the 2014 Telstra Business Women's Award Finalists and one of the 100 most influential women in Australia by Westpac and the Australian Financial Review. She was also announced as a finalist for the 2016 Australian of the Year Awards.\nAfter starting life as a criminal defence lawyer and youngest ever Federal prosecutor in Western Australia, Rabia moved to the UK in 1998 where she eventually commissioned as a Legal Officer in the British Army in 2001.\nIn a terrifying ordeal that garnered worldwide attention, along with a male colleague, Rabia assisted with the rescue of two Special Forces soldiers from Iraqi insurgents in Basra. Her male colleague received a Military Cross for outstanding bravery, while Rabia's part in the incident was covered up by the British Army and Government. In a fight for justice she brought a landmark discrimination case against the UK Ministry of Defence, and won. She went on to become a Crown Advocate in the British Counter Terrorism Division, which saw her prosecuting Al Qaeda terrorists, hate crimes and advising on war crimes prosecutions in The Hague.\nPlease click on 'Details' below to read an essay written by Rabia Siddique for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Rabia Siddique and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nRabia Siddique was born in Perth, Australia in 1971 and spent the first five years of her life in India. She is the eldest child of an Indian Muslim father and an Australian mother. In 1976 her family migrated to Perth where she then grew up, was educated and remained until her mid twenties.\nRabia's first experiences of social inequality and injustice were at a young age when she witnessed first-hand the difficulties and discrimination faced by migrants in conservative 1970s suburban Australia. At the tender and vulnerable age of nine she also experienced abuse for the first time, which quickly robbed her of her childhood and her innocence. These experiences undoubtedly informed decisions and choices Rabia later made in life.\nRabia obtained a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws degrees from the University of Western Australia and started her legal career at Legal Aid WA, where she practised predominantly as a criminal defence lawyer. She then moved to the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions, where she became one of the youngest federal prosecutors in Australia.\nIn 1998 Rabia moved to the United Kingdom with the intention of expanding her legal practice to the fields of International Humanitarian Law and International Criminal Law.\nIn September 2001, after re-qualifying as Solicitor Advocate of England and Wales and travelling through Eastern Africa, Europe and South America, Rabia commissioned as a Legal Officer in the British Army, a rather unexpected career choice! Her career in the Army took her to England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Germany, Italy and the Middle East.\nRabia later became the Army's recruitment 'poster girl' by promoting equality and diversity within the British Armed Forces. In a terrifying ordeal, whilst deployed to Iraq in 2005 Rabia, along with a male colleague, assisted with the rescue of two Special Forces soldiers from Iraqi insurgents during a hostage situation that garnered worldwide attention.\nAfter the Iraq hostage incident Rabia's male colleague was awarded a Military cross for outstanding bravery for his part in the incident, while Rabia's involvement was covered up by the British Army and Tony Blair's Government. In her fight for justice she brought a successful landmark race and sex discrimination case against the UK Ministry of Defence.\nIn 2008 Rabia left the British Armed Forces and went on to become a Crown Advocate in the British Counter Terrorism Division of the Crown Prosecution Service, which involved working on some of the most high profile terrorism and hate crime prosecutions, as well as advising on war crimes cases. This role also took Rabia to the International Criminal Court in The Hague.\nIn 2008 Rabia and her husband welcomed their precious triplet sons into the world. Parenting triplets was to become Rabia's biggest and most rewarding challenge yet!\nIn 2011 Rabia decided to move to back to Australia in order to provide her family with a safe, balanced and healthy lifestyle. So far the return to Australia has not disappointed! Rabia worked as a Senior Government Lawyer and in-House Counsel for both the Corruption and Crime Commission of WA and more recently Legal Counsel to the Commissioner of WA Police, whilst also juggling tutoring and guest lecturing commitments at the University of WA.\nIn 2014 Rabia transitioned from a part-time to full time professional speaker and facilitator, following the publication of her best-selling book, 'Equal Justice'. In a relatively short period of time Rabia has gained an International reputation as a passionate human rights advocate and inspiring motivational speaker. She has appeared in various television, print and radio interviews in Australia, New Zealand and the UK, and the focus of her career is now on promoting Women in Leadership, resilience, values based leadership, equality and diversity in our workplaces and communities. She is passionate about the transformative effect of education, particular for girls, and sees education as the vaccine against oppression, violence and ignorance.\nRabia speaks English, French (conversational), Spanish (poorly) and Arabic (worse)! She has run the London marathon and walked a one and a half marathon for charity, undertaken human rights and community aid work in the Middle East, South America, South East Asia and Australia, was awarded a Queen's Commendation for her humanitarian work in Iraq in 2006 and was Runner Up Australian Woman of the Year UK in 2009.\nIn 2014 Rabia was a finalist in the Telstra Australian Business Women's Awards and was named as one of Australia's 100 most influential women. In October last year Rabia received a standing ovation from 1700 people at her TEDx talk entitled 'Courage Under Fire' where she spoke about the power we all have as individuals to create the change we wish to see in this world. In March 2015 Rabia was nominated for the WA Women Lawyer of the Year Award and the work she has done in the area of equality and diversity was used as a case study at the most recent UN Commission on the Status of Women in New York.\nRabia is a member of the Australian and British Red Cross, UN Women Australia, Law Society of Western Australia Equal Opportunities and Human Rights Committee, an Associate Fellow of the Australian Institute of Management (WA) and a member of the International Institute for Humanitarian Law. She is also an Ambassador of a number of Women and Children's based charities and a Board Member of Wesley College, Perth.\nRabia was recently appointed as a Director of the International Foundation of Non-Violence.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/equal-justice-my-journey-as-a-woman-a-soldier-and-a-muslim\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Moore, May", "Entry ID": "AWE5676", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moore-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wainui, New Zealand", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "May Moore was a successful photographer who worked initially in New Zealand and then in Sydney. She specialised in portraits of prominent people and artists, including society\/celebrity portraits, with some wedding and children's portraits. Moore is known to have introduced bromide paper and mounting boards to New Zealand.\n", "Details": "May Moore was born on 4 January 1881 in Wainui, New Zealand, one of seven children (the eldest daughter and Mina the second eldest). Their father, Robert Walter Moore, was an English immigrant who worked at timber cutting and farming, and their mother was Sarah Jane, n\u00e9e Hellyer. Her parents were not wealthy but were able to save enough money to purchase a small property in the small rural town of Wainui twenty miles north of Auckland where they brought up a family. Prior to this they had lived in various forestry camps.\nMay's hobby as a child was drawing and in 1900 she was admitted into the Elam School of Art and Design in Auckland, where she studied painting. Following graduation she was able to support herself financially through her sketches. In 1907 she participated in the New Zealand International Exhibition held in Christchurch, setting up a stall and selling her pencil sketches for 2\/6 as well as pen and ink portrait sketches for 5\/-. May moved to Wellington in 1908 and rented a space in a photographic studio where she painted portraits of prominent people, such as Sir Joseph Ward and his family, using oil paint.\nHer sister Mina, who was a teacher, travelled to Australia and on her return to New Zealand gave up teaching to pursue her new found interest of photography. At this time the Alexander Orr studio next door to May's was placed on sale and the two sisters purchased it for \u00a3170, which was quite a large sum of money at the time. Prior to Orr closing his studio, May was able to learn camera handling skills from the existing staff and Mina the printing process, all of this in the space of six weeks.\nThe Moore sisters were keen theatre-goers and were exposed to the impact of theatrical lighting and dramatic poses; this was to feature in the iconic style they developed. At the time, their clientele included many actors and in fact their earliest work was photographing the entire cast of an American theatre company.\nThey were pioneers in the use of bromide papers and mounting boards in New Zealand and became very popular for their work, establishing a reputation for producing quality portraiture. Their characteristic style saw photographs taken close up, often head and shoulder shots, strong side lighting of half of the face, set against a dark background, a technique that allowed the sitter's face to stand out, but which also created a sense of intrigue itself further intensified with the use of sepia tones. Jack Cato noted in his book The Story of the Camera in Australia that when they were starting out, they had to make do with the 'meagre light from an ordinary room \u2026' However, he also wrote that this made their work so distinctive, that there was no need for either of them to sign their portraits (which they both did) because they were so obviously and exclusively their own. All their photographs used this low key approach, with a strong light on one side of the face and shadow on the other. 'It was the light Rembrandt used for his paintings and was particularly suitable for men' (Cato 136)\nDuring 1909-1910 May became unwell and took time off work. She travelled to Sydney for a holiday, and while there she got in touch with her creative friends and began her photography work again. She was encouraged by Alfred Hill to move her studio to Australia and Arthur Hill, the amateur art photographer, helped her find a studio and gain commissions. May rented a studio in the Bulletin building where she photographed cartoonists such as L. Hopkins 'Hop' and Low. She decided to stay on in Sydney and set up a permanent studio, which may have been at 139 King Street, furnishing the reception area with Persian rugs and employing a number of staff.\nIn 1911 Mina visited May and they worked together until Mina moved to Melbourne where she set up her own studio. In 1914, with the outbreak of World War 1, both May and Mina were kept busy photographing hundreds of young soldiers before they set off for the battlefields in North Africa and Europe. The majority of their sitters however were people associated with the Arts, artists, actors, musicians, cartoonists and fashion designers. They would take the time to familiarise themselves with their sitters, so that they could capture their personalities. .On the 13 July 1915 May married Harry Wilkes, a dentist who closed his own practice to manage her studio as it was doing very well. The couple shared a love of literature and the Arts.\nMay was described as a tall, striking and confident woman who dressed in loose Bohemian clothing. She retired in the late 1920s due to ill health but continued her creative endeavours through her miniature landscape painting which she did on commission.\nUp until 1928 her photographs were published in a number of magazines including The Home, Triad, Theatre and The Lone Hand. In fact, her portrait of the actress Lily Brayton as Cleopatra appeared on the cover of the Christmas issue of The Lone Hand. May reflecting on her career was to say 'When I commenced work \u2026 some of the cut and dried photographers held up their hands in horror. It was necessary, they said, to stick to the beaten track, stodgy backgrounds and stiff accessorised. I had my own ideas, and determined, sink or swim to put them into practice.' (Ebury)\nShe died on the 10 June 1931 as a result of a spinal disease associated with the cancer that she had been suffering. Six months following her death a tribute exhibition of her work was held at the Lyceum Club, Sydney.\nCollections\nArt Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia\nArt Gallery of South Australia, Australia\nCastlemaine Art Gallery and Historical Museum\nLa Trobe Collection, State Library of Victoria, Melbourne, Vic., Australia\nMacleay Photograph Collection, Macleay Museum Collection, NSW, Australia\nNational Gallery of Victoria. The Shaw Research Library, Vic., Australia\nNational Gallery of Australia, Canberra, Australia\n", "Events": "May Moore exhibited at the New Zealand International Exhibition (1907 - 1907) \nMay Moore exhibited her painted miniatures on ivory at the NSW Society of Women Painters (1907 - 1907) \nMay Moore featured in National Portrait Gallery exhibition Mirror with a Memory: Portraiture in Australia (2000 - 2000) \nMay Moore featured in National Portrait Gallery travelling exhibition The Reflecting Eye: Portraits of Australian Visual Artists. (1996 - 1996) \nMay Moore featured in the George Paton Gallery exhibtion Australian Women Photographers 1840-1950 (1981 - 1981)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-an-actress\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heritage-the-national-womens-art-book-500-works-by-500-australian-women-artists-from-colonial-times-to-1955\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-story-of-the-camera-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/making-pictures-australian-pictorial-photography-as-art-1897-1957\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annie-may-and-mina-moore\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australians-behind-the-camera-directory-of-early-australian-photographers-1841-to-1945\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mirror-with-a-memory-photographic-portraiture-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/i-was-only-a-maid-the-life-of-a-remarkable-woman-may-moore-reminiscences-of-may-moore-as-related-to-members-of-her-family-and-to-her-friends\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beyond-the-picket-fence-australian-womens-art-in-the-national-librarys-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-reflecting-eye-portraits-of-australian-visual-artists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moore-annie-may-1881-1931\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/versatile-may-moore-photographs-miniatures-and-domesticity\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/may-moore\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/may-moore-and-mina-moore\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-first-for-women-photographers-in-australia-quick-thinking-and-ladders-got-the-top-shots\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/may-moore-australian-and-new-zealand-art-files\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moore-may-photography-related-ephemera-material-collected-by-the-national-library-of-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Branson, Catherine Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE5706", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/branson-catherine-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Academic, Barrister, Commissioner, Judge, Lawyer, Public servant, Queen's Counsel", "Summary": "The Hon. Catherine Branson QC grew up in rural South Australia and went on to have a distinguished career in the law. The first woman in Australia (and probably in the common law world) to be appointed Crown Solicitor, she was also the first woman to be appointed permanent head of a government department in South Australia. Called to the South Australian Bar in 1989, Branson took silk in 1992. An appointment to the Federal Court of Australia followed in 1994; she served on the bench until 2008. In 2008, Branson became President of the Australian Human Rights Commission and in 2009 she was appointed Human Rights Commissioner.\nSince retiring from the Commission in 2012, Branson has continued to work in the area of human rights at a number of organisations, including the University of Adelaide Law School, where she is Adjunct Professor, and the Melbourne-based Human Rights Law Centre, of which she is Director.\nCatherine Branson was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "The Hon. Catherine Branson QC was raised on a farm near Hallett in the mid-north of South Australia. Her parents, Max and Barbara Rayner, brought her up to be resilient, independent and community-minded [Wright]. She was educated at Presbyterian Girls' College (now Seymour College) and the University of Adelaide, graduating with a Bachelor of Laws and later, a Bachelor of Arts. As a young woman, she was inspired by Roma Mitchell, who had recently become the first woman in Australia to be appointed to the judiciary, and by Mary Gaudron, who was Solicitor-General New South Wales and would later become the first woman to serve on the bench of the High Court of Australia [Lawyers Weekly].\nIn 1972, following a stint in which she tutored at the University of Adelaide's Law School, Branson travelled to the United States and undertook voluntary legal aid work in Pontiac, Michigan. This experience, which brought her face-to-face with extreme social disadvantage borne by her mostly African-American clients, sparked what would be a lasting interest in human rights [Adelaidean].\nReturning to Australia in 1973, Branson began articles of clerkship and completed her arts degree. In 1977 she entered the Department of Legal Services in South Australia, taking up a role as research assistant with the then Solicitor-General, Brian Cox QC.\nA year later, Branson, practising as a solicitor, joined the Crown Solicitor's Office. Interested in gender and equal opportunity, she became a member of the National Women's Advisory Council, advising the Prime Minister on matters concerning women. In 1984, Branson made history when a dual appointment saw her became the first woman in Australia to be appointed Crown Solicitor and the first woman to be appointed as permanent head of a government department in South Australia. She had not expected to be made the offer, and now sees it as transformative in terms of her later career [Lawyers Weekly]. Branson was called to the South Australian Bar in Adelaide in 1989; in her practice she specialised in administrative law, including discrimination law, and commercial law. In 1992, she took silk.\nAn appointment to the Federal Court of Australia followed in 1994. During her time on the bench, Branson presided over a number of significant cases, which included the Yorta Yorta appeal for a native title claim and the Wilderness Society's appeal on Gunns' pulp mill in Tasmania. Branson also delivered many papers addressing equality and gender issues, and the under-representation of women in positions of power.\nBranson served as President of the Australian Institute of Judicial Administration between 1998-2000. Her interest in judicial administration and education resulted in her travelling to a number of developing countries, including the Palestinian Territories, Indonesia and Pakistan [Trove] to work with local judges. Branson retired from the Federal Court in 2008.\nIn 2008 Branson was appointed President of the Australian Human Rights Commission. The following year she was appointed Human Rights commissioner. In her capacity as commissioner she expressed her support for a federal charter of rights and was signatory to the Australian Council of Human Rights Agencies support for civil marriage for same-sex couples; she also appealed for mandatory detention and offshore processing on Christmas Island to cease [Pelly; HRC; On Line Opinion].\nBranson's involvement with the Human Rights Commission saw her participation in human rights matters in the broader Asia region. During her presidency she travelled to Vietnam to attend an Australia-Vietnam Human Rights Dialogue and to the Philippines to deliver the keynote address at the Australia-Philippines Policy Forum on Human Rights [Philippines Embassy].\nBranson has been a strong voice for those who suffer due to discrimination or disability, among them asylum seekers, children in mandatory immigration detention and Indigenous Australians. She has spoken out on the subject of violence against women and the under-representation of women in positions of power in Australia. In recognition of her tireless work as an advocate for equality, Branson was awarded a Distinguished Alumni Award by the University of Adelaide for her contribution to Australian Law and Human Rights in 2011 [Adelaidean - Award].\nBranson retired as president of the Australian Human Rights Commission in 2012. Her dedication to human rights in Australian society continues to find expression in a number of arenas, including at the Law School, University of Adelaide, where she is Adjunct Professor, and at Melbourne's Human Rights Law Centre, of which she is Director.\nIn addition to being a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Law, Branson is a member of the Council of the University of Adelaide; a Board member of Cancer Council SA; a member of the Advisory Board, Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law; patron, NeuroSurgical Research Foundation and the Palya Fund; chair, South Australian Selection Panel, General Sir John Monash Scholarships; and a member of the Advisory Board, Public Law and Policy Research Unit, Adelaide Law School.\nIn 2012 she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Laws by Flinders University in recognition of her 'long and esteemed career in the law' and in 2014 she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Letters by Macquarie University for her services as a passionate advocate and supporter of human rights [Macquarie].\nBranson has been quoted as advocating for a visionary society which \"allows individuals the freedom to live responsible and fulfilling lives irrespective of gender\" [Kenny]. She has been, and will continue to be, an inspiration to many in our society.\nCatherine Branson was interviewed in 2014 and 2015 by Kim Rubenstein for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/catherine-branson-interviewed-by-kim-rubenstein-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Broderick, Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE5707", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/broderick-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Hobart, Tasmania, Australia", "Occupations": "Commissioner, Lawyer", "Summary": "Elizabeth Broderick AO was Australia's longest-serving Sex Discrimination Commissioner, from 2007 to 2015. She was also Commissioner responsible for Age Discrimination from 2007 to 2011.\nA former head of legal technology at law firm Blake Dawson Waldron (now Ashurst), where she practised for nearly two decades, she became the firm's first part-time partner and later served as a member of its board. In 2001 she was named Telstra NSW Business Woman of the Year; she also received the Centenary Medal.\nAs Commissioner, Broderick instigated the, 'Male Champions of Change' strategy, to help advance gender equality in Australia. It has since been replicated across the country and achieved international prominence, thanks in part to Broderick's subsequent appointment as Global Co-Chair of the Women's Empowerment Principles Leadership Group, a joint initiative of the UN Global Compact and UN Women.\nOn behalf of the Commission, Broderick also conducted the first independent Review into the Treatment of Women in the Australian Defence Force. Broderick was named overall winner of the Australian Financial Review and Westpac 2014 '100 Women of Influence Awards' in acknowledgement of her achievements while in office.\nBroderick is Principal of Elizabeth Broderick & Co., Senior Advisor to the Australian Federal Police Commissioner on cultural change and Special Advisor to the Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations and the Executive Director of UN Women on Private Sector Engagement. She serves on a number of boards and continues to advocate for societal change. In 2016 Broderick was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia. She was also named 2016 New South Wales Australian of the Year. She has honorary degrees from the University of New South Wales and The University of Sydney, and the University of Technology Sydney.\nElizabeth Broderick was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Elizabeth Broderick was born in 1961 in Hobart, Tasmania; she has a twin sister and a younger sister. When she was a child, the family moved to New South Wales. From a young age, she observed her parents, Margot and Frank Broderick, sharing the housework and supporting each other's careers. Learning from this display of equality, she also absorbed from her parents the value of community responsibility [Executive Style]. Broderick had her first taste of public leadership when she became head girl of Meriden Anglican School. She went on to graduate from the University of New South Wales with Bachelor of Arts (Computer Science) and Bachelor of Laws degrees.\nFar-sighted, Broderick recognised early on the significance which technology would have to the provision of client services; between 1985 and 1987, she worked overseas, exploring how technology could be used to manage evidence in litigation cases and complaints systems. [Gome and Ross]. After joining the research department of the Sydney office of Blake Dawson Waldron (now Ashurst) in 1987, Broderick began employing technology to help lawyers retrieve documents more efficiently [Gome and Ross].\nIn 1991, Broderick established the firm's legal technology group, providing services in-house and externally to clients. In 1995 she broke new ground, revolutionising the firm's culture, when she became the first part-time partner, and head of legal technology and the first member of the Board to work part-time. [Executive Style].\nAn innovator, Broderick thrived on her work and her output was correspondingly prodigious: among other things, she created commercial computerised legal products in such fields as environmental law, occupational health and safety, and workplace discrimination; she also set up an online service - Virtual Lawyers - for legal enquiries. Her achievements led to her being named \"2001 Telstra NSW Business Woman of the Year\" [Gome and Ross]. She also received the Centenary Medal, for service to Australian society through business leadership.\nBetween 2003 and 2006 Broderick was a board member of Blake Dawson Waldron. When she departed the firm in 2007, 10 per cent of the partners were part-time and 20 per cent of employees had adopted flexible work arrangements [Gome and Ross].\nAppointed Sex Discrimination Commissioner in 2007, Broderick backed the prevention of domestic violence against women and sexual harassment; she also championed lifetime economic security for women. Another preoccupation was the balancing of paid work and unpaid caring responsibilities, while yet another was the promotion of women to positions of leadership. She also sought to strengthen laws relating to gender equality and agencies.\nBroderick was a strong proponent for Australia's national paid parental leave scheme [Human Rights]. Seeing the provision of opportunities for both men and women as critical to achieving a fair society, Broderick has advocated for flexible working conditions for both sexes, arguing for \"more senior part-time roles filled by men and women\" [Nader].\nIn April 2010, Broderick initiated the 'Male Champions of Change' strategy; she remains its convenor. Broderick has said of it: \"This initiative engages powerful and influential men from all sectors to stand beside women and lead tangible action to promote gender equality and social change\" [Broderick LinkedIn]. The program began with Broderick asking 12 male 'captains of industry' if they would promote gender equality within their workplace. Its success has seen it replicated around the country and also introduced to audiences overseas. Although it has been criticised for relying on men to advance women's interests, Broderick argues that: \"what we need to do is recognise where power sits in this country, and that is clearly in the hands of men. So if we want to move to a model where power is shared, we need to work with those who hold it\" [Marie-Claire].\nBroderick's work with the Commission took her around the country and across the world, including representing Australia each year at the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women. In 2009 she was part of an Australian delegation which included Aboriginal representatives of the Marninwarntikura Fitzroy Women's Resource Centre who attended the 53rd Session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women [Human Rights Leadership]. Charged by the Australian Government with leading the first independent Review into the Treatment of Women in the Australian Defence Force (ADF) following allegations of sexual misconduct in the ADF's Academy in 2011, Broderick tabled her fourth and final report on women within the ADF in 2014. [Sydney Morning Herald Defence].\nBroderick was twice reappointed as Federal Sex Discrimination Commissioner in 2012 for 2 years and for a further year in 2014. In embarking on her new term, she sized up the state of gender equality in Australia thus: \"\u2026 the pay gap is the largest it's ever been at 18.2 per cent. Violence against women is still a significant issue: 1.2 million women today will be either currently living or have recently done so in a relationship characterised by violence. And we still have very few women at leadership level across Australia\" [Kerin].\nIn October of the same year, Broderick was named overall winner of the Australian Financial Review and Westpac 2014 '100 Women of Influence Awards'. A unanimous choice as winner, the judges were impressed by Broderick's communication skills which allowed her to engage with and influence a broad cross-section of people for the betterment of society, and what they considered her transformation of the role of Sex Discrimination Commissioner [Sydney Morning Herald Discrimination]. The following month, she was conferred with an honorary degree from the University of Sydney [University]. She also has honorary degrees from the University of New South Wales and Sydney University of Technology.\nWhen her term as Sex Discrimination Commissioner ended, in September 2015 Broderick founded Elizabeth Broderick & Co. She was later appointed 2016 New South Wales Australian of the Year.\nIn 2016, Broderick was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia for her advocacy with respect to human rights and family violence [Guardian]. She was also appointed Special Advisor to the Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations and the Executive Director of UN Women on Private Sector Engagement. In this role she is helping the UN to improve engagement with the private sector with the aim of producing more gender-diverse organisations [Huffington Post].\nBroderick is a member of the Australian Rugby Union Board, International Services of Human Rights Board, University of New South Wales Law Advisory Board, Australian Defence Force Gender Equality Advisory Board and the Victoria Police Corporate Advisory Group. She is also a Senior Adviser to McKinsey and Company. She was formerly a member of the World Bank Advisory Council on Gender and Development and was Partner Co-Director with NATO on Women, Peace and Security.\nBroderick has garnered widespread respect for her skills as a communicator and leader with demonstrated strengths in cultural and organisational change. She has been a social innovator and visionary who has championed important matters concerning gender equality which have led to improvements in Australian society.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-day-honours-david-walsh-and-elizabeth-broderick-among-recipients\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-broderick-interviewed-by-kim-rubenstein-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Connors, Jane", "Entry ID": "AWE5708", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/connors-jane\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Advisor, Advocate, Lawyer", "Summary": "Jane Connors has had a distinguished academic career in which she has dedicated her scholarship and work as an international law practitioner to the betterment of United Nations (UN) treaty mechanisms and the rights of women and children.\nAfter studying law and arts at the Australian National University in Canberra, she taught at the Canberra College of Advanced Education (now University of Canberra) before travelling to England, United Kingdom. There, she taught at the Universities of Nottingham and Lancaster, and at the University of London's School of Oriental and African Studies.\nDrawn to the UN, in 1996 Connors was appointed Chief, Women's Rights Section in the Division for the Advancement of Women in the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UN. In 2009 she became Chief, Special Procedures Branch of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights; she was also later Director of the Research and Right to Development Division. Connors retired from the UN in March 2015.\nHer commitment to international human rights continues with her role as International Advocacy Director Law and Policy for Amnesty International based in Geneva, Switzerland. She regularly teaches at universities around the globe, including at the London School of Economics where she is Visiting Professor in Practice.\nJane Connors was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Born in Sydney in 1953, Jane Connors was the first of eight children of Patricia, a nurse, and her husband, John, a surgeon. John Connors' medical studies took the family to Britain for a time; when they returned to Australia, Connors was educated in Canberra at St Benedict's Primary School, Narrabundah, followed by St Clare's College, Griffith. Encouraged by her father to choose a career which would allow her to be independent, Connors enrolled in Bachelor of Laws and Bachelor of Arts degrees at the Australian National University [Connors and Rubenstein].\nAt university in the mid-1970s, a women law students' organisation did not exist. Connors became the first woman to be elected as President of the Law Students' Association at the University. This was an exciting time to be a student on campus and being head of the Association meant Connors enjoyed a ringside seat of events. In the midst of the historic Whitlam Government dismissal, for instance, Connors (as President) invited the then Governor-General, Sir John Kerr, to be guest speaker at the Australian Law Students' Association dinner [Connors and Rubenstein].\nWhile it was commonplace for female students to leave university in order to get married, Connors avoided going down this path, crediting the late Alice Erh-Soon Tay - then her tutor in Soviet and Chinese Law - for providing her with support and encouragement to continue her studies [Connors and Rubenstein].\nHaving completed her undergraduate degrees, Connors then embarked upon a masters degree at the Australian National University, undertaking the Legal Workshop in 1979. In 1980 she began teaching in the Law Department of the Canberra College of Advanced Education (now the University of Canberra). She then went to England where she accepted teaching posts at the Universities of Nottingham (1982) and Lancaster (1983) [Connors and Rubenstein].\nKeen on the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), Connors moved to London and in 1983 she began teaching at SOAS. A requirement of SOAS' academics being to specialise in a region, Connors chose Malaysia and began teaching Malaysian family law and human rights in Southeast Asia [Connors and Rubenstein]. This experience had a profound impact on the subsequent course of her career, ultimately leading her to the UN.\nIn 1987, to mark the UN Decade for Women, Connors wrote a manual which aimed to help women in Commonwealth nations to deal with sexual abuse, sexual harassment and domestic violence [Canberra Times]. Connors was also part of the Commonwealth Secretariat Delegation at the World Conference on Women, Nairobi, Kenya, and worked on the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). During this period she married and had two daughters [Connors and Rubenstein].\nIn 1996 Connors was appointed Chief, Women's Rights Section in the Division for the Advancement of Women in the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UN, and moved to New York. Connors has written a history of this time in Commentary on CEDAW, Oxford University Press [Connors and Rubenstein].\nPursuing an interest in treaty mechanisms and women's human rights, in 2002 Connors moved to Geneva, Switzerland, where she became Senior Human Rights Officer in the Human Rights Treaties Branch. In 2009 she was promoted to Chief of the Special Procedures Branch of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Connors then went to work as Director of the Research and Right to Development Division at the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. She retired from the UN in March 2015.\nConnors' commitment to international human rights continues with her role as International Advocacy Director Law and Policy for Amnesty International based in Geneva. She also remains a trustee of the United Kingdom charity, Keeping Children Safe, and regularly teaches at universities around the world, including the London School of Economics where she is Visiting Professor in Practice.\nIn her capacity as an academic, international law practitioner, and adviser in the UN, Jane Connors has made a significant contribution to human rights treaty bodies, raising their profile to end violence against women and children and to promote the human rights of women.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jane-connors-interviewed-by-kim-rubenstein-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ford, Norma Clare", "Entry ID": "AWE5713", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ford-norma-clare\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer", "Summary": "Norma Clare Ford was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein in the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/norma-clare-ford-interviewed-by-kim-rubenstein-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gearin, Sally", "Entry ID": "AWE5714", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gearin-sally\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Admitted to practice in NSW in the early 1980s and having developed a strong reputation in personal injury law, Sally Gearin was recruited specifically to Darwin by the Northern Territory Attorney General's Department in 1986.\nRising through the ranks to become a senior litigation solicitor, she was called to the Bar in late 1989 by the then Head of William Forster Chambers, Trevor Riley QC, later to become Chief Justice Trevor Riley.\nRelishing the opportunity to back herself, and openly lesbian since 1978, Sally became the first woman to go to the Bar in the Northern Territory. She developed a vibrant practice and remained there for 20 years until her retirement in 2010. Having won more than 90% of her cases at trial, she was satisfied she had justified the faith of those colleagues who supported her early in her career.\nAlways active in pro bono, she worked with others to establish the first women's refuge in Darwin in 1988 and helped establish community legal services and refugee advocacy in the 1990s. In 1992 she was awarded a fellowship to travel to the USA with Judy Harrison, another woman lawyer, to research responses to domestic violence. Their subsequent book and recommendations were a blueprint for policy responses in the mid 1990s both in the Territory and nationwide.\nSally currently (in 2016) sits as a part time legal member of a number of Tribunals in the Northern Territory.\nSally Gearin was interviewed by Nikki Henningham in the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Born in Sydney to Ellen (nee) Dempsey and Alan Louvain Tait, Sally attended St Kevin's Primary School at Eastwood and then at Our Lady Of Mercy College Parramatta. Going to boarding school at age 14, she relished the nurturing of some of the nuns, who created a community of stability, intellectual pursuit in an environment where 'daring to be different' was celebrated, not vilified.\nAwarded a Commonwealth Scholarship to attend ANU to study law in 1967, she embraced the student politics of the late 1960s together with the drug and drop out culture of the time. Returning to Sydney, Sally left her legal studies and went bush, got married and at 23 had a baby while pursuing the hippy lifestyle.\nRealizing eventually that this was not sustainable, and wanting to give her son the opportunities that had been given to her, she returned to Sydney to complete her legal studies. She became open about her sexuality in 1978 when she was 27 years old. It was perhaps the hardest thing to do, Sally says, to have the disapproval of many, including her mother, required a depth of courage in those days that steeled her for the difficult path ahead. Fortunately, she had a few wonderful male mentors in Sydney, who guided her through the often stormy waters of the male dominated profession she had chosen.\nAt the Attorney-General's Department in Darwin, she was involved in some major commercial and administrative law cases that broadened and deepened her legal experience.\nWhen Trevor Riley asked her to join the Bar at William Forster Chambers in 1989, she was well supported by the senior legal ranks of the Attorney-General's department, Peter Conran and Meredith Harrison. They made it known that if she wanted to come back to Government, she would be always welcome.\nOnce at the Bar she was initially briefed mostly by local women solicitors in the Northern Territory. Her practice at the bar soon expanded to not only personal injury work, but also administrative law, family law and human rights law. In commenting on this, Sally said \u2026 'It was difficult to know if the male solicitors did not brief you because you were a woman, because you were a lesbian, because they didn't like you or because they didn't think you were any good.' This male exclusion attitude changed after a few years as Sally started winning cases at trial.\nAs well as developing her practice, Sally was involved in important community and advocacy organisations. She was a founder of Dawn House, Darwin's first Women's Refuge, a founder of the NT Women Lawyers Association and a founder of the Australian Women Lawyers Association. She was also a founding editor of the Northern Territory Law Reports and President of the Northern Territory Chapter of the International Commission of Jurists. In this latter role she assisted with the establishment of the first Legal Aid office in Dili, Timor Leste, and was an observer at the International War Crimes Tribunals held there in during the United Nations administered transition to that country's independence in May 2002.\nAs mentioned previously, pro bono work has always been an important part of her practice, in both Sydney and Darwin. The motivation has always been quite simple, Sally says; \u2026'I developed my passion for justice mostly by seeing injustice and powerlessness and wanting to do something about it'.\nIn a 2010 reflection on how the arrival of women improved the culture of the NT Bar, Colin McDonald QC described Sally as a 'pioneer' whose arrival at chambers 'brought a maturity, a depth and a democratic legitimacy to the contemporary life of Chambers\u2026[as well as] a quality of life on a daily basis.'\nMotivated by a desire and passion for the role of women in her profession, Sally represents the strength and determination necessary to be successful as a woman barrister and trailblazer.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sally-gearin-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hill, Jenni", "Entry ID": "AWE5715", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hill-jenni\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Hobart, Tasmania, Australia", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Partner, Solicitor", "Summary": "After ten years as a partner at Norton Rose Fulbright, and four years prior to that at Bennett & Co., Jenni Hill is now (2016) a partner at the Perth office of international law firm, Clifford Chance. She is a litigation specialist, representing clients in the energy and resources sectors, and advising on corporate and shareholder disputes and investigations.\nCommitted to promoting equality of opportunity in the legal profession, Hill was a joint winner of the Western Australian Women Lawyers Association Woman Lawyer of the Year award in 2011. When at Norton Rose Fulbright, she chaired a Workplace Flexibility focus group. She is on the board of CEOs for Gender Equity, an initiative of the Western Australian Equal Opportunity Commission launched in 2014 to promote gender equity in the corporate sector. A woman who is 'astute at picking her battles' and developing strategies 'for the long term', she intends to change discriminatory corporate cultures by asserting influence from within.\nJenni Hill was interviewed by Nikki Henningham in the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Except for a couple of years when her family lived in England, Jenni Hill grew up in Hobart, Tasmania, moving to Canberra in 1981, where she finished her schooling. Both her parents were teachers, a fact she is sure contributed to her 'not remembering a time when she didn't think she would go to university'. The excellent education she received at both the Friends Quaker School in Hobart and Canberra Church of England Girls' Grammar made it certain. Hill graduated with a BSc\/LLB (Hons) from the Australian National University in 1992. She was admitted as a solicitor in Western Australia and the High Court of Australia in 1994.\nBefore graduating, Hill received many graduate offers from Sydney based firms but decided to make the move to Perth, where she had been offered a position as associate to Justice Walsh of the WA Supreme Court. A preference for the lifestyle options available in smaller cities, along with some personal connections (her best friend from university days, (the Hon. Justice) Janine Pritchard, had moved across to Perth), convinced her to stay, rather than return to Sydney to take up her graduate offer. What she hadn't counted on was the time and effort it took to find a local firm to take her on to complete her articles; preference was given to local graduates, despite her excellent CV and experience. Fortunately, a colleague who she had worked with at the Supreme Court offered to put in a good word for her with Martin Bennett at Bennett & Co, and her career in litigation in Perth was launched. Thus, the experience of discrimination, as well as the importance of networking, were demonstrated very early as she progressed up the ladder.\nFrom her time as an associate, Hill had early exposure to criminal law but from that experience decided it wasn't for her. She, nevertheless, wanted to do court work. She had always imagined herself a litigator; she enjoyed mooting as a student (she was a member of a successful all women team in her fourth year at university) and enjoyed the process of preparing and presenting an argument. Fortunately, working at a smaller firm, like Bennett & Co. gave her the opportunity to forge a career in litigation where court appearances were common, even for less experienced lawyers. Large top tier firms were less like to give recent graduates that sort of control and experience. From those early days, she has developed a reputation in Perth that has earned the respect of colleagues and clients alike.\nWhile developing a profitable practice and seniority in the industry, Hill has also felt a deep responsibility to improve corporate and legal cultures to promote and encourage diversity, not only in terms of gender, but also with regard to ethnicity and age. Recognising that her education has created opportunities for her she feels a responsibility to 'use [her] sphere of influence to change what [I] can \u2026 to assess whether I have influence or power in a situation and then to use that for good'. This led her to be involved in initiatives such as the Workplace Flexibility task force when she was at Norton Rose Fulbright and the Western Australian Opportunity Commission project, CEOs for Gender Equality. She hopes that these types of initiatives will make combining work and family life easier for women and men coming through. She doesn't accept the view of some more senior figures, who faced challenges and 'pulling up the ladder after them' say 'well it was hard for me, it can be hard for you, too'. 'I don't accept that,' she says. 'It's like saying I got bullied at school so you should be bullied so you know what it feels like'.\nUnderstanding where she is most effective means that she might not ever end up at the Bar. 'That used to be a personal dream,' she say, 'but at the moment I actually think that my sphere of influence is probably better placed in the role that I have now.' Working in a large, global firm, 'diversity is a key issue' \u2026. There are fantastic opportunities for me to try to leave a lasting legacy.' She hopes she can be part of a change, working from within. 'I really do strongly believe that there is an obligation on\u2026 senior women to speak up and to try to change.'\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jenni-hill-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kayess, Rosemary", "Entry ID": "AWE5718", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kayess-rosemary\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Academic, Advisor, Disability rights activist, Lawyer", "Summary": "Rosemary Kayess has devoted her career to the study and promotion of human rights and discrimination law in Australia and internationally. She has made a significant contribution to the disability rights movement. Currently a Visiting Fellow and Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of New South Wales, Kayess was appointed to the Australian Government delegation responsible for drafting the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.\nSince 2009 Kayess has been a member of the AusAID Disability Reference Group; in 2010 she was appointed Director of the Human Rights and Disability Project at the University of New South Wales (UNSW). Kayess became Senior Research Fellow at the Social Policy Research Centre at UNSW in 2011.\nRosemary Kayess was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Rosemary Kayess graduated from the University of New South Wales with a Bachelor of Laws and a Bachelor of Social Science (Honours). She also has an Associate Diploma of Management (Community Organisations) and a Graduate Diploma of Legal Practice from the College of Law.\nWhen she was twenty, Kayess was in a serious car accident in which she sustained a spinal injury. The event set her on the path to her subsequent career.\nFrom 1989 to 1995, Kayess was Director of Spinal Cord Injuries Australia while also serving on the Ethics Committee at the Benevolent Society of New South Wales and as Director of the Physical Disability Council of New South Wales.\nSince 1995, Kayess has been Chairperson of the Australian Centre for Disability Law. The Centre promotes and protects the human and legal rights of people with disabilities by providing them with access to legal advocacy. Kayess was subsequently appointed to the Disability Council of New South Wales in 1996, serving until 2000. In 1996 Kayess was honoured with a University of New South Wales Alumni Award.\nIn 2004 - 2006, Kayess was appointed to the Australian Government delegation responsible for drafting the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (the Convention) [Lannen]. After the drafting process had been completed, Kayess tirelessly promoted the Convention at workshops and human rights forums, arguing for its ratification by the Australian Government. In 2008 the Rudd Government ratified the Convention, thereby providing a basis for social inclusion of people with disability in all aspects of society.\nAccording to Kayess, the timing of her involvement with the Convention was significant in setting a new direction for her academic career: \"International human rights was my area of focus and the Convention negotiations came up and it really was this one-in-a-lifetime chance and I was incredibly lucky to be involved. My academic work has sort of revolved in the past 10 years around the development of the Convention. I was appointed to the Australian Government delegation for the negotiation process and you know it's sad to say, but it really is the peak of an international lawyer's career to be involved in those types of negotiation processes\" [Lannen].\nFrom 2008 to 2009, Kayess was Director of the Disability Studies and Research Centre at the University of New South Wales (UNSW). In this role, Kayess was an advocate for the disability sector, often called upon for public comment and analysis on behalf of those with disabilities affected by unemployment and limited access to further education [ABC].\nAt UNSW's 2009 Protecting Human Rights Conference at the Gilbert + Tobin Centre of Public Law, Kayess spoke about the daily human rights violations which people with disabilities encounter, such as a lack of adequate accommodation, being forced to live in institutional care, and education segregation. These matters continue to occupy Kayess' work in a domestic and international context. Since 2009, Kayess has been a member of the Department Foreign Affairs and Trade Disability Reference Group; in 2010 she was appointed Director of the Human Rights and Disability Project of the Australian Human Rights Centre of the Faculty of Law, UNSW [Vision 2020].\nFrom 2010 to 2014 Kayess was the Senior Visiting Research Fellow on the Disability Rights Expanding Accessible Markets (DREAM) Project. \"The primary aim of the DREAM Project is to professionally develop and educate the next generation of disability policy researchers and entrepreneurs to assist the European Union and its Member States in their efforts to implement the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities\" [Disability Rights]. The project provided Kayess with the opportunity to continue her ground-breaking work on the Convention at an international level.\nIn 2011 Kayess, a Visiting Fellow and Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of New South Wales, was appointed Senior Research Fellow at the Social Policy Research Centre at the University of New South Wales.\nKayess has devoted her career to disability policy and reform. She has advised on the many issues that intersect with the disability sector, including housing, education, guardianship, employment and domestic and international human rights. An expert member of the Australian Government delegation to the United Nations negotiations for the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Kayess continues to be a tireless advocate for those with disabilities in Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rosemary-kayess-interviewed-by-kim-rubenstein-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kenny, Susan", "Entry ID": "AWE5719", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kenny-susan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Oxford, United Kingdom", "Occupations": "Barrister, Commissioner, Judge, Lawyer", "Summary": "The Hon. Justice Susan Kenny was the first woman ever to be appointed to the Court of Appeal, Supreme Court of Victoria. Since 1998, she has been a judge of the Federal Court of Australia. Kenny is also a Presidential Member of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal. An outstanding student who was educated at the Universities of Melbourne and Oxford, Kenny was associate for two years to the then justice of the High Court of Australia, the Rt Hon. Ninian Stephen. Soon after returning to the Bar, she took silk. It was while serving as a part-time commissioner for the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission that a judicial career beckoned. For many years, Kenny has worked with various administrative bodies which are concerned with judicial reform and education.\nSusan Kenny was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "The Hon. Justice Susan Kenny was born in Oxford, England in 1953. Growing up, she attended schools in the United States of America and in Australia, where she completed her secondary education at Methodist Ladies' College, Kew, before embarking upon arts and law degrees at the University of Melbourne. A brilliant student, upon completion of her studies she was placed first in History, winning the Dwight's Prize; she also shared first place in Law, thereby becoming a joint winner of the illustrious Supreme Court Prize.\nFor two years from 1979, Kenny was associate to the Rt Hon. Sir Ninian Stephen, then on the High Court of Australia. Afterwards she went into practice as a barrister. Becoming expert in the areas of constitutional and public law while also working in commercial and tax law, she took silk in 1996. During this time, she appeared in a number of prominent cases before the High Court of Australia, including the Tasmanian Dam Case and the War Crimes Case, and in the International Court of Justice in The Hague, including Portugal v Australia and Nauru v Australia.\nEarlier, in 1985, Kenny had been awarded the Menzies Scholarship in Law, followed by a grant from the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Trust. She subsequently went to Magdalen College, Oxford, where she studied comparative constitutional law under the supervision of Professor John Finnis. Her doctoral thesis, which involved a comparison of the methodology of the Australian High Court and the United States Supreme Court, was accepted in December 1988 and she graduated D.Phil (Oxon) in 1989.\nIn 1997, while serving as a part-time commissioner of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission and member of the Victorian Bar Ethics Committee, Kenny was appointed to the Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court of Victoria: the first woman judge on the Court. Her credentials included having been president of the Administrative Review Council (1993 to 1996), counsel assisting the Solicitor-General (1991 to 1992), and a member of the Advisory Committee on Executive Government for the 1987 Australian Constitutional Commission.\nSince October 1998, Kenny has served as a judge of the Federal Court of Australia. While on the bench, she has been involved in the promotion of judicial education. Kenny is also a Presidential Member of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal and, from time to time, its Acting President under s 10(1) of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1976 (Cth). She has been a member of the Board of Governors, International Organization for Judicial Training (IOJT) (2005-2007); a member of the Executive of the IOJT (2008-2009); and regional deputy president of the IOJT (2010-2012). In Australia, she has been alternate member and member of the Council of the National Judicial College of Australia (2006-2010).\nKenny has an abiding interest in law reform and legal education. She was a part-time commissioner, Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC) from 2003 until July 2012, and a member of numerous ALRC Advisory Committees in that period.. In addition, she was a member of the steering committee for the Australian Secretariat for the Asia Pacific Judicial Reform Forum from 2005 until 2008. In 2009 and 2011, under the auspices of the Australian Catholic University, Kenny co-taught the subject 'International Human Rights Law and Practice' to Burmese refugees living in a Thai refugee camp and studying for a Diploma of Liberal Studies.\nKenny is a Foundation Fellow of the Australian Academy of Law and serves on a number of university boards and committees. She is a Fellow of St Hilda's College, University of Melbourne; a member of the Council of the Australasian Institute of Judicial Administration; a former long-term member of the Advisory Board of the Australian National University's Centre for International and Public Law; and a member of the Executive for Future Justice.\nKenny has written numerous articles, book chapters, and conference papers concerned with history and constitutional, administrative and taxation law.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/susan-kenny-interviewed-by-kim-rubenstein-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kossiavelos, Koula", "Entry ID": "AWE5720", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kossiavelos-koula\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Magistrate, Solicitor", "Summary": "Koula Kossiavelos is a magistrate of the Magistrates Court of South Australia. She has made a significant contribution to the Greek community, including as member of a long-standing steering committee which succeeded after ten years in establishing a Chair of modern Greek studies at Flinders University. She was a legal advisor and National President of the Pan-Arcadian Federation of Australia and an Australian delegate at the International Conference of Council of Hellenes Abroad. A former barrister and solicitor, she served articles with the firm Johnston, Withers, McCusker & Co before joining Martirovs, Kadis & Metanomski where she became a partner. Later establishing herself as a sole practitioner, she practised in a wide range of civil cases, including personal injury claims, family law, criminal-injuries compensation claims, civil litigation, industrial law and defamation. She continues to support community legal organisations and to promote a multicultural society.\nKoula Kossiavelos was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Koula Kossiavelos graduated with a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Adelaide in 1980, followed by a Graduate Diploma in Community Languages from the University of South Australia in 1981. In 1982, she was a participating student at the University of Athens summer school organised by Temple University of Philadelphia law school. During her university studies, Kossiavelos was a founding member of a Greek youth and music radio program. In recognition of her commitment to fostering the Greek community and the development of a broader multicultural society, Kossiavelos was granted a Commonwealth Government Australian-Greek Presidential Award in 1982 [PM]. This scholarship enabled Kossiavelos to study the legal system of Greece as it related to the Australian community.\nKossiavelos served articles with the firm Johnston, Withers, McCusker and Co. In 1984 she joined Martirovs, Kadis & Metanomski as a solicitor; in 1986 she became a partner at the firm. It was here that she developed expertise in trial work and the conduct of civil law matters. In 1987 she represented Greek-Australian graduate students in raising money to support a Chair of Modern Greek at Flinders University [Flinders]. Between 1984 and 1989 she acted as honorary legal advisor to the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia and performed the voluntary role of duty solicitor at the Adelaide Magistrates' Court. She was a member of the Citizens' Advice Bureau and the Women's Legal Service. In addition, Kossiavelos volunteered as a legal adviser at Thebarton, Norwood and Parks Legal Service. She has been an Australian delegate to the International Conference of Greek Youth Abroad and President of the Greek Australian Graduates Association. She also contributed as an Executive Board member of the Alumni Association of the University of Adelaide.\nKossiavelos established herself as a sole practitioner in 1991; she practised in a wide range of civil cases, including personal injury claims, family law, criminal-injuries compensation claims, civil litigation, industrial law and defamation. During this time she was Legal Advisor and National President of the Pan-Arcadian Federation of Australia, and Australian delegate at the International Conference of Council of Hellenes Abroad in 2001 and 2003. From 2005 to 2006 Kossiavelos was the National Coordinator of the Australian Hellenic Council.\nIn 2007 Kossiavelos was appointed a Stipendiary Magistrate. The Attorney-General Michael Atkinson noted upon her appointment that Kossiavelos had \"thrown [herself] into serving others\" and that she had \"also been a stalwart of Greek organisations and migrant women's groups\" [Media Release].\nKoula Kossiavelos has made a considerable contribution to the legal system in South Australia. She continues to support community and legal organisations, which provide services to migrant women in need, and to promote a multicultural society.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/koula-kossiavelos-interviewed-by-kim-rubenstein-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McGlade, Hannah", "Entry ID": "AWE5723", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcglade-hannah\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Perth, Western Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal spokesperson, Academic, Barrister, Human rights activist, Lawyer, Solicitor, Tribunal Member", "Summary": "Dr Hannah McGlade is a Nyungar human rights lawyer and academic who has published widely on many aspects of Aboriginal legal issues, especially those affecting the lives of Aboriginal women and children. Winner of the West Australian NAIDOC Student of the Year Award in 1996 (she followed this up in 2008 with the NAIDOC Outstanding Achievement Award), she was the first Aboriginal person to graduate from Murdoch University; she was also the first Aboriginal woman to graduate from a Western Australian law school when she graduated LLB (Murdoch) in 1995. She was admitted as a Solicitor and Barrister of the Supreme Court of Western Australia in 1996. In July 2016 she was appointed as a Senior Indigenous Research Fellow at Curtin University. In 2016, she has been a Senior Indigenous Fellow at the United Nations Office of the High Commission for Human Rights in Geneva, attending and assisting The Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (EMRIP).\nAs well as publishing prolifically, McGlade has served on many tribunals, boards and committees throughout her career, including the board of the Healing Foundation, a national Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander organisation with a focus on building culturally strong, community led healing solutions to Australian Indigenous people by reconnecting them back to their culture, philosophy and spirit. She played a leading role in the return of historically significant lands, being the former Sister Kate's Children Home, where she had been a child resident, to the local community and also in the establishment of the Noongar Radio station serving as the Managing Director of Noongar Media Enterprises in 2008.\nHer tireless advocacy on behalf of Aboriginal women led in 2013 to the establishment of the first ever service in Perth for Aboriginal victims of domestic violence. Named Djinda, a Noongar word meaning stars and in memory of the women whose lives have been lost to violence, the service is delivered in conjunction with the Women's Law Centre and provides support to victims of family violence in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities of metropolitan Perth. In 2016 McGlade remain an adviser to the service.\nHannah McGlade was interviewed by Nikki Henningham for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of AustraliaCATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "An advocate for schemes that enable and prioritise Indigenous people's access to education, McGlade provides living proof of the transformative power of education. Growing up, she enjoyed learning and wanted to get a good education, but circumstances beyond her control led to McGlade leaving school before turning 16 years. A victim of abuse herself, she experienced family breakdown, homelessness and poverty and discontinued schooling to support herself and a younger brother, finding work in cafes and fast food take out places. At this time, Government initiatives to support Aboriginal access to education were fortunately available. Hannah enrolled at the Curtin University Bridging Course, and then the Bachelor of Communications degree at Curtin. She worked for the West Australia Aboriginal Media Association, reporting on Indigenous affairs and issues. In 1989, now living and working in Canberra, Hannah was admitted to the Australian National University's inaugural Aboriginal entry program, which provided places and support to study law. She returned to Perth to complete her undergraduate degree in law at Murdoch University, where she also completed a Masters in International Human Rights Law in 2001. In 2011 she graduated with a PhD from Curtin University. McGlade's research, supervised by Professor Linda Briskman, formed the basis of an award-winning book and was awarded a Vice Chancellor's commendation. McGlade extended her formal education in 2014 at Harvard University by completing a Certificate in Global Mental Health, Trauma and Recovery.\nIn 2011, McGlade received the Stanner Award for the best academic manuscript written by an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander author, for her book based on her PhD research, Our Greatest Challenge, Aboriginal children and human rights. The strength of her writing and argument comes from her ability to blend personal experience with academic expertise and the benefit of professional practice. Described as 'not a comfortable read' the book is fearless in its analysis and assessment of Australian attitudes and responses to the abuse of children in Aboriginal communities. She argues that Aboriginal human rights discourses that focus on treaties and constitutional recognition ignore the plight of indigenous women and children and have been too often been supportive of Aboriginal men's sense of entitlement. While the impact of colonization, trauma, racism and stigma is profound, ongoing and extensively documented in histories of Aboriginal Australia, the danger of these wide-ranging explanations in the context of violence in Indigenous communities is that the specific issues of child sexual abuse and domestic violence, and the human rights of Aboriginal children are lost, subsumed in the greater 'pains' of the dispossessed. It also means that the special needs and voices of abused women and children are ignored. 'Within Aboriginal rights discourse, few women are prepared to speak about Aboriginal men's violence', she says, but this should not be taken to mean that gender is irrelevant, or that women might place more emphasis on racism than on sexism as the core problem. Women who do speak out, she says, often experience intimidation, marginalization and isolation. So-called 'educated liberal' responses that violence towards women and children is part of Aboriginal 'culture' and one that has to be accommodated by 'white man's' law are seriously misguided and cannot continue.\nMcGlade has used her legal training as an activist in a practical sense. In 1999, she successfully brought a civil case against Senator Ross Lightfoot who was found to have vilified Aboriginal people in 1997 by saying publicly that some aspects of Aboriginal culture were abhorrent, and that they were 'the most primitive people on earth'. She has supported several Noongar elders and community members to assert their rights under Section 18C of Racial Discrimination Act. Her legal training has also been important to her work in the community legal sector where she was responsible for leading the establishment of the Aboriginal Family Law Services, providing legal, counselling and community education to regional Aboriginal women, families and communities experiencing high levels of family violence and sexual assault. It has also qualified her to work on a variety of tribunals. She was appointed to the State Administrative Tribunal, Human Rights stream in 2010 and later worked for four years (2012-2016) at the Administrative Appeals Tribunal, starting originally at the Migration Refugee Review Tribunal, performing an important role in the review of government decision making. She continues to work as a member of the WA Mental Health Tribunal.\nHer academic writing, speaking, teaching and journalism are other channels through which she now develops her activism. Speaking on behalf of Aboriginal women is a privilege and a responsibility she takes very seriously, appreciating how the written word has power and leaves a legacy. 'Writing's been a great part of my life,' she said in a 2013 interview. 'I'm happy to have stood up for Aboriginal women - speaking up for what's important for us.'\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/our-greatest-challenge-aboriginal-children-and-human-rights\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/native-title-tides-of-history-and-our-continuing-claims-for-justice-sovereignty-self-determination-and-treaty\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wa-senator-breached-race-act-court-finds\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-section-18c-and-the-racial-discrimination-act\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/review-of-our-greatest-challenge-aboriginal-children-and-human-rights\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hannah-mcglade-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Oliver, Sue", "Entry ID": "AWE5725", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oliver-sue\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Burwood, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Barrister, Judge, Lawyer, Magistrate, Solicitor", "Summary": "A graduate of the University of Adelaide, Her Honour Judge Sue Oliver was admitted as a solicitor and barrister of the Supreme Court of South Australia in 1978 and then promptly moved with her (then) husband to Darwin, where she has lived ever since. She was appointed to the Northern Territory Magistrates Court (now called the Northern Territory Local Court) in 2006, after having practised law in a variety of public and private sectors contexts. As managing magistrate of the Northern Territory Youth Justice Court in the Northern Territory, she has a particular interest in and has published widely on matters relating to the complex issues surrounding the management of young offenders.\nSince arriving in the N.T., Oliver has also contributed her time and energy to a variety of community and national organisations. These include the Family Planning Association, the YWCA, the International Legal Services Advisory Council, Commissioner for the NT Legal Aid Commission, committee member NT Law Society and Board Member of the Australian Women Lawyers. She is presently a member of the Country Women's Association in Katherine.\nSue Oliver was interviewed by Nikki Henningham in the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Sue Oliver was the first person in her family to go to university, a beneficiary of the free tertiary education system introduced by the Whitlam Labor Government elected in 1972. Nineteen years old and working her way up northern Australia at the time of the election, the prospect of free tertiary education was enough to bring her back to Adelaide, complete her Higher School Certificate, and qualify for university entrance. She originally thought about studying medicine, but realised she didn't have the maths\/science competence to get the mark required. She settled on law, and has never looked back. 'The best thing about being a lawyer, is the intellectual challenge of the law,' she says. 'The best thing about having a legal career \u2026is having the opportunity to meet people you wouldn't otherwise have met and to better understand their lives.'\nAfter completing her degree at the University of Adelaide in 1978, Oliver completed a Graduate Diploma of Legal Practice as an alternative to doing articles. Not having any connections in the Adelaide legal families, she had no connection to the networks necessary to getting a position in a good firm. She never felt disadvantaged by taking this route - if anything she was glad to be moving in less conservative circles. Having once been asked by some students conducting a survey whether her background was 'Upper class, upper middle class, middle class, lower middle class, lower class,' Oliver responded with out-rage and indignation, 'Anybody ever heard of working class?' She was glad for the more progressive opportunities that the graduate diploma offered.\nDespite being admitted as a solicitor and barrister to the Supreme Court of South Australia, Oliver did not begin her career there. Her then husband was offered a job in the Northern Territory and the opportunity to move into a jurisdiction that was rebuilding and developing was too good to refuse. She began her professional legal career in 1979 as a legal adviser to the Territory Government before moving to the North Australian Aboriginal Legal Aid Service. From there, she moved into further government work, including in the Office of the Deputy Crown Solicitor, the Social Security Appeals Tribunal and the office of the Australian Government Solicitor, before embarking on a career in academia.\nOliver is a former legal academic with a Master of Laws from the College of William and Mary in Virginia, U.S.A. (1994). In 1998, after many years in teaching and administration in the Faculty of Business at the Northern Territory Institute on Technology, she was appointed the first Dean of the Faculty of Law, Business and Arts at what was then the newly restructured Northern Territory University. Subsequently she was Director of Legal Policy and Acting Executive Director of Legal Services in the Territory's Department of Justice immediately prior to her appointment to the Bench in 2006. As an academic, her teaching areas included contract, employment law and defamation. As Director of Legal Policy she developed the Freedom of Information and Privacy legislation and the reform of the Criminal Code, including the reform of mandatory life sentencing.\nIn recent years, Oliver has been managing magistrate of the Northern Territory Youth Justice Court in the Northern Territory. In this capacity she has been working with a variety of services towards building a better framework to enable the court and services like the Department of Children and Families and the Youth Justice Division of Corrections to communicate with each other and manage cases better. Information on young people in the system has been 'siloed' for years - 'nobody's talking but everybody's got information' - and she has been working on systems that share that information between services while protecting the rights and privacy of the young person. According to some youth justice advocates familiar with the Northern Territory, Oliver's efforts with the Katherine youth court have been successful. Words like 'holistic and 'user-friendly' have been used to describe the system. According to some advocates, 'It's less punitive' with 'less onerous bail conditions', than past, and some present, court systems have been.\nIn March 2007, Oliver was one of five women who presided over Darwin courts for the first time, the largest female jurist contingent ever to sit in one place in the Northern Territory, a noteworthy occasion indeed. Justice Sally Thomas, Chief Magistrate Jenny Blokland, Acting Magistrate Tanya Fong Lim and Magistrates Melanie Little and Sue Oliver were referred to as the \"five sisters in law\" in a report in the Northern Territory News and the journal of the Northern Territory Law Society. As well as acknowledging the experience and expertise the group of five possessed, the article noted that between them, there were eleven children, with Oliver mother to four of them. Maintaining work\/life balance has involved constant juggling and even though opportunities for women to work in the legal profession have improved markedly over her time, Oliver can't see anyway around the juggling. 'I think the same challenges will always be there,' she says. 'You want an intellectual life for yourself. You want a career for yourself but you want to balance that against bringing up your children, giving them the things that they want and seeing them, you know, blossom into life. I can't see that ever changes.' With support, however, the juggling act is manageable.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sue-oliver-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pritchard, Janine", "Entry ID": "AWE5727", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pritchard-janine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Gunnedah, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Judge, Lawyer", "Summary": "The Hon. Justice Janine Pritchard was appointed to the Supreme Court of Western Australia on 11 June 2010. She was elevated to this position after a year as a Judge of the District Court of Western Australia, during which period she served as Deputy President of the State Administrative Tribunal. Prior to her appointment to the District Court, Justice Pritchard had worked in the WA Crown (now State) Solicitor's Office (since 1991).\nKnown for her powerful intellect and work ethic, Justice Pritchard has been an important role model for women planning to combine a career in law, and in the judiciary in particular, with family responsibilities. Her first child was present at her swearing in ceremony; her second was born after her appointment. While she acknowledges the challenges of maintaining a demanding career with a 'hands on' approach to family life, Justice Pritchard has demonstrated that working arrangements for the judiciary are capable of accommodating family friendly policies, such as maternity leave.\nJanine Pritchard was interviewed by Nikki Henningham in the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Born in Gunnedah in New South Wales, Janine Pritchard lived in regional NSW for the first fifteen years of her life. The oldest of three sisters educated by the Catholic Sisters of Mercy, Pritchard finished her secondary education at Merici College in Canberra, after her parents made the decision to move to that city to advance their daughters' education.\nPritchard went on to complete a combined Arts\/Law degree at the Australian National University, graduating with a BA in 1990 and with a Law degree with honours in 1993. Her last two years of her law studies were completed while working full time, because in 1991 she moved to Perth to take up a position as a professional assistant to the then WA Solicitor-General, Kevin Parker AC, QC. She was admitted as a Barrister and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Western Australia in 1993. She undertook more formal education in the late 1990s, completing a Graduate Diploma in Women's Studies at Murdoch University in 1997 and a Master of Laws with distinction from the University of London in 1999.\nHaving completed her articles with the then Crown Solicitor's Office, Pritchard remained in that office as a lawyer and in 2002 was appointed a Senior Assistant State Counsel. She had a very busy practice throughout this period but still found time to lecture and tutor in law at various universities in Perth. Her commitment to mentoring and supporting young lawyers is renowned, as is her active participation in organisations focussed on the advancement of women in the legal profession, including service as a board member of Australian Women Lawyers, the peak body for women lawyers' associations around Australia, and as a Committee member for Women Lawyers Western Australia (WLWA). From 2012 - 2014, she was Chair of the Steering Committee for WLWA's 20th Anniversary Review of the 1994 Chief Justice's Gender Bias Taskforce Report.\nAt her swearing in ceremony on 14 June 2010, the then Parliamentary Secretary to the WA Attorney General, Michael Mischin, listed Pritchard's many achievements, commitments and responsibilities, observing that ' [f]rankly, I don't know where you find the time!' There have been occasions when Her Honour has wondered this herself. Her motivation for pushing through her gruelling schedule stems partly from a desire to create better structures that promote gender equity throughout the legal system, allowing young boys and girls to imagine women and men in leadership roles, in equal numbers. The following extract of her own address at her swearing in, quoted at length, reflects her concerns.\nI am also conscious that regrettably it remains the case that there is something slightly out of the ordinary about the appointment of a woman Judge, and in my case the appointment of a comparatively young woman. While I think that the appointment of women to Courts and Tribunals is generally well received within the profession itself, in the broader community it is interesting that it remains something unusual or worthy of comment.\n Three things have brought this home to me in the past year. The first is that when I was appointed, one of my friends who is a lawyer and who is married to a lawyer recounted that her son who was about six years of age at the time had told her that I couldn't possibly have been appointed as a Judge \"because girls can't be Judges\".\n [M]y son, came home very confused because the tennis coach who goes to his day-care centre to teach tennis had asked the kids what their parents do. He dutifully responded that \"Mummy is a Judge and Daddy is a lawyer\", only to be told, \"No, darling. I think you must be wrong. Daddy's the Judge and Mummy's the lawyer.\"\n More recently I was bemused to see that my appointment to this Court warranted media attention, not because it increased the number of women represented on the Court or for anything to do with my individual merits but because I have a husband with a senior position in the legal profession and [that was seen to raise the question of] how I would be able to manage my new position in view of my 'hubby's' role - that was the term used. My 'hubby's' role was apparently a matter of some concern.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/janine-pritchard-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rathus, Zoe Scott", "Entry ID": "AWE5728", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rathus-zoe-scott\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "A former Australian Young Lawyer of the Year, Zoe Rathus is Director of the Clinical Legal Education Program and Senior Lecturer at Griffith University's Law School in Queensland. She was previously a solicitor, and then co-ordinator, at the Queensland Women's Legal Service, in whose establishment she played an integral part. In 2011 Rathus was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia for service to the law, particularly through contributions to the rights of women, children and the Indigenous community, to education and to professional organisations.\nZoe Rathus was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Zoe Rathus graduated from the University of Queensland with Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws (Honours) degrees in the early 1980s. One of Rathus' Law tutors was Quentin Bryce, later Australia's first woman to hold the office of Governor-General. Bryce was also a mentor and role model to Rathus when women in such positions were few and far between for female students [The Australian].\nIn 1983, Rathus was admitted as a solicitor, working at the time for Lillie and Associates, a small suburban law firm. She practised mainly in family and criminal law. She subsequently joined the firm Goss Downey Carne. In 1984 Rathus was one of those involved in setting up the Queensland Women's Legal Service. (She recalls that Bryce, by this time the first director of the Queensland Women's Information Service in the Office of the Status of Women, was a valuable supporter of, fundraiser and networker for the nascent Legal Service) [The Australian].\nAs a solicitor with the Legal Service, Rathus was an advocate for women who experienced domestic violence. She was chairperson of the Queensland Domestic Violence Council and assisted with the defence of Dagma Stephenson who successfully pleaded self-defence after the homicide of her violent husband of 22 years [Green Left Weekly]. In 1990, Rathus received the accolade of Australian Young Lawyer of the Year, awarded by the Young Lawyers' Section of the Law Council of Australia.\nWith the matter of women in the legal system continuing to occupy her thinking, in 1993 Rathus wrote what has been described as a 'seminal' report, entitled 'Rougher than Usual Handling: Women and the Criminal Justice System'. The report was \"[b]ased on the knowledge of women's experiences before the law accrued from experience in the community legal sector, [and it was said to have] made an invaluable contribution to the reform of Queensland criminal law\" [Galloway].\nFrom 1995 to 1998 Rathus' continuing contribution to gender issues and the law acquired an international focus. She became involved in consultations concerning a key policy document seeking gender equality for South Africa: 'Justice Vision 2000\u2032 [Gender Policy].\nRathus became co-ordinator of the Queensland Women's Legal Service in 1989. In this role, she enjoined the Queensland Government to make changes to stalking laws to increase women's protection, and opposed funding cuts to Legal Aid which adversely affected women on low incomes who were involved with the Family Court [Courier Mail; Meryment].\nIn 1999, Rathus was deputy chair of the Women's Taskforce Review of Queensland's criminal justice system, which examined the impact upon women of the Queensland Criminal Code, court practices and the legal system. As a result of the Review's findings, in 2000 law reform was enacted which provided increased protection for women and children in rape and child abuse cases [Monk & Parnell].\nRathus was presented with the inaugural Queensland Woman Lawyer of the Year Award by the Women Lawyers' Association Queensland in 2001. Two years later she was the recipient of the Centenary Medal, for distinguished service to the law and women's issues in Queensland.\nIn 2005, Rathus became Director of the Clinical Legal Education Program at Griffith University. She was also appointed Senior Lecturer; she lectures on family law, particularly in relation to family violence and gender-related matters, and women and teaches ethics and professional practice, which includes consideration of diversity within the legal profession and access to justice. An inspiration to her students, in 2011 they showed their appreciation, with Rathus receiving the 'Best Lecturer-Brisbane Award' by the Golden Key International Honour Society for her work as Program Director [Griffith].\nAlso in 2011, Rathus was appointed as a Member in the General Division of the Order of Australia for service to the law, particularly through contributions to the rights of women, children and the Indigenous community, to education and to professional organisations. Rathus has, furthermore, been recognised with the Travis Lindenmayer Award for services to family law.\nShe is a board member of the Innocence Project and also a member of the member of the management committee of the Immigrant Women's Support Service. She was previously a board member of Legal Aid Queensland and the Legal Services Commission.\nRathus was instrumental in establishing the Queensland Women's Legal Service and her passion and longstanding advocacy for family law, for women's and children's rights and access to justice, continue to have an impact on communities across Queensland.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/zoe-rathus-interviewed-by-kim-rubenstein-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Walker, Sally", "Entry ID": "AWE5730", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walker-sally\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Consultant, Lawyer, Solicitor, Vice-Chancellor", "Summary": "Emeritus Professor Sally Walker AM was the first female vice-chancellor and president of Australia's Deakin University. Prior to holding these appointments, she was senior deputy vice-chancellor at the University of Melbourne, where she was also president of the University's Academic Board, member of the senior executive, and pro vice-chancellor. Walker established the pioneering Centre for Media, Communications and Information Technology Law (now Centre for Media & Communications Law) at the Melbourne Law School and was its inaugural director. While at the Law School, she was Hearn Professor of Law. Walker was also secretary-general of the Law Council of Australia for a time.\nAppointed as a Member of the Order of Australia in 2011, in recognition of her contribution to education, to the law as an academic and to the advancement of women. In 2014 she was inducted onto the Victorian Honour Roll of Women. As a Principal at Deloitte, Walker continues to consult widely on strategic and leadership matters in the higher education sector.\nSally Walker was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Emeritus Professor Sally Walker's early life was spent on farming properties managed by her father in various parts of Victoria. Winning a scholarship to be a boarder at Melbourne Church of England Girls' Grammar School (now Melbourne Girls Grammar), she was inspired to study law after the school enabled her to meet a number of successful women lawyers [Patterson]. In 1976 Walker graduated from the University of Melbourne with a Bachelor of Laws (Honours), winning the Supreme Court Prize for the highest-placed student in the final honours list, the Anna Brennan Prize and the Joan Rosanove Prize.\nWhile undertaking articles of clerkship at the Melbourne firm Gillotts Solicitors (later part of Minter Ellison), Walker completed a Master of Laws at the University of Melbourne. She left the firm soon afterwards to take up a position as an associate to the then Justice Aickin of the High Court of Australia. Following her associateship, she returned to Gillotts Solicitors and was later made an associate partner [Aiton].\nThe increasing importance of media and communication law had now captured Walker's interest. She returned to the University of Melbourne, taking up a position as a lecturer in the Faculty of Law. After being promoted to senior lecturer and then reader in the Faculty, Walker was responsible for developing a new undergraduate subject - Media Law. In the Master of Laws program she also established the Graduate Diploma of Media, Communications and Information Technology Law. She also taught Trade Practices law, Intellectual Property Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law, Security Law and, in the Master of Laws program, Advanced Trade Practices Law, Defamation Law and the Law of Contempt of Court.\nIn 1992 Walker was Visiting Fellow at Wolfson College, University of Cambridge. She returned to the University of Melbourne the following year, and took up an appointment as the Hearn Professor of Law. Around this time Walker also became the first academic secretary to be appointed to the Victorian Attorney-General's Law Reform Advisory Council. [Patterson].\nBetween 1995 and 2000, Walker was deputy vice-president, vice-president and president of the University of Melbourne's Academic Board; she was a member of the University's senior executive and a pro vice-chancellor. Walker also established the Centre for Media, Communications and Information Technology Law (now the Centre for Media & Communications Law).\nWalker became the second most senior executive at the University of Melbourne when she was appointed to the position of Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor in July 2000. Soon she was being called upon to be acting vice-chancellor in the absence of the then vice-chancellor, the late Professor Alan Gilbert [Patterson].\nAmong her achievements as senior deputy vice-chancellor, Walker reserves her greatest pride for the role she played in the 'Academic Women in Leadership Program', which aimed to encourage women to take up leadership roles in the university [Ketchell; Royall; Cook]. On the success of this program, Walker observed that \"the more women there are in senior positions, the more other women, during the early stages of their career, will think it is possible and feasible for them, too\" [Cook].\nIn 2003, Walker became the first female vice-chancellor and president of Deakin University. In the ensuing seven years, she oversaw research endeavours with India, augmenting student enrolments, increased the University's financial reserves, and set up a new medical school. She also did much to attract and retain female staff, so successfully that she won an Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency award [Ketchell].\nFervent about higher education, Walker said of her time at Deakin that she was: \"absolutely passionate about Deakin University. Passionate about rural and regional engagement. Passionate about access and equity to higher education. Deakin is my life. I really care about the future of regional Australia\" [Aiton].\nAt the conclusion of her appointment as vice-chancellor in 2010, a scholarship was created in Walker's honour to support students from low-income backgrounds to attend Deakin University [Scholarship]. Walker was also conferred with the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws for her contribution to Deakin University, to legal education and scholarship and to higher education in general [Oates] and a building was named after her on the Geelong Waterfront.\nWalker has undertaken various consultancies for federal and Victorian government departments. She was a member of the National Selection Panel for the General Sir John Monash Foundation Scholarships and she remains a member of the Felton Bequests Committee.\nShe was appointed as a Member of the Order of Australia in 2011 in recognition of her contribution to education, to the law as an academic and to the advancement of women. In 2014 Walker was inducted onto the Victorian Honour Roll of Women.\nNow a Principal at the international professional services firm Deloitte, she continues to provide consultancy services across the higher education sector on strategic and leadership issues. This work often draws on her legal background.\nWalker has shown leadership by driving innovation in higher education institutions and by empowering women with flexible work practices. She has also done a great deal to encourage the promotion of women into senior academic and administrative roles. Walker's contribution to law and society has been to demonstrate that education can transform lives and enrich rural and regional communities.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2014 - 2014)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-scholar-to-secretary-general\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sally-walker-interviewed-by-kim-rubenstein-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sally-walker-interviewed-by-ruth-campbell-in-the-law-in-australian-society-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Watson, Irene", "Entry ID": "AWE5731", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/watson-irene\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Academic, Activist, Barrister, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "A proud Tanganekald and Meintangk woman from the Coorong region and the south east of South Australia, Irene Watson was the first Aboriginal person to graduate from the University of Adelaide with a law degree, in 1985. She was also the first Aboriginal PhD graduate (2000) at the university, winning the Bonython Law Prize for best thesis. Her research motivation has been clear from the outset: to gain a better understanding of the Australian legal system that is underpinned by the unlawful foundation of Terra Nullius.\nWatson's work has made a significant impression on everyday legal practice in respect of centring an Indigenous perspective in the long processes of law reform. In 2015 she published Aboriginal Peoples, Colonialism and International Law: Raw Law the first work to assess the legality and impact of colonisation from the viewpoint of Aboriginal law, rather than from that of the dominant Western legal tradition.\nWatson has been involved in the Aboriginal Legal Rights Movement in South Australia since its inception in 1973, working as a member, solicitor and director. She has taught in all three South Australian universities and was a research fellow with the University of Sydney Law School. She is currently a research Professor of Law at the University of South Australia and she continues to work as an advocate for First Nations Peoples in international law.\nWatson was involved with the drafting of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples between 1990 and 1994 and has more recently, in 2009 and 2012, made interventions before the UN Human Rights Council Expert Advisory Committee of the current position of Indigenous peoples.\nIn 2016, Watson was appointed The University of South Australia's inaugural Indigenous pro-Vice Chancellor.\nIrene Watson was interviewed by Nikki Henningham for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of AustraliaCATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "A longer essay detailing Irene Watson's career is in development.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irene-watson-sas-first-aboriginal-lawyer-welcomes-young-graduates\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-peoples-colonialism-and-international-law-raw-law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/looking-at-you-looking-at-me-an-aboriginal-history-of-the-south-east\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irene-watson-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wilson, Nerida", "Entry ID": "AWE5732", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wilson-nerida\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cairns, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Magistrate, Solicitor", "Summary": "Her Honour Nerida Wilson is a Magistrate based in the regional Queensland city of Mackay. Born, raised and educated in Cairns, her career in the law began in 1987 when she joined the Australian Federal Police, undertaking training in Canberra and then serving in Melbourne until 1994 when family circumstances brought her back to Cairns. In 1997 she fulfilled a childhood ambition to see the letters LLB beside her name by enrolling in law at Queensland University of Technology as a mature age student.\nUpon graduation, Nerida worked as a solicitor in Mackay, (where she was by co-incidence, appointed to the bench in October 2015), before moving back to Cairns to practise. Nerida was called to the Bar in February 2008 and enjoyed a diverse practice in family, criminal and civil law. She also appeared at Inquests for parties and as Counsel Assisting the Coroner.\nNerida has been engaged in a number of important local community initiatives and organisations. She is a Past President of the Far North Qld Law Association and the Cairns Regional Domestic Violence Service. She lectured and tutored in family law at the Cairns campus of James Cook University. In the early 2000s Nerida developed an Annual Inter-Campus Moot Competition for students at James Cook University securing sponsorship for the event and attracting support from the local judiciary and senior legal practitioners.\nHer standing in the community at large and capacity for managing change was acknowledged when she was elected President of the Cairns Golf Club in 2014, the first woman to hold the post in the club's 90 year history.\nNerida's contribution to the legal profession was acknowledged in 2013 when she was awarded the Regional Woman Lawyer of the Year Award by the Queensland Women Lawyers Association. She participated in the Queensland Women Lawyers 'Ladder Program' as a mentor for young women lawyers.\nHer advice to all young women starting their careers in the law is to 'Surround yourself with good people. Get good mentors early on - people that you can trust'. She counts Magistrate Tina Previtera amongst her mentors and one of the many 'good people' she was fortunate to meet. Her advice to all young people, regardless of whether they plan to be lawyers or not, is to 'give life enough space to present opportunities to you. If we are too rigid, we are going to foreclose on so many rich, rich opportunities. Be open and embrace unexpected opportunities.'\nNerida Wilson was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein in the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/changing-of-the-guard\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nerida-wilson-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Withnall, Nerolie", "Entry ID": "AWE5733", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/withnall-nerolie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Chairperson, Director, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Nerolie Withnall is a leading company director overseeing the direction and transformation of large Australian companies and institutions. She was the former Director of ALS, Alchemia Limited, PanAust and Computershare Communication Services Limited. A former Partner at Minter Ellison she was Chairman, Board of Queensland Museum and a member of the Council of the Australian National Maritime Museum and Board of the Australian Rugby Union. Withnall was also a long-term Member of the Takeovers Panel. Withnall made legal history becoming the first woman President of a Law Society in Australia.\nNerolie Withnall was interviewed by Kim Rubenstein for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Encouraged by her father, a primary school teacher and headmaster, Nerolie Withnall studied for a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws at the University of Sydney. Soon after graduation Withnall married John Withnall and relocated to Darwin where she began working in the Crown Law Department. Withnall moved into private practice as a solicitor joining the family firm, R J Withnall and went on to have two children. She was also instrumental in establishing the Northern Territory Law Society. Working on cattle property transactions gave her the opportunity to travel to remote areas of the Northern Territory.\nIn 1974 Withnall survived the devastation unleashed by Cyclone Tracy on the city of Darwin. Evacuated from Darwin, Withnall was undeterred and, in an indication of her future corporate persistence, she returned to her Darwin house, working amid the rubble for the next year to rebuild her legal practice [McCulloch].\nWithnall made legal history in 1979 becoming the President of the Northern Territory Law Society and the first woman to become President of a Law Society in Australia [McCulloch]. In 1981 Withnall relocated to Brisbane and, with the support of colleagues Tony Atkinson and Elizabeth Nosworthy, she began working as a solicitor at the law firm Minters, also consulting for the firm's newly opened Darwin office. [McCulloch].\nWithnall's transition from corporate lawyer to company director began in the mid 1990s when she joined the Board of Campbell Bros, which went on to transform itself into ALS, one of the world's largest and most diversified testing services providers with sites located around the world [McCulloch]. Withnall went on to become Non-Executive Director at ALS in 1994 and Chairman and Independent Non-Executive Director in 2012; serving as the only woman on the Board [ALS Global]. In 1996 Withnall was appointed Non-Executive Director at PanAust a copper and gold producer in Southeast Asia and continued in this role until 2015. In 1999 Withnall was appointed as a Board Member of the Brisbane Institute and was later appointed Chairman of QM Technologies Limited (later acquired by Computershare Communication Services Limited).\nAt the same time as Withnall was enjoying success from her career as a company director and board member she developed a successful practice in commercial law at Minter Ellison. Withnall become a Partner specialising in corporate and commercial law, with specialist skills in the areas of corporate advice, capital raisings, securities and corporate trusts [Proctor]. Withnall retired from Minter Ellison in 2000.\nFrom 1999 until 2010, as a Member of the Takeovers Panel, Withnall's corporate legal and company advisory experience was in demand, participating in many proceedings before the Panel. This experience was also invaluable when she was appointed in 2001 as the Convenor of the Legal Sub-Committee, Member of the Companies and Markets Advisory Committee [Ministers].\nWithnall held two Board positions with significant benefit to the cultural and environmental development of her local Queensland community - Chairman, Board of Queensland Museum and a member of the Council of the Australian National Maritime Museum.\nUntil 2013 Withnall was the Director of Alchemia Limited an Australian drug discovery and development company and from 2008 until 2015 was the Non-Executive Director of Computershare Communication Services Limited.\nIn 2013, in recognition of her enormous contribution to corporate leadership, Withnall was awarded the Australian Institute of Company Directors Gold Medal [Courier Mail]. That same year Withnall was appointed to the Board of the Australian Rugby Union resigning in 2015. In 2015 Withnall resigned as Director at PanAust. In 2016 Withnall retired from her role as Non-Executive Chairman of ALS having overseen the company's transformation from a predominantly domestic manufacturing operation into a globally renowned technical testing services company [ASX].\nWithnall was the Director of the Brisbane Festival; Brisbane Transport and Director of the National Seniors Foundation and Redcape Property Fund Limited. She has also been a Board Member of Darling Downs Bacon Cooperative; is a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Company Directors and a Member of the Committee of Brisbane and Economic Development Committee.\nWithnall has occupied positions of corporate strategic leadership; with roles as Chairman and Director of many significant Australian companies and institutions during a time when female representation in such organisations has been described as \"dire\" [Crikey]. Withnall's enormous contribution to and influence over the direction of many leading Australian companies and institutions is considerable. Withnall is a leading influence as a trailblazing woman in corporate Australia proving how important it is to achieve diversity on corporate boards. Withnall demonstrates that the skills of corporate law can be used to lead and transform companies and create opportunities for communities across Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nerolie-withnall-interviewed-by-kim-rubenstein-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Yeats, Mary Ann", "Entry ID": "AWE5734", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/yeats-mary-ann\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States", "Occupations": "Judge, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Her Honour Mary Ann Yeats was the first US citizen admitted to practice law in Western Australia and the second woman, after Her Honour Antoinette Kennedy AO, to become a Judge of the District Court. After studying law at the University of Western Australia, she was admitted to practice in 1982 and worked in the Crown Solicitors Office, until she was appointed a judge in 1993. In 1995 she served as President of the Children's Court of Western Australia. She retired from the District Court Bench in August 2011.\nAs a judicial member of the Australasian Institute of Judicial Administration (AIJA) she spent 10 years as convener of the Indigenous Justice Committee, a group of judicial officers and Indigenous people working together to provide cultural awareness education to the judiciary throughout Australia. Appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in January 2014, for her significant service to the law, particularly Indigenous justice, she was initially uncomfortable about accepting the honour, feeling that the Indigenous people who helped her were not adequately recognised. She changed her mind when she realised how acceptance would draw attention to social justice issues that have been important to her throughout her personal and professional life.\nMary Ann Yeats was interviewed by Nikki Henningham for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of AustraliaCATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Born in Kalamazoo, Michigan, in 1941, Mary Ann Yeats was the fourth of five children born to parents who were, in Yeats' words, 'committed to education'. Her three older brothers and younger sister were all 'exceptionally talented', having started their learning at home through their mother's Montessori teaching methods, well before they started school. 'I was reading from the time I was about three,' she says, 'and I just knew things because I was from a family that talked about things.' Dinner table conversations covered a range of issues, including politics and economics. Along with a stable and loving home and family life, another constant in her upbringing was a strong connection to the Catholic Church. Her father was a Lutheran who converted to Catholicism in order to marry her mother. They were 'good Catholics', raised in 1940s and 50s America. 'We developed a deep faith,' says Yeats.\nThe foundational importance of family and faith is crucial to any understanding of Yeats' sense of self. Growing up with three brothers, she was always confident in her capacity to move in 'a man's world' and her parents' belief in education for all their children only reinforced this. A rich spiritual life enhanced her self-belief. 'I started with my parents building my confidence,' says Yeats, 'and then faith gave me this idea that you can give your problems to God\u2026that the Holy Spirit will help you through hard times.' This is not to say that she has asked God what to do; rather, she calls upon a source of wisdom and knowledge that has given her confidence to 'think things through and make the right decisions'. This capacity to seek guidance through prayer has played an important role as she navigated difficult situations in the course of her personal and professional lives.\nHer father's work saw the family move to Chicago and then to Kansas City, where Yeats did her secondary education. She attended St Teresa's Academy for Girls in Kansas City, Missouri, a private, Catholic girls school, where she served as President of the Student Council in her final year. She graduated in 1958, received a scholarship to attend the Catholic University of America but left after only a year, much to the disappointment of her father who thought she had dashed any hopes she might have had for a brilliant career. Instead, in 1959, she decided to do 'the best thing she ever did in her life' - marry her husband, Don. She was eighteen, he was twenty and their relationship has been another source of inspiration and support, for nearly sixty years.\nMary and Don have two sons and a daughter and by 1964 the Yeats had three children under the age of four. Mary Ann did not go out to work while the children were little, except to do some tennis coaching (a good excuse to play the sport she loved and excelled at), preferring to enjoy the time with her children. Her strength was tested when her second son became gravely ill with a brain stem tumour when he was four years old. It was, naturally, a terribly distressing time for the family that triggered a deepening of their faith. He survived after extensive treatment and therapy and during that time Yeats 'sort of stopped worrying about cleaning the house or doing the ironing\u2026I sort of let it go.' She decided to focus on having fun with her children. 'Home-making was not my best skill,' she says, 'but child-raising was great fun'. Being a young mother had its benefits, she thinks, although she understands not everyone saw it that way. 'I never thought it was going to stop me from having a career,' she reflects, 'but I think a lot of people thought it would.' Yeats feels sure that coming to study later and with some accumulated wisdom, worked in her favour.\nWhen her sons started school, Yeats began to get involved in community and social activism. She joined the League of Women Voters in America and would take her daughter, by then a toddler, along to meetings. It was then that she began to sink her teeth into political issues, working with some really outstanding women at the time. This involvement developed until in 1974 she was the Missouri state chairperson for the Equal Rights Amendment - a movement to amend the US constitution to guarantee gender equality. Although the push was not successful, the process was formative for Yeats. 'Working on the ERA' she says, 'attending committee meetings, making submissions; it was all this work that made me think that if I really wanted to do something, I should study law.' The lawyers she met had 'a way of thinking that I needed to pick up.'\n1974 was the year the Yeats family migrated to Australia so that Don could take up a position to set up the English Department at the then Western Australian Institute of Technology, which became Curtin University. 'That was an exciting time!' remembers Yeats; a time made even more exciting when she discovered that tertiary education in Australia in 1974 was free. She applied and began studying law at UWA in 1975. After graduating with First Class Honours, she took up a position as Research Officer to the Solicitor-General of WA, The Honourable Sir Ronald Wilson (AC KBE CMG QC) in 1977 and later to the Honourable Kevin Parker AC. She then worked in the Crown Law Department until she was admitted to practice in 1982. She became an Australian citizen in 1986, a decision not taken lightly, but one she felt was necessary if she wanted to continue doing the high level policy work she was doing. Yeats continued her career in the Crown Law Department until she was appointed to the bench in 1993. Once she was there, she realised that the bench 'was where I'd always been headed.' Becoming a judge was one of the most important, if not the most important, events in her life.\nBecause she had chosen to grow a family before her career, Yeats was a relatively mature 'trailblazer'. Having only eighteen-odd years to leave her mark at the bench - judges must retire at 70 - she had firm views on issues she wanted to address if and when she had the chance. One was the role of Justices of the Peace in the Children's Court, who underestimated the important role they had in the administration of juvenile justice. The other was the lack of understanding amongst Aboriginal people of the justice system and their rights in law. That the misunderstanding was systemic and operated across both sides of the bench was a problem she worked to alleviate through her work as a judge and on specially established committees, such as the Cultural Awareness and Indigenous Justice Committees of the Australasian Institute of Judicial Administration. Judicial officers simply had to be educated to understand the culture and laws of the Indigenous people they were called upon to deal with; the risk of injustice was much too great.\nNeedless to say, there were challenges to confront as a judge, especially decisions about sentencing or hearing testimony that documented the sad and violent lives that some people experience. Despite this, Yeats loved everything about the job, especially the places it took her and the people she met. She loved doing the circuit work out on country, meeting Indigenous people and learning their concerns and problems with the criminal justice system. She has a particular regard for Aboriginal women who are trying to fix their communities and help their young people develop self respect. She has met some extraordinary people, domestically and abroad, who have enriched her life and her understanding of the law; the Honourable Justice Mary Gaudron QC, Catherine Branson QC, the Honourable Christine Wheeler AO QC, Peggy Holroyd AM and Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, Claire L'Heureux-Dub\u00e9, have all had an important role to play in the person she has become. She has enjoyed the opportunity to mentor young women lawyers entering the legal profession along with Indigenous law students. When asked, she has offered experience on boards and committees beyond the legal organisations she belonged to; she served as a trustee on the Sister Kate's Home Kids Foundation, a role she has now stepped down from.\nDespite having a relatively short period on the bench, Yeats was ready to retire when she did. 'The life of a judge is full on,' she says, 'and the days are very long.' Tiredness creeps up and takes over. While there was some adjustment when she retired, it didn't take too long for her to start enjoying it. She now divides her time between Perth and the family farm near Augusta, spending time with her husband, enjoying time with their four grandchildren and, as a longtime member of the Cottesloe Tennis Club, playing as much tennis as she can. According to Her Honour, 'Life is very good and very full and goes for a long time.'\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/meeting-the-demands-of-justice\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-ann-yeats-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Reaston, Bev", "Entry ID": "AWE5736", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reaston-bev\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Darwin, Northern Teritory, Australia", "Occupations": "Gardener, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Bev Reaston has practised law in Cairns since 1980 and was the first lawyer in the city to combine fulltime work with mothering after she had her first child in 1983. She has practiced exclusively in the area of Family Law in Far North Queensland for over thirty years, developing expertise across a wide range of areas including complex children's matters, international relocations and high end property cases. She is (in 2016) the Queensland Representative of the Family Law Council of Australia. She was one of the first appointed Independent Children's Lawyers in Cairns.\nAs well as working in private practice (most recently in partnership with her husband, Jim, and Deanne Drummond at Reaston Drummond Law) Reaston has been engaged with a number of community organisations, ranging from local kindergarten and sporting committees to community law services. She has served terms on the management committees of the Cairns Regional Domestic Violence Service, Legal Aid and the North Queensland Women's Legal Centre.\nBev Reaston was interviewed by Nikki Henningham for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of AustraliaCATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Trailblazing comes in a variety of forms and it doesn't always involve a 'crash or crash through' moment. As befits her style and priorities, Bev Reaston's trailblazing involved quiet achievement while combining work and family responsibilities. Admitted to practice in Queensland in 1980, she moved with her husband to Cairns the same year and established her own practice. When her first child, Kelly, was born in 1983, Bev took her to work in a bassinet; formal childcare was non-existent in Cairns at the time, as was the presence of working mothers in the legal profession. Bev Reaston was the first solicitor in the city to combine full time work with being a mother, and then the first pregnant mother to practise. She is an old hand at managing the work\/family\/life balance that professional families continue to negotiate.\nThe juggling act was never an easy one, especially when her three children were babies. Memories of leaving court after giving submissions, to be told that there was baby vomit down the back of her black jacket, or of the anxiety that consent orders needed to be obtained between four hourly feeds are laughing matters thirty years later. But the arrival of each child heralded social and cultural changes that made the practicalities of combining work and family easier. The daughter Reaston took to work in a bassinet in 1983 is now a lawyer, with children of her own. 'Things are so much easier now for her, as they should be,' says Reaston, who never would have imagined that she would not only blaze a trail for working mothers in the legal profession but, perhaps, be first in a dynastic line of Far North Queensland women lawyers!\nThe only girl right in the middle of four male siblings, Bevlee Reaston (nee Waters) was born in Darwin in 1956, did her early schooling in Raymond Terrace, New South Wales and completed high school in Townsville. Her father was in the air force, hence the moving around; her mother worked on phonograms, ringing through telegrams. Sporty and quite competitive - 'that's what having four brothers does for you' - Reaston was a very good student and was school captain in her final year. She did well enough academically to earn a scholarship to ANU but her parents simply couldn't afford to send her. She was lucky enough to attend Townsville State High School, however, which ran some innovative teaching programs, including a special social justice program. The teacher who ran the program was married to a partner in a local law firm. This teacher helped Bev to get a position at the firm so that she could complete legal studies via the articled clerk route, a course undertaken by many people in regional Queensland. In 1974 she began her articles at Wilson, Ryan and Grose, making her the second woman the firm had ever taken on as an articled clerk.\nReaston knew people who went away to study law at university and doesn't think she was disadvantaged by not doing so herself. Perhaps she missed out on a bit of theoretical background, but she was well served by the practical education she received from practitioners in the region. As well as learning the nuts and bolts of the system, they were tutored by people who came up from Victoria, bringing perspective from a different jurisdiction, and local experts, some of who went on to become Supreme and District Court judges. The collegiality amongst the clerks at the firm was an added bonus. Despite being paid a pittance for the very hard work she was doing, she knew her friends at university 'weren't having the fun [she] was having as an articled clerk'.\nReaston says she never felt gender discrimination within the context of the firm; it was when she moved into the courtroom it became observable. After a certain amount of time and experience, articled clerks were allowed to appear for adjournments or consents in the Magistrates Court and that was where she saw differential treatment. Magistrates gave women representatives a 'harder time in court', and some of them struggled. 'It was a bit unfair\u2026you learnt you had to put that bit of extra mileage in to be acknowledged.' Later on, even as a lawyer with a number of years experience, she discovered that some law firms adopted discriminatory practices they would never get away with today. Hoping to return to work after her second child, a partnership offer was withdrawn when she refused to accept one of the terms; that she would not have any more children. Fortunately, an opportunity emerged with another firm where maternity was not regarded as a problem.\nOnce qualified and admitted, Reaston discovered there were still some parts of Far North Queensland where women lawyers weren't welcome. Bev married Jim Reaston, who was a year ahead of her in completing his articles at Wilson, Ryan and Grose. He was offered a job in Mackay and asked if there were any openings for Bev, who would be qualified soon. 'Oh no,' he was told, 'Mackay's not ready for a female lawyer yet!' Jim turned the job down, and Mackay's loss was Cairns' gain. A bigger centre offered more possibilities and while work didn't come to Bev immediately once they moved to Cairns in 1980, it wasn't her gender, so much as her marital status, that deterred potential employers. 'We can't have you practise with us while your husband works for another firm,' she was told. 'Clients wouldn't like it.' Gender and regionalism combined to create a difficult situation for a woman lawyer married to another lawyer, wanting to practise law in the 1980s. Fortunately, Farrellys Lawyers, who employed Jim, found her a position and this was her foothold into practice in Cairns.\nAfter Farrellys, Reaston established a general practice with Bruce Johnston. They set up a legal advice service at Rusty's market on market days, working out of a set partitions and sitting on deckchairs, building their business at a time when distances were huge and there were no such thing as computers, digital communication and the internet. Given that much of their work included Administrative Appeals work and Personal Injury cases, often for people on remote Indigenous communities, this posed significant challenges that practitioners coming to practise now could not imagine!\nReaston began to establish expertise in the field of Family Law, building upon experience she developed in Townsville even in the era determined by the Matrimonial Causes Act before the Family Law Act (1975) was passed. Many of the large Cairns firms in the 1980s referred work to her; as a labour intensive area of practice that was complicated to bill, they were happy to pass her the work, although things have changed and the large firms have big family law departments now. As a cross-vested jurisdiction, Family Law has often thrown some very complex cases her way, with many farming families owning multiple farms and trusts across the region over which decisions must be made. In more recent years, international relocation orders and custody matters have created additional complexity, as Cairns becomes a global tourist destination, attracting people who form relationships, have children, experience relationship breakdown and then want to leave. A lack of family law experience at the local bar saw her running many of the arguments herself, a situation that worried her at times. 'We had Chief Justice Nicholson coming up\u2026and [solicitors] are running arguments and I'm thinking: what do they think of the Cairns practitioners?' In time, the local experience at the bar grew and southern barristers and judges were attracted to work in the north, particularly in the winter months! Reaston notes that the family court judges and counsel who came up were struck by the complexity of the cases confronting them, especially those involving children.\nHer commitment to protecting children's interests and their rights explains why Reaston was one of the first practitioners in Cairns to take on work as an Independent Children's Lawyer. Working on behalf of the children is satisfying, but it can also be extremely frustrating as she observes the, often destructive, behaviour of the parents. There have been occasions, for instance, when she has been watching her own children playing junior sport in teams where children she represents have also been playing. It is heartbreaking when that child runs to her, instead of either parent, for help or encouragement. 'Can't they see what they are doing?' she asks. A child does not need to be the victim of abuse and argument to feel personal pain and suffering.\nIn over thirty years of practice in Cairns, Reaston has seen many changes to the way family law is practiced, some for the better and some not so beneficial. She is concerned about the amount of self-representation that happens; particularly its impact on women whose partners have been abusive. She is deeply worried about the expanding role that substance abuse has in the breakdown of families and the way this affects children. But she is glad for the focus on mediation that has become more common between opposing advocates and she is grateful for the increased levels of support - never adequate, of course! - that can be called upon from professional experts and other women practitioners. Of particular importance to her have been Townsville barrister, now retired, Wendy Pack S.C., and Brisbane based senior counsel Dr. Jacoba Brasch Q.C. and Kathryn McMillan Q.C., who will come up to run cases from time to time, offering assistance and expertise preparing complex cases, often for little recompense. 'They pick me up so much', says Reaston, 'they remind me why I am doing this work.' She now (2016) does the work in a newly established partnership with her husband, Jim Reaston and Deanne Drummond, who she met years ago when she was working at Farrellys.\nBeyond work and devotion to family, Reaston has been active in a number of Cairns community organisations, ranging from local kindergarten and sporting committees to community law services. She has served terms on the management committees of the Cairns Regional Domestic Violence Service, Legal Aid and the North Queensland Women's Legal Centre. When she needs to think or de-stress, she goes into her garden, a work of art that has featured in the local press and on national television. It has grown and evolved as her career and family life have; paths and shelters created when her children were little now accommodate a dinosaur cave built for her grandson. 'You change as you go along,' she says. And, like all gardeners, she knows that experience teaches that what might have failed in one part of the garden might work in another. Good advice for any lawyer, it would seem.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gardens-of-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bev-reaston-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jago, Tamara", "Entry ID": "AWE5738", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jago-tamara\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Launceston, Tasmania", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer, Magistrate, Senior Counsel, Solicitor", "Summary": "Magistrate Tamara Jago (appointed to the bench in 2016) holds the distinction of being the first woman in Tasmania to be made Senior Counsel. Honoured by the 2010 achievement, she understood her promotion to be an important one for Tasmanian women, but also believed it went a long way to dispelling the myth that Legal Aid lawyers are 'second rate options'. Furthermore, having spent the bulk of her career working as a Legal Aid lawyer in north-western Tasmania, she believed her appointment proved there was talent in regional centres, and that moving to big cities in order to 'make it' wasn't always necessary. Taking silk while working as a Legal Aid Lawyer in regional Tasmania, was 'something special,' said Jago, the mother of three young children. 'At Legal Aid there are criminal lawyers that are just as good as anyone else or better.'\nTamara Jago was interviewed by Nikki Henningham in the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of Australia CATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Born, raised and educated in Tasmania, Tamara Jago graduated BA\/LLB in 1993 from the University of Tasmania, having imagined herself as a criminal lawyer from a very young age. 'I don't know what I would have done if I wasn't accepted into law school,' she says, 'because I never had a Plan B.' Unable to explain exactly why she was always driven towards a career in the law - 'I don't recall a light bulb moment', she says - she does remember growing up with a strong sense of what was and was not fair. Issues relating to social justice and basic human rights have always concerned her, which goes some way to explaining why working with Legal Aid for the sixteen years prior to her elevation to the bench 'was her dream job'. The importance of providing justice is a central truth that all lawyers, no matter who they are defending, must remember. 'In terms of contributing to society', says Jago, Legal Aid lawyers are 'speaking up for people who, by virtue of circumstances that are sometimes so outside of their control\u2026 can't speak for themselves.' They are 'communicating the relevant information to the relevant person so the right decisions can be made,' a vital role indeed because 'the only judgment that's worth thinking about is an informed judgment'.\nJago specialised in criminal law in a private practice in Burnie before taking a position at the Legal Aid Commission in 2000, a move that many in the profession advised her was a form of 'career suicide'. Instead, she discovered that the breadth of experience and range of defence work opportunities she received has served her well, particularly the many the opportunities to lead counsel in a lot of significant trial and appeal work. Jago hopes that the experience of understanding the many struggles and challenges that defendants grapple with will help her in her own decision-making.\nAs a senior Legal Aid lawyer, Jago valued her opportunities to mentor young advocates and she hopes she will be able to continue this role from her position on the bench. In regional Tasmania, young practitioners are in danger of falling into 'bad habits' by virtue of the fact that they appear in front of the same one or two magistrates all the time. Furthermore, due to the absence of a middle court (there are only the Magistrates Court and the Supreme Court), young lawyers are unlikely to appear in front of a jury regularly. \"When they make the transition into a more significant area of work, such as in front of a jury or doing trials, they struggle,' says Jago. She hopes she will be able to assist professional development for young practitioners as a magistrate.\nLike all working mothers, Jago confronts work-life balance challenges but acknowledges that for a variety of reasons, including working for most of her career for government employers and having supportive male colleagues when she was starting out, she has found it easier than others. Timing was crucial as well. 'I've been blessed in my career by two things,' she says. 'One is that by the time I started doing law it was accepted that females in law were okay. So much of the hard work had already happened.' Specializing in criminal law in a government organisation made things more manageable too, she suspects. 'I'd be really interested to see what a female doing criminal law but not having come within a government organisation during my era has experienced,' she says. Working in an organisation like Legal Aid, 'where there were standards and expectations and parameters already set\u2026 I suspect I was able to transition into specialty criminal law without perhaps hitting some of the hiccups that other people in the private profession may have experienced.'\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/legal-aid-lawyer-tamara-jago-awarded-senior-counsel-for-outstanding-work\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tamara-jago-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Tennent, Shan Eve", "Entry ID": "AWE5739", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tennent-shan-eve\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Coroner, Judge, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "The Honourable Justice Shan Tennent was appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court of Tasmania in 2005, making her the first woman to be appointed in the state's (then) 180 year history. She is (in 2016) the second longest serving judge on the jurisdiction after the current Chief Justice The Hon Justice Alan Michael Blow, OAM.\nShan Tennent was interviewed by Nikki Henningham for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of AustraliaCATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Born in Brisbane in 1952, Justice Tennent was brought up in St Lucia, near the University of Queensland, in Brisbane. The first in her family to attend university, she attended the local state primary school before starting her secondary education at St Aidan's Church of England Girls' School and finishing it at St Peter's Lutheran School, matriculating at the young age of 16 in 1968. Her choice to study law was somewhat accidental; as a student with a preference for humanities, she did not relish the idea of becoming a school teacher, so chose law instead. Enrolling in law in 1969 without the benefit of a scholarship (so fully funded by her parents), as a very young woman in a masculine environment, Tennent admits to being 'overwhelmed' at first. Fortunately, her response to this was to work very hard. She passed first year, while others of her school year didn't. She was rewarded for her tenacity with a Commonwealth Scholarship at the end of her first year.\nAlmost from the outset of her legal career, Justice Tennent was balancing the demands of work and home life. In second year (1970), she married and in third year, she had a child. She was permitted to complete that year over two years and a supportive family network helped her to manage, so she was able to graduate in 1973. The end of her formal study, however, marked the beginning of her gender trouble, as she applied for articles. One interview experience was particularly deflating. The man across the desk interviewing her waited ten minutes before saying to her 'Look, I'm sorry, there's no point in continuing with this. You'll never remain in the law. It's a waste of my time and effort to train you.' Her self-esteem took a huge battering as she received rejection after rejection, based on the fact that she was a married woman with a child.\nShe eventually did her two year articles with Alex Freeleagus at Henderson and Lahey, a large Brisbane firm with which she worked for another year after completing articles and being admitted. She started working in matrimonial law, an interesting area at the time, given the introduction of the Family Law Act in 1975. In 1977, Justice Tennent's husband was offered a job in Hobart and so the family moved to Tasmania. Arriving with winter just around the corner was a shock to the system for a woman from Brisbane and without a job, who admits she would have 'quite happily turned around and gone back to Brisbane.' She found work, during school hours initially, doing primarily conveyancing and commercial work. In 1978 she went back to working full time, primarily in the area of family law. She built her practice over the years, working at Hobart firm Page Seagar where she was a partner for 15 years. She was twice president of the Tasmanian Family Law Practitioners Association.\nAfter twenty years in private practice, Justice Tennent became a magistrate and coroner in 1998. She oversaw the high-profile 2001 inquest into prisoner deaths in custody at Risdon Prison, the state's largest prison. The subsequent report resulted in a number of sackings, and ultimately led to the decision to completely rebuild the prison. As a magistrate, she served as vice-president of the State branch of the Association of Australian Magistrates and secretary and treasurer of the Tasmanian Magistrates Association.\nIn 2005, Justice Tennent was named Tasmania's first female Supreme Court Judge. Said Attorney General Judy Jackson at the time of Justice Tennent's appointment 'Shan Tennent has a striking intellect and an excellent grounding in Tasmanian Law. She will be a justice of the highest order\u2026the first of many women appointed to the bench.' Said Justice Tennent, when asked what sort of judge she thought she might be, 'A fair one. It's a progression in my career and \u2026 I'm sure I will enjoy it.' It's not a bad outcome for someone who was told she wasn't worth training because she would never stay in the law.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/states-first-female-judge\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shan-tennent-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Armstrong, Rowena Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE5762", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/armstrong-rowena-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer", "Summary": "Rowena Armstrong AO QC is a consultant at Norton Rose Fulbright and focuses on government and parliamentary matters, interpretation of legislation and drafting of subordinate legislation. Before joining the Firm as a consultant, she was Chief Parliamentary Counsel for Victoria for 15 years.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Clarke, Gay", "Entry ID": "AWE5781", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clarke-gay\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Academic, Advisor, Barrister, Lawyer", "Summary": "Gay Clarke (then Walker) was crowned Miss Queensland then Miss Australia in 1972. She went on to study law and was admitted as a Barrister of the Supreme Court of Queensland in 1982. She specialised in the area of Alternative Dispute Resolution and was a legal academic at the Queensland University of Technology for 20 years.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Gay Clarke and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nI was born in Brisbane in 1951, the youngest of four children and the only daughter.\nFortunately for me my parents wanted all four of us to be well educated as they had both grown up in the country and had been denied that opportunity. My parents were insistent that I should be given the same educational advantages as my brothers which was quite unusual in those days. A lot of girls finished school in grade 10 and trained in secretarial work.\nI went to St Margaret's Anglican Girls School for 5 years of high school and was fortunate to win a full fees scholarship after the end of grade 8 based on my grades for that year. My father was delighted as it eased the financial burden on the family. I was made a Prefect and House Captain in my final year and won a Commonwealth Scholarship to go to University.\nIt was not the norm for girls to go to University in the 1960s. My plan at that stage of my life was to be a school teacher and at no time did I consider law as a possibility for study. it was never even suggested as an option by school counsellors, teachers or family.\nI enrolled in a Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of Queensland in 1969 - the first person in my family to ever go to University.\nI studied English literature, History, French and Economics. The campus was much smaller in those days and I was delighted to have such luminaries as Geoffrey Rush and the late Bille Brown in some of my English classes.\nI graduated with my Arts degree in 1972, but in that same year I became Miss Queensland and then Miss Australia. To put this into context this was the 'old' Miss Australia Quest which ran from 1954 to 2000 and was the chief fundraising activity for the Australian Cerebral Palsy Association. Over that period the Quest raised over $90 million dollars for children with cerebral palsy. There were no swimsuits at any stage, and when I look back on past winners we were all the girl next door - not models. However, as women's rights and roles in society changed the Quest was rightly terminated in the year 2000. It was however a year when my shyness evaporated and I became an expert public speaker. In retrospect it was good training for my future career path.\nAfter that frenetic year my life changed direction when I married a Brisbane lawyer and my daughter Samantha was born. Sadly the marriage ended in divorce, but I had enrolled in the Bachelor of Laws Degree at what was then the Queensland Institute of Technology (QIT), now the Queensland University of Technology ( QUT) in 1977 which was its inaugural year.\nMy main role model at the time was Quentin Bryce (now Dame Quentin Bryce) who was then a tutor in law at the University of Queensland. She was often featured in newspaper articles and she made a career in law, particularly academia, seem a possibility.\nAfter a divorce, suddenly I was a single parent and had to become independent both financially and emotionally. With my parents support I chose to continue my law studies, so I moved back home with my baby daughter for the four years that it took to complete my degree.\nIn 1982 I graduated with 1st Class Honours and the Law Medal.\nAfter graduation I was offered a job at QIT as a law tutor and I was admitted as a Barrister of the Supreme Court of Queensland at the end of 1982.\nMy career developed as I taught in the areas of Contract Law, Company Law and Succession Law.\nIn 1988 I was appointed a member of the Queensland State Government Domestic Violence Taskforce which resulted in a report 'Beyond These Walls' being published. This was a confronting experience, as domestic violence, although acknowledged was swept under the carpet in those days. Sadly this is an ongoing area where community and legal support is continuously needed.\nMy career developed as I was promoted to Lecturer in Law and then to Senior Lecturer. I also had part time appointments to the Austudy Review Tribunal and the Social Security Review Tribunal during these years.\nAfter studying at night I obtained a Master of Laws Degree from the University of Queensland in 1990.\nThe most satisfying phase of my career began when I became interested in the area of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in the early 1990s. This was quite revolutionary at the time, the idea of resolving disputes through Mediation rather than going to Court.\nThe best courses available in this area at that period were at Bond University and I was fortunate, along with a colleague, Lyla Davies, to get support from the Dean for a years study leave to complete both practical and theoretical instruction at Bond University.\nWe followed up this training with a course in Negotiation at Harvard University in the USA under the instruction of Professor Roger Fisher in 1993 and I completed a second Masters Degree in Law from Bond University in 1996 specialising in Alternative Dispute Resolution.\nThis training gave my colleague and I the ability to set up a new Masters subject at QUT teaching ADR Mediation and we also developed and established a 3 day Mediation Skills Training course which was accredited by the Queensland Law Society. We offered this training to practicing Solicitors and Barristers under the Law Faculty Professional Legal Training program.\nWe could not have foreseen it at the time but these courses ran for another 20 years until my retirement, and in that time we trained practising lawyers, engineers, doctors, Principals and Deputy Principals of the Catholic Education system, members of the Family Court in Sydney, Sugar Millers from North Queensland, staff from the State Ombudsman's Office, and people working in the Building and Construction Industry amongst others. This work got us out of the law school and into the broader community and was totally rewarding. Eventually Mediation was integrated into the Court processes resulting in a change in legal culture and approaches to resolving disputes.\nAs a result of my involvement in the area of ADR I was appointed as a member of the then ADR Council of the Queensland Department of Justice and to the ADR Committee of the Queensland Law Society.\nIn 1992 I was awarded a QUT Distinguished Academic Service Award for 'outstanding teaching performance and leadership in the Faculty of Law' and in 1994 was promoted to Associate Professor and Director of Teaching and Learning in the Law Faculty. I was one of the first women to be promoted into the Professorial levels in Law and I am delighted now in my retirement to see so many women Professors of Law in Faculties throughout Australia.\nIn 1995 I was appointed by the Commonwealth Attorney General for a three year term as a member of the National Alternative Dispute Resolution Advisory Council (NADRAC). This was an independent non-statutory body that provided expert policy advice to the Commonwealth Attorney-General on the development of ADR and the promotion of the use of alternative dispute resolution.\nAnother Queensland appointee to NADRAC was Quentin Bryce, so I finally got to meet my role model.\nI continued my full time career at QUT for a total of 20 years. However, after having to care for elderly parents for a number of years and marrying my husband Barry Page in 2002 I decided to ease into part time work. I continued with part time lecturing as well as running the Mediation Skills Training courses for a further decade. This was a very satisfying way to end my legal career as well as giving me some valued family time.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cotterell, Barbara", "Entry ID": "AWE5785", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cotterell-barbara\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Judge, Lawyer, Magistrate", "Summary": "Barbara Cotterell was a Magistrate in the Victorian Magistrates Court for eighteen years before her appointment as an Acting Judge of the County Court in 2008.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Daly, Fay", "Entry ID": "AWE5795", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daly-fay\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales?, Australia", "Death Place": "Frankston, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer", "Summary": "Fay Daly signed the Victorian Bar Roll in 1970 and Eva Selig was her pupil. She was a stenographer before coming to the bar.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gordon, Sue", "Entry ID": "AWE5815", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gordon-sue\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Meekatharra, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Commissioner, Justice of the Peace, Lawyer, Magistrate, Public servant", "Summary": "Dr Sue Gordon AM has achieved many 'firsts' during her career. In 1986, she was the first Aboriginal person to head a government department in Western Australia, as Commissioner for Aboriginal Planning; in 1988 she was WA's first Aboriginal magistrate and first full-time children's court magistrate; and in 1990 she was one of five commissioners appointed by federal Labor minister Gerry Hand to the first board of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC).\nGordon has been appointed by state and federal governments, on both sides of politics, to various positions. In 2002 she was appointed by the Premier of Western Australia, Geoff Gallop, to head an inquiry into family violence and child abuse in Western Australian Aboriginal communities. One outcome of the Gordon Inquiry was closure of the controversial Swan Valley Noongar Camp. In 2004, she was appointed Chair of the new National Indigenous Council, an advisory body to the Federal Government, following the winding down of ATSIC. She chaired the Northern Territory Emergency Response Taskforce from June 2007 to June 2008 before retiring from the bench in September 2008.\nIn retirement, Gordon has remained very active in a variety of organisations. Currently (2016) president of the Graham (Polly) Farmer Foundation and the Police and Community Youth Centres Federation of WA (PCYC) Board, to name only a couple of her appointments, her special long term project is Sister Kate's Aged Persons Project, supported by the Indigenous Land Corporation and Aboriginal Hostels Limited.\nGordon received the Order of Australia award in 1993 as acknowledgement of her work with Aboriginal people and community affairs. In 2003 she received an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Letters (Hon. DLitt) from the University of Western Australia, the same year she was awarded the 'Centenary Medal' for service to the community, particularly the Aboriginal community.\nSue Gordon was interviewed by Nikki Henningham for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Oral History Project. For details of the interview see the National Library of AustraliaCATALOGUE RECORD.\n", "Details": "Born at Belele Station, near Meekatharra, Western Australia in 1943, Sue Gordon was separated from her mother and family at the age of four and raised at Sister Kate's home in Queens Park, Western Australia. After leaving school, she joined the army as a full-time soldier. Between 1961 and 1964 she was a full-time member of the Women's Royal Australian Army Corps (WRAAC) based mostly in the eastern states, where she worked as a cipher operator. After leaving the army she worked in various administrative positions around Australia, including as Teltype operator at Carnarvon Tracking Station. This led to more administrative work in the Pilbara region, where she worked mostly in Aboriginal Affairs with both urban and traditional people. In 1977 she was awarded a National Aboriginal Overseas Study Award to survey employment programs with a number of Native American communities in the United States.\nGordon moved back to Perth when her eldest son was about to start university and her second one was in year 12, taking on the role of Commissioner for Aboriginal Planning in 1986, and in so doing, becoming the first Aboriginal person to head a government department in Western Australia. In 1988, despite her lack of formal legal training, she was appointed the first full-time and first Aboriginal magistrate in the state's history. Appointed to the Perth Children's Court, a court of limited jurisdiction served by lay, as well a legally trained, magistrates, Gordon served for twenty years before mandatory retirement in 2008 at the age of 65.\nWhile working full time at the court, Gordon completed a law degree part-time. She started it when she was 50, it took eight years, and there were times when she wondered what she had let herself in for. Fortunately, her two sons did not allow her to give up, reminding her that there was 'a rule at our house since we were kids, 'If you started, you have to finish it.\"\nCompleting the degree gave her 'the polish that she needed'. Besides, the discipline of the law reinforced a way of life for her that she had always valued. 'I had discipline in my early life\u2026I had discipline in the army and discipline in Aboriginal Affairs \u2026I'd come from a disciplined background. I think that's what I really appreciated at the court,' she says. What's more, it's a place where 'every decision is going to impact on somebody.'\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-force-for-her-people\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/my-three-families\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sue-gordon-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-in-the-trailblazing-women-and-the-law-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jenkins, Kate", "Entry ID": "AWE5831", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jenkins-kate\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Commissioner, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Kate Jenkins held the position of Federal Sex Discrimination Commissioner from February 2016 to 2023. She was previously the Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights commissioner, a position she had held since 2013. Jenkins was educated at Tintern Grammar and Geelong Grammar School, followed by the University of Melbourne where she studied arts and law and graduated with double honours degrees. Between 1993 and 2013, Jenkins was partner at Freehills (now Herbert Smith Freehills); her areas of specialisation included equal opportunity and diversity. She is a current board member (and former director) of the Heide Museum of Modern Art and the Carlton Football Club; for many years she also served on the board of Berry Street Victoria, a charity which helps disadvantaged children, young people and families. In her role as Victorian Equal Opportunity commissioner, Jenkins conducted an independent review into sex discrimination and sexual harassment, including predatory behaviour, among Victoria Police personnel. She also convened a Victorian chapter of the 'Male Champions of Change' group, an initiative of former Federal Sex Discrimination commissioner Elizabeth Broderick which aims to advance gender equality and increase opportunities for women in the workplace by enlisting the assistance of men in positions of power in the workplace. In 2015, Jenkins was named in the Australian Financial Review and Westpac 100 Women of Influence Awards.\nAs Federal Sex Discrimination Commissioner, Jenkins delivered the 2020 Respect@Work report, the findings of a national inquiry into sexual harassment in workplaces, and in 2021 she led a review of the Parliament House workplace culture. Jenkins was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 2023 for distinguished service to human rights governance, to advancing gender equity, to the promotion of inclusivity, and to the law. She was appointed the chair of the Australian Sports Commission in May 2024.\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kiddle, Marcelle Allayne", "Entry ID": "AWE5836", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kiddle-marcelle-allayne\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer", "Summary": "Marcelle Allayne Kiddle completed two years of medicine at the University of Melbourne before her career was interrupted by marriage. \nAfter a stint as a dancer, including a contract with the BBC, she enrolled at the London School of Economics (LSE) and graduated LLB (Hons) in 1956. Allayne or \"Kiddle\" (as she preferred to be known) read for the English Bar and was admitted to the Middle Temple in London, before returning to Melbourne. After signing the Bar Roll in 1959 (the sixth woman to do so), she read with Bill Kaye. She had hoped for a broad practice, but specialised in divorce.\nDuring the 1960s, she returned to LSE to complete a Master of Laws. She appeared with Philip Opas QC at London's Privy Council during the Ronald Ryan trial in the late 1960s.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/allayne-kiddle\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lieder, Lillian", "Entry ID": "AWE5852", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lieder-lillian\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Munich, Germany", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer", "Summary": "The late Lillian Lieder QC and Betty King QC (later Justice King, Supreme Court of Victoria) joined the Bar in the mid-1970s. In 1992, they were the first women barristers practising in criminal law to take silk.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-barristers-in-victoria-then-and-now\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Payne, Jacqui", "Entry ID": "AWE5885", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/payne-jacqui\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Lawyer, Magistrate, Solicitor", "Summary": "Jacqui Payne was the first Indigenous woman to be admitted as a solicitor in Queensland. She worked in criminal defence for fourteen years: for the ATSI Corporation Legal Service and later in her own successful private practice. Jacqui was appointed as a Magistrate in 1999 and has presided in both the Brisbane Magistrates Court and the Murri Court.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pincus, Gae Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE5890", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pincus-gae-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Judge's associate, Lawyer, Politician, Public servant", "Summary": "Gae Pincus completed an LLB at the Australian National University. She went on to work in the Office of Women's Affairs; as an Associate for High Court Justice Lionel Murphy in 1982. In 1983 she returned to the Public Service to work in a legislative capacity dealing with law reform within various government departments. She went on to establish and chair the National Food Authority before working for the international body Food and Agricultural Organization.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Cathie Humphries (formerly Gregor) and is reproduced with permission in its entirety.\n\nGae was the foundation Board Chair and CEO of the then National Food Authority which commenced operations on 19 August 1991 and which was the product of the micro-economic reform agenda in the early 1990s.\nGae had the difficult and time-consuming task of guiding, and at some times, pushing the fledgling standard-setting agency to meet the high and differing expectations of government and other stakeholders at that time. In addition, the agency was committed to undertake a major review of the policy underpinning Australian food standards a no small feat considering the tangle of competing priorities.\nGae is remembered by staff who worked with her as a woman of high intellect, who gave her all to achieve what she believed in. She demanded the same commitment from everyone else. This inevitably led to tension with the competing challenges the NFA faced. Despite on-going ill-health, but with the support of a very small Board of 4 part-time members, Gae set up systems to meet those challenges which held the agency in good stead in following years.\nGae resigned from the NFA on 18 March 1995, but her pioneering vision of a combined Australia NZ food authority with a joint Code was fulfilled on 1 July 1996 with the foundation of the then Australia New Zealand Food Authority and on 20 December 2000 with gazettal of the joint Code.\nUnfortunately, Gae's passing in August 2016 meant she missed the 25th anniversary of the NFA's grandchild, Food Standards Australia New Zealand, which is still a central player in the food regulatory system in Australia and New Zealand, with an international reputation at the highest level.\nI was Gae's executive assistant (EA) from January 1992 until I went on maternity leave in December 1993. Both Gae and I had worked as parliamentary staff - which came with different workplace expectations to those in the public service at that time. Because of that shared background, we got on well from the very beginning to the surprise of NFA staff, as we came from different sides of the political spectrum. She wasn't the easiest person to work for and was extremely demanding, but there was a high level of trust between us and I very much missed not working for her when I returned to work.\nGae always loved wearing dark blue and often wore matching patterned stockings. One thing she was particularly annoyed about was that she was born on 29 February - so that she only had a birthday every 4 years. She also told me the story once about how she changed her name at school to 'Gae', as she had never really liked her first name.\nGae always remembered to buy me something special when she went overseas for work - not necessary, but always appreciated by me.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gae-pincus-contributed-to-advancement-of-womens-affairs-and-consumer-law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-gae-margaret-pincus-lawyer-sound-recording-interviewer-sara-dowse\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sparks, Jeanette", "Entry ID": "AWE5918", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sparks-jeanette\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Barrister, Lawyer", "Summary": "Ms Jeanette Sparks was admitted to the Victorian Bar in 1975.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Watchirs, Helen", "Entry ID": "AWE5930", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/watchirs-helen\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Advocate, Commissioner, Lawyer", "Summary": "Dr Helen Watchirs is President of the Australian Capital Territory Human Rights Commission, and Human Rights Commissioner since 2004. In 2010 she was awarded the Order of Australia Medal for service to the advancement of human rights particularly as the Human Rights and Discrimination Commissioner of the Australian Capital Territory.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Watson, Nicole", "Entry ID": "AWE5931", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/watson-nicole\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Academic, Author, Lawyer, Solicitor", "Summary": "Nicole Watson is a member of the Birri-Gubba People and the Yugambeh language group. Nicole has a bachelor of laws from the University of Queensland and a master of laws from the Queensland, University of Technology. \nNicole was admitted as a solicitor of the Supreme Court of Queensland in 1999. She has worked for Legal Aid Queensland, the National Native Title Tribunal and the Queensland Environmental Protection Agency. Nicole is also a former editor of the Indigenous Law Bulletin.\nNicole's first crime fiction novel, The Boundary, was released nationally in June 2011. Nicole is a lawyer and a researcher at Jumbanna Indigenous Learning Centre at the University of Technology Sydney.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nicole-watson-interviewed-by-peter-read-and-jackie-huggins-in-2008-for-the-seven-years-on-continuing-life-histories-of-aboriginal-leaders-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Whelan, Dominica", "Entry ID": "AWE5934", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whelan-dominica\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Leeton, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Commissioner, Judge, Lawyer", "Summary": "Dominica Whelan was a Judge of the Federal Circuit Court, former Commissioner of Fair Work Australia, and former industrial officer, with lifelong commitments to feminism, labour law and equitable access to justice.\n", "Details": "Dominica Mary Whelan was born on 10 May 1954 in Leeton NSW, one of ten children. She completed her Bachelor of Arts and Law Degree at the University of New South Wales, one of only three women, together with Pat O'Shane and Sue Walpole, in her law school class. Dominica was awarded the Dean of the Law School scholarship for postgraduate studies and, in 1976-77, worked as the Associate to Justice Elizabeth Evatt, then Chief Judge of the Family Court of Australia, conducting research for the Royal Commission on Human Relationships and the Family Law Council. Also in 1977, Dominica was admitted as a Barrister to the Supreme Court of NSW.\nIn 1978, Dominica moved to Melbourne to take up a position as a tutor with the Faculty of Law at Monash University. She was also admitted that year as a Barrister and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Victoria. At Monash University, as well as tutoring in Family and Constitutional Law, and teaching Professional Practice, Dominica designed, taught and assessed students in a new course, Law of Employment. She would later complete a Masters of Law in labour relations law at the University of Melbourne in 2002, and contribute to the Law Institute of Victoria's specialist accreditation program in workplace relations law.\nEquitable access to justice was a passionate lifelong commitment for Dominica, and concurrent with her teaching duties, she helped establish the Doveton Legal Service Cooperative. Between 1978 and 1980, she worked as a solicitor for the Fitzroy Legal Service.\nIn 1982, Dominica worked as an industrial research officer with the Australian Public Services Association, before commencing, in 1985, a position at the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) as an affirmative action officer. With the mainstreaming of family and affirmative action policies, Dominica moved into an industrial officer role, promoting affirmative action as part of a broader industrial relations agenda. She was, together with Jan Marsh and Jenny Acton, among the first women to establish themselves and succeed as industrial advocates. Dominica made an outstanding contribution to the development of the model clause for persons with disabilities to assist them to move into open employment, and played a role in assisting in the development of new standards under the Disability Discrimination Act. Dominica described her work on the introduction of a supported wage systems for workers with disabilities, and the high level of consensus achieved between employer and employee peak councils in this process, as among the proudest achievements of her time at the ACTU.\nConcurrent with her work at the ACTU, Dominica held the following appointments:\n\nCommissioner of Comcare, with the Commission for the Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation of Commonwealth Employees\nMember of Australia\/China Council, 1989-94, participating in two delegations to China (one with Gough and Margaret Whitlam)\nMember, Social Security Advisory Council.\n\nIn 1995, Dominica was appointed as a member of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC) and, from 2009, a Commissioner of Fair Work Australia. As a Commissioner, Dominica earned a reputation as an effective, fair and balanced decision-maker. She was a firm believer in litigation as a last resort, and was highly effective in alternative dispute resolution. During her time with the AIRC, from 2004-2006, she also chaired the Victorian Gender Pay Equity Working Party.\nIn 2010, Dominica accepted an invitation by the Attorney General to join the Federal Magistrates Court. When the institution was upgraded to a full Court, Dominica became a Judge of the Federal Circuit Court. She was highly respected as a Judge. With a reputation for being knowledgeable, hard-working, unfailingly polite but always in control, she inspired confidence in those who appeared before her. She served as a member of the Policy Advisory Committee, and also as a member of the Indigenous Access Committee, being a strong supporter of the Court's Reconciliation Action Plan aimed at improving access to justice for Indigenous people.\nOutside of the law, Dominica was actively involved in education and in the arts. From 1989-91, she was a member of Footscray Institute of Technology Council; and between 1993 and 2003, she chaired the Workplace Studies Centre Advisory Committee at Victoria University. From 1989-1992, she was chairperson of the Melbourne Fringe Festival. From 1994-97, she was a member of the Australia Council for the Arts; and from 2005-07, a director of the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. She was also a member of the Collingwood Industrial Magpies, sponsors of Indigenous Australian Rules team, the Yuendumu Magpies.\nHer Honour Judge Whelan died of cancer on 17 February 2016. She is survived by her partner Tony Bradford and their daughter Georgia. The Dominica Whelan Endowment, administered under the auspices of Victoria University, was established in her memory to support the delivery of accessible, affordable legal services to disadvantaged women, particularly Indigenous women.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Moore, Mina Louise", "Entry ID": "AWE5970", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moore-mina-louise\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wanui, New Zealand", "Death Place": "Croydon, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Mina Moore was a successful photographer who worked initially in New Zealand and then in Sydney and Melbourne. Together with her sister the she specialised in portraits of prominent people and artists, including society\/celebrity portraits, with some wedding and children's portraits. Mina Moore later set up her own studio in Melbourne and utilised unconventional backdrops, such as untreated hessian.\n", "Details": "Mina Moore was a highly successful photographer working in Melbourne, and like her sister, May Moore, she specialised in portraits of prominent people including those from the art world.\nShe was born on 6 October 1882 in Wainui, New Zealand, one of seven children (May being the eldest and Mina the second eldest daughter). Their father, Robert Walter Moore, was an English immigrant who was a timber cutter and farmer, and their mother was Sarah Jane, n\u00e9e Hellyer. The couple were not wealthy but were able to save enough money to purchase a small property in Wainui, a small farming settlement just north of Auckland, in which to settle and raise a family. Prior to this they had lived in various forestry camps.\nMina had no art school training but worked as a teacher in a country school, which was situated near their home. In 1907 she travelled to Australia, visiting Sydney and Melbourne, taking with her the Box Brownie camera that she had borrowed from a relative. During this trip her interest in photography was ignited. She later recalled her wonderment at being in a friend's darkroom in Footscray and seeing film being processed: 'I was tremendously interested. Five years later I returned to Melbourne and opened a photographic studio in the newly built J. & N. Tait Auditorium Buildings in Collins Street' (Australian Gallery Directors Council 23).\nWhen Mina returned to New Zealand she did not return to her work as a teacher. Instead, she decided to pursue her interest in photography. At this time the Alexander Orr studio in Wellington was being sold and the two sisters bought it from him for \u00a3170, quite a large amount of money at the time. Prior to the Alexander Orr studio's departure, May was able to learn camera-handling skills from the staff and Mina learned the printing process, all in a space of six weeks.\nBoth sisters were deeply interested in theatre, and some of their early work was of 'costume studies' for theatre companies. Their first major assignment was photographing the entire cast of an American theatre company that was visiting New Zealand at the time.\nIn 1911 Mina joined May in Sydney. Much of the work they did here was co-signed 'May and Mina Moore,' and it has been suggested that the sisters may have had an agreement to share their success together. They went on to develop a distinctive style and a reputation for producing high quality portraiture. Initially, they could not afford to rent large, light-filled studio spaces with glass walls and roofs (as was the practice of at the time) and had to make do with the limited light available to them from windows. As Jack Cato explains, this resulted in photographs that 'were in low key, with a strong light on one side of the face and strong shadow on the other. It was the light Rembrandt used for his paintings and was particularly suitable for men' (Cato 130).\nMina moved to Melbourne in April 1913 and set up a studio of her own. It has been suggested that there may have been some conflict between the sisters, although May assisted Mina make the move (Australian Gallery Directors Council 23). She quickly established herself in Melbourne, initially knowing only the musician Fritz Hart and Mrs Hart. One of her early commissions was to photograph the members of the Quinlan Grand Opera Company. The studio she established did not utilise any props and her backdrops were made of untreated hessian, unlike the conventional painted backdrops that were popular at the time. Mina worked with a freelance female journalist in 1913, and utilised the relaxing environment of her studio to conduct interviews and photo sessions.\nIn 1914, with the outbreak of the War, both May and Mina produced hundreds of portraits of young soldiers before they set off for the battlefields in North Africa and Europe. Like her sister May, Mina would take the time to familiarise herself with her sitters, trying to put them at ease, a personal quality that helps account for the appeal of their photographs.\nAll of Mina's professional work was completed in studio settings and she was not known to photograph outdoors. Her last major commission involved the photographing of the Shell Oil Company's employees. She printed the photographs taken by interstate photographers of employees from their states, and compiled a single volume which was finally completed in 1927.\nOn 20 December 1916 she married William Tainsh, a poet and executive of an oil company. In 1918 she gave birth to her first child (she had three children in total). Although her interest in photography had not abated, her family's needs took precedence and she decided to devote herself to bringing up her children. She later said of her decision: 'I had to choose between caring for a baby daughter and paying someone else to do so while I went to business \u2026.' (Australian Gallery Directors Council 24), and so it was that in she sold her Melbourne studio to the Melbourne photographer Ruth Hollick.\nMina and her family moved to Warrandyte later that year and she established friendships with the artists Clara Southern, Jo Sweatman, Penleigh Boyd and Jessie Traill. They moved again in 1922 to Croydon and it was here on 30 January 1957 that Mina eventually died aged 75.\nCollections\nArt Gallery of New South Wales\nArt Gallery of South Australia\nGrainger Museum, University of Melbourne\nLa Trobe Collection, State Library of Victoria\nMacleay Photograph Collection, Macleay Museum Collection, NSW\nThe Shaw Research Gallery, National Gallery of Victoria\nNational Gallery of Australia\n", "Events": "Mina Moore exhibited her painted miniatures at the NSW Society of Women Painters (1899 - ) \nMina Moore featured in Australian Women Photographers 1840-1950 (1981 - 1981) \nMina Moore featured in New Zealand International Exhibition (1907 - 1907) \nMina Moore was featured in The Reflecting Eye: Portraits of Australian Visual Artists (1996 - 1996) \nWas active as a professional photographer (1911 - 1927)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-c-1916\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-an-actress\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annie-may-and-mina-moore\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australians-behind-the-camera-directory-of-early-australian-photographers-1841-to-1945\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mirror-with-a-memory-photographic-portraiture-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/i-was-only-a-maid-the-life-of-a-remarkable-woman-may-moore-reminiscences-of-may-moore-as-related-to-members-of-her-family-and-to-her-friends\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beyond-the-picket-fence-australian-womens-art-in-the-national-librarys-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-story-of-the-camera-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/making-pictures-australian-pictorial-photography-as-art-1897-1957\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-reflecting-eye-portraits-of-australian-visual-artists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moore-annie-may-1881-1931\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/versatile-may-moore-photographs-miniatures-and-domesticity\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/may-moore-and-mina-moore\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/may-moore\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-first-for-women-photographers-in-australia-quick-thinking-and-ladders-got-the-top-shots\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/may-moore-australian-and-new-zealand-art-files\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moore-may-photography-related-ephemera-material-collected-by-the-national-library-of-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Driver, Ada Annie", "Entry ID": "AWE5971", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/driver-ada-annie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Ada Driver was one of the most successful woman photographers working in Brisbane in the early twentieth century. She owned her own studio, producing high-class portraiture and illustrative work. Driver used the latest processes, adding artistic colouring to produce soft-toned photographs, as well as producing images for magic lantern slides and stereoscopic photographs.\n", "Details": "Ada Driver was considered one of the most successful woman photographers working in Brisbane in the early twentieth century. She owned her own studio and was known for her high-class portraiture and illustrative work.\nDriver was born into a large family of eight children on 12 November 1868 in Queensland. Her father was Charles Driver, who had worked as a cane cutter but then opened a shop, and her mother was Harriett Howe. Driver was trained by Poul C. Poulson, a Danish-born photographer who was the most prominent photographer in Queensland at the turn of the century. He had arrived in Sydney in 1876 and moved to Queensland in 1882, setting up a studio in Brisbane at 7 Queen Street in 1885. Although known today for his scenes of Queensland's early development, his studio also produced many portraits and it was in this photographic genre that Driver was trained.\nIn 1906 when Driver was in her late thirties, she established her own studio at 51 Queen Street, which she called Miss Driver's Studio. She placed advertisements in The Brisbane Courier highlighting her studio's use of 'the latest processes.' She added that 'artistic colouring to life and other special features are obtained. A speciality is made of postcards and children's portraits. A special department for the sale of artistic postcards has also been opened' (The Brisbane Courier 12 Aug 1907).\nHer work was soon in high demand as a result of the praise she received from the press. For example, The Brisbane Courier wrote that her photographs are 'noted for a softness of tone, a fine finish, and delicate shading' (Dec 1907). As a result of her success she was able to employ studio assistants, most of whom were women. She was known for 'playing the violin [in the studio with these women] during the lunch breaks' (Kerr 396). Among her staff were her sister Lucy (who took over the Ada Driver Studios in Fortitude Valley) and the photographer Elsie Lambton, whom she trained.\nDriver's work was published in a number of Queensland newspapers including The Brisbane Courier, The Week, The Queenslander and The Telegraph, all of which featured her portrait shots as well as some of her illustrative pieces. In addition to portrait work Driver was attributed with producing a number of magic lantern slides and stereoscopic photographs that were bequeathed to the State Library of Queensland.\nOn the 31 December 1913, Driver, who was aged 45, married William Ellis Evans, the Queensland manager of Kodak; they did not have any children. The fact that there are no known works by her after this date suggests that she may have retired at this point in her career, although her studio as such continued to operate until 1919.\n Collections\nCoffs Harbour Regional Museum\nJohn Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland\nCollection of family photographs, John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland\nPowerhouse Museum\n", "Events": "Active as a professional photographer (1906 - 1913)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ada-driver\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-ada-driver-studio\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-ada-drivers-studio\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Agar, Bernice", "Entry ID": "AWE5972", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/agar-bernice\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bowen, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Edgecliff, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Bernice Agar was a highly successful portrait photographer based in Sydney, whose work featured prominent Australian society figures. Agar was also an early fashion photographer. Widely published, her glamourous works were characterised by a strong preference for artificial light and crisp outlines. Her technique favoured strong frontal lighting. Few of her society portraits survive today.\n", "Details": "Bernice Agar was a highly successful portrait photographer of Australia's society figures and an early fashion photographer.\nAgar was born in Bowen, Queensland, in 1885, to William and Isobel Agar. She was the youngest daughter of the family. She trained at the Bain Photographic Studios in Toowoomba Queensland where she worked until 1918 as chief photographer. By 1917 she had made a name for herself, with people reportedly coming 'from all over Australia to be photographed by her.' The Darling Downs Gazette described her as being 'just a slip of a girl. She is a born artist, [whose work is] fascinating, not only is it artistic but she gets an absolute photograph. Her posing is uncommon and original' (1917).\nIn 1918, Agar moved to Sydney where she opened her own studio, the Bernice Agar Studio, situated in Denison House, George Street. She specialized in stylish portraits of leading artists and society women, such as Thea Proctor, and the opera singer Clara Butt. In line with methods adopted by women photographers in the UK she would invite society figures to pose for her, providing them with free prints and selling the images to magazines, a practice also adopted by the Australian portrait photographers May and Mina Moore.\nAgar's work was very popular during the 1920s and the success she enjoyed enabled her to employ a number of assistants including her sister Alice, who worked as a retoucher. Much of her work was published in the magazine Society, as well as Sydney Ure Smith's The Home magazine (1914-1926), and it was 'characterized by a strong preference for artificial light and crisp, clear outlines' (Australian Gallery Directors Council 10). The 1920s in Australia was a time when magazines such as The Home started to publish the names of its fashion photographers, a new development that undoubtedly contributed to Agar's success (Maynard 96-97).\nAgar's technique involved the use of strong frontal lighting and compositions where the face, and the shapes and lines of the accessories and clothing, were highlighted, resulting in photographs which Barbara Hall describes as being 'softly etched with shadows.' For Hall, 'the result was often a portrait that showed women as arrogant, smouldering, penetrating, cool, sylph-like, formidable or discerning' (Hall 62), while other commentators have said they 'exude glamour and style'(National Library of Australia, Beyond the Picket Fence). Agar herself was known to be a very private, fashion conscious woman who dressed beautifully. Her niece recalls that Agar herself was as glamorous as any of her photographs - an observation that is confirmed by her self-portrait.\nIn 1933 Agar, in a quiet ceremony, married James W. Hardie, a Sydney accountant. The society papers reported that she wore 'a frock of parchment satin covered with a velvet coat of the same shade with a lovely collar of sable, into which she had tucked a spray of orchids. Her small brown velvet hat matched her furs, and the \"tout ensemble\" was very charming indeed.' It was at this point in her life that she gave up her studio and work. The couple did not have any children.\nOnly 16 tinted head studies of her family prior to her magazine work exist today. In addition to these, there are a small number of surviving photoprints of the society women and fashion photographs that were reproduced in magazines.\nJack Cato, in The Story of the Camera in Australia, wrote that Bernice Agar 'for over a decade held first place for her beautiful portraits of society women. When she married and retired, the leading camera men of this country breathed a sigh of relief' (Cato 136).\nBernice Agar died in Edgecliff, Sydney in 1976.\nCollections\nCaroline Simpson Library & Research Collection, Historic Houses Trust\nFerguson Collection, National Library of Australia\nNational Gallery Australia - holds the Portrait of Bernice Agar\nNational Library of Australia holds the only known surviving 'society portrait' taken by Agar; it is the photograph of the opera singer Clara Butt\n", "Events": "Active as a professional studio photographer (1918 - 1929) \nBernice Agar exhibited her work at the Bain Photographic Studio (1917 - 1917) \nBernice Agar featured in the exhibition Australian Women Photographers 1840-1950 (1981 - 1981) \nBernice Agar featured in the exhibition Beyond the Picket Fence (1995 - 1995) \nBernice Agar featured in the exhibition The Reflecting Eye: Portraits of Australian Visual Artists (1996 - 1996)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-first-for-women-photographers-in-australia-quick-thinking-and-ladders-got-the-top-shots\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bernice-agar-is-responsible-for-these-charming-studies-of-children\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bain-studio-exhibit\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/november-brides\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beyond-the-picket-fence-australian-womens-art-in-the-national-librarys-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-story-of-the-camera-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-reflecting-eye-portraits-of-australian-visual-artists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bernice-agar\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bernice-agar-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mills, Alice", "Entry ID": "AWE5973", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mills-alice-2\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ballarat, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Alice Mills was a top-ranking commercial photographer working in Melbourne at the turn of the twentieth century. Her studio was considered one of the best in Australia for portraiture, which took an unusual and painterly approach to tinting, capturing the sitter's colour scheme in watercolour before applying it as a tint. Her photographs were mainly gelatin silver prints.\n", "Details": "Alice Mills (also known as Alice Humphrey) was a highly successful professional photographer whose work was frequently published in magazines. She also took hundreds of portraits of young WW1 soldiers. She was born in 1870 in Ballarat, Victoria, and was one of four daughters in a lower middle class family. While she was still a child, the family moved to Wellington, New Zealand and then back to Victoria, moving firstly to Geelong and then on to Armadale in Melbourne.\nMills was trained at Emily Florence Kate O'Shanessy's photographic studio in Melbourne. She next moved to Henry Johnstone's photographic studio, also in Melbourne, where she was employed as a colourist. In 1899 she married one of her colleagues, Tom Humphrey, who was a well-known painter. He had studied at the National Gallery Art School with Arthur Streeton and Fred McCubbin and his paintings can be found in the National Gallery of Victoria's collection. The couple had no children. In 1900 Mills and Humphreys established their own photographic studio, which they called Tom Humphrey and Co., in the Centreway Arcade in Collins Street, Melbourne. Mills took over the studio from 1907 after her husband decided to concentrate on painting. She renamed it the Alice Mills Studio. It remained operative until 1927.\nShe was considered to be one of the top-ranking commercial photographers of the time, and was recognised as a leader in her profession. Her studio was considered one of the best studios in Australia for portraiture. The portraits she created were 'particularly notable for their unusual and painterly approach to tinting' (Australian Gallery Directors Council 21). Her portraits ranged in size from miniature to life-size, and were largely symmetrical in composition and evenly lit. The process she employed involved taking each photograph and then capturing the sitter's exact colour scheme in watercolour before applying it as a tint to the photograph Table Talk 8\nMills' photographs were published in quality magazines such as Table Talk, Punch and in The Weekly Times. One of her photographs, Mrs Robert Brough, was reproduced in Camera House Beacon in 1907, facing the title page. This is significant, since the journal included very few photographs.\nMills photographs were exhibited as part of the 1907 First Australian Exhibition of Women's Work. She was associated with many artists, intellectuals and musicians of the early 1900s, these included the Tom Humphreys Studio, photographers Annie May and Mina Moore, photographer and painter Henry James Johnstone, graphic designer, printmaker and painter Muriel Mary Sutherland Binney, painter May Vale, photographer, printmaker, sculptor, cartoonist\/illustrator, draughtsman and painter Tom Roberts, photographer Elizabeth Nash Boothby, photographer Ruth Hollick, draughtsman, printmaker and painter Arthur Streeton, designer\/curator Emily Florence Kate O'Shanessy, designer\/curator Pegg Clarke, designer\/curator Mary Grant Bruce, and designer\/curator Una Bourne. Alice Mills retired aged fifty-two and died seven years later in 1929, having sold her studio to the female photographer Franie Young.\nTechnical\nHer works were mainly gelatin silver prints. She may also have worked with the platinum printing method judging by the soft grey appearance of many of her photographs.\nCollections\nArt Gallery of New South Wales\nGrainger Museum, University of Melbourne\nMitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales\nMuseum Victoria\nNational Gallery of Australia\nNational Library of Australia\nNational Portrait Gallery\nState Library of Victoria\nUniversity of Melbourne Library\n", "Events": "Alice Mills featured in First Australian Exhibition of Women's Work, 1907 (1907 - 1907) \nAlice Mills featured in the National Women's Art Exhibition Gallery of New South Wales (1995 - 1995) \nAlice Mills featured in the exhibition Australian Women Photographers 1840-1950 at the George Paton Gallery (1981 - 1981) \nAlice Mills featured in the exhibition Beyond the Picket Fence: Australian Women's Art in the National Library Collections. (1995 - 1995) \nAlice Mills worked professionally (1900 - 1927)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beyond-the-picket-fence-australian-womens-art-in-the-national-librarys-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/making-pictures-australian-pictorial-photography-as-art-1897-1957\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alice-mills-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-alice-mills-exhibition\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shades-of-light-photography-and-australia-1839-1988\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/half-moon-bay\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McKellar, Doris Winifred", "Entry ID": "AWE5974", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mckellar-doris-winifred\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Caulfield, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Croydon, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Doris McKellar was an amateur photographer based in Melbourne, whose photographs documented university life and the social activities of a wealthy professional family in Melbourne in the first half of the twentieth century. Using a Kodak No. 3A Folding Pocket camera, she captured many aspects of life at the University of Melbourne. The University of Melbourne holds McKellar's archive.\n", "Details": "Doris McKellar's photographs depict life during the early 1900s. Her photographs, taken whilst she was a student at the University of Melbourne, capture University life, while her family photographs document life within a wealthy professional family, their social activities, their family holidays at the beach, and their excursions into the countryside.\nDoris McKellar (n\u00e9e Hall) was born into a wealthy professional family in Melbourne in 1897. She was the eldest child of Percival St John Hall, a solicitor, and Harriet 'Hattie' Louisa Hall (n\u00e9e Moore). They lived at 'Glenmoore' house, a two-storey villa in Elsternwick. Doris was educated at Cromarty School for Girls, in Elsternwick where she excelled academically, and in 1912 she was the dux of the school.\nMcKellar went on to enrol at the University of Melbourne, where she studied Arts and Law from 1915-1921, graduating in 1922 with a law degree. It was around this time in her life that she became involved in the Princess Ida Club which was aimed at 'promot[ing] the common interests of, and forming a bond of union between the present and past women students' of The University of Melbourne.' She continued her involvement with the University after graduating through her membership of the Victorian Women Graduates' Association, an organisation in which she was very active.\nIt was while she was at university that she became interested in photography, and using a Kodak No.3A Folding Pocket camera she began taking many photographs of the University grounds, the staff and students, and capturing various aspects of university life including social and sporting activities (tennis, cricket, and bowls).\nBeing a keen amateur photographer, she recorded not only family social functions and holidays, but also cityscapes, landscapes and seascapes; her resulting images depicted life just after the turn of the century. Some of these images, especially the landscapes, were in the Pictorialist in style.\nAs for her portraits, she was able to connect with the people she photographed to the extent that her portrait and group studies capture aspects of the sitters' personalities. One also glimpses their feelings of vulnerability, a feature that is particularly evident in her portraits of the young men dressed in military uniform who were heading off to fight in WW1.\nMcKellar was one of the few women in Australia to graduate with a Law degree in the early 1920s and to gain employment as a barrister and solicitor.\nIn 1925 she married Rolfe Warren McKellar, a publisher with Stockland Press and soon after gave up her professional career but continued her involvement with the Victorian Women Graduates' Association and then the University Women's College (currently known as the University College). In 1932 her son, Ian Campbell McKellar was born.\nDoris assisted with the family's publishing business during WW2 after her husband enlisted as an officer, however it is unclear if she continued in this capacity after the war or continued to pursue her interest in photography.\nDoris McKellar died in 1984.\nThe University of Melbourne Archives hold a Collection of Doris McKellar's photographs and memorabilia covering the periods 1915-1919, and 1934-1954.\nTechnical\nThe Kodak No. 3A Folding Pocket camera was marketed to 'glamorous young women' and was quite expensive for the times, costing around five pounds in 1914. It came with a leather pouch and 'used cellulose nitrate film instead of glass plates, making it more portable and easier to use' (Laurenson 29).\nCollections\nDoris McKellar Photographic Collection held by the Archives Collection at the University of Melbourne\n", "Events": "Worked as an amateur photographer (1915 - 1919) \nWorked as an amateur photographer (1934 - 1954)", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mckellar-doris\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Baylis, Ester", "Entry ID": "AWE5975", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/baylis-ester\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Largs, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Naracoorte, South Australia, Adelaide", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Ester Baylis was a prize-winning Pictorialist photographer and an active member of the Adelaide Camera Club. Baylis' focus was primarily architectural photography, having previously trained in architecture. Baylis initially used a Box Brownie camera, and with prize money purchased a Thornton Pickard enlarger and an Adams Minex camera. Baylis was the first woman photographer to be included in an Australian public collection.\n", "Details": "Esther Baylis was a prize-winning Pictorialist photographer who belonged to the Adelaide Camera Club. She was born in Largs Bay, South Australia. Her family moved to Unley Park, South Australia when she was two years old, and she lived there until 1925 when she moved to England. Baylis was given a Box Brownie camera at the age of 12, the age at which she also started developing and printing her own photographs. She was a student at the Hermitage Girl's Boarding School in Geelong, Victoria which was a Private Grammar School owned and run by the Church of England. She left school at the age of seventeen, wanting to pursue a career in architecture but had to wait until she turned 18, so she returned to Adelaide where for a year she studied watercolour painting with Gwen Barringer.\nBaylis began her training in architecture at the South Australian School of Mines and Industries from 1917 to about 1921. This was a four-year course that included university subjects - she went to physics and maths lectures and architectural history lectures. However, with only two subjects to go, she decided not to complete her studies even though she had been named by the Woods, Bagot, Jory and Laybourne Smith Architects with whom she was an articled pupil, as 'the most successful student in the Architecture department' (Australian Gallery Directors Council 19). Esther was to recollect that, 'I had the distinct feeling that women were not welcome in the architectural society. One prominent architect said I would never be admitted' (Australian Gallery Directors Council 19).\nHer instincts turned out to be correct since she worked for Woods Bagot Jory and Laybourne Smith for four and a half years, completing her articles but without any prospect of the necessary registration to pursue a career as an architect. A draft of a letter written to her father by Laybourne Smith wrote of his concern that,\n[Miss Legoe] must be prepared to meet the various grades of people employed in the Building Trades and face any slight disabilities attendant on inspection of works such as mounting scaffolds.\nDisillusioned, Baylis turned her attention to photography and set up a darkroom and studio in the cellar of the family home. She was generally self-taught, apart from attending a number classes run by a member of the South Australian Photographic Society, of which she was a member.\nShe entered her photographs in Kodak competitions and in competitions organised by the Australian Photography Review, winning prizes for her work. The prize money was used to purchase a Thornton Pickard enlarger, an Adams Minex camera and a voyage by ship to England, which she embarked on in 1922. In London she was offered a position with a photography studio but declined it as she was more interested in travel and in photographing gardens and architecture.\nIn 1923 she returned to Australia and became a member of the Adelaide Camera Club, exhibiting her work at their annual exhibitions. Buildings were the main focus of her photographic work; she loved capturing the shadows and lines of the architectural forms she was photographing. As with the other members of the Adelaide Camera Club her photographs were in the Pictorialist style. Baylis said of photography that 'the important thing is the know-how to \"compose\" a picture and one must see the picture at a glance in one's mind for it to succeed' (Hall 74).\nIn 1925 she exhibited 24 of her photographs in the Exhibition of Pictures and Craftwork at the Society of Art, Adelaide. Fourteen of these were then included in the First Exhibition of Pictorial Photography organised by the Adelaide Photographic Society. Her photographs won her medals at the South Australian Chamber of Manufacturers All Australian Exhibition in 1925 and three of these photographs, Figure Study 1924, Louis XIV Chapel, Versaillesand Pastures, were purchased by the Art Gallery of South Australia. This saw her being the first woman photographer to be included in an Australian public collection. Baylis had travelled to England with her sister in 1925 and it was on this trip that she became engaged to Denis Baylis (the ship's purser). They married a year later in England. The following two years saw her husband continuing in his purser's position, while she gave birth to their first child and continued with her photography. The family was also able to travel around England and Europe.\nThe Baylis family decided to return to Australia, settling in the south-eastern town of Binnum in South Australia, taking up farming and remaining there for the next twenty years. Ester had two children and continued her creative pursuits, attending painting classes in Adelaide, and this rather than photography became her main focus. The family moved to Balmoral, Victoria where Ester joined 'The Gropers,' a women's art group whose motto was 'groping for knowledge,' which met at the Hamilton Art Gallery each month. She began working with oils and had five exhibitions after her children had grown up. From Balmoral she moved to Clifton Springs, Victoria where she continued painting, well into her eighties.\nEster Baylis died in 1990, at the age of ninety-two.\nTechnical\nBox Brownie camera, a Thornton Pickard enlarger and an Adams Minex camera.\nCollections\nNational Gallery of Australia\nThe Art Gallery of South Australia\n", "Events": "Ester Baylis featured in A Century in Focus: South Australian Photography, 1840s-1940s. (2007 - 2008) \nEster Baylis featured in the exhibition Australian Women Photographers 1840-1950 (1981 - 1981) \nEster Baylis featured in the Exhibition of Pictures and Craftwork at the Society of Art. (1925 - 1925) \nEster Baylis featured in the First Exhibition of Pictorial Photography, Adelaide Photographic Society. (1925 - 1925) \nEster Baylis was featured in the Adelaide Camera Club Annual exhibition. (1923 - 1923) \nEster Baylis won medals at the South Australian Chamber of Manufacturers All Australian Exhibition. (1925 - 1925)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dictionary-of-south-australian-photography-1845-1915-electronic-resource\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-century-in-focus-south-australian-photography-1840s-1940s\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/florado-art-exhibition-australian-gallery-file\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/council-for-the-encouragement-of-music-and-the-arts-portland-vic-australian-gallery-file\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Morrison, Hedda", "Entry ID": "AWE5976", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/morrison-hedda\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Stuttgart, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Hedda Morrison was an ethnographic photographer who worked extensively in China, Borneo and later Australia, where she settled in 1967. She was influenced by Neue Sachlichkeit, or the 'new realist' style. Morrison's photographs were widely disseminated in books, including the seminal Sarawak: Vanishing World, and Travels of a Photographer. Morrison was a resourceful photographer, using two car batteries to power her portable enlarger while without power for six years in Sarawak, and storing her negatives in an airtight chest using silica gel as a drying agent to overcome the perils of a tropical climate. Morrison worked largely in black and white, except for in the early 1950s.\n", "Details": "Hedda Morrison worked extensively in China and Borneo in the period 1933-67. She moved to Australia later in her life and settled in Canberra where she died in 1991. She was well known for her photographic work in Asia, which was considered ethnographic in its focus. Morrison's photographs were widely distributed in the form of books. Two of her major publications include: Sarawak: Vanishing World (1957) and Travels of a Photographer in China, 1933-46 (1987).\nShe was born Hedwig Hammer in Stuttgart, Germany in 1908. Her father worked for a publishing company and the family enjoyed a comfortable existence in a large house. Her only sibling, a brother, was the favourite in the family. In 1911, aged only three, she contracted polio, which left her a cripple with ongoing health problems. Following a major operation, which she had as a teenager, she was able to gain some mobility, walking with a limp (as her right leg was shorter than her left); she needed to wear specially designed shoes to get about. This however did not deter her from pursuing her interest in travel.\nMorrison was given her first camera, a Box Brownie, when she was 11 years old. It gave her so much pleasure that she was inspired to set up a small darkroom in the family bathroom. In 1929 she completed her secondary school education at the Queen Katherine Convent in Stuttgart and then moved to Austria to study medicine at the University of Innsbruck. Dissatisfied with medicine, she convinced her parents to allow her to study photography instead and in September 1930 she moved to Munich, enrolling in the Bavarian State Institute for Photography. Morrison completed the two-year course, her final certificate referring to her outstanding outdoor photography skills and the fact that she had received third prize in a student competition.\nAs a student she became familiar with the 'new realist' (Neue Sachlichkeit) photographic style of the time, which was characterised by the capturing of close up shots of everyday objects. It was a style that was to influence the photography she produced in her later career. Some of her earliest works, especially those taken while she was still a student, embodied this style and they were published in a book entitled Making Pottery by the potter Walter de Sager. For the book she documented the various stages of his work by focusing on close up shots of the potter's hands.\nWith little work available for photographers during the Depression years, Morrison volunteered to work at the studio of Adolf Lazi in Stuttgart. The studio specialised in architectural, portrait, landscape and advertising photography in the 'new objectivist' style that in Weimar Germany was the photographic manifestation of modernism. Only 44 negatives have survived from this era. All were portraits and all were entitled 'Trachtenfest' (folk costume festival) and dated Stuttgart 1931. She kept these negatives with her throughout her life taking them with her from Germany to China and Borneo and then to Australia. They reflected her interest in capturing details, shapes, textures, but also her lifelong interest in the exotic.\nMorrison spent five months in Hamburg. Aware of the rising strength of the Nazi Party and its policy of co-opting photographers for their propaganda campaigns, she decided to travel to Yugoslavia. These plans did not eventuate as she saw an advertisement in a German photography journal for a photography position in China. Even though she knew practically nothing about China, she submitted an application and was successful.\nIn 1933 she arrived in Peking and immediately began working as manager of the Hartung Photo Shop, a German owned commercial photography studio. The position required coordinating the work of the 17 Chinese photographers who worked in the studio. The studio was well-established and the clientele powerful, being for the most part diplomats and foreign residents; indeed, the studio was situated in the diplomatic quarter of the city in a two storey building at 3 Legation Street, East Peking. She held this position for five years, after which she worked as a freelance photographer from her home in Nanchang Street. The photographs she produced were theme-based, encompassing handicrafts, temples, imperial palaces, 'lost tribes,' and so on. An especially popular line of work she offered was whole albums filled with her photographs. Her European clients would either order an album or make selections of their own.\nFrom 1938-40 she worked for Caroline Frances Bieber (a wealthy British woman), who was a dealer in Chinese arts and crafts for the Brooklyn Museum in New York. Morrison's knowledge about China was invaluable to Bieber and the partnership proved financially beneficial to Morrison. It was through this connection that she met an American writer by the name of Beatrice Kates. Kates, Bieber and Morrison worked on a project together documenting Chinese household furniture and the group finally published a book in New York in 1948. Morrison took photographs for the book in 1937-1938, with George Kates (Beatrice Kates brother, who was the director of the Brooklyn Museum in New York) writing the text.\nMorrison produced two major books relating to her time in China. Both were aimed at capturing the 'Old Peking' that Westerners enjoyed reminiscing over, and they ignored the changing nature of the city, in particular those aspects of life relating to the social, political and economic impact of the Japanese occupation. Nor were the poverty, civil unrest and social conflict that resulted from the Japanese occupation depicted in these books.\nHedda Hammer, as she was then called, met Alastair Morrison (an Australian) in 1940, and in 1946 they married in Peking but left the country soon after due to the increasing political unrest in China. They travelled to Hong Kong where they stayed for six months and then moved to Borneo, where they settled on the island of Sarawak. Alistair worked for the British Colonial Service, eventually being appointed as the district officer of Sarawak, the Malaysian state on the island of Borneo. During 1960-1966, Hedda worked for the Information Office in Kuching, in the photographic section on a part-time basis. Her work involved training government photographers, setting up a photographic library and taking photographs. In 1965 the Sarawak Government awarded her the Pegawai Bitang Sarawak (Officer of the Order of the Star of Sarawak) for her work.\nShe apparently did not see herself as a photojournalist. Instead, she felt her work had an ethnographic emphasis, her focus being to depict traditional cultures in the process of change. In line with this her subjects included landscapes, architecture, portraits, and handicrafts.\nShe produced two major books during the time spent in Sarawak, the first entitled Sarawak (1957) and the second Life in a Longhouse (1962). These documented the traditional lifestyle and culture of the Iban people who live on Sarawak. They are ethnographic books capturing the people's traditional practices and documenting the changes brought about by the British Colonial administration as well as the Malaysian Government. Hedda Morrison recalled that, '[w]henever I visited longhouses I was conscious of the fact that the longhouse way of life is in the course of changing. I have tried to record faithfully in photographs whatever was typical of people, and which might not be there to photograph at all for very much longer' (Powerhouse 9). Morrison had a strong affinity with Asian people. She was known to be respectful and polite and was able to convince people to allow her to enter their homes so as to take the photographs she had in mind.\nIn 1967 the Morrisons moved to Canberra, Australia, and Hedda continued her photography, producing 24 albums of photographs as part of her Views of Australia 1961-1988. These captured views of the ACT, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia, the subjects including public buildings, suburbs, people and landscapes.\nHedda Morrison died in Canberra, in 1991, aged 82 and a year later her husband, Alastair Morrison donated an important collection of her photographic works to the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney.\nIn 1995, eight of her photographs capturing the Flinders Ranges (c.1971) were included in the Beyond the Picket Fence exhibition held at the National Library of Australia.\nAn exhibition entitled Old Peking: Photographs by Hedda Morrison 1933-46 was held at the Art Museum of the China Millennium Monument, Beijing in May - June 2002 and at the Powerhouse Museum, Sydney in November - December\n2002.\nTechnical\nMorrison's first camera was a Box Brownie. She went on to use a 6 x 6 cm twin lens Rollei camera for most of her shots and this was to become her favourite camera. On arriving in China she used a 9 x 12 cm Linhof hand camera which she kept throughout her life.\nShe was known for her inventiveness and whilst in Sarawak used two car batteries to power her portable enlarger as they were without power for six years. She kept her negatives in an airtight chest using silica gel as a drying agent to overcome the perils of a tropical climate.\nMorrison worked largely in black and white, except for in the early 1950s. She found that the Ektachrome 120 format roll film which was widely used up until that time, was limiting and it also faded.\nCollections\nDivision of Rare Book and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library\nHarvard-Yenching Library, Harvard University. Over 5 thousand of Hedda Morrison's photographs are held in this collection, encompassing the period 1933-1946 that she spent in Beijing\nHedda Morrison, Views of Australia, 1961-1988, National Library of Australia\nhttps:\/\/nla.gov.au\/nla.cat-vn1585946\nNational Gallery of Australia\nHedda Morrison photographic collection, Powerhouse Museum\nHedda Morrison, Germany\/China\/Sarawak, 1928-1968 archive, Powerhouse Museum\nVirginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, Virginia\nPortraits of Hedda and Alastair Morrison, and a photograph of their wedding in Peking, 1946 [picture] \/ Reg Alder, National Library of Australia\nhttps:\/\/nla.gov.au\/nla.cat-vn1585592\n", "Events": "Hedda Morrison was awarded the Pegawai Bitang Sarawak (Officer of the Order of the Star of Sarawak) for her work by the Sarawak Government. (1965 - 1965) \nHedda Morrison won third prize in a student competition State Institute for Photography (1931 - 1931) \nHedda Morrison worked in China, Borneo and Australia. (1930 - 1988) \nHedda Morrison's Chinese Photographs (1940 - 1940) \nHedda Morrison's work featured in An Asian Experience: 1933-6,organised by the Asian Studies Association of Australia. (1986 - 1986) \nHedda Morrison's work featured in Beyond the Picket Fence. (1995 - 1995) \nHedda Morrison's work featured in In Her View: The Photographs of Hedda Morrison in China and Sarawak 1933-67. (1993 - 1993) \nHedda Morrison's work featured in In Her View: The Photographs of Hedda Morrison in China and Sarawak 1933-67. (1994 - 1994) \nHedda Morrison's work featured in Old Peking: Photographs by Hedda Morrison 1933-46. (2002 - 2002) \nHedda Morrison's work featured in Old Peking: Photographs by Hedda Morrison 1933-46. (2002 - 2002) \nHedda Morrison's work featured in Peking: 1933-1946 - A Photographic Impression (1967 - 1967) \nHedda Morrison's work featured in Travels of an Extraordinary Photographer: Hedda Morrison - A Retrospective Exhibition, organised by the Canberra Photographic Society. (1990 - 1990) \nHedda Morrison's work was included in The Family of Man at the Museum of Modern Art. (1955 - 1955) \nPhotographs by Hedda Morrison. (1949 - 1949)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nanking\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/chinese-household-furniture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/children-of-melugu\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/craftsmen-in-a-harsh-environment\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/educating-the-peoples-of-sarawak\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jungle-journeys-in-sarawak\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/life-in-a-longhouse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-lost-tribe-of-china\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-photographer-in-old-peking\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sarawak\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-musical-instruments-of-china\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/travels-of-a-photographer-in-china\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tribal-crafts-of-borneo\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vanishing-world-the-ibans-of-borneo\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/chinese-toggles-a-little-known-folk-art\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fair-land-sarawak\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hedda-morrison-in-peking\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-photographers-at-national-geographic\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-her-view-hedda-morrisons-photographs-of-peking-1933-46\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-family-of-life-unesco-memory-of-the-world\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hedda-morrison-photographic-archive\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-hedda-morrison-photographs-of-china-1933-1946\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Waterhouse, Joyce", "Entry ID": "AWE5978", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/waterhouse-joyce\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Joyce Waterhouse was an amateur Pictorialist landscape photographer. She travelled widely, taking photographs in India, Indonesia, New Zealand and North Africa, as well as of locations throughout Australia. She enlarged and printed her own photographs and was able to support herself financially with the sale of her travel photography. She exhibited her work in South Australia and Victoria.\n", "Details": "Joyce Waterhouse is known for her Pictorialist landscape photography. She exhibited her works mainly in South Australia and Victoria.\nShe was born on 27 April 1887 into a very affluent North Adelaide family. Her parents were Arthur and Laura Waterhouse (n\u00e9e Morgan) and her grandfather on her mother's side was Sir William Morgan, Premier of South Australia. Her father was a prosperous banker who had made his money from the gold rush. Arthur and Laura had three daughters of whom Joyce was the youngest, and a son. Every summer the children were cared for by governesses at their Mount Lofty House in the Adelaide Hills. The remainder of the year was spent at their North Adelaide home where servants saw to their needs.\nWaterhouse showed an early interest in photography and by the age of thirteen she was taking snapshots of animals. This interest was encouraged by her father, who gave her a gold- embossed suede photo album. Unlike Most Australians, her family was not greatly affected by the Depression of the 1890s and around this time they travelled to England regularly in order that her father could pursue his interest in hunting. In 1897 Joyce and her sisters spent two years in England attending a girls' school and on their return were said to have introduced women's hockey to Adelaide. They also attended a finishing school in Dresden in 1903.\nIn 1910 the family travelled to England for another hunting trip. On this occasion they took their own horses and a groom. In 1915, Joyce was once again on her way to England when she was exposed to the plight of wounded soldiers who had fought at Gallipoli. It was an event that caused her to delay her trip for some weeks and assist in the hospitals. Once in England, she completed an intensive course in physiotherapy and worked at the Irish Army hospital during 1916-1917, eventually making her way to Egypt in the final year of the war, before returning to Australia in 1919 on a troop ship.\nDuring the 1920s Waterhouse wore her hair in a bob and smoked cigarettes. Her adventurous spirit is clear from the fact that she also travelled widely in the twenty years that followed. She owned her own car, which she drove throughout Australia, from Central Australia to the Flinders Ranges and onto Mt Kosciusko, where she became a capable skier. She also travelled to India, Indonesia, New Zealand and North Africa, all the time collecting 'fine examples of weaving' (Australian Gallery Directors Council 27).\nWaterhouse took many photographs of the foreign places to which she travelled. Some were snap shots and others more composed landscape studies. She enlarged and printed her own photographs and was able to support herself with the photographs she took on these travels. In 1930 she exhibited some of her works at the South Australian Photographic Society, with her photograph, Winter, being purchased by the Art Gallery of South Australia at the time. In 1930 she travelled to the Scottish Hebrides and began living a simpler life, staying in a crofter's cottage and learning how to spin, dye yarn and weave. On her return to Australia she built a cottage for herself at Mt. Lofty and was said to live a very spartan life, focussing on her textile work. She utilised natural black fleece (a rarity at the time) and experimented with vegetable dyes, and she also wove tapestries. Many of her weavings were passed on to her nieces and nephews.\nPhotographs taken towards the end of her life focussed on her great nephews and nieces as subjects, and documented her trips to Scotland and London during her final trip there in 1953.\nJoyce Waterhouse died on 13 December 1966 in South Australia (just four months prior to her eightieth birthday). Up until the end she was driving her car, spinning, and dying, weaving, and taking photographs of the family.\nCollections\nArt Gallery of South Australia\nWaterhouse (Family), Waterhouse, Joyce, 1887-1966 and Waterhouse, Laura Emily Waterhouse family, 1859. State Library of South Australia archival collection\n", "Events": "Joyce Waterhouse's work featured in A Century in Focus: South Australian Photography: 1840s-1940s (2007 - 2008) \nJoyce Waterhouse's work featured in Australian Women Photographers 1840-1950 (1981 - 1981) \nJoyce Waterhouse's work featured in The Second Exhibition of Pictorial Photography (1930 - 1930) \nJoyce Waterhouse's work featured in Women's Work Exhibition (1907 - 1907)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-birth-index-ancestry-com\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-century-in-focus-south-australian-photography-1840s-1940s\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dictionary-of-south-australian-photography-1845-1915-electronic-resource\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joyce-waterhouse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/photographic-exhibition-opened-by-lady-mayoress\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Praeger, Laura", "Entry ID": "AWE5979", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/praeger-laura\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England", "Death Place": "Somerset, England", "Occupations": "Painter, Photographer", "Summary": "Laura Praeger was one of only two professional women photographers working in Sydney in the 1890s. Praeger opened four studios between 1890 and 1895. Praeger was known for her portraits of Sydney's wealthy elite, as well as for her landscape and architectural photography. Praeger's portraits were known for their striking side lighting and the characteristic ease of their subjects. She produced Bromide prints and worked on large-scale photographs at every processing stage.\n", "Details": "Laura Praeger was the only professional woman photographer working in Sydney during the 1890s apart from Mrs Nixon, who had a studio at Balmain. Praeger opened four different studios between 1890 and 1895, and was known for her portraits of Sydney's wealthiest people.\nShe was born Laura Blundell in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England in 1859. Her parents were Eliza and John Wilton Frankland Blundell. In 1870 the family migrated to Queensland, Australia, where her father set up a medical practice.\nShe married Francis Pasqual Praeger in Brisbane, August 1880, but the marriage was not a happy one and they divorced in 1894. By 1890 she had moved to 187 Macquarie Street in Sydney, NSW.\nLittle is known about how she came to be practising photography, or where and with whom she trained, but she and Mrs Nixon at Balmain were the only professional women photographers operating in Sydney in the early 1890s.\nBetween 1890 and 1895, she opened several photographic studios in Sydney. In 1890-1891 she went into partnership with a photographer called Chubb, setting up the Chubb and Praeger studio in George Street. Then, in 1892 she opened another studio, which she called Madame Praeger at Beale's Chambers at 480 George Street. She went on to open a studio at 506-508 George Street in 1893, and then in 1893-1894 another one at 76 William Street, Sydney. In October 1894 she married the solicitor and notary, George B. Harland at which point she closed her studio and returned to England. Her husband died soon after in 1900. Laura Harland died in Somerset, England, on 2 May 1950, aged 90. Her death notice indicates she had a son, Peter, and a daughter, Ruth. (Only Ruth, aged 3, was noted on the 1901 UK census).\nPraeger was known for her portraiture, photographing Sydney's elite, as well as landscape and architectural photographs. A series comprising eight interior and external photographs of Clarens, Potts Point are among her earliest works. She used natural light to capture interiors and worked with unusual compositions to frame the views of the harbour. Her most important assignment came when she was approached to photograph the 55 delegates at the First National Australasian Convention, which met in March 1891 to draft the Bill to constitute the Commonwealth of Australia. The large portrait she produced of the delegates testifies to her high degree of technical proficiency. An enlarged copy was selected for display at the World's Columbian Exposition held at Chicago in 1893, along with her 'life-sized' portrait of the Hon. Stafford Bird; the Women's Work Committee noted with satisfaction that she had 'performed all stages in the work.' Writing in the Sydney Morning Herald in 1892, 'Faustine' commented that Praeger's photographs have 'a pleasantly artistic sentiment about them that a mere mechanician cannot give us' (Design and Art Australia Online).\nIt was arguably in the realm of individual portraiture, however, that she demonstrated most skill. The Mitchell Library holds seven of her portraits, each showing her sensitivity to character. Whether of three quarters body length or head-and-shoulders format, the sitters appear at ease with both camera and photographer. Among these is the side-lit photograph of Sir Alfred Stephen working at his writing desk, which was frequently reproduced as an engraving in the newspapers. The photograph itself was described by the Illustrated Sydney News on 16 June 1983 as 'decidedly the best that the aged statesman has yet had taken.' In 1895, she exhibited a 'painting' of Sir Alfred Stephen under the name of Mrs Harland, at the Women's College Exhibition (SU). The Herald described it as 'excellent both as to likeness and manner.' This was most likely a painted enlargement of her 1893 photograph although it may have been an original portrait since she was also an accomplished painter; indeed, as Madame Praeger, she often described herself as 'artist [i.e. painter] and photographer.'\nHer portraits of Lady Windeyer (see Ethel Stephens) and Louisa Macdonald, Principal of Women's College, are particularly striking. Both women look directly into the camera with a confidence, alertness and humour seldom seen in the portraits of women of the time. What seems like an understanding between photographer and subject probably resulted from Praeger's constant mixing with and her subsequent familiarity with Sydney's elite classes. In March 1893, for example, she held an afternoon tea for selected ladies and gentlemen to show portraits at her new William Street studio. This subtle combination of fraternising and advertising enabled Madame Praeger to 'strike a fine balance between business and art, professionalism and feminine accomplishment' (Design and Art Australia Online)\nTechnical\nProduced Bromide prints and was able to work on large-scale photographs.\nCollections\nArt Gallery of New South Wales holds a copy of the Catalogue to the Committee XII Chicago Exposition Committee 1892, which includes a listing of Australian women's work exhibited at this Exposition\nMitchell Library, Sydney\nState Library of New South Wales\n", "Events": "Laura Praeger's work featured in the Australian Women Photographers exhibition. (1981 - 1981) \nLaura Praeger's work featured in the Exhibition of Women's Work (1892 - 1892) \nLaura Praeger's work featured in the Women's College Exhibition. (1895 - 1895) \nLaura Praeger's work featured in the World's Columbian Exposition (1893 - 1893)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-divorce\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-ladys-letter-from-sydney\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scrap-notes-and-comments\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-sydney-morning-herald\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heritage-the-national-womens-art-book-500-works-by-500-australian-women-artists-from-colonial-times-to-1955\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-mechanical-eye-in-australia-photography-1841-1900\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/laura-praeger\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/advertising-the-praeger-studio\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/events-of-the-week\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "How, Louisa Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE5980", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/how-louisa-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "England, United Kingdom", "Death Place": "Heaton, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Elizabeth Louisa How is the earliest known Australian female amateur photographer. The subjects of How's portrait photography include members of her merchant family, friends, staff, and visitors to the How's family residence at 'Woodlands,' North Sydney. How's landscape photography recorded views of Sydney Cove, Government House, Campbell's Wharf, and views around her house and garden. How's salted paper prints were developed using half-plate glass negatives.\n", "Details": "Elizabeth Louisa How is the earliest known Australian female amateur photographer.\nElizabeth Louisa How was born 1821 in England, and she married James How, a labourer from Melvern, Cambridgeshire. They had two sons, William, born in 1844 and Edward, born in 1848.\nThe family migrated to Australia under the assisted passage scheme arriving in Port Phillip, Melbourne, Victoria, aboard the 'Royal George,' on 28 November 1849. On arriving in Melbourne, James How gained employment with the merchant and wharf owner Joseph Raleigh. Records show that by 1857 he was listed as one of the principal directors of a merchant and shipping business How, Walker & Co., which had originally been started by a relative, Robert How. During this period the family moved to a property called 'Woodlands,' where they resided until 1866. It was next door to the present-day Admiralty House at Kirribilli Point, North Sydney, NSW.\nThe records do not show what or who inspired Elizabeth Louisa How's interest in photography. It has been established that she acquired a copy of the English publication Art Journal for 1850. The particular issue she obtained included a number of articles dealing with the development of photography; one of her early photographs was based on an engraving of a portrait which she saw in this volume, that of the Dowager Countess of Darnley after the painting by Sir Thomas Lawrence. Some scholars have suggested that she may also have gained some training from professional studios in England as well as obtaining her photographic materials from the same source. However, others consider it more likely that obtained her photographic supplies in Sydney from the dealer William Hetzer, who was known for his salted paper prints using half-plate glass negatives, since this was the same process that How worked with.\nThe Australian National Gallery in Canberra holds an album of 48 salted paper prints attributed to How. The album includes photographs dating from October 1858 to January 1859. The subjects are largely portraits of How's family, friends, staff and visitors to their house in Woodlands. The friends who appear in these photographs are the merchants George S. Caird, Robert P. Paterson and Hendricks Anderson, the explorer William Landsborough with his Aboriginal companion, 'Tiger,' and the settler Charles Morison from Glenmorison, New England. She also photographed Sydney Cove, Government House, Campbell's Wharf, and views around her house and garden.\nHer photograph of John Croker, taken in Sydney on the 25 December 1859, was shot on the veranda of her house, a position that provided her with adequate lighting. She set up the photograph to appear as if it was taken indoors by moving a side table and armchair outside and by draping a piece of fabric in the background to appear as if it were a curtain (Davies 31).\nThe fortunes of the How Merchant Company declined in the 1860s, and in 1866 How shifted from Woodlands to Calingra at Woollahra, Sydney. Her husband James died in about 1869 and a year later Louise moved to Heaton, also in Woollahra. Little is known of her and her children's movements after this date, other than they relocated several more times. It is also unclear how long she continued to pursue her interest in photography. She died aged seventy-two, in 1893.\nTechnical\nHow produced salted paper prints using half-plate glass negatives.\nCollections:\nArt Gallery of New South Wales\nNational Gallery of Australia\nNational Museum, Canberra\n", "Events": "Louisa How's work featured in Art Gallery of New South Wales exhibition (1995 - 1995) \nLouisa How's work featured in Mirror with a Memory: Photographic Portraiture in Australia exhibition (2000 - 2000) \nLouisa How's work featured in Women Hold Up Half the Sky (1995 - 1995)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mirror-with-a-memory-photographic-portraiture-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/louisa-elizabeth-how\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-mechanical-eye-in-australia-photography-1841-1900\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shades-of-light-photography-and-australia-1839-1988\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/louisa-elizabeth-how-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/louisa-how\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/louisa-elizabeth-how-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/masterpieces-of-australian-photography\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/persons-on-bounty-ships-arriving-at-port-phillip-assisted-passage-1849-51\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Michaelis, Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE5981", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/michaelis-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Dzieditz, Poland", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Painter, Photographer", "Summary": "Margaret Michaelis was a professional photographer who specialised in documentary photography, portraiture and dance photography. She trained in Vienna before living in Prague, Berlin and then Spain, associating with anarchic and other left-wing groups. Many of Michaelis' European photographs documented everyday life in order to encourage progressive social critique. Michaelis fled Europe on the cusp of WW2 and eventually made her home in Sydney, Australia. Her photography in Australia was mainly studio portraiture, with a clientele of Jewish \u00e9migr\u00e9s and members of the art community. Michaelis made use of natural light and natural poses in order to explore the psychological states of her subjects.\n", "Details": "Margaret Michaelis was a professional photographer who specialised in documentary photography, portraiture and dance photography.\nMargaret Gross was born on 6 April 1902 in Dzieditz, Poland, of Jewish parents Heinrich Gross, a doctor, and his wife Fanni, n\u00e9e Robinsohn. She trained at Graphische Lehr und Versuchsanstalt, Vienna, Austria (Institute of Graphic Arts and Research) from 1917-1921. She began her career in photography working in a number of Viennese studios, including Studio d'Ora of Madame D'Ora, initially as a retoucher before working as a fully-fledged photographer.\n1928 saw her living in Prague, before moving to Berlin the following year along with Rudolph Michaelis, an archaeological restorer and an anarchist, whom she eventually married in 1933. With Hitler's rise to power, the couple spent several short spells in jail and upon being finally released they left Berlin and headed to Barcelona. She opened up a photography studio there, which she called 'foto-elis.' It was situated on the Avenue Republica Argentina. Her Spanish photographs are marked by her predilection for depicting people who were socially engaged and in outdoor settings. They were also made using natural light. During this period she also documented a proposed redevelopment of a slum area in Barcelona for a group of progressive architects, the GATCPAC (Grupo de Artistas y T\u00e9cnicos Espa\u00f1oles Para la Arquitectura Contempor\u00e1nea), which had associations with Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier.\nWhen the couple divorced in November 1937, Margaret Michaelis left Barcelona, heading firstly to France and then Bielsko, Poland, to visit her parents. In Poland she went to Cracow and photographed the Jewish ghetto. From there in December 1938, she managed to get a visa enabling her to travel and work in the UK where she worked as a domestic servant until she was granted a visa to migrate to Australia.\nMichaelis arrived in Sydney on 2 September 1939 and the following year opened her own 'Photo-studio' on the seventh floor of the building at 11 Castlereagh Street. She promoted herself as a photographer of 'Home' portraits, gardens and interiors. However, she was largely known for her portraiture and dance photography working mainly with the Bodenwieser Company. Many of her clients were of European and Jewish background, as well as those connected with the arts.\nHer photographs were noted for her ability to capture the inner character and uniqueness of her sitters. 'She believed that a portrait should reflect the soul of the sitter and wanted to capture the essence of her subject's personality rather than a superficial likeness' (Ennis, Heritage 59). Her portrait of Cynthia Nolan (n\u00e9e Reed), c. 1948, is a perfect example of her style. Nolan's face is centrally positioned in the composition, her eyes stare directly at the camera, as she sits leaning back against a chair, one arm diagonally raised over her head. The effect is such that the onlooker is drawn towards the face and eyes.\nIn 1941 she became a member of the Professional Photographers Associations of New South Wales and Australia. She was also a member of the Institute of Photographic Illustrators - the only female member. During the war years she was placed under surveillance by the Australian government during WW2, but she continued to work and was naturalised in 1945. By 1952 her eyesight was failing and she had to close her studio. She began working instead as a typist for the social workers Richard Hauser and Hephzibah Menuhin. She married Albert George Sachs in 1960 and the couple moved to Melbourne, where they operated a framing business. Her husband died in 1965, at which point she closed the business. Margaret Michaelis-Sachs travelled extensively in Europe and Asia during the late 1960s and '70s. Her focus shifted to drawing and painting and in 1978 while she was studying painting with Erica McGilchrist, she contributed one of her drawings to the Women's Art Forum Annual..\nMargaret Michaelis-Sachs died in 1985.\nCollections\nArt Gallery of South Australia\nJewish Museum of Australia, Melbourne\nNational Gallery of Australia,\nNational Library of Australia\nState Library of Victoria\n", "Events": "Margaret Michaelis, Fotografia, Vanguardia y Politica en la Barcelona de la Republica exhibition (1998 - 1998) \nMargaret Michaelis's work appeared in the Women's Art Forum Annual (1978 - 1978) \nMargaret Michaelis's work featured in Australian Women Photographers 1850-1954, (1981 - 1981) \nMargaret Michaelis's work featured in Mirror with a Memory: Photographic Portraiture in Australia exhibition. (2000 - 2000) \nMargaret Michaelis's work featured in The Reflecting Eye: Portraits of Australian Visual Artists. (1996 - 1996) \nSolo exhibition at the Jewish Museum of Australia (1987 - 1987)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mirror-with-a-memory-photographic-portraiture-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blue-hydrangeas-four-emigre-photographers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-reflecting-eye-portraits-of-australian-visual-artists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-michaelis-exhibition-room-brochure\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-michaelis-love-loss-and-photography-exhibition-7-may-14-august-2005-national-gallery-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-michaelis-sachs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-michaelis-love-loss-and-photography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/architecture-photography-and-gendered-modernities-in-1930s-barcelona\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-michaelis\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kissing-mrs-sachs-review-essay-examination-of-the-european-emigre-photographers-experience-with-cultural-translation-in-adapting-subject-matter-to-an-australian-setting\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-michaelis-sachs-archive\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-michaelis-australian-art-and-artists-file\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/michaelis-margaret-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Walley, Mavis", "Entry ID": "AWE5982", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walley-mavis\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Carnamah, Western Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Dowerin, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Mavis Walley was a Ballardong Noongar Indigenous woman who lived in the southern parts of Western Australia. An amateur photographer, Walley documented the lives of the Aboriginal people with whom she lived on a reserve in Goomalling, taking thousands of photographs between the 1950s to 1970s. These images offer a significant and rare perspective within the historical archive - a view of Aboriginal life from an Aboriginal person that is neither anthropological nor ethnographic in style. Walley used a Box Brownie camera.\n", "Details": "Mavis Walley was a Ballardong Noongar Indigenous woman who lived in the southern parts of Western Australia. She photographed the lives of the Aboriginal people who lived with her on the reserve in Goomalling.\nShe was born on 26 May 1921. Her father was Martin Walley, a labourer, and her mother was Julia Reece. Mavis' grandfather on her mother's side was a white American named Edward Reece. He married an Aboriginal woman named Nancy Bangalan, who was from Esperance. Mavis's grandfather on her father's side was John Walley, who married an Aboriginal woman named Tundap, and both of them came from Bunbury. .However, Martin's mother's father was the son of a European man and an Aboriginal woman named Watbanga who had been living with her family at the Benedictine Mission in New Norcia (Biographical Dictionary, Carnamah Historical Society and Museum).\nIn 1945, Mavis married Hubert Earnest Phillips, and the couple went on to have 11 children. They lived and worked on the Smith family farm, where her husband worked as a slaughterman and Mavis helped out and raised their children until, like the rest of their community, they were moved to the Aboriginal reserve in Goomalling.\nIt is unclear as to when or how Mavis received a Box Brownie camera, and it is speculated that she may have been taking photographs as early as the 1930s. What is definitely known, however, is that despite not being able to read or write, she became an enthusiastic amateur photographer who took thousands of photographs of the people of the Goomalling community, where she lived in the 1950s to the 1970s. At that time it was practically unheard of for an Aboriginal person to own a camera. Her daughter, Dallas Phillips, said that Mavis took more than one thousand photographs during this period, of which 325 negatives have survived. These are now part of the Mavis Walley Collection, held at the State Library of Western Australia. All 325 images have been digitised. Her daughter has described her mother as 'walk[ing] around with her old camera and tak[ing] pictures. She didn't look through the eye piece, she just clicked away' (Laurie).\nMavis Walley's photographs are documentary in style. They are carefully and deliberately posed but they do not appear 'staged' or in any sense idealised. Rather, they capture her people as they really were in their daily lives. Subjects include 'women on wildflower-picking outings, beaming children in their Sunday best after their first Holy Communion, men chopping wood, a girl dreamily leaning on a car bonnet and healthy toddlers sitting in the scrub' (Laurie). Mavis may not have received any instruction in the use of the camera, nor the dark room, but she appears to have had a natural flair for composition, and her images tell stories of immense human interest, with many bespeaking a wicked sense of humour.\nThis is in contrast to those taken by the European photographers of the time, many of whom were missionaries or teachers. Damien Webb, the Indigenous liaison officer with the State Library of Western Australia, has noted that their photographs were ethnographic and anthropological in style and were 'agenda-laden,' depicting Aboriginal people in one of two ways: 'as traditional spirits or savages, or as people in missions, dressed to the nines and doing writing exercises' (Laurie). For the curators of the museum the most remarkable thing about the collection of Walley's photographs is that 'it offers a perspective rare in our historical archives: a view of Aboriginal life through the eyes of indigenous people' (The Australian). For the CAN community, the prime significance of the collection is that it has enabled many to 'reconnect with relatives' and to affirm the strength and resilience of their people. The photographs show precisely how much joy and fun existed in the community even when they were living at the reserve (The Australian).\nFor Mavis, life did not end on the reserve. In the mid-1970s it was closed and the Aboriginal community was moved on, this time to state houses with running water. And some were even able to claim pensions. Mavis Walley died in 1982, aged sixty-one.\nCollections\nMavis Walley (Phillips) Collection, State Library of Western Australia\n", "Events": "Active as amateur photographer (1940 - 1979)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mavis-walley-philips\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/goomalling-yarns-rare-photographs-capture-life-on-an-aboriginal-reserve\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mavis-walley-collection-glimpse-of-indigenous-life-as-it-really-was-lived\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mavis-walley-collection-indigenous-life-before-ravages-of-welfare\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "O'Shannessy, Emily Florence Kate", "Entry ID": "AWE5983", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oshannessy-emily-florence-kate\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ballinsloe, Ireland", "Death Place": "St Kilda, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Emily O'Shannessy was a professional portrait photographer during the mid to late nineteenth century in Melbourne. In 1864 she went into partnership with Henry Johnstone, regarded as Melbourne's best photographer of the time. The Johnstone and O'Shannessy Studio emphasised realism rather than artistic manipulation. Their commissions ranged from inexpensive 'cartes-de-visite' portraits to large-scale photographs, including one of Australia's first Prime Minister, Edmund Barton. The studio specialised in coloured, plain, and mezzotint portraits. O'Shannessey's 'Cartes-de-visite' photographs took the form of albumen prints mounted on cards.\n", "Details": "Miss Emily O'Shannessy worked as a professional portrait photographer in the mid to late nineteenth century. She initially operated her own studio, but then went into partnership with the photographer Henry Johnstone and together they established the very successful Johnstone and O'Shannessy Studio, which photographed prominent figures of Melbourne. Little is known about O'Shannessey's life prior to her involvement in photography, other than the fact that she was born in Ballinasloe, Ireland in the late 1840s. In 1862 she opened a studio at 18-20 Madeleine Street Carlton, Melbourne, then in 1864 went into partnership with Johnstone, whom Jack Cato refers to as 'Melbourne's best photographer' (Cato 105). They took over the Duryea and Macdonald Studio, which was situated next to the post office. With Johnstone being an Anglican and O'Shannessy a Catholic, together they were able to attract clientele from both denominations.\nThe Johnstone and O'Shannessy Studio was known for its high standard of portraiture, with its emphasis on realism rather than artistic effects. Their commissions ranged from inexpensive 'cartes-de-visite' portraits, which were pasted onto small cards, to large-scale photographs - the photograph of Australia's first Prime Minister Edmund Barton being one such example. The studio specialised in coloured, plain and 'mezzotint' photographic portraits, some of which were displayed at the 1866 Melbourne Intercolonial Exhibition, their excellence winning the studio a medal. In 1869 they exhibited a large photograph of the Duke of Edinburgh, which was coloured with watercolours, at the 1869 Melbourne Public Library Exhibition. It was enlarged, printed and hand-coloured by O'Shannessy.\nIn the period 1870-1880 the Johnstone and O'Shannessy Studio was considered the best in Australia (Cato), as indicated by the fact that it was selected to participate in the London International Exhibition 1872-73 at the Exhibition Building in Melbourne.\nO'Shannessy and Johnstone established themselves as the prominent society photographers of their time, becoming the official photographers to H.R.H. The Duke of Edinburgh, K.C. and to His Excellency the Governor. Despite the firm's new name and O'Shannessy's equal partnership in the business, she was almost always listed as working for Johnstone. Moreover, her surname was consistently misspelt in exhibition catalogues, reviews and other contemporary records. Only in 1868-69 was the Johnstone-O'Shannessy partnership listed as 'Mrs E.F.K. O'Shannessy,' of Fitzroy. This downplaying of her role continued into the twentieth century; even the historians gave her little mention. Cato, for example, writes about the work of Henry Johnstone, but he makes little mention of Miss O'Shannessy in The Story of the Camera in Australia.\nEmily O'Shannessy married the photographer George Henry Massey Hasler in 1871 and soon after left the studio. The couple had two daughters: Ethel Maud and Muriel. Her husband George took over the studio operations so Emily could look after the children. In 1885 the studio, which she had started moved to larger, architecturally designed studios in Collins Street, was considered the most luxuriously appointed studio in Melbourne (Lewis).\nTechnical\nO'Shannessey's 'Cartes-de-visite' photographs took the form of albumen prints mounted on cards.\nCollections\nJohnstone, O'Shannessy and Co. - Carte de visite photographs. Royal Society of Tasmania, University of Tasmania Library Special and Rare Materials Collection\nNational Library of Australia\nState Library of Victoria\nUniversity of Melbourne Archives\n", "Events": "Emily O'Shannessy's work featured in Beyond the Picket Fence (1995 - 1995) \nEmily O'Shannessy's work featured in The London International Exhibition 1872-73 (1872 - 1873)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beyond-the-picket-fence-australian-womens-art-in-the-national-librarys-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-story-of-the-camera-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-mechanical-eye-in-australia-photography-1841-1900\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-most-luxuriously-furnished-salon-in-melbourne-johnstone-oshannessys-1885-studio\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Simmonds, Rose", "Entry ID": "AWE5985", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/simmonds-rose\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Islington, London, England, United Kingdom", "Death Place": "Auchenflower, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Rose Simmonds was a Brisbane-based photographer who was the only female member of the Queensland Camera Club. She consistently won prizes in competitions run by the club and by the Australasian Photo-Review. She worked in the Pictorialist style from 1926-1932, using the bromoil process to achieve romantic effects, and in the Modernist style from 1933-1940.\n", "Details": "Rose Simmonds was a Brisbane-based photographer who was an active member of the Queensland Camera Club. From 1926-1932 she worked as a Pictorialist, and then from 1933-1940 her style was Modernist. She exhibited nationally and was made an associate member of the Royal Photographic Society of London.\nRose Simmonds was born in Islington, London in 1877. She was the second daughter of Millice Culpin, a medical doctor, and her mother was Hannah Louisa Munsey, n\u00e9e Muncey. The family migrated to Brisbane, Australia in 1891, her father setting up a medical practice at Taringa. Rose was educated at the Brisbane Girls' Grammar School and went on to study art at the Brisbane Technical College.\nShe married John Howard Simmonds on 30 March 1900 and they had two sons. John Simmonds was a stonemason who made a point of photographing the tombstones he worked on. He used a large-plate camera and set up a darkroom in the family home, where he developed and printed his photographs. Rose began assisting him with the photography side of the business and it was not long before she began taking and processing photographs herself. Initially, they were just snapshot photographs of the children, but a lifelong passion had been ignited and she was soon trying her hand at other subjects.\nFrom the late 1920s she was an active member of the Queensland Camera Club, being the only woman among the 14 members. She participated in excursions and presentations organised by the Queensland Camera Club, where an exchange of ideas and creative techniques was fostered. Rose Simmonds began entering her photographs in the monthly competitions that were organised by the Queensland Camera Club and the Australasian Photo-Review (APR and consistently won prizes for her entries. By 1928 she had been elected onto the Queensland Camera Club's committee.\nFrom 1926 to 1932 she worked in the new international style of Pictorialism, her subject matter including portraiture, still life and landscape. Like so many other Pictorialists, she experimented with soft focus and dramatic lighting, but her images were of a particularly high technical standard. She was especially fond of the bromoil process, which she used to create romantic effects. On more than one occasion her works from this period were reproduced in the APR. However, after 1933 her style changed as she came under the influence of modernist photography. Gone was the soft focus and representational approach; instead, she worked in a semi-abstract style using both man-made structures and nature to explore light and shade. Her photograph, Last Rays on the Sand Dunes 1939-1940, is representative of this style, the image capturing the soft undulating ripples of the sand dunes but removing them from any specific geographical or temporal context. As with her Pictorialist phase, she continued to be recognised for her outstanding technical ability during this time.\nFrom 1932 Simmons participated in exhibitions organised by the Photographic Society of New South Wales. She also participated in exhibitions organised by the Professional Photographers' Association of New South Wales and the Sydney Camera Circle in 1938. Her first solo exhibition was held in Brisbane in 1941. She became an associate of the Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain in 1937 and her work was included in an exhibition of Pictorialist photography held in Adelaide in 1940.\nRose Simmonds died on 3 July 1960 in Auchenflower, Brisbane, Queensland.\nTechnical\nRose Simmonds was noted for her technical skills including her clever use of the bromoil process.\nCollections\nJohn Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland\nQueensland Art Gallery\nPicture Queensland, State Library of Queensland\n", "Events": "A solo exhibition of Rose Simmonds' work (1941 - 1941) \nRose Simmond's work featured in the Professional Photographers' Association of New South Wales exhibition. (1938 - 1938) \nRose Simmond's work featured in the Sydney Camera Circle exhibition (1938 - 1938) \nRose Simmonds' work featured in a Pictorial photography exhibition in Adelaide, SA. (1940 - 1940) \nRose Simmonds' work featured in the Photographic Society of NSW Exhibition (1932 - 1932)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/simmonds-rose-1877-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-complementary-caste-a-homage-to-women-artists-in-queensland-past-and-present-5-november-4-december-1988-the-centre-gallery-bundall-road-surfers-paradise\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rose-simmonds\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rose-simmonds-queensland-photographer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/queensland-pictorialist-photography-1920-1950-exhibition-catalogue\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rose-simmonds-papers-1902-1941\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/4570-rose-simmonds-photographs-louis-wilhelm-karl-wirth-and-hubert-jarvis-works-of-art-undated\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-salon-of-photography-australian-gallery-file\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Armytage, Ada", "Entry ID": "AWE5988", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/armytage-ada\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Balmoral, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Ada Armytage was the daughter of the wealthy pastoralist Charles Henry Armytage who owned Como House during the period 1865-1959. Her photographs document life within the stately house and amongst the social elite of the times.\n", "Details": "Ada Armytage was born in 1858. One of eight children, her father was Charles Henry Armytage and her mother was Caroline. They lived at Fulham Station on a large sheep station outside of Geelong. Her father purchased Como House in 1865 and the family moved there; her mother was to have another two children, one of whom died. The family oversaw the renovation and refurbished Como house but by 1876 Charles Armytage died.\nThe family was very wealthy and travelled to the continent on a number of occasions, each time acquiring artefacts to bring back to Melbourne. They were known for the many parties and social events they hosted. Caroline Armytage was keen for the children to be educated - the girls as well the boys - and she sent them abroad to be educated.\nIn May 1906 Caroline Armytage married Captain Arthur Fitzpatrick, who was the aide-de-camp to the governor of Victoria. The couple moved to England but soon after her husband left her, taking the 70 thousand pound dowry with him. She returned to Melbourne and never married again.\nAda took her niece, Edna Armytage, to England in 1913 to see her sisters Constance and Leila but ended up being stranded there with the outbreak of the WW1. The three sisters were middle aged at the time - Ada 55 years old, Constance 43 and Leila 39 - but they joined the Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) in England for the Red Cross and were sent to France to assist with the war effort.\nThey returned to Melbourne after 11 years' absence. Having been greatly affected by their war experiences the sisters went about making changes to Como House; their renovations saw the house losing its Edwardian grandeur.\nExactly what inspired Ada to develop an interest in photography is unclear, as is when this took place, as well as whether she received any formal training. What is certain, however, is that she had a keen interest in photography and documented the Armytage family's life at Como House over the years. Ada's photographs and her sisters' diaries, letters and journals make up the Armytage family archive, which preserves the significant moment in history. Ada died in 1939.\nIn 1959 the Armytage family sold Como House to The National Trust of Victoria.\nCollections\nArmytage Family Collection, University of Melbourne Archives\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/living-at-como-the-armytage-sisters-and-their-relationship-to-como-between-1863-1959\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-case-for-photographs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/como-house-and-the-armytage-family\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hurley, Adelie", "Entry ID": "AWE5989", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hurley-adelie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Inspired by her newsreel photographer father, Adelie 'Front Page' Hurley is known as a pioneering woman press photographer; she was one of only three Australian women press photographers working in her time. She was fearless in pursuing her shots, and also fearless against the gender discrimination of her field, lasting over two decades in press photography. Her photographs include a diverse range of subjects, from army photography, vice squad busts, life at outback stations and taipan hunting.\n", "Details": "Adelie Hurley was born on 21 May 1919, in Sydney, to Antoinette Leighton and Frank Hurley. She had an identical twin sister named Toni, a brother, Frank Hurley, Jr., and another sister, Yvonne.\nHer father was a newsreel photographer who was well known for his Antarctic and WW1 photography. He had a huge impact on her; she believed that, 'it was inbred \u2026 born within me to become a photographer. I think it was a destiny. To me, he was the master, and to have his approval meant the world to me' (Australian Story 2001).\nFrom an early age (Adelie was eight at the time), the children would assist their father in the development of his prints. When he was away on various expeditions, Adelie took it upon herself to teach herself photography.\nIn 1930, when she 11 years old, Hurley won a school photography prize for photographs she took of the school fete using a Box Brownie camera and an 'old bellows enlarger in the bathroom' (Australian Gallery Directors Council 17).\nHurley enrolled at the Sydney Technical College, where she studied commercial art for 18 months but dropped out as she found it 'too narrow and too conforming' (Sydney Morning Herald).\nShe began her career working as a model but preferred taking photographs herself. By 1938 she began working as a freelance photographer for Pix magazine (there were only two other Australian women press photographers working at that time), and in 1939 she became a member of the Australian Associated Press (AAP) staff.\nShe was known for her adventurous spirit and taking risks to capture the images she wanted. One of her adventures saw her stowing away in an overland troop convoy to travel up to Darwin. After being discovered she had to hitchhike to Darwin on her own. This adventure enabled her to produce a series of photographs about the army, which were published in the Daily Telegraph before the civilian evacuation. On another occasion, Hurley managed to photograph a raid of an opium den in Sydney by climbing a ladder to access the first floor of a Chinese laundry and 'jostling' with 'burly Vice Squad police.' The resultant photographs were a scoop and made the front page of The Sunday Sun newspaper and became known as 'Front Page Hurley.'\nDuring 1941-1943 she travelled to the USA, working as a freelance photographer for Pix magazine. On her return to Australia Hurley began working full time as a casual photographer for The Sun. The management of The Sun did not employ her as a staff photographer as they claimed that 'there were no women's toilets on the photographic floor of the building' (Australian Gallery Directors Council 18).\nHurley decided to leave Sydney and for the next couple of years travelled and worked as a freelance photographer. She went onto work for the magazine A.M. (which was edited by Cyril Pearl) in 1950. When the magazine closed in 1953, Frank Packer employed her to work for the Australian Consolidated Press. She also worked for The Daily Telegraph and The Women's Weekly, which during the period 1956-1963 saw her travelling overseas, covering stories in Fiji, India and the USSR. She also travelled within Australia photographing life on outback stations, Aboriginal people, Aboriginal sacred sites in Arnhem Land and taipan hunting.\nAdelie Hurley was to marry three times and did not have any children, moving up to North Queensland with her last husband, where they managed a resort in Bowen. Here, she took up portrait painting. She died in 2010\nAdelie's career as a professional press photographer spanned the period 1938-1960. During that time her male colleagues resented her work as they felt she encroached on their domain. This resentment manifested to such an extent that her camera equipment was often sabotaged; in the end she had to keep her own photographic equipment under lock and key.\n'I've taken literally millions of pictures. It was a great life but a lonely one in newspapers. I had a lot of acquaintances but not many friends. I married a few times over the years. Being a press photographer suits my personality: I'll go anywhere, anytime.'\nTechnical information\nHurley's first camera was a Box Brownie camera\n Collections\nNational Library of Australia\n", "Events": "Adelie Hurley won a school photography prize for photographs she took of the school fete. (1930 - 1930) \nAdelie Hurley's work featured in the Australian Women Photographers 1840-1950 (1981 - 1981)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pioneer-in-female-journalism-adelie-hurley-1919-2010\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/adelie-hurley\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/out-of-the-blizzard\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/farewell-to-adelie\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-first-for-women-photographers-in-australia-quick-thinking-and-ladders-got-the-top-shots\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-adelie-hurley-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bunbury, Amelia", "Entry ID": "AWE5990", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bunbury-amelia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Busselton, Western Australia, Adelaide", "Death Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Horse breeder, Photographer", "Summary": "As well as for her photography, Amelia Bunbury was noted for her hand carved furniture and for her work as a horse breeder. Bunbury's amateur photographs document life on a remote station in Western Australia; her photography includes images of Aboriginal people living in the area that echo the conventions of anthropological photography of the time. She exhibited her work in Melbourne and was published in a number of Western Australian newspapers.\n", "Details": "Amelia Bunbury was born Amelia Matilda Pries in 1863. Her father was a merchant and owned a store in Busselton, Western Australia; the Pries family resided at 'Prospect Villa,' also in Busselton. In 1897, aged 34, she married Mervyn Cory Richardson-Bunbury, who was from an equally established pioneering family at Williambury (one thousand kilometres north of Perth), where he owned a station. The couple did not have any children.\nDuring the period 1900-1909 she studied woodcarving at the Perth Technical School, Western Australia, and became noted for her hand-carved furniture.\nIt is unclear as to how she became interested in photography or how she received training; she may have also studied photography at the Perth Technical School.\nShe moved to Williambury station with her husband and over the years photographed the everyday life of her surrounds, including the Aboriginal people living there. One of her photographs, Station Natives in Corroboree Costume 1910, echoes the approach taken by anthropological photographers of the time by its lining up 'natives' in ascending order, revealing no emotion at all, presumably following the instructions of the white woman in authority (Hall 29).\nBunbury was the only woman photographer from Western Australia to be included in the Exhibition of Women's Work,, 1907, held at the Exhibition Building, Melbourne. She published her photographs in a number of Perth newspapers using the pseudonym Coyarre and won a number of competitions run by the Western Mail during 1900-1910. Some of her photographs were used in the contemporary histories The Great North West and its Resources (1904) andBusselton and District.\nDuring her lifetime Amelia Bunbury loved horses and was said to have ridden her own horse up until the age of 83. She became a well-known horse breeder, with some of her horses winning the Perth Cup, Derby and Railway Stakes.\nFollowing the death of her husband in 1910, Amelia Bunbury left Williambury and returned to live at her family home in Busselton. She died in Perth, Western Australia, 1956, at the age of 93.\nCollections\nBattye Library, State Library of Western Australia.\nNelma Ley collection of photographs, State Library of Western Australia http:\/\/www.slwa.wa.gov.au\/pdf\/pictorial\/BA1902.pdf\nPrivate Collections\n", "Events": "Amelia Bunbury's work featured in the Exhibition of Women's Work (1907 - 1907)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/amelia-bunbury\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/grandma-of-turf-dies-93\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-great-north-west-and-its-resources-the-undeveloped-heritage-of-western-australia-a-description-of-the-country-and-settlements-from-carnavon-to-broome\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Butler, Amelia", "Entry ID": "AWE5991", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/butler-amelia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Tenterfield, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Manly, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Amelia Butler lived and worked in Tenterfield, NSW during the 1890s. Although she went on to become a successful studio photographer based in Sydney, Butler is best known for the photographs she took of Tenterfield and the surrounding districts in the 1890s.\n", "Details": "Her father, Alfred B. Butler, was a photographer who migrated to New South Wales from England and began working for the NSW Government. In 1886 he was commissioned to travel to Tenterfield, near the border of Queensland, to document the building of the Sydney to Queensland railway line. Following this expedition he decided to move back there and establish his own photographic studio.\nAmelia was the only surviving daughter in the family and was chosen by her father, ahead of her brothers, to follow in his footsteps; she began her apprenticeship with him at an early age. Her earliest work can be found in four photo albums that she and her father produced. The well-composed, 'richly toned' work shows her strong technical ability and creativity (Hall 27). Butler's photography includes signed portraits, cartes-de-visite and views that document station life, Indigenous peoples and the local landscape.\nOne of her photographs, Snowfall, 1895, captures a rare meteorological occurrence when it snowed in the town. A group of people are gathered together enjoying the occasion, with one figure holding a tripod and camera posing for Butler's camera.\nWhen her father retired she took over his studio, even though one of her brothers had also become a photographer.\nAmelia married Aaron Robert Morris in December 1902 at Tenterfield but they divorced in 1928. She bore six children in the years 1903-1917, and still continued working as a photographer and running the studio.\nShe eventually moved to Sydney and established a studio there; her brother took over the Tenterfield studio, which he renamed 'Butler Brothers.' Amelia is said to have returned to Tenterfield in 1934 with her camera.\nAmelia died in 1941, aged 62.\nCollections\nCollection of the Tenterfield and District Historical Society Museum, Tenterfield, New South Wales\nState Library of Victoria\n", "Events": "Active as professional photographer (1890 - 1940)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-mechanical-eye-in-australia-photography-1841-1900\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/amelia-butler\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Birmingham, Constance", "Entry ID": "AWE5993", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/birmingham-constance\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Born into a wealthy, artistically inclined Western Australian family, Constance Birmingham studied painting before training as a photographer In London, with some of the leading photographers there at the time. Birmingham became a respected professional photographer specialising in portraiture, specialising in the photography of mothers and children. She died at the age of 80 in Perth.\n", "Details": "Constance Birmingham was born into a wealthy family in Perth, Western Australia. Her mother had an interest in painting, which influenced Constance's pursuit of painting at school. Constance received her first camera, a Box Brownie, before she started school and set up an improvised darkroom. Photography became a hobby for her, one which she shared with other girls at her school.\nIn 1936 Birmingham travelled to London and worked as a nurse for six months. She also journeyed throughout England and Scotland. Birmingham eventually enrolled in London's Regent Street Polytechnic, where she studied photography for a period of 12 months; she also attended seminars run by Kodak.\nBirmingham gained an apprenticeship with one of London's leading photographers, Katherine Iddon, and worked at her Baker Street studio. She said of her time with Iddon: 'I was in the top batch from the Polytechnic and the only apprentice she had at the time. It was a great honour and a tremendous experience' (Hall 71).\nDuring her time at the studio she gained experience in theatre work and the photography of mothers and children: 'We let the children play quietly, with music in the background, or would maybe tell them stories, then we would photograph them more or less unawares. I learnt it never paid to give orders to children - or anyone else for that matter' (Hall 71). In 1936 Birmingham returned to Perth, bringing back with her the latest in photographic trends from her three years abroad. She established her own studio at St Georges Terrace in the Colonial Mutual Building, and prior to its opening organised a solo exhibition of her portraiture to showcase her work.\nIn an interview reported by theTownsville Daily Bulletin in 1937 she noted that, 'London photographers were going in extensively for character work \u2026 and were trying to get away from the old-fashioned idea of retouching character from the face\u2026 Many women still prefer to look like smooth faced strangers in their photographs instead of letting the picture show their character.'\nBirmingham's studio was very successful and her portraits, largely of women and children, were described as possessing 'Rembrandt tones' (West Australian 1937). Much of her work was published in the 'prestigious Turners magazine' (Hall 71), The Sunday Times, and the Daily Mail, as well asThe West Australian newspaper, for which she also wrote a number of social interest articles.\nWhile in London she took part in a photographic exhibition and received an honourable mention for one of her photographs of a yawning lion cub. She also participated in the Exhibition of Modern Photography, which was organised by the Professional Photographers Association, Perth in 1937, and held a solo exhibition within her studio.\nBirmingham retired in 1940 and sold her camera to Mattie Hodgson. Barbara Hall suggests that Constance was greatly affected by 'the suicide of an acquaintance, who had jumped from the building her studio was in.' Birmingham began working as a nurse to support the war effort in 1940.\nShe continued her photography as a leisure activity and began making home movies in the 1950s, a practice she continued through to her late sixties.\nBirmingham did not marry but continued her work as a nurse, specialising in the care of children until her retirement in 1971, at the age of 62.\nTechnical\nBirmingham began using a Box Brownie camera and then moved on to a folding Kodak camera in 1926.\n", "Events": "Constance Birmingham exhibited her work at a London photographic exhibition, gaining an honourable mention for a Study of a Yawning Lion Cub. (1937 - 1938) \nConstance Birmingham's work featured in the Exhibition of Modern Photography orgnaised by the Professional Photographers Association of Western Australia (1937 - 1937) \nSolo exhibition of her portraiture (1937 - 1937)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-a-j-baird\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/exhibition-of-portraiture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hepzibahs-gossip\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nurse-becomes-photographer-miss-birmingham\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/social-sphere-gossip\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-cameras-art-exhibition-of-modern-photography\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Nash-Boothby, Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE6002", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nash-boothby-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Camden, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Elizabeth Nash-Boothby was a professional photographer known for her portraiture studies and her high society clientele.\n", "Details": "Elizabeth Nash-Boothby was born c.1890 into a middle class Methodist family of six girls and three boys, in Camden, NSW. She did not like being called Alma and was nicknamed 'Gran' by her brother due to her quiet and sedate manner (Marshal 1), as well as her 'stately airs' (Australian Women Photographers 24).\nInitially the family moved to Cootamundra where it became evident that she had above-average abilities and wanted to pursue a career as a musician, with an intention to study abroad. Her father did not believe in women furthering their education and her mother was not keen on her leaving, so the family moved to Sydney to provide her with greater opportunities as a musician as she was a talented piano player.\nDuring 1908-1909 Nash-Boothby travelled to Fiji to teach the girls in one of the mission stations. She kept a diary of her life there, recording her observations of the inequalities experienced by the natives, the Indian Fijians and the collies. She was particularly concerned by the exploitation of women. She returned to Fiji in 1910 and was greatly influenced by the humane and farsighted opinions of Rev. J. W. Burton, who provided her with a solid grounding in politics and the economics of colonialism.\nOn her return to Sydney she was not satisfied with being a 'home girl' and wanted to pursue a career of her own. She moved to Melbourne where she trained as a portrait photographer at Mina Moore's studio in 1913 and also worked at Ruth Hollick's studio.\nNash-Boothby went on to set up her own studio, the Nash-Boothby Studio at 361 Collins Street, Melbourne, which attracted the 'cream of Melbourne society' as well as glamorous actors from J. & N. Tait Productions (Australian Women Photographers 24). She also took numerous photographs of soldiers who were heading off to war.\nShe was well known for her portraiture, which had been greatly influenced by her training with Mina Moore; it was said that her work was 'modern with crisper, cleaner outlines.' Her photographs appeared in magazines and newspapers of the time, including The Age, Table Talk, Punch, and The Argus; these were used as part of advertisements and to illustrate articles. They were also used in a number of publications of music scores.\nThe American actor Guy Bates Post, as well as Sara Allgood from Dublin's Abbey Theatre encouraged her to move to the USA, claiming her talents were being wasted in Australia. She had started making plans for her trip when she met Eric Marshall in 1916, and the following year, on 15 March 1917, they married. Nash-Boothby cancelled her travel plans, and the couple remained together for 47 years.\nSoon after her marriage she ceased her photographic work, settling in Camberwell, a leafy eastern suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. Here, she turned her focus and energy into becoming an activist and socialist. She was a member in a number of community groups, assisting and organising the unemployed (in particular women) during the Depression. She was involved in advocating, and rallied against the Australian Government's post-war deportation of Indonesian nationals. Nash-Boothby also was actively involved in the foundation of the Australia-China Society.\nElizabeth Nash-Boothby died in 1964.\nCollections\nNational Gallery of Australia\nPart of Eric Milton Nicholls collection [picture]. [c.1910-1966] National Library of Australia http:\/\/nla.gov.au\/nla.pic-vn3700063-s7 (Last accessed 7 Oct 2015)\n", "Events": "Elizabeth Nash-Boothby's work featured in Australian Women Photographers (1981 - 1981) \nElizabeth Nash-Boothby's work featured in Mirror with a Memory: Photographic Portraiture in Australia (2000 - 2000)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/that-soothing-serenade-was-just-written-for-me\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dumpty-deedle-dee-dum-dee\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/by-the-big-blue-billabong-australian-rag\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-nash-boothby\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mirror-with-a-memory-photographic-portraiture-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/it-pays-to-be-white\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Isaacson, Joan Barbara", "Entry ID": "AWE6012", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/isaacson-joan-barbara\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Photo Journalist, Photographer", "Summary": "Joan Barbara Isaacson is a professional photographer who worked with the Army Public Relations section of Australian Women's Army Service, and was later known for her portraiture of children.\n", "Details": "Joan Barbara Isaacson was born into a dynamic and family. Her mother, Lynka Isaacson (also known as Caroline Isaacson), was the first female journalist to be employed by a metropolitan newspaper in Australia, and was a strong role model for her daughter. After the war Isaacson's mother and brother set up the Southern Cross publishing business.\nIsaacson attended the Melbourne Technical College, where she studied photography. When she was 18 years old she joined the Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS). Working in the Army Public Relations section, she travelled the east coast taking documentary and recruitment propaganda photographs and meeting press journalists and photographers.\nIn 1943 Isaacson married Richard L. Beck, a graphic designer and photographer. During the period from 1946-1948 they set up their own photographic business in Melbourne, specialising in child portraiture. Isaacson took over the business c.1950 when her husband went back to working as a graphic designer, and continued to manage the studio until the birth of her third baby. After her departure from the photography business Isaacson was involved in a variety of other ventures and gave up her photography.\nCollections\nAustralian War Memorial Research Centre\n", "Events": "Active as professional photographer (1940 - 1959)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/army-and-air-force-bridegrooms\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pitts, Lilian Louisa", "Entry ID": "AWE6017", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pitts-lilian-louisa\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bairnsdale, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Lilian Louisa Pitts (L.L.P.) was a professional photographer working in northern Victoria. L.L.P was known for her thematic photographic albums, her postcards, and for capturing the life of the community in which she lived.\n", "Details": "Lilian Louisa Pitts (L.L.P.) was born in Bairnsdale, Victoria, into an affluent Methodist family. She was one of eight children. Her father owned a flour milling business which was greatly impacted by the Depression of the 1890s. As a result the Pitt family was forced to move away from Bairnsdale, and join other pioneering families in establishing a small community in northern Victoria. The family introduced irrigation into the area and set up a stone fruit orchard. L.P.P was between 17 and 20 years of age at this time.\nL.L.P. was heavily involved in the church and broader community: she was the church organist, taught Sunday school classes as well as a bible class for young men, gave piano lessons and led the choir. L.L.P wrote mini-musicals with witty songs, and was involved in the production, direction and costuming of these works. However, she was apparently 'too modest to perform herself' (Australian Gallery Directors Council 25).\nIn 1920, L.L.P. developed a kit for the teaching of music entitled Retain Theory, which she patented and advertised in music magazines. She also marketed it by producing postcards. Despite these efforts the kit was not a commercial success.\nL.L.P.'s earliest photographs can be dated back to 1904, when she was 30 years old. These early works show her considerable technical ability and understanding of composition. She was also known for her improvisational ingenuity. After forgetting the black cloth required for a session, 'she hopped behind some bushes and took off her black petticoats' (Australian Gallery Directors Council 26).\nIn 1907, L.L.P began studying still-life painting under the tuition of A.M.E. (Alice) Bale in Melbourne. By 1908, L.L.P.'s photographic skills had developed to the point that she was producing postcards of substantial quality depicting her neighbours, family and friends; these were often in series format. The fees she sought for her work as a photographer were reported to be quite modest. L.L.P produced 100 photographs and a number of large thematic albums - these are now held by the National Gallery of Australia. Thematically, these albums depicted people in the landscape. Eight of these have survived. L.L.P. also produced a number of smaller albums which depicted special events, such as a holiday to the snow, a trip to Tasmania or even fictitious trips, in which she featured her nieces and nephews.\nL.L.P. did not drive a car herself, so most of her photographs were taken while on trips with her family, or at picnics. She travelled around Victoria using a horse and buggy, capturing landscapes and creating genre images of the outdoors. L.L.P. sometimes staged her photographs to make them appear as if they were taken indoors.\nL.L.P. entered her photographs of children into competitions such as the MacRobertson's Chocolates Christmas Stocking competition, in which she won a prize. Some of her photographs were also published in newspapers such as The Weekly Times.\nL.L.P developed a close friendship with the photographer J.P. (Jas) Campbell, who would visit L.L.P. in Merrigum during the period 1908-1914. The two would travel together on photographic expeditions, where they would exchange ideas and critique each other's work. L.L.P. had built a cottage for Campbell, but he did not return after WW1.\nIn the 1920s L.L.P's photography centred on recording the lives of her nieces as they grew up. Over the following 20 years photography became less of a focus for L.L.P's artistic practice. It is possible that the impact of the Great Depression and the costs involved with practising photography may have affected her choice of work. L.L.P. eventually shifted to teaching oil painting to young women. One of the last photographs attributed to L.L.P. took for a subject her painting group, with their easels set up in an orchard.\nLilian Louisa Pitts died in 1947.\nTechnical\nL.L.P. used a 4 x 6 \u00bd inch plate camera, possibly a Thornton Pickard, and a tripod and black cloth. Her practical versatility has been well noted. Her darkroom was set up in her parents' cellar (Australian Gallery Directors Council 26).\nCollections\nMuseum of Victoria\nNational Gallery of Australia\n", "Events": "Lilian Pitt's work featured in Australian Women Photographers 1840-1950 (1981 - 1981)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/merrigum-frank\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/three-of-us-and-mount-buffalo\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-first-for-women-photographers-in-australia-quick-thinking-and-ladders-got-the-top-shots\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unremarkable-women-the-life-and-times-of-lillian-louisa-pitts-photographer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heritage-the-national-womens-art-book-500-works-by-500-australian-women-artists-from-colonial-times-to-1955\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Arblaster, Mabel Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE6020", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/arblaster-mabel-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Eaglehawk, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Hampton, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Mabel Arblaster was a professional portrait photographer who worked in Eaglehawk, where she opened a studio.\n", "Details": "Mabel Arblaster was born in 1882, in the small gold mining town of Eaglehawk, Victoria, into an upper middle class family. She was the second youngest child of the family and left school when she was fourteen years of age.\nThe Arblaster family owned a gunpowder factory but suffered financially during the Depression, especially after the catastrophic event of the factory blowing up. Nonetheless, when Mabel declared her intention to become a photographer at the age of 18, her father supported her in her quest.\nArblaster entered an apprenticeship with a local chemist, who taught her how to prepare photographic plates as well as darkroom processes. The apprenticeship entailed her working for six months without pay, then a further six months for five shillings per week. She was eventually paid seven and sixpence for the remainder of her time with him.\nArblaster's father set up a studio for her in one of the shops he owned in High St, Eaglehawk, c.1901, which she named The Federal Photographic Studio. Advertisements in the Bendigo Advertiser observed that the studio was 'specially designed and built for the production of the highest class of work, such as family groups, wedding groups, groups of football and athletic clubs' (Bendigo Advertiser 1901). Even though Eaglehawk was badly affected by the Depression, Arbalester's studio stayed busy. She worked every day of the week and had to employ a messenger to assist her. Arblaster's work shows she was highly competent in lighting, composition and printing techniques. Unfortunately only a few portraits have survived.\nArblaster married John Bell, a school teacher, on 18 April 1906 and then closed her studio. She had a number of children and for a considerable amount of time the Bell family moved from one town to another, before eventually settling in Melbourne. The family came to be quite impoverished, so Mabel was unable to take up photography again.\nHowever, Arblaster did keep her camera with her always, and had it set up on a tripod everywhere she lived. She died in 1943.\nCollections\nMuseum Victoria\nPrivate collections\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eaglehawk\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/191-private-henry-bell\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hookey, Mabel Madeleine", "Entry ID": "AWE6021", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hookey-mabel-madeleine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Clarence, Tasmania, Australia", "Death Place": "Hobart, Tasmania, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Journalist, Photographer, Poet", "Summary": "Mabel Hookey was the first woman journalist in Tasmania. She was also a poet, a painter and an amateur photographer.\n", "Details": "Mabel Hookey was born on 29 January 1871 at Clarence, in Tasmania. She was the eldest daughter of Vernon William Bligh Hookey, a barrister and solicitor, and Dorothy (n\u00e9e Stokell). She had a sister, Dora, and a brother, Vernon. The three children grew up with their maternal grandfather, George Stokell, at the Rokeby estate, which Mabel later inherited.\nHookey attended the Ladies Grammar School in Hobart. Her mother's paintings of bush flowers and her sketches of the landscape were an inspiration to Hookey, and ignited her love for art. Hookey studied painting with Edward Officer as well as A.H. Fullwood when he visited Tasmania in 1897 and 1899. In 1902 she attended the Hobart Technical College and was taught by Benjamin Sheppard. She also took part in sketching camps run by Lucien Dechaineux. Hookey studied woodcarving at the Hobart Technical College from 1913-1916. She was also already showing an interest in photography.\nHookey joined the Art Society of Tasmania in 1893, where she eventually held the position vice president. Hookey was also a member of the Royal Society of Tasmania. She was commended for her oil and watercolour paintings, as well as for her drawings, which she exhibited across Tasmania, in Sydney (at the Society of Women Painters), as well as in Europe, participating in the Old Salon in Paris, 1928, and the British Empire exhibition in Wembley, 1924.\nHookey also wrote poetry, with published collections including The Rubaiyat of Solomon and The Romance of Tasmania. Hookey was the first woman journalist in Tasmania, writing for The Post, The Tasmanian Mail, and The Mercury. She became a subeditor of the Daily Telegraph.\nHookey had an adventurous spirit. She enjoyed bushwalking, and travelled around Tasmania, Maria Island, Sydney, Queensland, and the Pacific Islands. At around the turn of the century she travelled further afield, visiting North Africa and Palestine, England, France, China and Japan.\nHer photographs include shots of her family and friends, but also document her travels. The photographs depict people set within a landscape, framed in order to draw the viewer into the scene. The compositions are formal in nature; however, her photograph of two women swimming naked in Tasmania broke with the conventions of the time. Hookey did not exhibit any of her photographs.\nMabel Hookey died on 13 June 1953, aged 82, at St John's Park, in Hobart.\nCollections\nState Library of Tasmania\nTasmanian Museum and Art Gallery\n", "Events": "Mabel hookey's work featured in Colonial Pastime to Contemporary Profession: 150 years of Australian Women's Art (1995 - 1995) \nMabel Hookey's work featured in The Launceston Art Society in Retrospect 1891-1983 (1983 - 1983) \nMabel Hookey's work featured in The Misses Hookey, Murphey. Oldham and Swanexhibition (1990 - 1990)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-misses-hookey-murphy-oldham-and-swan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mabel-hookey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-song-the-song-of-songs-which-is-solomons-done-into-verse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-chaplain-being-some-further-account-of-the-days-of-bobby-knopwood\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-romance-of-old-st-davids\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-rubaiyat-of-solomon-being-the-first-and-second-chapters-of-the-book-called-ecclesiastes-done-into-quatrains\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-edge-of-the-field\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-romance-of-tasmania\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bobby-knopwood-and-his-times-from-the-diaries-of-1804-8-1814-17\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-mabel-m-hookey-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mabel-hookey-australian-art-and-artists-file\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hodgson, Mattie", "Entry ID": "AWE6025", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hodgson-mattie\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Mattie Hodgson worked as a retoucher, colourist, and camera operator from the mid-1920s. She worked in Western Australia and London.\n", "Details": "Mattie Hodgson was born in 1909. Her family encouraged her to pursue her creative endeavours in the arts. Her aunt, Edith Ward, was an amateur photographer working in Bendigo. It was she who opened up the world of photography to Hodgson.\nIn 1924, at the age of 15, Hodgson acquired her first camera. In the following year she began working as a receptionist and retoucher at the Ruskin Studios in Perth. When Ruskin decided to retire seven years later, he offered to pass on the business to Hodgson. She declined the offer, as her main interest was in drawing and painting. Hodgson attended night classes at the Perth Technical School; by 1934 she was studying full time.\nHodgson won the Arts & Crafts prize at the West Australian Society of Arts annual exhibition in 1935, but with limited opportunities to become a successful artist her creative energies shifted to photography.\nHodgson took lessons in retouching from Mrs Lethbridge, and Mrs Wilmot taught her colouring. There were no photography schools at the time in Perth. Hodgson went onto work for many of Perth's large photography studios; in addition to the Ruskin Studios she worked at Webb and Webb, Langham, and John Hallam.\nIn 1936 Hodgson travelled to London and gained employment as a colourist with the Lenare Studios, famous at the time for their 'top society photographs.' Hodgson later recalled Lenare's distinctive style: '[t]heir trademark was all-white studio walls, never painted backgrounds, and they relied on lighting for effect. We made up our own highly secret colouring medium formulas, which were guarded very jealously from other studios, using Winsor and Newton oils, not the inferior Kodak ones' (Hall 70). Lenare's Kathleen Pilkington taught Hodgson the art of being a colourist.\nHodgson returned to Perth in 1938 and worked as a freelance photographer, sharing a studio with the sculptor Karen Tulloch. In the following year, 1939, she ran Susan Watkin's studio for six months, while Watkins recovered from exhaustion due work pressure. During this time Hodgson developed her own freelance work.\nHodgson taught Hilda Wright photography and instructed Jill Crossley in negative retouching.\nDuring WW2 Hodgson was in high demand as a retoucher, colourist, camera operator and negative developer. Over the years her photographs were published in The Daily News and The West Australian newspapers.\nIn 1937 she became engaged to John Frederic Corhe, of Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. The event was announced in The Daily News on 19 August 1937. Evidence showing that Hodgson continued to work as a photographer after her marriage is currently unavailable.\n", "Events": "The West Australian Society of Arts. (1935 - 1935)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/awards-by-art-society\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-title-7\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/novel-beauty-parade\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Robinson, Miss", "Entry ID": "AWE6026", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/robinson-miss\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Miss Robinson was the manager and proprietor of the Melbourne branch of an American photography firm which operated in the 1860s.\n", "Details": "Little is known of Miss Robinson prior to her work at the American photography firm Tuttle & Co's Melbourne branch, where she employed 25 staff.\nThe theatrical photograph Nellie Stewart, Ida Osborne and Little Forde in the First Australian Performance of 'The Mikado' is attributed to Tuttle & Co, 1886. The three actresses appear dressed in oriental dress, posing as Japanese women. The image has a strong Orientalist quality, drawing from the West's stereotypical depictions of Asian people that were prevalent during the time.\nCollections\nMitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales\n", "Events": "Active as professional photographer (1860 - )", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-robinson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heritage-the-national-womens-art-book-500-works-by-500-australian-women-artists-from-colonial-times-to-1955\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McLeod, Mona Catherine", "Entry ID": "AWE6031", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcleod-mona-catherine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sea Lake, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Bairnsdale, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Mona McLeod was a professional photographer working in Bairnsdale, Victoria, where she ran her own studio. Many of her photographs of local events, including the Black Friday bushfire (1939) were published in local newspapers.\n", "Details": "Mona McLeod was born in Gippsland near Bemm River, Victoria in 1897 and lived there for most of her life. Her parents had emigrated from Scotland and she was the fifth of seven children. The family lived on a farm in an isolated and mountainous part of the country. The farm was largely run by her mother and the children, as her father was away fossicking for gold in South America, California, as well as East Gippsland for much of the time.\nMcLeod received her first camera at the age of 11 and soon after decided on a career as a photographer. Her determination saw her setting up a fruit and vegetable stall so that she could make enough money to leave Bemm River. McLeod managed to move to Bairnsdale when she turned 14, working at the Royle's Coffee Palace as a waitress in return for being able to lodge there 'under the protection of the owner' (Australian Gallery Directors Council 20) .\nShe eventually found work as a studio apprentice with the only photographer in the area, Howard Bumer, and by her twenties was able to set up her own studio at the back of a toy shop. By 1927 McLeod had rented a shop which she converted into a 'shopfront studio.' McLeod was able to support her family through her hard work, purchasing a house for them in Marlow, close to Bemm River.\nAlthough McLeod had set up a darkroom at home, she mainly worked from her Main Street studio until her semi-retirement in 1959. She was the only photographer in the district, known to have 'seldom refused a job and would go almost anywhere, loading her old fashioned plate camera into the back of her big, vintage Dodge convertible' (Australian Gallery Directors Council 20).\nMcLeod's photography captured all manner of social and community events. She was known to be able to relax her sitters with her warmth and 'vivacious humour.' Her studio work, in contrast, was considered stiff and lacking in imagination - the same three backcloths were used throughout her career. McLeod was more creative and adventurous with her outdoor photography, to the extent that 'she didn't mind climbing a lamppost' with little concern about revealing her 'large, modest bloomers' (Australian Gallery Directors Council 20).\nMcLeod's news photography, depicting events including floods, car accidents and the Black Friday bushfire (1939) was published in The Weekly Times, The Herald and possibly The Argus. She was also commissioned by The Australian to photograph oilfields.\nMcLeod took on three female assistants during the war years to support her with an ever-increasing work load. Increased demand for photography materialised because the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) had a large air base close to Bairnsdale. McLeod photographed many social events of the time and also produced some propaganda photography. One of her assistants, Elsie Sievwright, pursued a career in photography, setting up her own studio after Mona died.\nAlthough McLeod had a close relationship with Clarrie Royle, the son of Mrs Royle, the owner of the Royle's Coffee Palace, the couple never married. After McLeod died as a result of high blood pressure in 1964, she was cremated. Her ashes were taken to Lakes Entrance by her close friends, who scattered them near a bush bungalow where this group of female friends had regularly holidayed.\nTechnical\nMcLeod owned a Bellows plate camera.\nCollections\nBairnsdale Museum (collection includes McLeod's large Bellows plate camera)\nEast Gippsland Historical Society\nGeorge Paton Gallery Archive, University of Melbourne Archives\nState Library of Victoria\n", "Events": "Mona Mcleod's work featured in Australian Women Photographers 1840-1950 (1981 - 1981) \nMona Mcleod's work featured in Bairnsdale Historical Museum exhibition. (2010 - 2010)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/homage-to-local-hero\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Brennan Kemmis, Roslin Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE6034", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brennan-kemmis-roslin-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Mortdale, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Advocate, Educationist, Educator, Researcher, Teacher", "Summary": "Roslin Brennan Kemmis's working life was committed to education in schools, TAFE\/VET and universities, especially for disadvantaged people: Indigenous, prisoners, people with low levels of literacy. A Riverina resident for 40 years, she taught in secondary schools (full-time, 1972-1977), and kindergarten and primary schools (part-time, 1985-1988), and adult literacy (1989-1992). She also worked as a teacher in the Education Centre, Bendigo Prison (1983-1984). From 1978, she worked part time for Charles Sturt University (and its predecessor institutions), and full time as a Lecturer in Vocational Education and Training from 1997, then Senior Lecturer (2004). She was a member of the University Council 2000-2004, and Head of the School of Education (and Associate Professor) from 2008 until her retirement from full time work in 2012.\nIn 1987, with her then husband, the late Mark Brennan, she explored linguistic inequalities in the criminal justice system. Published as 'Strange language: child victim witnesses under cross-examination', this work had significant impact internationally and nationally on the language and treatment in courts of child victims.\nAs President of the NSW Federation of Parents and Citizens Associations, 1992-1997, she was a fearless warrior, advocate and activist. She successfully advocated for the 40kpm school zones and the establishment of the Office of the Commission for Children and Young People. In 1999, she was appointed Member of the Order of Australia, for service to children and school education.\nBetween 1999 and 2006, she contributed significantly to research in vocational education and training (VET) including work on online pedagogies in VET, and apprenticeships and traineeships. In 2007, she was awarded the Carrick Medal for pioneering work embedding pathways from the VET to the university sector.\nFrom 2013-2015, with Wiradjuri elders, Ros led the development and delivery of the ground-breaking CSU Graduate Certificate course in Wiradjuri Language, Culture and Heritage.\n", "Details": "Ros Brennan Kemmis was compassionate, warm, generous, strong, kind, and fun- loving. As President of the NSW Federation of Parents and Citizens Associations, 1992-1997, she was a fearless warrior, advocate and activist. She elevated the Federation's profile, routinely stepping on the toes of vested interests. She refused to be silenced or moderated. She asked difficult questions and demanded answers for those less able to ask. She successfully advocated for the 40kpm school zones and the establishment of the Office of the Commission for Children and Young People. As President, Ros was highly visible and audible in the media, giving more than 20 interviews most days. In 1999 she was appointed Member of the Order of Australia, for services to children and school education.\nRos was born in Mortdale, Sydney to Winifred Ruth and Norman Montague Leeder, and grew up in a home with strong links to the Baptist church. Her father taught mathematics in state secondary schools, and the family placed a premium on education. Although her mother suffered frequently with mental illness, there was much warmth and support in the Leeder home. A strong commitment to social concerns and social justice informed Ros's activism, which echoed that of her grandmother, Retta Dixon Long, who, in 1905, in her late teens, founded the Aborigines Inland Mission.\nRos's family moved to Epping in 1953. There she attended primary school and later Cheltenham Girls High School, then Macquarie University. At school, Ros was progressively recognized for her energy, wide-ranging interests, rebelliousness, good cheer and commitment to social justice\nRos was a committed educator who lived in the Riverina for 40 years, where she taught in secondary schools (full-time, 1972-1977), kindergarten and primary schools (part-time, 1985-1988) and adult literacy (1989-1992). She also worked as a teacher in the Education Centre in Bendigo Prison (1983-1984). From 1978, she worked part time for Charles Sturt University (and its predecessor institutions), joining the School of Education full time as a Lecturer in Vocational Education and Training in 1997, then Senior Lecturer (2004). At CSU she was a member of the University Council 2000-2004, and Head of the School of Education (and Associate Professor) from 2008 until her retirement from full time work in 2012. As Head, she led a vibrant academic community committed to excellence in teaching, research, engagement with the education profession, and public service. In 2007 she received a Carrick Award; a national award for outstanding contributions to student learning, 'pioneering work at a national and institutional level in the embedding of a VET sector qualification into university awards, supported by robust credit transfer pathways.'\nRos was involved in many fine pieces of research. In 1987, with her then husband, the late Mark Brennan, she explored linguistic inequalities in the criminal justice system, published as 'Strange language: child victim witnesses under cross examination'. The former head of the NSW Witness Assistance Program in the Dept. Public Prosecution explained: 'Since then there have been significant legal and systematic reforms to change the way children give evidence in court.' From 1996-2015, she made many outstanding contributions to research on vocational education and training, including work on online pedagogies in VET, and on apprenticeships and traineeships. She mentored many emerging VET teachers and researchers.\nFrom 2013-2015, with Wiradjuri elders and her husband Stephen Kemmis, Ros led the development and delivery of the ground-breaking CSU Graduate Certificate course in Wiradjuri Language, Culture and Heritage.\nRos juggled academic work and activism and took joy in her family, music, Guinness and a wardrobe of lurid virtuosity. She was a gracious and extraordinarily generous host to many friends and international visitors. She was immensely good hearted, kind, thoughtful, supportive, and generous with time and energy. She made time to listen. She knew who to talk to or to lean on to make things happen. She had an infectious sense of joy.\nShe is survived by Stephen Kemmis, her brothers Stephen and Greg Leeder, her former husband Graham Allport, and is remembered as a generous, warm, loving and involved mother to Julian Allport, Tom, Alice and Eliot Brennan; and her stepchildren Standish, Jessica and Tracey, and families. She was much loved by her grandchildren.\nRos died in Wagga Wagga, of complications following treatment for cervical cancer.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/strange-language-child-victims-under-cross-examination-a-report-to-the-criminology-research-council-of-the-australian-institute-of-criminology-on-child-victim-witnesses-under-cross-examination-in-c\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/teaching-in-the-vet-sector-in-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dougall, Olga", "Entry ID": "AWE6035", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dougall-olga\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Coburg, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Malvern, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Olga Dougall is known for her portraiture, commercial and magazine work.\n", "Details": "Olga Dougall was born in Brunswick, Victoria, c.1896. She was one of four daughters. Her father was Alan Dougall, a professional photographer who owned the Sarong Studios in Elizabeth Street, Melbourne.\nOf the four daughters, Olga was the only one to show an interest in photography and took to helping her father at his studio. She was trained in processing and developing film as well as printing. Dougall became very skilled working as a colourist, utilising watercolour and oil paint, a popular practice in the 1920s.\nDougall had been engaged to be married, but tragically her fianc\u00e9 died during WW1. Following this loss she devoted herself to creating a career for herself as a photographer and also to caring for her elderly parents. She never married.\nAfter her father died in 1943 she moved the studio to Sydney Road, Brunswick, changing its name to Home Studios. Dougall specialised in wedding photography, photographing children, and portraiture. By 1946 her health was deteriorating and she employed a Mr Brook to work as her assistant.\nIn 1952 she moved to Malvern and lived with her widowed sister. Dougall died in 1963.\nTechnical\nDuring the 1920s she used a Grafflex quarter plate.\nCollections\nGeorge Paton Gallery Collection, University of Melbourne Archives\nPrivate collections\n", "Events": "Olga Dougall's work featured in Early Women Photographers 1840-1950 (1981 - 1981)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1950\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Clarke, Pegg", "Entry ID": "AWE6036", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clarke-pegg\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Photographer", "Summary": "Pegg Clarke was a Pictorialist photographer who ran her own successful photography business until the 1950s. Clarke is known for being the only woman to be included in the First Exhibition of the Australian Salon of Photography in 1924.\n", "Details": "Little is known of Pegg Clarke's early years and what drew her to photography. What is evident, however, is that she worked as a professional photographer of considerable repute. Jack Cato referred to her work as being of 'the highest standard' (Cato 136).\nDuring the interwar period, Clarke's clientele included rich and prominent Melbourne society figures. Clarke was known for her studio, portrait and function photography, as well as for her urban and rural photographs, which were created in the Pictorialist style.\nClarke was well-regarded for her softly focussed impressionistic style, and her photograph Mist in the Mountains was reproduced in Cameragraphs, and included in the First Exhibition of the Australian Salon of Photography in 1924. She was the only Australian woman to be included in this exhibition. Another of her photographs, Winnie, created controversy due to its 'fuzzy' image but ended up winning equal first prize at The Home Portraiture Competition in 1915.\nClarke lived with the artist Dora Wilson at 'Rosebank,' Glenferrie Road, Hawthorn, opposite Scotch College, from 1927. The two women shared a studio, and also travelled around Australia, and then London and Europe from 1926-1927. During this period they produced a series of photographs and paintings that were later featured in an exhibition entitled Together Again: Celebrating the work of Pegg Clark and Dora Wilson, in 2009.\nPegg Clarke died at the age of 66 in 1956. Her photographs continue to generate interest regularly sell at Australian auctions.\nCollections\nCastlemaine Art Gallery and Historical Museum\nPrivate Collections\nState Library of Victoria.\n", "Events": "Pegg Clarke was awarded a prize at the Australian Photo-Review competitiion for her child portrait Winnie. (1915 - 1915) \nPegg Clarke's work featured in Australian Women Photographers 1840-1950 (1981 - 1981) \nPegg Clarke's work featured in Impressions of Melbourne Exhibition (1931 - 1931) \nPegg Clarke's work featured in the Colonial Prints Exhibition,organised by the English magazine Amateur Photographer (1923 - 1923) \nPegg Clarke's work featured in the London Salon held by the Royal Photographic Society. (1921 - 1921) \nPegge Clarke's work featured in Together Again: Celebrating the Work of Pegg Clarke and Dora Wilson (2009 - 2009)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-photographers-1840-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-story-of-the-camera-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/making-pictures-australian-pictorial-photography-as-art-1897-1957\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heritage-the-national-womens-art-book-500-works-by-500-australian-women-artists-from-colonial-times-to-1955\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/catalogue-of-camera-pictures-by-pegg-clarke-at-athenaeum-gallery-188-collins-street-melbourne-from-monday-5th-december-to-saturday-17th-december-1932\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-rhoda-law-smith-whose-engagement-is-announced\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pegg-clarke-c1890-c1956-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/together-again-celebrating-the-work-of-dora-wilson-and-pegg-clarke\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/who-was-pegg-clarke\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Simms, Marian Jane", "Entry ID": "AWE6053", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/simms-marian-jane\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Political scientist, Public servant", "Summary": "Professor Marian Simms is internationally prominent for her work in the fields of gender studies and political science, ethics governance and Indigenous research policy. She has held senior academic and administrative roles in Australia and New Zealand and has long-standing interests in research culture and governance in New Zealand, Sweden, South Africa and Australia. She is a former president of the Australasian Political Studies Association (APSA), a former editor of the Association's journal, and has published prodigiously. Marian has attended the Women's Caucus of APSA from its inception. From 2011 to 2016 she was Executive Director for Social, Behavioural and Economic Sciences at the Australian Research Council.\n", "Details": "Marian Simms was born in Canberra and lived in the nearby country where she attended a country primary school, followed by Lyneham High School in Canberra. She won a Commonwealth University Scholarship and one of the University Scholarships awarded to the top 10 students in the ACT.\nAt the Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra, Marian studied Arts\/Law and graduated with honours degrees in History and Political Science. Her honours supervisor, L F 'Fin' Crisp influenced her work. While he supported her academic research, Crisp's belief that the private sphere, rather than the public, was particularly important for women inspired Marian's commitment to address the gender gaps in his otherwise authoritative contributions to Australian political history. At the time Thelma Hunter was an enthusiastic first-year tutor of Marian, who introduced students to a wider societal perspective in her political sociology lectures and through her supervision.\nAfter graduation, Marian took up a teaching fellowship at the University of Adelaide rather than taking up a PhD scholarship at the ANU. After twelve very interesting months at the Adelaide Politics Department she accepted a postgraduate scholarship for a Master of Arts in Political Science at the University of Melbourne. She soon moved her research to La Trobe University when offered a Commonwealth Scholarship for a PhD. She was co-supervised by Joan Rydon, who had a prodigious knowledge of Australian and British politics and was Australia's first woman professor of politics (1975). While Joan provided great critical insights into her PhD research on the Menzies Government and Public Enterprises, she was less supportive of Marian's research on women's activism of the period.\nMarian presented her postgraduate research at conferences in Australia and the United States and had papers published in Women's Studies: International Quarterly (edited by Dale Spender), and Politics (the forerunner to the Australian Journal of Political Science). Noted political psychologist Fred Greenstein's visit to Melbourne University brought Marian in contact with a group of influential women scholars from the United States of America who invited her to present her work in the USA. These scholars included Judith Stiehm, Joyce Gelb, Rita Mae Kelly, Jane Bayes and Mary Hawkesworth. Under Kelly's leadership, several of this group were crucial to the establishment of the Gender, Globalization and Democratization Committee of the International Social Science Council (ISSC) in 1998, and the Globalization, Gender and Democratization Research Committee of the International Political Science Association (IPSA) in 2002.\nAs a postgraduate student at both Melbourne and La Trobe, Marian lectured part-time at the University of Melbourne. This provided her with valuable experience and a platform for subsequent appointments at the Canberra College of Advanced Education (from 1990 the University of Canberra) and the ANU. She returned to her undergraduate university, the ANU, in 1985 as Lecturer in Political Science and was promoted to Senior Lecturer and then Reader, acting as Head of Department in 1996-97. She taught Political Science 1 for many years, and supervised many Honours, Masters and PhD students, some of whom are now senior academics and public servants. Marian also enjoyed visiting fellowships to the Research School of the Social Sciences during this time to work on several projects including the Ageing and the Family project (part-time 1985-86) and then the Reshaping Australian Institutions project (1995-96) where she worked on the future of Australian political parties.\nIn 2002 she was appointed Chair in Political Studies and Head of Department at the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand, the first woman to serve in these roles. In 2009, Marian returned to Australia as Head of the School of History, Heritage and Society at Deakin University, Melbourne. In 2011, Marian was appointed Executive Director, Social, Behavioural and Economic Sciences at the Australian Research Council (ARC).\nAs an early career academic at the ANU, Marian was part of a small group, which established the first national survey of political candidates that included questions about attitudes to gender, among other things, that were being used in US and United Kingdom (UK) surveys. Marian subsequently used the gender questions in a set of surveys administered to Australian party elites in the mid-1990s funded by the ANU under the ARC's small grants scheme. The Hon. Joan Kirner cited some of this research in the Victorian Parliament to illustrate that Labor Party conference and council delegates supported Affirmative Action as a gender equity strategy. The work was published in Australian and international journals and edited collections. In collaboration with Pippa Norris (US) and Joni Lovenduski (UK) and others, Marian also examined candidate selection systems for their role in the political under-representation of women and minority groups.\nMarian became involved in the Women's Caucus of the APSA when it was founded by Carole Pateman and Marian Sawer at the 1979 APSA conference in Hobart. During her years as Executive Director at the ARC (2011-16), she presented regular reports to the Caucus's Annual General Meeting on how women fared in ARC funding and updated the group on ARC's gender and workforce policies.\nAs a co-editor of the Australian Journal of Political Science (2011-16) she ensured that its annual reports showed the gender statistics in terms of submission and acceptance rates and publishing patterns, such as single versus multiple authorship.\nMarian's publications list includes 5 authored\/co-authored books, 9 edited\/co-edited books, over 50 chapters in edited collections, a prodigious number of journal articles, conference papers, monographs, reports and published public lectures. She was awarded research funding by the ARC and its predecessor schemes, the United Nations Educational and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia (ASSA), the International Social Science Council (ISSC), the National Council for the Centenary of Federation, and the Sequi-Centenary Council of New South Wales. An edited collection of papers on women and politics, presented at sessions of the Women's Caucus of APSA in the early 1980s, prepared for Politics, was subsequently edited by Marian for Longman Cheshire (Australian Women and the Political System, 1982). In 1984 Allen & Unwin published A Women's Place co-authored with Marian Sawer; a substantially revised second edition was published in 1994. Her books on political parties commenced with A Liberal Nation (Hale & Iremonger, Sydney, 1982), followed by The Paradox of Parties: Australian Political Parties in the 1990s (edited) (Allen & Unwin, 1997).\nMarian's continuing interest in gender regimes was reflected in articles, chapters and seminar papers on gender and leadership, exploring the opportunity structures and barriers to women's political contributions, including a 2008 article in Signs: The Journal of Women, Culture and Society, and research comparing Margaret Thatcher and Helen Clark published in Paul 't Hart and John Uhr's book Public Leadership: Perspectives and Practices (2008). Her work on the emergence of democracy included an edited book on the 1901 election (2001), a book on the origin and evolution of New South Wales democratic institutions, From the Hustings to Harbour Views (2006), her inaugural professorial lecture on 'Settler Democracy' in Australia and New Zealand (2004), and her co-edited volume on Political Parties and Democracy: Africa and Oceania (2010). This work both explained and critiqued these processes including their limitations in terms of equal representation for women and Indigenous people.\nMarian is active in the administration and evaluation of research. From 2005 to 2009 she was the inaugural convenor of the Humanities Research Cluster on Political Communication, Policy and Participation at the University of Otago. The cluster sponsored research on political communication in British, Australian and New Zealand elections, research workshops for postgraduates, public lectures and several high-profile visitors. From 2003 to 2006 she chaired IPSA's Research Committee on Gender, Globalization and Democratization. The Swedish Research Council invited her to chair the process for selecting and evaluating new centres of research excellence in 2006 and 2008, and she served two terms as a member of the Social Science panel of the Performance Based Research Funding Evaluation in New Zealand (equivalent of Australia's Excellence in Research for Australia). She reviewed the South African Indigenous Knowledges Program for the South African National Research Foundation; the final report was published in 2015. She has served on numerous boards and committees, including Deakin University's Institute of Koori Education.\nOther activities have included the Quality of Governance Study Group, associated with the American Society for Public Administration, and the Gender and Politics Group, associated with the American Political Science Association.\nIn her role as Executive Director for Social, Behavioural and Economic Sciences at the Australian Research Council from 2011 to 2016 Marian 'contributed significantly to Australian research, including undertaking extensive outreach to promote and improve the ARC's research workforce policies, to support early-career researchers, women researchers, researchers re-entering the workforce after career-breaks and Indigenous researchers. She also contributed to national research ethics reviews.' (ARC media release, 29 Nov 2016).\nFrom October 2014, Marian was Adjunct Professor at Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia and from 2015 she was Adjunct Professor at the University of Canberra, ACT, Australia. She was appointed a Fellow of St Margaret's College, University of Otago in 2003.\nThis entry was sponsored by a generous donation from the late Dr Thelma Hunter.\n", "Events": "'For contribution made to Australian society', specifically for her research on the 1901 election. (2003 - 2003) \nUniversity of Southern California (1988 - 1989)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/political-science\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-legacies-of-federation-the-case-of-the-1901-general-election\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/arc-welcomes-associate-professor-therese-jefferson-and-thanks-professor-marian-simms\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-womans-place-women-and-politics-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-and-the-political-system\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-womans-place-women-in-australian-and-british-politics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/political-science-women-and-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-who-caucus-feminist-political-scientists\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pateman, Carole", "Entry ID": "AWE6054", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pateman-carole\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Maresfield, Sussex, United Kingdom", "Occupations": "Academic, Political scientist", "Summary": "Professor Carole Pateman is a British-born political scientist and academic who is internationally renowned for her contribution to feminist political theory and democratic theory. Carole taught in Australia from 1972 to 1990, during which time she played a central role in introducing feminist critique to Australian political science. In 1979, she and Marian Sawer co-founded the Women's Caucus of the Australasian Political Studies Association (APSA) to improve the status of women in the profession of political science and make women visible in the political system.\n", "Details": "Carole Pateman was born in Sussex in south-eastern England to Beatrice Kate (nee Horscroft) and Ronald Bennett, who had both left school at 14, but encouraged their daughter's education. At the age of 11 Pateman passed the Eleven Plus examination required for entry to the academically-selective Lewes County Grammar School for Girls, which she left at 16. She worked in clerical positions for several years before attending Ruskin College, an independent adult educational institution in Oxford for working class students. From Ruskin, Pateman won entry to Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford University, where she studied Politics, Philosophy and Economics (PPE) for a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) (1967) and then a Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) (1971).\nIn 1972 Pateman moved to Australia where she was Lecturer (1972-75), then Senior Lecturer (1976-79), in the Department of Government at the University of Sydney, and Visiting Fellow, Department of Political Science, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University (1975). From 1980 to 1989 she was a Reader in Government at the University of Sydney in addition to taking a series of visiting positions at Stanford University, Princeton University, and the Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences.\nWhen Pateman arrived in Australia she had an established international reputation in political science through the publication of her book Participation and Democratic Theory (1970) based on her DPhil thesis. Since published in four languages in addition to English editions, the book promotes a participatory vision of democracy and criticises the theory of democratic elitism. Pateman argued that elitist theories by the likes of Schumpeter, Berelson, Sartori, Dahl and Eckstein are based on an inadequate understanding of the early writings of democratic theory and that much sociological evidence has been ignored. The book is considered a major contribution to political theory, along with The Problem of Political Obligation: A Critical Analysis of Liberal Theory (1979, 1985), and The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism, and Political Theory (1989). \nHer 1988 book, The Sexual Contract, challenged the classical idea of a social contract whereby the power of the state rested on the consent of its citizens. In her powerful revisioning, she argued that hidden in the social contract was a sexual contract. While patriarchal power was overthrown in the public realm and civil society was created, the fraternal contract upheld the power of men over women in the private realm. Pateman's critique of liberal social contract theory has been credited with bringing feminism into mainstream political theory. The American Political Science Association awarded Pateman the Benjamin Lippincott Award for the book in 2005, and it has since been translated into 10 languages. In total, Pateman has written, co-written and edited 17 books.\nPateman combined her theoretical work with a commitment to a more inclusive political science discipline, better able to interpret the gendered nature of politics. In 1979 she co-founded the Women's Caucus of the Australasian Political Studies Association (APSA) with Marian Sawer. In 1980, she was elected to the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia and in 1981 she delivered a landmark presidential address to APSA about the failure of the discipline to construct the status of women as a political problem.\nPateman continued to publish works challenging the masculinist tradition of political theory and despite being the most cited political science academic in Australia by a wide margin, her applications for chairs at Australian universities were unsuccessful and in 1990 she moved to the United States of America to take up the role of Professor of Political Science at University of California, Los Angeles and was elevated to the rank of Distinguished Professor in 1993. From 1993 to 2000 she was also Adjunct Professor at the Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; and from 2006 to 2008 Research Professor at Cardiff University in the United Kingdom.\nProfessor Pateman has held fellowships at research institutes, including Stanford, Princeton, and Uppsala and has played a leading role in making the professional organisations of the political science discipline more women-friendly. She became president of the Australasian Political Studies Association in 1980 and in 1985 was elected as Australian nominee to the Executive of the International Political Science Association (IPSA). In 1991, she became the first woman elected President of IPSA and helped ensure the increased participation of women. In 2010 she was elected president of the American Political Science Association, regarded as the flagship of the discipline.\nHer scholarship has been recognized with many prestigious honours and awards, including in 2012 the Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science, known as the 'Nobel Prize for Political Science' (2012). She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of the British Academy.\nIn honour of Carole's contribution to political science in Australia, APSA presents the biennial Carole Pateman Gender and Politics prize for the best book on gender and politics published by an APSA member.\nFollowing many years living in the United States, Professor Pateman moved back to the United Kingdom in 2017 and has now retired to Eastbourne.\nThis entry was sponsored by a generous donation from the late Dr Thelma Hunter.\n", "Events": "Fellow, Learned Society of Wales (2015 - 2015) \nUK Political Studies Association Special Recognition Award (2013 - 2013) \nJohan Skytte Prize in Political Science (2012 - 2012) \nFellow, Academy of Social Sciences, UK (2010 - ) \nFellow, British Academy (2007 - ) \nDSocSci Honoris Causa, Helsinki University (2006 - 2006) \nDLitt Honoris Causa, National University of Ireland (2005 - 2005) \nUK Political Studies Association, Lifetime Achievement Award (2004 - 2004) \nDLitt Honoris Causa, Australian National University (1998 - 1998) \nFellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1996 - ) \nGuggenheim Fellow (1993 - 1994) \nKerstin Hesselgren Professor, Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences (1988 - 1989) \nFellow, Academy of Social Sciences in Australia (1980 - ) \nMember, School of Social Science, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton (1986 - 1987) \nFellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford (1984 - 1985) \nFellow, Academy of Social Sciences in Australia (1980 - ) \nFellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1996 - ) \nFellow, British Academy (2007 - ) \nFellow, Academy of Social Sciences, UK (2010 - ) \nFellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford (1984 - 1985) \nMember, School of Social Science, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton (1986 - 1987) \nKerstin Hesselgren Professor, Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences (1988 - 1989) \nGuggenheim Fellow (1993 - 1994) \nDLitt Honoris Causa, Australian National University (1998 - 1998) \nUK Political Studies Association, Lifetime Achievement Award (2004 - 2004) \nDLitt Honoris Causa, National University of Ireland (2005 - 2005) \nDSocSci Honoris Causa, Helsinki University (2006 - 2006) \nJohan Skytte Prize in Political Science (2012 - 2012) \nUK Political Studies Association Special Recognition Award (2013 - 2013) \nFellow, Learned Society of Wales (2015 - 2015)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-and-the-political-system\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-womans-place-women-and-politics-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/political-science\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fellows-in-the-australian-learned-academies-1954-2010\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/participation-and-democratic-theory\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-problem-of-political-obligation-a-critique-of-liberal-theory\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-sexual-contract\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-impact-of-feminist-scholarship-on-australian-political-science\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1996\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/carole-pateman-winner-of-the-johan-skytte-prize-2012\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/department-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-who-caucus-feminist-political-scientists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ipsa-gender-monitoring-report\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-australasian-political-studies-association-1956-1996-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pateman-c\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pateman-c-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Crozier, Dorothy Felice", "Entry ID": "AWE6144", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/crozier-dorothy-felice\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Academic, Anthropologist, Archivist, Lecturer", "Details": "Dorothy Felice Crozier studied history at the University of Melbourne from 1936 to 1940 before working as a cataloguer and bibliographer, and teaching history at the university. She was awarded an ANU scholarship in 1948 to study colonial administration in the London School of Economics. Dorothy also attended a course by Raymond Firth and Ian Hogbin on Anthropology in the Pacific.\nDorothy undertook fieldwork in Tonga form May 1950 to July 1951. She then joined the Department of Pacific History in the Research School of Pacific Studies at the ANU as a Research Assistant surveying and listing Western Pacific High Commission (WPHC) records left behind in Suva following the WPHC's move to Honiara. She then worked as an Archivist with the WPHC until October 1958.\nIn 1961 Dorothy returned to London to attend the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London. She lectured in History at Victoria University, Wellington in the mid-1960s, and took up a Visiting Fellowship in the Department of Pacific History at the ANU from September 1971 to September 1973 to complete her work on Mariner's Tonga. Dorothy lectured on European History at the University of Melbourne from 1976 to 1977 before retiring.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dorothy-crozier-papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/research-papers-on-the-western-pacific-particularly-tonga-and-fiji-1936-1977-microform\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Makinson, Kathleen Rachel", "Entry ID": "AWE6149", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/makinson-kathleen-rachel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "England, United Kingdom", "Occupations": "Physicist, Research scientist", "Details": "Kathleen Rachel Makinson studied at Newnham College Cambridge and it was during this time she participated in student politics in both communism and the Peace Movement. In 1939 she immigrated to Australia, after marrying physicist Richard Elliss B Makinson.\nRachel held positions as Research Assistant in Physics at the University of Sydney (1939-1941); Assistant Lecturer at the University of Melbourne (1941-1944); CSIR (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research) Radiophysics Laboratory (1944-1945); Division of Physics at the National Standards Laboratory (1945-1950); and ICI Research Fellow in Electrical Engineering at the University of Leeds (1950-1952).\nRachel joined the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in 1953. She was Senior Principal Research Scientist at the CSIRO from 1971 to 1977, and Chief Research Scientist from 1977 to 1982. From 1979 to 1982 Kathleen was Assistant Chief of the CSIRO Division of Textile Physics and later became the first woman to be appointed Chief Research Scientist, CSIRO.\nIn 1981 Rachel was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering and in 1982 was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM).\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-kathleen-makinson-1945-1980-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kathleen-makinson-interviewed-by-ragbir-bhathal-for-the-australian-women-scientists-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/k-r-makinson-papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-dr-k-rachel-makinson-former-senior-principal-research-scientist-with-the-csiro-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Alberti, Susan Marie", "Entry ID": "AWE6151", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alberti-susan-marie\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Advocate, Australian football club administrator, Businesswoman, Philanthropist, Sports administrator, Women's advocate", "Summary": "Susan Alberti became a board member of the Western Bulldogs AFL team in 2004 and in 2013 she was elected to the position of Vice President. She resigned from the Vice Presidency at the end of 2016. Susan was instrumental to the establishment of a women's AFL for the Western Bulldogs.\nSusan provided substantial financial support to ensure the staging of the first AFL-sanctioned women's match at the MCG in 2013. She has also been a long-time supporter of the Victorian Women's Football League (VWFL).\nAfter her daughter, Danielle, was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes in the 1980s, Susan has been a generous financial supporter of medical research into Type 1 diabetes.\nSusan is a former President of the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation and Chairman of the St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research Foundation. She holds many other honorary philanthropic positions.\nSusan has been awarded three Australian Honours: Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in 1997; Office of the Order of Australia (AO) in 2007; and Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in 2016. She was also a finalist in the Australian of the Year Awards in 1997 and 2009.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2014 - 2014)" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bryant, Millicent Maude", "Entry ID": "AWE6155", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bryant-millicent-maude\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Wellington, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Aviator, Pilot", "Summary": "Millicent Bryant was the first woman in the in Australia to gain a pilot's license.\n", "Details": "Millicent Bryant was 49 when she became the first woman in Australia to receive a category 'A' private pilot's license, with her test undertaken at the Australian Aero Club of New South Wales on 23 March 1927.\nMillicent competed in the inaugural Ladies Oakes flying race on 6 October 1927 and came second with Margaret Reardon coming first and Evelyn Follett coming third in the three-entrant race. Millicent's last recorded flight in her logbook was on 10 October 1927.\nTragically Millicent was killed on 3 November 1927 in the Greycliffe ferry accident on Sydney Harbour.\nIn 2001 Millicent was inducted into the National Pioneer Women's Hall of Fame and in 2007 the Australian Women Pilot's Association attached an official plaque to Millicent's tombstone, to mark the 80th anniversary of her pilot's license.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-millicent-bryant-1927-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fahey, Diane Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE6156", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fahey-diane-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Editor, Lecturer, Poet, Writer", "Summary": "Diane Fahey has published twelve collections of poetry, in addition to numerous anthologies published in both Australian and international publications.\n", "Details": "Diane holds Bachelor of Arts, a Diploma of Education (1972) and a Master's degree in English Literature (1975) from the University of Melbourne. After teaching at colleges in Melbourne in the late 1970s, Diane moved to England, where she lived and studied for several years in the early 1980s. From 1986 she lectured in literature at the University of South Australia, before returning to Victoria in the 1990s. In 2001 Diane completed a PhD in creative writing at the University of Western Sydney.\nDiane has received a number of literary grants from the Literature Board of the Australia Council. She has also undertaken writing residencies in Venice, New South Wales, Scotland and Ireland, and been the writer in residence at Ormond College, Melbourne, and the University of Adelaide.\nWith her poetry, Diane has won the ACT Government's Judith Write Prize, the Newcastle Poetry Prize and the Wesley Michel Wright Award. Her work has also been shortlisted for many other awards. Diane was the poetry of the journal Voices in 1997 and in 2007 published a historical crime novella, The Mystery of Rosa Mortland.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1986-1993-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Black, Hope", "Entry ID": "AWE6169", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/black-hope\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Curator, Mentor, Museum assistant, Scientist, Teacher", "Summary": "In 1946 Jessie Hope Black became the first woman to be appointed a curator at the National Museum of Victoria.\n", "Details": "Hope's career began in 1937 when she was appointed a museum assistant at the National Museum of Victoria. In 1946 she was promoted to Curator of Mulloscs after completing a science degree part-time at the University of Melbourne. Hope was the first woman to be appointed a curatorial position at the Museum.\nDuring her curatorship, Hope was part of the Museum's team which surveyed the Snowy River Gorge in 1947 and Port Phillip Bay from 1957-1963. She was also a member of the first group of women to travel to Antarctica as part of an Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition (ANARE) to Macquarie Island in 1959, and again in 1960.\nIn 1965 Hope was forced to resign from her position as curator as a result of the prohibition on employment of married women in the Victorian public service.\nHope trained as a science teacher and spent thirteen years teaching in Victorian high schools.\nHope co-authored the text Marine Mulloscs of Victoria with C. J. Gabriel in 1962 and was also a consulting malacologist to the National Science Foundation of the Philadelphia academy of Natural Sciences. She was also a distinguished member of the Malacological Society of Australasia.\nIn addition to her paid employment, Hope is also renowned for her involvement with the blind and disabled. Hope planned and supervised a biology course for blind children at the Museum and was subsequently made a Life Governor of the Royal Victorian Institute for the Blind. She also established a volunteer program at the museum, a program which is still utilised extensively at the museum today. Hope was also an active advocate for services for the disabled, particularly in terms of independent housing.\nHope passed away in January 2018 at the age of 98.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/28581-typed-reference-letters-for-donald-vernon-1945-1987\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "White, Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE6172", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/white-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Volunteer", "Details": "Elizabeth White was educated at the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Melbourne, before working as a school teacher. On 18 October 1930 she married Harold Leslie White, deputy-librarian of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Library (later to become head of it and of the National Library of Australia).\nIn Canberra, in addition to close association with the National Library, Elizabeth pursued her interest in volunteering and being involved in many aspects of the local community. Of particular interest to her were remedial teaching and the introduction of creative day-carer programs. In her later years, her attention turned towards enhancing the quality of life of the elderly.\nElizabeth was a member of the National Council of Women (NCW) and a foundation member of the Goodwin Centre Development Association, which was established in July 1954. She was also a foundation member of the Australian Association of Gerontology and president (1964-65) of a sub-committee for a proposed new building for the NCW's Thursday Club (renamed in 1965 the Canberra Senior Citizens Club). For the next twenty years she undertook voluntary work with the elderly, at their homes and in hospitals. In 1983 the Canberra Senior Citizens Club awarded her life membership. In 1982 the Penguin Club of Australia recognised her with life membership for her exceptional talent as an impromptu public speaker.\nIn 1962 Lady Elizabeth White was appointed an MBE for her service to elderly people.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-sir-harold-white-and-lady-elizabeth-white-1911-1992-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/memorial-service-of-june-25-1988-for-lady-elizabeth-white-sound-recording-recorded-by-kevin-bradley\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "De Vries, Susanna Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE6175", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/de-vries-susanna-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "England", "Occupations": "Art historian, Author, Editor, Journalist, Lecturer", "Details": "Susanna Mary de Vries was born in England and studied visual arts and history at the Sorbonne in Paris and Madrid. She was awarded a Winston Churchill Fellowship to study Renaissance art in Florence and worked as an art historian and arts journalist in London and Spain.\nSusanna emigrated to Australia in 1975. Here she developed a keen interest in Australian art and history and worked as a consultant editor for Australian collector's quarterly and as a freelance journalist. Susanna was also head of Rare Books and Antiquarian Prints, James R. Lawson Fine Art Auctioneers, from 1979 to 1982. Susanna has contributed to many publications, including The Journal of Art (USA) and The Antique Collector (UK), and has published fifteen books.\nIn 1996 Susanna was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for service to art as an author and lecturer in Australian and European art history and history.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-susanna-de-vries-1997-2000-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-de-vries-evans-susanna-art-historian-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/5557-susanna-de-vries-typescripts-1998-2004\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-susanna-de-vries-evans-writer-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/susanna-de-vries-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Abbott, Hilda Gertrude", "Entry ID": "AWE6203", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/abbott-hilda-gertrude\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Eucumbene Station, near Adaminaby, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Bowral, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Broadcaster, Interior decorator, Red Cross Worker, Secretary", "Summary": "Hilda Abbott was the first president of the Northern Territory Division of the Red Cross. She was also an author, broadcaster, and an interior decorator.\n", "Events": "Australian Red Cross, Northern Territory Division (1937 - 1946)", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-hilda-harnett-abbott\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hilda-and-c-l-a-abbott-papers-1906-1971-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/good-night-all-about-194-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-hilda-abbott-1951-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hilda-abbott-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/manuscript-letter-from-hilda-abbott-thanking-him-for-playing-for-a-dance-at-government-house-while-the-ran-flagship-was-in-port\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bergner, Ruth", "Entry ID": "AWE6208", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bergner-ruth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Vienna, Austria", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Choreographer, Dance teacher, Dancer", "Details": "Ruth Vergner was born in Vienna, however she lived in Poland from the age of six. In 1933 Ruth was awarded a scholarship to dance with Tacjanna Wysocka's Dance Company and she was selected to go on tour with them to Italy. Ruth migrated to Melbourne in 1936 and three years later she joined the Elizabeth Wiener Modern Dance Studio. After taking a Kthakali dance class with Indian dancer Shivaram, Ruth joined him on a world tour.\nRuth returned to Melbourne in 1951 and began teaching and performing at the Ballet Guild. During the 1960s she travelled and performed again with Shivaram before returning to Sydney to once again teach and perform. In 1974 Ruth performed with Shivaram at Monash University and later she opened her own dance studio at the Savoy Theatre in Melbourne.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ruth-bergner-1933-2005-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruth-bergner-australian-and-new-zealand-art-files-ruth-bergner\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Holland, Dulcie Sybil", "Entry ID": "AWE6209", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/holland-dulcie-sybil\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Choir director, Composer, Organist, Pianist", "Details": "Composer and pianist Dulcie Holland trained at the New South Wales Conservatorium of Music and graduated in 1933 with her teacher's diploma. In addition to teaching, Dulcie completed further study at the Royal College of Music, London. On her return to Sydney she became a freelance composer, successfully writing various styles of music for many mediums.\nFrom 1967 to 1984 Dulcie was an examiner for the Australian Music Education Board and in 1977 she was appointed a Member in the General Division of the Order of Australia (AM) for services to music. Dulcie also received an honorary doctorate in music from Macquarie University and published extensively on the topic of music theory.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dulcie-holland-1931-2000-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dulcie-holland-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Blackburn, Helen Carola", "Entry ID": "AWE6211", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blackburn-helen-carola\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Orange, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Aviator, Journalist, Pilot, Writer", "Summary": "Helen Blackburn developed a passion for aviation whilst living in America during the early 1940s. She gained her commercial licence in 1945 and later became the federal secretary of the Australian Women Pilots' Association.\nHelen's other passion was shell collecting, which she undertook for a number of institutions. In 1984 she donated her extensive collection to the National Museum of Australia.\n", "Details": "Bryony Helen Dutton was born in 1918 and grew up on Anlaby Station, the oldest stud sheep station in South Australia, with her three siblings. Due to ongoing teasing by other children about her first name, Bryony, she decided to go by her middle name, Helen.\nHelen married U.S. serviceman Captain William Curkeet in 1942 and the pair moved to America. Although their marriage was short-lived, it was her time in America that sparked her passion for aviation. She learned to fly when the United States Government sponsored the Civil Pilot Training Scheme. At the age of 26, she was trained in US Air Force single-primary trainers and gained her commercial license in c.1945. For a time, Helen served as federal secretary of the Australian Women Pilots' Association, as well as president of the Australian section of the Ninety-Nines Inc. In addition to being an ongoing member of both of these organisations, Helen was also a member of the British Women Pilots' Association.\nHelen married Richard Blackburn in 1951 and together they moved to Adelaide and started a family. Here she joined the Royal Aero Cub of South Australia where she flew Tiger Moths. Both Helen and her husband were keen flyers and they spent numerous hours roaming Australia by air. For seventeen years they owned a Cessna 172, which they eventually sold in 1979.\nRichard was appointed resident judge of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory in 1966. With her family relocated to the Northern Territory, Helen pursued her passion for collecting shells; a passion which had developed during family holidays at Rocky Point when she was young. Helen often combined her love of aviation and shell collecting, flying to remote areas in her plane in search for shells. She regularly visited Queensland's Great Barrier Reef, and the Kimberley in northwest Australia during the late 1960s.\nDue to her skills and reputation for shell collecting, Helen collected for several major institutions, including the Australian, Darwin, Tasmanian and Western Australian Museums, the CSIRO and the University of New South Wales. In fact,\u202fone of the shells she presented to the Australian Museum had never before been described, so it was named in her honour:\u202fCryptomya blackburnae.\nIn 1971, the Blackburn's moved to Canberra, where Richard took up a position with the ACT Supreme Court. This allowed Helen to broaden her collection to include shells from the New South Wales south coast. In 1980 Helen published a book on shells, which was entitled Marine shells of the Darwin area and in 1984, Helen offered her seashell collection to the National Museum of Australia, which was gratefully accepted.\nIn addition to aviation and shell collecting, Helen Blackburn was passionate about pollution and enjoyed writing. Prior to having a family, she had worked as both a free-lance journalist and short story writer.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-richard-arthur-blackburn-1922-1995-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-helen-blackburn-pilot-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-geoffrey-dutton-1898-1998-bulk-1961-1998-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/helen-blackburn-talking-to-margaret-travers-in-orange-nsw-on-30-december-1995-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lady-helen-blackburn-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-lady-helen-blackburn-1944-1990-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dutton, Ninette Clarice Florence", "Entry ID": "AWE6221", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dutton-ninette-clarice-florence\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Botanical artist, Broadcaster, Enamellist, Gardener", "Summary": "Ninette Dutton published a number of books on the Australian landscape and gardening which she often illustrated with her own botanical drawings. Ninette also studied art in both Europe and America, establishing herself as an enamellist and often holding exhibitions of her work.\n", "Details": "Ninette Dutton\u202fwas educated at Creveen School, North Adelaide, and later at Woodlands, before studying Social Science at the University of Adelaide. During World War Two Ninette served as a driver with the Women's Australian Auxiliary Air Force.\nIn the 1950s Ninette worked in Oxford and studied at the Ruskin School of Art. She then went on to learn enamelling in Kansas during the 1960s. From the 1970s to the 1990s Ninette published books and delivered radio programs on cooking, flowers, gardening and the seasons. She also wrote a weekly column titled 'The passionate gardener' for Adelaide's Advertiser.\nNinette Dutton was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) in 1994 in recognition of service to the community and to the arts as an artist, particularly as an enameller.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ninette-dutton-1890-2007-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ninette-dutton-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-ninette-dutton-artist-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ninette-dutton-manuscript-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-from-geoffrey-and-ninette-dutton-1982\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-curtis-brown-australia-pty-ltd-1962-2002-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/geoffrey-and-ninette-dutton-1980-1984\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-holdsworth-galleries-1969-1996-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Kerr, Joan", "Entry ID": "AWE6228", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kerr-joan\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Art historian, Historian", "Details": "Eleanor Joan Lyndon was born in Sydney in 1938. She went to school at Somerville House, Brisbane, before studying English at the University of Queensland. Joan married James Kerr in 1960, after which time she became increasingly interested in art history. The family (which now included two children) moved to Switzerland in 1963 and then on to London. Here, in 1966, Joan enrolled in a two-year diploma in medieval art and architecture at the Courtauld Institute.\nJoan and her family returned to Australia in 1968 and the following year she undertook studies in fine arts at the Power Institute, Sydney University. After successfully completing her courses, Joan was offered a tutorship in fine arts, a position she held for five years. Joan then completed a Master of Arts on colonial church architecture before enrolling in a doctorate at the Institute of Advanced Architectural Studies at the University of York in 1974. Her husband James had also applied for a doctorate at the University of York, and after undertaking initial fieldwork in Australia, the pair set out for York in August 1975.\nThe Kerr's returned to Sydney in December 1977. Despite being accepted for the position of Senior Education Officer at the Art Gallery of New South Wales, Joan did not take up the position. Instead the family moved to Canberra, where James had been appointed Assistant Director of the Australian Heritage Commission. Joan applied for a job in fine arts at the Australian National University and was offered the position of tutor. Whilst living and working in Canberra, Joan also worked on projects in Sydney, as well as writing reviews of exhibitions on architectural themes. She also contributed to the exhibition Colonial Gothick: the Gothic Revival in NSW 1800-1850, which was held at Elizabeth Bay House during March and April 1979. The catalogue for the exhibition was published as a book, entitled Gothick Taste in the Colony of New South Wales.\nIn 1981 Joan began a probationary lectureship in fine arts at Sydney University, in addition to becoming a member of the architectural Advisory Panel of the National Trust of Australia. It was around this time that Joan began writing and editing one of her most significant works: The Dictionary of Australian Artists: painters, sketchers, photographers and engravers to 1870. At the time of its publication in 1992, the text contained almost 2,500 entries. Another of her major works, Heritage: the national women's art book, was released in 1995. Heritage celebrated a program of nation-wide exhibitions which Joan masterminded. To commemorate the 20th anniversary of International Women's Year in 1995, 146 galleries, museums and libraries around Australia held simultaneous exhibitions of work by female artists under the umbrella of the National Women's Art Exhibition.\nJoan was elected a fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities in 1993 and two years later she was awarded the National Trust senior heritage award. In 1994 Joan moved to the University of New South Wales, where she worked as a research professor in art history and theory at the College of Fine Arts. She left this position in 1997 to become inaugural professor and convenor of program in Australian art at the Centre for Cross-Cultural Research, Australian National University. Joan eventually returned to the College of Fine Arts as a visiting professor.\nIn 2001 Joan Kerr was awarded the Centenary Medal 'for service to Australian society and the humanities in the study of Australian arts'. Additionally, in 2003, she became the second woman to be granted an honorary life membership of the Royal Australian Historical Society for services to Australian History.\nOn 14 June 2004 Joan was also awarded a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) 'for service to education and to the arts, particularly through research in the fields of architecture and art history, and through encouraging the study and recognition of Australian women artists'.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-joan-kerr-1980-2005-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-relating-to-the-national-womens-art-exhibition-1995-1992-1995-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joan-kerr-interviewed-by-martin-thomas-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Mattingley, Christobel Rosemary", "Entry ID": "AWE6229", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mattingley-christobel-rosemary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brighton, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Children's writer, Lecturer, Librarian, Writer", "Summary": "Christobel Mattingley published 45 children's books, five biographical or history books for adults, as well as short stories, poems, articles and film scripts.\nFor her writing, Christobel received numerous awards, including the Children's Book Council of the Year Award, Younger Readers (1982), and Children's Christian Book of the Year (1986). In 2017 her book Maralinga's Long Shadow: Yvonne's Story, was awarded the Young People's History Prize in the NSW Premier's History Awards. In addition, Christobel received two Honorary Doctorates; one from the University of South Australia in 1995 and the other an Honorary Doctor of Letters from the University of Tasmania in 2015.\nChristobel Mattingley was also awarded an AM for service to literature, particularly children's literature, and for community service through her commitment to social and cultural issues in 1996.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-christobel-mattingley-1909-2011-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/christobel-mattingley-summary-record\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-christobel-mattingley-writer-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-kerry-white-1981-2008-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-mem-fox-1961-2006-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Whyte, Jean Primrose", "Entry ID": "AWE6231", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whyte-jean-primrose\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Librarian", "Details": "Jean Primrose Whyte was born in 1923 to parents Ernest Primrose (Prim) Whyte and Kitty Macully. She spent the first ten years of her life at Yadlamalka, a sheep station north of Port Augusta, before attending St Peter's Collegiate Girls' School. Jean was employed at the Public Library of South Australia whilst she undertook studies at the University of Adelaide, from which she graduated in 1946.\nJean became a professional librarian after taking the examinations of the Australian Institute of Librarians and in 1959 she joined the Fisher Library at the University of Sydney.\nJean graduated with a Master of Arts in librarianship from the University of Chicago in 1965. Followed by a moved to Canberra in 1972, she took up the position of Director of Information, Reference and Research at the National Library of Australia.\nIn 1975 Jean became the foundation professor in the Graduate School of Librarianship at Monash University. She retired as an emeritus professor in 1988 and in this same year Jean was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia 'for service to education particularly in the field of librarianship'.\nFrom 1959 to 1971 Jean edited the Australian library journal. Monash University awarded Jean an honorary Doctor of Letters degree in 1996.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-jean-whyte-1881-2009-bulk-1951-1995-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-jean-primrose-whyte-professor-librarianship-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-p-whyte-summary-record\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/education-for-librarianship-in-the-united-states-and-in-australia-manuscript-a-comparison-by-jean-p-whyte\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bambrick, Susan Caroline", "Entry ID": "AWE6233", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bambrick-susan-caroline\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Economist", "Details": "Susan Caroline Bambrick graduated from the University of Queensland with a Bachelor of Economics (Honours) degree in 1965. She received her doctorate from the Australian National University (ANU) in 1970 and was one of the first married female PhD students at the university.\nSusan gained employment in the Faculty of Economics and Commerce at ANU, where she specialised in the field of industry economics. In 1972 Susan set up the first undergraduate course in mineral economics at the university and in 1981 she was sub-dean of the Faculty of Economics. Susan was appointed to the Trade Development Council in 1979 and the following year she became the first female appointed to the council's executive. Then in March 1981 Susan was elected president of the Australia Institute of Energy; the first woman to hold the position. She was also a member of the Uranium Advisory Council since its inauguration in 1981 and a council member of the National Library of Australia\nAlso in 1981, Susan completed a year-long appointment as the director of studies for the Public Service Board and she also worked on their interchange program. In November 1982 Susan became the first Fulbright Australian Scholar-in-Residence at the Centre for Australian Studies, School of Mineral Sciences, at Pennsylvania University. For a time, she was also director of studies for management training courses run by the Australian Mineral Foundation.\nOn 31 December 1982 Susan was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire 'in recognition of service to education in energy and resource economics'.\nBetween March 1984 and January 1987 Susan was Dean of Students at ANU. Susan was appointed Mater of University House at the Australian National University in 1987 and later she became Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Head of the Albury Wodonga Campus of La Trobe University.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-susan-bambrick-1999-2010-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-dr-susan-bambrick-appointed-to-a-ministerial-working-party-and-being-master-of-university-house-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-files-of-dr-susan-bambrick-as-master-of-university-house\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australias-resources-sound-recording-an-anu-convocation-luncheon-address-given-on-15-november-1979-by-susan-bambrick\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Galene, Ruth", "Entry ID": "AWE6236", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/galene-ruth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Berlin, Germany", "Death Place": "SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Ballerina, Choreographer, Dance teacher, Dancer", "Summary": "Ruth Helfgott was born in Berlin, Germany, in 1929. With the increased threat to Jewish people in Germany, Ruth's father moved the family to Sydney in 1938. Here Ruth received formal dance training from Madame Getrud Bodenwieser. She danced briefly with the Borovansky Ballet and then joined Ballet Rambert during its Australian tour of 1947-1949. She left Australia with Ballet Rambert when the company returned to England.\nIn England, Ruth trained under Russian ballerina Vera Volkova before joining the Roland Petit company in Paris and then, after studies with Victor Gsovsky, the Marquis de Cuevas company.\nRuth returned to Australia in the early 1950s and joined the National Theatre Ballet. In 1953 she married Peter Frank and the following year she opened a ballet school in Northbridge and formed the Yongala Ballet.\nIn the 1960s Ruth choreographed a number of ground breaking ballets for Ballet Australia. The year 1967 saw her perform her own ballet at the Montreal Expo and attend classes at the New York City Ballet and the Martha Graham School of Modern Dance. At this time she also accepted an invitation to work as a guest choreographer at the Batsheva Dance Company in Tel Aviv. Later in 1967 Ruth formed the professional company, The New Dance Theatre, which was renamed Red Opal Dance Theatre in 1989.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ruth-galene-circa-2006-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruth-galene-interviewed-by-michelle-potter-for-the-keep-dancing-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-ruth-galene-modern-dancer-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Spencer, Dora Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE6239", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/spencer-dora-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Armadale, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Entomologist, Lecturer", "Details": "Dora Margaret Cumpston was born in Armadale, Victoria, in 1916 to parents John Howard Lidgett Cumpston and Gladys Maeva (Walpole). Margaret's family moved to Canberra when she was 12 years old and she was educated St Gabriel's and later Telopea Park Intermediate School.\nMargaret attended the Women's College at the University of Sydney and in 1939 she graduated with a Master of Science (MSc.) degree. Margaret was awarded a Linnean Macleay Fellowship in zoology for her MSc. She went on to lecture in zoology at New England University College from 1940 to 1945, followed by an appointment as a zoology tutor at the University of Sydney, while her husband completed his medicine degree. (Margaret had married Terence Edward Spencer in 1941).\nMargaret was appointed as entomologist instructor at the Malaria Control School at Minj, in the Western Highlands of New Guinea, in 1954. Together Margaret and her husband undertook an investigation of malaria in the highlands, followed by various other studies in surrounding areas over the following years. Margaret was also awarded a World Health Organisation research grant to study anopheline; a type of mosquito that carry malaria. Margaret had numerous articles published in a wide variety of journals including, The Journal of Medical Entomology, The Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, The Australian Journal of Entomology, and The Papua New Guinea Medical Journal and The Australian Journal of Science. Margaret was also the author of a number of books.\nOn Australia Day 1997, Margaret was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) 'for service to community health through research in the area of malaria entomology and mosquito-borne diseases'. The following year she graduated with a PhD from the Tropical Health Program of the University of Queensland.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dora-margaret-spencer-1924-2003-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papua-new-guinea-papers-1951-1998-microform\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-isobel-bennett-1946-1999-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-spencer-interviewed-by-amy-mcgrath-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "von Bertouch, Anne Catherine", "Entry ID": "AWE6241", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/von-bertouch-anne-catherine\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Eastwood, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Art dealer, Author, Environmentalist, Gallery Owner", "Summary": "Anne Catherine Whittle was born in Eastwood, New South Wales, to parents George and Jean (Duff). She attended Sydney Girls' High School and Armidale Teachers College. In 1939 she married Roger von Bertouch and, after moving to Tasmania, they both taught, and Anne also studied art at Hobart Technical College.\u202fThe pair moved to Myall Lakes in 1951, followed by Newcastle, where Anne founded the Von Bertouch Galleries in 1963.\nAnne was awarded honorary masters degrees by both Newcastle and New England universities. In the Queen's Birthday Honours of 1979, Anne was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) 'for service to the visual arts' and in 2001 she was awarded the Centenary Medal 'for service to the community'. The following year, Newcastle University awarded her an honorary doctorate of letters for service to both the arts and the community.\nAnne von Bertouch was also recognized in Newcastle as a Freeman of the City.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-anne-von-bertouch-circa-1960-circa-1999-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-anne-von-bertouch-author-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/diary-correspondence-and-memorabilia-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dwyer, Vera Gladys", "Entry ID": "AWE6244", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dwyer-vera-gladys\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Hobart, Tasmania, Australia", "Occupations": "Writer", "Summary": "Vera Dwyer was the daughter of journalist George Lovell Dwyer and his wife Margaret Jafe (Shield). She was born in Hobart, Tasmania, on 23 February, 1889.\nFrom a young age she contributed regularly to the Australian Town and Country Journal. Her first book, With Beating Wings, was written when she was in her teens and was sponsored by author Ethel Turner.\nIn the 1930s Vera contributed articles to The Sydney Morning Herald and was a member of the Fellowship of Australian writers. Vera's published works included children's books, as well as adult fiction.\nVera married Captain Warwick Coldham Fussell at St Leonards, New South Wales, in 1915. They divorced in 1925.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/literary-manuscripts-of-vera-dwyer-19-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-information\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dwyer-family-papers-ca-1912-ca-1973\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Volska, Anna Maria", "Entry ID": "AWE6250", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/volska-anna-maria\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Warsaw, Poland", "Occupations": "Actor, Theatre director", "Details": "Born in Poland in 1944, Anna Volska migrated to Australia with her mother when she was seven years old. She graduated from the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) in 1962 and acted with the Old Tote Theatre Company for two years. It was there she met John Bell and they married in 1965.\nFollowing John's career, they moved to England, where Anna spent three seasons with the Royal Shakespeare Company in Stratford-on-Avon. She was co-founder of the Nimrod Theatre and directed several of their productions. Anna has also directed productions for various other companies, including NIDA and the Queensland University of Technology (QUT). Anna and John set up the Bell Shakespeare company in 1990.\nAnna has appeared in many Shakespeare plays and Australian television drama series. In 1973 she won a Best Actress Logie for her portrayal of Helena Rubenstein in an episode of the ABC biographical series Behind the Legend.\nAnna and John have two daughters, Hilary and Lucy.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-john-bell-and-anna-volska-1935-2008-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anna-volska-interviewed-by-michelle-potter-in-the-esso-performing-arts-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-anna-volska-actress-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Phipson, Joan Margaret", "Entry ID": "AWE6259", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/phipson-joan-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Warrawee, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Children's writer", "Summary": "Children's writer Joan Phipson was educated at Frensham School, New South Wales, and was later invited back to work as a printer and librarian. There she established Frensham Press. Later Joan studied journalism, worked for Radio 2GB and Reuters London, and also served with the Women's Australian Auxiliary Air Force.\nAfter meeting Colin Fitzhardinge during World War II, the pair married in 1944. Soon after she wrote her first award-winning novel, Good luck to the Rider, which won the Australian Children's Book of the Year award in 1953. By 1994 Joan had written 30 books and today she is best known for her quintessentially Australian children's books, which she produced during the 1950s and 1960s.\nJoan Phipson was awarded a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in 1994 for service to children's literature.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-joan-phipson-circa-1917-2000-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joan-phipson-interviewed-by-suzanne-lunney-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joan-phipson-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-joan-phipson-childrens-author-sound-recording-interviewed-by-belle-alderman-and-albert-ullin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-joan-phipson-1973-1977-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-joan-phipson-author-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dawn-richardson-1970-2010-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Barnard, Charlotte", "Entry ID": "AWE6261", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barnard-charlotte\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, Northumberland, United Kingdom", "Death Place": "MosmanMosman, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author", "Summary": "Charlotte Barnard was born in 1909 to parents Arthur Michael and Katie Terry. She was the sister of explorer and author Michael Terry (1899-1981) and Hilda Francis Terry.\nCharlotte was also an author, producing two books: The last explorer: the autobiography of Michael Terry and The Prince's men: a story of the Jacobite Rising of 1715 .\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-charlotte-barnard-1985-1989-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Modjeska, Drusilla", "Entry ID": "AWE6268", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/modjeska-drusilla\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "England, United Kingdom", "Occupations": "Academic, Author", "Summary": "Writer Drusilla Modjeska has lived in Australia since 1971. She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in history from the Australian National University and a PhD in history from the University of New South Wales.\nMany of Drusilla's published works have focused on the lives of women and have been in the form of both fiction and non-fiction. She has also taught in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences at the New South Wales Institute of Technology.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-drusilla-modjeska-1959-2006-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-drusilla-modjeska-author-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-carole-deagan-1973-1978-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Keesing, Nancy Florence", "Entry ID": "AWE6272", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/keesing-nancy-florence\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Darling Point, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Hunters Hill Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Editor, Literary critic, Poet, Writer", "Summary": "Nancy Keesing's first collection of poems, Imminent Summer, was published in 1951. Since this time she published numerous books, in addition to editing and writing reviews for various journals and major Australian newspapers. She was employed by the Sydney magazine the Bulletin from 1951 until the birth of her first child in 1956.\nNancy was involved in the Sydney branch of the English Association and served on the committee for a number of years. She was also actively involved in the Australian Society of Authors (ASA) from 1964, and in 1969 she was elected to the management committee. Nancy edited an anthology of members' work, titled Transition, in 1970, and from 1971 to 1974 she edited the Society's journal Australian Author.\nIn 1973 Nancy was one of eleven writers and academics appointed to the new literature board of the Australian Council for the Arts, which she chaired from 1974 to 1977. In 1979 she was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for her services to Australian literature.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nancy-keesing-1942-1980-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-keesing-reading-poetry-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-keesing-interviewed-by-geoffrey-dutton-in-the-geoffrey-dutton-ms-7285-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-keesing-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-keesing-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-for-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-nancy-keesing-writer-and-critic-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-keesing-papers-1913-1993\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-keesing-papers-ca-1959-1974\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-keesing-further-papers-1939-1977\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-keesing-further-papers-ca-1931-ca-1987\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-keesing-further-papers-1940-1992-together-with-papers-concerning-nancy-keesing-collected-by-her-husband-mark-hertzberg-1993-1996\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-keesing-papers-1951-1962-mainly-regarding-old-bush-songs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-keesing-further-papers-1851-1914-1937-1941-1952-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-maxine-poynton-baker-relating-to-sydney-tomholt-1930-1981-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-from-australian-authors-1944-1970\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nancy-cato-1939-1995-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1928-1994-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/literary-papers-1969-1981-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-elizabeth-harrower-1937-2005-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-christina-stead-1937-1988-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-jill-hellyer-1944-2004-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-rosemary-dobson-1923-2004-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-kylie-tennant-1891-1989-bulk-1933-1988-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Poynton-Baker, Maxine", "Entry ID": "AWE6273", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poynton-baker-maxine\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "Maxine Poynton-Baker was a long-time friend of Sydney John Tomholt, an Australian playwright and critic.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-maxine-poynton-baker-relating-to-sydney-tomholt-1930-1981-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/maxine-poynton-baker-interviewed-by-diana-ritch-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fernon, Christine", "Entry ID": "AWE6321", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fernon-christine\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Bibliographer, Manager, Researcher", "Summary": "Christine Fernon is the Online Manager for the National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-christine-fernon-1970-1985-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Brett, Lily", "Entry ID": "AWE6330", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brett-lily\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Germany", "Occupations": "Author, Novelist, Poet", "Summary": "Lily Brett's family migrated to Melbourne in 1948 after her parents, Max and Rose, survived the Holocaust. During the 1960s Lily wrote for the rock magazine Go-Set and in 1989 she moved to New York.\nLily has published seven novels, eight volumes of poetry and four collections of essays. She has won numerous awards for her work, including the Victorian Premier's Award for Poetry in 1987 for The Auschwitz poems (1986).\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-lily-brett-circa-1946-2007-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lily-brett-manuscript-collection-1969-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-lily-brett-author-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Jaivin, Linda", "Entry ID": "AWE6334", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jaivin-linda\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Author, Journalist", "Summary": "Linda Jaivin studied Asian History at Brown University, United States, before continuing her study of the Chinese language in Taiwan. After living in Hong Kong and Beijing, Linda settled in Sydney as a writer and translator.\nLinda is the author of eleven books and also writes essays and short stories. In 2014 she won the New South Wales Writers Fellowship.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-linda-jaivin-circa-1982-2012-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/linda-jaivin-interviewed-by-sara-dowse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-linda-jaivin-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-cassandra-pybus-1956-2008-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gepp, Kathleen Jessie", "Entry ID": "AWE6348", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gepp-kathleen-jessie\/", "Type": "Person", "Death Place": "Albury, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Red Cross Worker", "Summary": "Kathleen Gepp was involved in the Australian Red Cross and held various positions within the organisation including Honorary Public Relations Officer, the Junior Red Cross National Secretary and the National Director of the Junior Red Cross.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/family-papers-1911-1960-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wardle, Priscilla Isabel", "Entry ID": "AWE6365", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wardle-priscilla-isabel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ballarat, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse", "Summary": "Priscilla Wardle was a nurse in the Australian Army Nursing Service during the First World War.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1884-1920-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kirby-priscilla-isabel-nee-wardle-aans-year-of-death-1967-crematorium-springvale-vic\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Godfrey, Ethel", "Entry ID": "AWE6546", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/godfrey-ethel\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Dentist", "Summary": "Ethel Godfrey was Victoria's first female dentist. She passed the Dental Board examination in November 1898 and received her registration on 8 February 1899.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1926-1934-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Commins, Kathleen Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE6569", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/commins-kathleen-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Parkes, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Killara, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Cricketer, Editor, Journalist, Tennis player", "Summary": "Kathleen Commins completed a Bachelor of Arts at Sydney University in 1931 and a Bachelor of Economics in 1934. During her time at university she was very active in the community. Kathleen was both secretary and president of the Women Evening Students' Association, a member of the students' representative council and director of the University Women's Union. In 1931 she was appointed the first female editor of Sydney University's magazine Hermes.\nKathleen began her freelance career in journalism in 1934 as a reporter of women's sport, and in 1948 she was appointed assistant to the chief of staff. Kathleen retired from this position in 1969, having been employed by The Sydney Morning Herald for 35 years.\nIn addition, Kathleen was also an incredible sportswoman. She captained and managed the New South Wales women's cricket team and also represented the state 'in the junior division of the Australian lawn tennis championships at Kooyong.'\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Magill, Kathleen", "Entry ID": "AWE6570", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/magill-kathleen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Kew, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria , Australia", "Occupations": "Skier", "Summary": "Kathleen Magill was a founding member and honorary secretary of the Australian Women's Ski Club and a member of the Ski Club of Victoria.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/activities-of-the-ski-club-of-victoria-in-the-victorian-and-new-south-wales-snowfields-and-interstate-and-national-ski-championships-1930-1934-picture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/activities-of-the-ski-club-of-victoria-in-the-victorian-and-new-south-wales-snowfields-and-interstate-and-national-ski-championships-1930-1934-picture-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/activities-of-the-ski-club-of-victoria-in-the-victorian-snowfields-and-the-glaciarium-carnival-of-1928-picture\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Stephens, Ethel Anna", "Entry ID": "AWE6572", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stephens-ethel-anna\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Painter", "Summary": "Ethel Anna Stephens was the first female member of the Council of the Art Society of New South Wales and also the preisdent of the Society of Women Painters.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ethel-stephens-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cosh, Janet Louise", "Entry ID": "AWE6612", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cosh-janet-louise\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ashfield, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Moss Vale, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Botanical collector, Botanist, Teacher", "Summary": "Janet Cosh was the only child of Dr John and Louise Cosh (n\u00e9e Calvert). Janet attended the University of Sydney, where she studied English, History and the Classics. She moved to the Southern Highlands in 1934, where she took a keen interest in local history and the natural environment. In her late sixties, Janet devoted her life to the study of the native flora of the Southern Highlands, New South Wales and became a highly respected amateur botanist. After Janet's death, her bequest to the University of Wollongong provided funds and botanical resources which were used to establish the Janet Cosh Herbarium.\n", "Details": "Janet Cosh was born in Sydney in 1901, the only child of Dr John and Louise Cosh (n\u00e9e Calvert). Janet was an educated woman who attended Sydney University where she studied English, History and the Classics. From 1923 to 1926 she taught Latin and English at her former school, Normanhurst Girls School. Her passion for natural history and botany was inspired by her parents and also her grandparents. In particular, her maternal grandmother Louisa Atkinson was a botanist, natural historian and writer who collected for the notable botanists Rev. Dr. William Woolls and Sir Ferdinand von Mueller. Janet's great grandmother, Charlotte Barton, raised four children under very tragic circumstances but still managed to write the first children's book to be published in Australia, A Mother's Offering to Her Children (1841), which mentions native flora and fauna and was an early example of Australian themes and experiences including colonisation and its effect on Aboriginal people.\nIn 1934, Janet moved to the Southern Highlands, New South Wales with her parents after her father retired from his medical practice in Sydney. They purchased 'Netherby' in Moss Vale where Janet lived for the rest of her life and was a member of the All Saint's Church at Sutton Forest. She was a dutiful daughter and cared for her parents until they died, her father in 1946 and mother in 1956. By then in her fifties, this quiet reserved woman was able to devote her time and passion to a systematic study of the history of the Southern Highlands and later botany. In both of these areas of interest she left permanent and accurate records. Janet is mentioned in the Australian Geographic (2019) as an 'incredible Australian woman in botany'.\nJanet collected cuttings from local newspapers and The Sydney Morning Herald, especially about local history and conservation. She was a member of the National Trust and founding member of the Berrima District Historical Society in 1960. The Royal Australian Historical Society encouraged and supported local societies by teaching research and cataloguing skills. From 1964 to 1977, Janet was the local society's archivist.\nIn the late 1960s, Janet concentrated her attention to the study of botany and collected numerous plant specimens to add to her knowledge. She made significant contributions to plant taxonomy, providing a rigorous basis for understanding the ecology and biodiversity of the native flora in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales. Janet was a frequent visitor to the Fitzroy Falls Visitors Centre, Morton National Park, where she stored her specimens. It was here, in the 1970s, that she met and befriended Pat Hall, Special Duties Officer at the time and later Manager of Education, Information & Tourism at the Centre. In turn, Pat introduced Janet to local people with an interest in botany. Funds from the National Park Foundation were used to establish the Janet Cosh Room at the Fitzroy Falls Visitors Centre in March 2000 as an education resource for the community.\nDon Tilley was a ranger and he met Janet when he caught this old woman picking plants illegally on Water Board land until she produced her NSW National Parks & Wildlife scientific licence which made them both chuckle. They became friends with a shared interest in the native flora. Don recollected that Janet had an impact and influence on everyone she met and most especially on him, 'She was that particular about identification and was able to name even the smallest plant' except in 1982 Don collected an unusual Hibbertia which Janet and others after her could not identify. In 2001, Belinda Pellow collected another sample and sent it to an expert in South Australia. Toelken, H.R. (2012) identified and published it as Hibbertia accaulothrix in the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens.\nAs an amateur botanist, Janet was highly respected and was often in consultation with professional organisations such NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service and taxonomists at the National Herbarium of NSW, the Australian National Herbarium and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Insights are provided into Janet's keen intellect by the many examples of letters exchanged with these authorities from prominent personnel such as L.A.S. Johnson, J. Armstrong, J.D. Briggs and D.A. Johnstone, which are wonderful examples of the polite and lengthy communications by mail in the 1970s. However, Janet was not averse to challenging senior botanists about their plant identifications and was quite disdainful about the use of common names. A number of the letters from the National Herbarium of NSW are acknowledgement of donations Janet made over the years. Significantly, Janet was the first donor to the National Herbarium of NSW Research Fund in response to a request in the journal Telopea in 1973. Over thirty specimens that Janet collected were considered to be worthy of incorporation into the National Herbarium of NSW. Some were significant species, for example, threatened Grevillea rivularis collected at Carrington Falls in 1976 and rare Zieria murphyii collected at View Point, Bundanoon in 1973.\nJanet's botanical fieldwork was thorough and methodical and her field notes were precise. She was extremely proficient at map reading, having been recruited during World War II to locate and map various routes from the coast across the Southern Highlands to the inland. She was also interested in the accounts written by early travellers and explorers and perused old maps and acquired extensive knowledge about the geography of the Southern Highlands.\nSpecimen locations were always recorded clearly and accurately. Range extensions of several species were documented by Janet as well as new locations for rare species such as Phyllota humifusa, Hakea constablei and Acacia chalkeri. Each specimen was identified by Janet using various systematic keys such as the Flora of the Sydney Region and by consulting with the National Herbarium of NSW. Janet amassed a collection of botanical books and maps, which she annotated prolifically and succinctly.\nJanet shared a keen interest in the ecology of plants with her friends Ros Badgery and Rachel Roxburgh, both resilient women. They all enjoyed exploring the bush and studying the native flora and fauna. They were also concerned about the conservation of the natural environment. Ros and Janet became friends in 1963 after the death of Dorothy Farran, a mutual acquaintance who was in their congregation. Ros was given Dorothy's copy of 'Moore & Betche' published in 1893, the first official botanical flora. Janet was given some other botanical books. Janet asked Ros for help with botany but Ros said later that, 'With her brain she outstripped me in no time'. After her family died, Ros managed a 2000 acre property in the Southern Highlands on her own for 65 years. Most of the property was declared a Wildlife Refuge in 1968, which would have pleased Janet immensely. Rachel and Janet probably met as members of the National Trust, the Berrima Historical Society and the National Parks Association in the 1960s when they became aware of their mutual interests. Rachel was a woman of strong convictions, rarely given to compromise and was described as 'patrician in bearing and manner'. She was undaunted by politicians, municipal officers and bureaucrats. But from all accounts she was in awe of Janet Cosh and Janet was never daunted by her brusque manner towards others. They had some great adventures together while they were out collecting. On one occasion, they went to investigate the flora of Rodway Nature Reserve, an open forested plateau with steep cliffs near Berry off the end of Drawing Room Rocks. They couldn't negotiate their way back in the dark so they spent the night there with a camp fire to keep warm, much to the consternation of the local constabulary!\nRachel wished to study subjects in ecology at the University of Wollongong and was rather upset when informed she had to pay student fees for services she would never use except the library. Dr Rob Whelan, lecturer in biology, found a solution by allowing her to attend lectures and complete assignments in 1982 without being enrolled. Kevin Mills was a PhD student at the University of Wollongong studying the Illawarra rainforests in the 1980s when he met Janet and Rachel in the Southern Highlands. Between these friends and their association with Dr Rob Whelan they developed a keen interest to establish a regional herbarium in the Illawarra. It is very likely these connections informed Janet's decision to include the University of Wollongong in her will.\nJanet made bequests to various organisations including The Royal Historical Society; All Saints Church of England, Sutton Forest; NSW Parks & Wildlife Foundation; Sydney City Mission; National Herbarium of NSW, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney and the University of Wollongong. The bequest to the University of Wollongong, which included substantial funds and botanical resources, was 'to be used for the herbarium or botanical research' in accordance with her last will and testament. Dr Rob Whelan (later Emeritus Professor, University of Wollongong) ensured that the specifics of Janet's bequest were adhered to. As of 2019, the integrity of Janet's bequest has been upheld.\nThe Janet Cosh Herbarium was established in 1991. Janet's botanical resources included a collection of over 1600 specimens, about 1500 botanical illustrations, a library, numerous field notebooks, photographs, vegetation surveys and maps. At the time, this also allowed Dr Kevin Mills' research specimen collection to be incorporated into the Janet Cosh Herbarium. Janet's collection included excellent examples of recycling using envelopes, notepaper, cardboard packaging, old Christmas cards and even the reverse side of her father's watercolour paintings to record notes, drawings and mount specimens. Apparently, Janet was quite dismissive about her father's numerous watercolours. They were later assessed by an expert and deemed to have no artistic value. Belinda Pellow, an expert botanist, was the first curator of the Janet Cosh Herbarium and responsible for developing a herbarium from Janet's bequest. Belinda was one of the authors of the 5th Edition of Flora of the Sydney Region (2009). It is worth noting that Janet used the first edition, which she split in half for ease of carrying in the field.\nThe purpose of a herbarium is to store a collection of dried, preserved and catalogued plant specimens for identification and reference purposes whereby each specimen verifies the existence of an individual plant at a particular place and time. The Janet Cosh Herbarium facilitates botanical research, teaching, expertise in plant identification and the management of native vegetation in a regional context. Janet's botanical illustrations and plant specimens provide meticulous details of plants and their environment. The data she systematically recorded in the field are still being used as a taxonomical reference to assist with plant identification. Over the years, the collection has continued to grow with contributions from local botanists, researchers, students and the community. As at 2019, the Janet Cosh Herbarium holds almost 12,000 specimens and facilitates the teaching of undergraduate students, provides support for post-graduate students and research staff and has inter-departmental links, for example with the Faculty of Creative Arts to curate exhibitions of Janet's botanical illustrations and other projects and the Faculty Management Division to establish Campus Tree Walks for social and educational purposes.\nJanet's bequest to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney was for the purpose of contributing to the National Herbarium of NSW. According to Barbara Briggs, one of the foremost Australian botanists and from what was known of Janet's interests and intentions, this was interpreted as support for any aspect of systematic research, collection management and public information about scientific programs. Various projects have been implemented including an inaugural studentship in 2001 to contribute to research in plant taxonomy or to encourage young scientists to consider a career in plant taxonomy or ecology. This bequest also enabled the Scientific Division to be more active and entrepreneurial than would otherwise have been possible. Activities associated with Janet Cosh's bequest are documented and acknowledged in various Annual Reports and publications such as the journals Telopea and Australian Systematic Botany.\nJanet was highly respected for her botanical knowledge and was an inspiration to all who knew her. She made many significant contributions to plant ecology in the Illawarra and Southern Highlands which may be summarised as follows:\n\ncollected over 1600 plant specimens and prepared over 1500 annotated illustrations which formed the foundation of the Janet Cosh Herbarium\nprepared a herbarium of 1500 specimens for Fitzroy Falls Visitors Centre, Morton National Park\ncontributed to the knowledge of the National Herbarium of NSW\nrecorded meticulous field notes\ndiscovered range extension of several plant species and discovered new locations of rare plants\ncollaborated with professional botanists\ncontributed to the establishment of several nature reserves including Robertson Nature Reserve, Stingray Swamp and Cecil Hoskins Reserve\nprepared vegetation maps for Morton National Park\ncompiled many species lists which have been included in natural history booklets, for example Eastern Rim Wildflower Walk (1985) and publications relevant to the Southern Highlands, for example Fitzroy Falls and Beyond: A guide to Shoalhaven (1988).\n\nIn the months prior to her death, in October 1989, the elderly Janet and Rachel became concerned with the decimation of the South East Forests of NSW. Travelling in Janet's Subaru Brumby ute with their swags in the back, they made several trips to the area to document the impact of forestry practices in that region. Janet was still collecting specimens just a few weeks before she died and was planning a collecting trip to Fitzroy Falls. In honour of Janet Cosh, Flowering Wonderfully, the Botanical Legacy of Janet Cosh was compiled in 2012.\nJanet is one example of a large group of women of her era, with independent means and a keen interest in natural history, who have contributed to our knowledge of science in a quiet but significant way. In fact, she was an early exponent of 'Citizen Science'. As her friend Rachel Roxburgh said in Janet's obituary, 'In the field of botany, the records Miss Janet Cosh left will enable students to know exactly when and where to find plant species and the University of Wollongong's appreciation of her purpose would give Janet great pleasure'.\nJean Clarke, Fellow of the University of Wollongong, has spent many years since her retirement working as a volunteer in the Janet Cosh Herbarium and devoted much of her time curating and preserving the Janet Cosh historical collection. Most of this collection was transferred to the University of Wollongong Archives in 2018. Jean provides assistance to curate the collection in the archives. It includes rare books, journal articles, letters, newspaper cuttings, photographs, field notes, botanical illustrations and other material donated by Janet Cosh. This collection complements the Cosh extended family collections held in the Mitchell library, Sydney and the National library Canberra.\nThe plant specimen collection, including those collected by Janet Cosh, is stored in the Janet Cosh Herbarium, School of Earth, Atmospheric & Life Sciences, University of Wollongong and managed by Professor Kris French.\nThis entry was prepared by University of Wollongong Fellow Jean Clarke, Janet Cosh Herbarium.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/atkinson-and-cosh-family-pictorial-material-ca-1842-1973\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cosh-family-papers-1870-1923\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cosh-family-further-papers-1866-1998\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-janet-cosh\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/postcards-addressed-to-janet-cosh\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/four-photographs-including-list-of-names-of-the-sitters-and-a-letter-from-janet-cosh-1-11-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/janet-cosh-photographic-collection-ca-1901-ca-1920s\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-patricia-clarke-1887-2010-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-janet-l-cosh-1826-1983\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Addison, Vera Elizabeth", "Entry ID": "AWE6614", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/addison-vera-elizabeth\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Daylesford, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Boroondara, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Community stalwart, Community worker, Red Cross Worker, Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) worker, Volunteer", "Summary": "Vera Addison was awarded the British Empire Medal for her services to the community of Kangaroo Ground, in Eltham, Victoria, in 1968. She served as a Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) worker in England during the First World War and was a volunteer and later Honorary General Secretary of the Victoria League of Victoria for 25 years.\n", "Events": "Awarded British Empire Medal for services to the community of Kangaroo Ground (1968 - 1968)", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/addison-v-red-cross-war-medals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-v-m-e-addison-honour\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lahy, Patricia Mary", "Entry ID": "AWE6615", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lahy-patricia-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cremorne, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Academic, Academic administrator, Administrator, Teacher", "Summary": "Pat Lahy trained in physical education and established the first formal training course in counselling for people with disabilities in Australia. She was the first woman to hold the position of Dean of Arts at the University of Sydney.\n", "Details": "Born in Cremorne, the eldest of the three children of Vincent Power Lahy and his wife Valerie Roberta Wilson, Pat Lahy was educated at North Sydney Girls' High and after her father died in 1942 she trained as a physical education teacher at Sydney Teachers College, obtaining a diploma in 1947 and a teacher's certificate in 1950. Her commitment to physical education underlay many things she did later - some of her publications, her role in the university women's sports association and her interest in vocational rehabilitation for the physically disabled.\nLater she was appointed to Wagga Wagga Teachers' College to lecture in Physical Education and lived in residence there. In order to undertake part time evening studies at the University of Sydney she transferred to Balmain Teachers' College. Eventually in 1963 at thirty-five she graduated as a BA with honours in psychology. Professor William O'Neil immediately appointed her a senior tutor in the department to organise the practical and tutorial program. In 1965 she became a lecturer and from 1967 she ran the first year. She was also general secretary of the new Australian Psychological Society and a member of the Staff Club committee. In 1968 she established the first formal training course in counselling for the disabled in Australia. On sabbatical leave in 1970 she began a doctorate at Queens University Belfast which focussed on pattern recognition. This she completed in 1975.\nBack in Sydney she resumed her teaching and publishing, was promoted senior lecturer in 1977 and was increasingly seen as an efficient and reliable administrator and organiser who was well liked by her colleagues. In 1978 she became a sub-dean of arts and in 1979 pro-dean. Later that year the faculty of arts elected her dean - the first woman to hold the position at the University of Sydney. The University of Sydney News then put to her a question about her attitude to the women's liberation movement, of which she was not a member, and she replied that she was all for it, having changed her mind about the outrageous things they had done because 'they needed to shock people to make them think'. She hoped that at the end of her two years as dean she would not be seen as a token woman or a 'woman dean' and asserted that in the business of faculty there could be no difference of attitude between a man and a woman. She was re-elected twice before giving the position up. As the role of dean did not free the holder from teaching duties she also managed a heavy teaching load and in 1983 the running of an international conference for the Psychological Science society.\nIn 1982 she was elected as one of the academic representatives on the university senate - and was re-elected in 1984. The vice-chancellor, John M Ward, in 1986 appointed her his Executive Assistant and in 1987 she was appointed pro-vice-chancellor with responsibility for organising Chifley college. This involved persuading all the faculty deans and other key personnel meeting with the heads of the three colleges in the West of Sydney, which were to be amalgamated into the new university. As there was virtually no financing and much disagreement about priorities and structures it required considerable patience to draw up an acceptable scheme. After several weekend conferences the state government eventually abandoned the proposal after the 1988 Dawkins white paper, leaving it to the three colleges to develop their existing courses into a university. As Pat's good sense had been much appreciated in all three institutions she was appointed a member of the new university's board of governors in 1989 and remained a governor, making several important contributions to the structure, until 1997. In 1991 she ceased to be pro vice-chancellor at Sydney and retired from her long-term position. Acknowledging all she had done in thirty years of employment in the following year the university made her a D Litt and the government appointed her a member of the Order of Australia. She was too useful to be allowed to retire in peace however, and in 1993 she was given the responsibility of managing the merger of the College of the Arts with Sydney University. In 1994 she returned to the university part-time to a new role - that of student ombudsman. In 1999 she finally retired - and was given another honorary D Litt by the Western Sydney University. She moved to her Blue Mountains weekender, where she lived in failing health until her sudden death in 2004.\n", "Events": "Appointed Member of the Order of Australia for service to education (1992 - 1992)" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hall, Judy", "Entry ID": "AWE6617", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hall-judy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Trafalgar, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Music teacher, Musician", "Summary": "Judy Hall (nee Baillie) was born into a musical family in West Gippsland in 1922. Although she did not begin formal piano training until she was twelve, she has been an inspiring and influential piano teacher for over seventy years. Her focus and expertise has been on the foundations of good technique and she has been an authoritative voice in music education across Australia. Her teaching and commitment to music education has been recognised through a number of awards and honours including an OAM in 1996.\n", "Details": "Evelyn Margaret Mary 'Judy' Hall (nee Baillie) was born in Trafalgar in 2 July 1922, one of four children to Irish born blacksmith Daniel Baillie and his wife Mary Larsen.\nJudy Hall grew up in a family where music was important and she credits her early musical influences to her father, who was a band master and played in the Melbourne Codes Brass Band and the State Theatre. Her musical education was further expanded with the family's purchase of a radio in the 1930s, which provided entr\u00e9e to broadcast concerts, affording an introduction and education in classical music.\nJudy Hall was educated at the Trafalgar State School and Warragul High School. As a child, Judy had access to her father's piano, teaching herself the rudiments through playing by ear and supplemented by informal lessons provided by her father, who taught her the basics of music, although it was not until she was twelve that she started formal music lessons. At the age of fifteen, she left the Warragul High School and continued her education at St Joseph's Convent in Trafalgar, where her studies included bookkeeping, typing and music.\nWhilst still in primary school her skills as a pianist were recognised, and she was awarded a scholarship by a local piano teacher, Miss Truebridge, which granted her six months tuition. Her piano lessons with several local teachers were of a variable nature, most of whom she did not consider accomplished in music or education. As a pianist, with only two years of formal tuition, she started accompanying her classmates in concerts, whilst also winning a number of local eisteddfods. At one such eisteddfod her musical mind was opened by another competitor's renditions of Bach's instrumental Arioso. Suddenly she comprehended that music could be interpreted, rather than just played as a series of notes. This was an insight which provided her with the awareness that her technique was lacking and required improvement. So, she set out to find a teacher who could assist her in improving this. A previous teacher Margaret Smallacombe, had been taught by Edward Goll (1884-1949) a Czech born concert pianist and music teacher who was appointed to the Albert Street Conservatorium in 1914, the following year accepting a position at the Melbourne Conservatorium as piano soloist and chief study teacher of pianoforte, shortly after being appointed as musical director at the Presbyterian Ladies' College. So from c.1938 utilising whatever means she could to journey to Melbourne, Judy Hall began the arduous trip of travelling to weekly half day private classes with Goll. In recalling her childhood musical training prior to Edward Goll, she believes she learned how to play without any musical understanding, commenting 'no one could have had a worse start'.\nAs a twelve-year-old girl guide, Judy Baillie had met a 'good looking' boy scout, Cedric James Hall, and in 1944 after ten years of friendship, they were married. At the end of World War Two, as a young mother with a new baby, Judy Hall embarked on her career as a music teacher, eventually having another two children whilst developing a reputation for the excellence of her teaching. She has noted that without their support she would not have been able to achieve all she subsequently did.\nUnderstanding the deficiencies in her own musical education, she wanted to ensure that her pupils had a better start. Actively involved in the Victorian Music Teachers Association (VMTA), which provided both support and professional networks, she participated in many of the training sessions the Association delivered for music teachers across the state, as well as attending the Summer Schools they offered. Here she was exposed to a number of international music teaching theorists. She also undertook three overseas trips with the Association, whose itineraries included visits to music schools, universities, concerts and talks, inspiring the participants in their teaching and practice.\nIn the late 1970s, Warren Thompson, music teacher and founder of the Federation of Australian Music Teachers' Association, brought to Australia the Italian music educator Lidia Baldecchi-Arcui, who was to become Judy Hall's mentor. At their first meeting in Sydney, Baldecchi-Arcui lectured for five days on the importance of the foundations of music education. This was a moment of clarity for Judy Hall, whose own introduction to piano had been so mediocre. It led to a dozen further visits to Australia by Baldecchi-Arcui and several reciprocal trips to Genova by Judy Hall, both accompanying her gifted students and independently. Baldecchi-Arcui's influence saw Judy Hall develop her own teaching notes, stressing the importance of hand technique for beginner pianists. Entitled The First Three Years, these covered the basic techniques required-relaxation exercises, hand position, anchoring of thumbs, finger position, and the strength required in every element of fingers, wrists and hands for effortless piano playing. This became the foundation of Judy Hall's focus on the formative development of pianists, an expertise she has shared as a guest lecturer at the Sydney, Adelaide and Perth Conservatoria, training music teachers across the nation.\nWithin her local area of West Gippsland, Judy Hall used her networks and connections to facilitate and organise touring musicians, as well as local concerts for the Country Women's Association, football clubs, fire brigades, and with a group called 'Judy and Friends' she gave concerts for community organisations including nursing homes, and for private recitals. Her students competed regularly in eisteddfods, winning seventy-six major prizes and scholarships. In expanding their musical repertoire, she championed the inclusion of the concerto in these competitions accompanying most of them herself on 2nd piano.\nThe scores of students she has taught have included over thirty-two A.Mus.A Diplomas, and 4 Licentiate Diplomas; thirty are now music teachers scattered all over Victoria. Amongst her former students are a number who established medical and science careers, while continuing to maintain their musical practice. While her high-profile students have included Dr Pamela Burnard, Professor of Arts, Creativities and Educations at the University of Cambridge, the pianist Tim Young the Head of Piano and Chamber Music at the Australian National Academy of Music (ANAM) and a founding member of chamber group Ensemble Liaison, and a pianist with leading Australian and international musicians and ensembles. Dr Paul Rickard-Ford a Senior Lecturer in Music at the Sydney Conservatorium, musician and Federal Examiner for the AMEB. The conductors Vanessa Scammell and Paul Fitzsimon, and the rising star pianist Alex Waite.\nAt the age of sixty, Judy Hall decided to augment her musical repertoire, undertaking cello lessons in order to play in Chamber Music groups. As a cellist she has accompanied the La Trobe Valley Operatic Society, and played with local orchestras. At the same time, she also commenced painting classes, first in oils and later in watercolour.\nFrom her late seventies, Judy Hall has starred in a number of concerts. The first in 1996 was at the La Trobe Regional Gallery, where she played Beethoven's Piano Concerto no 3 accompanied by the Latrobe Orchestra. Her ninetieth birthday was celebrated with a four-and-a-half-hour concert, with musicians including former students, friends and family. The highlights of her concert career began in 2018 at the age of ninety-six, with Judy Hall as soloist with the Gippsland Symphony Orchestra playing Chopin at a series of concerts in Warragul and Sale. Prior to the first event, Judy Hall spoke to the Secretary of the VMTA asking if the concert could be recorded. Hearing this, the ABC offered to do so, and when interviewed by the broadcaster, she mentioned that her ambition had always been to play at the Melbourne Town Hall. This was followed up by the Melbourne City Council, and later the same year with the Latrobe Orchestra she fulfilled her dream, playing in the Melbourne Town Hall, to a packed audience of former students and their families.\nIn February 2019, for the Gala Concert to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the Melbourne Recital Hall, Judy Hall, now in her ninety-seventh year was asked to play a duet with Tim Young, also accompanied by Alex Waite, playing Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsody no 2 in G Minor.\nJudy Hall's contribution to music education has been recognised through a number of awards and honours:\n\nAn OAM received in 1996, for her contribution of fifty years to music education,\nthe Distinguished Teachers Award from the Victorian Music Teachers Association in 2011,\nLife Membership of the Victorian Music Teachers Association 2019,\nLife Membership of the Latrobe Valley Orchestra,\nLife Membership of the Latrobe Valley Eisteddfod.\n\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Benz, Hedwig", "Entry ID": "AWE6619", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/benz-hedwig\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brig, Switzerland", "Death Place": "Queensland", "Occupations": "Interpreter", "Summary": "Hedwig Benz was the first full time interpreter at the Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital - a hospital for women - in Melbourne. Benz was awarded the British Empire Medal in 1972 in recognition of service to migrants in Victoria, for her work at the Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital. She played a valuable role in removing the responsibility from English-speaking children of migrants in liaising about their mother's illness with hospital staff.\n", "Details": "According to her immigration records, Hedwig Schl\u00e4pfer was born in Brig, Switzerland and lived in Switzerland most of her life until immigrating, with the exception of a year or two in Italy when she was 18. She arrived in Melbourne on the S M Almkerk in July 1949, intending to work as a housekeeper and a nurse. She then moved to Canberra, where she spent three years, returning to Melbourne in 1953. She married William Benz, another Swiss migrant, in Melbourne in 1954 and received her certificate of naturalization in 1958. In 1956 Benz began working full time at the Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital as an interpreter, where she remained until retiring in 1971. By 1977 the couple had moved to Queensland. Hedwig Benz died in 2006.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/benz-hedwig-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Foster, Ruby Jessie", "Entry ID": "AWE6620", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/foster-ruby-jessie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Berrigan, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Packenham, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Community stalwart, Community worker, Red Cross leader, Social worker, Tennis player", "Summary": "Ruby Foster was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1958 for social welfare services in Gippsland in Victoria. She was heavily involved with the Red Cross in Gippsland and Maffra, serving as president of the Maffra branch from 1941.\n", "Events": "Social welfare services in Gippsland in Victoria (1958 - 1958)" }, { "Title\/Name": "Govan, Elizabeth Steel Livingston", "Entry ID": "AWE6621", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/govan-elizabeth-steel-livingston\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Hamilton, Scotland", "Death Place": "Uxbridge, Ontario, Canada", "Occupations": "Educator, Social scientist, Social work educator, Social worker", "Summary": "Elizabeth Govan was recognised by her peers as having 'played a big part in the expansion of the social studies courses and social welfare work in Australia' from her time in Australia (1939-1946) at the New South Wales Board of Social Study and Training in Sydney and later Sydney University. (Sydney Morning Herald, 15 March 1945)\n", "Details": "Some short-term women residents of Australia made a significant contribution to its history. One such was Elizabeth Steel Livingston Govan. Born in Hamilton, Scotland, to William Arthur Winsleigh Govan and Elizabeth Livingston, who were committed Scottish Presbyterians. The family soon migrated to Canada, where in 1930 Elizabeth obtained a BA from Toronto University, which was followed in 1932 with a BA from Oxford and then a Masters degree in public welfare administration and a diploma in social work from Toronto.\nIn 1939 she came to Australia to be a tutor in Social Work for the existing independent New South Wales Board of Social Study and Training in Sydney, responsible for the problems of unmarried mothers and their children, which she did for a year. The training of social workers, however, was undergoing significant changes in that year and was being put for the first time under the control of the university. In February 1940, the Senate of Sydney University agreed that a Board of Studies in Social Work be established and Govan was appointed acting director of the newly formed department. She supervised students' field work and taught social case work. In the next few years as a member of the Delinquency Committee of the Child Welfare Advisory Council, she and Norma Parker also played a leading role in upgrading the NSW Child Welfare Department. She became director of the university department three years later when a male economics lecturer who was the successful applicant could not leave England. By this time her unqualified capacity to manage a department and her devotion to the subject had been recognised. Her work made the subject completely accepted both academically and in the community. In 1944 she was elected to the senate of the University of Sydney and in the same year she became a member of the earliest committee of the newly formed Sydney Association of University Teachers.\nNevertheless, at the end of the war she returned to Canada to take up a junior position as an assistant professor at Toronto, having obtained a letter from the president of the University of Toronto, Sydney Smith, regarding salaries of faculty members, which ensured her the same salary as a male in the position. After finishing her thesis in 1951 from Chicago (which was on an Australian topic - Public and Private Responsibility in Child Welfare in NSW 1788-1887) she left academic work for a time to work on special projects for the Canadian Welfare Council, but in 1958 she became a full professor in social work. She remained an executive director and from 1962-4 Director of the Canadian Association of social work.\nIn Canada she was a major contributor to the development of the area of social work.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elisabeth-steel-livingston-govan-fonds\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Morgan, Edith Joyce", "Entry ID": "AWE6624", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/morgan-edith-joyce\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Essendon, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Preston, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Social planner, Social worker", "Summary": "Edith Morgan was the first social worker appointed by the Collingwood Council (1972), and worked to improve services such as childcare, community health and housing. She received the Order of Australia medal for service to the community in 1989 and was later recognised for her service as an advocate for social justice, women and the disadvantaged.\n", "Details": "Edith Morgan was born in 1919 in Essendon to John Donald Coldicutt and Edith Gertrude Rowe, and grew up part of a large family. She left Melbourne ('ran away' in her own words) for Adelaide and married William George Morgan there when she was 22. Later in life, in conversation with Geraldine Robertson, she carried the memory of her childhood as one of disadvantage towards girls in relation to education ('I was always bitter about the fact that the girls in my family could not go on.') She and her husband moved to Sydney, where their four children were born. In Sydney she became involved with the Communist Party and was a member of the Union of Australian Women from its beginning.\nThe family returned to Melbourne in 1956 and Edith enrolled in a social work degree at the University of Melbourne. Of this she remarked, 'It was a conservative degree I did at Melbourne University, aimed at controlling the population, but aren't all those things aimed at controlling the population? Whether we call it community development or whatever it is, you are trying to turn a population a certain way. I disagreed with this. I wanted to work for change.'\nEdith worked for change for the rest of her life. In 1972 she became the first social worker appointed by the Collingwood Council and worked to improve services such as childcare, community health and housing. In her view, 'if you give a service for 'poor' people, you'll give a poor service. You've got to be saying 'This service will be for all people, including the poor' (Robertson interview). She became an advocate for the rights of older people and helped found the Older Persons Action Centre and Housing for the Aged Action Group.\nIn 1989 she received the Order of Australia medal for service to the community. As Chairperson for the Victorian Consumer Forum for the Aged, Edith was awarded Victorian Senior Citizen of the Year in 1991, followed by a Centenary Medal in 2001, for service as an advocate for social justice, women and the disadvantaged. She was posthumously inducted onto the Victorian Honour Roll of Women in 2005, and left bequests in her will to the Older Person Action Centre and the Union of Australian Women.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edith-morgan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edith-morgan-audio-book-cd-a-service-for-the-poor-or-a-poor-service\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hockings, Jessie", "Entry ID": "AWE6628", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hockings-jessie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Stamford Hill, Hackney, England", "Death Place": "Southport, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Farmer, Volunteer", "Summary": "Jessie Hockings (nee Miller) was a child when her family migrated to Australia from England. After leaving London on 31 July 1909, they arrived in Brisbane on 20 September 1909. They then travelled to a property at Dulacca in the Western Downs region of Queensland.\nIn February 1923, at the age of 23, Jessie Miller married Frank Hockings and almost immediately moved to Thursday Island, where Frank and his brother ran the Wanetta Pearling Co. World War 2 interrupted those operations and the family moved backed to continental Queensland to run a dairy farm at Springbrook, which they purchased in 1945. Sadly, Frank passed away in 1952, but Jessie remained on the farm for another thirteen years. She moved down to the coast at Southport in 1965.\nRegardless of where she lived, the Queensland Country Women's Association (CWA) was a constant feature of Jessie Hocking's life. She was a member for roughly sixty years, maintaining a tradition that ran in the family. Her mother, Jessie Strathearn Miller, was president of Dulacca (Qld) CWA and a younger sister was the secretary-treasurer of the same branch. Jessie was a founding member of the Springbrook CWA in 1957 and a three-time president during the 60s to 80s. She was secretary-treasurer of the Thursday Island branch during her time up there.\nAs well as the CWA, Jessie volunteered at the Red Cross, an aged care residence, and the local hospital ladies' auxiliary.\nIn 1982, a British Empire Medal for Meritorious Civil Service, which she received on her 82nd birthday, acknowledged Jessie's community work, which she continued to do until well into her 80s.\nJessie Hockings passed away in 1991 and is sadly missed by her family and friends. Her legacy lives on in an educational bursary awarded every year by the Springbrook-Mudgeeraba CWA. Since 1992 the branch has presented a local primary school student with the Jessie Hockings Encouragement Award. The $200 bursary aims to help a family ease the financial burden of their child transitioning to high school. It represents her prevailing belief in the importance of a good education.\n", "Details": "The following essay was written by Avril Priem and published in the Winter 2020 edition of the CWA Queensland magazine. It is reproduced in full with permission.\nTHE LADY AND THE LEGACY\nStory by Avril Priem\nFor 27 years, Springbrook-Mudgeeraba CWA has presented a local primary school student with the Jessie Hockings Encouragement Award. \"This $200 bursary aims to help a family ease the financial burden of their child transitioning to high school,\" says president, Robyn Keene.\nWho was Jessie Hockings?\nJessie Hockings was a founding member of the Springbrook CWA in 1957 and a three-time president during the 60s to 80s. Well-respected and much-loved in the district, her belief in supporting education prevails through her legacy.\nJessie's granddaughter, Lorraine Mitchell, says her grandmother did not attend school while growing up on the western Downs. \"Instead, she had lessons at home because there was no money for boarding school.\" Lorraine continues, \"We affectionately called her Grandy. She was eloquent, well-read, an accomplished pianist and singer who held her audiences spellbound. She could quote Shakespeare, whip up a delicious strawberry mousse or make luscious brandied cumquats.\"\nPrickly pear, pearly shells and dairying\nAs a young girl of nine, Jessie Miller emigrated with her family from England in 1909 to the Dulacca district, west of Miles. In contrast to 'England's green and pleasant land', their new country was hot, dry and peppered with prickly pear.\nLorraine recollects the family story: \"When they first arrived from Brisbane with a month's supply of groceries, a 7-pound billy of golden syrup had burst over everything and there was no water to wash it off. Water had to be carted in barrels from a waterhole three miles away. The family lived in bush tents for 14 months while great-grandpa Miller built a house, a dam with pick and shovel, and tried to clear the land of prickly pear by hand - an impossible task. They eventually left that grant of land and developed Myalla, their wheat and beef property.\"\nAt 23, Jessie married Frank Hockings and moved to Thursday Island - to stay for 18 years. Frank and his brother Norman ran the Wanetta Pearling Co.\nWhen Japan entered the war in 1941, Thursday Island became an Australian military zone. The armed services requisitioned the luggers and pearling came to a standstill. Lorraine explains what happened next: \"In 1942, Australian civilians were ordered to leave within 24 hours. Grandy and her three children - my mother Robin, Peg, and David - were evacuated to Brisbane. Leaving her home and life on TI was very stressful for her. Grandpa Frank joined his family later and for a time worked in the Rocklea munitions factory that made hand grenades.\"\nIn 1945, the Hockings took up a dairy farm at Springbrook in the Gold Coast hinterland, and began the hard work of milking twice a day for 20 years. Lorraine's childhood memories are of lush paddocks, spectacular scenery, banana passionfruit growing under the verandah, and finger limes growing in tree stumps. And inside the farmhouse: \"the woodstove, Grandy's roasts and home-baked pies, a sweet cordial made from finger limes, and hot porridge for breakfast served with brown sugar and fresh cream from the dairy.\"\nIn the CWA\nBeing in the CWA ran in the family. Jessie's mother was president of Dulacca CWA and a younger sister, the secretary-treasurer. On Thursday Island, Jessie was the branch secretary-treasurer. \"As a Springbrook CWA member, she was often on the phone organising events, or chatting with members, supporting them and their families,\" remembers Lorraine. \"Grandy was gifted with a wonderful kind heart. Her positive energy and enthusiasm enveloped those around her.\"\nAfter Frank died of a heart attack in 1952, Jessie and family kept the farm going until 1965. She then moved from mountain to coast but continued to attend Springbrook meetings, getting a lift with her friend, Lola Hicks, who had also been a president over the years. Lola would motor up in her 1965 Humber Super Snipe.\nAs well as the CWA, Jessie volunteered at the Red Cross, an aged care residence, and the local hospital ladies' auxiliary. \"She was a hospital 'flower lady' for 15 years and used to say that a bit of flower power helps cheer up the day for both patients and staff,\" smiles Lorraine.\nJessie was also renowned for her jams, pickles and chutneys, all made from garden produce given to her by family, friends and neighbours. A local newspaper reported that in one year she cooked up 491lbs or 222kg! Her jars of tasty home-mades were given away for fundraising or entered into shows and CWA competitions. Her Madras chutney won the CWA state final two years in a row in the 70s.\nIn 1982, a British Empire Medal for Meritorious Civil Service acknowledged Jessie's community work, which she continued to do until well into her 80s. \"She was thrilled to receive a BEM,\" says Lorraine. \"It coincided with her 82nd birthday, so it was a double celebration.\"\nJessie Hockings passed away in 1991 at the age of 91. She was a quintessential CWA lady and true to the CWA Creed was always giving - and looking up, laughing, loving and lifting.\n", "Events": "Jessie Hockings was awarded a British Empire Medal for Meritorious Civil Service in acknowledgement of her community work across several decades. (1982 - 1982)" }, { "Title\/Name": "Chilly, Sue", "Entry ID": "AWE6629", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/chilly-sue\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Nambour, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal rights activist", "Summary": "Sue Chilly is a staunch member of the Aboriginal rights movement, progressing reform both as an activist of groups such as the Australian Black Panthers, and as a field officer of the Department of Aboriginal and Island Affairs.\n", "Details": "Please note; this entry draws substantially upon an ASIO dossier on Sue Chilly. We understand that these files often say more about the notetaker than the subject.\nSue Chilly was born in the country town of Nambour and moved to Brisbane at a young age to find work. She soon became involved in the Brisbane chapter of the Australian Black Panther Party, where she served as the Minister for Information. Within this activist group, she helped provide free medical, legal and childcare services for Indigenous Australians, and also travelled to several cities to speak at conferences on racism and inequality. She additionally participated in a protest which briefly established an Aboriginal embassy in King George Square, Brisbane.\nChilly held a number of various positions in many political groups. In 1974, she was the President of the Black Community Housing Service and the Secretary of the Queensland Committee Against the Act. She was also appointed to assist in conducting an Aboriginal education scholarship scheme and was employed by the Department of Aboriginal and Island Affairs as a field officer. The next year, she was elected the State Secretary of the Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders.\nIn 1976, Chilly was a member of the Australian delegation to attend the International Tribunal of Crimes Against Women, held in Brussels. She was sponsored in this opportunity by the Australian Union of Students. At the conference, Chilly presented two papers describing how, 'By colonialism, racism and sexism, Aboriginal women's status [have] been reduced to the lowest level in the hierarchy of Australian society' ('Crimes Against Women', Les Femmes, 1976, p. 67). Chilly was dissatisfied with the scope of issues discussed at the conference, feeling the event to be dominated by a western European viewpoint. This sentiment would remain a common theme throughout Chilly's career as a feminist and Aboriginal rights activist, as she experienced how the lack of intersectional values of Australia's second-wave feminism and the women's liberation movement would continually serve to exclude and sideline Aboriginal women.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/chilly-sue-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/chilly-iris-suzanne-colleen-aka-chilly-aka-chile-sue-volume-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/chilly-iris-suzanne-colleen-aka-chilly-aka-chile-sue-volume-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-black-panther-party-of-australia-volume-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-black-panther-party-of-australia-volume-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cummins-marlene-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-sue-chilly-delivered-a-paper-at-the-international-tribunal-on-crimes-against-women-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-black-panthers-poster-2014-0233\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cummins, Marlene", "Entry ID": "AWE6630", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cummins-marlene\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cunnamulla, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Aboriginal rights activist, Activist, Musician, Radio presenter", "Summary": "Marlene Cummins is one of Australia's foremost blues musicians, a lifelong Aboriginal rights activist and the subject of Rachel Perkin's 2014 documentary Black Panther Woman .\n", "Details": "Marlene Cummins was born in the Queensland town of Cunnamulla, to Guguyelandji heritage on her father's side and Woppaburra on her Mother's.\nAt 17 Cummins had made her way to Brisbane and joined the Australian Black Panther Party, the first chapter in the country. The party's 'Ten-Point Platform Program' led to the establishment of the Aboriginal Medical and Legal Services, a childcare program and a free breakfast program for schoolchildren. Cummins notes that the latter two programs were largely run by women.\nRachel Perkin's 2014 documentary, Black Panther Woman, depicts Cummins' reflections on her time as a Panther, her career as a musician and radio show host, as well as her attendance at the New York International Black Panther Conference. Additionally, Cummins reveals the abusive intra-party attitudes that prevailed towards female Panthers at the time, and the pressure felt to stay silent in order to protect the Aboriginal rights movement. She has remained vocal about violence perpetrated against Indigenous women in Australia, and the double minority burden that precludes justice for these crimes.\nCummins incorporates these themes and personal experiences into her first album, Koori Woman Blues, the culmination of her long career as a songwriter, saxophone player and blues musician. Cummins additionally has worked as an actor, appearing in a short film Hush for the 2007 Indigenous Film Festival, and recently in Black Drop Effect at the 2020 Sydney Festival.\nFor more than twenty years Cummins has hosted her show Marloo's Blues on Koori Radio. In 2009 she won the Broadcaster of the Year award for her work at the Deadly Awards.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cummins-marlene-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-black-panther-party-of-australia-volume-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/chilly-iris-suzanne-colleen-aka-chilly-aka-chile-sue-volume-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-biographical-index-entry-personal-subject-cummins-marlene\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Marsh, Jan", "Entry ID": "AWE6635", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marsh-jan\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Feminist, Labour movement activist, Trade unionist", "Summary": "Jan Marsh is a significant member of the trade union movement in Australia, arguing many of the Australian Council of Trade Union's submissions in national wage and industry cases. Throughout her career she has advocated not only for the improvement of women's opportunities in the labour movement, but also for more equal representation within Australia's trade unions themselves.\n", "Details": "Jan Marsh graduated from Monash University with a Bachelor of Economics in 1969 and the following year joined the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) as an Assistant Research Officer. As part of a larger research team, Marsh assisted in developing the 1983 Prices and Incomes Accord, a series of agreements between the Labor Party and the ACTU which moderated wages demands in return for improved 'social wages', such as employment, Medicare, superannuation. Additionally, she successfully argued the case for unpaid maternity leave before the Arbitration Commission in Melbourne, securing leave of up to 52 weeks for Australian women.\nIn 1978 the National Women's Advisory Council was established to provide advice to the Fraser government on women's issues, and Marsh was successfully selected as an initial member. With her extensive experience as a trade unionist, Marsh was able to contribute to the Council's two annual reports, More Than A Token Gesture and An Equal Voice.\nIn 1979 she was promoted to industrial advocate of the ACTU, a move which placed her in the, 'most important office ever held by a woman in the history of the trade union movement', (Veitch, 'Jan wins time off for mothers', People, 1979).\nFrom 1989 until 2008, Marsh worked at the Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC), serving in the positions of Deputy President and Senior Deputy President. She was also a member of the first all-female bench in 1989. At the time of her resignation Marsh was the most senior female member of the AIRC.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-womens-advisory-council-jan-marsh-member\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-jan-marsh-unionist-actu-chief-officer-and-advocate-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trade-business-and-trades-unions-jan-marsh-at-the-office-of-the-australian-council-of-trade-unions\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-australian-council-of-trade-unions\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hall, Lesley", "Entry ID": "AWE6636", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hall-lesley\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Port Fairy, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Arts administrator, Chief Executive Officer, Disability rights activist, Feminist, Writer", "Summary": "Lesley Hall was a feminist and disability advocate who worked throughout her life to empower low income and indigenous people, and people with disabilities, to attain and assert their human rights. She dramatically increased the policy involvement of people with disabilities in Australian and international disability issues. On behalf of the Australian Federation of Disability Organisations (AFDO) she represented and involved people with disabilities in the consultation, lobbying and campaign to successfully achieve the National Disability Strategy and the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS).\nLesley Hall is well known for a radical form of activism in 1981, when she and other activists stormed the stage of the St Kilda Town Hall during the Miss Australia Quest. The act has been described as 'the first public act to place disability as a feminist issue on the agenda'.\n", "Details": "Born in the Victorian country town of Port Fairy in 1954, Lesley Hall started her schooling at the local primary school. She then attended a special school (Yooralla) and completed her secondary schooling in Altona. She graduated with a BA and Dip Ed from La Trobe University in 1973-78.\nLesley's political evolution started at school, when she became aware of the equity (or inequity) issues associated with 'special' schooling. The process of being segregated and institutionalised as a young teenager was limiting, indeed, harmful, on many levels. Not only was the education sub-standard, it was socially inadequate. People in so-called 'special schools' often did not develop the interpersonal skills they might otherwise have developed in mainstream schools.\nLesley began to develop a theoretical perspective on the experience of oppression when she became involved in disability politics in the late 1970s. She met Richard Berger and Eddie Ryan, who were involved in the newly forming disability activist movement, around 1979-80 and immediately clicked with the group. They were radical in their thinking and their perspective matched her own, which was that people with disabilities should not be segregated, but should be encouraged to be part of the broader community. Very importantly, they must be able to speak for themselves.\nAn important step towards empowerment was the establishment of the Disability Action Forum (DAF) of which Lesley was a member. The DAF was a unique organisation of people from around Victoria with disabilities, united on a regional basis - not disability specific - to speak and act on their own behalf. As a member of this forum, Lesley was instrumental, in 1981, in establishing the state's first Disability Resource Centre (DRC) in Brunswick, a place run by people with disabilities, where people could go to find information about services and their rights under law. It was one of her first jobs in the disability advocacy sector.\nThis activity took place in 1981, the International Year of the Disabled Person. According to Lesley, this year was 'crucial for people understanding that people with disabilities needed to be involved in and lead projects'. There was a lot of energy, and intense focus on organising and activism.\nThis was also a time when people with disabilities were gaining the confidence to speak for themselves in more radical, publicly confronting ways. Historically, disability support services had come under the auspices of charities, such as the Spastic Society (now Scope). This was a bone of enormous contention for disability activists, who objected to the charity perspective of support on a number of fronts. Firstly, support offered by charities was generally provided in the form of segregation, in the guise of institutional living, sheltered workshops and special schools. The charity perspective oppressed people, says Lesley, because it 'focused on people's deficits rather than their strengths' and treated people as 'objects of pity'. So an important platform of political action for disability activists was to cut the nexus between charity and service provision. Their views on the matter were highlighted in the late 1970s in Victoria by a successful campaign of public protests aimed against the Yooralla Telethon and its depiction of children with disabilities as objects of pity rather than humans with agency.\nThere was a feminist thread to this activism. Lesley was involved in feminist politics in the 1970s which took her to the disability movement at the end of the decade. Her interest in both streams, however, reinforced in her mind the inadequacies of both. There was 'a lot of sexism around' in the disability movement in the early 1980s. But the feminist movement's response to the particular needs of women with disabilities was inadequate and unsatisfying. A significant number of women with disabilities shared her frustration\nThey established the Women with Disabilities Feminist Collective (WDFC) which offered a space where women with disabilities could go and talk about their experiences and gain strength through doing so. It was also a political action group, involved in organising protests. The Anti-Miss Victoria quest working party was one activity, but there were others organised around housing, employment and transport. WDFC was busiest in the early to mid 1980s; less so in the late 80s to early 90s, although this was a time when other organisations with a gender perspective, such as Women with Disabilities Victoria and WWDA were beginning to take shape.\nLesley was involved in a set of direct action protests that highlighted the gender perspective in the critique of public representations of people with disabilities. The Miss Australia Quest was a beauty contest that since 1954 had run as a fundraiser for the Spastic Society in Victoria. Feminist activists and lobby groups for the disabled had been protesting outside national finals throughout the 1980s.\nThe International Year of the Disabled put the spotlight on opposition to the quest. As Lesley explained, the beauty quest as a form of fundraiser for disability charities was particularly odious, given its focus on physical perfection 'as the norm all must attain if they are to be fully accepted into society'. Lesley was among a group of feminists and disability activists who got into the venue for the 1981 event. 'The media sprang to life as soon as soon as we got on stage,' she says.\nThe protests received significant press coverage and provoked a range of responses, including strong support from people within the Spastic Society and other disability charities, to criticism from people with disabilities. There was still a very conservative group that believed segregation, and therefore, the charities that supported segregated services, to be the best way of providing for people with a disability. Despite the objections from this camp, the protest marked a symbolic shift in the mode of public thinking about the place of people with disabilities in Australian society. This was accompanied by a major policy shift in Victoria, initiated by some very progressive people in government, who were listening to disability activists and beginning to 'get' the issues.\nThe 1981 protest action was, arguably, the first public act to place disability as a feminist issue on the agenda. Throughout the 1980s, the WDFC continued to highlight these issues. Like the women from the DPI (A) women's network, they began to gather a more theorised perspective on the issues confronting women with disabilities especially when it came to women's health and the problems of domestic violence. By the early 1990s, there was some crossover between the two streams. A decade of networking and deep discussion had created an environment where women with disabilities in Victoria knew they needed to do something.\nLesley became involved with Women with Disabilities Victoria in the late 1990s. Her professional work as an advocate in the development of Attendant Care action and planning brought her into contact with members of the network, such as Keran Howe. Lesley was a member of a working party that was examining the issues associated with women with disabilities gaining access to women's refuges, a problem that Women with Disabilities Victoria and WWDA were researching at the time. She lent her support to Women with Disabilities Victoria at a time when the organisation was on shaky ground, to help them return to a stable and sustainable position. She also lent her writing skills to Oyster Grit, the breakthrough publication of stories about women with disabilities, written by women with disabilities.\nLesley was keenly aware of the transformative power of the arts for people with disabilities. She worked as an Arts & Cultural Development Officer at the City of Darebin where she promoted the inclusion of people with disabilities in all their artistic opportunities. She was a member of the Art of Difference 2009 Steering Committee and on the Board of Arts Access. She previously served on the Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission (VEOHRC) disability advisory committee and the Victorian Disability Advisory Council (VDAC). She also represented VDAC on the Department of Human Services Industry Advisory Group.\nIn September 2008 she was employed as the CEO for the Australian Federation of Disability Organisations (AFDO) where she brought her experience, skills and long commitment to human rights for women, people with disabilities and indigenous people to the national and international work of AFDO. She was still working for AFDO when she passed way in 2013.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lesley-hall-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-and-rosemary-francis-in-the-women-with-disabilities-network-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hughes, Mary Ethel", "Entry ID": "IMP0001", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hughes-mary-ethel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Burrandong, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "Dame Mary Hughes was awarded the Order of the British Empire - Dame Grand Cross - Civil, on 31 December 1921 for public services to Australia during World War I. It was the highest award a woman could obtain, and she was the first Australian to receive it. Mary Hughes was the wife of the 13th prime minister of Australia, William Morris (Billy) Hughes (1915-1923), one of Australia's longest serving parliamentarians.\n", "Details": "The daughter of Thomas and Mary Ann (n\u00e9e Burton) Campbell, Mary trained as a nurse before marrying Billy Hughes at the age of 37 on 26th June 1911 at Christ Church, South Yarra in Victoria. They had one daughter, Helen, born 11th August 1915, who passed away, aged 21, in a London nursing home.\nFitzhardinge, in his biography of Billy Hughes in the Australian Biographical Dictionary advises that Dame Mary, \"by her social gifts, tact and management, gave Hughes the domestic background he always lacked and provided precisely the feather-bedding that his restless activity and frail physique required.\"\nThe Hughes' marriage was not always happy. Dame Mary did not get on with Billy's children from his previous relationship with Elizabeth Cutts, who had passed away in 1906. She was also more frivolous with money than Hughes would have liked. Nevertheless Dame Mary was his constant companion, accompanying her husband during his parliamentary sessions to Melbourne and on domestic and overseas trips.\nIt was during the overseas trips at the time of the First World War that Dame Mary became interested in the welfare of Australian servicemen and visited camps and hospitals in Britain, France and Australia. The honour of Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire was conferred on her, in the New Years honours of 1922, for her charitable and war effort work.\nAfter the war, Dame Mary continued with her charity work and became president of the Rachel Forester Hospital for Women and Children in Sydney in 1925. She was also an advocate for women's rights. Dame Mary outlived her husband by six years. After Billy passed away, on 28 October 1952, she stayed initially at their Lindfield property. Then in September 1955 she moved to live with her niece, Miss Edith Hayes.\nDame Mary Hughes died at the age of 83, at 8.30 p.m. on 2nd April 1958, at her niece's home in Double Bay. Her funeral service was held on Saturday 5 April at 10 a.m. at St Andrew's Cathedral, George Street, Sydney. She was interred in the Church of England section of the Marquarie Park Cemetery (incorporating Northern Suburbs Cemetery), with her husband and next to her daughter.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prime-ministers-wives\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-federation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dame-mary-hughes-dies-at-83\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/death-of-dame-mary-hughes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/william-hughes-mary-hughes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letter-1952-nov-27-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Menzies, Pattie Mae", "Entry ID": "IMP0004", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/menzies-pattie-mae\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Alexandra, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "On 1 January 1954, Pattie Menzies was appointed Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (Civil). The official citation, conferring the GBE to her under her married name, Mrs R. G. Menzies, read: \"In recognition for her years of incessant and unselfish performance of public duty in hospital work, in visiting, addressing and encouraging many thousands of women in every State of Australia, including very remote areas, and in the distinguished representation of Australia on a number of occasions overseas.\"\n", "Details": "Daughter of John William (later Senator) and May Beatrice (n\u00e9e Johnston) Leckie, Pattie Mae Leckie was born in Alexandra, Victoria. The eldest daughter of a farmer turned politician she attended Fintona Girls' School. In 1953 there she returned to open new buildings, along with her husband, the Rt. Hon. R. G. (later Sir Robert) Menzies.\nPattie Leckie met Robert Menzies in 1919, and the couple were married on 27 September 1920. The Menzies had four children, one of whom died at birth. Throughout their 58 years of marriage Dame Pattie was involved with charitable work whenever possible. Dame Pattie was appointed Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire in recognition of her charitable work. She received this honour nine years prior to her husband receiving his knighthood (1963).\nOn 19 September 1995, Kate Carnell, Chief Minister of the ACT, in a tribute to Dame Pattie, stated: \"[Dame Pattie] had great concerns for her fellow citizens, particularly for women. She was mindful of the importance of recognising the role of women in the development of the nation\u2026Dame Pattie excelled at making people feel at ease and was at home talking to people from all walks of life. She supported community work\u2026I am sure many former girl guides and brownies\u2026remember cleaning the silver at the Lodge for Dame Pattie as part of Bob-a-Job Week.\"\nDame Pattie's life spanned 96 years. During that time she lived through two world wars, the depression and the postwar reconstruction of Australia. Sir Robert (1972) and two sons predeceased Dame Pattie. In 1992 she returned from Melbourne to Canberra, where she had spent many years during the time that Sir Robert was prime minister, to live with her daughter. Dame Pattie passed away on 30 August 1995.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-speeches-of-sir-robert-menzies-prime-minister-menzies-and-dame-pattie-menzies-giving-their-speeches-at-the-opening-of-the-t-i-power-station-tumut-ponds-of-the-snowy-mountains-scheme-on-october\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/robert-menzies-pattie-menzies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prime-ministers-wives\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-sir-robert-menzies-1905-1978-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-phillip-l-lawrence-1928-1971-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dame-pattie-menzies-interviewed-by-heather-rusden-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cutler-family-papers-1909-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-hector-harrison-1915-1978-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Buxton, Rita Mary", "Entry ID": "IMP0017", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/buxton-rita-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "South Yarra, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Philanthropist", "Summary": "Rita Buxton was interested in many philanthropic societies. She was closely associated with St Vincent's Hospital, serving as a member of the Advisory Council and as general president of all working committees. She was educated at Sacre Coeur in East Malvern, Victoria and married Leonard Raymond Buxton in 1922. They had three daughters. In recognition of her philanthropic services, she was appointed as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1955 and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 14 June 1969.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Daly, Mary Dora", "Entry ID": "IMP0024", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daly-mary-dora\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cootamundra, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Author, Charity worker, Patron", "Summary": "Mary Daly, nee MacMahon, was acknowledged as an interested and hardworking member of a range of Catholic and other charitable organisations. Educated at Loreto convents in both Normanhurst, New South Wales and Ballarat, Victoria, she maintained her Catholic links throughout her life. In January 1923, she married Dr John Joseph Daly, a nephew of the founder of St Vincent's Hospital, Mother Berchmans Daly. They had two children, John and Marie. Dr Daly was appointed to the staff of St Vincent's Hospital. Mary Daly served on the St Vincent's Hospital auxiliary as honorary secretary and was acting president for a period of three years from 1933-1936. She was president of the Catholic Welfare Association from 1941, a member of the National Council of the Australian Red Cross Society, and executive member of the Council of the Victorian Division. She was the author of four children's books, one of which was published by the Yooralla Hospital School, another of her charitable causes. Her services to social welfare were acknowledged with her appointment as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1937, Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1949, and Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 7 June 1951. The Catholic church awarded her the Cross Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice in 1951. She was also awarded a long service medal from the Red Cross Society in 1940 and honorary life membership in 1971.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cinty-and-the-laughing-jackasses-and-other-childrens-stories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/timmys-christmas-surprise\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/holidays-at-hillydale-a-story-for-children-about-a-familys-holiday-spent-on-an-australian-sheep-station\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/catholic-welfare-organisation-its-work-for-the-men-and-women-of-the-services-during-world-war-ii-september-1939-june1948\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gilmore, Mary Jean", "Entry ID": "IMP0032", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gilmore-mary-jean\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Woodhouselee, near Goulburn, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Poet, Teacher, Writer", "Summary": "For her services to literature, Mary Gilmore was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 1 February 1937. The major themes of her work covered nationalism, the spirit of pioneering, motherhood, women's rights, history, Aboriginal welfare, treatment of prisoners, health and pensions.\n", "Details": "Dame Mary Gilmore is the female face of the Australian $10 note. When she died, aged 97, Dame Mary was given a State funeral by both the Federal and New South Wales state governments. Her funeral was attended by all members of the New South Wales Cabinet. Dame Mary donated the Archibald winning portrait painted by William Dobell in 1957 to the Art Gallery of New South Wales.\nDue to the itinerant lifestyle of her parents, Donald and Mary Ann Cameron, Mary was educated at a number of country state schools. Aged 16 she became a pupil-teacher at the Superior Public School for Girls in Wagga Wagga, and was transferred to the Infants' Department in 1884. She taught at Beaconsfield Provisional School in 1886, followed by Illabo Public School, and in October 1887 was appointed temporary assistant at Silverton Public School near Broken Hill, New South Wales. In May 1889, Mary wrote to the Chief Inspector at the Department of Public Instruction requesting a move from Silverton back to Sydney on the grounds that her home was in Sydney and that the climate of the Barrier District was too severe for her constitution. She returned to Sydney in 1890 and taught at Neutral Bay, though her name and the dates of her residency are still proudly displayed on the Silverton Public School sign.\nDuring the 1890s Mary became interested in social reform and supported the maritime and shearers' strikes. So as not to break the rules of the Department of Public Instruction, through which she was employed as a teacher, Mary wrote under the pen names Em Jaycey, Sister Jaycey and Rudione Calvert. At about this time she met and became a life-long friend of Henry Lawson.\nMary became the first woman member of the Australian Workers Union, which she claimed she joined under her brother's name. She later became a member of the executive. By 1895 Mary had given up teaching to join William Lane's New Australia Movement. She sailed to his Cosme settlement in Paraguay, arriving January 1896 and there married shearer William Gilmore (1866-1945). A year after their only son William (1898-1945) was born, the family left the settlement and returned to Australia after visiting Henry Lawson and family in London.\nFrom 1902-1912 the Gilmores lived at William's parents' farm in Casterton in Western Victoria. Here Mary was able to re-establish her writing and political links. In 1903 she was featured on the Bulletin's 'Red Page' and she helped with campaigning for the Labor Party in the 1906 and 1910 federal elections for the seat of Wannon. In 1908 Mary commenced editing the woman's page of the Australian Worker, a position she held until 1931. In 1910 her first collections of poems Marri'd, and other verses was published.\nIn 1912 Mary and her son Billy went to live in Sydney while William joined his brother at Cloncurry in North Queensland. By 1918 her second book of poetry, The Passionate Heart was published, followed by books of prose: Hound of the Road (1922) and The Tilted Cart (1925). Mary's writing was regularly in print, with her last collection of poetry, Fourteen Men, published in 1954 when she was 89 years old.\nBesides being a prolific writer, Mary was also a founder-member of the Lyceum Club (Sydney), founder and vice-president of the Fellowship of Australian Writers, member of the New South Wales Institute of Journalists and life member of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Dame Mary Gilmore's ashes were buried in her husband's grave at Cloncurry cemetery.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gilmore-mary-jean-1865-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/monash-biographical-dictionary-of-20th-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-womens-roll-of-honour-women-shaping-the-nation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-changemakers-ten-significant-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1000-famous-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/list-of-electoral-divisions-named-after-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/100-great-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-writers-a-bibliographic-guide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gilmore-mary-1865-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-gilmore-a-memoir\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-book-of-great-australian-women-thirty-six-women-who-changed-the-course-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/great-poet-was-once-a-13-a-week-teacher\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-1971-1972-to-the-university-of-queensland\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-nsw-program-for-the-launch-of-the-centenary-stamp-issue-and-a-complete-set-of-the-issue-1996\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-further-papers-1895-1981\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-nsw-inc-further-records-1926-1927-1937-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-relating-to-national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-1895-1897\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-further-records-1895-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/diaries-of-dame-mary-gilmore-1940-1949-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dame-mary-gilmore-1923-1962-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-mary-gilmore-1865-1962-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-mary-gilmore-1883-1962-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dame-mary-gilmore-1902-1962-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dame-mary-gilmore-1948-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1895-1962-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-manuscript-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-kate-baker-1893-1946-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-and-diaries-1910-1962-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/photographs-19-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/personal-papers-of-prime-minister-curtin-correspondence-g-mrs-f-r-gale-gordon-branch-australian-labor-party-includes-poem-sent-to-mrs-elsie-curtin-by-dame-mary-gilmore\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/william-morrow-recordings-of-addresses-given-by-jessie-street-and-interviews-with-jessie-street-1953-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dame-mary-gilmore-papers-1911-1954\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-new-south-wales-records-1895-1976\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miles-franklin-papers-1841-1954\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-eleanor-dark-1910-1974-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gilmore-dame-mary\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dowell-oreilly-papers-1884-1923-with-additional-family-papers-1877-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sub-series-7-1-papers-relating-to-louisa-lawson-and-henry-lawson-1859-1934\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/talking-history-program-on-the-national-librarys-oral-history-section-and-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-compiled-by-tim-bowden-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/windeyer-family-papers-1829-1943\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-mary-gilmore-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-dame-mary-gilmore-1837-1962-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-myrtle-rose-white-1940-1961-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-jean-l-stevenson-1932-1959-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1928-1994-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruth-park-letters-received-from-dame-mary-gilmore-15-january-1946-28-april-1953-including-two-letters-to-darcy-niland-11-september-and-28-september-19\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Scott, Catherine (Margaret) Mary", "Entry ID": "IMP0033", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scott-catherine-margaret-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Johannesburg, South Africa", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Ballerina, Choreographer", "Summary": "Margaret Scott was appointed to the Order of the British Empire - Dames Commander on 13 June 1981 for services to ballet. She had previously been appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) on 31 December 1976.\n", "Events": "Appointed The Order of the British Empire - Dames Commander (1981 - 1981) \nAppointed to the Order of the British Empire - Officer (Civil) (1976 - 1976) \nAwarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Green Room Awards (1998 - 1998) \nBallet Mistress of Ballet Rambert (1951 - 1953) \nBoard Member of the Australian Dance Theatre (1980 - 1982) \nChoreographer of Apollon (Stravinsky) for the Victorian Ballet Guild (1951 - 1951) \nChoreographer of Classical Suite (Verdi) for the Australian Ballet School (1967 - 1967) \nChoreographer of Recollections of a Beloved Place (Tchaikovsky) for Ballet Victoria (1975 - 1975) \nChoreographer of Sonata Classique (Rossini) for the Australian Ballet School (1971 - 1971) \nFounding Director of the Australian Ballet School (1963 - 1990) \nHonorary Life Member of Australian Ballet Foundation (1988 - 1988) \nLifetime Achievement Dance Award from Australian Dance (1998 - 1998) \nMarried, Derek Ashworth Denton (1953 - 1953) \nMember of the Dance Panel for the Theatre Board at Australia Council (1974 - 1975) \nPrincipal at Ballet Rambert (1943 - 1948) \nPrincipal at National Theatre Victoria (1949 - 1949) \nPrincipal at Sadlers Wells Ballet (1941 - 1941) \nSettled in Australia (1953 - 1953) \nVictorian Committee Member of the Australian Association of Dance and Education (1978 - 1978)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/award-to-head-of-ballet-school\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sheila-scotter-snaps-secrets-and-stories-from-my-life\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-theatre-ballet-performance-of-auroras-wedding-1951-1954-picture-walter-stringer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-margaret-scott-ballet-dancer-founding-director-of-the-australian-ballet-school-1964-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portraits-of-dame-margaret-scott-and-shirley-mckechnie-picture-lynkushka\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Norris, Dame Ada May", "Entry ID": "IMP0045", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/norris-dame-ada-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Greenbushes, Western Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Armadale Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Ada May Norris, n\u00e9e Bickford was educated at Melbourne High School and the University of Melbourne, where she graduated BA Dip. Ed. In 1924. In 1929 she married John Norris. From 1951, Ada Norris was involved in numerous committees and organisations promoting women, multiculturalism, children and immigration.\nAda Norris was appointed Officer of the British Empire (10 June 1954) and Dame Commander of the of the British Empire on 12 June 1976 for distinguished community service. On 14 June 1969 Norris was awarded the Order of St Michael and St George - Commanders while President of the National Council of Women.\n", "Details": "Ada Norris was president of the National Council of Women of Australia 1967-1970 and was responsible for the reversion to its original name in 1970, but, for decades before and after her presidency, she was a force for change in the National Councils and the wider Australian community. She served as honorary secretary in Ivy Brookes' innovative Board of Directors 1948-1952, following her president's lead in becoming involved at a national level with status of women issues and migration reform. Positions as convenor of migration for NCW Victoria and then for ANCW led to her appointment as vice-convenor of migration with the International Council of Women. She was a leading member of the Good Neighbour Council of Victoria, and in 1950 of the Commonwealth Immigration Advisory Council, serving on this for more than 20 years, always as an advocate of humane and measured reform. Within the NCW, she took a leading role in national campaigns on a wide range of matters concerning the status of women, including in particular equal pay and equality within marriage. This experience led to her appointment as Australia's official delegate to the United Nations Status of Women Commission (CSW) over an unprecedented 3 sessions, from 1961 to 1963. She was president of the United Nations Association of Australia's Victorian division 1961-1971, and chaired the national committee for International Women's Year and the Committee for the Decade of Women. In 1969, she was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George, the first Australian woman so appointed, and in 1976 Dame Commander of the British Empire.\nAda May Norris was born on 28 July 1901 at Greenbushes, WA, daughter of H.A. Bickford, and grand-daughter of the Reverend E.S. Bickford, a leader in the Methodist church. The family moved to her father's home state of Victoria while Ada was a child.\nAda Norris was educated at Birchip State School, Melbourne High School and the University of Melbourne, where she graduated with a BA and Dip. Ed. in 1924 and MA in 1926. She taught at Leongatha and Melbourne High Schools, but resigned in 1929 to marry lawyer John Gerald Norris, later a judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria. The couple had two daughters, Rosemary and Jane.\nAda Norris took up voluntary work while her children were still in primary school - an unusual step for women of her class and generation. In his eulogy on her death, her son-in-law noted that 'a trained and restless mind, and a degree of ambition, was not to be satisfied by the cares of managing a house, children and a husband - she wanted to play a part in the wider community also'. He might have added that her role there would always be shaped by a pragmatic idealism committed to justice and equality.\nAda Norris's first concern was for children in need. She joined the Children's Hospital Auxiliary, then became secretary to the newly established Victorian Society for Crippled Children. In 1941, she became the VSCC's delegate to the National Council of Women of Victoria, and almost immediately took on the job of secretary for that organisation. In 1944, she became a vice-president of NCW Victoria, and, in the same year, foundation secretary of the Advisory Council for the Physically Handicapped, the forerunner of the Australian Council for the Rehabilitation of the Disabled. She later served as president(1955-1957) and vice-president (1957-1962) of this organisation. She continued to work for the Victorian Society for Crippled Children and Adults until the 1970s, becoming its patron and historian. Her concern for children's growth and development also led to the foundation in 1954 of the Victorian Children's Book Council, where she served as president and then national president in 1960.\nFrom the 1950s, Ada Norris developed expertise and leadership in three other key areas of Australian public life - ageing, immigration, and status of women's issues - the last two at national and international levels. Her major platform for these activities was the National Council of Women; she was president of NCW Victoria 1951-1954, honorary secretary of the national body 1948-1952, and national president 1967-1970. In 1951, she proposed and helped initiate the establishment of an 'Old People's Welfare Council', later renamed the Victorian Council for the Ageing, which worked to set up government-funded support for home help for the elderly, hot meals and recreation centres. She continued to work as a vice-president of this council until 1980, her own 80th year.\nIn 1950, Norris was appointed convenor of NCW Victoria's Migration Standing Committee, and, late in the same year, she took on the same role at national level. In 1952, she accepted the position of vice-convenor of migration with the International Council of Women, and held all three positions until 1966 when she relinquished her national responsibilities to become the ICW convenor of migration. Through these roles, she became a leading member of the Good Neighbour Council of Victoria, and later of the Commonwealth Immigration Advisory Council. She served on the Commonwealth council for more that 20 years, at a time of great change in Australia's immigration policies, and was always a force for humane and inclusive policy and practice. She worked on its subcommittees like the Committee on Migrant Women and the Committee on Migrant Centres and Hostels, and acted as its deputy chair from 1968 to 1971. She had perhaps more expertise on local, national and international migration issues than any Australian of her generation.\nAda Norris was similarly committed to and expert on issues relating to the inequality of men and women. Within the NCW, she took a leading role in national campaigns on a wide range of matters to do with the status of women, including equal pay, rights before the law, representation on public bodies, both national and international, laws with regard to marriage and divorce, and access to all forms of education and work for all women, married or not. In the case of equal pay, for example, Norris led the NCW to a policy of intervening in Arbitration Court decisions in the interests of women workers - a practice that finally achieved limited success in 1974. Her knowledge and determination on these matters was nurtured by her appointment as Australia's official delegate to the United Nations Status of Women Commission (CSW) over an unprecedented 3 sessions, from 1961 to 1963. Her international experience strengthened her concern for Australia's role in the Pacific, and, as president of NCW Australia, she established an appeals committee to raise funds for a women's hall of residence at the University of Papua New Guinea.\nEngagement with CSW also led Ada Norris to wider United Nations activism in Australia; she was president of the United Nations Association of Australia's Victorian division 1961-1971, and, with her CSW, ICW and NCWA experience, she was an obvious choice to chair the UNAA national committee for International Women's Year 1974-1976, and the Committee for the Decade of Women until 1980.\nAda Norris was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in June 1954 and Dame Commander of the British Empire in June 1976 for distinguished community service. In June 1969, she was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George, the first Australian woman so appointed. She was also awarded the UN Peace Medal in 1975 and, in 1980, Melbourne University honoured her with a Doctorate of Laws.\nDame Ada was also a historian. She published a history of the Victorian Society for Crippled Children and Adults, The Society, in 1974 and in 1978 a history of the National Council of Women of Victoria, Champions of the Impossible.\n'It is from the champions of the impossible rather than the slaves of the possible that creative evolution draws its force'.\nPrepared by: Jan Hipgrave, Marian Quartly and Judith Smart\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001) \nUNAA Committee for the Decade for Women (1976 - 1980) \nUNAA National Committee for Internationa Women's Year (1974 - 1976) \nUnited Nations Association of Australia (Victoria) (1961 - 1971) \nUnited Nations Status of Women Commission (Official Australian Delegate) (1961 - 1963)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-womens-roll-of-honour-women-shaping-the-nation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/champions-of-the-impossible-a-history-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-victoria-1902-1977\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-society-being-some-account-of-the-victorian-society-for-crippled-children-and-adults\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unna-victoria-newsletter\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vale-dame-ada-norris\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ada-norris-1901-1989-champion-of-the-impossible\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/norris-dame-ada-may-1901-1989\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/norris-dame-ada-may-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/norris-dame-ada-may-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ada-norris-interviewed-by-amy-mcgrath-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-victoria-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Parker, Marjorie Alice Collett", "Entry ID": "IMP0046", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/parker-marjorie-alice-collett\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ballarat, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "Dame Marjorie Parker was appointed to the Order of the British Empire - Dames Commander on 31 December 1976 for distinguished community service. She was first honoured for her charitable work in Launceston (Tasmania) with an MBE on 2 January 1950 and later an OBE on 16 June 1970. The City of Launceston granted her the 'Freedom of the City' in 1984.\n", "Details": "Born in Ballarat (Victoria), the daughter of W Shoppee, Marjorie attended Ballarat State School. She married Max Parker on 12 June 1926. They were to have one son.\nA keen gardener, Parker was deeply involved with community services. She was president and founder of a Launceston Creche, which was later named in her honour (The Dame Marjorie Parker Creche).\nFrom 1941 to 1969 she was an announcer and director of women's interests with 7EX Radio in Launceston. In 1954 Parker became the Public Relations Adviser for the Girl Guides Association, a position she held until 1968.Commencing in 1961, Parker was president and organiser of the Launceston Red Cross Meals on Wheels for ten years. During this time, she was also Northern Regional President of the Australian Red Cross Society of Tasmania Division (1965-1968). In 1964 (until 1971) Parker joined the State Executive of the Tasmanian Division of the Miss Australia Quest. In 1964 she became State Executive and Public Relations Officer of the Tasmanian Good Neighbour Council, a post she held until 1970. From 1964 until 1968 Parker was also the vice-president of the United Nations Association in Launceston.\nThe Society for the Care of Crippled Children made Parker a life member, in 1973. She had been an executive member of the Society for many years. In 1974, Parker was made a life member of the National Council of Australian Women of which she was deputy chairman from 1960 to 1964.\nMarjorie Parker was a member of the Royal Commonwealth Society, Victoria League (Launceston) of which she was President from 1966 to 1969 and the Soroptimist Club of Launceston. President of the Soroptimist Club in 1951, the Club awards the Dame Marjorie Parker Memorial Award each year.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Deakin, Elizabeth Martha Anne (Pattie)", "Entry ID": "IMP0054", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/deakin-elizabeth-martha-anne-pattie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Camp Hill, Tullamarine, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Philanthropist", "Summary": "At age 19 in 1882 Pattie Browne married Alfred Deakin who became the youngest ever cabinet minister in Australia, in 1883. He was Prime Minister of Australia in 1903-1904, 1905-1908, and 1909-1910. Throughout her married life, Pattie devoted herself to her family and charity work, especially in the area of child welfare.\nAfter World War I, Pattie refused to accept an honour for her philanthropic work. Her husband Alfred Deakin also declined all honours and honorary degrees during his political life. But just prior to her death on 30 December 1934 Pattie accepted the award of the order of Commander of the British Empire (civil), which was awarded to her posthumously in January 1935.\n", "Details": "Pattie Browne was born at Camp Hill, Tullamarine Victoria on 1st January 1863. She was the eldest daughter and third child of the eleven children of Hugh Junor Browne and his wife Elizabeth Browne (n\u00e9e Turner). Born Elizabeth Martha Anne, she was always known as Pattie. Until the age of 12, Pattie was educated by a governess and then when the family moved to East Melbourne she attended Mrs Philippa James Grantown House. Although Pattie studied for her matriculation she did not sit the exam, and continued to learn music, singing and drawing after finishing school.\nPattie met Alfred Deakin in 1877 at the Victorian Association of Progressive Spiritualists Sunday School where he was a teacher. On 3 April 1882, at the age of 19, Pattie married barrister Alfred Deakin, son of William and Sarah Deakin (n\u00e9e Bill) who was a member of the Legislative Assembly for Victoria. There were three children of the marriage - Ivy (1883-1970) who married Herbert Brookes in 1905; Stella (1886-1976) who married (Sir) A. C. David Rivett in 1911; and, Vera (1891-1978) who married (Sir) Thomas W. White in 1920. Initially in her marriage, Pattie developed a close relationship with Alfred's only sister and confidante Catherine (Katie), but the relationship deteriorated.\nPattie was often ill and a poor traveller, even so she accompanied her eminent husband whenever possible and cared for him during his long illness. As her daughters established lives of their own, Pattie was able to devote more of her energy to public life, but always kept her family as the centre of her life. In 1907 in London, Pattie gave her first public speech after Lady Jersey, wife of a former governor of New South Wales asked her to address a gathering of a hundred women.\nPrior to this time in Melbourne Pattie was president and a most generous and active supporter, of the Victorian Neglected Children's Aid Society. She was a member of the very active committee of the Queen's Fund formed in 1887 (still operating in 2003, its purpose \"limited solely for the relief of women in distress\").\nIn 1907 Pattie chaired the nursery and kindergarten committee for the Australian Exhibition of Women's Work, held at the Exhibition Building. The exhibition was based on the cooperation of community workers and women writers, musicians and artists. The popularity of the model creche, which Pattie herself ran, helped afterwards in the establishment of the Association of Creches, and she became its first president. The Free Kindergarten Union was formed too in this way, Pattie becoming the first president. Proceeds from the Exhibition helped establish the Bush Nursing Association and Pattie became a member of the Committee. For 20 years Pattie worked actively in the Melbourne District Nursing Society as president and then was made a life vice-president. With her husband she helped establish the Guild of Play for Children's playgrounds, helping to provide play areas for children in the inner city suburbs. In 1909 she had gained her St Johns Ambulance certificate with honours and was presented with the insignia of an associate of St John of Jerusalem.\nIn 1912 Pattie was invited to be president of the Lyceum Club, a new club for women graduates and other women who had distinguished themselves in art, music, literature, philanthropy or public service.\nFrom 1915 until 1919 Pattie helped set up and run the Soldiers' Refreshment Stall or Anzac Buffet, at first in a bell tent outside the No 5 General Hospital in St Kilda Road Melbourne. It was staffed by volunteers for men leaving for, or returning from, the war. The depot 'in the first year provided comforts for 4000 soldiers a week in the matter of meals, clothing, motor trips, and monetary loans and gifts'.\nAfter World War I Pattie continued her philanthropic work; she was invited to be the first president of the Girl Guides and she became the only female member of the Australian Imperial Forces Canteens Fund Trust and trustee of the Sir Samuel McCaughey bequest for the education of the children of decreased or disabled soldiers. She held her position until her death in 1934, when her daughter Vera Deakin White took her place on these two Committees.\nAlfred Deakin retired from Parliament in 1913 due to ill health. Pattie cared for him during his long illness and he died in 1919. Pattie died at her much loved house 'Bellara' Point Lonsdale just before her 71st birthday and was buried beside her husband at the St Kilda cemetery.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alfred-deakin-a-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prime-ministers-wives\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alfred-deakin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-mystic-life-of-alfred-deakin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-webb-a-memoir\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-the-lyceum-club-melbourne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1891-womens-suffrage-petition\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-from-stella-catherine-and-pattie-deakin-1909-1914-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-alfred-deakin-1804-1973-bulk-1880-1919-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-catherine-deakin-1844-1958-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-suffrage-petition-1891\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-herbert-and-ivy-brookes-1869-1970-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-martha-elizabeth-deakin-wife-of-alfred-deakin-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Joyce, Eileen Alannah", "Entry ID": "IMP0060", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joyce-eileen-alannah\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Zeehan, Tasmania, Australia", "Death Place": "Redhill, Hertfordshire, England", "Occupations": "Concert Pianist", "Summary": "Eileen Joyce was taught the piano at St Joseph's Convent at Boulder where her prodigious talent was first recognised. She went on to establish a career in England where her concert performances in glamorous gowns, and studio recordings, would make her one of the most popular pianists of her time.\nThe Joyce family moved to Western Australia and settled in Boulder where Eileen had her first music lessons at St Joseph's Convent. Because of her prodigious talent, a fund-raising committee in Kalgoorlie-Boulder assisted her to take up a scholarship at the Loreto Convent in Perth.\nHearing her play the renowned musicians Percy Grainger and Wilhelm Backhaus recommended she should study abroad. In 1926, after a tour of country towns and a farewell concert at His Majesty's Theatre in Perth, Eileen went to Leipzig in Germany, then London to study and where her stellar career was launched.\nIn 1933 she made the first of many studio recordings in London. She was so successful her record sales during the 1940s are reputed to have rivalled those of Bing Crosby and Frank Sinatra, amongst others. She returned to Australia in April 1936 for a national tour and a series of concerts for the ABC. On the Easter Saturday she gave a recital at the Kalgoorlie Town Hall, and the following day played for the nuns at St Joseph's.\nDuring the war Eileen played for the troops, and in the bombed out cities of England with the London Philharmonic Orchestra, all helping to endear her to the people. Eileen always dressed the part of the glamorous concert pianist. She commissioned her gowns from leading fashion designers, the most famous being Norman Hartnell who designed the coronation gown for Queen Elizabeth II.\nIn later life Eileen was awarded many honours for her contribution to music, receiving an Honorary Doctor of Music from the Universities of Cambridge (1971), University of Western Australia (1979), and the University of Melbourne (1982). In 1981 she was made a Companion of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and Saint George at Buckingham Palace.\n", "Details": "Internationally acclaimed concert pianist Eileen Alannah Joyce was awarded an honorary doctorate of Music from Cambridge University in 1971. Her talent, commitment and service to music was further recognised in 1981 when she was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG). Born in Tasmania and educated in Perth, Eileen Joyce lived most of her life in England. But she never forgot her roots, and throughout her life remained a strong and active supporter of young musicians in Western Australia.\nAn internationally renowned concert pianist, Eileen Joyce's life started a long way away from the world stage. Eileen's rags-to-riches life story, which saw her become Britain's wartime sweetheart, has since been novelised and captured on film.\nDaughter of Irish\/Spanish parents, Eileen Alannah Joyce was born in a tent in the mining town of Zeehan, Tasmania in 1912. Her father, an itinerant labourer, relocated his family to Kununoppin in Western Australia when Eileen was only two years old.\nAlthough they could barely afford it, Eileen began piano lessons when she was about nine and later studied piano at the Loretto Convent in Perth. Percy Grainger and Wilhelm Backhaus, hearing the young Eileen play, were so impressed by her talent that they encouraged her to further her studies in Europe. In 1927 Eileen left Australia to study at the Leipzig Conservatorium in Germany under Schnabel and Teichm\u00fcller, and at the Royal College of Music in London under Tobias Matthay.\nIn 1930 Eileen made her debut with the London Philharmonic Orchestra at one of Sir Henry Wood's BBC promenade concerts. Throughout her career Eileen performed with orchestras in Berlin, France, Italy, New York as well as all of the principle orchestras in the UK. Between 1936 and 1962 she made tours to Australia, South Africa, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Finland, South America, New Zealand, Soviet Russia, Yugoslavia and India.\nEileen appeared in a number of films including Battle for Music, Girl in a Million and the autobiographical, Wherever She Goes (1951). She also contributed to the soundtracks of many films, and is probably most notably remembered for her C minor Rachmaninov performance in David Lean's Brief Encounter (1945).\nEileen married in London in 1937 and had a son. In 1942 her husband died on active service in North Africa. Although she lived most of her life, and died, in England, Eileen maintained a strong interest in young musicians from Western Australia.\nIn the late 1970s Eileen donated $37,000 to the University of Western Australia as a fund to assist in the development of music in Western Australia and especially to assist students, as Eileen Joyce Music Scholars, to obtain keyboard experience outside Western Australia.\nEileen also gave her personal records to the Callaway Centre, University of Western Australia in 1990. This substantial archive, spanning 1926 to 1989, consists of personal and career related correspondence, concert diaries, programs and newspaper clippings. The Eileen Joyce Archive also contains recordings never before released.\nIn 1971 Eileen was awarded an honorary doctorate of Music from Cambridge University. Ten years later, in 1981, she was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) for her service to music.\n", "Events": "Awarded honorary doctorate of Music, Cambridge University (1971 - 1971) \nCommander of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) (1981 - 1981) \nDebuted with London Philharmonic Orchestra (1930 - 1930) \nStudied at Leipzig Conservatorium (Germany) under Schnabel and Teichm\u00fcller and Royal College for Music (London) under Tobias Matthay (1927 - 1927) \nToured Australia, South Africa, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Finland, South America, New Zealand, Soviet Russia, Yugoslavia and India (1936 - 1962)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eileen-joyce-1912-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/once-you-stop-playing-youre-forgotten\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eileen-joyce-music-fund\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-new-penguin-dictionary-of-music\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-dictionary-of-music\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-macmillan-dictionary-of-womens-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-australian-musical-association\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-book-of-great-australian-women-thirty-six-women-who-changed-the-course-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eileen-joyce-a-portrait-2\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-australian-musical-association-1952-1995-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eileen-joyce-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eileen-joyce-interviewed-by-james-murdoch-in-the-esso-performing-arts-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shirley-daffen-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McClemans, Sheila Mary", "Entry ID": "IMP0063", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcclemans-sheila-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Claremont, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Director, Lawyer, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Sheila Mary McClemans pioneered entry into the legal profession for Western Australian women. Throughout her life, in addition to her legal career, Sheila held a range of high-level positions, including director of the Women's Royal Naval Service, and became the role model for many Australian women inside and outside the armed forces. During her lifetime Sheila's efforts never received the full recognition they deserved within the legal profession. She was denied the traditional rewards of QC, Judge or Dame. The Commonwealth, however, recognised the value of her service to the law and women's affairs, appointing her an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1951 and a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1977. She was also awarded the Silver Jubilee Medal (SJM) in 1977.\n", "Details": "I suppose that at the end of the day, it was, for lawyers, her professionalism which was her most outstanding attribute and it was that uncompromising and uncompromised professionalism which was the true source of her capacity to lead and to influence. She served the law and through the law she served ordinary men and women with an unswerving devotion \u2026 I am sure that at the end of her life she still saw herself as a debtor to her profession. And we are indebted to her.'\nSir Francis Burt, Brief, vol. 15, 5, July 1988.\nSheila Mary McClemans once threw a bucket of water over a naked couple she found making out in a convertible parked outside her house. 'That is what we do to dogs around here' she admonished, or so the story goes. Throughout her life, Sheila Mary McClemans lived by her own set of values. She was not someone who followed the rules ascribed for women, but neither did she dedicate herself to fighting the 'feminist' fight. Sheila defended women's rights if it helped her realise her own goals but she never considered herself a 'feminist'. Even so, early on in Sheila's career, male contemporaries who deplored her 'unfeminine chain-smoking and feminist ways' were quick to saddle her with the sobriquet 'Hard-as-nails McClemans'.\nSheila McClemans was the third of five daughters born to Ada Lucy Walker, the first wife of William Joseph McClemans. She was born in Claremont, Western Australia on 3 May 1909. Sheila's childhood was not an easy one. Abandoned by their alcoholic father, Sheila and her sisters were raised by their mother who was forced to work a variety of jobs and to take in boarders to make ends meet. Sheila learnt compassion for others at an early age as well as how to rely on her own resources to achieve her goals.\nAfter a series of financial and bureaucratic struggles to gain entry and complete her studies, Sheila was one of the first graduates of the law school at the University of WA in 1930 - all four graduates of the class of 1930 were female: Margaret Battye, Mary Kathleen Hartney, Mary Connor Kingston and Sheila. In 1933 Sheila was admitted to the Bar. The following year, unable to find work in a law firm, Sheila and her friend Molly Kingston formed a partnership and set up the first all woman law firm in Western Australia. After a short period as a practising solicitor, however, Sheila decided to redirect her energies to assisting the war effort. She joined the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS) where her excellent leadership and administrative skills were soon recognised and rewarded. After her time in WRANS, Sheila returned once again to the legal profession, and in the 1950s and 1960s ran a solo practice, often working for nothing to help those in need if the circumstances warranted it.\nSheila pioneered entry into legal practice for Western Australian women and filled a range of high level positions, including, director of WRANS, national president of the Australian Federation of University Women, secretary of the Western Australia Law Society, foundation member of the Western Australia Legal Aid Commission; the State Parole Board, and the WA committee administering the Commonwealth Canteens Trust Fund. And yet, the legal world denied Sheila the traditional rewards of QC, Judge or Dame. As Supreme Court Judge, Antoinette Kennedy decreed, 'It was a lifetime of commitment that went largely unrewarded'. Biographer, Lloyd Davies, similarly notes: 'Sheila's aberration was to be born a female at a time and in a place when that entailed many disadvantages both by convention and law - particularly within the legal profession itself'. Sheila's tireless work was, however, eventually recognised by the Commonwealth. For her service to the law and to women's affairs, Sheila was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1951 and a Companion of the Order of St Michael & St George (CMG) in 1977. She was also awarded the Silver Jubilee Medal (SJM) in 1977.\nSheila married Frank Morrison Kenworthy (1899-1976) in 1949. She was to outlive her husband and all of her sisters. Lilly, her youngest sister, died in 1977. The following decade the remaining four McClemans sisters all died in a period spanning less than two years. Sheila died in Dalkeith, Western Australia, on 10 June 1988.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/case-of-the-conservative-sheila-and-the-lefty\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kenworthy-sheila-mary-ran-mrs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sheila-a-biography-of-sheila-mary-mcclemans\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/foreword\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/london-gazette\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/commonwealth-of-australia-gazette\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/review-of-review-of-lloyd-davies-2000-sheila-a-biography-of-sheila-mary-mcclemans\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reflections-profiles-of-150-women-who-helped-make-western-australias-history-project-of-the-womens-committee-for-the-150th-anniversary-celebrations-of-western-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcclemans-sheila-mary-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/w-r-a-n-s-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ships-belles-the-story-of-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service-in-war-and-peace-1941-1985\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vale-our-wartime-chief\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-on-the-warpath-feminist-of-the-first-wave\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-life-of-a-distaff-legal-pioneer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/members-of-the-first-wrans-officer-training-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-sheila-mcclemans-picture\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Best, Kathleen Annie Louise", "Entry ID": "IMP0068", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/best-kathleen-annie-louise\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Summer Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Richmond, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Kathleen Best, as nurse and army officer, was an inspiring leader in both a war and peace time environment. As an army officer in the Middle East, she distinguished herself through her courage and efficiency in her treatment and care of the wounded. After her wartime service, she assumed a number of peacetime appointments, which included becoming the founding director, Australian Women's Army Corps (Women's Royal Australian Army Corps (WRAAC)) in 1951. Kathleen Best's war effort was acknowledged by the award of the Royal Red Cross medal 'for gallantry, conduct and devotion in Greece 14\/27 April 1941' and her subsequent role as Director of the WRAAC was honoured with her appointment as Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1956.\n", "Details": "Kathleen Best was the second child of Rupert Dudley Best, commission agent, and Emily Edith, n\u00e9e Stevenson. She was educated at Bondi Public and Cleveland Street Intermediate High School. She embarked on her nursing career at Western Suburbs Hospital and completed her midwifery at the Crown Street Women's Hospital, Sydney.\nOn 30 May 1940, Best enlisted in the Australian Army Nursing Service, Australian Imperial Forces (AIF) (service number NX12617), and was posted as matron of the 2nd\/5th Australian General Hospital, which opened in December at Rehovot, Palestine. It moved to Greece on 10 April 1941 to assist the Anzac Corps in its battle against the Germans. Medical and nursing personnel worked under constant air raids, and by 25 April, most medical staff were evacuated to Crete. Best and 39 nurses volunteered to remain to care for the wounded, but later that day they were ordered to leave and survived a dangerous journey to Greece. She was awarded the RRC for her gallant conduct under difficult circumstances. She returned to Palestine to reorganise the hospital, then in August 1941, she went with the 2nd\/5th AGH to Eritrea, Ethiopia.\nBest returned to Australia in March 1942 and her AIF appointment was terminated on 13 June. She then took on the position of controller of full-time voluntary aid detachments for the Australian Army Medical Women's Service. She relinquished this post in February 1943 and was promoted to lieutenant colonel to become assistant adjutant general (women's services). In September 1944 she transferred to the Reserve Officers and became the assistant director of women's re-establishment and training in the Department of Postwar Reconstruction. This position involved helping servicewomen and female war workers adapt to the changed postwar conditions. The culmination of her career came with her appointment as the founding director of the Women's Royal Australian Army Corps in February 1951. She was promoted to the rank of honorary colonel in 1952 and was appointed to the OBE in 1956. She was a member of the Melbourne Lyceum Club. Two portraits of her, painted by Nora Heysen and Geoffrey Mainwaring, hang in the Australian War Memorial, Canberra.\nKathleen Best died in the Epworth Hospital, Richmond, Victoria, from melanonomatosis on 15 November 1957.\n", "Events": "Assistant Adjutant-General Women's Services (1943 - 1944) \nAssistant Director, Re-establishment Division, Department of Post-War Reconstruction (1944 - 1949) \nAwarded Royal Red Cross Medal (RRC) (1942 - 1942) \nController for the Australian Army Medical Women's Service (AAMWS) (1942 - 1943) \nServed in the Middle East (1940 - 1942)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/proudly-we-served-stories-of-2-5th-australian-general-hospital-at-war-with-germany-behind-german-lines-and-at-war-with-japan-in-the-pacific\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guns-and-brooches-australian-army-nursing-from-the-boer-war-to-the-gulf-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/best-kathleen-annie-louise-1910-1957\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/soldiers-of-the-queen-women-in-the-australian-army\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rsl-returned-sisters-sub-branchthanksgiving-service-100-years-of-australian-army-nursing\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/colonel-best-and-her-soldiers-the-story-of-the-33-years-of-the-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-blue-to-khaki-the-enlisted-voluntary-aids-and-others-who-became-members-of-the-australian-army-medical-womens-service-and-served-from-1941-1951\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-stroll-down-memory-lane\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/just-wanted-to-be-there-australian-service-nurses-1899-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-the-lyceum-club-melbourne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hospitals-general-and-special-work-of-5th-australian-general-hospital-report-of-events-in-greece-1-report-by-lieutenant-colonel-a-w-morrow-2-report-by-matron-kathleen-best\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/christmas-message-from-colonel-sybil-h-irving-honorary-colonel-of-the-corps-honcol-and-colonel-kathleen-best-director-womens-royal-australian-army-corps-dwraac\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/speech-by-colonel-sybil-h-irving-honorary-colonel-of-the-corps-made-at-the-opening-of-the-kathleen-best-memorial-gates-womens-royal-australian-army-corps-wraac-school-mosman-nsw-6-november-19\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kathleen-best-memorial-gates-and-portrait\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Anstey, Olive Eva", "Entry ID": "IMP0071", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anstey-olive-eva\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse", "Summary": "Olive Eva Anstey was born in Perth in 1920. Against her mother's judgment, Olive pursued her desire to become a nurse, completing her general training at Royal Perth Hospital. Olive eventually became a top nursing administrator who was well respected and admired for the compassion and leadership qualities she brought to her chosen profession. Throughout her career Olive was a staunch advocate for better working conditions and pay for nurses, working on various committees with the goal of obtaining recognition of nursing as a profession. She was appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1969 and in 1982 was appointed as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for her service to nursing.\n", "Details": "Olive Eva Anstey's mother couldn't understand why her daughter wanted to abandon her relatively well-paid career as a bookkeeper for Betts and Betts, to become a nurse. 'When my mother heard she thought I was nuts,' Olive said. But the desire to be a nurse would not be quashed and Olive quit her pen-pushing job and a dramatic cut in salary to become a student nurse. She recalls that the conditions and facilities for nurses and patients alike were not very good. And neither was she good at obeying rules that she thought were senseless:\n'I must admit I didn't take too kindly to the discipline. We had to stand up straight with our hands behind our backs when we spoke to a nurse the station above us on the hierarchic ladder\u2026 I was a bit of a rebel and used to spend a fair bit of time on the assistant matron's doorstep.'\nWhen Olive eventually became a top nursing administrator she was one of the first to relax the regimentation but not the standards of nursing. She quickly earned the respect and admiration of nurses, although throughout her life remained surprised that she rose to the top, where she had a reputation for being a compassionate leader.\nBorn in Perth, Western Australia on 9 August 1920, Olive was educated at St Patricks College and Perth Technical College. She later completed her general nursing training at Royal Perth Hospital and then undertook a midwifery course at the Royal Hospital for Women in Sydney. She worked at Riverton Hospital, the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and the Public Health Hospital in South Australia before being appointed first matron of the Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (then Perth Chest Hospital) in July 1958 - it was a position she would hold until her retirement in December 1981.\nThroughout her nursing career Olive was a staunch advocate for better working conditions and pay for nurses. She worked tirelessly on various committees with the goal of obtaining recognition of nursing as a profession to be valued. These include the Council of the Royal Australian Nursing Federation (Western Australia) where she served variously as a council member; as vice-president; as president; and as senior vice-president. She also served as senior vice-president and then president of the Federal Committee of RANF and as a member of the Florence Nightingale Committee (Western Australia). She also represented Australia at some of the council meetings of International Council of Nurses in Frankfurt-am-Main.\nIn 1969 Olive was appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) and in 1982 was appointed as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). In 1974, as a tribute to her lifelong contribution to nursing, a multi-storey building, Anstey House, was named after her. Several months after her death almost in 1983, a $250,000 national appeal was launched as a memorial to commemorate Olive's significant contribution to national and international nursing. Established in April 1984, the fund was designed to provide scholarships for nurses wishing to further their studies.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anstey-olive-eva-1920-1983-biographical-entry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-name-used-in-tribute-olive-anstey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-quiet-revolution-olive-anstey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/appeal-for-250-000-olive-anstey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/matron-appointed-olive-anstey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nurse-dies-after-a-life-of-caring-olive-anstey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nurse-retires-as-the-star-olive-anstey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituary-the-late-olive-anstey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/queens-birthday-honour-for-a-west-australian-nurse-olive-anstey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-top-nurse-looks-back-olive-anstey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/top-wa-nurse-to-retire-olive-anstey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tribute-to-olive-anstey-a-history-makers-retirement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/untitled-olive-anstey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wa-matrons-look-at-nursing-overseas\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-concept-of-a-community-centred-teaching-hospital-the-impact-on-nursing\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-watchword-accountability-international-and-national-implications-for-nursing\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eye-to-eye-forty-famous-west-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/notable-australians-the-pictorial-whos-who\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-way-79-who-is-who-synoptic-biographies-of-western-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/olive-anstey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-miss-olive-anstey-nurse-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-florence-nightingale-committee-australia-1946-1993-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-barbara-fawkes-1954-1984-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Alley, Diane Berenice", "Entry ID": "IMP0073", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alley-diane-berenice\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ballarat, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Community activist, Community worker, Human rights activist, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Diane Alley worked in a range of organisations to ensure that women gained equal opportunity in society and for the achievement of social justice for all members of the community, both in Australia and internationally. She was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1981 for her community work.\n", "Details": "Daughter of (Dr) Frederick Reginald Edward Duke and Eva Reeves, n\u00e9e Collins, Diane Alley was educated at Clarendon Presbyterian Ladies' College Ballarat, Victoria, Methodist Ladies' College Melbourne and Girton Church of England Girls' Grammar School Bendigo. She completed her tertiary education at the University of Melbourne where she gained a BA Honours in 1948. She later completed a Diploma of Criminology in 1976.\nShe married (Mr Justice) Stephen George Alley in 1949 and had four children; two sons and two daughters.\nApart from rearing her children, she devoted her life to working for equality for women and social justice for all. She held the position of president of the National Council of Women of Victoria from 1977 to 1980. She was convenor of Family Policy Sub-committee Victorian Consultative Council of Social Development from 1979 and member of the Fairlea Women's Prison Council. She was a member of the Victorian Premier's Equal Opportunity Advisory Council in 1978 and chair, National Status of Women Committee, United Nations Association of Australia (UNAA) from 1980. She was an honorary magistrate of the Children's Court from 1972. She travelled overseas to represent the National Council of Women (NCW) at conferences of the International Council of Women. From 1986 to 1994, she held the position of international convenor of the Child and Family Standing Committee of the International Council of Women. In 1993 Diane Alley received a testimonial from the United Nations Co-ordinator for the International Year the Family (IYF), designating her an IYF patron for exemplary support to the UN program on IYF. On her retirement from the Board of the Children's Protection Society in 1999, she was made a life vice-president, only the second since its formation in 1896.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001) \nLady Gowrie Child Centre (1970 - ) \nNational Status of Women Committee, United Nations Association of Australia (UNAA) (1980 - ) \nWomen's Rights Action Network of Australia (1999 - 2000)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alley-diane-berenice-obe-community-worker\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-decade-of-mary-owen-dinners\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-womens-roll-of-honour-women-shaping-the-nation\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1939-1974-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1896-1985-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ncwa-board-minute-books-and-ncwa-papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-victoria-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Davey, Margaret Lurline", "Entry ID": "IMP0075", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/davey-margaret-lurline\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Laura, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Margaret Lurline Davey's long standing service and commitment to community work and especially to women's organisations, was first recognised in 1963 when she was appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE). Almost twenty years later in 1981 her efforts were again recognised when she was appointed as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE).\n", "Details": "Margaret Davey was born not long after the outbreak of World War I, a fourth generation South Australian with ancestral and cultural links to England and Ireland. She was educated at Girton School, the University of Adelaide and the Adelaide Conservatorium of Music.\nMargaret always immersed herself in community work and in particular became very involved with the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA). Her fund-raising activities eventually led to her becoming president of the YWCA in Adelaide. Margaret was involved in the establishment of the YWCA in New Guinea and also investigated the possibility of setting up YWCA hostels in America and Canada. It was through her work with the YWCA that Margaret first became involved with the National Council of Women of Australia (NCWA).\nIn the early 1990s Margaret worked to establish a fund that would assist women to participate in the activities of the NCWA, and the International Council of Women (ICW), which operates in ninety-five countries around the world. 'The Margaret Davey Fund' was set up with an original donation of $5000 from Margaret and continues to be augmented by the donations of others. It assists members in attending major conferences, seminars and international symposiums thus lifting the profile of NCWA as an organisation representative of mainstream Australian women. Margaret was President of NCWA from 1976-1979 and was involved in setting up its headquarters in Canberra.\nDuring her life Margaret has given generously of her time to women's organisations like YWCA and NCWA, as well as the Methodist Church, the Good Neighbour Council and the Julia Farr Centre. Her service to women's organisations and community work was recognised in 1963 when she was appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), awarded the Queens Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977, and appointed as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1981.\n", "Events": "Methodist Women of South Australia (1961 - 1966) \nWomen's United Churches Association (1960 - )", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greater-than-their-knowing-a-glimpse-of-south-australian-women-1836-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/notable-australians-the-pictorial-whos-who\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/public-moments-private-lives-costume-from-the-davey-family\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-davey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-davey-interviewed-by-amy-mcgrath-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-margaret-davey-honour\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ncwa-papers-1984-2006\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cassab, Judy", "Entry ID": "IMP0077", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cassab-judy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Vienna, Austria", "Death Place": "Randwick, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist", "Summary": "Judy Cassab is one of Australia's best known portrait painters and the winner of many prestigious art awards including the coveted Archibald Prize. Austrian-born and of Hungarian parents, Judy Cassab emigrated to Australia in 1951 with her husband and two children. In Australia, she quickly gained a reputation for her distinctive expressionist technique and portrait abilities. In 1969 Judy was appointed as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for her service to the visual arts. In 1988 she was also appointed as an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO). Following the publication of her diaries in 1995, Sydney University conferred upon her the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters (Hon. PhD). In 1996 she also won the Nita B. Kibble Award for women writers.\n", "Details": "When she was 12, Judy Cassab began two practices that would become lifelong rituals; she started painting and began to keep a diary. Later in life, in a retrospective moment, the internationally renowned portrait painter and published diarist explained how painting and writing came to feature so prominently in her life:\n'I had always thought that I expressed my thoughts with a brush. I never knew that I could write. Writing, I thought, is just a habit like washing my teeth; I could not go to bed without doing it. I do not feel anxious about my paintings. I can always paint others. It is different with the diaries. I lost the first 11 years of my diaries when they were left in my childhood home in Beregsz\u00e1sz and perished during the war. I lost everything else I had there. But objects, even beautiful objects are replaceable. One can never recapture a 12-year-old self.'\nJudy Cassab was born Judy Kaszab in Vienna, Austria, in 1920, to Hungarian parents. In 1929 the Kaszab family returned to Hungary where her parents separated and Judy spent the rest of her childhood years living in her grandmother's house.\nIn 1939, only after making him promise that their marriage would not stand in the way of her being a painter, Judy married Jancsi Kampfner. Jancsi not only kept the promise throughout their long marriage but was sometimes the one who had to creatively enforce it when Judy herself was willing to put her traveling aspirations aside if it meant being able to stay with her husband and young children. Judy recalls that during one of her crying fits about a proposed overseas trip, Jancsi who was staying behind with the children, finally exclaimed 'we are only half of your life. Stop being such a coward.'\nThe first years of their marriage were plagued with the horrors of World War II. Jancsi was sent to a forced slave labour camp and was one of the few to survive. It was Jancsi who, nonetheless, encouraged Judy, if the opportunity were to arise, to flee to Budapest to study painting. She did. Between 1939 and 1949 she studied art in Prague and the Budapest Academy and although her studies were interrupted by Nazi occupation, she managed to survive by going underground and hiding her Jewish identity. It was the first time in my life,' she says, 'that I was not a girl, not a woman, not a human being, but a Jew'. After many years of hardship and loss, in 1951, already an accomplished painter, Judy, Jancsi and their two Budapest-born sons, were able to emigrate to Australia.\nSince her first solo exhibition at the Macquarie Galleries in Sydney in 1953, Judy Cassab has held well over fifty solo exhibitions throughout Australia as well as in Paris and London. In 1969, as the only woman to have won the Archibald Prize twice and having collected another 10 major art prizes, Judy Cassab was appointed as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for her service to the visual arts. In 1988 she also appointed as an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-a-life-judy-cassab-1920\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/diaries\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judy-cassab-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judy-cassab-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/artists-represented-judy-cassab\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judy-cassab-4\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judy-cassab-a-selection-from-the-gallery\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judy-cassab-selected-solo-shows\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-portraits-ten-original-lithographs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judy-cassab-diaries\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/contemporary-australians-1995-96\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-dictionary-of-women-artists-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judy-cassab-artists-and-friends\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judy-cassab-places-faces-and-fantasies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-australian-art\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/monash-biographical-dictionary-of-20th-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/notable-australians-the-pictorial-whos-who\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-international-whos-who-of-women-a-biographical-reference-guide-to-the-most-eminent-and-distinguished-women-in-the-world-today\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-records-of-the-rudy-komon-art-gallery-1959-1984\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judy-cassab\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judy-cassab-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judy-cassab-interviewed-by-barbara-blackman-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-judy-cassab-1944-2006-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cassab-judy-artist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-rudy-komon-art-gallery-1959-1984-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cutler-family-papers-1909-1995\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bush, Muriel Evelyn (Merle E)", "Entry ID": "IMP0078", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bush-muriel-evelyn-merle-e\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Bairnsdale, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "Merle Bush devoted over 50 years of her life to the Victoria Guide Movement. During that time she developed training programs for leaders in Victoria and interstate. In the New Year's Honours List for 1956, Bush was appointed an Officer of the British Empire (Civil) for her services to the Girl Guide Movement.\n", "Details": "Always known as Merle E Bush, she was named on her birth certificate as Muriel Evelyn Bush.\nMerle grew up with very good memories of life in the early days of Victoria, as both her grandfathers had 'Produce Stores' which supplied vast areas in the state of Victoria. Her paternal grandfather's store was in Bendigo and from there he supplied goods from Northern Victoria and Southern Riverina, using Paddle Steamers along the Murray from Echuca. On the other hand her maternal grandfather's store was situated in Bairnsdale and with the aid of a steam ship, which he built himself, called the J. C. D. he traded through the Gippsland Lakes and coastal ports to Melbourne.\nBush was educated at Girton, a Church of England Grammar School, where in 1915 she became the school's Head Prefect.\nHer involvement with the Girl Guide movement lasted nearly 60 years. She helped establish and was the first Guide Leader of the 1st Bendigo Guide Company. Later Bush organized Guide rallies to see Lord and Lady Baden Powell during their visits to the State of Victoria, as well as developing Camping and Training programmes.\nActing State Secretary for eight years, Bush was awarded the Chief Guide's Diploma for Training (the only one to be awarded in Australia) as well as becoming a life member of the State Council of the Victorian Girl Guide Association during the 1940s.\nFollowing her death in 1981 a new Trefoil Guild was formed in Bendigo and called the Merle Bush T.G. It was registered on June 18, 1981. \n(Source: information supplied by Guides Victoria archives)\n", "Events": "Accepted position of Acting State Secretary for 3 months (lasted for 8 years) (1939 - 1946) \nAn organiser and assessor of the first Guide International Service (Australian) Test prior to the women being selected to work with the displaced people in Europe and Malaysia (1945 - 1945) \nAppointed the first Camping Advisor for Victoria (1926 - 1926) \nAppointed the first Training Advisor for Victoria (1926 - 1926) \nAppointed the Head of Brownies in Victoria (1925 - 1925) \nAttended the first All Australian Camp for Leaders (1925 - 1925) \nAwarded Chief Guide's Diploma for Training (the first to ever be awarded in Australia) (1947 - 1947) \nAwarded the Medal of Merit - presented by the world Chief Guide, Lady Baden Powell (1930 - 1930) \nBorn: daughter of Samuel Albert and Nina Marie (nee Dahlsen) Bush (1897 - ) \nDied (1981 - 1981) \nDistrict Secretary (1923 - 1923) \nFirst Brownie Leader of 1st Bendigo Brownie Pack (1924 - 1924) \nFirst Guide Leader of 1st Bendigo Guide Company (1922 - 1922) \nFirst Ranger Captain of 1st Bendigo Ranger Company (1927 - 1927) \nFounded Guiding in Bendigo (1922 - 1922) \nGained first Training Diploma (Blue Cord) (1924 - 1924) \nGained the Campers Licence (1923 - 1923) \nHead Prefect, Church of England Grammar School, Girton (1915 - 1915) \nHonorary Secretary at the first Federal Trainers Conference (1948 - 1948) \nHonorary Secretary for Bendigo Local Association (1923 - 1923) \nHonoured by Her Majestry the Queen with the Order of the British Empire. Presented with her award at Buckingham Palace. (1956 - 1956) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001) \nInstituted training by correspondence for country Leaders (1926 - 1926) \nLife Member of the State Council of the Victorian Girl Guide Association (1940 - 1940) \nNominated for special leadership training at the First Victorian Training Week (1923 - 1923) \nOrganized a Rally for guides to get together and meet the Chief's - Lord and Lady Baden Powell during this visit to Australia (1930 - 1930) \nOrganized a rally for the Guides of the time to see Lord and Lady Baden Powell during their visit to the State of Victoria (1935 - 1935) \nVisited Queensland as an experienced Trainer and gained further training qualification (Red Cord) for service beyond her own State (1927 - 1927) \nVisited South Australia to help reorganise that State's Training Department (1945 - 1945) \nWorked with the other States particularly South Australia and Queensland to develop Camping and Training programmes (1940 - 1940)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-womens-roll-of-honour-women-shaping-the-nation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Oodgeroo Noonuccal", "Entry ID": "IMP0082", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oodgeroo-noonuccal\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "North Stradbroke Island, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Artist, Educator, Poet, Political activist", "Summary": "Oodgeroo Noonuccal was born Kathleen Jean Mary Ruska, on Minjerribah (the Stradbroke Islands). Oodgeroo Noonuccal means Oodgeroo of the tribe Nunuccal; spelling variations include Nunuccal, Noonuckle and Nunukul. In 1970, Oodgeroo Noonuccal (under the name Kathleen Walker) was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) for services to the community. She returned it in 1987 in protest against the forthcoming Australian Bicentenary celebrations (1988).\n", "Details": "Oodgeroo Noonuccal has written about her life and work in several publications, including a short account in Roberta Sykes's 1993 Murawina: Australian women of high achievement. In addition, extremely numerous publications by and about Oodgeroo Noonuccal are available in most libraries. Janine Little has compiled a bibliography of Oodgeroo's verse, prose and other works, reviews and critical works on her work, obituaries, and audiovisual and performance material featuring Oodgeroo. See 'Oodgeroo: A Selective Checklist' in Oodgeroo: a tribute (Shoemaker (ed), 1994).\nOodgeroo Noonuccal was born Kathleen Jean Mary Ruska on 3 November 1920, on North Stradbroke Island, country of the Noonuccal tribe. She attended Dulwich Primary; left school and became a domestic in Brisbane at the age of 13. As an Aboriginal person, she said, 'there wasn't the slightest possibility of getting \"a better job\" [even] if you stayed on at school' (Murawina, 1993).\nOodgeroo served in the Australian Women's Army Service (1942-1944). She published her first book of poetry, We Are Going, in 1964, going on to become a trailblazer in published Aboriginal writing in Australia. Oodgeroo was Queensland State Secretary of FCAATSI for ten years in the 1960s and from 1972 was managing director of the Noonuccal-Nughie Education Cultural Centre on Stradboke Island. Throughout her life, she was a renowned and admired campaigner for Aboriginal rights, promoter of Aboriginal cultural survival, educator and environmentalist. She stood as the Australian Labor Party member for the electorate of Greenslopes in the 1969 State election. Although voting rights had only been in place four years, Oodgeroo decided it was time to '[s]how our black faces in parliament.'\nOodgeroo's work has been recognised by numerous awards, including the Mary Gilmore Medal (1970), the Jessie Litchfield Award (1975), the International Acting Award and the Fellowship of Australian Writers' Award. She also held an honorary doctorate of letters (Macquarie University) and was awarded the degree of Doctor of the University from Griffith University. In 1970, Oodgeroo (under the name Kathleen Walker) was appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) for services to the community. She returned it in 1987 in protest against the forthcoming Australian Bicentenary celebrations (1988). It was around this time that she reclaimed her traditional name, Oodgeroo of the Noonuccal Tribe.\nOodgeroo originally accepted the nomination as MBE after discussing the honour with members of the Brisbane Aboriginal community who felt that acceptance of the honour could 'open doors that were still closed to the Aborigines' ('Why I am now Oodgeroo Noonuccal', Age, 1987). However, Oodgeroo came to reconsider her acceptance. In her own words:\n'Since 1970 I have lived in the hope that the parliaments of England and Australia would confer and attempt to rectify the terrible damage done to the Australian Aborigines. The forbidding us our tribal language, the murders, the poisoning, the scalping, the denial of land custodianship, especially our spiritual sacred sites, the destruction of our sacred places especially our Bora Grounds \u2026 Next year, 1988, to me marks 200 years of rape and carnage, all these terrible things that the Aboriginal tribes of Australia have suffered without any recognition even of admitted guilt from the parliaments of England \u2026 From the Aboriginal point of view, what is there to celebrate?\u2026 I have therefore decided that as a protest against what the Bicentenary 'Celebrations' stand for, I can no longer, with a clear conscience, accept the English honour of the MBE and will be returning it to her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of England, through her representative, the Queensland State Governor, Sir Walter Campbell.'\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-aboriginal-australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-history-society-and-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oodgeroo-noonuccal-kath-walker\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/murawina-australian-women-of-high-achievement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-black-diggers-aborigines-and-torres-strait-islanders-in-the-second-world-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-matriarchs-twelve-australian-women-talk-about-their-lives-to-susan-mitchell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kath-walker-makes-a-stand-in-the-sitting-down-place-oodgeroo-nunucccal\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/they-spoke-out-pretty-good-the-leadership-of-women-in-the-brisbane-aboriginal-rights-movement-1958-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-role-of-teachers-in-the-year-of-indigenous-people-oodgeroo-of-the-tribe-noonuccal-kath-walker-interviewed-by-rhonda-craven\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/obituary-oodgeroo-of-the-tribe-noonuccal\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oodgeroo-as-friend-and-artist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oodgeroo-in-china\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-kath-walker-to-oodgeroo-noonuccal-ambiguity-and-assurance-in-my-people\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oodgeroo-noonuccal-kath-walker-1920-1993-obituary\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-poetry-of-oodgeroo-with-poem-mudrooroo-remembers-oodgeroo\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-struggle-goes-on-in-death-as-in-life-controversy-continues-to-surround-oodgeroonoonuccal\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oodgeroo-noonuccal-writer-poet-and-educator\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kath-walker-an-extraordinary-life-an-interview-by-christine-hogan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kath-walker-an-aboriginal-writer-interview-by-candida-baker\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/recording-the-cries-of-the-people-an-interview-with-oodgeroo-kath-walker-edited-version-of-an-interview-conducted-28-jan-1988\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/i-used-my-art-for-sanitys-sake-comments-on-the-authors-drawings\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kath-walker-activist-artist-finds-a-new-medium-for-her-cause-playing-the-old-woman-in-the-film-the-fringe-dwellers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kath-turns-to-painting-poet-kath-walker\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/looking-at-australia-from-both-sides-of-the-fence-article-based-on-an-address-given-to-an-action-for-aboriginal-rights-meeting-in-melbourne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/harmony-in-education-excerpts-from-an-address-to-action-for-aboriginal-rights\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-my-first-born-aboriginal-education-transcript-of-the-charles-joseph-la-trobe-memorial-lecture-for-1983\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/its-bloody-minded-revenge-says-kath-walker-queensland-state-lands-administration-refuses-to-alter-tenure-of-land-on-moongalba-reserve\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/utopia-australia-series-of-six-parts-part-6-a-republic-in-which-we-all-share-interview-with-kath-walker\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/neville-bonner-takes-on-the-role-of-elder\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-showpiece-for-what-the-commonwealth-games\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/born-to-be-a-poet-1982-james-mcauley-memorial-lecture-kath-walker-interview\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stradbroke-dreamtime-and-beyond-conversations-with-kath-walker-at-moongalba\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-look-at-the-seventies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kath-walker-and-the-bridge-to-the-dreamtime\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kath-walker-at-moongalba-making-the-new-dreamtime\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-kath-walker\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-aboriginal-poets-in-english-kath-walker-jack-davis-and-kevin-gilbert\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-women-and-economic-ingenuity-changing-white-perceptions-of-aboriginal-culture-and-the-role-of-women-in-that-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oodgeroo-a-tribute\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oodgeroo-a-selective-checklist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-betrayal-poster-land-rights-makarrata-poster\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-papers-of-craig-powell\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-papers-of-frank-hardy\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oodgeroo-of-the-noonuccal-custodian-of-the-land-minjerribah-sound-recording-broadcast-on-3-1-1994\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shadow-sister-motion-picture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kath-walker-this-is-your-life-series-6-ep-1-videorecording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dream-time-machine-time-videorecording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fringe-dwellers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/why-i-am-now-oodgeroo-noonuccal\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poet-swaps-name-in-protest\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-literature-an-historical-introduction\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-writers-a-bibliographic-guide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australias-unwritten-history-more-legends-of-our-land\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-dawn-is-at-hand-poems\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/father-sky-and-mother-earth\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/legends-of-our-land\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/my-people\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/quandamooka-the-art-of-kath-walker\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-rainbow-serpent\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-spirit-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/towards-a-global-village-in-the-southern-hemisphere\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stradbroke-dreamtime\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/we-are-going\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/talkin-up-to-the-white-woman-aboriginal-women-and-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/recollections-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reports-and-resolutions\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/honours-for-aborigines\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/details-of-pioneers-in-aboriginal-movement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-writers-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/youll-be-sorry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walker-kathleen-jean-mary\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/citizenship-as-non-discrimination-acceptance-or-assimilation-political-logic-and-emotional-investment-in-campaigns-for-indigenous-rights-in-australia-1940-to-1970\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-aboriginal-women-pathfinders-their-difficulties-and-their-achievements\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/outsiders-aboriginal-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-book-of-great-australian-women-thirty-six-women-who-changed-the-course-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/worth-fighting-for\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-related-to-the-publishing-of-the-spirit-of-australia-1988-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-relating-to-oodgeroo-noonuccal\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poems-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oodgeroo-noonuccal-papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/craig-powell-manuscript-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-frank-hardy-1931-1988-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kath-walker-interviewed\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kath-walker-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-charter-of-rights-by-kath-walker\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-oodgeroo-noonuccal-poet-conservationist-and-aboriginal-community-worker-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aboriginal-national-theatre-trust-limited-files-1902-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-aussie-image-the-language-of-the-image-makers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Nashar, Beryl", "Entry ID": "IMP0113", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nashar-beryl\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Waratah, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Political activist", "Summary": "Nashar was Head, Department of Geology, Newcastle University College and University of Newcastle 1961-1980, Associate Professor 1964-1965, Professor of Geology 1965-1980 and Emeritus Professor since 1980. She was the first Australian to be awarded a PhD in geology from an Australian University and the first woman dean of science in an Australian university. Her early research addressed the geology of the Stanhope district in the Hunter Valley. This was later extended to embrace the mineralogy, geochemistry and genetic relations of the Carboniferous and Permian andesitic associations of eastern New South Wales, and the conditions of formation of secondary minerals in these andesitic and basic rocks. She was appointed OBE - The Order of the British Empire - Officer (Civil) - 1 January 1972 for her work in education and international relations.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-professor-beryl-nashar-conducted-by-ms-nessy-allen-on-1-march-2001\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nashar-beryl-1923-biographical-entry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sage, Annie Moriah", "Entry ID": "IMP0114", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sage-annie-moriah\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Somerville, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse", "Summary": "During Annie Sage's distinguished military nursing career in World War II she introduced the Australian Army Medical Women's Service Training Scheme and was closely involved in the planning and establishment of the Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps as an integral part of the Australian Regular Army and the Citizen Military Forces.\nAfter the war she took an active and leading role in the establishment of the War Nurses Memorial Centre and the Centaur War Nurses Fund. Through her work with the (Royal) College of Nursing she made a very important contribution to postgraduate nursing education. She was also active in the negotiations that brought about the 1958 Nurses' Act which gave wider power to the registering authority, the Victorian Nursing Council. She was awarded the Royal Red Cross for her war work with the Australian Army Nursing Service in the Middle East in 1942 (for 'exceptional tact and administrative ability') and she was awarded the CBE (Military Division) in 1951.\n", "Events": "Accompanied the Australian Military Forces to London for the Victory March (1946 - 1946) \nAppointed a member of the Royal Red Cross (1942 - 1942) \nAwarded Florence Nightingale medal (1947 - 1947) \nBecame a partner in a grocery shop at Somerville, Victoria (1956 - 1956) \nBorn: daughter of Edward Arthur and Mary Anne (n\u00e9e Murray) Sage (1895 - 1895) \nCollege of Nursing established the Annie M Sage scholarship (1969 - 1969) \nDied and was cremated with Anglican rites with full military honours (1969 - 1969) \nFlew to Sumatra to assist with the repatriation of the 24 Australian nurses imprisoned by the Japanese (1945 - 1945) \nFounding president of the College of Nursing, Melbourne (1949 - 1950) \nGranted her nursing certificate (1926 - 1926) \nHonorary colonel of the Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps (1957 - 1962) \nHonorary fellow of the College of Nursing, Melbourne (1967 - 1967) \nLady Superintendent of the Women's Hospital, Carlton, Victoria (1947 - 1951) \nMation-in-Chief of the Australian Military Forces (1943 - 1952) \nMatron of the Victorian Baby Health Centres Association Training School (1936 - 1939) \nMatron-in-Chief of the Australian Imperial Forces (1941 - 1941) \nMember of the Australian Army Nursing Service (1939 - 1947) \nPromoted to colonel (1943 - 1943) \nRegistered as a midwife (1924 - 1924) \nSailed for the Middle East and served at Gaza Ridge, Palestine, and at Kantara, Egypt (1940 - 1940) \nTreasurer of the College of Nursing, Melbourne (1950 - 1952)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/matron-a-m-sage-sammie-a-tribute-by-betty-jeffrey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/white-coolies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/revolutions-and-rosewater-the-evolution-of-nurse-registration-in-victoria-1923-1973\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/founders-of-the-college\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-pursuit-of-nursing-excellence-a-history-of-the-royal-college-of-nursing-australia-1949-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorias-living-memorial-history-of-the-nurses-memorial-centre-1948-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sage-annie-moriah-1895-1969-biographical-entry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sage-annie-moriah-1895-1969\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-ever-open-door-a-history-of-the-royal-melbourne-hospital-1848-1998\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/colonel-best-and-her-soldiers-the-story-of-the-33-years-of-the-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sage-annie-moriah-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-womans-war-the-exceptional-life-of-wilma-oram-young-am\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guns-and-brooches-australian-army-nursing-from-the-boer-war-to-the-gulf-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annie-moriah-sage-portrait\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annie-moriah-sage-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sage-annie-moriah-matron-b-1895-d-1969\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sage-annie-moriah-colonel-rrc-cbe\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sage-annie-moriah-pay-ledger-and-history-cards-4-allotment-cards-3-tax-deduction-cards-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-a-m-sage-honour\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/campaign-in-malaya-and-singapore-escape-before-and-after-capitulation-and-evacuation-of-civilians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/honours-and-awards-recommendations-for-new-year-honours-list-1946\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/end-of-war-awards-submissions-by-quartermaster-general-and-director-general-of-medical-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/group-portrait-of-australian-army-nursing-service-aans-nurses-who-were-former-prisoners-of-war-pows-ob-board-the-hospital-ship-manunda-on-its-arrival-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-annie-m-sage-matron-in-chief-of-the-royal-australian-army-nursing-corps-1942-1952-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Coffey, Essie", "Entry ID": "IMP0121", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/coffey-essie\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Goodooga, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Actor, Community worker, Filmmaker, Singer", "Summary": "Essie Coffey was a Muruwari woman born in southern Queensland. She was co-founder of the Western Aboriginal Legal Service and served on a number of government bodies and Aboriginal community organisations.\n", "Details": "Born at Essiena Goodgabah in southern Queensland, Essie Coffey and her family were fortunate to avoid forced relocation to a reserve. Instead they lived on the move, following seasonal rural work.\nCoffey went on to be co-founder of the Western Aboriginal Legal Service and the Aboriginal Heritage and Cultural Museum in Brewarrina, serving on several government bodies and Aboriginal community organisations including the Aboriginal Lands Trust and the Aboriginal Advisory Council. She was an inaugural member of the Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation.\nCoffey was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) on 10 June 1985, for service to the Aboriginal Community. She was nominated for an MBE but refused it, explaining \"I knocked the MBE back because I'm not a member of the British Empire\".\nWith Martha Ansara, Coffey made the award-winning film My survival as an Aboriginal (1978), which she gave to Queen Elizabeth II as a gift at the opening of Australia's new Parliament House in 1988. The sequel, My Life As I Live It, was released in 1993. Coffey also appeared in the film 'Backroads'.\nEssie Coffey and her husband, Doc, had 18 children, 10 of whom were adopted.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopaedia-of-aboriginal-australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-history-society-and-culture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/building-bridges-of-hope-for-blacks\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/memorial-to-a-great-woman\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-looses-essie-coffey-bush-queen-of-brewarrina\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/my-life-as-i-live-it-videorecording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/my-survival-as-an-aboriginal-videorecording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/earthworks-poster-collective-silkscreen-posters-1974-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/my-life-as-i-live-it\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/essie-coffey-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-essie-coffey-aboriginal-activist-and-country-and-western-singer-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/big-girls-dont-cry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/my-survival-as-an-aboriginal-nfsa-restores\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/coffey-essie-interviewed-by-martha-ansara-1992-oral-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-bowden-interviews-conducted-for-radio-programs-and-documentaries-ca-1975-1989\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cuthbert, Betty", "Entry ID": "IMP0122", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cuthbert-betty\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Merrylands, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Olympian, Track and Field Athlete", "Summary": "Betty Cuthbert was the first Australian athlete to win an Olympic gold medal on Australian soil. Nicknamed the 'Golden Girl' of Australian athletics, she was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1985 as an Athlete Member for her contribution to the sport of athletic. She was elevated to \"Legend of Australian Sport\" in 1994.\nBetty Cuthbert was so unsure that she would make the Australian Olympic Games team in 1956, she bought tickets to attend the Games as a spectator.\n", "Details": "In 1956, at the Olympic Games in Melbourne, Betty Cuthbert became the first Australian athlete to win a gold medal on Australian soil. In fact, Cuthbert won gold in three track and field events at these Olympics: the 100 metres, 200 metres and the 4\u00d7100 metre relay. She made a winning return to form at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, taking gold in the 400 metres. She has achieved 16 world records. In the 1970s, Cuthbert was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis and began actively campaigning for research funds for the Multiple Sclerosis Society. Her autobiography, Golden Girl, has been printed in two editions.\nIn 1965, Cuthbert was appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for athletics in New South Wales. She was later appointed as a Member of the Order of Australia (1 January 1984), and awarded the Australian Sports Medal (8 February 2000).\nBetty Cuthbert died on 7 August 2017. At her death, she was still the only Olympian to have won gold in the 100m, 200m and 400m and only Ian Thorpe (five) has won more gold for Australia.\n", "Events": "Athletics - 100m Sprint, 200m Sprint, 4 x 100m Relay (1956 - 1956) \nAthletics - 4 x 110y Relay (1962 - 1962) \nAthletics - 400m Event (1964 - 1964) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001) \nParticipated at the Rome Olympics (1960 - 1960)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/100-great-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/golden-girl\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/golden-girl-an-autobiography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/great-australian-women-in-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-at-the-olympics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australias-golden-girl-delighted-to-get-a-bronze\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bronze-tribute-golden-spirit\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/golden-turns-bronzed\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-at-the-games\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Walton, Nancy Bird", "Entry ID": "IMP0124", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walton-nancy-bird\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Pilot", "Summary": "Nancy Bird Walton was Australia's youngest female pilot. She was awarded imperial honours for her work with the Far West Children's Health Scheme.\n", "Details": "Nancy Bird Walton was born in Sydney in 1915. In 1933, at the age of 17, she became the youngest Australian woman to gain a pilot's licence. One year later she obtained her commercial licence.\nIn 1937-1938 Walton operated a charter service in Queensland followed by a two year world tour studying civil aviation. In 1950 she founded the Australian Women's Pilots' Association. She won the Ladies Trophy in the South Australian Centenary Air Race from Brisbane to Adelaide in 1936 and came fifth in the All Women's Transcontinental Air Race, America, in 1958.\nWalton was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) in 11 June 1966 for her work as pilot to the Far West Children's Health Scheme. She was also appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia on 26 January 1990 for 'service to aviation, particularly the participation of women in aviation'.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Australian Surfing Hall of Fame (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-bird-videorecording-born-1915-aviatrix\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-bird-born-to-fly\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/my-god-its-a-woman-the-autobiography-of-nancy-bird\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-bird-walton-1915-australian-pioneer-aviatrix\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-book-of-great-australian-women-thirty-six-women-who-changed-the-course-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/yarn-spinners-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-fleming-arnot-personal-and-professional-papers-1890-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shirley-anderson-papers-1928-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/series-01-nancy-bird-walton-further-papers-1933-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edwards-and-shaw-firm-further-records1945-1984\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/series-02-nancy-bird-walton-further-photographs-ca-1930-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collection-05-nancy-bird-walton-scrapbooks-1938-ca-1997-2001\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-bird-walton-further-papers-1935-1984-including-diaries-and-scrapbooks-of-press-cuttings\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-lady-helen-blackburn-1944-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nancy-bird-walton-1933-2005-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walton-nancy-b-commander-womens-air-training-corps-watc\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/walton-nancy-bird-womens-air-training-scheme\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-nancy-bird-walton-with-lady-wakehurst-wife-of-the-governor-of-nsw-in-front-of-squadron-leader-f-c-mackillop-and-gwen-stark\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-nancy-bird-aviatrix-with-flight-lieutenant-mckillop-and-gwen-stark\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lady-wakehurst-wife-of-the-governor-of-nsw-squadron-leader-f-c-mackillop-and-gwen-stark\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-nancy-bird-walton-wearing-the-uniform-of-the-australian-womens-flying-club-with-squadron-leader-f-c-mackillop-gwen-stark-and-lake-wakehurst-wife-of-the-governor-of-nsw\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-australian-flying-club\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-bowden-interviews-conducted-for-radio-programs-and-documentaries-ca-1975-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-bird-walton-aggregated-collection-of-papers-and-pictorial-material\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Watts, Margaret Sturge", "Entry ID": "IMP0127", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/watts-margaret-sturge\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Liverpool, England", "Occupations": "Migrant community advocate, Peace activist, Welfare worker", "Summary": "Margaret Sturge Watts was involved with numerous organisations working for women, peace, children's welfare and displaced persons. She was founding President of the City Girls' Amateur Sports Association.\n", "Details": "Margaret Sturge Watts was born Margaret Sturge Thorp, daughter of James Herbert Thorp, a medical practitioner, and his wife Anne Sturge, n\u00e9e Eliot. The Thorp and Eliot families were Quakers and Margaret was raised and educated in the Quaker tradition. In 1912 she travelled to Australia with her parents.\nDuring World War I Margaret was involved in peace movements in Australia and in 1919 travelled to Europe where she undertook postwar relief work with the Society of Friends. After returning to Australia she was appointed first welfare superintendent at Anthony Hordern's department store. She was involved in the formation of the City Girls Amateur Sports Association and was the first president. In October 1925 she married Arthur Watts, and in 1930 was appointed welfare officer to the New South Wales Society for Crippled Children, a position she held until 1946.\nIn 1947 Watts volunteered for service with the Quakers in the postwar reconstruction of Europe and during 1948 she worked in Germany. On her return to Australia she was appointed Executive Secretary to the Good Neighbour Council, working for many years with migrant groups around Australia. In 1957 she became a Member of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) on 13 June 1957 for her work in the 'assimilation of new settlers.'\nBefore her death in 1978 Margaret Watts donated her personal papers to the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Australia. These papers, now held in the Mitchell and Dixon Libraries Manuscripts Collection (State Library of New South Wales), relate to her work with the Society and with many other organisations working for women, peace, children's welfare and displaced persons. They include material about Margaret Watts which was collected by others interested in her work.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hinder-eleanor-mary-1893-1963\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/watts-margaret-sturge-1892-1978\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/religious-society-of-friends-quakers-in-australia-papers-concerning-margaret-watts-1914-1982\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/religious-society-of-friends-quakers-in-australia-recording-of-margaret-watts-reading-two-chapters-of-her-unpublished-autobiography-faith-my-shield-ca-1970%e2%86%b5watts-reading-two-chapters-of\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-bowden-interviews-conducted-for-radio-programs-and-documentaries-ca-1975-1989\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cowan, Edith Dircksey", "Entry ID": "IMP0130", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cowan-edith-dircksey\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Glengarry, near Geraldton, Western Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker, Lawyer, Magistrate, Political activist, Politician, Public servant", "Summary": "Edith Cowan, the first woman to be elected to an Australian parliament in Western Australia in 1921, was described in her entry in Australian feminism, a companion, as 'a committed, tireless and public campaigner for women's and children's rights from the early twentieth century'. Married at the age of seventeen to James Cowan, registrar and master of the Supreme Court, they had five children. She was the founding secretary in 1894 and later president of the Karrakatta Club, a women's club in Perth, which campaigned for female suffrage. Her commitment to women's well-being resulted in her active involvement in the establishment of the Western Australian National Council of Women in 1911. She was a foundation member of the Children's Protection Society in 1906 and the first woman to be appointed to the Children's Court bench in 1915. She became a Justice of the Peace in 1920. In the same year her work was acknowledged with her appointment to the Order of the British Empire for her contribution to the Western Australian division of the Red Cross Society, of which she was a founding member in 1914.\nA clock tower at the entrance to King's Park in Perth was erected to her memory in 1934 and in 1995 her portrait was printed on the Australian fifty dollar note.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reflections-profiles-of-150-women-who-helped-make-western-australias-history-project-of-the-womens-committee-for-the-150th-anniversary-celebrations-of-western-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bishop-hale-and-secondary-education\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/early-social-life-and-fashions\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-pioneer-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/breaking-the-monumental-mould-how-the-edith-cowan-clock-was-built\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edith-cowan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-cowans-clock-the-location-of-the-edith-cowan-memorial\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cowan-edith-dircksey-1861-1932\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edith-cowan-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-unique-position-a-biography-of-edith-dircksey-cowan-1861-1932\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-voice-of-edith-cowan-australias-first-woman-parliamentarian-1921-1924\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cowan-edith\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-national-library-of-australias-federation-gateway\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-the-thick-of-every-battle-for-the-cause-of-labor-the-voluntary-work-of-the-labor-womens-organisations-in-western-australia-1900-1970\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/uphill-all-the-way-a-documentary-history-of-women-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/liberal-women-federation-to-1949\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-on-the-warpath-feminist-of-the-first-wave\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-complete-book-of-great-australian-women-thirty-six-women-who-changed-the-course-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/making-a-difference-women-in-the-west-australian-parliament-1921-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-ordinary-lives-pioneering-women-in-australian-politics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/law\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letter-1922-15-dec-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/minute-book-1932-1952-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-edith-cowan-former-first-woman-member-of-an-australian-parliament-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-service-guilds-of-western-australia-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edith-cowan-and-cowan-family-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "White, Vera Deakin", "Entry ID": "IMP0139", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/white-vera-deakin\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "South Yarra, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "South Yarra, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Charity worker", "Summary": "Vera White (n\u00e9e Deakin) the daughter of Australian Prime Minister Alfred Deakin and his philanthropic wife Pattie was appointed an Officer of the British Empire for her work with the Red Cross during the First World War. She received her award on 15 March 1918.\n", "Details": "Vera Deakin was born at \"Llanarth\" South Yarra, the youngest of the three daughters of Alfred and Pattie Deakin. She was educated first by her aunt - Catherine (Katie) Deakin who was an accomplished pianist. Vera then attended the Melbourne Church of England Girl's Grammar School. She also studied the 'cello and singing'. In 1913 she travelled with her aunt as chaperone to Berline and Budapest where she was a student at the Singing School and conservatorium of Music.\nDuring World War I, in 1915 with Winifred Johnson, she sailed to Cairo and set up, organised and administered the 'Wounded and Missing Enquiry Bureau' of the Australian Red Cross Society. In 1916, when Australian troops were sent to the Western Front, Vera and Winifred sailed to London, Vera with assistance of many Australian and English women including Lilian Whybrow (later Scantlebury) transferred the Bureau of London.\nVera was awarded the OBE for her work. This was the first ever civilian list. She worked there (voluntarily) until 1919 when she became engaged to Captain T W White of the Australian Flying Corps (the only Australian to have escaped from a Turkish prisoner-of-war camp). In 1919 she returned home to Melbourne as her father was ill, he died in October 1919.\nThomas White and Vera Deakin were married in March 1920, there were four daughters of the marriage - Lilian (Bennett) 1921-2002, Patricia (Sharp) 1923-, Shirley (Wadman) 1925-, Judith (Harley) 1929-.\nFrom 1929 Thomas White was a Federal member of Parliament. His wife Vera did a great deal for the constituents of his electorate (Balaclava, now Goldstein), particularly when her husband was overseas in the RAAF in World War II.\nBesides caring for her daughters, Vera was from 1931-39 a very active member of the Board of Management of the (Royal) Children's Hospital and President of the Auxiliaries. She help to found with (Lady) Ella Latham the Victorian Society for Crippled Children and Adults at the of the polio epidemic. Later she became president 1961-66, then Vice-president in 1966 and worked on their committees until she was in her late 80's. She was a member of the Limbless Soldiers Melba Welfare Trust from 1930. In 1935 she took her mother Pattie Deakin's place as Trustee of the Sir Samuel McCaughey Bequest for the education of the children of deceased or incapacitated soldiers. She was the founder and President of The Anzac Fellowship of the Women of Victoria from its inauguration in 1935 until the 1950's and then again from the 1960's until her death. She was for many years on the Council of the Melbourne Church of England Girls' Grammar School.\nPrior to World War II she helped the Victorian Division of Red Cross organise Emergency Training Groups and helped put in motion the mobilisation plans is 1939 all over Victoria. She with Lilian Scantlebury were Divisional Commandants and Honorary Directors of the Inquiry Bureau, as well as the Prisoner of War Department and Message Service to Occupied Europe from 1939-46. She was Vice-Chairman of the Society from 1949-51when she went to London when her husband was appointed Australian High Commissioner in London. While in London she was on the Council for the Care of Cripples and represented Australian Red Cross at conferences. With her husband she promoted and supported the Australian Musical Association in London, and she and her husband were instrumental in the appointment of the first Social worker at Australia House.\nSir Thomas died in 1957 in Melbourne and Vera again became involved with Red Cross as a member of the Committee of the Red Cross Welfare Service and the first Chairman of the Committee for Music in Mental Hospitals. She also became patron of the Astra Music Society at its inception.\nShe died at her home in South Yarra aged 87 in 1978 and was cremated.\nThis entry was researched and written by Judith Harley, the youngest daughter of Vera Deakin White. Sources used to compile this entry: Australian Dictionary of Biography vol. 16 p. 535, Deakin papers at the National Library, family papers and Who's Who in Australia 1977.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unsung-heroes-australias-military-medical-personnel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/white-vera-deakin-1891-1978\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-alfred-deakin-1804-1973-bulk-1880-1919-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-on-various-australian-women-19-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-from-stella-catherine-and-pattie-deakin-1909-1914-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rischbieth, Bessie Mabel", "Entry ID": "IMP0142", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rischbieth-bessie-mabel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Bethesda Hospital Claremont, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "Bessie Rischbieth's interest in woman's suffrage was aroused when she attended a suffrage meeting in London in 1908. A co-founder of the Women's Service Guild of Western Australia in 1909, she was also co-founder and President of the Australian Federation of Women Voters (1921-1942). Rischbieth edited The Dawn, a women's paper issued in Perth from 1914 to 1939. A talented craftswoman her art embroidery, beaten copperwork and word carvings were exhibited with the West Australian Society of Arts. In the later years of her life Rischbieth clashed with Jessie Street, whom she labelled a communist. Bessie Rischbieth was appointed as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for her work with women's movements.\n", "Events": "Appointed as a justice of the peace to the Perth Court (1920 - 1920) \nAppointed Officer to the Order of the British Emipre for her service with the women's movements (1935 - 1935) \nAppointed, in an honorary capacity, to the Children's Court (1915 - 1915) \nCo-founder of the British Commonwealth League of Women, becoming foundation vice-president (1925 - 1925) \nFoundation member of the Women's Service Guilds of Western Australia (1909 - 1909) \nFoundation president of the Australian Federation of Women's Societies (later Voters) (1921 - 1942) \nFounding member of the Children's Protection Society (1906 - 1906) \nInaugural secretary of the Western Australian Women Justices' Association (1925 - 1925) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001) \nJoined the board of the International Alliance of Women for Suffrage and Equal Citizenship (1926 - 1926) \nLeader of the Australian delegation to the Pan-Pacific Women's Conference in Honolulu (1928 - 1928) \nLife member of the International Alliance of Women for Suffrage and Equal Citizenship (1955 - 1955) \nMarried wool merchant, Henry Wills Rischbieth (deceased 1925) (1898 - ) \nPresident of the Women's Service Guilds of Western Australia (1911 - 1922) \nPresident of the Women's Service Guilds of Western Australia (1946 - 1950) \nPublished March of Australian women (1964 - 1964) \nWorld for Australian servicemen at the Boomerang Club, Australia House, England (1939 - 1945)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reflections-profiles-of-150-women-who-helped-make-western-australias-history-project-of-the-womens-committee-for-the-150th-anniversary-celebrations-of-western-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-service-guilds-members-at-unveiling-of-plaque-on-board-the-m-v-kabbarli\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-papers-of-ruby-rich\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/uphill-all-the-way-a-documentary-history-of-women-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-on-the-warpath-feminist-of-the-first-wave\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/march-of-australian-women-a-record-of-fifty-years-struggle-for-equal-citizenship\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-federation-of-women-voters-non-party-silver-jubilee-1921-1948-eighth-triennial-australian-conference-melbourne-october-25-30-1948\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guide-to-the-papers-of-bessie-rischbieth\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collar-with-inscription-votes-for-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-bessie-rischbieth-picture-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/saucer-and-plate-belonging-to-mrs-pankhurst-presented-to-bessie-rischbieth-by-the-suffragette-fellowship-london\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-sphere-a-summary-of-the-movement-for-womens-electoral-reform-and-representation-in-victoria\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bessie-rischbieth-jessie-street-and-the-end-of-first-wave-feminism-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bessie-rischbieth\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rischbieth-bessie-mabel-1874-1967\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ruby-rich-1906-1984-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-on-various-australian-women-19-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bessie-mabel-rischbieth-papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/badges-of-womens-suffrage-groups-worn-by-bessie-rischbieth-circa-1913-realia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-bessie-mabel-rischbieth-benefactor-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sash-with-inscription-votes-for-women-realia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/order-of-the-british-empire-medal-awarded-to-bessie-rischbieth-realia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-irene-greenwood-1912-1981-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-and-objects-of-bessie-rischbieth-1900-1967-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-bessie-rischbieth-picture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/saucer-and-plate-belonging-to-mrs-pankhurst-presented-to-bessie-rischbieth-by-the-suffragette-fellowship-london-realia-manufactured-by-williamsons-longton-eng\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-service-guilds-of-western-australia-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-ruby-rich-1943-1948-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-jessie-street-circa-1914-1968-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pethybridge-eva-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ashton, Helen", "Entry ID": "IMP0147", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ashton-helen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Shoalhaven, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "Helen Ashton was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 4 October 1918 for her work for the Red Cross Society. Her husband, James, worked closely with the first president, Lady Helen Munro Ferguson.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ashton-james-1864-1939\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Norman, Decima", "Entry ID": "IMP0154", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/norman-decima\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "West Perth, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Track and Field Athlete", "Summary": "Australia's first female athletic star, Decima Norman won five gold medals at the 1938 Empire Games (later known as the Commonwealth Games) in Sydney. She won gold medals in the 100 yards, 220 yards, long jump and two relays, and in winning the 100 yards she beat the world record-holder. She might well have won Olympic gold in 1940 if those Games had not been cancelled. Decima Norman was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1982 for her services to sport.\n", "Details": "Decima Norman won five gold medals at the 1938 Empire (Commonwealth) Games, stamping herself, according to another athlete who competed in Sydney as the star of the games'; Australia's first real 'Golden Girl'. Placing her effort in historical perspective, it was a record that remained unbroken until 1998 when one of Australian's greatest female swimmers, Susie O'Neill, won six gold medals in the pool at Kuala Lumpur. The only male swimmer to beat her mark is Ian Thorpe, who also won six medals in 2002. When we see what it took to beat her record, it becomes clear that we are talking about an amazing athletic performance, in anyone's terms.\nDecima's performances did not emerge from a vacuum and would not have surprised those who knew her well. This does not mean that the effort she put in to achieve them was any less extraordinary. Coming from Western Australia, where the infrastructure to support women's athletics was severely lacking relative to that enjoyed by athletes in New South Wales and Victoria, Decima Norman helped to create the infrastructure, as she prepared herself for a successful career in national and international track and field competition.\nDecima Norman was born in 1909 in West Perth, Western Australia. Decima's biological parents are unknown. She was adopted by Francis and Elizabeth Norman who lived in West Perth and had a farm at Yorkrakine (near Tammin). After Francis died in 1923, and Elizabeth in 1933, Decima lived with their son (and her brother by adoption), Andrew, and his family. Francis and Elizabeth sent Decima to Perth College, and were very supportive of her schoolgirl sporting endeavours, which were many and various. Decima was Perth College's champion athlete in 1923, going on to become the Western Australian interschool triple jump champion. She captained the school basketball (netball) team, played hockey exceptionally well and competed for the school in swimming and tennis. After she finished school she competed in a variety of surf lifesaving events.\nLike many women involved in competitive sport as schoolgirls in the 1920s, the absence of organized competition once they left school, particularly in athletics, was a source of frustration and disappointment. The situation in Western Australia for track and field athletes was even more dire than it was for their counterparts in New South Wales and Victoria, where organizations such as the Sydney City Girls' Amateur Sports Association were recently established to fill that void. There was, however, a strong, developing hockey competition and, given her speed and athletic ability, Decima enjoyed success in this sport. She travelled with the state team to the eastern states in 1935 and gained her first impressions of life outside Australia's southwest at this time.\nHockey, however, was only ever really a distraction from her first sporting love. Even though there was no organized competition, Norman continued to train herself, in the hope that there would eventually be one. While doing so one evening in 1932, she was approached by a man named Frank Preston, a former footballer, who, despite thinking that she 'looked like a hen in flight' when she ran, nevertheless decided that someone who was prepared to train so hard in a sport that offered her little opportunity to compete was worth taking a punt on. He offered to coach her. Decima immediately agreed and the two began preparing for the Western Australian amateur women's State Championships, to be conducted for the first time in a month. She won both the 100y and 220y races in respectable times. Admittedly, the opposition wasn't world class; it was comprised mainly of schoolgirl champions. But the signs were sufficient enough for Preston to encourage Decima to keep training.\nIn the meantime, Norman and Preston continued to campaign off the track. Norman tried to drum up interest in forming a club for women in Perth, but found the task difficult as other, more popular sports attracted the accomplished athletes. She continued to train and, at the State titles one year later in 1933, improved her time in the 100y and 220y considerably, knocking off a second from her previous years effort in both events. Preston believed she deserved a chance to represent Australia at the Empire Games, to be staged in London in 1934, and wrote to the Women's Amateur Athletic Association of Australia (WAAAA) asking how this could be arranged. After all, she was running times that were comparable to those of Olympians Eileen Wearne (1932) and Edie Robinson (1928). The news was not good - the WAAAA advised him that this couldn't happen unless Decima was a registered member of the association. However, to become a member of the WAAAA, she needed to be registered with a women's athletics club that was, in turn, registered with a state association. If she was going to officially represent Australia, then she needed to establish a local club for her to join first. This did not happen in time for Decima to compete in London in 1934 or, as it turned out, at the Berlin Olympics in 1936.\nThey persevered with the campaign of raising the profile of women's athletics in Western Australia. Thinking outside the square in 1935, Norman and Preston came to an agreement with the Subiaco Football Club, who permitted them to run a series of amateur women's races during a men's professional series held at the club grounds. These races attracted interest and support and, most importantly, women athletes keen to form amateur clubs in Perth. Eventually, three clubs were established (Perth, Surf and Cottesloe) and they affiliated to form the Western Australian Women's Athletics Association, which then affiliated with the national body. Western Australia sent its first ever team, coached and managed by Frank Preston, to the National Championships in Melbourne in 1937. The way was paved for Norman to compete internationally.\nThe members of the small Western Australian contingent were popular with the Melbourne press and the other athletes. The struggle they had undergone to obtain the right to be there, the knowledge that their home training facilities were nowhere near the standard that women in the eastern states enjoyed, the difficulty raising money for travel and accommodation, the experience of the long trip over on the train, all these story lines created sympathetic interest in the fledgling team. Needless to say, Norman's victory on the first night of competition in the 220y final, in wintery conditions, heightened their interest. The prospective teams to compete at the 1938 Empire Games didn't look particularly strong, but Norman's star appeared to be on the rise, and all of a sudden, so did that of the Australian track and field team. By the end of the meet, the whole Western Australian team had impressed. Norman won the 100y final with Joan Woodland surprising everyone by making it in for third place. Joy Barnett took third place in the 440y and the Western Australian team won the 4 x 110y relay. This victory surprised everyone, even Norman herself. 'We were like miniatures compared with some of the very husky maids from the other states', she observed some years later.\nHer performance at the national championships earned Decima a place in the team to compete in the Sydney Empire Games in February the following year. She returned to Perth for Christmas, returning to Sydney by sea early in the new year. The ship's captain gave her and Joan Woodland, who was also selected in the team, full run of the Promenade deck for an hour a day to train, which helped to keep her in top form. So impressed was her coach by her form, her coach was certain that if she could reproduce it in Sydney, she would come back to Perth as an Empire Title holder.\nWhen they arrived in Sydney, it was clear that the training facilities they enjoyed on the boat were better than those arranged for the competing women athletes by the games organizers! They were literally non-existent. Preston found space for them to use at Rushcutter's Oval. Furthermore, there were no change or massage rooms available in the competition venue (the Sydney Cricket Ground) and the group had to procure a spare room in the basement of an old building across the road. Once these practicalities were sorted out, the women's team trained well and kept their eye on the drills and methods of the competition, believing that they would learn something from the host of international athletes. Instead, they thought that they might, in fact, be able to teach the visitors a thing or two. 'To a degree we were disappointed, and regarded our own methods, if anything, a little more advanced,' Norman recalled later on.\nHer results over the next few days of competition proved this to be the case. Born with natural athletic talent, Norman trained for seven years to establish herself as an athlete of international standing. She was the first Australian to win a gold medal at the games when she crossed the finish line in the final of the 100y in first place in a time of 11.1 seconds. She then ran the final (110y) leg on the victorious Australian 660y medley relay team to take her second gold medal. She won the broad jump when she smashed the Empire record with her best ever jump of 19\u2032 0 \u00bc (5.80m). Having come within .1 of the world record for the 220y in the semifinal, she led an Australian clean sweep of the final the following day. After that win, she ran the first (220y) leg on the winning Australian 660y relay team. Decima Norman won every event she entered in the games an established herself at the premier athlete of the event; Australia's first athletics 'golden girl'.\nWe can only guess how Norman might have matched it against athletes from the rest of the world. Having made the decision to move to Sydney in 1939 to train for the Olympic Games the following year, events in Europe and the Pacific intervened; there were to be no Olympic Games in 1940. She immediately redirected her efforts towards a successful campaign at the National Championship, to be held in Perth for the first time, in 1940. Competing as a member of the New South Wales team (she now lived in Sydney), Decima won the Long Jump and set an Australian record in the 90y Hurdles before assisting the NSW team to a win in the relay, also setting an Australian record. This was the last time she competed in an officially sanctioned athletics competition.\nAfter she finished with competition, she retained an interest in women's sport and helped by raising funds, and providing financial and other advice. She continued with the secretarial career that she established before she began competing, and she held interests in a restaurant and night club. She met Eric Hamilton in Sydney and after several years they returned to Albany in Western Australia to retire. The pair never officially married, however Decima did change her last name to Hamilton via deed poll in Western Australia. The couple never had any children.\nIn 1982, Decima was appointed the official custodian of the Commonwealth Games Baton and was flown to Britain to accept it directly from the Queen, ensuring its safe passage to Brisbane, where the games were held. The same year she was an awarded an MBE; the following year she died of cancer. She was nearly 74 years old, in 1983.\nDecima Norman finished her competitive career as member of the NSW team, but it is with the development of athletics in Western Australia that she will always be closely associated. The formation of the Western Australian clubs and association was primarily due to her and top quality athletes such as Joan Woodland. Her Empire Games successes inspired other great Western Australian champions such as the post-war champion Shirley Strickland de la hunty, who said of Decima ' She was a brilliant athlete with great speed, power and determination and a natural talent that was largely undeveloped, as was shown by her winning without having trained for it.'\nIn 1985 she was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame; in 1986 she was admitted into the Western Australian Institute of Sport's 'Hall of Champions'. Not bad result for an athlete whose coach had the following to say about her, 'Her leg action was wrong, her arm action was wrong. She did not run sufficiently on her toes and her balance is not good. Her breathing has to be corrected.' Fortunately, she was happy to be corrected.\n1938 Sydney Empire Games (now called Commonwealth Games)\n100 yards (gold medal)\n220 yards (gold medal)\nLong jump (gold medal)\n440 yards medley relay (gold medal)\n660 yards medley relay (gold medal)\nAustralian Championships\n100 yards: 1937\n220 yards: 1937\n4\u00d7110 relay: 1937\n90 yards hurdles: 1940\n4\u00d7110 relay: 1940\nLong jump: 1940\n", "Events": "Athletics - 100y; 220y; Broad Jump; 440y Medley Relay; 660y Medley Relay (1938 - 1938)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/monash-biographical-dictionary-of-20th-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/101-australian-sporting-heroes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-at-the-olympics\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brief-account-of-w-a-athletes-career\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/decima-hamilton-nee-norman-mbe\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/decima-hamilton-nee-norman-mbe-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/decima-hamilton-profile-of-champion-track-and-field-runner\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/athletics-gold-track-and-field-athletics-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Wilson, Grace Margaret", "Entry ID": "IMP0159", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wilson-grace-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Army Nurse, Matron", "Summary": "During World War I Grace Wilson was Principal Matron of No 3 Australian General Hospital serving in Egypt, Lemnos and France. She was appointed a Commander (Military) of the Order of the British Empire on 1 January 1919 for army nursing service in France. Grace Wilson was mentioned in dispatches five times as well as being awarded the Royal Red Cross Medal (2 May 1916) and the Florence Nightingale Medal.\n", "Details": "After being educated at Brisbane Girls' Grammar School, Grace Wilson commenced her nursing training at Brisbane Hospital and continued at Queen Charlotte Hospital (London). Upon completion she became a sister at Albany Memorial Hospital (London) and then returned to Australia to be Matron at the Brisbane Hospital.\nDuring World War I Wilson was Principal Matron No. 3 Australian General Hospitals in Egypt, Lemnos and France. She then became temporary Matron-in-chief for the Australian Imperial Forces (AIF). Wilson was mentioned in dispatches five times, awarded the Florence Nightingale Medal and Royal Red Cross Medal as well as being appointed a Commander (Military) of the Order of the British Empire on 1 January 1919 for army nursing service. In 1937 she led the A.I.F. Nurses' Contingent to the Coronation.\nDuring her career Wilson was matron at Rosemount Military Hospital, Brisbane, and the Children's Hospital, Melbourne, and was sister-in-charge at Somerset House Private Hospital, Melbourne. From 1933 to 1940 she was matron at the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, and at the outbreak of World War II became matron-in-chief of the Australian Army Nursing Service (A.A.N.S). From 1940 to 1941 Wilson was matron-in-chief of the Nursing Service with the A.I.F., before becoming executive officer with the Nursing Control Section at the Manpower Directorate.\nMatron Grace Margaret Wilson died in 1957.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/what-is-the-anzac-spirit\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/visit-gallipoli\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rsl-returned-sisters-sub-branchthanksgiving-service-100-years-of-australian-army-nursing\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-diggers-makers-of-the-australian-military-tradition\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-nurses-since-nightingale-1860-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/just-wanted-to-be-there-australian-service-nurses-1899-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wilson-grace-margaret-1879-1957\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dawson, Eileen", "Entry ID": "IMP0167", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dawson-eileen\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Golfer", "Summary": "Eileen Dawson was appointed to the Order of the British Empire - Member (Civil) on 31 December 1976 for services to golf.\n", "Details": "Eileen Dawson travelled throughout Western Australia with other women golfers and professionals encouraging new players and helping to establish clubs for women. In 1969 she was appointed chairwoman of a new sub-committee of the Western Australian Ladies Golf Union, which assisted in developing junior girls' golf. The committee organised for golf to be added to school sports curriculums, and for students to be coached by professionals, also arranging golf holiday camps.\nAn Australian Champion golfer in 1959, Eileen Dawson was Western Australian Ladies Amateur Champion in 1955, 1961 and 1965. From 1947-1949, 1951-1955 and 1957-1969 she was a member of the Western Australian State Team and in 1960 played with the Australian team. She later became non-playing captain of the Australian team.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eileen-dawson-chairman-of-the-course\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reflections-profiles-of-150-women-who-helped-make-western-australias-history-project-of-the-womens-committee-for-the-150th-anniversary-celebrations-of-western-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Court, Margaret Jean", "Entry ID": "IMP0179", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/court-margaret-jean\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Albury, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Minister, Tennis player", "Summary": "Margaret Court was one of Australia's greatest sportswomen. She won 62 grand slam titles and, in 1970, was the second woman in history to win the Australian, French, U.S. and Wimbledon titles in a calendar year.\nWinner of the ABC Sportsman of the Year Award in 1963 and 1970, Margaret Court was appointed to the Order of the British Empire - Member (Civil) on 1 January 1967 for services to sport and international relations. In 1970 she also won the Walter Lindrum Award.\nIn January 2003, Tennis Australia renamed Melbourne Park's Show Court One to the Margaret Court Arena. She was the recipient of the 2003 Australia Post Australian Legends Award, and featured on a special 50c stamp.\nIn 2006 she was awarded the International Tennis Federation's (ITF) highest accolade, the Philippe Chatrier Award.\nIn 2017, in the context of Australian debates about marriage equality, Margaret Court became a controversial figure, as many prominent people in tennis condemned her views on same sex marriage and the rights of transgender people.\nIn January 2021, Court was appointed as a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in the Australian Day Honours, for eminent service to tennis as an internationally acclaimed player and record-holding grand slam champion, and as a mentor of young sportspersons. In response to criticisms that it was not appropriate to honour her this way, based upon her controversial views on the rights of LGBTQI+ people, an anonymous member of the Council for the Order of Australia said the award to address a gender disparity created five years earlier when Rod Laver became the first tennis player to be made a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC).\n", "Details": "When Margaret Court (n\u00e9e Smith) was thirteen years old Frank Sedgeman, the Australian tennis champion, told her that she was so talented, she could be the first Australian women to win Wimbledon. Eight years later she achieved that goal, and then spent the next decade or so creating tennis records. By 2007, she was the most prolific winner, male or female, of major championships, having notched up 62 titles in singles, doubles and mixed doubles between 1960 and 1975, including seven straight Australian Championships between 1960-1966. She took the Australian, French, Wimbledon and U.S. singles titles all within 1970 to become the second female Calendar Year Grand Slam winner at after Maureen Connolly, who achieved the feat in 1953. She is the only player to achieve a Calendar Year Grand Slam in doubles as well as in singles. In purely statistical terms, her nearest all time 'rivals', Martina Navratilova, with 56 majors, and Roy Emerson, heading the men with 28, are a long way behind. Court has 24 titles in singles alone, three ahead of Steffi Graf when she left the game. Putting this into some contemporary perspective, Roger Federer, with ten grand slam titles and Serena Williams, with eight, still have some work to do if they are going to catch her. As the citation to accompany her 1979 induction in to the International Tennis Hall of Fame reads, 'For sheer strength of performance and accomplishment there has never been a tennis player to match Margaret Smith Court.' Not bad for an ordinary girl from regional Australia.\nBorn in July, 1942, Margaret Smith was, quite literally, a fighter from the moment she drew breath. Her mother nearly died giving birth to her and Margaret was very ill upon arrival. Fortunately, she lived to grow up and go to school in Albury, New South Wales, a regional centre in the state's southeast situated on the Murray River. Her circumstances were not affluent. Her parents owned neither the house they lived in, a very modest, two bedroom, thin-walled, asbestos dwelling with a tin roof that stretched to fit a family of six, nor a car. Margaret was lucky, therefore, that she lived across the road from twenty-four grass tennis courts. She was also lucky that the coach there, Wally Rutter, spotted her and took the time to nurture her talent. It was Rutter who brought her to the attention of Sedgeman and it was Sedgeman who encouraged her to come to Melbourne so that she could make the most of her potential. At 16 she moved to Melbourne to widen her experience and to receive specialist coaching.\nIn retrospect, she also thinks she was lucky to grow up a tomboy in a neighbourhood full of sports mad boys, with whom she regularly competed. She suggests, however, that it was 'determination to succeed and to be the best' rather than competitiveness that later drove her to succeed. Whatever the motivation, there is no doubt that she became the best, although she never really sat down to measure how good she was until she'd finished playing. She didn't know exactly how many titles she had won until she retired and even then that was only because someone else (English commentator John Barrett) had counted them for her.\nThis is not to say that Margaret was blas\u00e9 about her success; rather it is an indication of her modesty and source of motivation. She did not do things for the glory and attention but because she always had personal goals. There were three in particular, throughout the course of her career, that drove her to 'be the best'. The first of them, to be the first Australian woman to win Wimbledon, she met in 1963. The second, to win the Calendar Year Grand Slam (the Wimbledon and the Australian, United States, French Opens all in the one year) eventuated in 1970 and the third, to be the first mum to be number one in the world, she achieved in 1973. She tried coming back after having her second child but says that, at that point, she didn't have a goal, so she knew it was time to give the game up, which she did in 1975.\nMargaret had natural talent, athleticism and strength; her court coverage was amazing and the power of her serve-volley game set her apart in the women's game. She and one of her early physical instructors, Stan Nicholls, did things differently in order to capitalise upon and enhance her physical strength. She spent a lot of time in the gym lifting weights in an era when very few women did this as a matter of course. But she also attributes the power of her game to her early upbringing. 'As a young girl, I used to train with the men. I practiced with the men all the time and I thought I had to serve-volley, because they wouldn't invite me to play with them if I didn't\u2026I was brought up playing with the men.' Consequently, she developed a style of game that saw her constantly serve-charging the net and, in so doing, introduced change into the women's game. The British, who were unused to their female tennis players being so physically imposing and aggressive on the court, called her the 'Aussie Amazon'. Apart from being strong, her physique gave her other natural advantages. People used to think she was taller than she was (5'9\u2033) because she was all arms and legs. (Indeed her International Tennis Hall of Fame still describes her as 'nearly six feet tall'.) In particular, her reach was 'telescopic'; one of her regular opponents, Billie Jean King, called her 'the Arm', because of it. It was like it added extra inches to the length of her racquet. One can only speculate on how much better she might have been if, as a natural left-hander, she hadn't been trained not to be at school, as was the policy at the time she was growing up. 'Sometimes I wished I had've stayed lefty,' she says. 'I would have had probably a better serve.'\nAt times, it seemed that the only person capable of beating Margaret was Margaret herself. Sometimes she suffered from nerves and was accused, in modern day parlance, of choking, most famously against crowd favourite, Evonne Goolagong (Cawley) in the 1971 Wimbledon final. (Perhaps they might have bitten their tongues if they had known she was pregnant with her first child at the time!) Seeded 1 in her first attempt at Wimbledon in 1962, and after having a bye in the first round, she got bundled out in the second round by an unseeded player named Billie Jean Moffitt (later King). It wasn't one of her greatest days and she remembers phoning home talking to her Mum, who said \"I suppose you'll give up tennis now and come home.' On the contrary, she replied, 'No, I'm going to go on to America and I'm going to win everything,' True to her word, she won the U.S. Championship that year, beating Darlene Hard in straight sets.\nMargaret was consistently excellent in both singles and doubles over the next four-five years, winning 29 grand slam titles in the period 1962-66. Towards the end of 1965, however, she began to get tired of life on the road and, having won all the grand slam events and thinking she had achieved all that she could achieve in tennis, she decided to retire the next year. She moved to Perth, Western Australia and tried something entirely different; she opened a boutique. Travelling had given her a taste for clothes and she decided to turn her hobby into a business venture. Perth is also where she met her husband, Barry Court, son of then Premier of Western Australia, Sir Charles Court and brother to the future premier, Richard Court. This was a family that was very far removed from the tennis world - Barry didn't even know how to score the game and his mother, when introduced to her said 'Oh, that's interesting, you have the same name as the tennis player'. In Perth, for a year or so, Margaret escaped from the world of tennis and refreshed. No struggles with administrators about the quality of accommodation she had to stay in when on tour; no dealing with media outlets curious about her personal life, Margaret enjoyed living life outside the tennis world. She married Barry in 1967 (the same year she was awarded an M.B.E.) and suggested they go overseas - Barry had never left the country and she was keen to share the life she had lead with him. 'Maybe I'll go back and play tennis and you will see where I've come from'.\nShe returned to the game in 1968 and had the best two-season run in history in 1969-70, with seven majors, missing out only at Wimbledon in1969, where she lost in the semis to champion Ann Haydon Jones, 10-12, 6-3, 6-2. Her new goal, to win the Calendar Year Grand Slam was achieved in 1970. The Wimbledon final she won to achieve that goal, against Billie Jean King, is she says the game 'means more to me than most probably means the most to her.' With an injured ankle, she played two marathon sets (there were no tie-breakers then) to win 11-9, 14-12.\nShe played again in 1971 until she discovered she was pregnant with her first child, Daniel. After he was born, everyone assumed she would give the game away for good. Instead, she decided she had something else to prove; she was going to be the first mother to be number one in the world. Not only did she go on to do this in 1973, she did it in extraordinary style, playing some of the best tennis of her career and winning 24 of 25 tournaments she played. In 1974, her second child, Marika, was born. Court started playing again but her heart wasn't in it and so she retired permanently in 1977 around the same time she learned she was expecting the third of her four children.\nWhen she retired from tennis for good, life took a big turn, initially, not for the best. Brought up a Catholic, she regularly attended church but one day when she was attending a service in France given in French and Latin, she released how disconnected she was from her spiritual self, and how she needed more than the traditional church could offer her. During this period, she suffered from depression and was physically unwell; the world's once fittest woman was weak, fearful and afraid to go to sleep. She experienced a crisis of confidence and a crisis of faith.\nIt wasn't until she began to attend Bible school in the early 1980s that the disparate threads of her life began to mesh again, and Margaret committed herself fully to the Pentecostal Church. In 1991 she was officially ordained to the ministry and a year later she established her own outreach ministry, Margaret Court Ministries Inc. In 1995 she entered into formerly unchartered waters by founding and establishing Victory Life Centre, of which she is the Senior Pastor. With an average Sunday attendance of 1300+ this made it one of the Perth's largest and dynamic churches.\nRecognised as an inspirational speaker as her new career developed, Margaret's tennis achievements were also recognised in a variety of was at this time. In 1993, together with Rod Laver, she was inducted into the Australian Tennis Hall of Fame, the first players to be granted this honour. In 2002 Tennis Australia named the Number 1 Court at Melbourne Park, the home of the Australian Open, 'Margaret Court Arena'. In 2007 she received an Order of Australia (OAM) and in January 2021 Court was appointed as a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in the Australian Day Honours. Both awards created controversy because of her conservative views on gender diversity.\nMargaret still plays tennis. 'I know the spiritual side,' she says, 'I need to keep the outer man fit as well. And she still plays hard - she is still very determined. 'I don't think that ever leaves you,' she says. 'I'm a very focused person.' Only now, instead of changing the game of tennis, she's working at 'changing nations'.\nMargaret Court's Grand Slam Wins:\nWimbledon\nSingles: 1963, 1965, 1970\nDoubles: 1964, 1969\nAustralian\nSingles: 1960-1966, 1969-1971, 1973\nDoubles: 1961-1963, 1965, 1969-1971, 1973\nUnited States of America\nSingles: 1962, 1965, 1968-1970, 1973\nDoubles: 1963, 1968-1970, 1973, 1975\nFrench\nSingles: 1962, 1964, 1969, 1970, 1973\nDoubles: 1964-1966, 1973\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/reflections-profiles-of-150-women-who-helped-make-western-australias-history-project-of-the-womens-committee-for-the-150th-anniversary-celebrations-of-western-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/great-australian-women-in-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/encyclopedia-of-australia-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/court-on-court-a-life-in-tennis\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-winning-faith-the-margaret-court-story\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/winning-words-the-creative-power-of-what-you-say\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-court-of-champions\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/courts-crusade\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/court-honour-bestowed-on-australian-great-court\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/all-time-australian-tennis-great-margaret-court-found-her-true-from-serving-jesus\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/talking-heads\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-court-interviewed-by-gail-ohanlon-for-the-battye-library-collection-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McKay, Heather Pamela", "Entry ID": "IMP0180", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mckay-heather-pamela\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Squash Coach, Squash player", "Summary": "Awarded the Australian Sports Medal on 30 August 2000, Heather McKay was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) on 26 January 1979 for her service to the sport of squash, and an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 2018 for distinguished service to squash as an elite player and coach, as a pioneer on the professional circuit, and through support for young athletes. She had previously been appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) on 1 January 1969 for services to sport. An Australian representative in squash and hockey, McKay dominated ladies squash for two decades and lost only two squash matches in her career.\n", "Details": "Heather McKay (n\u00e9e Blundell) enjoyed a career of unparalleled dominance in her chosen sport and is one of Australia's greatest ever sportspeople. During a playing career that lasted nearly twenty years, she won fourteen successive Australian Amateur titles in her sport (1960-73), sixteen British Amateur (later Open) titles (1962-77), the inaugural World Championship title (1976) and the World Championship again in 1979. She was named the ABC Sportsman (!) of the year in 1967. She lost two matches in all that time; one in 1960, the other in 1962. Even then, Heather McKay considered those losses to be steps towards later victories. The 1960 loss was to the late Yvonne West in the quarter final of the New South Wales Championship - a result she was tickled pink by considering it was the first time she'd played in the event after picking up the game the year before. She never lost an amateur title match in Australia again. The 1962 loss was to Fran Marshall, the reigning British Champion, in the final of the Scottish Championship. It was the last loss she would ever experience, and Heather was delighted with the result. It was the first serious hit out she had in Britain before her first attempt at the British Amateur Championship, a title she took from Marshall a few weeks later.\nThese achievements are unmatched by other Australian sporting heroes, yet more Australians will be familiar with the accomplishments of Pat Cash, Shane Warne or the Brisbane Lions Australian Football League team than they are with McKay's. She is a little frustrated by the lack of recognition, not because she needed it but because her sport could benefit from the publicity. Furthermore, she is confident the reason she has been overlooked has nothing to do with the fact that she is a woman and everything to do with her choice of sport. Heather McKay played squash. Despite there being a tradition of excellence in Australian squash at an elite level, and despite its popularity as a participant sport, squash in Australia has never had a high media profile, not even when an Australian woman was literally unbeatable. In fact, in a cruel paradox, the better she became, the less media coverage Heather McKay received. Her mother used to say to her, 'I knew if I didn't hear anything about you, that you had to be winning'. Clearly, if Mrs. Blundell relied on the press for news of her daughter's achievements, she would be waiting a long time!\nHeather Blundell, born July 1941, was one of eleven children that grew up in Queanbeyan in New South Wales. Most of her brothers and sisters played sport regularly, some at a high level, in games like tennis, hockey, rugby and A.F.L. Her dad was a champion country rugby league player and both parents played tennis. They actively encouraged all there children to live active lives and, as Heather says, 'it's just what you did in those days.' Given that both parents were incredibly busy (Heather's dad worked as a baker by night and in his market garden by day, Heather's mum had eleven children to care for) the children, the children had to entertain themselves. Sport was a cheap, accessible form of entertainment.\nWhile she was adept at most sports she tried her hand at, as a young woman Heather excelled at tennis and hockey. In fact, it was in order to keep fit for hockey that she initially played squash. After discovering the game when she was on holidays with a friend in Sydney, she came back to Canberra and, along with a group of other girls, made regular games at the 'Squash Bowl' in the city part of her training regime. It was pretty much hit and giggle stuff; they received no coaching, just a good cardio work out. Then one day when she was playing with a friend, Alan Netting, Alan told her that the New South Wales Country Championships were being held in Wollongong and suggested that they go down to them. After checking with Mum, who gave the plan the all clear, Heather and Alan joined the competition. She finished the tournament with victories in the Junior and Women's titles, a performance that caught the eye of the late Vin Napier, president of the Australian Squash Association. He suggested that she should attend the New South Wales championships in Sydney. With the help of her mother and her grandmother made it to the quarter final and won the junior tournament, without ever having received any formal coaching, and with the NSW Country tournament her only experience.\nIt was at this point that Heather decided to switch her focus from tennis to squash. This is not to say that she stopped playing other sports; on the contrary, she continued to play hockey throughout her squash career and well into her retirement from international competition. Indeed she was still playing good enough hockey to be named All Australian twice, in 1967 and 1971. But the fact that she never actually played representative hockey, because it clashed with her squash commitments, indicates where her priorities lay.\nAfter winning her first Australian title in 1960 (the first of fourteen straight), she was forced to make another choice; whether she was going to stay in Canberra and fiddle around, or further her career by moving to Sydney. Obviously, her meteoric rise in the sport suggested that she had the raw material to make the move worthwhile. The move was made easier because of the help of some good sponsors and friends. Spaldings (whose racquets she was using at the time) helped her to get a job at the Belleview Hill Squash courts, and Vin Napier put her touch with players and coaches who were generous with their time and advice. John Cheadle would have a hit with her once a week. Keith Walker taught her to think a bit more about the game, rather than just 'hitting and hoping'. Heather spent her first year in Sydney listening, learning and playing a lot of squash.\nHaving successfully taken on Australia twice, in 1961 and 1962, Heather thought it was time to take on the world. In the 1960s and early 1970s, the British Open was the unofficial world championship - an official world title did not come into being until 1976. Fortunately, she had an understanding employer, an enthusiastic and supportive state association and some helpful sponsors who regularly made it possible for her to find the time and money to take off to Britain for two months every year for sixteen years! She would play demonstration matches as fundraisers; the Australian Squash Association would provide some money, as would the Spalding Company and the cigarette company W.D. and H.O. Wills. All the money went through the New South Wales Association, who then arranged her travel and paid her an allowance; in the age of amateurism everything had to be arranged just so. It could not be seen that she was making money from her sport.\nIn 1962, Heather flew across to London, knowing virtually no-one and without even a hotel room booked for her first night, in order to have a tilt at the British title. Stepping off the plane, she asked herself 'Ok, what do I do now' - it was a scary sensation. Fortunately, she was met by the late Janet Shardley (Bisley at the time) a renowned British squash champion. In what would become a regular feature of her annual migration, she stayed with Janet and her first husband, Joe and then, after Joe died, her second husband Ambrose. As Heather said, Janet was really her 'second mum', and both Joe and Ambrose were great friends. They were all vitally important to creating the stability that underlay her success in Britain over the next sixteen years, including that first year.\nStaying with friends, being billeted out while playing in various lead up tournaments around the country, spending a lot of time alone during the day because everyone else was working ('I became a very good window shopper' claims Heather); the life of an amateur sportsperson in the 1960s was a far cry from the experience of today's professional sportspeople. There were no managers ensuring you ate and slept well in comfortable hotels, there was no coach scheduling adequate warm up, cool down and recovery sessions. There were no media or sponsor commitments. And of course, there was no money. Not unreasonably, Heather wishes that she had the opportunity to make more money from the game than she did, and believes that some of the restrictions placed on amateurs were ridiculous. (The people who insisted that she be classified as a professional because she didn't pay for her half of the court where she practiced spring to mind as some of the most small minded!) Having said that, she still thinks that it was a great time to be playing the game. Precisely because their livelihood wasn't at stake, amateurs could leave it all on the court and establish very good friendships off the court, friends who you could go out and have a drink, or catch a movie, with; friends who you looked forward to seeing again when you all met up at the next major tournament. She looked forward to hard games with players such as the English women Fran Marshall and Anna Craven-Smith and the Australians Jenny Irving and Marion Jackman, but she also looked forward to good times with them off the court.\nWhy was Heather McKay so good? Apart from an extraordinary ability to stay fit and on the court, she was naturally athletic and very strong; she could get to balls that her opponents didn't think possible and she could hit the ball so hard and accurately they couldn't get it back. She was a technical perfectionist - 'good technique doesn't fall down when you are tired'. She played a conservative game, doing what she did well to the point that she virtually eliminated unforced errors from her game. She 'took no prisoners' on the court, but she did not 'wipe the court' with her opponents either, always preferring a good game to a whitewash. In the end, it was about fitness, technique and taking control of her own game. 'I learned what was good for myself, what I enjoyed doing and what worked for me'.\nHer amateur status and late arrival to the sport may also have contributed to her career longevity, and hence, her extraordinary run. Heather McKay never suffered from the soft tissue and repetitive strain injuries that many of the current players succumb to. She recalls only one significant injury - cracked ribs. She can't remember how she got them, but the impact on her game of having them was not serious enough to break her unbeaten run. When asked to speculate on the reasons for her durability, she suggests that she was one of the first squash players to include strength training and stretching as part of her fitness regime, and that this probably had an impact. The fact that she cross-trained, continuing to run and play hockey, was important. Attention to good technique was also a factor - applying good technique inevitably meant that the body was less likely to suffer stress.\nGood genes, good luck and, quite possibly, picking up the game at the age of eighteen and not ten, may have all played their part as well. McKay believes she was at her strongest and best between the ages of 29-31, an age by which many current day players are feeling old, injured or burnt out. Professionalism means that potential champions get identified early and receive excellent coaching and support. It also means that, sometimes, youngsters are required to specialise too early - meaning that the opportunities to cross train, and therefore avoid repetitive stress, are diminished. Heather recognises that these days it would be close to impossible to do what she did (i.e. pick up the game at seventeen and expect to become a world beater) but she does believe early specialisation does bring stress that needs to be managed carefully. Working as an assistant coach at the Australian Institute of Sport (1985-1999) gave her a lot of experience in managing this delicate balance.\nIn the mid 1970s, however, Heather grew tired of the lack of financial support that accompanied her amateur status and turned professional. She and her husband moved to Toronto in 1975 where they were offered positions as club pros at the Toronto Squash Club, a huge, privately owned eighteen court centre that featured a gym, restaurant and pro shop; there was nothing like it in Australia. The McKay's stayed in Toronto for ten years, moving to positions in different clubs in that period, and seeing the standard of Canadian Squash rise significantly in that time. It was while she was living in Toronto that she became the official champion of the world in 1976 by winning the inaugural Women's World Squash Championship. This was a win with which she was very satisfied. She worked extremely hard for it, played incredibly well and, despite protests from some British officials who, for technical reasons, claimed that it wasn't really an 'official' title, came away having achieved what she had set out to prove. She was the undisputed world champion. 'I've got the T-shirt saying I'm the first' - she received her second (and final) metaphoric t-shirt in 1979. At the age of thirty-eight, she decided that she didn't have the time or inclination to put in the work that was required to compete anymore at the highest level.\nHeather and her husband loved their time in North America, but never anticipated retiring there permanently. Family and friends were in Australia and after nearly ten years of them, they had just about enough of the Canadian winters. A 1985 offer to join Australian men's squash icon, Geoff Hunt, coaching at the A.I.S squash unit in Brisbane was just too good to refuse. She thoroughly enjoyed her position as senior coach, and learned a lot from Hunt, who was the unit's head coach, over the thirteen years she was there. In 1999, she retired from the AIS, and from any informal involvement in squash.\nHeather still maintains a keen interest in the sport and is delighted to see the progress of world class players such as Sarah Fitz-gerald and the Grinham sisters, who went through the academy while she was there. She thinks Squash Australia is doing a great job promoting the sport, and maintains that it is one of the best 'social' games people can play, as well as one of the most efficient, in terms of the fitness benefits. 'Forty minutes on the court and you have had a very good workout,' she says. She still laments the lack of coverage the game receives, but puts this down to the difficulty of attracting large crowds to live matches and the problems of covering it for a T.V. audience. Four sided glass courts have helped, as have new peep-hole camera angles but, as Heather notes, 'It's very difficult for someone who has never played the game to sit and watch and appreciate the game fully. On TV you can lose the speed and the ball. People who've played can appreciate it, because they can appreciate what it takes to get to the ball. But those who haven't don't understand the effort and skill involved.'\nBefore Heather won her first Australian title, Pakistani champion Hashim Kahn, who Heather regards as one of the greatest players the game of squash has ever seen, observed for the benefit of the Canberra press that 'this girl could be very good'. Fourteen Australian and sixteen British titles along with two world championships have proven him to be a good judge of talent and a master of understatement! Hopefully, it isn't only squash players who can appreciate what it took for Heather McKay to achieve and maintain her extraordinary record. The world's greatest ever female player of one of the most popular participant sports on the globe deserves better.\n", "Events": "Appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (1969 - 1969) \nAwarded ABC Sportsman of the Year (1967 - 1967) \nAwarded Member of the Order of Australia (1979 - 1979) \nAwarded the Australian Sports Medal (2000 - 2000) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001) \nMarried Brian H McKay (1965 - 1965) \nSquash Coach with the Australian Institute of Sport (1985 - 1998) \nWinner of New South Wales Championships (1961 - 1973) \nWinner of the American Amateur Racquetball Championship (1979 - 1979) \nWinner of the American Championship (1977 - 1977) \nWinner of the American Professional Racquetball Championship (1984 - 1984) \nWinner of the American Professional Racquetball Championships (1980 - 1981) \nWinner of the Australian Amateur Championships (1960 - 1973) \nWinner of the British Open Championships (1962 - 1977) \nWinner of the Canadian Racquetball Championship (1980 - 1980) \nWinner of the Canadian Racquetball Championships (1982 - 1985) \nWinner of the World Squash Championship (1976 - 1976) \nWinner of the World Squash Championship (1979 - 1979) \nWinner of Victorian Championships (1961 - 1973)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/great-australian-women-in-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-dictionary-of-famous-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-champions-australias-sporting-greats\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/outstanding-women-in-australia-women-in-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-heather-mckay-am-mbe\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heather-mckay-interviewed-by-nikki-henningham-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Barr Smith, Mary (Molly) Isobel", "Entry ID": "IMP0188", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barr-smith-mary-molly-isobel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ayrshire, Scotland", "Death Place": "Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Philanthropist", "Summary": "On 4 October 1918 Molly Barr Smith was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) for services to the Red Cross in South Australia during the war.\n", "Details": "On 5 May 1886 Molly Mitchell married Tom Elder Barr Smith (1863-1941). The pair had six children. A company director and pastoralist, Tom Elder Barr Smith followed the philanthropic tradition of his father, Robert Barr Smith, and his uncle, Sir Thomas Elder. From the beginning of World War I Molly Barr Smith was an executive member of the South Australian branch of the British Red Cross Society. She was also chairman of the buying committee and co-ordinated the Red Cross Sock Club. On 4 October 1918, she was appointed C.B.E. (Civil) for services to the Red Cross in South Australia during the war. She died on the 16 June 1941, and is buried in Mitcham cemetery.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-family-affair\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/smith-tom-elder-barr-1863-1941\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Torney, Vera Alexandra", "Entry ID": "IMP0199", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/torney-vera-alexandra\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "St Arnaud, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "On 12 February 1942 the Empire Star sailed from Singapore harbour. The ship which normally had an allocation of space for 20 passengers was carrying over 2100 people. While on route to Batavia, the ship came under enemy fire and received three direct hits. During one of the raids, two of the Australian nursing staff on board, Sister Vera A Torney and Margaret Anderson came on deck to attend to the wounded. They protected their patients by covering them with their bodies. Staff Nurse Vera Torney was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (Military) on 22 September 1942 for her work with the Australian Army Nursing Service. Staff Nurse Margaret Anderson received the George Medal.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/twentieth-century-women-of-courage\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guns-and-brooches-australian-army-nursing-from-the-boer-war-to-the-gulf-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/just-wanted-to-be-there-australian-service-nurses-1899-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/berry-vera-alexandra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/army-medical-dental-corps-nurses-and-specialists-applications-for-australian-army-nursing-service-a-a-n-s-v-a-torney-box-62\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/honours-and-awards-recommendations-for-immediate-award-staff-nurse-margaret-anderson-and-staff-nurse-vera-torney\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Martin, Catherine Ellen", "Entry ID": "IMP0226", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/martin-catherine-ellen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "London, United Kingdom", "Death Place": "Mount Lawley, Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Journalist", "Summary": "Catherine Martin was a journalist for the West Australian newspaper from 1957, specialising in medical reporting. She was born in the United Kingdom but emigrated to Western Australia and lived there for most of her life.\n", "Details": "Catherine Ellen Martin was born in London and migrated, with her husband, a Czech war and Holocaust survivor, to Perth, Australia soon after they were married in 1948. Widowed in 1957, she needed to find work to supporter her three daughters, She embellished her C.V., applied for a job at the West Australian and worked there for the next thirty-odd years. She was responsible for producing one of the most important medical stories in modern Australian history.\nIn 1978, Martin began investigating the high incidence of death and disease among workers at the Australian Blue Asbestos mine at Wittenoom Gorge. She was able to access a study of the mine workers and their families by Professor Michael Hobbs, a University of Western Australia epidemiologist. This study found a high incidence of illness and death from asbestos-related diseases among the small number of workers in the sample. By 1978, the effects of mesothelioma and other asbestos-related diseases were beginning to show up in the former mine workers. Martin's front page story for the West Australian won a Walkley award and she produced a series of nine articles highlighting the impact on workers and their families.\nOn 20 February 1978, the West Australian published Martin's first article in the series, 'Blue Asbestos: The Latent Killer', in which she explained that gas masks manufactured during World War Two were fitted with filters made from merino wool and blue asbestos. British and Canadian authorities had chosen to use the blue asbestos mined at Wittenoom. It was not known at that time that the inhalation of crocidolite - or blue asbestos fibres - could lead to mesothelioma, a cancer that can lie dormant for up to forty years. Since the mine was closed in 1966, Martin found, 28 residents of Wittenoom had already developed the disease. Of former employees of the mine, 82 men had developed the more common form of lung cancer; 17 had silicosis; 59 asbestosis; and 122 silico-asbestosis. On 24 February 1978, Martin published a second article, 'Sisters await family scourge', profiling sisters and Wittenoom residents Mrs Shirley Eacott and Mrs Valerie Jones. Their father, Philip McKenna, who worked at the Australian Blue Asbestos mill from the early 1950s, died of asbestosis and silicosis; their mother died of mesothelioma; and Valerie's husband died of lung disease at the age of 51. Martin profiled a number of other Wittenoom residents and former miners affected by the disease.\nOn 1 March 1978, Martin published again, noting that the State Government Insurance Office was receiving ten new applications per month for workers' compensation for disease or death due to having worked in the mining of asbestos, or the production of goods made from it. This was up from ten claims per year, the general rate up until 1977. According to Martin, a man totally incapacitated by asbestos-related disease could claim a maximum of $41,000 - or four years' wages.\nBy 13 June 1978, Martin was able to report - on the front page of the West Australian - the establishment of a $2 million foundation for asbestos mine cases. CSR Ltd, which operated the mine between 1943 and 1966, set up the foundation to help people affected by asbestos from the Australian Blue Asbestos mine at Wittenoom. Though Martin was noting dissatisfaction with the foundation - 'Wittenoom fund fails to please all' - by August, its establishment was something of a breakthrough, and the publicity she gave to the plight of Wittenoom residents can only have hurried the outcome. The Ex-Wittenoom Residents Association was formed to support those seeking assistance.\nCatherine Martin was made a Member of the Order of Australia on 12 June 1982 for services to journalism. She had by then won numerous awards for journalism including four Walkley awards, five Arthur Lovekin awards and a number of Australian Medical Association awards. Martin also received the inaugural Gold Walkley.\nShe died in 2009, in the week that Justice Ian Gzell, in the NSW Supreme Court, found the company James Hardie guilty of misleading conduct and failing to meet its obligations over its handling of asbestos compensation.\n", "Events": "Best Feature - Either in a Newspaper or Magazine (Highly Commended) - The West Australian, WA (1981 - 1981) \nBest Piece of Reporting for the Year - The West Ausralian WA (1978 - 1978) \nBest Piece of Reporting for the Year - The West Australian WA (1975 - 1975) \nGold Award - Best Piece of Journalism, Newspaper, TV or Radio - The West Australian, WA (1978 - 1978)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blue-asbestos-the-latent-killer\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sisters-await-family-scourge\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/asbestos-claims-at-10-a-month\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/2-million-trust-for-asbestos-mine-cases\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wittenoom-fund-fails-to-please-all\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-pages-australian-women-and-journalism-since-1850-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Appleford, Alys (Alice) Ross", "Entry ID": "IMP0247", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/appleford-alys-alice-ross\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ballarat, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Cronulla, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Nurse, Nursing administrator, Servicewoman", "Summary": "During World War I Alice Ross-King (as she was then known) was a Sister in the Australian Army Nursing Service. Mentioned twice in despatches, she was awarded the Military Medal on 28 September 1917 and the Royal Red Cross Medal on the 4 June 1918. She married Lieutenant-Colonel Sydney T Appleford of the Australian Army Medical Corps on 21 August 1919. They had four children. She assisted her husband in establishing a first-aid military unit and during the 1930s became involved with the Red Cross Voluntary Aid Detachments. Appleford enlisted in the Australian Army Medical Women's Service during World War II. She was promoted to the rank of Major in September 1942 and awarded the Florence Nightingale medal by the International Red Cross in 1949.\nAlice Appleford died on 17 August 1968 at Cronulla, Sydney and is buried in Fawkner Cemetery, Melbourne.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2008 - 2008)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ross-king-alice-1891-1968\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/appleford-alice-ross\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/twentieth-century-women-of-courage\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-diggers-makers-of-the-australian-military-tradition\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/just-wanted-to-be-there-australian-service-nurses-1899-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nightingales-in-the-mud-the-digger-sisters-of-the-great-war-1914-1918\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/army-medical-dental-corps-nurses-and-specialists-applications-for-a-commission-in-the-a-a-m-c-voluntary-aid-detachments-v-a-d-a-r-appleford-box-69\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/appleford-alice-ross-service-number-v500148-date-of-birth-05-aug-1891-place-of-birth-ballarat-vic-place-of-enlistment-v-a-d-headquarters-vic-next-of-kin-appleford-s\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ross-king-alice-service-number-staff-nurse-place-of-birth-ballarat-vic-place-of-enlistment-n-a-next-of-kin-mother-king-c-h\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/end-of-war-awards-submissions-by-quartermaster-general-and-director-general-of-medical-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/major-a-r-appleford-rrc-mm-assistant-controller-australian-army-medical-womens-service-inspecting-the-kits-of-members-who-are-on-draft-to-northern-areas\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/her-excellency-lady-zara-gowrie-wife-of-the-governor-general-of-australia-inspecting-members-of-the-australian-army-medical-womens-service-at-the-115th-heidelberg-military-hospital\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/major-a-r-appleford-rrc-mm-assistant-controller-conducting-a-kit-inspection-of-members-of-the-australian-army-medical-womens-service-on-draft-for-northern-areas\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/officers-at-the-conference-of-assistant-and-deputy-assistant-controllers-australian-army-medical-womens-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/officers-at-the-conference-of-assistant-and-deputy-assistant-controllers-australian-army-medical-womens-service-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/major-a-r-appleford-rrc-mm-assistant-controller-australian-army-medical-womens-service-victorian-lines-of-communication-area\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/major-a-r-appleford-rrc-mm-with-captain-p-williamson-australian-army-medical-womens-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-leaders-of-the-australian-red-cross-voluntary-aid-detachment-vad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/captain-w-j-j-mcgee-assisted-by-major-a-r-appleford-member-of-the-red-cross-mm\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/captain-w-j-j-mcgee-assisted-by-major-a-r-appleford-member-of-the-red-cross-mm-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ross-king-alice-mm-sister-b-1887-d-1968\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Irving, Sybil Howy", "Entry ID": "IMP0248", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irving-sybil-howy\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Victoria Barracks, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "South Yarra, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Servicewoman", "Summary": "Sybil Irving was the founder and Controller of the Australian Women's Army Service. On 2 January 1939 she was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for social welfare services in Victoria. Throughout her life Irving was a faithful member of the Church. Her Funeral Service on 30 March 1973, and a Memorial Service on 23 February 1975 were held in Christ Church, South Yarra, Victoria.\n", "Details": "The eldest child of army officer Major General Godfrey George Howy and Ada Minni Margueritha (n\u00e9e Derham) Irving, Sybil Irving's education was conducted at the various postings her father obtained. This included attending Lauriston Girls, School, which had been founded by her aunts Margaret and Lillian Irving.\nDuring World War I Irving was a Voluntary Aid Detachment member with the Australian Red Cross. From 1924 until 1940 she was secretary of the Girl Guides' Association, Victoria. In 1940 she was appointed assistant-secretary of the Australian Red Cross Victorian Division. Invited in 1941 to establish and head the Australian Women's Army Service, Sybil Irving held this position until 1946. She later became Honorary Colonel of the Women's Royal Australian Army Corps. After the war Sybil Irving became general secretary of the Victorian Division of the Red Cross. Upon her retirement in 1959 she was made an honorary life member of the society.\nSybil Irving died on 28 March 1973 and was buried at Fawkner cemetery with full military honours.\n", "Events": "Appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) (1939 - 1939) \nAssistant Secretary of the Australian Red Cross, Victorian Division (1940 - 1941) \nConsultant to Elderly Citizens Clubs, with the Old Peoples Welfare Council, Victoria (later Victorian Council on the Ageing). (1961 - 1971) \nController of the Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS). Appointed to establish and administer the Service which subsequently numbered 26,000. (1941 - 1946) \nFoundation member of the Victorian Society for Crippled Children (and Adults). Sybil Irving's was one of the two original signatures on the Articles of Association, and she continued to work for VSCCA all her life. (1935 - 1973) \nGeneral Secretary of the Australian Red Cross, Victorian Division. Awarded Honorary Life Membership and the Medal for Meritorious Service. (1947 - 1959) \nHonorary Colonel of the Women's Royal Australian Army Corps (WRAAC) (1951 - 1961) \nPromoted to Colonel (1943 - 1943) \nPromoted to Lieutenant-Colonel (1942 - 1942) \nSecretary of the Girl Guides' Association, Victoria. Tragic results of Poliomyolitis led Miss Irving to use her talent for needlework to teach the physically handicapped through the Girl Guide Extension Branch. (1924 - 1940)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sybil-howy-irving-m-b-e-1897-1973\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irving-sybil-howy-1897-1973\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/soldiers-of-the-queen-women-in-the-australian-army\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irving-sybil-howy-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/colonel-best-and-her-soldiers-the-story-of-the-33-years-of-the-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-stroll-down-memory-lane\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/youll-be-sorry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-ca-1941-1946-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irving-freda-mary-howy-service-number-vf398095-date-of-birth-16-sep-1903-place-of-birth-melbourne-vic-place-of-enlistment-melbourne-vic-next-of-kin-irving-sybil\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-lieut-gen-sir-iven-g-mackay\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/christmas-message-from-colonel-sybil-h-irving-honorary-colonel-of-the-corps-honcol-and-colonel-kathleen-best-director-womens-royal-australian-army-corps-dwraac\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-to-miss-sybil-irving-congratulating-her-upon-her-appointment-as-controller-of-the-awass\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/irving-sybil-howy-service-number-v143893-date-of-birth-25-feb-1897-place-of-birth-melbourne-vic-place-of-enlistment-melbourne-vic-next-of-kin-irving-f\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/inspections-general-report-on-australian-womens-army-service-visit-by-colonel-sybil-h-irving-letter-to-major-general-e-c-p-plant\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/speech-by-colonel-sybil-h-irving-honorary-colonel-of-the-corps-made-at-the-opening-of-the-kathleen-best-memorial-gates-womens-royal-australian-army-corps-wraac-school-mosman-nsw-6-november-19\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/group-of-australian-womens-army-service-officers-from-the-victorian-land-headquarters-on-the-steps-of-the-shrine-of-remembrance\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/two-senior-members-of-the-australian-womens-army-service-awas-taking-a-wreath-into-the-shrine-of-remembrance-during-the-armistice-day-ceremony\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-ca-1932-1984-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sibyl-howy-irving-scrapbooks-relating-to-the-australian-womens-army-service-1941-1946\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Vasey, Jessie Mary", "Entry ID": "IMP0249", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vasey-jessie-mary\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Roma, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Community worker", "Summary": "Jessie Vasey founded and became President of the War Widows' Guild of Australia. For her work in the field of social welfare she was the recipient of both the CBE (8 June 1963) and OBE (8 June 1950).\n", "Details": "Jessie Vasey, the eldest of three daughters of Joseph and Jessie Halbert, attended Moreton Bay Girls' High School as a boarder, before the family moved to Victoria in 1911. She then attended Lauriston Girls' School before moving to Methodist Ladies' College, Kew.\nIn May 1921 Jessie Halbert married George Alan Vasey. In the same year she graduated from the University of Melbourne with a Bachelor of Arts. In 1928-1930 and 1934-1936 Jessie Vasey and her two children accompanied George Vasey when he was posted to India. The family returned to Australia in 1937 and settled at Wantirna at the foot of the Dandenongs.\nDuring World War II, while her husband was posted in Europe, Jessie Vasey worked with the Australian Comforts Funds. In 1940 Jessie Vasey was a foundation member and secretary of the Australian Imperial Forces Women's Association. George Vasey drew the attention of his wife to the plight of war widows after visiting the widow of one of his men and was appalled at her living conditions. It was Major-General Vasey's wish that after he returned from the battlefields he, with the help of his wife, would look after the families of the men who were killed while serving with him. On 5 March 1945, aged 49 years, Major-General Vasey was himself killed in an aircraft accident.\nIn 1945 Jessie Vasey established the War Widows' Guild in Victoria, the following year in New South Wales and thereafter in every Australian State and the Australian Capital Territory. By the time of her death in 1966 the Guild had grown into an influential national lobby group.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2008 - 2008)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-tour-of-the-lilydale-cemetery-1861-1994\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-mean-destiny-the-story-of-the-war-widows-guild-of-australia-1945-85\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-mary-vasey-1897-1966\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vasey-jessie-mary-1897-1966\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-mary-vasey\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/150-years-150-stories-brief-biographies-of-one-hundred-and-fifty-remarkable-people-associated-with-the-university-of-melbourne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Conyers, Evelyn Augusta", "Entry ID": "IMP0255", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/conyers-evelyn-augusta\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Invercargill, New Zealand", "Occupations": "Matron, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Evelyn Conyers was appointed to the Order of the British Empire - Commander (Military) on 22 March 1919 for nursing service with the army during World War I. She had previously been awarded the Royal Red Cross on 3 June 1916.\n", "Details": "Born and educated in New Zealand, Evelyn Conyers migrated to Victoria, Australia in the 1890s. After training at the Children's (1894) and Melbourne (1896) hospitals she became matron of a private hospital in Melbourne in 1901. \nActive in professional nurse's organisations, in 1903 she helped found the Victorian Trained Nurses' Association. When the Queen's Memorial Infectious Diseases Hospital at Fairfield was established in 1904, Evelyn Conyers became the first matron. In 1907, she and Sister Jessie MacBeth opened a private hospital in Kew.\nAn original member of the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS) in the Third Military District, Evelyn Conyers sailed on the Shropshire on 20 October 1914. Aged 45 years, she was appointed matron-in-chief, Australian Imperial Force (AIF) on 12 January 1916. She held this position until she was discharged on 6 March 1920. During this time she worked closely with the Matron-in-Chief of the Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Service (QAIMNS) British Expeditionary Force (BEF) Miss (Dame from 1918) Maud McCarthy.\nEvelyn Conyers was appointed to the Order of the British Empire - Commander (Military) on 22 March 1919 for nursing service with the army during World War I. She had previously been awarded the Royal Red Cross on 3 June 1916.\nAfter the war Evelyn Conyers returned to 'Lancewood' Private Hospital in Kew, Victoria. She was appointed to the board set up under the provisions of the Nurses' Registration Act (1923), was made a Life Member of the Royal Victorian College of Nurses, was a founder and director of the Victorian Trained Nurses Club Ltd, and a member of the Victorian branch of the Australian Nursing Federation. Evelyn Conyers also was a member of the board of management of the Fairfield Infectious Diseases Hospital, a trustee of the Edith Cavell Trust Fund, and belonged to the Returned Nurses' Club. \nOn 6 September 1944 Evelyn Conyers died at Epworth Private Hospital, Richmond and was buried with full military honours in Boroondara cemetery, Kew.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guns-and-brooches-australian-army-nursing-from-the-boer-war-to-the-gulf-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/conyers-evelyn-augusta-1870-1944\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-nurses-since-nightingale-1860-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/just-wanted-to-be-there-australian-service-nurses-1899-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nightingales-in-the-mud-the-digger-sisters-of-the-great-war-1914-1918\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Stark, Amy Gwendoline", "Entry ID": "IMP0289", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stark-amy-gwendoline\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Australia", "Occupations": "Aviator, Servicewoman", "Summary": "Gwen Stark gained her pilot's licence shortly before the outbreak of World War II and was one of the first women appointed to a position in the Women's Australian Auxiliary Air Force. She served in the first instance as assistant section officer and later as recruiting officer for New South Wales. Before the war, she was active in the Australian Women's Flying Club, which became the New South Wales branch of the Women's Air Training Corps, and was its commandant in 1940. After World War II she went to Europe and worked with the Berlin Air Lift at a Royal Air Force station in Germany for several months. In 1964 she became the federal president of the Australian Women's Pilots' Association and was appointed to the Order of the British Empire on 8 June 1968 for her services to aviation.\n", "Details": "Gwen Stark, a kindergarten teacher who played 'A' grade hockey and basketball as well as being a member of the Girl Guide movement, obtained her pilots 'A' licence (No. 3132) on 10 July 1939 from the Royal Aero Club of New South Wales. A member of the Australian Women's Flying Club, Gwen was a commander of one of the squadrons and president from 1940 until 1941.\nShe volunteered to enlist in the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) and was appointed as assistant section officer on probation from 10 March 1941.\nJoyce Thomson writes in her book The WAAAF in Wartime Australia that after supervising the recruiting of the first airwomen enrolled in Sydney, Gwen was posted to WAAAF Training Depot to join the short administrative course given to the initial group of officers. She returned to Sydney as WAAAF staff officer, RAAF Headquarters, Central Area, Point Piper. Gwen was posted to various senior appointments, including staff officer, Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Headquarters, North-Eastern Area, during Japanese air raids on Townsville.\nGwen Stark was discharged from the WAAAF on 8 August 1946 having obtained the rank of Wing Officer. In that year she helped establish the WAAAF branch of the RAAFA (NSW Division). She was the first president and from 1961 until her death in 1994 was patron of the branch.\nOn 8 June 1968, under the name Amy Gwendoline Caldwell, she was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) for her services to aviation.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-girls-were-up-there-too-australian-women-in-aviation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-waaaf-in-wartime-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stark-amy-gwendoline-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-amy-starkie-caldwell-pioneer-in-waaaf-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stark-amy-gwendoline-service-number-351010-date-of-birth-03-apr-1910-place-of-birth-unknown-place-of-enlistment-unknown-next-of-kin-stark-william\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-gwen-starks-flying-days-camden-aerodrome-1937-1938\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-australian-flying-club\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-nancy-bird-aviatrix-with-flight-lieutenant-mckillop-and-gwen-stark\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-nancy-bird-walton-with-lady-wakehurst-wife-of-the-governor-of-nsw-in-front-of-squadron-leader-f-c-mackillop-and-gwen-stark\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lady-wakehurst-wife-of-the-governor-of-nsw-squadron-leader-f-c-mackillop-and-gwen-stark\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miss-nancy-bird-walton-wearing-the-uniform-of-the-australian-womens-flying-club-with-squadron-leader-f-c-mackillop-gwen-stark-and-lake-wakehurst-wife-of-the-governor-of-nsw\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/director-of-waaaf-clare-stevenson-middle-and-warrant-officer-gwen-starkie-stark-obscured-on-inspection-of-no-5-operational-training-unit-raaf\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-wing-officer-gwen-stark-staff-officer-waaaf-at-raaf-hq\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/group-portrait-of-four-original-waaaf-officers-with-the-director-waaaf-group-officer-clare-stevenson-after-a-waaaf-staff-officers-conference-at-air-force-headquarters-victoria-barracks\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/group-portrait-of-a-number-of-waaaf-officers-who-attended-the-first-annual-conference-of-waaaf-staff-officers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/her-excellency-lady-gowrie-honorary-air-commodore-waaaf-inspects-photographs-on-the-wall-at-st-annes-barracks\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-squadron-officer-gwen-stark-waaaf-staff-officer-north-eastern-area-headquarters-raaf\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/probably-brisbane-qld-c-1943-formal-group-portrait-of-officers-of-the-womens-auxiliary-australian-air-force-waaaf-on-the-steps-of-a-building-possibly-while-attending-a-training-course\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/probably-sydney-nsw-20-march-1941-assistant-section-officer-gwen-stark-centre-giving-last-minute-instructions-to-miss-clarice-taylor-left-and-miss-monica-bullen-right-both-members-of-the\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Stones, Elsie (Margaret)", "Entry ID": "IMP0295", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stones-elsie-margaret\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Colac, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Richmond, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Botanical artist", "Summary": "Margaret Stones was one of Australia's foremost botanical artists. She undertook professional art training at Swinburne Technical College and the National Gallery of Victoria Art School in the 1940s. At the invitation of John Stewart Turner, Stones attended lectures and demonstrations in the School of Botany at the University of Melbourne, and joined their summer expeditions to the Bogong High Plains, 1948-1950. In 1951 she left Australia for London to further her botanical knowledge, working independently for the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and other botanical institutions for more than 30 years. From 1958 she was the principal contributing artist to Curtis's Botanical Magazine, producing more than 400 watercolours. Her most important project during the 1960s and 1970s was the illustrations for The Endemic Flora of Tasmania, and from 1975 her work on the Flora of Louisiana project. Commenting on Margaret Stones's botanical knowledge and experience, Tasmanian botanist Dr Winifrid Curtis 'recalled that Stones never needed to be told, but invariably knew, which sections to draw in order to facilitate correct taxonomical classification'. A genus has been named after her, Stonesia and a Tasmanian species, Stonesiella.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beauty-in-truth-the-botanical-art-of-margaret-stones\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stones-elsie-margaret-1920-australian-national-botanic-gardens-biography\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stonesiella\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stones-elsie-margaret-margaret-1920-biographical-entry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/where-are-the-women-in-australian-science-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1952-1984-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Miethke, Adelaide Laetitia", "Entry ID": "IMP0297", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miethke-adelaide-laetitia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Manoora, South Australia, Australia", "Death Place": "Woodville, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Educator, Feminist, Peace activist, School inspector, social activist, Women's rights activist, Women's rights organiser", "Summary": "Adelaide Laetitia Miethke began training as a teacher in 1899, and soon became active in women teachers' and union affairs. She was the first woman vice-president of the South Australian Public School Teacher's Union in 1916, and in 1924 gained both her Arts degree and her position as the first female inspector of high schools. She was South Australian state president of the National Council of Women from 1934, and national president, 1936-1942. Miethke was appointed as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) on 1 February 1937 for her role as President of the South Australian Women's Centenary Council, particularly in organising the Pageant of Empire on 27-28 November 1936. Miethke went on to work with the Royal Flying Doctor Service, and establish the School of the Air for outback children.\n", "Details": "Adelaide Miethke was the second president of the National Council of Women of Australia and remained in office from 1936 to 1942, a period extended beyond the normal 5-year term owing to the wartime disruption of meeting and conference schedules. Before the war, Miethke-renowned for her organisational skills and clarity of vision and the first national or federal president from outside the dominant states of NSW and Victoria-worked hard to establish more systematic communication between the state Councils and to provide financial assistance to delegates travelling to NCWA conferences from the most distant states.\nMiethke was a South Australian schoolteacher and inspector, and her role in union affairs resulted in significant gains for the state's women teachers and for girls' domestic science and commercial education. It was her role in the union that led to her association with the NCW. As well as serving as NCWA president from 1936 to 1942, she was NCWSA president from 1934 to 1940. Like her immediate predecessors as federal\/national president (Mildred Muscio and May Moss), Miethke chaired her state's Women's Centenary Council (1936) and was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 1 February 1937 for this work. Unlike all of her predecessors and many of her successors at the helm of NCWA, Miethke was in fulltime paid work for most of her period as president.\nOn resigning from the South Australian Education Department in 1941, she assumed direction of the SA Schools Patriotic Fund and from 1941 to 1946 edited the magazine, Children's Hour, distributed monthly to South Australian schoolchildren.\nPart of the funds raised for the centenary in 1937 and for the wartime Schools Patriotic Fund went to establishing the Royal Flying Doctor Service of which Miethke was state president. She also went on to establish the School of the Air for outback children in 1950.\nAdelaide Laetitia Miethke was born on 8 June 1881 at Manoora, South Australia, sixth daughter among 10 children of Rudolph Alexander Miethke, a Prussian-born schoolmaster, and his wife Emma Caroline, n\u00e9e Schultze.\nEducated at country schools and Woodville Public School, in 1899 she became a pupil-teacher and between 1903 and 1904 attended the University Training College; she soon became active in women teachers' and union affairs. In 1915, Miethke was founding president of the Women Teachers' Progressive League. The following year, she became the first woman vice-president of the South Australian Public School Teachers' Union. From her first appointment to the Le Fevre Peninsula Primary School, she rose steadily through the ranks in the Education Department, while also helping to open career opportunities for women and wider educational choices for girls through her leadership in teachers' unions and her speeches and articles.\nIn 1915, Adelaide Miethke addressed SA's Women's Non- Party Political Association, supporting the view that 'technically gifted girls should have a chance of developing their bent' to the same extent as boys. Like many teachers of her generation, she studied part time and, in 1924, she gained both her BA and her position as the first female inspector of high schools (girls' departments). In 1925, Miethke initiated technical schools for girls (central schools), which focused on domestic science and commercial education, training girls for careers in office work, millinery and dressmaking as well as for home life. By the late 1930s, she was on the executive of the New Education Fellowship, which explored progressive methods. She also took up the cause of the Girl Guides Association, becoming commissioner of the schools division from 1925 to 1939.\nIn 1920, Miethke joined the newly re-formed NCWSA as a delegate from the Women Teachers' Progressive League and was elected president of the state Council from 1934 to 1940. In 1936, this led to her being one of 2 women appointed to the State Centenary Executive Committee and president of the Women's Centenary Council of South Australia, which, as a memorial to pioneer women, raised \u00a35000 to establish the Alice Springs base of the Australian Aerial Medical Service (later the Royal Flying Doctor Service). It also built the Pioneer Women's Memorial Garden in Adelaide and produced A Book of South Australia: Women in the First Hundred Years. On 27-28 November 1936, Miethke produced a grand 'Pageant of Empire', her stentorian voice being suited to rallying 14,000 costumed schoolchildren on the Adelaide oval. She was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 1 February 1937 for her centenary work.\nAdelaide Miethke became president of the National Council of Women of Australia in 1936 and served in this role until late 1942. The first NCWA or federal president from outside the dominant states of NSW and Victoria, she worked hard in the early years of her office to establish more systematic communication between the state Councils through the launching and distribution of a typescript 'Quarterly Bulletin' and to provide financial assistance to delegates travelling to national conferences from the most distant states. Issues she fostered in addition to the ongoing ones of equal pay and uniform marriage laws included a national policy for Aborigines and equality of provision for married women in the projected national insurance legislation. During the first part of her presidency, it was also anticipated that the International Council of Women conference scheduled for 1942 would be held in Australia (along with the conferences of the Country Women's Associations of the World and the International Federation of University Women) but the outbreak of World War II in 1939 stymied these plans, and the ICW suffered serious disruption in the ensuing years.\nWhen the scheduled national conference took place in January 1941, Miethke was elected for another term of office in the context of the wartime need for stability but subsequent restrictions on travel in Australia, especially to and from the smaller states, limited communication between the Councils and, in July, Miethke and her board suggested they should hand over to a Sydney-based board. It was another 16 months before this occurred. A conference planned for Easter 1942 in Sydney had to be abandoned and the new board was not elected until a meeting could be held in Melbourne in November. The broad prewar concerns had dissipated in these early wartime conferences as the state Councils all turned their attention to local war work and policy issues related to the war effort.\nAfter completing her terms as state and national NCW president, Miethke continued to work for the Australian and SA Councils from 1943 to 1948 as convenor of the national and state education standing committees. In 1944, she was made an honorary life member of NCWA and honorary life vice-president of NCWSA.\nIn 1941, Miethke retired from her position as an inspector in the South Australian Education Department to general praise. She had been both respected and feared by teachers. Some associates found her abrasive and excessively managerial. An ex-pupil recalled: 'You couldn't get away with much with Miss Miethke. They had authority in those days'. Although she was a stickler for formality, her outspoken methods helped to improve teachers' industrial conditions and to raise the status of women in the Education Department. From 1941 to 1946, in the wake of her retirement, she directed the Schools Patriotic Fund, just as she had during the Great War. Part of the \u00a3402,133 raised went to establishing Adelaide Miethke House, a city hostel administered by the YWCA for country girl students, and part to the Royal Flying Doctor Service of which she was state president. She also served on the Women's War Service Council and edited both the magazine, Children's Hour, distributed monthly to South Australian schoolchildren, and the newsletter of the Royal Flying Doctor Service, Air Doctor.\nIn her role as president of the Flying Doctor Service, Miethke observed outback children's shyness, and, in order to 'bridg[e] the lonely distance', she inaugurated the world's first school of the air. It began operating as a branch of the Flying Doctor Service from the Alice Springs Higher Primary School in 1950, using individual pedal-wireless sets on remote homesteads to link the children.\nIn 1942, she was founding president of the Woodville District Child Welfare Association, which established 4 pre-schools. The Adelaide Miethke Kindergarten (opened 1953) still flourishes. 1949 saw her last organising feat-the United Nations Appeal for Children. Miethke once admitted, 'I fear work has become almost a disease with me!' She maintained unabated her appetite for clubs and committee work, and was active in the Royal Commonwealth Society, the Adelaide Women's Club and the Catherine Helen Spence Scholarship Committee. She was also the first honorary life member of the Royal Agricultural & Horticultural Society in 1941. Miethke continued her involvement in most of these organisations until her death on 4 February 1962 at her home in Woodville.\nPrepared by: Jan Hipgrave, Marian Quartly and Judith Smart\n", "Events": "Women Teachers' Progressive Leauge (1915 - 1915) \nWomen's Centenary Council of South Australia (1936 - 1936) \nWoodville District Child Welfare Association (1942 - 1942)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miethke-adelaide-laetitia-1881-1962\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/s-a-s-greats-the-men-and-women-of-the-north-terrace-plaques\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/six-years-with-the-spf-story-of-the-schools-patriotic-fund-of-south-australia-jan-1940-jan-1946\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/patriotic-work-in-our-schools-a-report-on-the-south-australian-childrens-patriotic-fund-showing-administration-of-funds-and-some-phases-of-the-work-sept-1915-17\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nothing-seemed-impossible-womens-education-and-social-change-in-south-australia-1875-1915\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greater-than-their-knowing-a-glimpse-of-south-australian-women-1836-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/whos-who-in-australia-1950\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/adelaide-miethke\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-city-as-a-site-of-women-teachers-post-suffrage-activism-adelaide-south-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/200-australian-women-a-redress-anthology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/faith-hope-and-charity-australian-women-and-imperial-honours-1901-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/stirrers-with-style-presidents-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-and-its-predecessors\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/notes-and-letter-on-the-characters-in-we-of-the-never-never\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-s-a-summary-record\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ward, Elizabeth (Biff)", "Entry ID": "PR00099", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ward-elizabeth-biff\/", "Type": "Person", "Occupations": "Feminist, social activist, Writer", "Summary": "Born in New South Wales in 1942, Elizabeth (Biff Ward) was an active protester and a key member of the Women for Survival anti-nuclear group. She was instrumental in the organisation and running of the Pine Gap Peace Camp in 1983. Biff lived in Adelaide from 1984 to 1996, and in that time was the first Equal Opportunity Officer at the South Australian Institute of Technology and also worked as a workplace trainer with Trish Fairley and Peter Lee. She published the book Father-Daughter Rape in 1984 and Three's Company in 1992.\nIn Adelaide she was associated with Friendly Street Poets, publishing Three's Company. Currently she is organising tours in Vietnam. Biff is a proud member of the Vietnam Veteran's Federation.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/feminist-anti-nuclear-group-fang-records\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hutchison, Ruby Florence", "Entry ID": "PR00188", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hutchison-ruby-florence\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Footscray, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Shenton Park (Perth), Western Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Parliamentarian", "Summary": "Ruby Hutchison was the first woman elected to the Legislative Council in Western Australia, and the first to take her place in any Australian Council. She was the only female member of the Chamber during this period. Her work enabled the introduction of the first law to enable women to serve on juries, and she founded the West Australian Epilepsy Association to fight discrimination against people with intellectual disabilities.\n", "Details": "Ruby Florence Herbert was born in Melbourne in February 1892, and came to the Murchison goldfields in Western Australia with her parents in 1896. While still in her teens she married Daniel Buckley, a miner. When the marriage later broke up, she was left to rear seven children alone, and supported her family by taking in boarders and dressmaking. She married Alex Hutchison in 1941, and attended business college and summer schools at the University of Western Australia.\nShe contested her first election in 1950 at the age of 58, having joined the Australian Labor Party (ALP) decades earlier. In 1954 Hutchison became the first female member of Western Australia's Legislative Council, and throughout her seventeen-year parliamentary career campaigned tirelessly for the Council to be substantially reformed, or abolished. She successfully fought for the right of women to sit on juries, and consistently attempted to secure compulsory voting and adult suffrage for Legislative Council elections. Hutchison received international recognition for her work on behalf of epilepsy sufferers, and was a founder of the West Australian Epilepsy Association. She also fought to ensure that those afflicted with intellectual disabilities did not suffer discrimination. Hutchison retired from politics in 1971 at the age of 79. She died at the Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital in 1974, and is buried in the Karrakatta Cemetery.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-register-of-members-of-the-parliament-of-western-australia-vol-2-1930-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/we-hold-up-half-the-sky-the-voices-of-western-australian-alp-women-in-parliament\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/making-a-difference-women-in-the-west-australian-parliament-1921-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hutchison-ruby-florence-1892-1974\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Forde, Mary Marguerite Leneen", "Entry ID": "PR00196", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/forde-mary-marguerite-leneen\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Ottawa, Ontario, Canada", "Occupations": "Commissioner, Governor, Lawyer, Solicitor, University Chancellor", "Summary": "Mary Marguerite Leneen Forde was admitted as a solicitor in Queensland in 1970, one of only six women in her graduating class. After a distinguished legal career, she was appointed Governor of Queensland a position she held from 1992 until 1997. When she was appointed, she was only the second woman to hold the position of governor of an Australian state and the first to take on the role in Queensland. In 1998 Forde was appointed to Chair the Commission of Inquiry into Abuse of Children in Queensland Institutions. Her report was handed down in May 1999.\nGo to 'Details' below to read an essay written by Leneen Forde for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project.\n", "Details": "The following additional information was provided by Leneen Forde in May 2015 for the Trailblazing Women and the Law Project, and is reproduced with permission.\nThe Honourable Ms Leneen Forde AC was born Mary Marguerite Leneen Kavanagh in Ottawa, Canada in 1935. She attended St Joseph's Girls Primary School and Lisgar Collegiate, Ottawa, and received a Diploma of Medical Technology from Ottawa General Hospital in 1953.\nMoving to Brisbane in Queensland, Australia, in 1954, she secured work as a haematologist at the then General Hospital. In 1955, she married Gerry Forde whose father was the Australian High Commissioner to Canada (and previously Prime Minister of Australia for a week). Her husband ran a successful legal practice but after battling cancer for over a year, he passed away on Christmas Eve in 1966.\nFollowing her husband's death, Ms Forde commenced full-time studies for a degree in Law at the University of Queensland, graduating with a Bachelor of Law in 1970. This achievement was particularly notable not least because Ms Forde was at that time widowed with five children but also because she was one of only six women in her graduating class of 170 students.\nAdmitted as a solicitor in 1970, Ms Forde was later employed by Brisbane-based law firm Cannan & Petersen to undertake estate work. Given her own experiences, she brought great empathy to the position. And because she was a widow, she was a role model for female clients, most of whom were not used to making decisions about their lives. She became a partner in the firm in 1974.\nAs a solicitor with 22 years of practice in Queensland, Ms Forde demonstrated an ongoing commitment to the continuing development and promotion of her profession. She was a Senior Counsellor and member of the Solicitors' Disciplinary Tribunal of the Queensland Law Society; a Committee member of the International Bar Association, Estate Division; and served as Chair of the Queensland Supreme Court Probate Rules Review Committee. She was also Chair of the Social Security Tribunal, and was the first Convenor of the Queensland Women's Consultative Committee.\nIn 1973, Ms Forde became the founding President of the Queensland Women Lawyers Association where she was instrumental in advancing and promoting women within the legal profession and combating gender discrimination in this occupational group. The Association and its members also supported Justice for Juveniles, the establishment of the Youth Advocacy Centre, changes to inheritance laws for defacto partners, and supported women victims of domestic violence.\nIn 1971, Ms Forde became a member of Zonta, a world-wide organization of executives and professionals working to support and advance the status of women through service and advocacy. In 1990, she was elected as Zonta's International President - the first Australian woman to hold this position - and presided over a board comprising members from Belgium, Switzerland, India, the USA, New Zealand and Hong Kong. Her leadership style was to discover what each member had best to offer and to encourage it.\nFollowing a distinguished legal career, Ms Forde was appointed the 22nd Governor of Queensland in 1992 - the first ever woman to be appointed to this role in Queensland, and the second only in any Australian State. During her five years as Governor, Ms Forde travelled the State extensively to meet ordinary Queenslanders, realising that she could use her role as an important conduit between communities and the Government. She was renowned for her tremendous capacity to communicate with people from all walks of life.\nIn 1998, Ms Forde was appointed Chair of the Commission of Inquiry into the Abuse of Children in Queensland Institutions. She described this appointment as one of the most significant contributions that she has made to public life. The Forde Inquiry heard evidence from over three hundred people who had been abused in orphanages and detention centres across the state. Having gained the trust of those who came forward to tell their stories, Ms Forde was profoundly affected by what she heard. She was pleased that having to confront the terrible things that happened to them as children had enabled some of them to move forward with their lives.\nThe forty-two recommendations of the final report set out the ground rules for major changes in legislation, policy and practice in child protection. The community was well-served by the appointment of Ms Forde, who brought to the inquiry not only an astute legal mind but also her notable humanity and compassion. In response to the report, the Queensland Government established the Forde Foundation to assist persons who had been a ward of the state or had been a child resident at a Queensland institution.\nIn June 2000, Ms Forde was elected as the fourth Chancellor of Griffith University. She was the first female Chancellor of the University and the University's longest serving Chancellor having served for fifteen years. In this role she provided outstanding leadership and guidance to the governing body of the University and to management in developing the University's strategic direction and ensuring good governance. In addition to chairing the Griffith Council, she served on a range of key University committees, officiated at numerous graduation ceremonies in Australia and overseas, and was a wonderful ambassador for the University at a long list of international, national, and local events. Ms Forde also contributed to developing and enhancing the University's relationships with industry and with government, and forged strong links with local communities and organisations.\nActive in Australian and Queensland community life, Ms Forde has served as the Chair of the Forde Foundation Advisory Board, President of Scouts Australia, Chair of the National Defence Reserve Support Council, and as a member of the Queensland Ballet Board. She has also served as Patron of 'Rosies', the Karuna Hospice Service, the National Pioneer Women's Hall of Fame (Alice Springs), the Alzheimer's Association of Australia (Darling Downs and South West Inc) and the Foundation for Survivors of Domestic Violence.\nThe diversity of her interests and community involvement, together with her boundless energy, are also apparent in the list of her other accomplishments. Significant appointments have included Chair of the Board of the Office of Economic Development for the City of Brisbane, Director of the Queensland Small Business Corporation, Director of the Queensland Institute of Medical Research Trust, and a member of the Brisbane Institute, the Institute of Modern Art and the Queensland Council for Civil Liberties. She was also made an Honorary Ambassador, City of Brisbane and Office of Economic Development.\nAll these organisations have benefited from Ms Forde's support and expertise, and they have also benefited from her impeccable reputation - for honesty, for integrity and for her unshakeable commitment to social justice, equity and fairness, particularly for women and for the disadvantaged in the community.\nMs Forde's significant service to the community has been extensively recognised. In 1991 she was named Queenslander of the Year; in 1993 she was awarded a Companion of the Order of Australia 'in recognition of service to the law, to improving the status of women and to economic and business development'; she was a recipient of a Centenary Medal in 2003; and in 2007 she was the recipient of a Queensland Greats award.\nMs Forde holds the honorary degree of \"Doctor of the University\" from Griffith University, the Australian Catholic University, the University of the Sunshine Coast, and the Queensland University of Technology. She has also been awarded a \"Doctor of Letters\" by the University of Queensland.\nBorn Leneen Kavanagh in Ottawa, Canada,\u00a0Leneen worked as a medical laboratory technician in Ontario and studied part-time for a Bachelor of Arts before moving to Australia in 1954. In 1955, she married Francis Gerard Forde, the son of the Right Honorable Francis Michael Forde, former Prime Minister of Australia and High Commissioner to Canada. Forde worked in the Haematology Department of Royal Brisbane Hospital for two years prior to full-time legal study following her husband's death in 1966.\nShe graduated a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Queensland in 1970 and from 1971 was employed as a solicitor at Cannan and Peterson. In 1973, Leneen became the founding President of the Queensland Women Lawyers' Association. In 1974, she was made a partner at Cannan and Peterson and that same year, represented Queensland in the Australian Women Lawyers' Association.\nIn 1992, Leneen Forde was appointed Governor of Queensland, a position she held until 1997.\nIn 1998, she was appointed Chair of the Commission of Inquiry into the Abuse of Children in Queensland Institutions, a position she held for one year.\nShe has been involved with the following groups and organisations:\n\nChair Defence Reserves Support Council 2002-06\nForde Foundation Advisory Board. 2000-07\nBoard Member Starlight Foundation since 2008\nAll Hallows School Council (Queensland) since 2008\nMember Board Governor's Queensland Community Foundation since 2008\nPresident Scouts Australia 1997-2003\nVice-President Scouts Australia since 2003\nBoard Member Queensland Ballet since 2000\nChair Queensland Government Forde Foundation 2000-06,\nBrisbane\nCollege Theology Board 1999-2000\nSt Leo's College Board 1998-2000\nBrisbane City Council Arts and Environment Trust 1999-2000\nCommissioner Royal Commission of Inquiry into Abuse of Children in Queensland Institutions 1998-99\nPatron Forde Foundation since 2007\nChaired Queensland Supreme Court Probate Rules Review Committee 1988-1990\nNational Pioneer Women's Hall of Fame since 1999\nPresident of the Scout Association of Australia\nConvened Queensland Women's Consultative Council 1991-1992\nChaired Office of Economic Development for the City of Brisbane 1991-1992\nMember Solicitors' Disciplinary Tribunal - Queensland Law Society\nMember Queensland University of Technology Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Advisory Committee\nMember Queensland University of Technology Council\nMember Queensland Small Business Corporation\nMember. Women Chiefs of Enterprise International since 1989\nMember Zonta Club Brisbane Inc. since 1971\nMember Zonta International Foundation Board 1986-1992\nPresident Zonta International 1990-92\nChaired Social Security Appeals Tribunal during 1980's\nMember Queensland Law Society since 1971\nMember of the Queensland Council for Civil Liberties during 1970's\nFounder Queensland Women Lawyers Association 1976\nrecipient Centenary Medal 2003\nQueenslander of Year Award 1991\nWoman of Substance Award Queensland Girl Guides' Association 1990\nPaul Harris Fellow Rotary Club Brisbane 1990\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-who-win\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/leneen-forde-b1935\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/leneen-forde-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-international-whos-who-of-women-a-biographical-reference-guide-to-the-most-eminent-talented-and-distinguished-women-in-the-world\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/commission-of-inquiry-into-abuse-of-children-in-queensland-institutions\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/leneen-forde\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-lawyers-as-active-citizens\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wives-of-former-governors-of-queensland-inaugural-janet-irwin-endowed-lecture-delivered-by-her-excellency-mrs-leneen-forde-a-c-governor-of-queensland-13-august-1994\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/31096-leneen-forde-papers-1990s\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McConnel, Ursula Hope", "Entry ID": "PR00471", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcconnel-ursula-hope\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Cressbrook, near Toogoolawah, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Anthropologist, Photographer", "Summary": "Ursula McConnel is recognised as an influential anthropologist of the Cape York Peninsula and a talented amateur photographer. McConnel used her photographs to illustrate publications of her research in magazines and ethnographic journals such as Oceania and Walkabout. She was also a collector of Indigenous artefacts.\nContent added for original entry by Lee Butterworth, last modified 11 June 2009\nAs one of the first students of A. R. Radcliffe-Brown's Australian tenureship, Ursula McConnel conducted ethnographic fieldwork as a participant-observer in western Cape York Peninsula between 1927 and 1934. She worked chiefly among the Wik peoples, particularly the Wik Mungkan based at Aurukun Mission. As part of her anthropological study McConnel amassed a substantial material culture collection of over five hundred artefacts. Together with Donald Thomson's collection from the same area, it forms a unique record of Wik Mungkan material culture from that period. In 2006 a large collection of professional papers belonging to Ursula was discovered and donated to the South Australian Museum.\n", "Details": "Ursula McConnel was an academic and a talented amateur photographer who used her photographs to illustrate her articles, which were published in magazines and ethnographic journals such as Walkabout.\nUrsula Hope McConnel was born at Cressbrook, Queensland on 27 October 1888. The eighth child of ten, her parents were James Henry McConnel and Mary Elizabeth (n\u00e9e Kent). They were farmers and graziers. She attended the Brisbane High School for Girls and went on to the New England Girls School in Armidale, NSW. A gifted student, she obtained first class honours in Philosophy at the University of Queensland. In 1905 she went to London where she took classes in history, literature and music at King's College. Two years later in 1897 she returned to Australia and enrolled at the University of Queensland, where she completed a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in 1918 and an MA with first class honours in 1921. Following this, in 1923 McConnel began a PhD in anthropology at University College in London, under the supervision of (Sir) Grafton Elliot Smith and William Perry. However, she did not complete her doctorate due to ill health and loneliness, and in 1926 returned to Australia. This was to prove a fateful decision, since it prevented her from ever attaining an academic position. She subsequently studied at the University of Sydney under the anthropologist Alfred Radcliff-Browne, who trained her in the techniques of fieldwork.\nWorking under Radcliffe-Brown, the focus of her academic endeavour was an ethnographic study of the Aboriginal people of the people of the Cape York Peninsula and their culture. Beginning in 1927 she undertook five field trips to the Cape York Peninsula and conducted research into the Wik Mungkan. As part of her research project she took numerous photographs documenting the people and their artefacts. Joan Kerr in Heritage: The National Women's Art Book has suggested that these photographs differ little from those taken by other male academics. She adds that there was little interest in women's issues within the scholarly world at the time (Kerr 106). One such photograph is Food is carried in Dilly Bags Suspended from the Forehead' (1936). Used to illustrate her article 'Cape York Peninsula: Development and Control,' it made no mention of women's work, its only focus being the artefacts. She used the same photograph for her article 'Inspiration and Design in Aboriginal Art.'\nMcConnel's more 'private, informal photographs,' however, told a very different story to the official photographs. From these it is clear that she did indeed develop a particular interest in women's artefacts and women's business. The same photographs also show a more personal response to her sitters, their relaxed faces and postures reflecting the connection that had formed between her and the Indigenous people she met.\nMcConnel published Myths of the Munkan (Melbourne, 1957) as well as numerous articles, many of which were published in Oceania and Walkabout. She was also a collector of Indigenous artefacts; these are held by a number of museums in Australia. While still working in Cape York, McConnel was awarded a Rockefeller fellowship to study under Edward Sapir at Yale University. Sapir was the pioneer of anthropological linguistics and this was consequently to become an important component of her fieldwork alongside photographic documentation and the collection and description of artefacts.\nMcConnel never married, despite her striking good looks. At a time when most women were dependent financially on husbands, she made enough money to support herself through her investment in wool bonds and was able to retire in the mid-1930s. For the next 20 years she lived in Creswell. She died suddenly of a brain haemorrhage aged 69 in Brisbane on 6 November 1957.\nSadly, academic recognition of and respect for her achievements only came after her death. Today, along with the work of Donald Thomson, her publications form the foundations of present-day anthropological research on Western Cape York Peninsula.\nCollections\nMcConnel Collection, South Australian Museum\nMitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales\nSouth Australia Museum Archives\nUrsula McConnel Collection, National Museum Australia\nContent added for original entry by Lee Butterworth, last modified 11 June 2009\nUrsula Hope McConnel was born on the family property, Cressbrook, at Toogolawah, Queensland, to James Henry McConnel and Mary Elizabeth, n\u00e9e Kent. \u00a0Her aunt, Mary Bundock, later Mrs Murray-Prior, was a significant early collector of Aboriginal artefacts from the Richmond River district of New South Wales and may have encouraged Ursula in developing a professional interest in the Aboriginal people of Queensland.\nAfter school at The Brisbane High School for Girls (Somerville House), and the New England Girls Grammar School, Armidale (New South Wales), Ursula went to London. She took courses in history, politics, literature and music between 1905 and 1907 at the women's department, King's College. Ursula enrolled at the University of Queensland in 1913, graduating BA with first class honours in 1918. She was appointed honorary demonstrator in the Philosophy Department where her brother-in-law, Elton Mayo, was professor. In 1922 she returned to London and enrolled as a PhD student in cultural anthropology at University College, London.\nIn 1926 McConnel abandoned her thesis and returned to Australia to commence fieldwork among Aboriginal Australians in North Queensland with Professor Radcliffe-Brown of Sydney University. She stayed at the Presbyterian Mission at Aurukun as the guest of Reverend William and Geraldine (Gerry) Mackenzie, the friends and helpers of Frances Derham. McConnel, however, was publicly critical of the mission, and as a result she and other anthropologists were banned from it. In 1930 she received a grant from the Australian National Research Council and went to Cairns. From there, she and her friend Margaret Spence returned on horseback to Cape York, despite mission opposition. Although she published scholarly articles in Oceania and was awarded a Rockefeller Fellowship to study under Edward Sapir at Yale University, Connecticut, United States of Americia in 1931, she was excluded from academic employment (which she bitterly resented) and denied a PhD on the grounds of insufficient publications.\nWhen research and fieldwork funding also dried up in the late 1930s, McConnel went into semi-retirement. She purchased a house at Eagle Heights, south of Brisbane in the late 1940s and continued to write up her field data on the Wik-Mungkana for publication, producing her book, Myths of the Munkan (1957), with help from her friend the poet Judith Wright, in the year of her death. The importance of McConnel's scholarly contribution was recognized after her death. With those of Donald Thomson, her publications form the foundations of present-day anthropological research on Western Cape York Peninsula. She had devoted much of her life to this endeavour, driven by a sense of duty and justice towards the Aboriginals with whom she had worked.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/native-arts-and-industries-on-the-archer-kendall-and-holroyd-rivers-cape-york-peninsula-north-queensland\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/myths-of-the-munkan\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-snake-the-serpent-and-the-rainbow-ursula-mcconnel-and-aboriginal-australians\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcconnel-ursula-hope-1888-1957\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/surprise-discovery-of-early-anthropological-papers-in-adelaide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cape-york-peninsula-development-and-control\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ursula-mcconnel-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/journeys-to-the-interior\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/feminist-anthropology-thesis-topic-re-reading-australian-women-ethnographers-a-feminist-appraisal-of-the-anthropological-work-of-phyllis-kaberry-olive-pink-and-ursula-mcconnel-in-the-1930s\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brilliant-careers-women-collectors-and-illustrators-in-queensland\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/first-in-their-field-women-and-australian-anthropology\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/only-sticks-and-bark-ursula-mcconnel-her-collecting-and-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ursula-mcconnel-a-woman-of-vision\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ursula-mcconnel-the-archaeology-of-an-anthropologist\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ethnographic-artifacts-and-value-transformations\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-anthropologists-and-political-action-1925-1960\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unexpected-treasure-surprise-discovery-of-early-anthropological-papers-by-ursula-mcconnel-in-adelaide\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ursula-mcconnels-tin-trunk-a-remarkable-recovery\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ursula-mcconnel-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heritage-the-national-womens-art-book-500-works-by-500-australian-women-artists-from-colonial-times-to-1955\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/perhaps-if-there-had-been-more-women-in-the-north-the-story-would-have-been-different-gender-and-race-in-north-queensland-1840-1930\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sir-john-burton-cleland-1878-1971-papers-principally-relating-to-anthropology-and-medicine\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letters-from-ursula-mcconnel-to-fry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oceania-vol-xxl\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ursula-mcconnel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcconnel-ursula-hope-aa-191\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gelman, Sylvia", "Entry ID": "AWE6392", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gelman-sylvia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Equestrian, Gymnast, Public speaker, Teacher, Women's rights activist", "Summary": "Sylvia Gelman was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1981 'in recognition of service to education, youth and the Jewish community'. She was also appointed Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in 2003 'in recognition of service to the community, particularly through a range of organisations concerned with issues affecting women'. These organisations included The National Council of Jewish Women of Victoria and Australia, the Young Women's Christian Association of Victoria, and both the national and Victorian branches of the National Council of Women.\n", "Details": "Sylvia Gelman (nee Benn) was born on the 17th April 1919 in Fitzroy, Melbourne, the daughter of Maurice Benn and Elizabeth Jacobs, who had arrived in Australia from the UK in 1910. They had travelled to Australia for their honeymoon, and Maurice was so seasick on the way out he swore he would never travel anywhere again by sea. Their honeymoon lasted the fifty years that they were together in Australia. Sylvia was educated at University High School and the Melbourne Teachers' College, University of Melbourne. She was a dynamic and memorable teacher of a wide range of subjects. After graduation she taught in several rural schools. Eventually Sylvia was appointed Senior Mistress at Mount Scopus College in 1953 and she was constantly greeted in such places as Hospital Emergency rooms by doctors and former pupils at social Maccabi Sports functions with enormous affection, saying 'Mrs Gelman, you taught me and I wouldn't be where I am today without you.'\nHer passion was always education and she said, 'There is a saying that if you educate a man, you are educating an individual, but if you educate a woman, you are educating a family. Women's roles have changed a lot over the years.'\nIn 1938 Sylvia met her match in more ways than one. They met through their mutual interest in sport when Manuel Gelman, as the President of Associated Judean Athletics Clubs (AJAX), asked her to become Secretary of what is now known as Victoria Maccabi. They married in 1950. In those days female teachers had to resign from the Education Department schools on marriage. Sylvia did so but immediately started teaching at Mount Scopus. Sylvia and Mannie were a perfect team. Of equal intellect, they also shared a love of travel. They were partners both at work and play.\nIn an anniversary tribute to Mannie in January 1993 Sylvia wrote 'It was with you that I thrilled to the exciting sounds of Antonio and his dancers at the Zarzuella in Madrid, and, it was with you that I stood in awe before the paintings in the Caves of Lascaux touched by the spirit of their Cro-Magnon creators. They were married for forty-three eventful years until sadly, Mannie died later that year on 25 August 1993.\nIn his memory, Sylvia established an Award for Teaching Excellence in the Faculty of Education at Melbourne University. His nephew Graham Solomon said 'he had an insatiable appetite for the arts. If it had not been for him I would never have been able to envelope myself in the delights of the English language. I must give special thanks to Auntie Sylvia, for without her, the world would have seen only half the man that is Mannie Gelman.'\nIn 1992, in Melbourne, the French Ambassador Philippe Baud presented Mannie with the Order of the Legion d'Honneur for his contribution to his 60 years of promoting France's language, civilisation and culture. Fluent in French, he inspired his students by his love of all language, so much so that the students at Coburg High School demanded that he teach them both French and Latin, when their choice was limited to just one language - and they won.\nIn the 1970s, on retiring from teaching, Sylvia became a member of the National Council of Jewish Women in Victoria (NCJW) and editor of their newsletter. After three years in that role, the retiring President Mina Fink asked her to take on the presidency. As a relative newcomer to the organisation, Sylvia refused. She pointed out that Mina had two Vice Presidents who should be considered. For several months, Mina kept insisting she accept the role, even pursuing her target at their vacation retreat at Ocean Grove until she persuaded her. 'What Mina wants, Mina gets', was a catch phrase in the Fink and NCJW families at the time and proved to be correct once again. Fink, before she retired, had invited the global organisation of the International Council of Jewish Women to hold their next convention in Australia in 1975, the UN International Women's Year, and Sylvia accepted the presidency with the proviso that it came attached with a suitable committee of skilled organisers elected to stage this conference. It did and they did stage a memorable and successful global conference. This would be the first International Council of Jewish Women Convention to be held in the Southern Hemisphere, and was also the first International Jewish Conference to be held in Australia. Sylvia persuaded the current Governor General, Sir John Kerr, to open the conference and when he arrived his aide explained sternly that he would have to leave as soon as he had finished speaking. He stayed and didn't leave until the end. When the next national conference was held in Perth, Sylvia secured Governor-General Sir Zelman Cowan as that keynote speaker.\nSylvia was appointed a Life Governor and Trustee of the National Council of Jewish Women of Australia in 1988. In 2018 they formed a Sylvia Gelman Foundation in her honour to fundraise for educational bursaries for disadvantaged students, to support the smaller sections of the organisation and also to foster overseas speakers as scholars in residence. She did much to enhance and enrich the understanding of non-Jews in multi-cultural Australia, in the uniqueness of Jewish history and made a significant improvement in the understanding and tolerance between peoples of diverse religions and ethnic backgrounds.\nThrough NCJW, Sylvia became their delegate on the Victorian National Council of Women (NCWV), eventually serving as Honorary Advisor to the Executive and was honoured to be named one of their Honorary Life Members, to be listed on the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2012) and be a recipient of the Sir John Monash Award from the Jewish Community Council of Victoria in 2011 for her outstanding contribution to the state. Gracia Baylor, a former President of NCW, once said of Sylvia, 'She is a woman for all times, all seasons - ageless, blessed with a wonderful sense of humour, her intellect and her humanitarian view of life and an influence to all who come in contact with her.'\nFrom 1987 to 1990 Sylvia was the President of the National Council of Women of Victoria and her stewardship marked a great period of productivity for the organisation. At the end of her term she became the Convenor of the Arts & Letters & Music Committee and organised the publication of a book of poetry by women The Whirling Spindle, which was a great success both as a record of the writing of women poets, and for the National Council of Women as an auspicing body. Other publications followed: From a Camel to the Moon: An Anthology for the International Year of Older Persons, 1999; Valuing the Volunteers: An Anthology for the International Year of Volunteers, 2001; Forever Eve: An Anthology Celebrating NCJWV 75th Anniversary, 2002. These books delighted many of the writers, many of whom had never been published before. An impressive public speaker, she said, 'I urge people to undertake public speaking courses and get access to education in order for them to advance in all directions.' Sylvia herself has initiated public speaking workshops to achieve this end.\nThe Liberal Party of Australia Victoria Division invited her to speak at a one-day seminar. Sylvia explained that both the National Council of Women of Victoria and the National Council of Jewish Women of Victoria were strictly non-party political organisations, so any discussion of politics was not permitted. 'No' was the reply 'We want you to speak on the role of your organisation to explain the work that you do.' At one stage during her address she stated 'that men, have always considered women as a side issue.' One of the Melbourne dailies printed it as 'Quote of the week' and at the end of that year it was voted 'Quote of the Year.'\n", "Events": "Honoured by the Victorian Women's Trust 'Ordinary women Extraordinary lives' Exhibition Melbourne (2001 - 2001) \nInducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2012 - 2012) \nMember of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE) (1981 - 1981) \nMember of the National Committee of Non-Government Organisations for the International Year of the Child (1979 - 1979) \nMember of the Order of Australia (2003 - 2003) \nQueen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal (1977 - 1977) \nSir John Monash Award from the Jewish Community Council of Victoria (2011 - 2011) \nVictorian Women's Consultative Committee (1988 - 1989)" }, { "Title\/Name": "Marginson, Betty May", "Entry ID": "AWE6411", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marginson-betty-may\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Kew, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Activist, Councillor, Mayor, Teacher, Volunteer", "Summary": "Betty Marginson was a pioneer in many fields as a teacher, a student and community activist, local Councillor and advocate for citizens' and women's rights. Her academic career spanned the World War II years as an undergraduate student to 1985 when she took her Diploma in Public Policy at the age of 62. As well as raising four children with her husband Ray Marginson, she taught at various State Schools from 1943 to 1982. She was the founding President of the Hawthorn Chapter of the University of the Third Age, becoming President of the Victorian network in 1993. The first woman appointed Mayor of the City of Hawthorn from 1976 to 1977, she was a Council Member from 1972 to 1981. In the wider world, Betty Marginson was President of University College, University of Melbourne from 1986 to 1991, and was a voluntary worker in many fields, including at Heide Park and Art Gallery.\n", "Details": "Betty May Marginson, was born on 3 February 1923 in Clifton Hill, Melbourne, the youngest of the five children of Winifred and William John Reilly and educated at Geelong Road Primary School, Footscray and Williamstown High School. The first in her family to attend a university, she enrolled at the Melbourne Teachers' College in 1939 and in 1943 at the University of Melbourne from which she took her BA. In 1946 she was Vice-President of the Students' Representative Council and served as Victorian Minute Secretary of the Council for Civil Liberties, working with Brian Fitzpatrick in its unsuccessful campaigns in the 1944 and 1946 referenda to persuade Victorians to vote in favour of extending Commonwealth powers.\nIn 1947 she married Raymond David Marginson. Their first son, Simon, was born in 1951 and although she returned briefly to teaching at Eltham High School, she left in 1955 after the birth of their second son, David. A third son, Gregory followed, and it was not until 1969, when their daughter Jenny was old enough for school that she returned to teaching. At Hawthorn West Central School, she taught English to immigrant children until 1982. She joined the Victorian Teachers' Union in 1969.\nShe became the Treasurer of the School Council and in 1972 was elected to the Hawthorn City Council on which she served until 1981. In 1976, she was elected its first woman Mayor and in 1979, she became the first woman elected to the Municipal Association of Victoria. She was the Local Government representative on the Victorian Child Development and Family Services\nCouncil and Hawthorn City Council representative on the Family and Community Services Regional Committee.\nBetty Marginson's influence through local government was extensive and long-lasting. Her time on the Council saw the establishment of a day-care hospital, the commissioning of a report on the needs of the ageing in the area and construction of the Hawthorn Aquatic and Leisure Centre. She joined the Australian Local Government Women's in 1972.\nHer influence on the wider community was equally impressive. Long active in the campaign for abortion law reform, Betty Marginson chaired the Consultative Council on Senior Citizens set up by the Victorian government from 1981 till 1988, when she became Vice Chairperson of its successor, the State Government Older Persons' Council. She was the foundation president of the Hawthorn chapter of the University of the Third Age and in 1993 was elected President of the Victoria State University of the Third Age Network.\nShe became a Justice of the Peace in 1979 and was a member of the Council of University College, University of Melbourne from 1983 to 1993, and served as President from 1986 to 1990. She was equally active in other areas, as a member of the National Trust of Australia and National Gallery Society of Victoria from 1960, in the Lyceum Club and as a voluntary worker at the Heide Park and Art Gallery.\nBetty Marginson's contribution to Australia life was recognised by the award of the Queen's Jubilee Medal in 1977, becoming a Member of the Order of Australia in 1993 and in 2001 becoming one of the two hundred women placed on the Honour Roll of 'Women Shaping the Nation' and receiving the Centenary of Federation Medal.\n", "Events": "Adult Community and Further Education representative of Council for Adult Education (1992 - 1992) \nCentenary of Federation Medal (2001 - 2001) \nCouncil of University College, University of Melbourne (1986 - 1986) \nFirst woman Executive Committee Member, Municipal Association of Victoria (1979 - 1979) \nFirst women Mayor of Hawthorn City Council (1976 - 1976) \nJustice of the Peace (1979 - 1979) \nMember of the Order of Australia (AM) (1993 - 1993) \nPlaced on Honour Roll of 'Women Shaping the Nation' (2001 - 2001) \nPresident of Victoria-wide network of University of the Third Age (1993 - 1993) \nQueen's Jubilee Medal (1977 - 1977)", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/betty-marginson-interviewed-by-ann-turner-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marginson-betty\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marginson-betty-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marginson-betty-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marginson-betty-4\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marginson-betty-5\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Bridges, Edith Lilian", "Entry ID": "AWE6433", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bridges-edith-lilian\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Yarragee, near Moruya, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Toorak, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Mother, War widow", "Summary": "Lady Bridges was the initial president of the Friendly Union of Soldiers' Wives and Mothers, set up by her friend Lady Helen Munro Ferguson, wife of the Governor General, early in World War I to provide support for families of soldiers of the first AIF. The shock of the death of her husband, Major General Sir William Throsby Bridges, Commander of the first AIF, less than a month after the landing at Gallipoli and the prolonged and very public commemorative ceremonies associated with the return of his body to Australia and his reburial in Canberra, affected her health to the extent that the following year she retired from public life.\nAn adopted child, Edith's life was punctuated by tragedy including the loss of her first-born son soon after birth, the drowning of one of her seven-year-old twin girls in a boating accident on Sydney Harbour and the death of a 17-year-old son at boarding school in England. During World War I in addition to the loss of her husband, she worried constantly about her son Major Noel Bridges DSO, who fought at Gallipoli and the Western Front and was wounded in Flanders in 1918. Born Edith Lillian Francis in 1862 near Moruya, Lady Bridges died in Melbourne in 1926, aged 64, and was buried in St John's Churchyard, Canberra.\nRead a longer essay on Lady Bridges in the online exhibition War Widows of the ACT: A Forgotten Legacy of World War I.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-sir-ronald-craufurd-munro-ferguson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/friendly-union-of-soldiers-wives-and-mothers-australian-imperial-forces-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/soldiers-surveyors-and-selectors-a-genealogy-of-the-cowley-and-simpkins-families-and-associated-branches\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dale, Sabina (Sybil) Daffodil", "Entry ID": "AWE6434", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dale-sabina-sybil-daffodil\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Mother, Sportswoman, War widow", "Summary": "Sybil Dale, aged 18, was left a widow with a young baby when her husband, Adjutant Charles Coning Dale, 21, was killed on Gallipoli on 7 August 1915. They had married in Melbourne on 10 November 1914, eight days after Dale graduated from Duntroon Military College, Canberra, and a week after he enlisted in the AIF as Lieutenant in C Squadron, 8th Light Horse. Their daughter, Valda Rita Dale, was born on 19 April 1915 at 595 Canning St, North Carlton. Sybil married again in 1924 and together her and her husband raised a family. She also went on to play cricket and hockey for Victoria.\nRead a longer essay on Sybil Dale in the online exhibition War Widows of the ACT: A Forgotten Legacy of World War I.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lindsay, Ruby", "Entry ID": "AWE6439", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lindsay-ruby\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Creswick, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "United Kingdom", "Occupations": "Artist, Cartoonist, Graphic designer, Illustrator", "Summary": "Ruby Lindsay is perhaps Australia's first female graphic designer. During the early twentieth century, Ruby illustrated books and also hand drew posters and black-and-white illustrations for newspapers such as The Bulletin and Punch.\n", "Details": "Ruby Lindsay was born in Creswick, Victoria, to parents Robert and Jane Elizabeth. At the age of 16 she moved to Melbourne where she attended the National Gallery School. Ruby occasionally drew posters and black and white illustrations for well-known newspapers, and also illustrated books such as William Moore's Studio Sketches.\nIn 1907 Ruby showcased her work at the Women's Work Exhibition, held at the Melbourne Exhibition building. After submitting many pieces in competitive categories, Ruby won the First Class Diploma - a certificate which she had also designed.\nRuby married Will Dyson in Creswick in 1909 and soon after they travelled to London with Ruby's brother Norman. Whilst in London, Ruby continued illustrating books and sometimes collaborated on black-and-white illustrations and posters with her husband. In 1911, Will and Ruby had a daughter, Elizabeth (Betty). Sadly, Ruby died of influenza in 1919 at the age of 33.\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lindsay-family-papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruby-lindsay-dysons-autograph-book-1907\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poems-in-memory-of-a-wife-ruby-lind-will-dyson-2-copies-1857-1919\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lind-ruby-drawings-of-rubylind-mrs-will-dyson-1887-1919\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Liangis, Sotiria", "Entry ID": "AWE5393", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/liangis-sotiria-2\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Keratea, Attica, Greece", "Occupations": "Developer, Philanthropist", "Summary": "Sotiria Liangis is the developer behind a number of commercial properties in Canberra. She was the first Telstra ACT Business Woman of the Year in 1995. In 1996 she was awarded the Order of Australia Medal for 'for service to the Greek community, particularly the aged and through St Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church, Canberra'. She received the Centenary Medal in 2001, also for service to the Greek community.\nWith her husband and son, Sotiria Liangis had received a Real Estate Institute of the ACT award in 1994.\n", "Details": "Sotiria Liangis arrived in Canberra from Greece with her new husband Angelo (previously Evangelos) in 1961. They could not speak English and said that they had no money. Angelo had first migrated to Australia and Canberra in 1954. He returned to his hometown, Keratea, in 1960 to marry Sotiria.\nSotiria worked as a sales assistant in a fruit shop for \u00a38 per week. Her husband, a trained and experienced shoemaker, worked in his trade for \u00a318 per week. They spend \u00a32 or \u00a33 each week on their needs and saved the rest. After 18 months, they opened their first business, Angelo's\nShoe Repairs in Narrabundah. Their son was born on the same day.\nA second shoe store was opened in 1965. While her husband operated the shoe stores, Sotiria started Liangis Investments in 1967. The first project for the company was a warehouse, completed on time, within budget and tenanted immediately. This gave Sotiria satisfaction and the confidence to continue in construction and finance.\nShe has been quoted as saying, 'It was harder back then, because at first there were people around who were against a woman \"on site\" or who thought I should be at home with my son, but I just ignored them.'\nOne builder with whom she worked recalls the way she was always picking up the tools on site. She would make the workers straighten three-inch nails to use again.\nProjects which Sotiria and her company developed include an indoor recreation facility in the Kippax Centre, Woden Churches Centre, the Capitol Theatre in Manuka and Kingston Plaza.\nDespite the 'shepherd's daughter' description headlining one 2014 Canberra Times article about her, she grew up in a wealthy family in Greece. None of the family's money came to Australia with her when she married her shoemaker. Her mother had said to her: 'You marry, I am your neighbour. And don't ever come back here to complain about what kind of life you have, that you don't have money or you are working hard.'\nOrganisations supported financially by the Liangis family include Hartley Lifecare, the Open Family Foundation and the construction of Canberra's St Nicholas Home for the Aged. The family also built and donated the St John the Baptist Church for the Greek Orthodox community of Batemans Bay, New South Wales.\nShe and her son John became Founding Benefactors of the National Portrait Gallery of Australia prior to its relocation to its current dedicated building on the shore of Lake Burley Griffin. In recognition of their generous gift, two Gallery spaces were named: the Liangis Theatre and the A & S Liangis Gallery. The Gallery name also commemorates Angelo Liangis.\nIn 2013, Sotiria and John Liangis committed to support The Canberra Hospital and its Centenary Hospital for Women and Children to the level of $1 million over five years through the Canberra Hospital Foundation.\nIn 2015, their generosity enabled the National Portrait Gallery to buy the Portrait of William Bligh, in Master's Uniform, painted by John Webber around 1776. This portrait of the younger Governor Bligh will hang besides another Webber Portrait of Captain James Cook RN in the Gallery's Canberra building.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rei-honours-liangis-as-successful-investors\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-hospital-artworks-have-feel-good-factor\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-liangis-build-a-family-tradition\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/local-philanthropist-gives-1-million-to-canberra-hospital\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/recreation-site-for-26000\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-shepherds-daughter-to-queen-of-her-castle\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gang-gang-portrait-gallerys-perfect-purchase\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/capital-developer-a-woman-of-substance\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/liangis-evangios-born-28-february-1929-greek-travelled-per-klm-flight-departing-in-1954\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sotiria-liangis-interviewed-by-marg-carroll-in-the-centenary-of-canberra-oral-history-project\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Blundell, Madeline Patricia Petrie (Patricia)", "Entry ID": "AWE5394", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blundell-madeline-patricia-petrie-patricia\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "South Yarra, Victoria, Australia", "Death Place": "South Yarra, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Army Nurse, Matron, Nurse", "Summary": "Patricia Blundell served in in the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS) in World War I at Lemnos (Gallipoli), in Egypt, on hospital transports, in military hospitals at Wimereux near Boulogne in France and at military hospitals in England. In 1918 the ship on which she was travelling back to Australia was torpedoed in the Bay of Biscay. After being rescued by the British Navy she reached Melbourne safely on another ship. Before enlisting in 1915, she had gained military nursing experience as matron of Royal Military Hospital, Duntroon.\n", "Details": "Patricia Blundell enlisted in the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS) following about six months at Duntroon Military Hospital in Canberra. She and her brother, Martin Petrie Blundell, are a rare case of an Australian sister and brother serving at Gallipoli at the same time. While she tended the wounded and sick on Lemnos Island, Martin fought with the 4th Light Horse AIF on the Peninsula.\nMadeline Patricia Petrie Blundell was born in the Melbourne suburb of South Yarra on 17 March 1880, a daughter of Martin Petrie Blundell, a senior banker with the Bank of Australasia, and Emily Jane (born) Lineker. She was known by her second name, Patricia, and to her family she was Pattie. She came from an affluent family that mixed in the higher levels of Melbourne society and had a holiday home at Mt Macedon.\nIn 1911, at the age of 31, Patricia abandoned society life to enrol as a trainee nurse at Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne and after completing her training she continued to nurse at the hospital. In October 1914 she was appointed senior nursing sister (usually termed Matron) at Duntroon under the medical officer, Captain Peter Lalor, a grandson of Peter Lalor of Eureka fame. Her arrival coincided with the completion of the hospital which, for the first few years after Duntroon opened, had operated in tents and temporary accommodation and had relied on male medical orderlies. Like some other nurses who followed she was probably attracted to nursing at Duntroon to gain army experience before enlisting. She resigned from Duntroon at the end of April 1915 to volunteer for the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS).\nTwo weeks after completing her enlistment on 5 May 1915, Patricia Blundell was on board RMS Mooltan ready to depart with the complement of nursing and medical personnel to staff 3rd Australian General Hospital (AGH). She was aged 35, her religion was Church of England and she named her mother, Mrs E. Blundell, 'Noel', Upper Macedon, as her next of kin. The 3rd AGH was originally destined to be stationed in England but the huge number of casualties on Gallipoli from 25 April 1915 caused a change of plans.\nAbout a month after their arrival in London the nurses and medical staff were sent to Lemnos, a Greek Island off the coast of Gallipoli, to nurse AIF casualties from Anzac Cove. The Australian nurses arrived early in August to find their tent hospital only partly constructed, wounded patients lying in the mud and grave shortages of medical supplies, food and even water. The nurses were housed in tents but had no beds or mattresses and they gave their eating and drinking utensils to their patients. When a further convoy of wounded arrived the nurses used their own soap and tore up items of their clothing to bandage their patients. The conditions for the wounded were so bad, one nurse wrote that her wish was that any soldier casualty she knew would be killed outright in the fighting. Through August huge numbers of casualties arrived from the offensive early in that month but from September most of the one thousand patients treated at any one time were suffering from disease which spread rapidly as the health of the troops in the trenches collapsed. Many were severe dysentery and enteric (typhoid fever) cases. After three weeks' treatment on Lemnos those who were not declared fit to return to battle were sent on to army hospitals in Egypt or England for further treatment.\nOn 11 December 1915, Patricia's brother, 24-year-old Martin Petrie Blundell, 7th Reinforcements, 4th Light Horse Regiment, was evacuated to Lemnos as part of the general evacuation from Gallipoli. While on Lemnos waiting for transport to Egypt, he recorded in his diary and in letters to his mother his visits to the hospital to have tea with his sister Pattie. Eleven years younger than Patricia, Martin was born at Toorak in 1891. He was working as s a station overseer when he enlisted in Rockhampton early in 1915, a few months before his sister. After the Gallipoli evacuation he was on Lemnos until towards the end of December 1915 when he left for Alexandria. In March 1916 he sailed to Marseilles where he was initially posted to II Anzac Mounted Regiment.\nIn January 1916 Patricia left Lemnos with the 3rd AGH to move to Abbassia on the outskirts of Cairo where the hospital was set up in a huge building that had been the Egyptian Army Barracks. Regarded as one of the best Australian general hospitals organised during the war, it had been fitted out with the help of the Australian Red Cross. Nurses appreciated the better conditions after the bitter winter weather and disease that had undermined their health on Lemnos.\nAfter seven months at Abbassia, Patricia left for Malta to serve on the British hospital ship Guilford Castle which carried patients from Egypt to Mediterranean ports. In October 1916 she was posted to the 3rd Australian Auxiliary Hospital (AAH) at Dartford, Kent, a clearing station for patients from the Western Front and a specialised hospital for shell shock casualties.\nIn January 1917 Sister Blundell was posted to the 2nd Australian General Hospital in France, a tent hospital on desolate and windswept sea cliffs at Wimereux near Boulogne, to nurse battle casualties. After more than a year nursing at Wimereux she was sent to hospital in England suffering from bronchitis and she remained in hospital for six weeks. Her health had been undermined by her long service, often in appalling conditions at hospitals at Lemnos, Egypt, England, on hospital transport duties and particularly by two winters in freezing conditions in tents at Wimereux.\nIn April 1918 she returned to nursing and was posted to the 2nd Australian Auxiliary Hospital at Harefield where many Australian casualties received medical and surgical treatment before being repatriated. On 15 April, Patricia heard the devastating news that her brother Martin, a Lance Corporal with I Anzac Corps Mounted Regiment, had been killed in action at the battle of Kemmel during the German spring offensive in Flanders. His body was never recovered. He was killed near the summit of Mont Kemmel while acting as liaison with French forces during an intense bombardment. He was among 5000 casualties of the battle.\nOn 10 July 1918 Patricia Blundell boarded HMAT Barunga on what she and the 800 returning AIF soldiers and nurses on board hoped would be an uneventful journey back to Australia. Although suffering from debility she was on nursing duty on board the ship. Less than 24 hours after the journey began, Barunga was holed by a German torpedo from a U boat in the Bay of Biscay and began to sink. All on board had to abandon ship, some in lifeboats, others on rafts and some swimming. All were rescued by British destroyers.\nLater that month Patricia Blundell left England again on HMAT Boonah and arrived safely in Melbourne. She spent some months recuperating at Osborne House, a military convalescent hospital for nurses in Geelong. When she applied to the Army Medical Board for discharge stating she was 'very tired out', the Board ruled that she had no permanent disability but discharged her as permanently unfit for further service.\nPatricia Blundell did not work again as a nurse and she did not marry. Her mother who died in the 1920s left her a substantial legacy which enabled her to live comfortably and make several trips to England before and after the Second World War. She is recorded living at Melbourne suburbs of East Melbourne and Toorak and sometimes at Mt Macedon with her sister Mrs Beatrice Stoving at 'Noel', a French chalet-type house which was destroyed many years later in the 1983 bushfires. 'Noel' was built on land originally part of the estate of early Victorian colonist, Charles Ryan, a grazier and stock and station agent, whose granddaughter, Lady (Maie) Casey wrote of visiting her widowed grandmother and aunts at Mt Macedon in An Australian Story.\nMadeline Patricia Petrie Blundell died at 255 Domain Road, South Yarra in 1968, aged 88. She was awarded the 1914-15 Star, the British War Medal and the Victory Medal and is listed on the ACT Memorial.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guns-and-brooches-australian-army-nursing-from-the-boer-war-to-the-gulf-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/official-history-of-the-australian-army-medical-services-1914-18-vol-iii-problems-and-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-army-medical-services-in-the-war-of-1914-1918-vol-i-gallipoli-palestine-and-new-guinea\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-army-medical-services-in-the-war-of-1914-1918-vol-ii-the-western-front\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/more-than-bombs-and-bandages-australian-army-nurses-at-work-in-world-war-i\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/history-of-the-rmc-hospital-5-camp-hospital-and-21-dental-unit\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/an-australian-story-1837-1907\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mount-macedon-its-history-and-its-grandeur-1836-1978\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nurses-who-have-recently-left-for-the-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/19527\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/19528\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blundell-madeline-patricia-petrie\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-brother-and-sister-at-arms-at-gallipoli\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blundell-m-patricia-sern-sister-pob-melbourne-vic-poe-melbourne-vic-nok-blundell-p\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blundell-martin-petrie-sern-1080-pob-melbourne-vic-poe-rockhampton-qld-nok-m-blundell-m-p\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-martin-blundell-1915-1916-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Boon, Gladys Elizabeth Clare", "Entry ID": "AWE5395", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/boon-gladys-elizabeth-clare\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Manly, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Army Nurse, Nurse", "Summary": "Gladys Elizabeth Clare Boon served in the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS) at Salonika, Greece from 1917 to 1919 and then briefly in England before returning to Australia. Trained at Orange Hospital, she nursed at Bathurst District Hospital and Wallsend Hospital before her marriage to Arthur Firkin in 1925.\n", "Details": "Gladys Elizabeth Clare Boon was born at Queanbeyan, NSW on 19 February 1891 to David Boon, a policeman, and his wife Elizabeth (born Southwell). Gladys's mother Elizabeth was a daughter of Thomas Southwell, a pioneer settler at Parkwood, a property on Ginninderra Creek, then in New South Wales: the land now straddles the north-west border of the ACT. After Elizabeth Southwell married David William Boon at Parkwood Methodist Church they lived near Parkwood until David Boon joined the mounted police and was posted to a succession of New South Wales country towns. Gladys's connection to Canberra is through her descent from the pioneer Southwell family.\nGladys Boon trained as a nurse at Orange Hospital graduating with a four-year nursing certificate in February 1915. She continued nursing at Orange Hospital until December 1916 when she resigned as head nurse to nurse at a military hospital, 4th Australian General Hospital (AGH) at Randwick in Sydney. On 3 April 1917 Gladys enlisted in the Australian Army Nursing Service in Sydney. Her enlistment papers describe her as aged 26, her religion as Methodist and her next of kin as her father David Boon of Orange. She gave her birthplace as Goulburn but NSW birth records state she was born at Queanbeyan.\nShe was recruited following a request from the British Government for Australian trained nurses to staff four British military hospitals in Salonika in northern Greece. In response to the request three units, each of 91 nurses, embarked from Australia in June 1917 and a fourth unit in August. The first three units began duty in Salonika in August 1917. The fourth was delayed in Egypt and reached Salonika later. Altogether 42 Australian sisters and 257 staff nurses served in Salonika.\nBritish and French forces had arrived in Greece in 1915 to fight Bulgarian forces invading Serbia, to regain control of the Balkans and prevent enemy forces taking areas leading to the Suez Canal and the Middle East but they saw only intermittent action over the next three years. Most patients at the military hospitals were British soldiers and Bulgarian prisoners of war. Many were not battle casualties but suffering from diseases including malaria, dysentery and black water fever. Australian nurses preferred to serve in Australian-run hospitals and to nurse Australian soldiers. This was never the case in Salonika. In addition they felt they had been relegated to the war's sidelines. Any action in Greece was little reported at the time. The final battle against the Bulgarians in September 1918 was not reported in the London Times in any detail until 1919.\nAll the nurses in Salonika felt the bitter cold and snow in winter and the intense heat in summer in hospitals that were accommodated in tents or primitive huts often in swampy areas which became quagmires after rain. In winter there was not enough fuel for braziers to heat the tents and by morning the blankets on patients were stiff with ice. In summer mosquitoes were a serious problem. Most nurses had bouts of malaria which was endemic and those who suffered recurrent malaria had to repatriated to Australia. Two nurses died in Salonika and, by August 1918, 46 nurses had been invalided back to Australia. Nurses wore heavy mosquito nets and clothing covering every part of their bodies in an effort to ward off mosquitoes but they sometimes discarded extra coverings that made nursing impossible.\nThree months after enlisting Gladys Boon travelled with one of the first groups on RMS Mooltan to Suez and then on to Salonika arriving on 25 July 1917. After short postings to the 60th British General Hospital (BGH) at Hortiach and 52 BGH, she was assigned to 50 BGH, a hut hospital at Kalamaria on the outskirts of Salonika. She remained there for most of her service in Salonika apart from being hospitalised in August 1918 with debility and again the following month with influenza. She was still nursing in Salonika in January 1919 when she was sent to England to nurse at the 3rd Australian Auxiliary Hospital at Dartford where war nerves and neurosis cases were treated. This was her first experience nursing Australian soldiers.\nAt the end of April 1919 Gladys was given three months' leave with pay to attend a course in Domestic Economy at the Battersea Polytechnic, London. This scheme was available to members of the AIF and the AANS to enable them to undertake suitable courses in England to assist them to return to civilian life.\nGladys's course was cut short when her leave was cancelled preparatory to returning to Australia. She received a certificate in domestic economy which included cookery, laundry and domestic work, her record stating that she had shown 'great interest in all subjects' and the 'standard of her work had been very good'. She embarked for Australia on SS Zealandia on 3 July 1919 and was discharged in Sydney. When Gladys Boon returned to Orange late in August 1919 the Orange Leader reported that she looked 'remarkably well'. The Model Band played as the train pulled into the station and the Mayor and a representative of returned soldiers welcomed her home, as well as a crowd of relatives and friends.\nDuring 1920 Gladys Boon nursed at Bathurst District Hospital but resigned early in January 1921. She later nursed at Wallsend Hospital and on 29 July 1925 married Arthur Lawry Firkin of Wallsend at the Methodist Church, Orange. A resident of Wallsend, Gladys Firkin died suddenly at Manly, New South Wales on 25 November 1948.\nShe was awarded the British War Medal and the Victory Medal and is listed on the ACT Memorial and on the Orange Methodist Church Honour Roll.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/official-history-of-the-australian-army-medical-services-1914-18-vol-iii-problems-and-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guns-and-brooches-australian-army-nursing-from-the-boer-war-to-the-gulf-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/more-than-bombs-and-bandages-australian-army-nurses-at-work-in-world-war-i\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-southwell-family-pioneers-of-the-canberra-district-1838-1938\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/seeking-a-cause-resignations-at-bathurst-hospital\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nurse-boon\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/boon-gladys-elizabeth-clare-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mettle-and-steel-the-aans-in-salonika\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/boon-gladys-elizabeth-clare-sern-s-nurse-pob-goulburn-nsw-poe-n-a-nok-f-boon-david-william\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gallagher, Flora", "Entry ID": "AWE5396", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gallagher-flora\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Browns Flat, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Hurstville, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Army Nurse, Nurse", "Summary": "Flora Gallagher served from 1915 to 1918 as a nurse in World War I in Egypt, England and France. She was one of three female Gallagher family members from Browns Flat, a farming settlement between Queanbeyan and Bungendore in New South Wales, which later became part of the ACT, who served overseas as nurses in World War I.\n", "Details": "Flora Gallagher was the first to enlist of the three female members of the Gallagher family of Browns Flat near Burbong, now part of Kowen Forest within the eastern border of the ACT. Flora was born on 18 December 1874, the second youngest daughter of John Gallagher, farmer, and Mary Ann Gallagher (born Craig). Flora trained at St Joseph's Hospital in the Sydney suburb of Auburn and was registered as a trained nurse in March 1909. She enlisted in the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS) in Sydney in October 1915 giving her age as 33 but it appears she would have 40 years of age; her religion was Catholic and she named her mother as her next of kin.\nLess than a month after enlisting Flora Gallagher was travelling to Egypt on HMAT Orsova, as a reinforcement for 2nd Australian General Hospital (AGH) at Ghezireh Palace Hotel which had been taken over to accommodate overwhelming numbers of wounded and sick patients from Gallipoli. Apart from two weeks in hospital with mumps soon after she arrived, Flora spent all of 1916 nursing in Egypt, including at the 14th AGH, stationed in Abbassia after it arrived from Australia, and at British Choubra infectious diseases military hospital in Cairo.\nIn January 1917 Flora was sent to England where she was attached very briefly to the 2nd Australian Auxiliary Hospital (AAH) at Southall and the 3rd AAH at Dartford before being sent to France in February to nurse Western Front casualties. She was attached to the 14th British General Hospital (BGH) at Wimereux, near Boulogne, to nurse Western Front casualties. In the middle of the year she spent three weeks in hospital in England suffering from debility and when she returned she nursed at 25th BGH at Boulogne. For the next year she alternated between nursing at the two hospitals but became increasing unwell.\nLate in August 1918, after more than eighteen months nursing in France, she was sent to England and invalided to Australia. She left almost immediately on the City of Karachi. Back in Australia in October she was operated on for appendicitis at the 4th AGH in Randwick and early in 1919 her army appointment was terminated due to medical unfitness.\nEarly in November 1918, while she was recovering from her appendix operation, Queanbeyan held a public welcome home for Flora Gallagher. The town band marched through the streets to the hall where Mrs Forster Rutledge of Gidleigh, one of whose sons Harry had been killed at Passchendaele and another Tom commanded the 4th Pioneer Battalion on the Western Front, presented Flora with a gold medal and other leading citizens welcomed her. The large gathering danced until midnight.\nIn January 1920, Flora Gallagher, 46, married Lieutenant Frederick Cavin Young, 32, an engineer who had served during the war with the Naval and Military Force at Rabaul. He had suffered numerous attacks of malaria including three severe attacks in 1919.\nFlora, who lived at Penshurst, died in hospital at Hurstville, Sydney on 20 January 1938, survived by her husband, three brothers at Bungendore, her sister Evelyn and niece Janet, both of whom had served overseas in World War I. She was awarded the 1914-15 Star, the British War Medal and the Victory Medal and is commemorated on the ACT Memorial and the City of Queanbeyan Roll of Remembrance.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gallagher-flora-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-army-medical-services-in-the-war-of-1914-1918-vol-i-gallipoli-palestine-and-new-guinea\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-army-medical-services-in-the-war-of-1914-1918-vol-ii-the-western-front\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/official-history-of-the-australian-army-medical-services-1914-18-vol-iii-problems-and-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-long-travail\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gallagher-flora-sern-staff-nurse-pob-queanbeyan-nsw-poe-n-a-nok-m-gallagher-mary\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Gallagher, Janet Isobel", "Entry ID": "AWE5397", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gallagher-janet-isobel\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Browns Flat, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Army Nurse, Nurse", "Summary": "Janet Isobel Gallagher was one of three female members of the Gallagher family who served overseas with the Australian Army Nursing Service during World War I. She was a niece of Flora Gallagher and Evelyn Gallagher and like them was born at Browns Flat, a farming settlement near Burbong between Queanbeyan and Bungendore in New South Wales, now within the eastern border of the Australian Capital Territory. She enlisted in 1916 and spent most of the War nursing in India with service also in Egypt and England.\n", "Details": "Janet Isobel Gallagher (also known as Jennette) was born on 15 January 1880 to Eliza Jane Gallagher, the eldest daughter of John and Mary Ann Gallagher of Browns Flat in what is now Kowen Forest near the eastern border of the ACT. Janet was raised from birth as their child by her grandparents, John and Mary Ann Gallagher and when she enlisted in the Australian Army Nursing Service, she gave their names as her next of kin.\nJanet trained at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney and was registered as a nurse on 14 July 1915. She nursed for about three months at the military hospital, 4 Australian General Hospital (AGH) at Randwick, before joining the Australian Army Nursing Service when enlistment opened to those who were nursing in Australian military hospitals to volunteer for service in India. When she enlisted on 13 June 1916 she was 35 and her religion was Catholic. She and her aunt Evelyn Gallagher enlisted on the same day and they spent much of the war in the same hospitals.\nShe was among several hundred Australian nurses sent to India at the request of the British Government to nurse in military hospitals in India. As a result many were staffed mainly by Australian nurses who cared initially for sick and wounded evacuated from Mesopotamia, until facilities could be established near the fighting, and for British troops of the Indian Garrison. The Australians were assured that because of the severe Indian climate they would serve there only for six months and then be sent to nurse Australian troops in France or Mesopotamia which is what they wanted to do but this did not eventuate. Many of their patients in India were victims of tropical diseases. Two Australian nurses died of cholera in India.\nJanet Gallagher sailed on the RMS Kashgar and arrived in India on 27 September 1916. Her first posting was to the Gerard Freeman Thomas Hospital in Bombay. In May 1917 she was sent to Deccan War Hospital, a 1500-bed hospital in Poona where she remained for about 18 months. She was promoted to Sister although her promotion does not seem to have been noted officially until late in 1918 after she had left India. In October 1918 she left Bombay for Egypt where she nursed at 31st British General Hospital (BGH) at Abbassia until she left for England at the end of the year. In England she was attached to 2nd Australian Auxiliary Hospital (AAH) at Southall and very briefly to 1st Australian General Hospital before being admitted to hospital sick. She was not fit to resume nursing for nearly three months when she joined 3 AAH at Dartford.\nJanet Gallagher returned to Australia on duty on HMAT Orsova arriving in Sydney on 6 September 1919. She was discharged in Sydney on 23 October 1919 with the rank of Sister. After the war she was told after corresponding with the government that she was entitled only to the British War Medal as her long service in India was not regarded as being in a war zone. She is commemorated on the ACT Memorial and the City of Queanbeyan Roll of Remembrance.\nAfter the war Janet Gallagher continued nursing in Sydney including as a midwife at South Sydney Women's Hospital and later in the northern suburbs of Sydney. She died unmarried at North Sydney on 30 December 1957.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gallagher-janet-isabel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-long-travail\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/official-history-of-the-australian-army-medical-services-1914-18-vol-iii-problems-and-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/with-horse-and-morse-in-mesopotamia-the-story-of-the-anzacs-in-asia-the-australian-nurses-in-india\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gallagher-james-fitzpatrick-sern-4809-pob-glen-innes-nsw-poe-casula-nsw-nok-w-gallagher-janet\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lawlor, Gertrude Frances", "Entry ID": "AWE5399", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lawlor-gertrude-frances\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Monasterevin, Co. Kildare, Ireland", "Death Place": "Dublin, Ireland", "Occupations": "Army Nurse, Matron, Nurse", "Summary": "Gertrude Frances Lawlor served in 1918 with the Australian Army Nursing Service in India during the latter stages of World War I. She enlisted in 1917 after Canberra Hospital, where she was Matron, closed because of war restrictions. She resumed as Matron when the Hospital re-opened in 1921 and continued in the position until 1928.\n", "Details": "A substantially revised version of this entry, based on significant new research by Patricia Clarke, was published 2 February 2017. The Canberra Women in World War I: Community at Home, Nurses Abroad exhibition page contains a fully footnoted version of this entry.\nGertrude Lawlor gained the nursing positions she held in Australia after reinventing herself, obliterating all traces of her background and creating a new persona while on a ship migrating from Ireland to Australia in 1913. Her claim to have been born in England, to be a member of a decorated military family, to be related to several members of the First AIF, to be a widow and a member of the Church of England, were all accepted without question by the Australian Army, the public services of Victoria and the Commonwealth, her superiors, colleagues and friends in Australia.\nHer life should be easy to document in the numerous official documents and other sources, many more than those available for most women at a time when most lived fulfilling but unrecorded lives. But checking Gertrude Lawlor's records led only to mysteries and questions until her Irish background began to unfold.\nGertrude Frances Lawlor was baptised on 1 October 1883 in the Catholic parish at Monasterevin, Co Kildare, Ireland. She was a daughter of Michael Lawlor, a farmer, and his wife, Mary Donaher and she had two older brothers Michael and James who were farmers. The names of the mythical army family she invented were the same but their status was different. She claimed she was the daughter of the late Captain Michael Lawlor R.E. and sister of the late Major Jim Lawlor R.E. and of the late Captain Michael Lawlor I.N. [sic]. She was a talented student and her family appears to have invested considerable resources into ensuring that she had a superior education and a high standard of professional training. In various statements Gertrude claimed to have qualified as a pharmacist at the Rotunda Hospital, Dublin; to have a nursing certificate from Richmond Royal Hospital in England (this was probably the Richmond Surgical Hospital, Dublin); a course in Midwifery and Gynaecology from Holles St Royal Hospital, Dublin, and a qualification in infectious diseases.\nIt has not been possible to check these qualifications because of the lack of surviving records but there is no doubt she was a competent, highly qualified nurse. On 20 June 1906 when she was only 23, Gertrude was appointed to a prestigious position as Assistant Matron in the Irish Prison Service. It is highly unlikely that she would have been appointed to this position, particularly at such a young age, unless she had the professional qualifications she claimed. She was posted to the prison at Derry where she appeared set on a powerful career path.\nOn 15 May 1909, however, when Gertrude was nearly six months' pregnant, she married Jeremiah Joseph Hayes, also an employee in the Irish Prison Service, at St Columb's Catholic Chapel, Derry. Their daughter, Mary Gabriel Hayes, was born on 25 August 1909 at Holles Street Hospital, Dublin. At the 1911 Irish Census the Hayes family was living at Dundalk, Co. Louth. Jeremiah Hayes was recorded as a prison warder, aged 34, his wife Gertrude Hayes, was 22, and their daughter Gabriel Hayes was aged one. All were Catholics.\nThe Hayes marriage appears to have reached a crisis in 1912 as later that year Gertrude was living on the Lawlor family farm at Mount Rice, Lackagh, Monasterevin, Co Kildare. Her promising career was over, her marriage had disintegrated and her husband appears to have kept the care of their daughter. In late December 1912, two separate cases in which Gertrude and her brother James were charged with assaulting each other came before the Kildare Court of Petty Sessions. Both cases were adjourned until the last session in February 1913, James being remanded on bail. When they came before the court, the case against Gertrude was dismissed and James was put on a good behaviour bond after providing two sureties totalling \u00a320.\nGertrude's life in Ireland was falling apart, the humiliating court cases adding to her lost career and broken marriage. The solution for this ambitious young woman was to reassert herself by obliterating her life in Ireland and migrating to Australia. She landed in Melbourne in October 1913 as Miss Gertrude Lawlor, aged 24, occupation 'domestic'. Within a short time she had been appointed to the Victorian Public Service as Nurse Grade III in the Lunacy Department and at the beginning of 1914 she began work at Sunbury Hospital for the Insane, north-west of Melbourne. In 1915, articles by Gertrude Lawlor, including 'Treatment of Post- Partum Haemorrhage', 'Laryngeal Diphtheria', 'Acute Mania' and 'Compound Fracture of the Femur caused by gunshot', were published in Una: The Journal of the Royal Victorian Trained Nurses' Association. Each of the articles was awarded 'The Miss Lyons' Prize Essay', establishing her reputation as a highly qualified nurse.\nDuring 1915 Gertrude joined the Bush Nursing Association and nursed at Edenhope, near the Victorian\/South Australian border. While at Edenhope a man she claimed was a cousin, Harry Alfred James Linford, named her as his next of kin on his AIF enlistment form, allocated her three shillings per day from his army pay and made her beneficiary in his will, all actions implying that he and Gertrude were lovers. A former soldier in the British 9th Lancers, Linford served on Gallipoli until the evacuation then transferred to the Camel Corps. He was killed in action on 9 January 1917 in the Battle of Rafa during the Sinai\/Palestine campaign. Following his death, Mrs Martina Johanna Elario Linford of Cape Town, South Africa, the mother of several children, came forward as Linford's widow and his army record was changed naming her as his next of kin.\nLinford's death occurred after Gertrude had moved to the position of Matron at Deniliquin Hospital in western New South Wales. After about a year at Deniliquin she was appointed Matron\/Dispenser at Canberra Hospital. She appears in histories of Canberra and in reminiscences of life in the early decades of the National Capital as an exuberant, controversial and colourful Irishwoman. Described as 'nearly six feet tall, with black hair, blue eyes, a very strong Irish brogue and a fiery temper', she was warm-hearted towards friends, implacable towards enemies, but esteemed by her patients as a 'very sympathetic nurse'. An official described her unselfish devotion in responding at all times of the day and night to accident and other cases in the construction camps.\nDuring her two spells as matron, she became one of Canberra's best known figures, riding side saddle in tall, highly polished boots through thick mud to the workmen's camps to care for her patients. A sociable and outgoing personality, in a city where there were few amenities, she made the hospital a social centre, entertaining visiting Ministers of the Crown, parliamentarians, heads of departments and other dignitaries at dances and social events. She was even known to dance on the kitchen table causing the cook to resign.\nHer first spell as matron lasted less than a year as construction work in the Capital slowed to a halt during World War I. When the hospital closed in October 1917, Gertrude's employment ceased and early the following month she enlisted in the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS) in Melbourne. On her enlistment form, she stated that she was a widow, aged 29, born on 1 March 1879 at Grantham, England, her permanent place of residence was Sunbury, Victoria, and her religion was Church of England. She named her next of kin as her step-brother, Lt J.A. Underwood, AIF, of Seymour, Victoria, a claim which cannot be substantiated.\nSoon after enlisting, Gertrude boarded SS Indarra bound for Bombay to nurse in India. She was sick when she arrived on 18 December 1917 but after about three weeks in hospital she was posted to the Station Hospital at Bangalore on the Deccan Plateau in southern India where she nursed for about six months then cared for an invalid nurse on the ship back to Australia. She arrived in Melbourne early in September and was discharged in November 1918. She spent 1919-20 on Nauru as Matron and Dispenser working for the British Phosphate Commission and employed on part time work for the Australian military. Nurses were in demand on the island following the introduction of the influenza pandemic by passengers who arrived on SS Talune from New Zealand. The Australian Government sent HMAS Encounter on a relief expedition and the British Phosphate Commission sent a small medical party. The pandemic accounted for the death of 16 per cent of the population which was particularly vulnerable to the introduced disease.\nOn 27 November 1920, days after her return from Nauru, Gertrude married Kenneth Macquarie Fennell, an analytical chemist employed by the British Phosphate Commission on Nauru, at the Union Presbyterian Memorial Church, North Melbourne. On her marriage certificate she stated she was a spinster, aged 29, born in Grantham, England. She gave her father's name as Michael Lawlor, Captain Royal Engineers, and her mother's name as Stella Seawright. Kenneth Macquarie Fennell was an Australian-born bachelor, age 30.\nEarly in 1921 when Canberra Hospital re-opened Gertrude Lawlor, who had obtained an undertaking that she would be reinstated, returned as matron\/dispenser. While she remained matron she kept her marriage secret: marriage would have disqualified her from appointment to any public service position due to the bar on married women that remained in force for nearly fifty more years.\nGertrude Lawlor's seven years as matron of Canberra Hospital was a continuous saga, dotted with complaints by, and about, her. When it reopened in 1921, the hospital was described by surveyor-general, Colonel J.H.T. Goodwin, who was also administrator of the Federal Capital Territory, as 'only a First Aid Station'. There were no doctors on the staff and midwifery cases had to be sent to Queanbeyan Hospital. Gertrude believed that having no doctors above her left her in a commanding position as matron but this was a very different view from the official position.\nIn her first communication to Colonel Goodwin, Gertrude itemised many deficiencies in the condition of the hospital including the dilapidated building, rusted operating table, badly soiled linen, dirty floors, missing medical items and the disappearance of most drugs. She continued to complain throughout her service about the inadequate accommodation and condition of the hospital for patients and nurses. All her communications were signed with the qualifications: BSc, PH.C., M.P.S., R.V.T.N.A. She also enlisted political support from Austin Chapman (later Sir), the Federal Member for Eden Monaro, who had been a minister in Barton and Deakin ministries, and Eric Kendall Bowen, Federal MP for Nepean, who took a keen interest in the Federal Capital, giving them specific instances of what she regarded as unfair treatment. These included the refusal to pay her allowances for her horse, her laundry and her dispensing duties or to pay compensation for a broken arm sustained when she fell off her horse.\nMany of her complaints centred on her treatment by the Surveyor-General Colonel J.H.T Goodwin. She resented getting instructions from him instead of the Secretary, Department of Home and Territories and she accused him of persecuting her over paltry matters. She told the departmental head her position was 'fast becoming intolerable'.\nConcurrently with Gertrude's complaints, her administration of the hospital and staff came under almost constant departmental scrutiny. She vigorously refuted claims against her by the all-male administration unused to dealing with a formidable woman and she continued to press for the rights and entitlements of herself, the staff and patients. When the Federal Capital Commission (FCC) took over the hospital in 1925 it was seriously under resourced with some staff accommodated in tents.\nThe FCC began expanding the accommodation and appointed a superintendent, Dr John James, who took over much of the responsibility that had been Gertrude's. Over the next two years problems escalated. On three separate occasions all the trained nursing staff resigned, there were disputes among the medical staff and the inadequacies of the hospital were magnified as the population increased with the transfer of public servants to Canberra when Parliament House opened in 1927.\nIn 1928 the resignation of four nurses precipitated a Federal Government inquiry into allegations of maladministration and inadequate staffing at Canberra Hospital. Evidence indicated a dysfunctional hospital which Dr James attributed to the matron. Several nurses gave evidence of working and living conditions that would not be tolerated at other hospitals. When Gertrude was questioned closely about her relations with the nursing staff and the departure of so many trained nurses, she blamed the trouble on her having no status despite her superior qualifications and compassion and willingness to work 24 hours a day.\nThe Inquiry recommended that the hospital be upgraded to a community hospital and become a training school for nurses. It acknowledged the Matron's professional skill and care and solicitude for her patients but criticised her administrative methods and her relations with the superintendent and the trained nursing staff who had stated that they refused to work under her.\nGertrude resigned on 2 May 1928. After she left Canberra about 500 residents out of a population of about 8000 subscribed to a testimonial that raised \u00a369-8-0; this was forwarded to her in Melbourne with an illuminated address. She also received \u00a3600 from the Federal Capital Commission made up of half a year's pay and compensation for the fall from her horse that had been the subject of an unresolved legal battle.\nApart from a short appointment in Tasmania, Gertrude was unable to work from 1929. Repatriation files reveal that in the early 1930s she spent two years in a psychiatric hospital in Sydney after attempting suicide. She was granted a TPI (Totally and Permanently Incapacitated) repatriation pension in March 1944. During the early 1950s her admissions to hospital for treatment for coronary disease and mental confusion increased. In February 1957 she was admitted to Concord Repatriation Hospital but two months later she discharged herself against medical advice stating that she intended to return to England. She refused to sign a statement accepting responsibility for any detrimental effects.\nSoon after discharging herself, Gertrude returned to Ireland where she lived for some time at Brownstown, Co. Kildare, not far from where she was born. She died on 10 January 1959 at St Colman's Hospice, Dublin, and was buried after a Requiem Mass. She was described in her death notice as 'late of Sydney, Australia'. In electoral rolls during the 1940s and until her departure, Gertrude Frances Fennell, was recorded as an artist, residing in North Sydney with her husband. In the 1970s following her husband's death, two of Gertrude's works were listed for sale in the Australian Art Sales Digest.\nIt is not known whether Gertrude contacted Gabriel Hayes, the daughter she abandoned as a baby in Ireland. Gabriel became a distinguished Irish sculptor undertaking many commissions for important buildings including ornamental carved panels for the Department of Industry and Commerce building in Kildare Street, Dublin, and sculptures for St Mary's College of Domestic Economy. When Ireland adopted a new currency in 1971, she was commissioned to design the bronze coins. In 1936, she married Sean O'Riordain, a major figure in Irish archaeology. He and Gabriel had two children.\nGertrude Lawlor abandoned a husband and child in Ireland, contracted an apparently bigamous marriage in Australia, yet managed to be appointed to the Victorian and Commonwealth public services and to join the AANS in World War I, all organisations that barred married women. She did this by adopting a new identity changing her birthplace from Ireland to England, changing her religion and creating a fictional family, while keeping secret her true background. It is noteworthy that she made an important exception by retaining her birth name of Gertrude Lawlor, the name under which her early career had flourished and a family name of which she was so proud that she attributed illusory military ranks to her father and brothers.\nThe trigger that led to the breakup of her marriage and abandoning of her child remains unknown. The marriage may have been forced on her by pregnancy and been incompatible from the start. It may have been violent. The most probable explanation may be that Gertrude had such an urge to pursue a career that she could not contemplate the life-long role of housewife and mother. In Australia she was able to resurrect her career, reinventing herself as a person of high achievement, authority and self-esteem. She demonstrated these qualities as matron in Canberra in her resolute defiance of a male world that sought to dominate her. She does not appear to have ever recovered from the criticism of her at the Canberra Hospital inquiry. Her descent into mental and physical illness began soon after and lasted until her death.\nI am indebted to ADB researcher, Jennifer Higgins, for her research in Irish records that resulted in the unravelling of much of Gertrude's history.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/as-i-recall-reminiscences-of-early-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/with-horse-and-morse-in-mesopotamia-the-story-of-the-anzacs-in-asia-the-australian-nurses-in-india\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/official-history-of-the-australian-army-medical-services-1914-18-vol-iii-problems-and-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/royal-canberra-hospital-an-anecdotal-history-of-nursing-1914-to-199\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-1913-1953\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/history-of-medicine-in-canberra-and-queanbeyan-and-their-hospitals\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lawler-gertrude-frances-service-number-sister-place-of-birth-grantham-england-place-of-enlistment-n-a-next-of-kin-step-brother-underwood-j-a\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "McKnight, Alma Alberta", "Entry ID": "AWE5401", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcknight-alma-alberta\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Jerry's Plains near Singleton, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Army Nurse, Nurse", "Summary": "Alma McKnight served overseas with the Australian Army Nursing Service in Egypt from 1917 to 1919. Before enlisting she had nursed briefly at Duntroon Military College Hospital Canberra after training at Dubbo Hospital.\n", "Details": "Alma McKnight was born in 1886 at Jerry's Plains near Singleton NSW, a daughter of Thomas and Marion McKnight. She attended Warkworth Public School near Jerry's Plains and trained as a nurse at Dubbo District Hospital. She was employed as a temporary nurse in May-June 1917 at Duntroon Military Hospital. Like some other nurses she probably chose to gain experience in a military hospital in Australia while waiting to enlist.\nAlma Alberta McKnight enlisted in Sydney on 15 June 1917. She was then nearly 31, her religion was Church of England and she named her sister Mrs Clara Redman of Jerry's Plains as her next of kin. She spent her war service in Egypt although he route to the Middle East was more roundabout than most. She embarked in Melbourne on the Runic on 13 September 1917and travelled to Durban in South Africa where she waited nearly a month for a ship to Egypt via Bombay. By late 1917 nurses were in short supply in Egypt to nurse casualties light horse casualties following the battles at Beersheba, Gaza and Jerusalem.\nIn January 1918 she was posted to 44th British Stationary Hospital at Kantara south of Suez, a main supply depot and hospital centre for British, Australian and New Zealand troops. In June she was sent to the 31st British General Hospital at Abbassia where she remained nursing until well after the war ended, apart from a spell in hospital as a patient in August 1918.\nOn 20 July 1919 she was repatriated to Australia on HMT Morvada on duty and was discharged in Sydney in September. Her final rank was staff nurse; she was awarded the British War Medal and the Victory Medal.\nIn 1928 she at Randwick she married Frank H. Hargreave. She is listed on the Honour Roll of Warkworth Public School, the Singleton Citizens' Memorial and the ACT Memorial. She died in Sydney in 1967.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-women-in-world-war-i-community-at-home-nurses-abroad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/official-history-of-the-australian-army-medical-services-1914-18-vol-iii-problems-and-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/more-than-bombs-and-bandages-australian-army-nurses-at-work-in-world-war-i\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/history-of-the-rmc-hospital-5-camp-hospital-and-21-dental-unit\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sisters-of-the-valley-first-world-war-nurses-from-newcastle-and-the-hunter-region\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mcknight-alma-alberta-sern-s-nurse-pob-singleton-nsw-poe-n-a-nok-s-redman-clara\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Archer, Robyn", "Entry ID": "AWE4388", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/archer-robyn\/", "Type": "Person", "Birth Place": "Adelaide, South Australia, Australia", "Occupations": "Advocate, Artistic director, Director, Singer, Writer", "Summary": "Robyn Archer has established an international reputation as a cabaret artist and as an artistic director. She became the first woman to head a major Australian Arts festival when she was appointed Artistic Director of the Adelaide Festival in 1998 and 2000. On 12 June 2000 she became an Officer of the Order of Australia ' for service to the development of cultural life within Australia and its resultant international recognition, through her contribution as an artistic director, performer and writer.'\nShe is currently the Creative Director of the Centenary of Canberra celebrations, which begin in March 2013.\n", "Events": "Inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2001 - 2001)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-robyn-archer-1973-2013-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian Women's Charter", "Entry ID": "AWE0017", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-charter\/", "Type": "Cultural Artefact", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Feminist Manifesto", "Summary": "The Australian Women's Charter was a program of reforms put forward by women for incorporation into government planning of postwar reconstruction. Described as 'the feminist agenda for postwar reconstruction' and 'a landmark feminist manifesto', the charter documented a wide range of issues and objectives that were discussed at the Australian Women's Conference For Victory in War and Victory in Peace, held in Sydney in November 1943. It ranged over a series of issues - women's right to paid work, the necessity for adequate child care, the particular needs of rural and Aboriginal women amongst them - and reflected the conference participants' agenda for women in the post war world, an agenda that was influenced heavily by women's wartime experiences. A series of publications, programs and follow-up Charter conferences were organized to plan and campaign for the implementation of its aims.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-equal-the-history-of-australian-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/left-wing-ladies-the-union-of-australian-women-in-victoria-1950-1998\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/50-years-of-feminist-achievement-a-history-of-the-united-associations-of-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-street-documents-and-essays\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/girdled-for-war-womens-mobilisations-in-world-wat-two\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-manuscript-australian-womens-charter\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1944-1967-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/alice-henry-papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-della-and-ev-elliott\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-nancy-lutton-1918-2007-bulk-1960-2007-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1960-1991-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/united-association-of-women-records-ca-1930-1970\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-jessie-street-circa-1914-1968-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pethybridge-eva-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daisy-marchisotti-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women's Electoral Lobby Australia", "Entry ID": "AWE0021", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-australia\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Lobby group", "Summary": "The Women's Electoral Lobby (WEL) was established in Melbourne in 1972 by Beatrice Faust. She was inspired by feminists in the United States who had been rating presidential candidates. The organisation quickly spread to Sydney, Adelaide and Canberra and in 1978 WEL Australia was formed as a coalition of state, territory and regional groups. Primarily a women's political lobby group, WEL surveyed political candidates and their policies affecting women, wrote submissions and developed media skills for women to lobby for the inclusion of women in the area of government policy. Originally the WEL campaign was based on six demands: equal pay, equal employment opportunity, equal access to education, free contraceptive services, abortion on demand and free 24-hour childcare.\n", "Details": "In February 1972, feminist Beatrice Faust invited ten women to a meeting in her Carlton house to discuss the forthcoming Federal election. They decided to survey election candidates on issues of special interest to women, as Ms Magazine had done in the USA during a recent presidential campaign.\nBy the second meeting the initial membership had doubled, and 130 women attended the third meeting a short time later.\nEarly the following year, there was a Victorian state election, and WEL organised a major forum in Dallas Brooks Hall, bringing together on stage the leaders of all five current political parties to answer the question:\nWhy should women vote for you?\nWEL's first national conference in Canberra in 1973 was attended by 400 women.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-equal-the-history-of-australian-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/researching-wel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/can-ladies-work-here-too-nanna\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/power-and-protest-movements-for-change-in-australian-society\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/social-movements-the-politics-of-moral-protest\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/labor-to-power-australias-1972-election\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-description-and-analysis-of-aspects-of-the-womens-electoral-lobby-victorian-branch\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-electoral-lobby-an-historical-inquiry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-political-development-of-the-womens-movement-in-queensland\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/working-within-the-system-the-womens-electoral-lobby-fifteen-years-on\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-emergence-of-contemporary-feminist-groups-in-australia-with-special-reference-to-the-womens-liberation-movement-and-the-womens-electoral-lobby-in-the-act\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-electoral-lobby-and-womens-employment-strategies-and-outcomes\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-interrelationship-between-interest-groups-and-social-movement-organisations-the-experience-of-wel-1972-83\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-electoral-lobby-1972-1982-sites-of-conflict-in-non-party-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wel-women-recollections-of-some-of-the-first-wel-act-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-brief-history-of-the-womens-electoral-lobby-sa\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wel-21-years-in-south-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-brief-history-of-womens-electoral-lobby-wa\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-womens-electoral-lobby-coffs-harbour\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-australia-new-zealand-1972-1985\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-the-gilded-cage\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/catching-the-waves\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/femocrats-and-ecorats-womens-policy-machinery-in-australia-canadaand-new-zealand\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ducks-on-the-pond-an-autobiography-1945-1976\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greenwood-irene\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-voices-womens-lives\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/making-women-count-a-history-of-the-womens-electoral-lobby-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sisters-in-suits-women-and-public-policy-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/report-on-womens-non-government-organizations-conference-beijing-china-august-31-september-8-1995-deborah-mcculloch-womens-electoral-lobby\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-encyclopedia-of-women-and-leadership-in-twentieth-century-australia\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-poster-think-w-e-l-before-you-vote\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bebbington-laurie\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bethune-dulcie\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/elizabeth-ward-interviewed-by-sara-dowse-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nicholson-joyce-thorpe-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-4\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-5\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-6\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-7\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-8\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-9\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-10\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-11\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-12\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-13\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-14\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-15\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-16\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-17\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-18\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-19\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-20\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-21\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-22\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-records-1973-1974-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-ephemera-material-collected-by-the-national-library-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collection-of-pamphlets-relating-to-the-womens-electoral-lobby-and-the-womens-liberation-movement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daprano-zelda-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-sara-dowse-1958-2007-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-liberation-movement-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-womens-electoral-lobby-1952-2010-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-meredith-hinchliffe-1957-1981-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/speeches-1972-1973-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-meredith-stokes-circa-1970-1997-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cameron-barbara-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-darwin\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collection-of-realia-and-papers-relating-to-womens-issues-and-organisations-1975-2008-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-edna-ryan-1948-1993-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-electoral-lobby-records-ca-1970-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pat-richardson-scrapbooks-relating-to-the-womens-electoral-lobby-and-womens-events-1977-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-papers-1965-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-ryan-further-papers-1961-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/international-womens-day-committee-research-project-summary-record-sound-recording-interviewers-celia-frank-and-kirstin-marks\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-di-graham-1975-1997-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-margaret-reynolds-1973-2005-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-shirley-kral-1953-2015-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/meredith-hinchliffe-collection-no-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/first-ten-years-of-sydney-womens-liberation-collection-ca-1969-ca-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/judith-steanes-interview-with-joan-bielski-of-the-womens-electoral-lobby-2000\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joan-bielski-papers-1968-2004\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/subject-folders\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-and-associated-papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/banner-with-handprints-of-those-who-attended-the-women-for-reconciliation-dinner\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "National Council of Women of Australia", "Entry ID": "AWE0067", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-australia\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Voluntary organisation", "Summary": "The National Council of Women of Australia was founded in 1931, with Ivy Moss as President, to act as an umbrella organisation for the existing National Councils of Women in each state. The first of these, the National Council of Women of New South Wales, had been formed in 1896. Like all National Councils of Women, it functions as a political lobby group, attempting to influence local, state and federal governments as well as participating in international activities through its affiliation with the International Council of Women (established in 1888 at Seneca Falls in the United States of America) which has consultative status with the United Nations.\nThe national Council grew out of the Federal Council of the National Council of Women, which had been established in 1924 'with the object of enhancing the power of the [state] Councils in dealing with matters of Australian concern.' Later, Councils established in the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory also affiliated with this national body. Until the 1940s at least, the Council was a major focal point for middle-class women's activism.\nThe current aims of NCWA are:\nTo work for the removal of all discrimination against women and to promote the equal status of women and men in law and in fact.\nTo act as a link for networking and a co-ordinator between State and Territory Councils of Women.\nTo act as a voice or Agent of communication at national and international levels on issues and concerns of women.\nTo develop national policies and responsibilities on behalf of women on an Australia wide basis.\nTo maintain the affiliation with the International Council of Women and monitor the implementation of its plans of action and policies at national level.\n", "Details": "Each State and Territory has its own branch of the National Council of Women, and these in turn have affiliated with them a number of women's organisations with a wide diversity of aims and goals. But the common linkage is to improve the status of and conditions for women and their families in Australia.\nTo ensure that Australia was accorded a National presence on the International scene, the National Council of Women of Australia was established by the State and Territory Councils in 1931 to deal with issues affecting women and their families at a National and International level.\nThis body was preceded by the Federal Council of the National Council of Women, 1924-31 - records of which are contained in MS 7583, NLA, (http:\/\/www.nla.gov.au\/ms\/findaids\/7583.html).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-equal-the-history-of-australian-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/left-wing-ladies-the-union-of-australian-women-in-victoria-1950-1998\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/champions-of-the-impossible-a-history-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-victoria-1902-1977\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-nurses-since-nightingale-1860-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-webb-a-memoir\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-view-of-the-australian-consumer-movement-from-the-middle-of-the-web\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/homefires-and-housewives-women-war-and-the-politics-of-consumption\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/making-the-national-councils-of-women-national-the-formation-of-a-nation-wide-organisation-in-australia-1896-1931\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mainstream-womens-organisations-in-australia-the-challenges-of-national-and-international-co-operation-after-the-great-war\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-joyce-mcconnell-1960-1989-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/state-library-of-new-south-wales-jean-arnot-interviewed-by-rosemary-block-1994\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-fleming-arnot-personal-and-professional-papers-1890-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/norris-dame-ada-may-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ada-norris-interviewed-by-amy-mcgrath-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-arnot-interviewed-by-amy-mcgrath-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-davey-interviewed-by-amy-mcgrath-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1924-1990-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-australia-1936-1972-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-herbert-and-ivy-brookes-1869-1970-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-margaret-reynolds-1973-2005-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kathleen-hilfers-summary-record\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Union of Australian Women", "Entry ID": "AWE0106", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/union-of-australian-women\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Australia", "Occupations": "Social action organisation", "Summary": "Established in 1950, the Union of Australian Women is a left-wing social change organisation. Its aim is to work for the status and wellbeing of women across the world\n", "Details": "The Union of Australian Women (UAW) was established at a conference in Sydney in August 1950. The New South Wales branch was the first to be formed, with other state branches forming in quick succession. The state branches came together in 1956 to establish a national organisation.\nFoundation members included communists, Labor Party supporters, Christian activists, and members of the New Housewives' Association. Early goals included improving the status of women and children, disarmament and a halt to nuclear testing and mining, equal distribution of wealth, increased welfare services, equal pay for women, equality for Indigenous Australians, abortion law reform, and opposition to the White Australia Policy. Current campaigns concern child care, woman and family friendly workplaces, health and housing, outworkers, reconciliation and Indigenous rights.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/left-wing-ladies-the-union-of-australian-women-in-victoria-1950-1998\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/apron-strings-and-atom-bombs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/more-than-a-hat-and-glove-brigade-the-story-of-the-union-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/uphill-all-the-way-a-documentary-history-of-women-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-and-wages-in-the-war-years-1940-1945-sheetmetal-workers-union\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daring-to-take-a-stand-the-story-of-the-union-of-australian-women-in-queensland\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/uaw-news\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-journal-of-the-union-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/worth-fighting-for\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-re-panhellenic-womens-movement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/archives-of-the-union-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/union-of-australian-women-new-south-wales-branch-deposit-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oke-marjorie-1911-2003\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barbara-curthoys-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/union-of-australian-women-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ted-and-eva-bacon-papers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tom-and-mary-wright-collection-deposit-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-wright-interviewed-by-richard-raxworthy-in-the-labor-council-of-new-south-wales-oral-history-project-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/international-womens-day-committee-research-project-summary-record-sound-recording-interviewers-celia-frank-and-kirstin-marks\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/union-of-australian-women-summary-record\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/betty-fisher-summary-record\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/u-a-w-news-union-of-australian-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tom-and-mary-wright-collection-deposit-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/union-of-australian-women-federal-office-deposit\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/union-of-australian-women-new-south-wales-branch-deposit-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collection-of-papers-relating-to-the-employment-of-women-in-australia-ca-1942-1982-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/barbara-curthoys-interviews-with-members-of-the-union-of-australian-women-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mary-wright-papers-1937-1990\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian Servicewomen's Memorial", "Entry ID": "AWE0121", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-servicewomens-memorial-6\/", "Type": "Cultural Artefact", "Occupations": "Commemoration", "Summary": "The Australian Servicewomen's Memorial was dedicated by the Minister for Veterans' Affairs, the Hon. Bruce Scott MP, on 27 March 1999. The Memorial, designed by Sydney sculptor, Anne Ferguson, commemorates all women who served, suffered and died in the defence of Australia.\n", "Details": "In November 1997 Sydney sculptor, Anne Ferguson, won a competition for her design of the Australian Servicewomen's Memorial. Other work in Canberra by the artist is the marble finials for the staircase at Parliament House. Ferguson has also worked with sculptor Peter Corlett to create a black granite carving of the Returned Soldier's League Memorial at the Australian War Memorial.\nThe Australian Servicewomen's Memorial commemorates all women who served, suffered and died in the defence of Australia. The flat mosaic sculpture represents a carpet laid by women. Set on a concrete slab is a square mosaic of granite stones which were gathered from all over Australia. A feature of the sculpture is the winding river that divides the mosaic into the pre and post 1945 periods.\nThe insignia of the various divisions in which women have served, from World War II through to 1999 (when the Memorial was dedicated), are incised into the stone borders of the work. The lettering and insignia face inwards encouraging people to walk on the memorial. It is located under a grove of trees in the sculpture garden beside the Australian War Memorial's administration building.\nPlaque on concrete slab in front of memorial, south east corner\nPre-1945\nRoyal Australian Naval Nursing Service\nWomen's Royal Australian Naval Service\nAustralian Army Nursing Service\nAustralian Women's Army Service\nVoluntary Aid Detachments\nAustralian Army Medical Women's Service\nRoyal Australian Air Force Medical Service\nRoyal Australian Air Force Nursing Service\nWomen's Auxiliary Australian Air Force\nInsignia of Royal Australian Navy\nInsignia of Australian Commonwealth Military Forces\nInsignia of Royal Australian Air Force\nWestern Border, from south west corner\nPost-1945\nRoyal Australian Naval Nursing Service\nWomen's Royal Australian Naval Service\nRoyal Australian Navy\nAustralian Army Nursing Service\nRoyal Australian Army Nursing Service\nRoyal Australian Army Nursing Corps\nWomen's Royal Australian Army Corps\nAustralian Army\nRoyal Australian Air Force Nursing Service\nWomen's Auxiliary Australian Air Force\nRoyal Australian Air Force\nInsignia of Royal Australian Navy\nInsignia of The Australian Army\nInsignia of Royal Australian Air Force [1]\n[1] http:\/\/www.skp.com.au\/memorials\/pages\/00018.htm accessed 2003-04-08\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-servicewomens-memorial-8\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/symbols-in-stone\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-honour-of-our-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/poetic-memorial-under-fire\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-servicewomens-memorial-7\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/design-for-australian-servicewomens-memorial\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "International Women's Year National Advisory Committee", "Entry ID": "AWE0171", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/international-womens-year-national-advisory-committee\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Summary": "The federal government (Whitlam) appointed the International Women's Year National Advisory Committee to oversee the distribution of government funding for projects between 1974 and 1976 associated with the United Nations-proclaimed International Year of Women (1975). Australia's activities for the International Year of Women were also supported by a secretariat under Elizabeth Reid, the women's advisor to the Prime Minister. Reid also convened the committee. Membership included Ruby Hammond, Irene Greenwood, Caroline Jones, Margaret Whitlam and Shirley Castley. \nThe committee attracted criticism from some activists in the Women's Liberation movement over spending priorities. However, seed and grant funding assisted the development of many important organizations and publications including the Working Women's Centre and Dr Kay Daniels's Women in Australia An Annotated Guide to Records.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-feminism-a-companion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/report\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-equal-the-history-of-australian-feminism\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/femocrats-and-ecorats-womens-policy-machinery-in-australia-canadaand-new-zealand\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-advisory-committee-files-single-number-series-with-w-nac-womens-national-advisory-committee-or-nac-prefix\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ephemera-relating-to-international-womens-day\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS)", "Entry ID": "AWE0387", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-royal-australian-naval-service-wrans\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Armed services organisation", "Summary": "The Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS) was established in April 1941 when the Royal Australian Navy enrolled 14 women at HMAS Harman, the wireless telegraphy station near Canberra. It was a non-combat branch of the Royal Australian Navy that, like many of its sister services created during the Second World War, alleviated manpower shortages resulting from men being assigned to combat roles.\nWRANS performed a variety of duties, including working as telegraphists, coders and clerks; but also as drivers, education officers, mechanics, harbour messengers, cooks and sickberth attendants. They worked for intelligence organisations and as domestic staff at Government House, Yarralumla.\nThe Service was temporarily disbanded in 1948, but was re-formed in 1951 to help the RAN cope with manpower shortages. By 1959 the organisation was incorporated as a non-combatant (and thus non-seagoing) part of the permanent naval forces.\nWomen were permitted to serve aboard Australian naval ships in 1983, which meant that WRANS personnel were fully integrated into the Royal Australian Navy. This being the case, 1984 the WRANS was permanently disbanded.\n", "Details": "The Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS) was initially established with 14 females trained by Florence McKenzie as wireless telegraphists. The Royal Australian Navy enrolled the first 14 girls in April 1941 at HMAS Harman Wireless Telegraphy station. Later on 1 October 1942 they were sworn into the Navy as enlisted personnel with enlisted status. This is regarded as the formal foundation date for the organisation.\nThe First Fourteen at HMAS Harman\n\nWR 1 Frances Provan\nWR 2 Joan Furley\nWR 3 Pat Ross\nWR 4 Denise Owen\nWR 5 Marion Stevens\nWR 6 June McLeod\nWR 7 Daphne Wright\nWR 8 Jess Prain\nWR 9 Joan Cade\nWR 10 Joan Hodges\nWR 11 Billie Thompson\nWR 12 Judy Alley\nWR 13 Shirley Drew\nWR 14 Elsie Colless - did not enlist in the Navy but took her discharge.\n\nFour months later the number was increased to 1000. [1]\nPatsy Adam-Smith, author of Australian Women at War, states that the service never exceeded 3000 women enlisted at one time. In the WRANS women worked as telegraphists; coders; writers (typists and clerks); transport drivers; car drivers; office orderlies; dental mechanics; cooks; sickberth attendants; stewardesses; press relations officers (which included escorting the press to sea on trials); boarding officers; almoners; dome teacher operators (visual aids used for instruction and entertainment); education officers; vocational guidance; sea transport officers; and air liaison officers (moving RAN officers and ratings to all parts of the globe). There were harbour messengers; an accountant officer; supply assistants; medical, clothing and general stores; a postmaster; a postal clerk (delivering mail to ships in port and on anchor); and watch keepers. There were WRANS working as Translation Interpreters in the Allied Translation Section of General MacArthur's main 'Order of Battle'. Some worked on the degaussing range (assessing the magnetic attraction of vessels as they crossed the degaussing range); they worked in ciphers; visual signalling; signals and communications; radio telegraphy plotting; and as messengers. Others were with the Radar Counter-measure, Allied Intelligence Bureau and Censorship Officers. They were at the Gunnery School, small arms range. One job was to handle all Safe Hand Mail for the port of Sydney, while another was to correct and issue charts to both merchant and naval ship's masters. There was an Assistant to the Staff Officer (Operations) Brisbane and another to the Director of Victualling.\nMany WRANS were engaged on technical duties of a secret nature, working long hours under exacting conditions. For many, this meant absolute silence about their work, even after demobilisation, while the end of the war meant that others were released from secrecy. While the most senior men were adamant that WRANS would not work as mechanics, they did indeed work in ordnance artificers' workshops. Several women wore WRANS uniform merely for convenience or safety against the event of their being discovered and, as a civilian, being treated as a spy. [2]\nThe last wartime WRAN was discharged in 1948 when the WRANS were disbanded, but the service was reconstituted in 1951. By 1959 the WRANS were part of the Permanent Naval Forces, but Government policy of the day was that servicewomen not be employed in combat duties, and members of the WRANS were excluded from seagoing employment.\nIn 1985 women became fully integrated into the Royal Australian Navy and the WRANS were disbanded by an Act of Parliament. [3]\n[1] Ships Belles pp. 67-70\n[2] Australian Women at war. p. 215, pp 376-377\n[3] http:\/\/www.gunplot.net\/wrans\/wrans1.htm accessed 2002-11-28\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ships-belles-the-story-of-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service-in-war-and-peace-1941-1985\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-and-world-war-ll-kit\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-mobilisation-of-women-into-active-services-the-yankee-invasion-how-the-war-affected-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/we-also-served-far-north-coast-n-s-w-ex-servicewomen-1939-1945\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/w-r-a-n-s-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-servicewomens-memorial-8\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/willing-volunteers-resisting-society-reluctant-navy-the-troubled-first-years-of-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/archbishop-daniel-mannix-catholic-chaplain-general-of-the-australian-army-with-three-unidentified-representatives-from-the-australian-army-nursing-service-aans-womens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/members-of-the-first-wrans-officer-training-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/senior-wrans-from-hmas-harman-naval-wireless-station-at-the-fourth-birthday-of-the-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/panorama-group-portrait-of-members-of-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service-wrans-at-hmas-rushcutter-and-two-navy-officers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/an-informal-group-of-members-of-the-womens-royal-australian-naval-service-wrans-on-the-wharf-at-garden-island\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/huie-shirley-fenton\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/heather-stella-starr-previously-blair-leading-telegraphist-womens-royal-australian-naval-service-interviewed-by-dr-ruth-thompson-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-australia-in-the-war-of-19\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-servicewomens-memorial-7\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/enid-conley-interviewed-by-hazel-de-berg-in-the-hazel-de-berg-collection-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/margaret-curtis-otter-acting-first-officer-womens-royal-australian-naval-service-interviewed-by-dr-ruth-thompson-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1939-45\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women's Royal Australian Army Corps (WRAAC)", "Entry ID": "AWE0388", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-royal-australian-army-corps-wraac\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Armed services organisation", "Summary": "The Women's Royal Australian Army Corps (WRAAC) was established in April 1951 to help overcome a manpower shortage. During the late 1970s female soldiers began to be integrated into the Army at large and in early 1985, the WRAAC was disbanded. The last Officers' Cadet School parade (6 December 1984) on the WRAAC School parade ground saw the Officer Cadets and the WRAAC Contingent marching to the strains of \"Soldiers of the Queen\". Prior to the formal closing of the gates the WRAAC School flag was ceremoniously lowered and slow marched \"off\", to be folded and handed over to the Chief Instructor of the WRAAC School for safe keeping. The gates, which had been repainted for the occasion, were then closed by Major Diane McVicker of the WRAAC School and Mrs Gwen Ellis - sister of Colonel Best.\nThe WRAAC Prayer was also included in the ceremony:\nAlmighty God, we ask you to reveal yourself in the fullness of your love to all who reach out to you. Help us to recognise ourselves as your children. Let the day soon dawn when we will allow your love to right every wrong.\nGive us the courage and self control to play our part as members of the Women's Royal Australian Army Corps to help your kingdom come on earth. Lead us in the pathway of life as your own wisdom and love see best: we are anxious only to do your will.\nWe ask you to give us the grace to rise above temptation, to be patient when tired, to be kind and helpful towards others.\nTo all members of our Army grant the special blessing that we need. Preserve us from selfishness. Bless every member of our Corps, our families and friends.\nWe come to you as children to our Father, asking these and all other blessing, in the name of Jesus Christ, Our Lord.\nAmen.\n", "Events": "An alliance between the WRAAC and the Womens Royal Army Corps (WRAC), approved by Her Majestry the Queen. (1956 - 1956) \nAnnouncement that the period of engagement (3 or 6 years) and training for women would be brought in line with their male counterparts. (1952 - 1952) \nApproval given for defining two Corps of the women's side of the ARA. 1. RAANC and 2. WAAC. (1951 - 1951) \nApproval given for the adoption by the WRAAC of a Corps flag. (1958 - 1958) \nApproval given for the enlistment of 250 personnel. (1950 - 1950) \nApproval given for the introduction of the WRAAC in to the Citizens Military Forces (CMF). (1951 - 1951) \nCabinet approved the reintroduction of the Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS). The Service was to be raised as an entirely separate unit, and not integrated with the male CMF. (1950 - 1950) \nColonel Barbara Maxwell appointed Director (1977 - 1979) \nColonel Best died aged 47 years. (1957 - 1957) \nColonel Dawn Jackson appointed deputy director of WRAAC (1955 - 1957) \nColonel Dawn Jackson appointed director of WRAAC (1957 - 1972) \nColonel Dulcie Verinder appointed Head of Corps. (1979 - 1981) \nColonel Irving reappointed as Honorary Colonel (1956 - 1956) \nColonel Irving retires as Honorary Colonel. (1961 - 1961) \nColonel Kathleen Fowler appointed Director of Corps. (1972 - 1977) \nColonel Margaret Fleming appointed to replace Colonel Smith. (1982 - 1982) \nColonel Pam Smith replaces Colonel Verinder (1981 - 1982) \nColonel Sybil Irving appointed as first Honorary Colonel of WAAC. (1951 - 1961) \nDecision made to discontinue AAMWS as a separate Service. (1951 - 1951) \nFemale cadets are trained at the Royal Military College Duntroon or the Australian Defence Force Academy (ADFA). (1986 - 1986) \nFinal course of Recruits and Officer Cadets march out of WRAAC School. (1984 - 1984) \nFirst detachment of WRAAC on overseas duty to Singapore. Seven WRAAC posted for 12 months service with 121 Signals Squadron. (1967 - 1967) \nGraduates are no longer allocated to WRAAC, but rather to the corps in which they are to serve. (1980 - 1980) \nHer Royal Highness, The Princess Margaret, C.I., G.C.V.O. appointed by Her Majesty The Queen as Colonel-in-Chief of the WRAAC. (1953 - 1985) \nHonorary Colonel Sybil H Irving dies. (1973 - 1973) \nLady Helen Cutler appointed Honorary Colonel. (1967 - 1985) \nLieutenant Colonel Kathleen Best, a former matron of the AANS, commenced duty as the first Director at AHO. (1951 - 1957) \nLieutenant Colonel May Douglas appointed Honorary Colonel. (1961 - 1966) \nLieutenant Colonel Pam Smith appointed Service Women's Advisor to CGS. (1982 - 1982) \nLieutenant-Colonel Best was promoted to Colonel. (1952 - 1952) \nMajor Crane appointed Chief Instructor for the Officer Refresher Course. Later appointed as Chief Instructor for the Officer's Qualifying Course held for Non-Commissioned Officers who had previously been servicewomen. (1952 - 1952) \nMajor Lucy Crane appointed Assistant Director of the WAAC. (1951 - 1951) \nMarried women with children under 16 years are permitted to serve. (1974 - 1974) \nMembers of the WRAAC became eligible to contribute to the Defence Forces Retirement Benefit Fund. (1959 - 1959) \nPosting of Director abolished. (1979 - 1979) \nQueen Elizabeth 11 visited Australia. WRAAC personnel participated in events around the country. (1954 - 1954) \nSubmission made to the Military Board, with consideration being given for the reintroduction of women into the Australian Regular Army (ARA) and Citizens Military Forces (CMF) (1950 - 1950) \nThe Corps recognised as a permanent part of the Defence structure. (1959 - 1959) \nThe main gates at WRAAC School were designed and named in honour of Colonel Best - \"the Kathleen Best Memorial Gateway\". (1959 - 1959) \nThe only member of the WRAAC to serve through the entire life of the Corps was WO2 Joyce Cole (Hogan) who retired aged 60 years. WO2 was awarded the Long Service and Good Conduct Medal, Meritorious Service Medal and the Defence Force Service Medal and Bar (1985 - 1985) \nThe prefix 'Royal' granted by His Majestry King George VI, in recognition of the AWAS wartime service, thereby becoming Womens Royal Australian Army Corps (WRAAC). (1951 - 1951) \nWO Pat Rawlings became the first Chief Instructor for the recruit training course. (1951 - 1951) \nWRAAC and RAANC personnel participated as usherettes etc. at the Melbourne Olympic Games. (1956 - 1956) \nWRAAC members swap their buttons and badges for those of the Corps in which they served. (1983 - 1983) \nWRAAC School disbanded. Female officer cadets attend OCS Portsea. (1985 - 1985)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/soldiers-of-the-queen-women-in-the-australian-army\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/colonel-best-and-her-soldiers-the-story-of-the-33-years-of-the-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-stroll-down-memory-lane\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-servicewomens-memorial-8\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vale-barbara-edwina-audrey-starrett-nee-maxwell-colonel-and-last-director-of-the-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/representations-for-grant-of-title-of-royal-to-the-womens-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/accounting-stocktake-officer-in-charges-schedules-wraac-14th-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/training-military-general-period-of-cmf-training-wraac-14th-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/displays-general-wraac-corps-day-wraac-14th-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pay-and-allowances-cmf-general-additional-training-wraac-14th-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/seven-slides-from-the-opening-of-the-kathleen-best-memorial-gates-womens-royal-australian-army-corps-wraac-school-mosman-nsw-6-november-1959\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/establishments-and-strengths-general-wraac-14th-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/speech-by-colonel-sybil-h-irving-honorary-colonel-of-the-corps-made-at-the-opening-of-the-kathleen-best-memorial-gates-womens-royal-australian-army-corps-wraac-school-mosman-nsw-6-november-19\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/audit-reports-general-army-audit-reports-wraac-14th-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/war-establishments-and-amendments-colleges-and-schools\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/establishments-and-strengths-general-cmf-units-wraac-14th-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/policy-and-working-files-of-the-directorate-of-womens-royal-australian-army-corps-dwraac-of-army-headquarters-army-office%e2%86%b5policy-and-working-files-of-the-directorate-of-womens-royal-austra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/raasc-supplies-expense-supplies-requests-raac-14th-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/history-of-the-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-service-canteens-organisation-records-employment-of-wraac-womens-royal-australian-army-corps-asco-australian-services-canteen-organisation-army-component\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miscellaneous-historical-notes-etc-from-womens-royal-australian-army-corps-school-and-womens-royal-australian-army-corps-directories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/first-wraac-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wraac-drill-at-queenscliff-training-company\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/operation-clean-up-dpr-tv-566\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wraac-arrive-in-singapore-dpr-tv-743\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/two-members-of-the-womens-royal-australian-army-corps-wraac-attached-to-the-royal-australian-survey-corps-working-on-topographical-survey-maps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/army-minister-visits-wraac-school-dpr-tv-1513\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bomford-janette-m-b-1953\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hat-badge-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-pre-dinner-chat-for-womens-royal-australian-army-corps-wraac-officers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/archbishop-daniel-mannix-catholic-chaplain-general-of-the-australian-army-with-three-unidentified-representatives-from-the-australian-army-nursing-service-aans-womens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/private-pam-armstrong-of-the-womens-australian-army-corps-wraac-12-company-works-over-a-large-oven-by-using-a-butterbox\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-canteen-at-the-australian-army-canteens-service-soldiers-club-royal-military-college-duntroon\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collar-badge-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kathleen-best-memorial-gates-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/kathleen-best-memorial-gates-and-portrait\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-servicewomens-memorial-7\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cutler-family-papers-1909-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/accounting-stocktake-officer-in-charges-schedules-wraac-14th-womens-royal-australian-army-corps-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ex-Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (NSW)", "Entry ID": "AWE0390", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ex-womens-royal-australian-naval-service-nsw\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Ex-Armed services organisation", "Summary": "On 28 June 1963 a Steering Foundation Committee was formed to set up an association for members who had served in the WRANS. The Ex-Women's Royal Australian Naval Service was established on 20 September 1963.\nThe Association aims to provide social contact and to look after the welfare of members through self-help funding.\nMembership of the Association is available to any female who served with the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS) as well as female Navy sailors since 1985.\nAt the end of the World War II (the last wartime WRAN was discharged in 1948) ex-personnel set about re-establishing their lives in peacetime. For many this involved raising a family. By 1963, almost 20 years after the war's end, a group of 'girls' found that there was still a common bond (from the war years) between them and decided to place an advertisement in the North Shore Times about plans to start an association.\nOnce established, monthly meetings were held, for many years, at \"Johnny's\" Naval House at Grosvenor Street Sydney. The area known as the ground floor \"Snake Pit\" and the \"Wrannery\" on the first floor were popular meeting places. An open invitation was extended to 'country girls' to attend meetings when they were in Sydney.\nDuring the 1980s Johnny's Naval House was refurbished and now houses the Sydney Futures Exchange. Meetings were moved to the Gallipoli Club and later the City of Sydney RSL. Meetings are still held here on the second Friday of each month, 3rd Floor, City of Sydney RSL, 565 George St at 1300 hrs. Any Ex-Wran, or serving sailor is most welcome.\nThe Association produces a magazine (six times per year) The 'Ditty Box' through which information is disseminated. Members are advised of the changes in conditions\/benefits and entitlements available from the Department of Veterans' Affairs. Also listed are social functions and news, as well as changes to the contact registry.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-ex-womens-australian-naval-service-assoc-nsw\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ex-womens-australian-naval-service-assoc-nsw\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian Women's Land Army (AWLA)", "Entry ID": "AWE0393", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-land-army-awla\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Services organisation", "Summary": "On 27 July 1942, the Australian Women's Land Army (AWLA) was established as a national organisation, reporting to the Director-General of Manpower. The aim of the AWLA was to replace the male farm workers who had either enlisted in the armed services or were working in other essential war work such as munitions. The AWLA was not an enlisted service, but rather a voluntary group whose members were paid by the farmer, rather than the government or military forces. Membership of the AWLA was open to women who were British subjects and between the ages of 18 and 50 years. Housed in hostels in farming areas, members were given formal farming instruction and were initially supplied with uniform, bedding etc. Members were not engaged in domestic work rather they undertook most types of work involved with primary industries. The organisation was to be formally constituted under the National Security Regulations, but a final draft of the National Security (Australian Women's Land Army) Regulations was not completed until 1945, and did not reach the stage of promulgation due to cessation of hostilities and the decision to demobilize the Land Army. [1] A 'Land Army' was established in each state and administered that state's rural needs, though some members were sent interstate when available. In September 1945 it was decided that complete demobilization of the Australian Women's Land Army would take effect not later than 31 December 1945.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-fourth-service-ex-australian-womens-land-army-world-war-ii\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/girls-with-grit-memories-of-the-australian-womens-land-army\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/thanks-girls-and-goodbye-the-story-of-the-australian-womens-land-army-1942-45\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/not-for-them-battle-fatigues-the-australian-womens-land-army-in-the-second-world-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-and-world-war-ll-kit\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australia-the-homefront\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-mobilisation-of-women-into-active-services-the-yankee-invasion-how-the-war-affected-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-womens-land-army-1942-1945-the-experiences-of-mabs-keppie-paterson\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/castle-kit-bag-and-cattle-truck-the-australia-womens-land-army-at-abercrombie-house-bathurst\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/down-to-earth-the-story-of-the-australian-womens-land-army-in-victoria\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-land-army-news\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/we-also-served-far-north-coast-n-s-w-ex-servicewomen-1939-1945\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-womens-land-army-a-brief-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/issues-of-ration-books-to-members-of-australian-womens-land-army-4-cm\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/headquarters-staff-awla-australian-womens-land-army-mrs-hazel-strong-bookkeeper\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mrs-n-johnston-to-help-awla-australian-womens-land-army-during-christmas-vacation\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/government-advertising-posters-australian-womens-land-army-box-1\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/re-the-inauguration-of-a-womens-land-army-to-be-affiliated-with-the-australian-army-womens-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cabinet-minute-australian-womens-land-army\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bulletin-awla-australian-womens-land-army\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/welfare-fund-for-awla-australian-womens-land-army-donations\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clothing-for-australian-womens-land-army\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-land-army-no-3-file\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/uniforms-for-vad-voluntary-aid-detachment-and-awla-australian-womens-land-army\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/awla-australian-womens-land-army-movements-of-girls\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/complaint-from-ex-awla-australian-womens-land-army-member-re-demobilization-conditions\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-land-army-no-2-file\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/index-cards-to-members-files-alphabetical-series\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/financial-donations-to-awla-australian-womens-land-army\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/statistics-of-the-awla-australian-womens-land-army-and-monthly-reports\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/request-for-awla-australian-womens-land-army-to-attend-various-functions\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sales-tax-exemption-for-awla-australian-womens-land-army\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/payment-cards-for-employees-entitlements-claims-alphabetical-series\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-land-army-payment-of-hospital-fees-etc-of-auxiliary-members\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/miscellaneous-items\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/general-constitution-organisation-and-policy-file-awla-australian-womens-land-army-enrolment-membership-etc-regulations\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-land-army-officers-issue-of-uniforms-policy\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/supply-of-coupon-goods-to-the-australian-womens-land-army-5-2-cm\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wans-womens-australian-national-services-uniforms-second-hand-awla-australian-womens-land-army-girls-requiring\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-land-army-auxiliary-appeal-for-volunteers-box-287\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/men-from-australias-rural-districts-have-joined-up-for-the-duration-in-such-large-numbers-that-the-production-of-the-pastoral-and-farming-industries-was-seriously-threatened\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/thurecht-ew-miss\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dulcie-gullison-australian-womens-land-army-interviewed-by-ruth-thompson-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1939-45\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eve-garrett-nee-burgess-australian-womens-land-army-interviewed-by-ruth-thompson-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1939-45\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gwen-seddon-australian-womens-land-army-interviewed-by-judy-wing-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1939-45\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/peggy-george-nee-hull-australian-womens-land-army-interviewed-by-judy-wing-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1939-45\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-paterson-australian-womens-land-army-interviewed-by-ruth-thompson-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1939-45\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/betty-brown-australian-womens-land-army-interviewed-by-ruth-thompson-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1939-45\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nancy-thomas-nee-willicombe-australian-womens-land-army-interviewed-by-judy-wing-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1939-45\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ursula-garner-as-a-member-of-the-australian-womens-land-army-interviewed-by-dan-connell-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1939-45\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/esme-wirth-as-a-member-of-the-australian-womens-land-army-interviewed-by-daniel-connell-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1939-45\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jean-williams-nee-stuart-australian-womens-land-army-interviewed-by-daniel-connell-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1939-45\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jess-dare-australian-womens-land-army-interviewed-by-daniel-connell-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1939-45\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/linda-piltz-australian-womens-land-army-interviewed-by-daniel-connell-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1939-45\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/edna-crowe-australian-womens-land-army-interviewed-by-daniel-connell-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1939-45\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/daphne-phillips-australian-womens-land-army-interviewed-by-judy-wing-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1939-1945\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/katherine-kath-took-australian-womens-land-army-interviewed-by-judy-wing-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1939-1945\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/join-the-australian-womens-land-army\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1-land-army-girls-in-the-front-line-2-how-cassino-monastery-met-its-end-news-from-home-no-83\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1-womens-land-army-2-vdc-parade-in-picturesque-setting-cinesound-news-no-575\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-peggy-williams-when-the-war-came-to-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/henry-mavis\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/white-miss-mary\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/taylor-grace-field-officer-b-1897-d-1988\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/waterson-lily-m-1904-1988\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/montgomerie-lisbeth-ann\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/laurie-betty-nee-mckibbin-australian-womens-land-army\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sims-jean-evelyn-australian-womens-land-army\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/services-personnel-basis-of-issues-including-australian-womens-land-army-red-cross-vads-voluntary-aid-detachments-and-st-johns-ambulance-brigade\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-servicewomens-memorial-7\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-land-army-launceston-tasmania\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ros-bowden-interviews-conducted-for-radio-programs-and-documentaries-ca-1975-1989\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/letter-1967-oct-26-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-legion-of-ex-servicemen-and-women-australian-womens-land-army-sub-branch-records-1945-2000\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sheila-glading-letters-relating-to-australian-womens-land-army-1945\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "New South Wales Army Nursing Service Reserve (NSWANSR)", "Entry ID": "AWE0398", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/new-south-wales-army-nursing-service-reserve-nswansr\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Armed services organisation", "Summary": "The Army Nursing Service Reserve was established in 1899 and attached to the New South Wales Army Medical Corps. This was the first official female army nurses' organisation in the Australian colonies. Nurse Nellie Gould was appointed lady superintendent of the Reserve. On the 17 January 1900 Nurse Gould left with thirteen nursing sisters to serve in the Boer War as part of the British Army. The nursing contingent returned to Australia in 1902. The Reserve was replaced by the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS), that was formed post Federation.\n", "Details": "New South Wales Army Medical Corps attached to Imperial Draft Contingent - Roll of individuals entitled to the South Africa Medal and Clasps:\n\nGould, Ellen Julia - Lady Superintendent\nJohnstone, Julia Bligh - Superintendent\nAustin, Anne - Sister\nFrater, Penelope - Sister\nGarden, Anna Gardiner - Sister\nHoadley, Emily - Sister\nLister, Elizabeth Ward - Sister\nMartin, Marion Philippe - Sister\nMatchett, Annie L - Sister\nNewton, Nancy - Sister\nNixon, Elizabeth - Sister\nPocock, Mary Annie - Sister\nSteel, Mabel - Sister\nWoodward, Theresa E - Sister\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guns-and-brooches-australian-army-nursing-from-the-boer-war-to-the-gulf-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/just-wanted-to-be-there-australian-service-nurses-1899-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nominal-rolls-and-lists-of-medals-and-clasps-for-new-south-wales-military-forces-who-served-in-boer-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/informal-portrait-of-three-nurses-who-accompanied-the-second-contingent-to-the-boer-war-as-members-of-the-nsw-army-medical-corps\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF)", "Entry ID": "AWE0400", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-auxiliary-australian-air-force-waaaf\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Armed services organisation", "Summary": "The Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) was formed in March 1941 after considerable lobbying by women keen to serve and by the Chief of the Air Staff who wanted to release male personnel serving in Australia for service overseas. The WAAAF was the first and largest of the World War II Australian Women's Services. It was disbanded in December 1947.\n", "Details": "During the early years of World War II the necessity to make use of women in many new avenues of employment became apparent. Despite resistance from some members of the War Cabinet, bureaucrats and the Service, in February 1941 the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) received approval to create the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF). Wireless telegraphists were urgently needed to assist in meeting a temporary deficiency of male wireless telegraphists.\nA senior WAAAF officer was appointed from 24 February 1941 with more appointed from 10 March 1941 and a WAAAF Training Depot was established at Malvern, Melbourne. Recruiting commenced on 15 March 1941 and on 17 March the first nineteen airwomen reported at the Training Depot, ten of them being teleprinter operator trainees.\nAlthough recruiting continued it was officially slowed down until Japan entered the war in December 1941. Following this event, the three Defence Services recommended the greater employment of women in order to release men for operational duties. By the end of 1941 some 1500 were serving. This number grew to a peak strength of 18,667 officers and airwomen by October 1944. They served in all states of Australia, from Cairns in Northern Queensland to Geraldton in Western Australia.\nAirwomen were accepted into 73 different musterings (trades), including highly skilled technical employment on aircraft. In addition to telegraphists, women became armament workers, electricians, fitters, flight mechanics, fabricworkers, instrument makers and meteorological assistants, besides using skills in many clerical, medical, transport, catering, equipment, signals and radar fields of employment. Over 700 women held commissioned rank and like airwomen, worked in a great variety of administrative, technical and professional tasks. A number commanded units in operations rooms, at General Douglas MacArthur's Headquarters in Brisbane dealing with intelligence matters, at Operational Units, in RAAF Hospitals, Aircraft Depots, Radar Stations, RAAF Bases - wherever they were needed, they served.\nAirwomen were paid two-thirds of RAAF male pay for equivalent positions. The officers were paid a good deal less than male officers of equal rank.\nAlthough members were enrolled when the service was first formed, the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force was constituted as a part of the Permanent Air Force by the Air Force (Women's Services) Regulations (Statutory Rules 1943, No. 69) which came into operation on 24 March 1943. In due course members were given the choice of signing a form of enlistment or attestation in which they volunteered for the duration of the war and twelve months thereafter or returning to civilian life. Very few resigned. Every WAAAF, like the men of the RAAF, was a volunteer.\nListed at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra are the names of 57 WAAAF who died while serving.\nApproximately 27000 women saw service in the WAAAF between March 1941 and July 1947 when the last member was discharged from the Force. They proved, together with the women of the Navy and Army and those who worked in munitions factories, the aircraft manufacturing industry, on the land and in all areas where women had been manpowered to replace men, that women could fulfil tasks and roles previously undertaken solely by men.\nGroup Officer Clare Grant Stevenson was appointed Director of the WAAAF with effect from 9 June 1941 and retired from the Service on 18 March 1946. Her unsparing efforts, in helping to weld the WAAAF into an effective component of the RAAF, were an inspiration to all members. Lady Gowrie, wife of the Governor-General, was the first Honorary Air Commandant of the WAAAF and was followed by Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Gloucester.\nThe WAAAF was the first Women's Service to be formed in Australia (excluding the Nursing Services) and members were greatly disappointed that, other than several official visits made by a few to New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Northern Territory, they were not permitted to serve outside Australia.\nThe value of the work and the skills of the WAAAF during a period when thousands of men needed to be released for operational duty overseas and Australia itself was at risk, encouraged the formation of the Women's Royal Australian Air Force (WRAAF) in 1951. This branch of the RAAF was disbanded in 1977 when its members became an integral part of the RAAF.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-waaaf-in-wartime-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/waaaf-an-aussie-wartime-success-story\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/introducing-the-w-a-a-a-f-an-account-of-australias-first-womens-auxiliary-air-force\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/still-fighting-40-years-on\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dreaming-of-the-wild-blue-yonder\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/waaaf-mob-well-met-again\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-way-we-were\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-waaaf\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-auxiliary-australian-air-force-waaaf-in-australia-during-ww2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/raaf-museum-point-cook-home-page\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-air-force\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/waaaf-at-war-life-and-work-in-the-womens-auxiliary-australian-air-force\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/in-the-outdoors-the-director-waaaf-group-officer-clare-stevenson-and-a-waaaf-wing-officer-conversing-with-waaaf-officers-who-conducted-a-four-day-bivouac\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/doing-a-grand-job-join-the-waaaf\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/keep-them-flying\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/thomson-joyce-a\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clare-grant-stevenson-papers-1941-1947-concerning-the-womens-auxiliary-australian-air-force\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/clare-grant-stevenson-further-papers-192-1988-mainly-concerning-the-womens-auxiliary-australian-air-force-with-the-papers-of-joyce-a-thomson-concerning-clare-grant-stevenson-1941-1992\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shirley-emilie-shennen-papers-1923-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/w-a-a-a-f-history-and-other-documents-1943-1946\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/w-a-a-a-f-at-war\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian Women's Land Army Association NSW", "Entry ID": "AWE0402", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-land-army-association-nsw\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Ex-Services organisation", "Summary": "At the end of the World War II, surplus funds were divided between the different state Women's Land Army groups. New South Wales was allocated 500 pounds. A group of 'girls' who had worked at the New South Wales Australian Women's Land Army Headquarters, established a committee. Aileen Lynch former AWLA superintendent in NSW suggested that the money be placed in an account which would be used to establish a club to further the interests of all ex-members of the AWLA in welfare, training and advisory capacity. The club was to have a city base where the girls could continue their wartime friendship and arrange return visits to the country centres where they had worked. [1]\n[1] Scott, Jean. Girls with Grit p. 157\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/girls-with-grit-memories-of-the-australian-womens-land-army\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/roundabout\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-land-army-association-nsw-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scrapbook-relating-to-the-womens-australian-national-service-wans-1940-1946-and-album-of-the-australian-womens-land-army-association-1942-1987\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-land-army-united-association-of-new-south-wales-further-records-1942-1997\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-land-army-united-association-of-new-south-wales-further-records-1990-1992\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Sydney & Metropolitan Ex-Prisoners of War Welfare Association", "Entry ID": "AWE0407", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sydney-metropolitan-ex-prisoners-of-war-welfare-association\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Ex-Armed services organisation", "Summary": "The Sydney & Metropolitan Ex-Prisoners of War Welfare Association was established in 1999 after the NSW Ex-Prisoner of War (POW) Association and the NSW Ex-Prisoner of War (POW) Ladies Auxiliary were disbanded.\nThe main objectives of the Association are to:\n\u2022 affirm and promote loyalty to Her Majesty the Queen and the Commonwealth of Australia.\n\u2022 protect and promote the interests of Ex-Prisoners of War, their spouses, and widows of Ex-Prisoners of War.\n\u2022 promote friendship and good fellowship between members by way of meetings, visitations and welfare where necessary.\n\u2022 collect, raise money and receive donations for the carrying out of these objects or for any charitable purpose or for the benefit directly or indirectly of Ex-Prisoners of War, their spouses, and widows of Ex-Prisoners of War.\nMembership of the Association is open to any person who was a member of the New South Wales Ex-Prisoners of War Association Inc, or who would have been eligible to become a member. Members of the Ladies Auxiliary of the New South Wales Ex-Prisoners of War Association Inc, or any person who is a spouse or widow of an Ex-Prisoner of War, can make an application to become a member.\nMembers have regularly visited patients in their homes, nursing homes and hospitals, especially the Concord Repatriation Hospital (now Concord General Hospital). They have also involved themselves in specific projects such as obtaining special patient chairs for the Concord Repatriation Hospital or furniture for the Rose Garden at the hospital. These acquisitions were made with the help of members' fundraising activities including selling of poppies, Remembrance Day and Anzac Badges as well as running trade tables, garage sales and garden parties.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sydney-metropolitan-ex-prisoners-of-war-welfare-association-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/four-members-of-the-australian-army-nursing-service-aans-ex-prisoners-of-war-pows-of-the-japanese-taking-leave-of-family-and-friends-who-met-them-on-their-arrival-at-mascot-airport\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS)", "Entry ID": "AWE0408", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-army-nursing-service-aans\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Armed services organisation", "Summary": "The Australian Army Nursing Service, which was actually a reserve, was established on 1 July 1902. The Service was staffed by volunteer civilian nurses who would be available for duty during times of national emergency. Members of the Service served in both the World Wars, staffing medical facilities in Australia and overseas. In 1949 the Service became part of the Australian Regular Army and is now known as the Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps (RAANC).\nIMPORTANT - Additional information about how to search for your own relative's records can be found below. Click on details and scroll to the end. \n", "Details": "Prior to Australia's Federation in 1901, each colony controlled its own defence force, of which the nursing services formed a part. In July 1902 the nursing services of each colony joined together to form the Australian Army Nursing Service. The Service which was part of the Australian Army Medical Corps was made up of volunteer trained nurses who were willing to serve in times of a national emergency.\nAt the outbreak of World War I staff were recruited from both the nursing service and the civilian workforce. They served at field and base hospitals in Australia as well as in Egypt, England, France, Belgium, Greece, Salonika, Palestine, Mesopotamia and India. After the war the Australian Army Nursing Service returned to a reserve status.\nThe Australian Army Nursing Service was one of only two women's services (the other being Voluntary Aid Detachments) that were active at the outbreak of war in 1939. Initially the enlisted nurses were the only females to serve outside Australia. Members served in England, Egypt, Palestine, Libya, Greece, Syria, Ceylon, Malaya, Singapore, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Island as well as throughout Australia. They served on hospital ships, troop transports, base and camp hospitals and some spent time in Prisoner of War camps.\nAfter the war members served as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in Japan. In July 1947 members of the Australian Army Nursing Service were transferred to the Interim Army, and in November 1948 the Service was designated a 'Royal' one. In July 1949 the Royal Australian Army Nursing Service became part of the Australian Regular Army. In February 1951 the Service became a Corps and is known as the Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps (RAANC). The Pledge of Service was introduced during World War Two.\n\nAANS Pledge of Service\nI pledge myself loyally\nto serve my King and Country\nand to maintain the honour and efficiency\nof the Australian Army Nursing Service.\nI will do all in my power\nto alleviate the suffering of\nthe sick and wounded, sparing no\neffort to bring them comfort of body\nand peace of mind.\nI will work in unity and\ncomradeship with my fellow nurses.\nI will be ready to give assistance\nto those in need of my help,\nand will abstain from any action\nwhich may bring sorrow\nand suffering to others.\nAt all times I will endeavour\nto uphold the highest traditions of\nWomanhood and of the Profession\nof which I am Part.\nHELPFUL INFORMATION TO ASSIST YOUR OWN SEARCHES\nThe following information will assist you to search for Australian women who served in WW1, not women from any other country, and not WW2 servicewomen. If you are looking for a nurse in the Australian Army Nursing Service, go online to the National Archives and find the person's army file there. If you need help after doing this, then contact this page via the comments - but only after you have gone to the National Archives of Australia for advice. www.naa.gov.au\nIf looking for women who served in WW2, go here to find out if they did, in fact serve:\nhttp:\/\/www.ww2roll.gov.au\/\nThen go to this site to find their personnel record\nhttp:\/\/www.naa.gov.au\/collection\/explore\/defence\/service-records\/index.aspx\nThere is an article written by Dr Kirsty Harris published in Ancestor: The Journal of the Royal Genealogical Society of Victoria this year that provides some search tips. 'Researching Australian World War 1 Nurses' can be found Vol 31, Issue 1 of the 2012 edition of the journal.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-brief-record-of-the-australian-army-nursing-service-1939-1945\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/captives-australian-army-nurses-in-japanese-prison-camps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/desert-bamboo-and-barbed-wire-the-1939-45-story-of-a-special-detachment-of-australian-army-nursing-sisters-fondly-known-as-the-angels-in-grey-and-their-fate-in-war-and-captivity\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/extracts-from-regulations-and-orders-seniority-list\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-grey-battalion\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jessie-tomlins-an-australian-nurse-world-war-one\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-khiva-nursery\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lest-we-forget-australian-army-nursing-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-reflections-of-an-old-grey-mare-a-salute-to-those-who-served\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-royal-australian-army-nursing-corps-an-outline-of-the-foundation-and-development-of-the-australian-army-nursing-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/seniority-list-provisional\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/seniority-nursing-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/standing-orders-for-the-australian-army-nursing-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/thursday-island-nurse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/with-the-aans-1939-1945\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-nurses-since-nightingale-1860-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/guns-and-brooches-australian-army-nursing-from-the-boer-war-to-the-gulf-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/army-nursing-services-australian-imperial-force-and-australian-military-forces\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-army-nursing-service-a-short-history-with-world-war-one-nominal-roll-and-award-citations\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-imperial-force-order-for-nursing-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-army-a-history-of-its-organisation-1901-2001\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/colonel-best-and-her-soldiers-the-story-of-the-33-years-of-the-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-servicewomens-memorial-8\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/just-wanted-to-be-there-australian-service-nurses-1899-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nightingales-in-the-mud-the-digger-sisters-of-the-great-war-1914-1918\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unsung-heroes-australias-military-medical-personnel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nurses-the-roses-of-no-mans-land\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/white-coolies\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-womans-war-the-exceptional-life-of-wilma-oram-young-am\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/recommendation-file-for-honours-and-awards-aif-1914-18-war-australian-army-nursing-service-6-10-1918%e2%86%b5recommendation-file-for-honours-and-awards-aif-1914-18-war-australian-army-nursing\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/recommendation-file-for-honours-and-awards-aif-1914-18-war-australian-army-nursing-service-11-9-1918-to-24-9-1918\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/recruiting-arrangements-australian-military-forces-instructions-for-the-medical-examination-of-recruits-a-for-mobilization-b-aif-c-for-garrison-battalions-d-aans-australian-army-nursing-s\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/operation-clean-up-dpr-tv-566\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/archbishop-daniel-mannix-catholic-chaplain-general-of-the-australian-army-with-three-unidentified-representatives-from-the-australian-army-nursing-service-aans-womens\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/colour-patch-australian-army-nursing-service-aif\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hospital-tent-of-3rd-australian-general-hospital\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/balcony-of-troopers-ward-14th-australian-general-hospital-abbassia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-group-of-australian-army-nursing-service-nurses-at-the-52nd-british-general-hospital-at-kalamaria\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/group-portrait-of-australian-army-nursing-service-aans-nurses-who-were-former-prisoners-of-war-pows-ob-board-the-hospital-ship-manunda-on-its-arrival-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/holmes-katie-ms-thesis-between-the-lines-the-letters-and-diaries-of-first-world-war-australian-nurses\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/army-womens-services\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian Army Medical Women's Service (AAMWS)", "Entry ID": "AWE0415", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-army-medical-womens-service-aamws\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Armed services organisation", "Summary": "The Australian Army Medical Women's Service (AAMWS) was established in December 1942. At that stage it was decided to distinguish between Voluntary Aid Detachments, whose governing body was the Joint State Council in each State and the Joint Central Council (the Commonwealth authority), and Voluntary Aids who were serving at Military Hospitals on a full-time basis under Army control. [1]\nAuthor Patsy Adam-Smith, herself a member of the Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) who joined the AAMWS, states in Australian Women at War:\nFrom that date [December 1942], the Service's officers and soldiers were subject to military law and to the provisions of the Defence Act, the Army Act and the Rules of Procedure\u2026'The majority of the original recruits for the AAMWS were drawn from the ranks of the Voluntary Aid Detachments, and the experience they already had was of great benefit in their work in military hospitals, both home and overseas.' \nIn July 1949 the Australian Army Medical Women's Service became part of the Regular Army. Two years later The Service was disbanded and its duties were incorporated into the Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps. \n[1] Australian Women at War p. 194 and From Blue to Khaki p. 50\n", "Events": "AAMWS approved to become part of the Regular Army (1949 - 1949) \nAustralian Army Medical Women's Service was disbanded and incorporated into the Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps (1951 - 1951) \nServed in Japan with the British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF) (1946 - 1946) \nThe Australian Army Medical Women's Service established to distinguish between full-time military Voluntary Aids and those attached on a voluntary basis to the aid organisations (1942 - 1951)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/our-kind-of-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/soldiers-of-the-queen-women-in-the-australian-army\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-nurses-since-nightingale-1860-1990\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-army-a-history-of-its-organisation-1901-2001\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/colonel-best-and-her-soldiers-the-story-of-the-33-years-of-the-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-servicewomens-memorial-8\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/just-wanted-to-be-there-australian-service-nurses-1899-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/voluntary-aid-detachments\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-blue-to-khaki-the-enlisted-voluntary-aids-and-others-who-became-members-of-the-australian-army-medical-womens-service-and-served-from-1941-1951\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/captain-w-j-j-mcgee-assisted-by-major-a-r-appleford-member-of-the-red-cross-mm\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-leaders-of-the-australian-red-cross-voluntary-aid-detachment-vad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/major-a-r-appleford-rrc-mm-with-captain-p-williamson-australian-army-medical-womens-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/major-a-r-appleford-rrc-mm-assistant-controller-australian-army-medical-womens-service-victorian-lines-of-communication-area\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/officers-at-the-conference-of-assistant-and-deputy-assistant-controllers-australian-army-medical-womens-service-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/officers-at-the-conference-of-assistant-and-deputy-assistant-controllers-australian-army-medical-womens-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/major-a-r-appleford-rrc-mm-assistant-controller-conducting-a-kit-inspection-of-members-of-the-australian-army-medical-womens-service-on-draft-for-northern-areas\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/her-excellency-lady-zara-gowrie-wife-of-the-governor-general-of-australia-inspecting-members-of-the-australian-army-medical-womens-service-at-the-115th-heidelberg-military-hospital\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/major-a-r-appleford-rrc-mm-assistant-controller-australian-army-medical-womens-service-inspecting-the-kits-of-members-who-are-on-draft-to-northern-areas\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/captain-w-j-j-mcgee-assisted-by-major-a-r-appleford-member-of-the-red-cross-mm-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/studio-portrait-of-nf482322-lieutenant-lt-elva-baikie-amenities-officer-for-the-army-womens-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/join-the-aamws\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/army-womens-services\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/herring-enid-jessie-assistant-controller-aamws-b-1912\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lila-stocks-nee-mckenzie-voluntary-aid-detachment-and-private-australian-army-medical-womens-service-interviewed-by-angie-michaelis-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-australia-in-the-war-of\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jill-edith-linton-nee-oliver-as-a-private-australian-army-medical-womens-service-interviewed-by-angie-michaelis-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archives-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1939-45\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/change-of-title-from-vad-voluntary-aid-detachment-to-aamws-australian-army-medical-womens-service-box-69\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/army-medical-dental-corps-nurses-and-specialists-applications-for-a-commission-in-the-a-a-m-c-voluntary-aid-detachments-v-a-d-j-m-snelling-box-69\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/army-medical-dental-corps-nurses-and-specialists-applications-for-a-commission-in-the-a-a-m-c-voluntary-aid-detachments-v-a-d-j-l-christie-box-69\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-servicewomens-memorial-7\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/army-medical-dental-corps-nurses-and-specialists-applications-for-a-commission-in-the-a-a-m-c-voluntary-aid-detachments-v-a-d-a-r-appleford-box-69\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ex-AAMWS Association of NSW Inc.", "Entry ID": "AWE0416", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ex-aamws-association-of-nsw-inc\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Ex-Armed services organisation", "Summary": "When established, the aim of the Ex-AAMWS (Australian Army Medical Women's Service) Association of New South Wales Inc. was to maintain friendships formed during World War II as well as assisting members in whatever way possible. This includes the dissemination of information about pensions and benefits through their quarterly publication Pulse. Members also support a range of charities, care for frail members and participate in marches, wreath laying ceremonies and reunions.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ex-aamws-association-of-nsw-inc-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Council of Ex-Servicewomen's Associations (NSW)", "Entry ID": "AWE0422", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/council-of-ex-servicewomens-associations-nsw\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Ex-Armed services organisation", "Summary": "The Council of Ex-Servicewomen's Associations (NSW) was established in Sydney, New South Wales on 20 January 1975, as a vehicle for uniting and representing the many wartime service women who served Australia.\n", "Details": "The inaugural meeting of the Council of Ex-Servicewomen's Associations (NSW) was held in Sydney on 20 January 1975 with five wartime servicewomen's organisations as Founder Member Associations:\n\u2022 Australian Women's Army Service Association (NSW)\n\u2022 Ex-AAMWS Association of New South Wales\n\u2022 Ex-WRANS Association (NSW)\n\u2022 The Ex-Servicewomen's Association\n\u2022 WAAAF Branch, RAAF Association (NSW Division).\nThe Council's formation was due to the encouragement of the then Deputy Commissioner of Repatriation, Mr Bruce Auld. He suggested the establishment of a united body as a way of pursuing common objectives for the benefit of as many wartime servicewomen as possible.\nAs a result a Joint Council was formed in order that the policies and representations of the Member Associations could be co-ordinated and means could be considered whereby through unity, common objects might be pursued for the benefit of as many wartime Australian female veterans as possible. Council has a restricted membership with state-wide membership but as a representative group it obtains and affords information and advice to kindred ex-servicewomen's associations and other ex-servicewomen throughout New South Wales.\nCouncil keeps faith with the objectives and purposes for which it was established. All work is carried out in the interests of all Australian wartime servicewomen; it disseminates relevant information and acts as a joint voice for all; it preserves the memory and record of those who have died; it guards the good name and preserves the interest and standing of women who have served in the Navy, Army and Air Force; it assists in the provision of housing and other accommodation for Australian wartime servicewomen and it perpetuates the close spirit of friendship created by mutual service in the wars of the Commonwealth.\nCouncil's most important achievement was the conception and completion of the ex-servicewomen's building project: 12 self-contained units of The Friendship Court at the RSL Veterans' Retirement Villages at Narrabeen for AAMWS, AWAS, WAAAF and WRANS. The units were handed over to the Board of the Veterans' Retirement Villages on 31 March 1984 after 7 years' hard work, not only by the Council but also by the ex-servicewomen of New South Wales and friends in the ex-service movement who assisted in raising money. The way they all related to this project was a source of inspiration to everyone and for Councillors it was a rewarding and enlightening time. There is a waiting list for admission from members of the four Women's Services who do not own their own home and would find it difficult to provide themselves with one.\nCouncil placed a Memorial Plaque commemorating the WAAAF, WRANS, AWAS, and AAMWS in the foyer of the State War Memorial of New South Wales, Hyde Park, Sydney and it was unveiled on 7 February 1986 by Council's Patron, Miss Clare Stevenson AM MBE, and dedicated at a small ceremony.\nCouncil commenced raising funds in 1987 for a State Memorial to the Wartime Servicewomen of New South Wales and finally on 16 February 1990 it was unveiled by His Excellency Rear-Admiral Sir David Martin KCMG AO, Governor of New South Wales at that time and dedicated in the presence of hundreds of war-time servicewomen, their friends and representatives of ex-service organisations from all parts of New South Wales, most of whom made its erection possible. It was the result of a labour of love. Erected in the Spirit of Friendship and located in Jessie Street Gardens in Loftus Street, Sydney, it is dear to the hearts of thousands of World War II servicewomen. Wreath laying ceremonies are held there on commemorative occasions.\nOn 12 December 1991 a Tree Planting and Memorial Plaque Dedication Ceremony was held by Council at the western side of the main building of the Australian War Memorial to commemorate the 50th Anniversary of the formation of the Australian Women's Services in the Defence Forces. The tree was a mint leafed peppermint.\nThroughout the years Council has continued to make representations to the Governments of the day and has had its wins and losses. Council's support of its Chairman was the main catalyst for Defence Service Home Loans being granted to all World War II servicewomen in the 1995-1996 Budget, irrespective of where they served.\nIt pressed for the recognition of men as war widowers when their TPI wives died or other female veteran wives died as the result of their war service, knowing full well how dependent upon their wives many men in the World War II age group were. Discrimination was also an issue in both these cases and this was recognised after much lobbying.\nCouncil is well-respected in the ex-service community and has been involved in many Federal projects, e.g. inter alia its Chairman was invited to represent the Australian World War II female veterans at the official proceedings at the Entombment of the Unknown Australian Soldier; to take part in the planning of Wartime Servicewomen's National Day in Canberra during the 1997 Australia Remembers Year and to be a member of the Advisory Group to the Australian War Memorial for the Australian Servicewomen's Memorial in the Sculpture Garden at the Australian War Memorial. The Councillors all contribute to the reputation Council has for reliability, as well as deep concern and action on behalf of those it represents.\nAn annual Church Service has been held since 1981 at The Holy Trinity Garrison Church, Millers Point, to commemorate the four Women's Services and this is well-attended by female veterans, their families and friends. Council's only fundraising function is an annual Friendship Luncheon which provides funds necessary for administrative purposes, the annual subscriptions from Member Associations being kept to a minimum to assist those organisations.\nLarge State Reunions were held to celebrate the 40th, 50th and 60th Anniversaries of the formation of the four Women's Services. Simply, Council makes it possible for female veterans to meet and to celebrate on a state-wide basis when appropriate. Councillors are proud of what has been achieved and of the assistance that has been given to fellow female veterans since the formation of the Council of Ex-Servicewomen's Associations (NSW) in 1975.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/council-of-ex-servicewomens-associations-nsw-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian Women's Army Service Association (NSW)", "Entry ID": "AWE0433", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-army-service-association-nsw\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Ex-Armed services organisation", "Summary": "The Australian Women's Army Service Association (NSW) was established in Sydney, New South Wales, in 1948 for the purpose of organising an Australian Women's Army Service reunion. This became an annual event held at various venues and organised by a number of committees over the years.\n", "Details": "The Association was born of an informal meeting held in 1948 for the purpose of organising an Australian Women's Army Service reunion. This became an annual event held at various venues and organised by a number of committees over the years.\nIn 1950 it was proposed that any profit accruing from the reunion should be used to establish a fund with a view to forming an AWAS Association. At the final meeting of the 1954 Reunion Committee, it was advised that the AWAS Association was now a registered charity organisation and in future would be known as AWAS Reunions (NSW). It would work on behalf of the Women's Wing of the War Veterans' Home.\nBy 1956, due to lack of interest, the Chief Secretary's Department was advised that it was impossible to convene an Annual General Meeting and suggested that the registration of the AWAS Reunions (NSW) should no longer be continued, as it was not possible to abide by the Constitution originally submitted.\nNonetheless, the annual reunions continued and were well attended. On 19 February 1960, a meeting was held and a draft of a proposed new Constitution was read. It was decided to circulate copies at the 1960 Reunion and, at a meeting held the following year, it was resolved that the Constitution or Rules of the Association, as circulated, would become effective as from 17 February 1961.\nThe reunions continued each year at the Anthony Horderns Gallery. 1962 was a special year, being the 21st Anniversary of the formation of the Service, and this engendered much interest amongst those who served in the AWAS. Over 200 ladies had to be turned away from the reunion due to lack of space. A new venue was needed.\nCollections were always held at the reunion and over the years many needy causes benefited from the money given. As a special effort to mark the 21st Anniversary, a tree planting ceremony was arranged. An Australian Gum - Lemon Eucalyptus, was planted in Hyde Park on the western side of the War Memorial by Miss Joyce Whitworth (an AWAS Senior Officer), in the presence of Lt-General Sir John Northcott. A suitable plaque was placed beside the tree.\nFormer members of the AWAS had been marching since 1946 in the Anzac Day March, and activities on this day had been organised by Mrs Amy Taylor. Each year more joined the ranks and soon Anzac Day became the second big event on the ex-AWAS calendar.\nIn 1965 the format for the Annual Reunion was changed from a buffet meal to a sit-down dinner. This was a year of special interest to the AWAS Association, bringing as it did the announcement that Mr (later Sir) Roden Cutler had been appointed Governor of New South Wales. The AWAS were particularly pleased, as the Governor's wife - Lady Helen Cutler (n\u00e9e Miss Helen Morris), had been a member of their organisation. Congratulations and good wishes were sent, followed by a letter asking if Lady Cutler would accept Patronage of the Association and attend the Silver Anniversary Reunion on 28 October 1966. Both requests were accepted.\n1967 saw the introduction of the AWAS Association badge. An amendment was passed this same year at the Annual General Meeting, altering the Constitution to include the words \"(New South Wales)\" in the Association title.\nIn 1962 the word \"Anniversary\" was used for the first time because it was the 25th year since the formation of the Service. Each subsequent Reunion has been known as \"\u2026 Anniversary Reunion\", the 30th being held in 1971.\nAt the Annual General Meeting held on 23 March 1972, Miss Joyce Whitworth stood down as President after 13 years in the Chair and a new executive was elected with Mrs Amy Taylor as President. On 4 September 1972 the AWAS Association (NSW) was registered under the Charitable Collections Act and received a new Certificate of Registration under the title of AWAS Association (NSW). A Welfare Trust Fund was approved with administrators to be the President, Secretary and Treasurer of the Association, with any two of these as signatories on all Trust Fund cheques.\nA new President, Miss Joan Lethbridge, was elected in 1974. Plans went ahead for a new Banner to be ready for the 1975 Anzac Day march. Miss Lethbridge remained President for four years. In 1978 Mrs Amy Taylor was again elected President and still holds this position.\nThe AWAS Association (NSW) has gone from strength to strength over the years. This is mainly due to the hard working ladies who have served on the Executives and Committees. With the membership over the 1000 mark, the Association is the largest ex-Servicewomen's organisation in NSW. The Association was a foundation member of the Council of Ex-Servicewomen's Assns (NSW) and supported this organisation with the Building of \"Friendship Court\", 12 units within the complex of the War Veterans' Retirement Village at Narrabeen. The money that was raised came from all centres of the State.\nThe magazine Khaki, which is posted to all financial members, has become a very popular means of communication with members, particularly those in country areas. Khaki gives the members a chance to share in the activities of the Association.\nWelfare is a very time consuming job and the Welfare Officer, with a good knowledge of the numerous and frequently changing pension systems, ably attends to those who seek help. As members grow older, the burden on the Welfare Department increases, but committee members assist with hospital visiting, while numerous fund raising efforts over the years and donations from members have ensured that any call for welfare could be met without financial worry. The Association was able to finance the publishing of Women in Khaki, a book written by a member of the AWAS about the Service.\nMembership is growing as ex-Australian Women's Army Servicewomen seek the fellowship of their own kind: this spirit of friendship, born during the service days, has never died.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/khaki-australian-womens-army-service-association-nsw\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/khaki-clad-and-glad-30-years-after\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/copy-photographic-prints-of-the-australian-womens-army-service-association-new-south-wales-activities-during-world-war-ii\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-army-service-association-nsw-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "War Widows' Guild of Australia", "Entry ID": "AWE0438", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/war-widows-guild-of-australia\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Community organisation", "Summary": "The War Widows' Guild Of Australia was established in Victoria by the late Mrs Jessie Mary Vasey CBE, OBE. The broad aims of the Guild were to watch over and protect the interests of war widows. Qualification for membership of the Guild was restricted to widows of men who were killed on active service or whose deaths were accepted as being war-caused and were therefore in receipt of a war widow's pension. Later, widows of interned civilians who received a repatriation war widows' pension were included, as were widows of allied ex-servicemen.\n", "Details": "The Guild began in Victoria and was founded by the late Mrs Jessie Mary Vasey CBE, OBE. Her husband, General George Alan Vasey, an army officer, commanded Australian forces in Greece and New Guinea during World War II. While on leave in 1945 he called on the widow of one of his men and was appalled at her living conditions. It was Major-General Vasey's wish that after he returned from the battlefields he, with the help of his wife, would look after the families of the men who were killed while serving with him. On 5 March 1945, aged 49 years, Major-General Vasey was himself killed in an aircraft accident.\nJessie Vasey formed the War Widows' Guild of Australia on 22 November 1945. Qualification for membership of the Guild was restricted to widows of men who were killed on active service or whose deaths were accepted as being war-caused and were therefore in receipt of a war widow's pension. Later, widows of interned civilians who received a repatriation war widows' pension were included, as were widows of allied ex-servicemen.\nThe broad aims of the Guild were to watch over and protect the interests of war widows. While maintaining that every woman whose husband's death was due to war service should receive adequate monetary compensation from the Government, so that she and her family could maintain a dignified standard of living, Mrs Vasey believed that the surest way to rehabilitation was through self-help. To this end she organised the formation of craft groups. The women involved in these craft activities not only enjoyed the company of others in the same sad position as themselves, but they experienced the thrill of satisfaction that creativity brings and, by the sale of their work, were able to supplement the meagre compensatory pension at the time doled out to them by the Government.\nThrough Mrs Vasey's leadership, Guilds were formed in all States during 1946-1947 plus the Australian Capital Territory in 1966. All were united in a National Guild over which Vasey presided until her death in 1966. During this time she inspired the respect and devotion of a group of very able women in all States and through her efforts the lot of the war widow became better: many improvements took place in pensions, housing, children's allowances and hospital care.\nIn November 1947 Jessie Vasey called a conference of National Body delegates from all States to meet in Melbourne to form a federal body. While each State body is autonomous in domestic organisation, the Conference achieved unity and biennial congresses have been held ever since.\n\nMotto of the War Widows' Guild\nWe all belong to each other.\nWe all need each other.\nIt is in serving each other and in sacrificing for our common good that we are finding our true life.\n(Extract from an Empire Day Message from His Majesty the late King George the Sixth in 1949.)\n\nKookaburra Badge\nThe badge, made of silver and designed by Andor Meszaros, was introduced in 1951. The badge featured the kookaburra, an industrious and cheerful bird who mated for life, was fearless and aggressive in the defence of its young and the area of territory it regarded as its own. \"The kookaburra goes for what he wants and fights for its family. Isn't that what we are doing?\" Mrs Vasey asked her girls. The bird also had a unique call, not a song but a laugh, a chortle of rollicking mirth. It was a call to win the war widow back to laughter.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-mean-destiny-the-story-of-the-war-widows-guild-of-australia-1945-85\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/war-widows-guild-of-australia-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "War Widows' Guild of Australia NSW Limited", "Entry ID": "AWE0440", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/war-widows-guild-of-australia-nsw-limited\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Community organisation", "Summary": "In June 1946, following the establishment of a War Widows' Craft Guild in Victoria, a Guild was formed in New South Wales.\nThe purpose of the Guild was to enable war widows in NSW to live their lives with dignity and support to meet their ongoing and emerging needs.\nWith the setting-up of the Guild, craft work got under way almost immediately, commencing with sock and glove-making classes. By November, the guild shop was opened in Rowe Street, to sell craft goods made by members and other saleable goods. Although Victoria was planning a guild shop, NSW was first to establish one. The NSW Guild closed its handicraft school in December 1951 and sold the equipment to members, but the shop was to remain open, a good money-spinner for the Guild, until September 1960. [1]\nFrom 1953 to 1988, the Guild in NSW built 13 blocks of units at nine locations. After selling two housing properties, at the time of writing (April 2003) the Guild provides a total of 198 self-care, one-bedroom units of retirement housing in seven Sydney locations.\nIn 2002 and 2003, President Marie Beach and Chief Executive Officer Patricia Campbell represented The War Widows' Guild of NSW Inc. on the Women in War Project working group.\n", "Details": "On 4 June 1946 at a meeting held in the Conference Room of the Grand United Order of Oddfellows by the Women's Services, Jessie Vasey was a guest speaker. She spoke about the aims of the War Widows' Craft Guild and the setting-up of the craft classes. A decision was taken to form a New South Wales Guild. At a further meeting held on 19 June, a committee was established and 100 members enrolled. [2]\nIn 1951 Maylee Morrisey (Honorary secretary 1948-1961) and Jean Cunningham (President 1950-1952) visited the North Coast to establish sub-branches (later called Guild Clubs) for the Guild. The Clubs formed at Lismore and Newcastle still continue and are now (2003) over 51 years old.\nThe NSW Guild, while based on Victoria's framework and example, and though always completely supportive of national policy and prepared to battle for that policy, has always had some dissimilarities. [3] From the start their branch admitted to membership widows from both world wars as designated war widows by the Department of Veterans' Affairs, excepting those who have remarried. Allied Countries war widows are also eligible if they receive a war widows' pension from the country of origin. Finally, Defence Widows under the Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986 and Defence Widows compensated under the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1988 are eligible for Guild Membership.\nSince 1998 the Guild has been a company limited by guarantee, governed by a Board of Directors, two-thirds of whom are members, and subject to the regulations of the Corporations Act 2001. It provides a range of services to its members including advocacy, information, support, friendship and a telephone support line. It organises high profile events such as a large members' Christmas Party, a War Widows' Walk and a travelling exhibition; as well as publishing the Guild Digest, a quarterly magazine for members.\nEach year a Memorial Service is held in St Andrew's Cathedral several days prior to Anzac Day, followed by Dedication of a Field of Remembrance and the planting of official crosses. The idea originated with Mrs C J Pope, who was impressed while visiting London by a Field of Remembrance held each year in the old churchyard of St Margaret's, alongside Westminster Abbey, and inaugurated by the Royal British Legion Poppy Factory Ltd, at which small wooden crosses are planted in memory of the fallen. Supported by voluntary labour of Guild members, Mrs Pope organised the Field each year until her death in 1963. [4] The Governor of NSW, who is also Patron of the Guild, plants the first cross, followed by representatives from the City of Sydney, the New Zealand Government, the three Armed Services and the War Widows' Guild. The Field is then open to other associated bodies and members of the public to plant small crosses. The Field remains open until sunset on Anzac Day.\nIn the year 2002 The Guild of NSW had over 14,300 members, with most being in their late 70s and 80s. The Guild now regards itself as a 'sunset organisation', which in 10-15 years will become a much smaller organisation with around 1,000-1,500 members.\n[1] No Mean Destiny p. 60\n[2] ibid p. 61\n[3] ibid p. 66\n[4] ibid p. 64\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/no-mean-destiny-the-story-of-the-war-widows-guild-of-australia-1945-85\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/war-widows-guild-of-australia-nsw-limited-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "RAAF Association (NSW Division) - WAAAF Branch", "Entry ID": "AWE0459", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/raaf-association-nsw-division-waaaf-branch\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Ex-Armed services organisation", "Summary": "The Association began in 1946 and was founded by Miss Gwen Stark (later Caldwell). The ex-WAAAF joined the RAAFA (New South Wales Division) as associate members and in 1947 were accepted with full membership.\n", "Details": "At Air Force House in Goulburn Street, Sydney, 1946, 400 ladies attended a meeting to discuss the aims of their group and make plans for its social activities. This group was named The WAAAF General Committee with Miss Gwen Stark elected as first President and Miss Jeanne Simpson as first Secretary.\nThe Branch went through a few name changes until in 1971 it was resolved that the WAAAF Wing would become a branch of the RAAFA, to be known as the WAAAF Branch. It remains the WAAAF Branch today.\nThe aim of the Branch when formed was to maintain friendships developed during the war years and to come together to undertake social activities as well as to raise funds for welfare activities such as equipping a creche and nursery in the city where WAAAF and airmen's wives could leave their children for a few hours. That basic aim is still in place over 50 years later with the Branch maintaining support for its members and offering assistance where needed.\nA quarterly newsletter, WAAAF Chat, is produced by the Branch and provides members with news of upcoming social and official events and reunions along with general interest items.\nOriginally, the Branch held Housie nights and donated all moneys raised to the Headquarters of the RAAFA, where some members are engaged in voluntary work. They attend memorial services, special church services, Anzac Day and Ex-Servicewomen's marches and annual conferences. Members also visit hospitals and institutions of care, keeping in touch with each other through home visits and Department of Veterans' Affairs meetings.\nDuring its early years, the Branch sponsored young underprivileged women to make their debuts at the RAAFA Balls by providing them with clothes and assistance.\nMembers have participated, with other ex-servicewomen's associations, in helping to raise money for the building of 12 self-contained units in Friendship Court at the RSL Veterans Retirement Village, Narrabeen. Also they have contributed to and attended the dedications for the memorial in the Jessie Street Gardens in Loftus Street, Sydney, and the Ex-Servicewomen's memorial in Canberra.\nThe Branch took part in the 'Entombment of the Unknown Soldier' (1993), the march and luncheon held in Canberra for 'Australia Remembers' in 1995 and the Federation Parade in 2001.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/raaf-association-nsw-division-waaaf-branch-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Voluntary Aid Detachments (VAD)", "Entry ID": "AWE0491", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/voluntary-aid-detachments-vad\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Community organisation", "Summary": "Voluntary Aid Detachments were established during World War I by members of the Australian Red Cross and the Order of St John. Members received instruction in first aid and home nursing from the St John Ambulance Association. Initially they worked without pay in hospitals and convalescent homes alongside doctors and nurses. After the war the voluntary service continued. Recruits were drawn from the local area by invitation from a serving member. During the World War II Voluntary Aid Detachment members were given more medical training, but they were not fully qualified nurses. Voluntary Aides worked in convalescent hospitals, on hospital ships and in the blood bank, as well as on the home front.\nIn New South Wales Voluntary Aid Detachments are now part of the Voluntary Aid Service Corps (VASC). To become a member of the Corps, volunteers must hold a current Senior First Aid Certificate. Members provide free first aid at major sporting and cultural events as well as assistance in times of disaster.\n", "Details": "The Australian Red Cross began organising Voluntary Aid Detachments (VADs) nation-wide as part of Lady Helen Munro Ferguson's appeal \"to the women of Australia\" at the onset of World War I. They soon came to be largely comprised of women. Their scheme followed the policy of the British War Office, and the British Red Cross Society, of which Australia was developing a branch. A number of women had also enrolled in a Voluntary Aid Detachment in 1914 as part of the formation of the New South Wales branch of the British Red Cross Society. By August 1915, the Australian branch of the British Red Cross reported that Victoria and Tasmania also had Voluntary Aid Detachments. In addition Special Voluntary Aid Detachment Committees had been formed in each State Division, and a Committee of the Central Council had been formed. Recognised by the Military, the Voluntary Aid Detachments were at their peak in World War I and World War II, providing first aid, nursing assistance, comforts, domestic assistance and other supports for returned and wounded soldiers. In between the two World Wars, they continued their care for ex-soldiers and their families, raised funds, and moved into civil hospitals, homes and health associations. In 1928, they became a technical reserve of the Army Medical Corps, administered under the Minister of Defence through a Joint Central Council. After World War II, they extended their civilian service, which included the assistance of new immigrants. In January 1948, direct control of the Voluntary Aid Detachments was returned to the Australian Red Cross and St John Ambulance Society. Yet many Voluntary Aid Detachments folded as time went on, States withdrew from this area, and staff worked in a range of other Australian Red Cross services. In New South Wales, however, the Voluntary Aid Detachments were renamed and revamped as the Voluntary Aid Service Corps in 1967, where they still remain active.\n", "Events": "200 Voluntary Aids embark for the Middle East. (1941 - 1941) \nAfter the war the voluntary service continued in hospitals throughout Australia, drawing recruits from local areas by invitation from a serving member (1918 - 1939) \nApproval granted for Voluntary Aids to serve overseas (1941 - 1941) \nAustralian Government recognised the Voluntary Aid Detachments as auxiliaries to the Medical Service, and Voluntary Aids began working in military hospitals in Australia (1916 - 1918) \nDirect control of the Voluntary Aid Detchments was returned to the Australian Red Cross and St John Ambulance Society (1948 - 1948) \nDue to labour shortages Voluntary Aids once again began working in the military hospital system (1939 - 1940) \nDuring World War II Voluntary Aid Detachment members serve in Cairo, Gaza and Ceylon as well as on hospital ships (1941 - 1941) \nThe Australian Army Medical Women's Service established to distinguish between full-time military Voluntary Aids and those attached on a voluntary basis to the aid organisations (1942 - 1942) \nThe Military Board approved the call-up of Voluntary Aids, and the Voluntary Aid Detachment began to be administered as a service within the Army Medical Service (1942 - 1942) \nThe role of Voluntary Aid Detachments expanded and they are now employed in a wide range of positions, including as clerks, ambulance drivers, seamstresses, storekeepers, radiographers, dental orderlies and laundry staff (1941 - 1941) \nVoluntary Aid Detachments became a technical reserve of the Army Medical Corps, administered under the Minister of Defence through a Joint Central Council (1928 - 1948) \nVoluntary Aid Detachments were renamed and revamped as the Voluntary Aid Service Corps (1967 - 1967) \nVoluntary Aids began receiving payment for their duties (1940 - 1940)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/vads-in-peace-and-war-the-history-of-voluntary-aid-detachments-in-australia-during-the-20th-century\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-best-p-m-for-the-empire-lady-helen-munro-ferguson-and-the-australian-red-cross-society-1914-1920\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/voluntary-aid-detachments\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unsung-heroes-australias-military-medical-personnel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nightingales-in-the-mud-the-digger-sisters-of-the-great-war-1914-1918\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/50-years-service-to-humanity\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-red-cross-1914-1975-years-of-change\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/red-cross-vas-a-history-of-the-vad-movement-in-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-blue-to-khaki-the-enlisted-voluntary-aids-and-others-who-became-members-of-the-australian-army-medical-womens-service-and-served-from-1941-1951\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/just-wanted-to-be-there-australian-service-nurses-1899-1999\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/look-what-you-started-henry-a-history-of-the-australian-red-cross-1914-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-files-multiple-number-series\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/registration-of-red-cross-voluntary-aid-detachments-vads\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/scheme-for-the-organisation-of-voluntary-aid-in-australia-also-handbook-for-voluntary-aid-detachments-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/change-of-name-of-voluntary-aid-detachment-feminist-club-wakehurst-vad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lila-stocks-nee-mckenzie-voluntary-aid-detachment-and-private-australian-army-medical-womens-service-interviewed-by-angie-michaelis-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archive-of-australia-in-the-war-of\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jill-edith-linton-nee-oliver-as-a-private-australian-army-medical-womens-service-interviewed-by-angie-michaelis-for-the-keith-murdoch-sound-archives-of-australia-in-the-war-of-1939-45\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/medical-kit-voluntary-aid-detachment\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-services-on-parade-in-melbourne-and-sydney-news-from-home-no-65\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-patsy-adam-smith-when-the-war-came-to-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-leaders-of-the-australian-red-cross-voluntary-aid-detachment-vad\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/group-portrait-of-members-of-the-first-vad-voluntary-aid-detachment-contingent-to-travel-overseas\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/change-of-title-from-vad-voluntary-aid-detachment-to-aamws-australian-army-medical-womens-service-box-69\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/voluntary-organizations-and-womens-services-correspondence-concerning-design-of-voluntary-aid-detachment-certificates-and-use-of-the-red-cross-symbol\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/voluntary-organizations-and-womens-services-voluntary-aid-detachments\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/voluntary-organizations-voluntary-aid-detachments-vad-memoranda-summaries-and-handbooks-concerning-the-enrolment-and-training-of-women-for-national-emergency\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/joint-state-council-vad-voluntary-aid-detachments\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/services-personnel-basis-of-issues-including-australian-womens-land-army-red-cross-vads-voluntary-aid-detachments-and-st-johns-ambulance-brigade\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/army-medical-dental-corps-nurses-and-specialists-applications-for-a-commission-in-the-a-a-m-c-voluntary-aid-detachments-v-a-d-j-m-snelling-box-69\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/subsidies-australian-red-cross-society-voluntary-aid-detachments\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/army-medical-dental-corps-nurses-and-specialists-applications-for-a-commission-in-the-a-a-m-c-voluntary-aid-detachments-v-a-d-j-l-christie-box-69\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/voluntary-aid-detachments-registration\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/organisation-of-vad-voluntary-aid-detachment\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/voluntary-aid-detachments-grants\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ladies-of-voluntary-aid-detachments-marching-past-lady-helen-munro-ferguson-wife-of-the-governor-general-in-front-of-government-house\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/uniforms-for-vad-voluntary-aid-detachment-and-awla-australian-womens-land-army\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tr-1772-women-in-war-personal-reminiscences-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/army-medical-dental-corps-nurses-and-specialists-applications-for-a-commission-in-the-a-a-m-c-voluntary-aid-detachments-v-a-d-a-r-appleford-box-69\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "National Council of Women of Victoria", "Entry ID": "AWE0501", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-victoria\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Voluntary organisation", "Summary": "Officially founded in 1902, with Janet Lady Clarke as president, and continuing today, the National Council of Women of Victoria is an umbrella organisation for a large and diverse number of affiliated Victorian women's groups. It functions as a political lobby group, attempting to influence local, state and federal government. Like all National Councils of Women, it operates though a standing committee system whereby specific issues are brought before the Council and, if there is general agreement that a question should be taken up, a subcommittee is established to investigate the matter.\nUntil the 1940s at least, the Council was a major focal point for women's activism.\nIts initial aims were:\n1. To establish a bond of union between the various affiliated societies.\n2. To advance the interests of women and children and of humanity in general.\n3. To confer on questions relating to the welfare of the family, the State and the Commonwealth.'\nWhile encompassing a diverse range of organisations, the Council emerged as a largely middle-class women's organisation especially in terms of its office bearers.\nAlthough not always an overtly feminist organisation, the NCWV drew on the conviction that women had a special contribution to make to public life and the formulation of social policy. They were thus concerned with a wide array of social reform issues** as well as those more directly related to the legal and social status of women. It also drew on notions of gender unity and international sisterhood.\n[Kate Gray, 'The Acceptable Face of Feminism: the National Council of Women, 1902-1918', MA thesis, University of Melbourne, 1988.]\n", "Details": "Women's organisations affiliated with the National Council of Women of Victoria have a wide range of goals and aims. Thirty five organisations were affiliated in 1902, and 139 by 1977 [Norris, p. 10-11]. These organisations include groups dedicated to philanthropic and reform causes, social and cultural societies as well as professional organisations. These included the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, the Young Women's Christian Association, the Australian Women's National League, the League of Women voters of Victoria, the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, the Business and Professional Women's Club of Melbourne, the National Council of Jewish Women, the Union of Australian Women, the Royal Australian Nursing Federation (Victorian Branch), the Right to Choose Coalition, the Victorian Association of Benevolent Societies, the Women's Electoral Lobby, the Family Planning Association and the Free Kindergarten Union of Victoria.\nAll National Councils of Women, and the International Council of Women, operate though a standing committee system. The process was for specific issues to be brought before the Council by individual delegates. Often the issues were of special interest to one or more affiliated organisations, who may have been working unsuccessfully on them for some time. Once it appeared from preliminary discussions that there was general agreement that a question should be taken up, a subcommittee was established to investigate the matter and draw up recommendations on which the Council could act. The first subcommittee formed in 1902 on the introduction of Police matrons in city and suburban lockups. Other early committees concerned themselves with the establishment of a colony for epileptics, with children playgrounds and with street lighting. Latter standing committees included: Arts and Letters; Child and Family; Education; Health; Home Economics; Internal Relations and Peace; Laws; Mass Media; Social Welfare; Women and Employment; Migration.\nFrom at least 1919, they advocated equal pay for equal work - [Norris, p. 41] but it was not until 1954 that active steps were taken by the Council to promote wage equality for women [Norris, p. 46]\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-acceptable-face-of-feminism-national-council-of-women-1902-1918\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-womens-movement-in-the-new-south-wales-and-victoria-1918-1938\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/champions-of-the-impossible-a-history-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-victoria-1902-1977\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-vision-to-reality-histories-of-the-affiliates-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-victoria\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/valuing-the-volunteers-an-anthology-for-the-international-year-of-volunteers-2001\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-brief-history-of-the-national-council-of-women-of-victoria-1902-1945\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/nine-decades\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/regional-branches-1927-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/forty-years-on-women-still-pioneering-a-collection-of-speeches-from-the-australia-day-womens-ceremony-pioneer-womens-garden-kings-domain-melbourne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/50-years-1944-1994\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hints-for-the-busy-housewife\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-report-5\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-at-work-conference\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-woman-question-in-melbourne-1880-1914\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-national-council-of-women-of-victoria-suffrage-and-political-citizenship-1904-14\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/oke-marjorie-1911-2003\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/national-council-of-women-of-victoria-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/minutes-1904-1960-microform\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/norris-dame-ada-may-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/moore-edith-eliza-harrison\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1939-1974-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-1978-1987-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "WRANS Memorial HMAS Harman<\/I>", "Entry ID": "AWE0566", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wrans-memorial-hmas-harman\/", "Type": "Cultural Artefact", "Occupations": "Commemoration", "Summary": "On 1 July 2003 a dedication of a WRANS Memorial, formally recognising Harman as 'The Birthplace of the WRANS,' was held. The WRANS Memorial HMAS Harman is dedicated to those who have served in the Woman's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS) and those females who have and are currently serving in the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).\n", "Details": "In April 1941, 14 women (12 telegraphists and 2 stewards) started work at HMAS Harman near Canberra. At the time instructions were given that no publicity was to be given to the formation of the women's service, but this changed after the war in the Pacific began. During World War II more than 2000 women served in the WRANS. The WRANS served in shore establishments or 'stone frigates' primarily, hence the shape of a building as the main form in the structure. To show that the focus of the work being done by the WRANS was in support of those at sea the sides of the 'stone frigate' are covered in tiles of a colour akin to that of the sea. In the foreground of the memorial there are two bollards to represent the 'ties to the shore' of those at sea. The top of the memorial is sandstone with three distinct capping pieces, one each for the two service periods of the WRANS 1941-1946 and 1951-1984 and, the third to represent the ongoing contribution to the Navy of the female members of the RAN. The sandstone is reflective of the seabed and the seashore. At the rear are two flag poles from which will fly the Australian White Ensign (introduced in 1967) and the White Ensign (flown by the RAN from its inception until 1967), the latter in recognition of the period in which the WRANS first served.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian Ex-Prisoners of War Memorial", "Entry ID": "AWE0569", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-ex-prisoners-of-war-memorial-5\/", "Type": "Cultural Artefact", "Occupations": "Commemoration", "Summary": "The Australian Ex-Prisoners of War Memorial located at the Ballarat Botanical Gardens features a granite wall listing the names of Australian Prisoners of War (POW). The listing is by surname and initials and shown by war. Between the Boer War (1899-1902) and the Korean War in the 1950's 34,737 Australian servicemen and women (59 World War II nurses) were incarcerated in POW camps.\n", "Details": "The monument, designed by sculptor Peter Blizzard, is intended to provide ex-prisoners of war, their descendants, visitors and future generations with a reflective experience.\nThe design of the POW monument uses the basic idea of a journey through and an experience of time and place. The start of the pathway is long and straight heading off into the shape of railway sleepers, a reference to the Burma Railway. Running parallel to the pathway is a polished black granite wall, 130 metres long etched with the names of all Australian POWs. Standing in a reflective pool are huge basalt obelisks up to 4.5 metres high with the names of the POW camps. The columns are out of reach and across the water symbolizing that all the POW camps were away from Australian shores. Further on, there is another wall with the words 'Lest we Forget' engraved, allowing for an area of contemplation and reflection after the \"journey\".\nThe Memorial's dedication took place on 6 February 2004.\nNurses listed on Memorial\n\nAnderson, M J\nAshton, C J\nBalfour-Ogilvy, E L\nBeard, A M\nBlake, K C\nBlanch, J J\nBridge, A J\nBullwinkel, V\nCallaghan, E M\nCasson, F R\nClancy, V A\nCullen, M C\nCuthbertson, M E\nDavis, W M\nDelforce, C E M\nDorsch, M H M\nDoyle, J G\nDrummond, I M\nElmes, D G\nFairweather, L F\nFreeman, R D\nGardam, D S\nGreer, J K\nGunther, J P\nHalligan, C I\nHannah, E M\nHarper, I\nHarris, N\nHempsted, P B\nHodgson, M I\nHughes, G L\nJames, N G\nJeffrey, A B\nKeast, D C\nKeats, E L\nKerr, J\nMcElnea, V I\nMcGlade, M E\nMittelheuser, P B\nMuir, S J M\nNeuss, K M\nOram, W E F\nOxley, C S M\nParker, K I\nRaymont, W R\nSalmon, F A\nShort, E M\nSimons, J E\nSingleton, I A\nSmith, V E\nStewart, E S J\nSyer, A C\nTait, M M A\nTrotter, F E\nTweddell, J\nWhyte, L M\nWight, R J\nWilmott, B\nWoodbridge, B\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/34737-pows-we-will-remember-them\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/all-expectations-surpassed-despite-unexpected-heat\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/thousands-eager-to-search-for-names\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/memories-shared-by-generations\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-ex-prisoners-of-war-memorial-ballarat-botanical-gardens\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian Red Cross", "Entry ID": "AWE0715", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-red-cross\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", "Occupations": "Humanitarian organisation, Voluntary organisation", "Summary": "The Australian Red Cross Society (ARCS) was formed just after the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, initially as a branch of the British Red Cross Society. Its first president was Lady Helen Munro Ferguson, wife of the then governor-general. Via a network of state branches and division, also presided over by women, the organisation extended its influence throughout the community of Australian women, urban and rural, to the point where women constituted the vast majority of its membership, as well as featuring prominently in its leadership. Although the organisation was involved in a range of activities, including the establishment of agencies overseas dedicated to supplying families in Australia with information about wounded and missing soldiers, it is probably best known for its success in mobilising volunteers to create the much appreciated and eagerly anticipated 'comfort' parcels that were sent to servicemen overseas. From the date of its inception until the armistice the ARCS dispatched 395,695 food parcels and 36,339 clothing parcels. Thousands of women contributed their time and money to make this possible\n", "Details": "The Australian Red Cross was founded on 13 August 1914 in response to the start of World War I, and was originally known as the Australian branch of the British Red Cross Society. Before the end of World War I it was being called the Australian Red Cross Society, although it was still considered to be a branch of the British Red Cross Society. In 1927, the Australian Red Cross Society gained recognition as an independent National Red Cross Society and ceased being a branch of the British Red Cross Society. In 1941 the Australian Red Cross Society was incorporated by Royal Charter, and in 1992 the Australian Red Cross Society decided to shorten its name for external audiences to Australian Red Cross, by which name it is known today (however, its legal name remains Australian Red Cross Society).\nThe Australian Red Cross was founded by Lady Helen Munro Ferguson, the wife of Australia's Governor-General, and she became the first President of the Australian Red Cross. In 1914, the Australian Red Cross immediately formed Divisions in each of the six States. The Divisional Presidents, who were the wives of the State Governors, were instrumental in the creation of the Australian Red Cross State Divisions. As these Presidents traversed the country, and launched appeals through local organisations and the press, the Divisions soon had a vast number of rural and metropolitan branches. Directly appealed to, women became the great majority of members, several high-ranking women were appointed to governing committees, and Australian women took leading positions throughout the organisation.\nIn 1914, the Australian Red Cross was largely involved with providing relief services to the Australian Defence Force, with Headquarters located in Melbourne which coordinated the international relief services. In later years, Australian Red Cross Divisions opened in the Northern Territory and Australian Capital Territory, as well as other Australian territories such as Norfolk Island and Papua New Guinea.\nAs at 2004, the Australian Red Cross has a national office based in Melbourne and has offices in each of the six states and two territories. The Australian Red Cross State and Territory Offices manage all activities run within their own state or territory. The national office coordinates international activities with which the Australian Red Cross is involved, as well as coordinating Australian Red Cross activities that are managed on a national basis.\nToday, the many and varied activities of the Australian Red Cross include International Tracing and Refugee Services, Youth and Education Services, First Aid, Health and Safety Services, Disaster and Emergency Services, the Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Community Care Programs, Aged and Home Care Services, International Humanitarian Law, and international development programs and aid.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-best-p-m-for-the-empire-lady-helen-munro-ferguson-and-the-australian-red-cross-society-1914-1920\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mackinnon-eleanor-vokes-irby-1871-1836\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-humane-and-intimate-administration-the-red-cross-world-war-two-wounded-missing-and-prisoner-of-war-cards\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/humane-and-intimate-how-the-red-cross-helped-families-trace-the-fates-of-ww2-soldiers\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-aif-malayan-nursing-scholarship\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/minutes-of-the-finance-committee\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/control-records-for-correspondence-files-national-headquarters\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-files-national-headquarters\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-red-cross-royal-charter-rules-of-the-society\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/history-role-and-structure\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-reports-of-the-australian-red-cross\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/minutes-and-meeting-papers-national-council\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/red-cross-house-badge\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-relating-to-community-services-social-work-and-welfare-and-disaster-relief-provided-by-the-australian-red-cross\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/publications-first-aid-health-and-safety\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-reports-of-red-cross-divisions-and-blood-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-central-bureau-for-wounded-missing-and-prisoners-of-war-and-of-the-national-tracing-bureau\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-awards-honours-medals-citations\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/publications\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/media-releases\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/minutes-and-meeting-papers-from-national-committees\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papua-new-guinea-division-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aif-malayan-memorial-nursing-scholarship\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/posters\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/audio\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/photographs-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ex Servicewomen's Memorial", "Entry ID": "AWE0759", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ex-servicewomens-memorial\/", "Type": "Cultural Artefact", "Occupations": "Commemoration", "Summary": "The plaque commemorating the service of the women of New South Wales who enlisted in Australia's Defence Forces during World War II is located in the Jessie Street Gardens in Sydney. It was unveiled by His Excellency Rear Admiral Sir David Martin, KCMG, AO on 16 February 1990.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "The Queensland Country Women's Association", "Entry ID": "AWE0788", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-queensland-country-womens-association\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Lobby group", "Summary": "Established in 1922, The Queensland Country Women's Association was declared by letters patent to be a Body Corporate on the 13th July, 1926.\nIt is a non-sectarian, non-party-political, non-profit lobby group and service association working in the interests of women and children in rural areas. Although ostensibly non-party-political, in practice the group has tended to bolster conservative politics and has supported traditional family roles for women. Historically, it was, however, also a progressive force in many ways, particularly in its encouragement of country women to take an active part in public affairs, and also in its lobby for and provision of services to rural areas.\nGiven its size and scope, it was arguably the most influential women's organisation in Queensland in the twentieth century.\n", "Details": "As of 2004 membership was open to all\n women over 16 years of age are welcome. (Younger Set and Associate Members from birth).\n Its website described its role and activities thus:\n'The role of the QCWA has been to improve education, health and welfare for, and to enrich the lives of women and children and hence the family, particularly in the isolated areas of Queensland \u2026\nQCWA activities: -\n Providing training programs at live-in Summer Schools, Younger Set Leadership Schools, Rural Computer Workshops, Health and Literacy Seminars\n Awarding Bursaries to primary \/ secondary \/ tertiary students\n Providing crisis, disaster and emergency help\n Giving assistance through the Rural Crisis Trust Fund to families in need due to prolonged drought\n Special interest groups including Handcraft, Music & Drama, Public Speaking, Dressmaking, Cookery, Knitting & Crochet, Floral Art and International involvement through Country of Study\n A Social Issues Fact Finding Team which continually monitors issues of concern affecting rural, regional and remote Queensland\nQCWA facilities for the public include: -\n Student Hostels in Brisbane and Country centres - tertiary, secondary and primary levels\n Aged Care Facilities - affordable long term accommodation\n Accommodation, Ruth Fairfax House, Brisbane - close to hospitals for Patient Transport Support\n Holiday, Respite and Emergency Accommodation from Gold Coast to Cairns\n Child Care Centres, Kindergartens, Playgrounds, waiting Mothers rooms\n Hospital Haven - Tea Rooms\n Halls - Restrooms\n Royal Flying Doctor Service Clinic Room\nThe Queensland Countrywoman - QCWA publishes its own magazine \"The Queensland Countrywoman\" - 10 copies per year posted to every member.\nQCWA's National Involvement - affiliation with Country Women's Association of Australia (CWA of A), with consultative status to the Australian Government of the day, but remaining autonomous.\nQCWA's International Involvement - affiliation with Associated Country Women of the World (ACWW), the World's largest organisation of rural women and home-makers, with consultative status to several United Nations humanitarian committees such as UNESCO, WHO, UNICEF. ACWW strives to improve the standard of living for all women and their families.'\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/country-women-history-of-the-first-seventy-five-years-the-queensland-country-womens-association\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-many-hats-of-country-women-the-jubilee-history-of-the-country-womens-association-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-things-done-the-country-womens-association-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fifty-years-1922-1972\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/berry-dame-alice-miriam-1900-1978\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/country-womens-association-of-australia-queensland-emu-park-branch\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/country-womens-association-qld-blackwater-branch\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/3282-queensland-country-womens-association-records-1923-2002\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/omgl-queensland-country-womens-association-rosewood-branch-records-1926-1984\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-queensland-country-womens-association-burnett-division\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-queensland-country-womens-association-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/5465-queensland-country-womens-association-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/address-of-welcome-queensland-country-womens-association-and-national-council-of-women-in-queensland\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/7984-queensland-country-womens-association-records-1926-2008\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/5813-queensland-country-womens-association-minute-books-1924-2013\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/28574-queensland-country-womens-association-records-1923-2010\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "The Country Women's Association of Victoria Inc.", "Entry ID": "AWE0791", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-country-womens-association-of-victoria-inc\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Victoria", "Occupations": "Community organisation", "Summary": "The Country Women's Association of Victoria was founded in 1928. It is a non-sectarian, non-party-political, non-profit lobby group working predominantly in the interests of women and children in rural areas. It's first president (1928-1932) was Lady Mitchell.\nThe Association was formed partly in response to the formation of similar groups in other states. A major objective since its foundation was to 'arrest the [population] drift from rural areas'-a problem which persists today. Its major activities have revolved around the provision of services to its members and the improvement of amenities in rural areas.\n", "Details": "The formation of the Victorian Association was prompted by a meeting organised by Lady Somers (wife of the then state governor) in March 1928. It was quickly strengthened by proliferation of local branches and the decision of the seven Victorian Women's Institutes (the first of which had been formed in 1926) to join the new Association. By 1929 it boasted twenty branches with 1700 members.\nSince its foundation the Association has been involved in an enormous range of activities. The early influence of the Women's Institutes ensured a strong emphasis on Homecrafts and Home Industries within the Victorian Association-a Committee was formed devoted to arranging classes and demonstrations in these areas. In 1932 the Committee established a scholarship to enable a country student to attend the Emily McPherson College of Domestic Economy. In 1935 over 900 members from 71 branches sent 3000 entries to the its Handicraft Exhibition. During the WWII the Committee coordinated much of the Association's war work and in the 1950s they organised craft classes for women prisoners.\nOne early initiative was the formation of 'Younger Sets' - for girls and young women. By 1932 there were 28 of these groups-increasing to 97 by 1949. They engaged in fund raising and community worked as well as holding crafts classes and lectures on numerous topics including home economics, travel and literature. Other early activities included the provision of 'rest rooms' in regional centres (to provide facilities for visiting farm women) and the purchase of a holiday home at Black Rock (which extended over the years into a large complex)-to provide members with affordable holiday accommodation. They also helped establish a bush 'Dental van' in the 1930s, ran a 'Home Help Scheme' from 1940-70 and established numerous welfare, relief and scholarship funds. During WWII the Association devoted much of its energy to assisting with the war effort. They made over 150,000 camouflage nets, as well as sheepskin vests for flight crews, numerous other woollen garments. They also established a 'Comforts Fund' for soldiers and sent clothing and bedding to women and children in London.\nIn 1929, the Country Women's Association of Victoria was one of the 23 rural women's organisation which attended a meeting in London, organised by the Marchioness of Aberdeen, to discuss the formation of an international rural women's association. The meeting led to the formation of the Associated Country Women of the World in 1932. From 1945 it became affiliated with the newly formed Country Women's Association of Australia.\nAs of 1978, the organisation's primary aim was 'By community service to improve conditions in the country more especially as they affect the welfare of women and children.'\nOver the years the Association's branches have produced numerous cookery and handicraft books as well as local histories.\nIn 2004, the Association's website described its purpose and activities thus:\n'The Country Women's Association of Victoria Inc. is an organisation based on friendship and self-development opportunities for women of all races, religions or political beliefs. It is an organisation where women from rural and urban areas can meet as one, as the Women of the Country.\nThe CWA of Victoria is unique in that it does not have charitable status, is not totally a service club, nor a philanthropic organisation. It supports numerous charitable causes, particularly as they concern women, children and families.\nThe CWA of Victoria is involved with Government departments in several programs including Wise Women Working and Diversity Victoria, which aim to bring together different cultures for a better understanding across racial borders. It also has input through the Victorian Women's Summit conferences which reflect women's opinions.\nThe Social Issues Committee's role is to research issues which effect women and children in our community, to lobby State and Commonwealth Governments to change things for the betterment of women and to keep members informed through \"The Country Woman\" magazine.' (Issues it has considered include: Problem Gambling, Farm safety, Workcare, Aged Care, Medical indemnity crisis, Shortage of obstetric specialists in rural areas, Funding for Breast Care Nurses, Suicide, Domestic violence, Privacy Laws, Child Employment). It makes submissions on behalf of Members to Government, and recently conducted a survey of issues to concern to Branches across the State.\n'The CWA of Victoria is undertaking an adventurous program of establishing an Internet Branch to give women the opportunity to communicate with like-minded persons.\nCrafts are taught and encouraged at Branch, Group and State levels and choral and drama groups thrive at some Branches.\nA Statewide public speaking competition culminates with the final at the State Conference each year.\nA Scholarship Fund has been set up to assist with tertiary education for Member's children. Scholarships for non-members are also available.\nThe Welfare and Emergency funds are used to help people in with household and personal items in time of disaster.\nA medical research program is the recipient of the Thanksgiving Fund each year.\nMany weary Royal Agricultural Show patrons enjoy the CWA hospitality in the cafeteria at the Royal Melbourne Show.'\nThey continue to hold regular craft schools.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/twenty-one-years-a-brief-history-of-the-association-since-it-was-founded-in-1928\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-politics-of-influence-the-work-of-the-country-womens-association-of-victoria-incorporated-in-the-public-sphere\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tea-scones-and-a-willing-ear-the-country-womens-association-of-victoria-1928-1934\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/handicrafts-of-the-country-womens-association-of-victoria\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-history-of-c-w-a-in-wedderburn\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/official-annual-of-the-country-womens-association-of-victoria-annual-report-and-balance-sheet\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tapestry-of-achievement-60-years-of-the-south-western-district-of-the-country-womens-association\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/through-the-years-1934-1988-central-wimmera-group\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/murray-valley-group-cwa-victoria-1934-1984\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brave-days-pioneer-tales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/constitution-rules-and-aims\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-many-hats-of-country-women-the-jubilee-history-of-the-country-womens-association-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/getting-things-done-the-country-womens-association-of-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/years-of-adventure-1928-1978-fifty-years-of-service-by-the-country-womens-association-of-victoria\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/companionship-welfare-and-achievement-of-cowes-branch-of-the-country-womens-association-of-victoria-the-first-fifty-years-of-c-w-a-on-phillip-island\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-history-of-drysdale-c-w-a-incorporated-1948-1988\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/60-years-of-service-bruthen-country-womens-association\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-briagolong-branch-country-womens-association-golden-jubilee-1951-2001\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sixty-years-of-sharing-1931-1991\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-touch-of-time-wangaratta-c-w-a-1929-1994\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/victorian-country-woman\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/country-crafts-new-country-crafts\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/country-womens-association-merbein-branch\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/country-womens-association-of-victoria-inc\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/country-womens-association-robinvale-branch\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-ca-1928-ca-1975-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/mildred-mattinson-interviewed-by-helen-oshea-for-the-helen-oshea-collection-of-australian-folklore-in-its-social-context-1989-1990-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/phyllis-oldfield-interviewed-by-helen-oshea-for-the-helen-oshea-collection-of-australian-folklore-in-its-social-context-1989-1990-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pan Pacific and South East Asian Women's Association - South Australia (S.A.) Branch", "Entry ID": "AWE0820", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pan-pacific-and-south-east-asian-womens-association-south-australia-s-a-branch\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Summary": "The Pan Pacific and South East Asian Women's Association - South Australian (S.A.) Branch was active from 1928. Miss Lena Swann represented South Australia at the Pan-Pacific Conference held in Honolulu. In 1931 Dr. Constance Davey formed the South Australian Branch with Miss Swann as Honorary Secretary. It was originally composed of delegates from various women's organizations, including the League of Women Voters, who were very helpful in the early days. Later, individual members were also accepted. The Association aimed to strengthen the bonds of peace by fostering better understanding and friendship among women of all Pacific and South East Asian areas. It also sought to promote co-operation among women of these regions for the study and improvement of social conditions. To achieve these aims, various methods were employed such as lectures, international nights, study groups and representation on various committees such as the Good Neighbour Council and the United Nations Association - South Australian Division. Dr. Davey remained in the Chair until the late 1940s or early 1950s and was replaced by the Reverend Winifred Kiek who was later elected vice-president of the National Association which formed in 1953. Early members included Ellinor Walker, Hilda Harris, Edith Caseley, and Mrs. Mountford.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pan-pacific-south-east-asia-womens-association-diamond-jubilee-seventeenth-international-conference-canberra-1988\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sixty-years-on-the-story-of-the-pan-pacific-south-east-asia-womens-association-1928-1988-australias-part\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pan-pacific-s-e-asian-womens-association-summary-record\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/united-association-of-women-further-records-1930-1978\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian Comforts Fund", "Entry ID": "AWE0988", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-comforts-fund\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Voluntary organisation", "Summary": "The Australian Comforts Fund was established in August 1916 to co-ordinate the activities of the state based patriotic funds, which were established earlier in World War I. Mainly run by women, they provided and distributed free comforts to the Australian 'fit' fighting men in all the battle zones. They became divisions of the Australian Comforts Fund. The Council of the Fund comprised two delegates from New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland and one from the states of Western Australia, South Australia and Tasmania. The Executive headquarters was located in Sydney. It ceased operation on 10 April 1920 and was reconstituted in World War II in June 1940 and ceased operation again on 27 June 1946.\n", "Details": "The state bodies in World War I were: New South Wales: the 'Citizens' 'War Chest' Fund; Queensland Patriotic Fund; South Australia: League of Loyal Women; Tasmania: 'On Active Service Fund'; Australian Comforts Fund, Victorian Division; Victoria League of Western Australia.\nDuring World War II the state bodies were called : The Lord Mayor's Patriotic and War Fund of New South Wales; the Australian Comforts Fund, Victorian Division; the Australian Comforts Fund, Queensland Division; the Australian Comforts Fund, Tasmanian Division; the Fighting Forces Comforts Fund SA Inc; the Victoria League Camp Comforts Fund ( W A )\nAustralian Comforts Fund commissioners conducted its activities in the field, holding honorary rank as officers of the Army or Air Force.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/proud-story-the-official-history-of-the-australian-comforts-fund\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-history-of-the-australian-comforts-fund-being-the-official-record-of-a-voluntary-civilian-organisation-which-during-the-great-war-1914-1919-and-until-the-return-of-all-the-australian-troops-19\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-comforts-fund-papers-1916-1919\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian Women's Land Army Queensland Division", "Entry ID": "AWE1005", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-land-army-queensland-division\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Death Place": "Brisbane, Queensland, Australia", "Occupations": "Services organisation", "Summary": "The Australian Women's Land Army, Queensland Division, was established in July 1942, to help 'fight on the food front.' Queensland women comprised almost one quarter of the nation's enlistees for war on this front. At its peak, 3,000 women were members of the Australian Women's Land Army, 700 of who came from Queensland.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/om90-04-australian-womens-land-army-records-1942-1975\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian In My Difference: Women and Migration in Australia since 1945", "Entry ID": "AWE1824", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-in-my-difference-women-and-migration-in-australia-since-1945\/", "Type": "Exhibition", "Summary": "Australian in My Difference is an online exhibition that celebrates Australian women by focusing on the ways that women from diverse cultures, particularly, but not exclusively, those who came in the latter part of the twentieth century, have contributed to Australian society through their roles in the home, family, community leadership and public life. It not only aims to highlight the achievements of some remarkable women, but to add to the growing scholarly and public discussion about migration as a 'gendered process'; one that is now undergone by more women than men, not only in Australia, but on a global scale.\nThe project is a joint initiative of the Australian Women's Archives Project, the Department of Immigration, Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs and the University of Melbourne.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-in-my-difference-women-and-migration-in-australian-since-1945\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Tilley's Devine Caf\u00e9", "Entry ID": "AWE2106", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tilleys-devine-cafe\/", "Type": "Place", "Occupations": "Caf\u221a\u00a9", "Summary": "Tilley's Devine Caf\u00e9 may not rival its namesake in the arenas of vice and criminality, but in Canberra and beyond, this institution has been celebrated for providing originality and flair for over twenty-two years.\n", "Details": "Named after the colourful Tilley Devine, Sydney's infamous madam and 'Bordello Queen' of the 1920s, the caf\u00e9 was established on the corner of Wattle and Brigalow Streets in Lyneham in January 1984 by owner and manager, Paulie Higgisson. On opening night a seating capacity of 60 was swamped by an eager crowd of 420.\nWith elegant, dark wood fittings, a moody, deep red colour scheme, and soft jazz wafting between the old-fashioned booths lining the walls, there are some things essentially nostalgic and cinematic about Tilley's romantic atmosphere, reminiscent of a Hollywood film noir. Its timeless in a way that's hard to emulate in a youngish, fickle town like Canberra, where high turnover of night spots seem inevitably dictated by the relative hip-factor of the d\u00e9cor, the DJ and the cocktail menu.\nHowever, Tilley's has achieved more than just create a creative ambience and space of effortless charm; it has been blazing a trail on multiple fronts from its inception. Initially established to create a safe and comfortable environment for women, Tilley's caused its first commotion by banning groups of men drinking inside unless they were accompanied by at least one woman. 'I just didn't want a room full of blokes', Higgisson told the Canberra Times in 2003. Despite the uproar (generated generally by men) this door policy was maintained for two years, solidifying a non-threatening atmosphere, a considerate client base, and in the process unintentionally racking up a good deal of free publicity.\nTilley's is also in a field of 'firsts', being the first licensed outdoor venue in Australia and the first bar to ban smoking indoors, eight years before any laws were introduced to enforce such a scenario. As a mecca for serious music appreciation, Tilley's has over the years developed a formidable reputation within the industry and wider public. An awesome array of Australian and international artists have presented a continuous program for twenty-one years. Again an idiosyncratic policy of not serving food or drinks during performances so as not to detract from the show through the hubbub of drinking and dining marked Tilley's as a connoisseurs' choice.\nWhile not originally conceived as a live music venue, Higgisson's skill and background as a music producer and sound engineer meant this side of the operation grew almost by osmosis. As an offshoot it became a remarkably strong trump card with Higgisson maintaining, in keeping with the Tilley's legend, that in the last eighteen years she has never had to try and book a musician. Instead there has been a steady stream chasing her - among them have been guitarists Jose Feliciano, Slava Grigoryan and Karin Schaupp, Canned Heat, Screamin' Jay Hawkins, legendary acts like the Animals, and songwriters like Jimmy Webb.\nUnfortunately, this approach has become a victim of its own success - 'Keeping Music Live', at least on a regular basis, is now untenable. As Higgison explained in an article in the Canberra Times, 'The day the music died', 'We've had a fabulous reputation for our concerts and one of the reasons is that we keep the place pin-drop silent. It's an environment that both artists and audiences won't get anywhere else, except perhaps in a theatre. But by definition, it's financially an unproductive time for us, all in the name of the civility of the gig.'\nFor this reason, plus escalating overheads and the unrelenting nature of planning such a series of events, Tilley's famed weekly schedule of concerts ended with the 'Last Hurrah' on Sunday 30 October 2005. The news of Tilley's live music demise has been greeted with much dismay across Canberra and beyond. However the stage has remained and Higgisson intends to stage live gigs from time to time, such as for the Multicultural Festival in February 2006.\nThis entry was prepared in 2006 by Roslyn Russell and Barbara Lemon, Museum Services, and funded by the ACT Heritage Unit.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brief-biography-of-tilly-devine\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/prostitution-regulation-in-colonial-and-early-federal-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/transcript-of-razor-gang-feuds-tilly-devine-vs-kate-leigh\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Seven Writers", "Entry ID": "AWE2108", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/seven-writers\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Australian Capital Territory", "Occupations": "Writers Group", "Summary": "Seven Writers was a group of Canberra-based women writers who met regularly to debate and critique one another's work.\nThis entry was sponsored by a generous donation from Christine Foley.\n", "Details": "Beginning with three members in 1980, the group grew to include seven female Canberra-based writers by 1984. They were founding member Dorothy Johnston (1948- ), Margaret Barbalet (1949- ), Sara Dowse (1938- ), Suzanne Edgar (1939- ), Marian Eldridge (1936-1997), Marion Halligan (1940- ) and Dorothy Horsfield (1948- ).\nMembers' published works include short stories, novels, children's literature, non-fiction, articles and reviews, and in diverse ways their writing vividly portrays life 'beneath the surface of Canberra'.\nCollectively the group authored Canberra Tales in 1988, later republished as The Division of Love in 1996, an anthology of short stories about life in Canberra. This was considered a landmark publication for Canberra fiction and received an ACT Bicentennial Award.\nSeven Writers raised the profile of Canberra-based authors, and in 1995 a photographic portrait of the group appeared in the National Library of Australia exhibition, Beyond the Picket Fence.\nAfter the death of Marian Eldridge in 1997, the group did not meet again for one year. Sara Dowse relocated to Canada in 1998. She returned to Australia in 2004. The members are still friends but no longer meet formally to critique one another's work.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-division-of-love-stories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-fog-garden-a-novel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/counting-backwards-and-other-stories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/west-block-the-hidden-world-of-canberras-mandarins\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/silver-city\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/schemetime\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sapphires\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/digging\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dream-run\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/venom\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-house-at-number-10\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-worry-box\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-apricot-colonel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cockles-of-the-heart\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collected-stories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eat-my-words\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-golden-dress\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-hanged-man-in-the-garden\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-living-hothouse\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lovers-knots-a-hundred-year-novel\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/out-of-the-picture\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/self-possession\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/spidercup\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-taste-of-memory\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wishbone\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/maralinga-my-love\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/one-for-the-master\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ruth\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-trojan-dog\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tunnel-vision\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/springfield\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/blood-in-the-rain\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/far-from-a-low-gutter-girl-the-forgotten-world-of-state-wards-south-australia-1887-1940\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/steel-beach\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lady-baby-gypsy-queen\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-presence-of-angels\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-seven-writers-group-between-1986-and-approximately-2000\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-sara-dowse-1958-2007-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-marian-eldridge-1942-1997-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-margaret-barbalet-1974-1993-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-marion-halligan-circa-1970-circa-2003-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/maralinga-cycle-1988-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Eldridge Award", "Entry ID": "AWE2109", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eldridge-award\/", "Type": "Award", "Birth Place": "Australian Capital Territory", "Summary": "The Marian Eldridge Award is a national award to encourage an aspiring female writer to undertake a literary activity such as a short course of study, or to complete a project, or attend a writers' week or a conference. There is no age limit.\nThe award was established in 1998 under the auspices of the National Foundation for Australian Women, as a legacy of Marian Eldridge (1 February 1936 - 14 February 1997), an acclaimed short story writer, a novelist, poet and teacher who spent most of her creative writing years in Canberra, where inter alia she was instrumental in establishing the ACT Writers' Centre.\nIn the last months of her life she planned a gift to establish a professional development award to nurture writers. She said that the recipient should not be established but someone whose writing showed promise, and that the writing need not be fiction. Marian said that \"when trying to assist aspiring writers 'every little bit helps' and that such recognition would be an important milestone in a developing literary career.\nAn Advisory Group selected by Marian Eldridge's family decides each year on guidelines for applicants, assesses applications and selects the recipient of the award.\nThe first four competitions ($1000 cash prize) were confined to residents of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and New South Wales (NSW), and brought in a total of 78 applications. The winners of those competitions of were:\n\u2022Sarah St Vincent Welch (1998)\n\u2022Julie Simpson (1999)\n\u2022Rose de Angelis (2000)\n\u2022Elanna Herbert (2001)\nA wider Advisory Group has since been established, which now includes representatives from the National Library of Australia, the School of Creative Communication at the University of Canberra and the ACT Cultural Council. From its fifth year, the award was open to applicants throughout Australia. National competition winners have been:\n\u2022Annah Faulkner (2002\/2003)\n\u2022Caroline Lee (2005).\nThe award amount is currently $1500.\n(This entry is sponsored by generous donation from Christine Foley.)\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/collection-of-marian-eldridge-photographs\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marian-eldridge-interviewed-by-heather-rusden-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Office of Multicultural Affairs", "Entry ID": "AWE2124", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/office-of-multicultural-affairs\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Government Agency", "Summary": "The Office of Multicultural Affairs (OMA) was a division of the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. It was established early in 1987 to advise the Prime Minister directly on issues relating to Australian multicultural society. The purpose of the office was to be that of a 'bridge-builder', linking community and government to further the policy of multiculturalism. To that end, it had a liaison and Community Information Branch and a Policy and Research Branch. The focus of the community information program was on building upon research undertaken and evaluating ongoing projects. Although most staff were located in Canberra, there were Regional Coordinators in each State and in the Northern Territory, so there was some attention to decentralised services.\nIn early 1995 the functions of the OMA were to be transferred to the Department of Immigration and Ethnic Affairs. For administration purposes, OMA officially ceased to be part of the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet on 26 January 1995.\n", "Details": "The Office of Multicultural Affairs aimed to:\n\nPromote acceptance of and respect for cultural differences;\nImprove communication between community groups and Government;\nEnsure equal access and equity for all groups to government services and programs, including health, social welfare, employment, training and education;\nDevelop a National Agenda of practical long-term strategies for multiculturalism;\nAdvise Government on multicultural programs and services after consultation with community groups;\nProvide information on multicultural policies.\n\nThe OMA's first head, Peter Shergold, adopted the view that, as a bridgebuilder, the agency would be best served by appointing community workers to the regional coordinators' positions. It is said that he believed that is was easier to teach community advocates how to be bureaucrats than it was to teach bureaucrats how to liaise with the community. This type of thinking led to Beryl Mulder being appointed to the position of Regional Coordinator for the Northern Territory. It also led to innovative programs, such as employing bilingual officers to run the OMA's consultative programs. This meant that consultations could be managed in community languages, but reports could be written in English. This process resulted in a series of Policy Options Papers, many of which informed debate about access and equity to services for women of culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/issues-for-non-english-speaking-background-women-in-multicultural-australia-australian-office-of-multicultural-affairs-policy-options-papers-series\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dr-peter-shergold-foundation-director-of-the-office-of-multicultural-affairs-looks-at-the-role-of-the-office-and-ethnic-support\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/correspondence-files-department-of-prime-minister-cabinet-annual-single-number-series\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Review of Post Arrival Programs and Services to Migrants", "Entry ID": "AWE2126", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/review-of-post-arrival-programs-and-services-to-migrants\/", "Type": "Event", "Birth Place": "Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "government review", "Summary": "The review of Post Arrival Programs and Services to Migrants was established by Cabinet decision and announced by the Prime Minister, the Rt. Hon. Malcolm Fraser, on August 31, 1977. Established in order to ensure that the changing needs of migrants were being met by available resources, the review was conducted under prime ministerial authority in order to circumvent some allegedly obstructionist senior bureaucrats in the Department of Immigration and Ethnic Affairs. The first meeting of the Review Group, which was chaired by Mr Frank Galbally, C.B.E, was held on 1 September 1977. The committee of review consulted widely, seeking submissions from individuals and organisations, government and non-government. Advice from migrant community groups was actively sought.\nThe report brought down by the review group, Migrant Services and Programs, was submitted to\nthe Prime Minister on 27 April 1978 and tabled by him on 30 May 1978. It was made available in Arabic, Dutch, English, German, Greek, Italian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish, Turkish and Vietnamese. In it, the Review Group came down with a total number of fifty-seven recommended improvements to\nprograms and services involving expenditure of about $50 million in such areas as initial settlement and education, especially the teaching of English, with emphasis placed on the role of ethnic communities themselves, and other levels of government, to encourage multiculturalism.\nOf particular significance to migrant women was recommendation number 43, which stated 'the implementation of the general recommendations of the Report, which have been framed in recognition of the special problems of migrant women, should take particular account of their needs'.\nConducted at a time, according to the committee, when Australia was 'at a critical stage in the development of a cohesive, united, multicultural nation', the Galbally review of Post Arrival Programs and Services to Migrants marks an important development in the evolution of Australian official policy towards settlers from one of assimilation to multiculturalism. Its pointed reference to the needs of women also marked a moment when ethnic and gender politics connected.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/double-disadvantage-migrant-and-aboriginal-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-origins-of-multiculturalism-in-australian-politics-1945-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/frank-galbally-chairman-of-the-review-of-post-arrival-programs-and-services-for-migrants-discussing-migrants-settlement-into-australias-way-of-life-including-rights\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/migrant-services-and-programs-usually-known-as-the-galbally-report\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-ca-1981-1997-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-1973-1986-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Greece Born Community of Australia", "Entry ID": "AWE2134", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greece-born-community-of-australia\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "The experience of Greek-Australians is an integral part of Australian History. Since first arriving in the late 1810s, Greeks have made significant contributions to the nation's cultural diversity and prosperity. Today, descendants of the earliest arrivals, immigrants, and their Australian-born children inhabit vital communities throughout the country, the inheritors of a vigorous Greek culture secured through the determined efforts of their forebears.\n", "Details": "The first significant stream of Greek migration to Australia began in the 1850sthe lure of gold attracting a small stream of settlers to Australia. Early Greece-born settlers mainly worked in mining camps, on the wharves or on coastal ships. The total population at the turn of the century was small - the 1901 Australian Census recorded 878 Greece-born people. Many were owners or employees in shops and restaurants. Some were cane cutters in Queensland.\nThere was a substantial increase in immigration between the two World Wars, caused in part by the expulsion of Greeks from Asia Minor in 1922 23 and immigration quotas imposed by the United States in the early 1920s. By the 1947 Census, the number of Greece-born was 12,291.\nAfter the Second World War, with the active encouragement of the Greek Government, struggling with post-war reconstruction, large numbers of Greeks migrated to Australia. The migration of Greeks to Australia especially increased after 1952 when the Australian Government provided assisted passage to tens of thousands of Greeks. By 1961 the number of Greece-born people in Australia had reached 77,333. Greek migration continued to expand rapidly throughout the 1960s and at the time of the 1971 Census there were 160,200 Greece-born in Australia with about 47 per cent living in Melbourne.\nThe latest Census in 2001 recorded 116,530 Greece-born persons in Australia, with Victoria (57,780) still being the most populous state, followed by New South Wales (36,910), South Australia (11,690) and Queensland (3,990).\nThe median age of the community in 2001 was 59.3 years compared with 46.0 years for all overseas-born and 35.6 years for the total Australian population, a significant statistics that carries important implications for the provision of health and aged care services. Over time, the sex imbalance has decreased to a point where the ratio is almost equal. No more need for 'bride ships', or specific drives to encourage women to marry the many bachelors who were attracted in the post-war wave of migration.\nDespite keenly preserving and supporting their own cultural heritage, Greece-born Australians have also committed to their Australian identity. At the 2001 Census, the rate of Australian Citizenship for the Greece-born in Australia was 98.0 per cent. The rate for all overseas-born was 75.1 per cent.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/beyond-the-rolling-wave-a-thematic-history-of-greek-settlement-in-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greeks-in-australia-100-years-of-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-people-an-encyclopaedia-of-the-nation-its-people-and-their-origins\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sotiria-liangis-interviewed-by-marg-carroll-in-the-centenary-of-canberra-oral-history-project\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/postcards-from-home-interviews-with-thebarton-women-from-non-english-speaking-backgrounds-summary-record-sound-recording-interviewers-members-of-thebarton-community-arts-network\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-the-greek-orthodox-community-of-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-vivi-koutsianidis-germanos\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/matina-mottee-interviewed-by-nicola-henningham-sound-recording\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-maria-gaganis-sound-recording-interviewer-marjorie-roe\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-re-panhellenic-womens-movement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/music-of-migrant-groups-in-australia-197-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ukrainian Women's Association in Australia of New South Wales", "Entry ID": "AWE2142", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ukrainian-womens-association-in-australia-of-new-south-wales\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Cowra, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The first branch of the Ukrainian Women's Association was formed on September 13th, 1949 in Cowra migrant camp. Mrs. I Polensly was the inaugural president. Ukrainian women were holding meetings in all the migrant centres across Australia, however Cowra is always considered to be the cradle of the U.W.A in Australia\n", "Details": "The Ukrainian women who came to Australia in the period immediately after the second world war were highly organised at a very early stage. This, in part, can be explained by the fact that they regarded themselves to be simply 'renewing' pre-existing associations that were established in the Ukraine some years earlier. The National Women's Council founded in Ukraine in 1919 served Ukrainian women during the period of Ukrainian independence and continued its work in exile in Prague, Czechoslovakia until 1937 when the Ukrainian Women's Association in Lvov, Western Ukraine took upon itself the task of founding another co-ordinating centre - the World Association of Ukrainian Women. World War 2, however, terminated the work of this co-ordinating body.\nAs well as organising events and services for the local community, the organisation took a keen interest in the position of women back in the Ukraine. They circulated petitions to bring attention to human rights abuses of women under the Soviet system. For instance, the following petition was circulated in 1975:\n'Among the violations are an alarming number of arrests and the persecution of Ukrainian women, who have been sentenced under the Criminal Code for simply raising their voices in defence of basic human rights and dignity, opposing the forced russification of the Ukrainian language and culture, and objecting to the state imposition of atheism and suppression of the freedom of worship and the pervasive police control of private and family life.\nTherefore, in the name of humanity and justice and in the spirit of the International Year of Women, we petition this House of parliament to intervene before the Government of the USSR and request it to grant amnesty to Ukrainian and other political prisoners in the USSR, and to allow them to return to their families and homeland with the restoration of all their citizen's rights. In particular we request that you intervene on behalf of the following women political prisoners:\nStasiv-Kalynec Iryna Onufrivna, Strokata_Karavanska Nina Antonivna, Svitlychna nadia Alexeivna, Shabatura Stefania Mychailivna, Oksana Popvych, inmates of camp p\/ja ZH\/CH 385\/3 Potma, Mordovian ASSR, USSR.\nUnder these conditions, it was impossible for some immigrants to leave their politics at the door.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ukrainian-womens-association-in-australia-of-n-s-w-records-1949-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ukrainian-womens-association-in-australia-of-n-s-w-further-records-1949-1995\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Ukraine Born Community of Australia", "Entry ID": "AWE2143", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ukraine-born-community-of-australia\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "Ukraine is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea in south-eastern Europe. The area of present-day Ukraine was populated only by Scythian nomads until the 6th century AD, when Slavic people begin to settle in the area. An organised political entity, known as Rus, evolved around Kyiv. (Russia, which later evolved around the principality of Moscow, did not yet exist).\nIn the fifteenth century Ukraine became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and then of the Polish-Lithuanian 'Commonwealth' (Rzeczpospolita), until the eastern half of the country was finally annexed by Muscovy in the seventeenth century. With the annexation of the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth by Russia in 1795, the whole of Ukraine came under Russia's rule until 1918.\nUkrainians managed to establish an independent Ukrainian state in 1918, but it could not withstand simultaneous attacks by Poland from the west and Russia from the east. Ultimately the fighting ended in the partition of Ukraine between Poland and the USSR. Ukrainians suffered greatly under Stalin's repression during the inter-war period. An artificially-induced famine, in which Ukrainians estimate about six million\npeople died, was used by Stalin to forcibly implement the collectivisation of agriculture in Ukraine. Ukraine remained occupied by the USSR until 1991, when the latter was dismantled.\nIt is believed that prior to World War I up to 5,000 Ukrainian workers had settled in Australia. Ukraine was a major area of conflict in World War II and many Ukrainians fled to Western Europe, where they were interned as Displaced Persons (DPs). The first Ukrainians began arriving from the refugee camps in late 1948. They came to Australia on assisted passages which included two-year work contracts with the Commonwealth Government. Among the migrants were priests, lawyers, doctors and engineers, but the vast majority were people from a rural background.\nThe 1947 census did not list Ukraine as a birthplace, but the 1954 Census recorded 14,757 Ukraine-born. After that the number of migrants from the Soviet Ukraine was negligible, apart from some Ukrainian Jews. There was also limited migration of Ukrainians from communities in Poland and\nYugoslavia. Migration from Ukraine has only been significant since independence in 1991. The 1996 Census recorded 13,460 Ukraine-born people resident in Australia (up from 9,051 at the 1991 Census). Most live in Victoria and New South Wales.\n", "Details": "The latest Census in 2001 recorded 14,100 Ukraine-born persons in Australia, an increase of 5 per cent from the 1996 Census. The 2001 distribution by State and Territory showed Victoria had the largest number with 5,800 followed by New South Wales (5,020), South Australia (1,490) and Queensland (880).\nThe median age of the Ukraine-born in 2001 was 64.8 years compared with 46.0 years for all overseas-born and 35.6 years for the total Australian population. The age distribution showed 4.3 per cent were aged 0-14 years, 6.7 per cent were 15-24 years, 19.1 per cent were 25-44 years, 20.3 per cent were 45-64 years and 49.7 per cent were 65 and over. Of the Ukraine-born in Australia, there were 6,280 males (44.6 per cent) and 7,820 females (55.4 per cent). The sex ratio was 80.4 males per 100 females.\nAt the 2001 Census, the rate of Australian Citizenship for the Ukraine-born in Australia was 94.5 per cent. The rate for all overseas-born was 75.1 per cent.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-people-an-encyclopaedia-of-the-nation-its-people-and-their-origins\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/ukrainian-womens-association-in-australia-of-n-s-w-records-1949-1986\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/music-of-migrant-groups-in-australia-197-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Netherlands Born Community of Australia", "Entry ID": "AWE2145", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/netherlands-born-community-of-australia\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "There is a long history of contact between Holland and Australia. In early 1606, William Jansz of Amsterdam, captain of the Duyfken (Little Dove) landed on Cape York Peninsula. A number of Dutch ships sank off the Western Australian coast in the 1600s and survivors reportedly established relationships with local Aborigines. By 1644, Abel Tasman had completed a partial circumnavigation of Australia which revealed, for the first time, the size of the continent. The resulting incomplete map of New Holland was not superseded until the arrival of Captain Cook in 1770.\nDuring the 1850s gold rushes Dutch merchant ships continued to visit Australia but immigration of the Netherlands-born remained negligible. Until 1947, when the Census recorded 2,174 Netherlands born, the number of people arriving from the Netherlands were offset by a large proportion of departures of Netherlands-born from Australia. This trend has continued to the present day, apart from a period of high migration during the 1950s and 1960s.\nAfter the Second World War, many Dutch people suffered severe economic and social dislocation in Holland. With an already high population density, a relatively small land area and the highest birth rate in Europe, the Netherlands faced a severe housing crisis and rising unemployment, due mainly to the mechanisation of agriculture. Dutch authorities actively supported emigration as a partial solution to the problem of overcrowding.\nMeanwhile, immigration policy change meant that Australia was looking for acceptable migrants from non-British sources. The hard working rural Dutch, with their linguistic and cultural affinities with the Australian population, were seen to be ideal immigrants. Both the Australian and Netherlands Governments contributed to the cost of passage, while the Australian Government accepted the responsibility for assisting settlement. As a result, during the 1950s Australia was the destination of 30 per cent of Dutch emigrants and the Netherlands-born became numerically the second largest non-British group. Their numbers peaked in 1961 at 102,134.\n", "Details": "The latest Census in 2001 recorded 83,250 Netherlands-born persons in Australia, a decrease of 5 per cent from the 1996 Census. The 2001 distribution by State and Territory showed Victoria had the largest number with 24,280 followed by New South Wales (20,290), Queensland (15,290) and Western Australia (10,470).\nThe median age of the Netherlands-born in 2001 was 57.4 years compared with 46.0 years for all overseas-born and 35.6 years for the total Australian population. The age distribution showed 1.1 per cent were aged 0-14 years, 1.9 per cent were 15-24 years, 13.2 per cent were 25-44 years, 51.8 per cent were 45-64 years and 31.9 per cent were 65 and over. Of the Netherlands-born in Australia, there were 43,190 males (51.9 per cent) and 40,060 females (48.1 per cent). The sex ratio was 107.8 males per 100 females.\nAt the 2001 Census, the rate of Australian Citizenship for the Netherlands-born in Australia was 79.0 per cent. The rate for all overseas-born was 75.1 per cent.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-australian-people-an-encyclopaedia-of-the-nation-its-people-and-their-origins\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women's Network", "Entry ID": "AWE2147", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/womens-network\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Migrant Women's Organisations", "Summary": "From the time of her election to parliament, Franca Arean was hopeful of forming a \"network\" of women of all backgrounds who could meet informally, exchange ideas and help and support each other. In January 1984, she sent a letter to twenty to thirty women asking them to come to a meeting at Parliament House. They met in Feb 1984 for the first time, and the Women's Network - Australia was born. The first Women's Network guest was Frederika Steen, the head of a newly established Women's Desk at the Department of Immigration and Ethnic Affairs in Canberra.\n", "Details": "The women who gathered for the 1984 meeting decided that there was a need for a women's network so that women from the older established groups, such as Anglo-Celtic, the Italian or Greek women, who had gone through the difficulties of the early years could advise and be supportive of the new groups of women, such as the Indo-Chinese, Laotian, Central American and Moslem women. They decided to meet for a few hours every two months, to have guest speakers and to be completely unstructured. Meeting in parliament house was regarded as symbolically important , as many of the women felt it was a seat of power from which they felt alienated and, at best, intimidated by.\n'Meeting the ministers' was a regular event at the network gatherings. Sometimes these meetings happened away from parliament house. There was a social evening in 1985, a Chinese dinner in honour of the then Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs was arranged.. Nearly 200 women attended, but the minister didn't talk. Instead, five women were chosen to speak on a range of issues, including the problems encountered by Isolated Arabic speaking women, migrant women in the bureaucracy, Multicultural education, Child care in the Western Suburbs and Tenosynovitis. None of the women had ever spoken in front of a minister before.\nBy 1985, the number of members of the network had grown to 300.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/double-disadvantage-migrant-and-aboriginal-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/franca-arena-papers-ca-1960-2000\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-the-migrant-and-indigenous-women-action-group\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/franca-arena-correspondence-1984-1996-concerning-the-womens-network\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Greek Young Matrons' Association", "Entry ID": "AWE2150", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greek-young-matrons-association\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The formation of the Greek Young Matrons' Association was an overt attempt by second generation parents of Greek heritage to ensure that their children married Australian born Greeks like themselves. By providing them with an organisation which would offer social activities and cultural events in which young Greek people could participate, the organisers hoped that young Greeks would marry within the community.\n", "Details": "The Greek Young Matrons' Association organised children's concerts (performed in language) and debates for teenagers to participate in. The association also had an annual Ball at which young Greek girls of the second and third generation could make their debut and become known, and possibly seen and selected by an appropriate Greek Australian young man. The organisation was mainly made up of upper middle and middle class second generation Greek women. Parents hoped that participation in this organisation meant that their children would not only marry an Australian born Greek but probably a person from a similar social class.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/greeks-in-australia-100-years-of-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women in Australia's Working History", "Entry ID": "AWE2155", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-australias-working-history\/", "Type": "Place", "Birth Place": "Barcaldine, Queensland, Australia", "Summary": "In July 2002, the Australian Workers Heritage Centre celebrated the opening of Stage One of its national $8 million project, Women in Australia's Working History. The first stage is an exhibition, A Lot On Her Hands, featuring the working experiences of a diverse range of Australian women.\n", "Details": "The Australian Workers Heritage Centre is a museum style complex opened in 1991 in the grounds of the old Barcaldine State School in southwestern Queensland. Many of the original structures have been reinvented into exhibition space, telling the stories of Australia's working history through objects, art and multi-media presentations. Historic workplaces of yesteryear, including a one-teacher school, police watch-house and railway station, have been relocated to the centre from throughout Queensland.\nThe exhibition A Lot on Her Hands is a major component of the Working Women project at the centre. It looks at the experience of Australian women in paid and unpaid work, from both the perspective of the individual and in the context of the broader issues in our nation's history. The exhibition features a diverse range of Australian women, some known to us, others less well known but equally inspirational. The title reflects the understated resilience of the women represented in the exhibition. Some of the individuals featured include:\n\nRuth Hegarty, a child of the stolen generation and indigenous advocate;\nLouisa Lawson, newspaper proprietor, suffragist and mother;\nMary Barry, business woman and goat farmer;\nJoan Kirner, Australia's first woman Premier.\n\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/songs-of-the-unsung-heroes-stories-and-verse-celebrating-australian-women-and-their-work\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "City Girls' Amateur Sports Association", "Entry ID": "AWE2225", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/city-girls-amateur-sports-association\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Sydney", "Occupations": "Sporting Organisation", "Summary": "The City Girls' Amateur Sports Association (CGASA) was established in Sydney, New South Wales, in 1918 to provide a mechanism by which the young working women of Sydney could participate in organised sport. Founding members, Eleanor Hinder and Margaret Thorp, used the experience and networks they developed while working as welfare officers at large department stores (Farmers and Anthony Hordens) to establish the association, which thrived throughout the 1920s. Membership suffered as the depression hit in the 1930s and the CGASA accumulated debts, but in its heyday, over fifty clubs were affiliated with the organisation, representing a cross section of 'city girls' from small and large businesses in the service and manufacturing industries.\n", "Details": "One of the most interesting experiments in Australia of recent years, in meeting the wide need for organized recreation of the younger girls in Industry, has been the overwhelming response to the City Girls' Amateur Sports Association in Sydney,' wrote Margaret Thorp, co-founder and president of the association.\nA self governing body of working young women, the idea of the CGASA was conceived of in 1918, when the female employees of six city businesses attempted to hold an Inter Firm Sports Meeting. A short time later, several of the local physical culture clubs joined to entertain a visiting American Physical Culturalist. 'From these enthusiastic gatherings, representing so many groups of city girls,' continued Margaret Thorp, ' it was borne in upon the committee, that the girls of Sydney were only waiting for a Sports Association to be formed.'\nSo Margaret Thorp and Eleanor Hinder drew upon their experience and resources as welfare officers employed by Anthony Horden and Farmer's department stores (respectively) to establish the CGASA. 'Through the formation of an independent organization for girls working in any factory, store, office or in domestic employment,' wrote Thorp, 'all could participate in team games and competition matches, and a community code of health and comradeship be realized, with a high standard of sport and service, enriching and re-creating the life of the City girl.'\nThe CGASA began with twelve affiliated business house clubs. Year by year it doubled its affiliations. In 1923 there were fifty-three affiliated clubs, touching large and small business and manufacturing houses where hundreds of girls were employed.\nEach affiliated club paid an annual affiliation fee of 10\/-, each member paid 2\/- for her yearly membership badge. The cost of running the competitions was kept to a minimum as dances and fetes were organised throughout the year to raise funds.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1929-1989-60-years-of-netball-in-new-south-wales\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hinder-eleanor-mary-1893-1963\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/watts-margaret-sturge-1892-1978\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/religious-society-of-friends-quakers-in-australia-papers-concerning-margaret-watts-1914-1982\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/eleanor-m-hinder-papers-1837-1963-together-with-the-papers-of-a-viola-smith-ca-1850-1975\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-the-sydney-university-womens-sports-association\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Hockey", "Entry ID": "AWE2274", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hockey\/", "Type": "Concept", "Occupations": "Sport", "Summary": "The game of hockey was brought to Australia by British Naval officers stationed around the country in the late 1800s. By 1900, according to Hockey Australia, the game was being played in private girls' schools. Being a non-contact team sport, it was considered ideal for women. The first women's hockey association was formed in New South Wales in 1908. Two years later, women's clubs from Tasmania, Victoria and South Australia were competing alongside clubs from New South Wales at an interstate tournament at Rushcutter's Bay, and from this tournament came the establishment of the Australian Women's Hockey Association in July 1910 - fifteen years before the Australian Hockey Association (AHA) was formed in 1925. State hockey associations for men had been formed in South Australia, 1903; Victoria and New South Wales, 1906; Western Australia, 1908; and Queensland, 1920s. This division in the administration of men's and women's hockey continued in subsequent years. The Australian Women's Hockey Association affiliated with the All England Women's Hockey Association, and joined the International Federation of Women's Hockey (IFWH) in 1927.\n", "Details": "The first All Australian women's hockey team was selected in 1914 and played against England. Max Solling writes:\nThe dress and behaviour of women playing the game were strictly controlled. They were required to wear long skirts, starched blouses, ties, and stockings, and no player was to be seen on the street in her uniform unless covered by a long buttoned overcoat.\nIn 1930, three years after a crushing defeat by the English women's team on home soil, the Australian women's team embarked upon its first overseas tour, visiting England, South Africa, Rhodesia, Belgium, Germany, Holland and France. International competition continued when the IFWH organised the first World Women's Hockey Tournament in 1933, though Australia did not participate until 1936. Australian hockey teams were entered in the Olympics for the first time at the 1956 Games in Melbourne. In recent years, Australian women's hockey teams have enjoyed tremendous success at the Olympic level, winning gold at the Seoul Games in 1988; the Atlanta Games in 1996; and the Sydney Games in 2000.\nThe game of hockey continues to be popular today. Solling notes the dominance of Western Australia in competitive hockey post-war, particularly women's hockey, with Western Australian women's teams winning the national title thirty-eight times between 1946 and 1990. By the late 1990s, an estimated 200,000 women and girls were playing hockey across Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-game-that-grows\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-the-new-south-wales-womens-hockey-association-1908-1983-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/seventy-fifth-anniversary-souvenir-1903-1978\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trader-12-myspace-site\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-companion-to-australian-sport\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Softball", "Entry ID": "AWE2275", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/softball\/", "Type": "Concept", "Occupations": "Sport", "Summary": "Invented in Chicago in 1887 and derived from the game of baseball, softball was introduced to Australia in 1939 when Canadian Gordon Young became director of physical education in New South Wales and promoted the game in schools. The game found its way to Victoria during the Second World War, when U.S. Army Sergeant William Duvernet organised softball as a recreational activity for U.S. nurses stationed there. Another American, Mack Gilley, brought the game to Queensland in 1946.\n", "Details": "Softball associations soon formed in all three states, and in 1947 Queensland issued invitations for the first interstate championship in Brisbane. The Australian Women's Softball Council (now Australian Softball Federation, or ASF) was formed at the second interstate softball championships in Melbourne.\nToday, championships are played at both state and national level each year for Open Women and Men; Under 23 Women and Men; Under 19 Women and Men; Under 16 Girls and Boys; and Masters teams. The championships are held in each State in rotation, and include: the Mack Gilley Shield; the Elinor McKenzie Shield; the Esther Deason Shield; the John Reid Shield; the Nox Bailey Shield; and the women's national club championship.\nThe Australian Softball Federation affiliated with the International Softball Federation in 1953. Australia hosted and won the first Women's World Softball Championships in Melbourne in the mid-sixties. By 1990, twenty-one nations were playing in the world championships, now known as the 'world series'. Softball was introduced as an Olympic sport - for women's teams only - at the Atlanta Games in 1996. Australia's Open Women's team won bronze that year, followed by a second bronze in Sydney (2000), and silver in Athens (2004). Australia has not won a women's world championship since the inaugural championship in Melbourne, but its Women's team is nonetheless ranked third in the world. Australia's Men's team is also ranked third in the world, and Australia is currently 'the world's best softball nation', according to Softball Australia.\nToday, an estimated 20 million people are playing the game worldwide, and 150,000 are playing the game across Australia. No less than 127 national associations now make up the International Softball Federation.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/batter-up-the-history-of-softball-in-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/diamond-duels-womens-softball-in-south-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/1982-1983-official-softball-rules-as-adopted-by-the-international-joint-rules-committee-on-softball\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/official-softball-guide-and-playing-rules-of-the-australian-womens-softball-council\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-companion-to-australian-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/website-for-the-australian-open-womens-softball-team\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-wendy-oconnell-softball-player-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-sharna-mcewan-softball-player-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/biographical-cuttings-on-joyce-lester-softball-player-containing-one-or-more-cuttings-from-newspapers-or-journals\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Tennis", "Entry ID": "AWE2276", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tennis\/", "Type": "Concept", "Occupations": "Sport", "Summary": "Tennis Australia began as the Lawn Tennis Association of Australasia in 1904, when it was housed in Sydney, New South Wales. At this time, the Association was affiliated with New Zealand for the purposes of organising the Davis Cup and the Australasian Championships, but the two national bodies separated in 1922. In 1926, the Association moved to Melbourne where it became the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia and was presided over by (Sir) Norman Brookes until 1955. Following a worldwide growth in open tennis in the 1970s and 1980s, the Association became a company in 1984 and was renamed Tennis Australia in 1986.\n", "Details": "The first Australian Open was held in Melbourne in 1905 with just seventeen entrants. In 1924 it was designated a national event, and was rotated around State capitals until 1972. It has been held in Melbourne each year since. Ladies' singles and doubles were not included in the championship until 1922, and professionals could not compete until 1969. The Open is now an international Grand Slam event.\nNotable Australian women tennis players include Evonne Cawley (Goolagong), who won Wimbledon, and Margaret Court (Smith), who won twenty-four Grand Slam titles in the twelve years before 1973. Nancye Bolton (Wynne) won twenty Open titles, and ten national doubles titles with Thelma Long (Coyne).\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/court-on-court-a-life-in-tennis-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/an-illustrated-history-of-australian-tennis\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/great-players-of-australian-tennis\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/gender-theory-and-sport-the-formative-years-of-tennis-and-snowboarding\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/grand-slam-australia-the-story-of-the-australian-open-tennis-championships\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-companion-to-australian-sport\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Lawn Bowls", "Entry ID": "AWE2278", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lawn-bowls\/", "Type": "Concept", "Occupations": "Sport", "Summary": "In 1990, the Australian Bowls Council (now Bowls Australia Inc.), the national administrative body for men's bowling, was affiliated with 2,225 clubs. The Australian Women's Bowling Council was parallel, with 2,185 affiliated clubs. By the late 1990s, Australia could boast 43% of the world's bowling population.\n", "Details": "Popular in Britain, bowls was introduced to Australia for male members of the colonial elite in the nineteenth century. Public greens were formed beside hotels, with membership fees introduced later to control the clientele - the respectability of the sport was constantly emphasised. Private clubs developed early, and the first recorded game took place at Sandy Bay, Tasmania, in 1845. In 1864, the Melbourne Bowling Club in Chapel Street became Australia's first formalised club.\nWomen had been bowling at Stawell in Victoria since 1881 and a ladies' tournament was organised there in 1896. The Colac Club was set up by eight women in 1899, but later became a men's club, and on the whole the sport of lawn bowls was a white male-dominated scene until the twentieth century. The Fitzroy Club's invitation to the Aboriginal cricket team to play in 1866 was an anomaly.\nAfter Australia's first interstate match between New South Wales and Victoria in 1880, those two States established their own Bowling Associations. Associations were likewise formed in Western Australia in 1898; South Australia in 1902; Tasmania in 1901 and Queensland in 1903. All States amalgamated to form the Australian Bowls Council in 1911. The Australian Women's Bowling Council was formed much later, in 1947, and the first Women's National Championship was held in 1949. The first World Bowls Championships were held at Kyeemagh Bowls Club in New South Wales in 1966.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/lawn-bowls-the-australian-way\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-first-one-hundred-years-of-the-royal-victorian-bowls-association-1880-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/centenary-the-history-of-the-royal-new-south-wales-bowling-association-1880-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-first-fifty-years-a-brief-history-of-the-growth-and-development-of-the-queensland-ladies-bowling-association-1930-to-1980\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bowls-west-a-centenary-history-of-the-royal-western-australian-bowling-association-1898-1998\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-companion-to-australian-sport\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-report-federal-district-womens-bowling-association\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Pearce Sisters", "Entry ID": "AWE2279", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/pearce-sisters\/", "Type": "Family", "Birth Place": "Moulyinning, Western Australia", "Occupations": "Hockey player", "Summary": "Raised in a small farming community at Moulyinning, the Pearce sisters - May, Jean, Morna and Caroline - came to prominence in women's hockey in that State from the mid-1930s to the mid-1960s. May, Jean and Morna Pearce all went on to captain both State and national teams. Caroline 'Tib' Pearce played at State and national levels.\n", "Details": "May Pearce (Campbell, 1915-1981), was one of Western Australia's greatest players, scoring 100 goals in interclub, interstate and international matches in 1936. She represented Australia from 1936 to 1948 before working as a coach and administrator.\nJean Pearce (Wynne, 1921 - ), represented Western Australia from 1939 to 1953. She made the Australian team in 1946 and captained it to victory over England in 1953.\nCaroline Pearce (Ash, 1925 - ), played from 1946 to 1950 and was a member, along with May and Jean, of the unbeaten 1948 Australian team that toured New Zealand.\nMorna Pearce (Hyde, 1932 - ), played under her sister Jean's captaincy in 1953, becoming Australian captain herself by 1956 when the next international tournament was played in Sydney. Morna won Western Australia's first Sportsman of the Year award in 1956. Her son, John Hyde, is a member of the Labor Party and represents the seat of Perth in the Legislative Assembly.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-oxford-companion-to-australian-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "The Hockeyroos", "Entry ID": "AWE2506", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-hockeyroos\/", "Type": "Concept", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Olympic sports team, Sports Team", "Summary": "The Hockeyroos are one of Australia's most successful sporting teams. Their three gold medals from the past four Olympic Games, two World Cups, six Champions Trophies and two Commonwealth Games golds highlights the team's outstanding run of success. The Hockeyroos have been crowned Australia's Team of the Year five times and were unanimously awarded the Best Australian Team at the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games.\n", "Events": "Team Included the following players: (Jessica) Nicole Arnold, Wendy Beattie, Madonna Blyth, Tori Cronk, Suzanne Faulkner, Emily Halliday, Kate Hollywood, Nicole Hudson, Rachel Imison, Hodie McGurk, Rebecca Sanders, Angela Skirving, Karen Smith, Sarah Taylor, Melanie Twitt, Kim Walker (2006 - 2006) \nTeam included the following players: Carmel Bakurski, Joanne Bannin, Nina Bonner, Tammy Cole, Louise Dobson, Nicole Hudson, Rachel Imison, Bianca Langham Pritchard, Brooke Morrison, Bianca Netzler, Katrina Powell, Angela Skirving, Karen Smith, Ngaire Smith, Julie Towers, Melanie Twitt (2002 - 2002) \nTeam Included the following players: Kate Allen, Andrews, Michelle Andrews, Alyson Annan, Louise Dobson, Juliet Haslam, Rechelle Hawkes, Rachel Imison, Bianca Langham, Claire Mitchel Taverner, Nicole Mott, Alison Peek, Katrina Powell, Lisa Powell, Justine Sowry, Kathryn (Kate) Starre, Kristen Towers (1998 - 1998)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trader-12-myspace-site\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian Opals", "Entry ID": "AWE2653", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-opals\/", "Type": "Concept", "Occupations": "Commonwealth or Empire Games Gold Medalist, Olympic sports team, Sports Team", "Summary": "The Australian Opals is the Australian National Women's Basketball Team.\n", "Events": "Team Included: Suzy Batkovic, Tully Bevilaqua, Rohanee Cox, Hollie Grima, Lauren Jackson, Erin Phillips, Emma Randall, Jennifer Screen, Belinda Snell, Laura Summerton, Penelope Taylor, Kristi Willoughby (2008 - 2008) \nTeam Included: Tully Bevilaqua, Jae Cross, Hollie Grima, Jacinta Hamilton, Katrina Hibbert, Lauren Jackson, Emily McInerny, Erin Phillips, Belinda Snell, Laura Summerton, Jennifer Whittle, Carly Wilson (2006 - 2006) \nTeam Included:Suzy Batkovic, Abby Bishop, Elizabeth Cambage, Laura Hodges, Lauren Jackson, Rachel Jarry, Kathleen Macleod, Jenna O'Hea, Samantha Richards, Jennifer Screen, Belinda Snell, Kristi Willoughby (2012 - 2012)", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Cricket Australia", "Entry ID": "AWE2700", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cricket-australia\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Sporting Organisation", "Summary": "Women's Cricket Australia and the Australian Cricket Board joined forces in 2003 to become a single governing body for cricket in Australia. The new organisation was formed after a two year transitional period and was called Cricket Australia.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Adelaide Hockey Club", "Entry ID": "AWE2709", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/adelaide-hockey-club\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Sporting Organisation", "Summary": "Adelaide Hockey Club was formed in late 1981, after ten years of sharing of playing fields and change rooms became formalised by the amalgamation of the Sturt (men's) Aroha (women's) and Sturt (men's) clubs . It is one of the largest and most successful hockey Clubs in South Australia with over 300 members playing both the Junior and Senior competition.\n", "Details": "Formed at a meeting on May 3rd 1906 , the Aroha Women's Hockey Club was created as an offshoot of the Goodwood Baptist Church young ladies bible class, open to young women in the church over 16 years of age. The name Aroha means love and friendship in Tahitian. Aroha had not at first intended to play any matches, but as the club mastered the rudiments of the game, it was felt that the level of interest would increase if matches were played. The opening match was played against the local Methodist Club, and the first annual report of 1907 records the pleasure team members felt in inflicting a defeat of 9 goals to nil.\nThe club joined the South Australian Women's Hockey Association in 1909. The club had an enviable record in its 74 seasons existence, playing in 51 A grade finals between 1909 and 1980, winning 26 of these.\nAroha set many precedents. It was the first club to throw away the old school tunic and play in a divided skirt. Aroha led the way in fielding junior teams. In its first season, the junior team won one game 20 goals to nil. Of the club's many State and Australian representatives, the most honoured was Evelyn (\"Taz\") Tazewell, who captained SA for 16 years from 1920 and was All-Australian 19 times.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/adelaide-hockey-club-summary-record\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/aroha-hockey-club\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Melbourne University Sport", "Entry ID": "AWE2711", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/melbourne-university-sport\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Sports organisation", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-2\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "She's Game: Women Making Australian Sporting History", "Entry ID": "AWE3110", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history\/", "Type": "Exhibition", "Summary": "She's Game: Women making Australian sporting history is a virtual exhibition that highlights the achievements of Australian women who have contributed to Australian sporting life and culture. Athletes, coaches, administrators, journalists and volunteers are recognised for the important roles they have played in Australian sporting history.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/shes-game-women-making-australian-sporting-history-3\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/net-surfing-gets-one-for-the-girls\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Broken Hill Strikes", "Entry ID": "AWE4102", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/broken-hill-strikes\/", "Type": "Event", "Summary": "Between 1889 and 1920 miners at Broken Hill took part in four major strikes, always with the strong support of Broken Hill women. In 2001, a memorial was erected in the centre of the city to acknowledge the role of women in the development of the city and particularly in the resolution of industrial disputes.\n", "Details": "The women of Broken Hill played a pivotal role in the strikes that shaped the unique industrial history of Broken Hill, offering physical and moral support to their mining fathers, husbands, brothers and sons. The first major industrial dispute erupted in November 1889 when trade union members refused to work with non-unionists. It lasted a week. Women were active in street demonstrations and assisted in picketing the mining leases. They formed a Women's Brigade open to \"all matrons and maids who are in sympathy with the union\" in order to \"do something towards supporting the men now on strike\". At the Brigade's first meeting on the 12th November, the women decided on a swift and unanticipated course of action, descending upon the strike-breakers that very evening. Reports tell of a 400-strong party of women who, armed with washing sticks, brooms and mops, attacked non-unionists and left tents raided and torn in their wake.\nWomen played a similarly influential role in the major strike of 1892, sparked by a decision on the part of several mining companies to introduce a contract system for ore excavation. Women were numerous among the estimated ten thousand protestors who congregated at the Broken Hill Proprietary mine office on August 25. Once again they participated in street marches and joined union picket lines, preventing strike-breakers from entering the mines.\nDuring prolonged industrial struggles women bore the brunt of increasingly difficult household duties, exacerbated by food shortages and the lack of income. During the five-month 1909 Lockout, the first industrial dispute to take place in Broken Hill for sixteen years, women formed a Relief Committee to help those struggling to feed and clothe their families. The 'Big Strike' that lasted 18 months from 1919 to 1920 was an extremely trying period. Co-operative depots were established by the unions, supplying housewives with basic food such as bread, margarine, potatoes and onions. Many mothers saw their children suffer from malnutrition. Miscarriages due to poor diet and anxiety were common. The Big Strike was the last major strike that the women of Broken Hill had to endure. It was finally called off on 10 November 1920 after both the unions and mine managers agreed to the recommendations made by the President of the New South Wales Industrial Court, Justice Edmunds.\nThis entry was prepared and written by Georgia Moodie.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/broken-hill-a-pictorial-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/to-broken-hill-and-back\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rebel-women-women-and-class-in-broken-hill-1889-1917\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Broken Hill Munitions Annexe", "Entry ID": "AWE4103", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/broken-hill-munitions-annexe\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "The Broken Hill Munitions Annexe opened in 1942 for the manufacture of wartime munitions and employed dozens of Broken Hill women.\n", "Details": "Mirroring a trend that took place throughout Australia, unprecedented levels of female participation in the workforce were attained in Broken Hill during World War II. A significant employer of women in wartime was the Munitions Factory that opened in Broken Hill in 1942. In January 1941, members of Broken Hill's peak union body, the Barrier Industrial Council, and of the Unemployed Union organised a demonstration in favour of the establishment of a factory in order to create jobs. The project to build Munitions Factory received the financial support of the Mining Managers' Association on condition that the building be used to house a permanent trade annexe after the war. From September 1941 the site for the building in the Duke of Cornwall Reserve was leased to the Broken Hill Technical College by the mining companies, and building commenced in June of the following year.\nIn August 1942, a Women's Employment Office was established at the Broken Hill Court House, and married women were also able to register for employment, despite a long-standing and strictly abided union policy that women would not work after marrying. The factory opened in November, employing over 300 women and 80 men to create nose cone assemblies for 25-pound shells. When interviewed by the Barrier Miner newspaper, the manager of the factory, Mr J. L. Mayson, assured its readers that there was \"no strain attached to the work\" and that the \"work standard [was] quite within the reach of an average girl\". The women employed were responsible for overseeing the smooth operation of the machinery and for checking the quality of the finished part. Photos of the women at work supervising the munitions machines and on their lunch break in the canteen give a strong impression of the sense of pride, enjoyment and accomplishment that these women would have experience. (see Gallery Tab)\nIn 1946, the building was handed over to the Technical College and became know as the Broken Hill Technical College Annexe.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-outstanding-women-of-broken-hill-and-district\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/broken-hill-a-pictorial-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/managers-praise-for-the-broken-hill-ammunition-factory\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/minutes-of-the-broken-hill-technical-college-advisory-committee\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Broken Hill Union Ban on Married Women Working", "Entry ID": "AWE4104", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/broken-hill-union-ban-on-married-women-working\/", "Type": "Concept", "Birth Place": "Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia", "Summary": "For over fifty years, union policy in Broken Hill prohibited married women from taking on paid employment unless they were professionally trained. Clerical and retail positions were to be kept open for young unmarried women or widows.\n", "Details": "By the mid-1920s Broken Hill had become a fully unionised city and all workers, whether they worked on the mines or in town, had to have an 'O.K.', or union ticket, to be eligible for employment. Union tickets were distributed by the powerful peak union body, the Barrier Industrial Council. With the exception of the six years during World War Two when the bar on married women was lifted, the Barrier Industrial Council excluded women from paid employment after they married. The policy was intended to encourage young women to stay in Broken Hill by ensuring that there were positions available for them when they left school. An article in the Barrier Miner in March 1957 explained the policy as an attempt to 'combat the difficulty of girls leaving school and struggling to find work'. The article also described the three-point-plan devised and adopted by the union: employers were requested not to offer employment to married women; to dismiss women if they married and make their position available for a single girl; and to put off married women first in cases of retrenchment. Teachers and other professionally trained married women were allowed to continue working on condition that there were no qualified single women available for the role. Women working in unskilled or low-skilled professions such as shop assistants, receptionists and domestic staff would lose their jobs upon marriage.\nThis long-standing union policy was challenged in 1981 by Mrs Jeanine Whitehair, who was employed as the most senior of five dental assistants at the Town Dental Clinic in Broken Hill. After her marriage in November 1980, Jeanine was one of three people who lost their jobs at the clinic purportedly for economic reasons. With the support of the New South Wales Equal Opportunities Board, Jeanine was successful in her attempt to seek reinstatement. This was a landmark case which not only engendered a significant shift in the nature of women's employment in Broken Hill, but also signalled the beginnings of the erosion of the power of the Barrier Industrial Council.\nThis entry was researched and written by Georgia Moodie.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/union-closes-book-ban-on-married-women-in-shops\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-against-the-barrier-smh\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/exploring-peak-union-purpose-and-power-the-origins-dominance-and-decline-of-the-barrier-industrial-council\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/unbroken-spirit-women-in-broken-hill\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/jeanine-looks-back-on-a-turbulent-time\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fighting-for-whats-right\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-up-against-the-barrier\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "WRAACReunited<\/i>", "Entry ID": "AWE4438", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/wraacreunited\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Ex-Armed services organisation, Social organisation", "Summary": "WRAACReunited is an online social network established in 2009 with the aim of providing a dedicated on-line community for Australian ex-servicewomen. Motivation for establishing the site, a private forum for ex-servicewomen only, came in response to concerns for the needs of a generation of women, especially members of the Women's Royal Australian Army Corps (WRAAC) who were approaching an age and a time when they are searching for old friends, an opportunity to reflect on their lives and a space to experience the camaraderie they shared as servicewomen together\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Memorial Plaque - Women on Farms Gatherings, Ouyen, 1998", "Entry ID": "AWE4475", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/memorial-plaque-women-on-farms-gatherings-ouyen-1998\/", "Type": "Cultural Artefact", "Birth Place": "Ouyen, Victoria, Australia", "Summary": "A Memorial to past committee members of Women on Farms Gatherings was initiated by the Ouyen Gathering in 1998, and since then has been displayed in a prominent place at each Gathering.\nThe women acknowledged on the plaque include: Eileen Patricia (Pat) Hall, Sea Lake 1991; Kathleen (Kath) Paynter, Swan Hill 1995; Rhonda Weatherhead, Warragul 1990; Muriel Dick, Warragul 1990 & 1999.\n", "Details": "Polished cross section of Mallee stump with small carved single furrow plough at the top. Brass plates have been secured to the surface.\nCentre top plaque reads: 'Women on farms Gatherings\/ In memory of\/ Past committee members'.\nSeparate plaques reads: 'Eileen Patricia (Pat) Hall\/ Sea Lake 1991'; 'Kathleen (Kath) Paynter\/ Swan Hill 1995'; 'Rhonda Weatherhead\/ WARRAGUL 1990'; 'Muriel Dick\/ Warragul 1990 & 1999'.\nLower plaque reads: 'Memory board initiated by\/ Ouyen W.O.F.G. 1998'.\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "University House Ladies Drawing Room, Australian National University", "Entry ID": "AWE4783", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/university-house-ladies-drawing-room-australian-national-university\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Social organisation, Voluntary organisation", "Summary": "The Ladies Drawing Room was formed in 1956 to organise social functions for women members and the wives of members of University House. The group took its name from the Room so dedicated in University House, ANU, Canberra. The Ladies Drawing Room enabled creation of a community of likeminded women which resulted in lifelong friendships, and provided intellectual stimulation in a city which was initially small and lacking in social or cultural facilities.\nThe Ladies Drawing Room continued to hold regular lunches and other social activities for nearly 50 years until the age of remaining members, and lack of new membership, caused the group to wind up its affairs in 2003. Its story is a microcosm of the social history of the women associated with the University who played a significant but typically discreet part in creating the community and culture of the ANU.\n", "Details": "When University House was opened at the Australia's National University (ANU) in 1954 Canberra was a small city of 28,000 people with few social facilities. Rented houses were often too small for entertaining, and opportunities were rare for women to meet up with other women away from their home duties and childcare responsibilities. In 1954 the Governing Body of University House decided to help offset those limitations by dedicating a room - named the Ladies Drawing Room - for the use of women members of the House and, mostly, the wives of academic members.\nMrs (later Lady) Mary Melville, wife of the Vice Chancellor, convened a meeting of interested women in July 1956 which created an Ladies Drawing Room organising committee. Its membership reflected the ANU's structure with representation from each Research School and the Administration and, after 1960 (when the ANU amalgamated with the Canberra University College) the School of General Studies. The Committee's membership over the next 47 years reads as a Who's Who of the wives of the University's creators and leaders.\nThe first gathering (a morning tea) attracted nearly 80 women. By the early 1960s a pattern was established of monthly formal lunches, usually with a speaker. The events were both social and intellectual. Early speakers were members of the Drawing Room - e.g. Rosalie Gascoigne, Honor Maude and Nancy Parker. Later on they were drawn from elsewhere in the University and beyond, and covered an eclectic range of topics.\nThe Ladies Drawing Room enjoyed its heyday in the 1960s and 1970s as the ANU expanded. University House was central to the University community overall and the Ladies Drawing Room was considered the most club-like aspect of the House. The Ladies Drawing Room came to play a significant part in its members' lives - lifelong friendships were formed which continued long after retirement. The longevity and loyalty of the membership indicates the significant role the Ladies Drawing Room played in their lives. Many served as Convenors or Committee members for five or more years; a few for many more - e.g. Pat Back (14), Lena Karmel (15), Belle Low (10), Jean Moran (20), and Joy Wilson (16).\nBy the 1980s many of the University's early academic staff were retiring and the membership of the Ladies Drawing Room became both older and smaller. Canberra's social amenities and cultural hubs had grown apace; younger women tended to work and had little free time. In the 1990s members of the ANU Club for Women (founded in 1961 with a considerable overlap in membership with the Ladies Drawing Room) joined in some luncheons but by the end of the decade it was clear that the Ladies Drawing Room had served its purpose and the ladies wound up the organisation in March 2003. However, in recognition of the importance of the group in the life of University House and ANU more broadly, the House itself instituted a program of three reunions a year which continues to attract some 30 women.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/anu-club-for-women-inc-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/university-house-as-they-experienced-it-a-history-1954-2004\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/research-material-for-the-50th-anniversary-history-of-university-house\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Dragons Abreast Canberra", "Entry ID": "AWE4852", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dragons-abreast-canberra\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Community organisation, Sporting club", "Summary": "Dragons Abreast Canberra started in 1999, one year after Dragons Abreast Australia, the umbrella organisation was founded. Members, both breast cancer survivors and supporters, race dragon boats on Lake Burley Griffin in an annual Breast Cancer Challenge Regatta, to raise awareness of breast cancer and funds for cancer services and research.\n", "Details": "Dragons Abreast Canberra started in 1999, one year after the founding of Dragons Abreast Australia, the national umbrella organisation for dragon boat clubs for breast cancer survivors. The group was formed under the leadership of Anna Wellings Booth who was awarded a Medal in the Order of Australia for her service to women's health through a range of breast cancer organisations in 2012.\nDragon boat racing began over 2000 years ago in China, where races were held as part of the agricultural cycle to avert misfortune and to encourage the rains needed for prosperity. Paddling dragon boats as a sport took hold in 1976 when the Hong Kong Tourist Association launched this traditional festival as a modern competitive sports event. Dragon boats are usually 12 metres long, with the head and tail of a dragon, and wide enough to sit 20 people (two abreast), along with a sweep to steer the boat and a drummer. The races are usually paddled over a course of 500 metres.\nDragons Abreast Australia was founded on principles of participation and inclusiveness. Participants consider themselves to be winners by simply being in the group and being able to paddle. Competitiveness is a secondary outcome. Research by Professor Don McKenzie, a Canadian exercise physiologist, has shown that dragon boating has positive benefits, both physical and psychological, for women recovering from breast cancer.\nWhen it began, Dragons Abreast Canberra had the generous support of the Canberra Dragon Boat Association, which provided coaching and sweeping in the early days while encouraging the club towards independence. Several sweeps were trained, enabling the group to operate independently while maintaining its links with Canberra Dragon Boat Association. When Dragons Abreast Canberra began, there was only one other Dragons Abreast team in Australia, and now there are 45.\nThe first interstate foray was in 2000 to the Australian National Dragon Boat Championships held at Penrith, and individual members of Dragons Abreast Canberra have participated at every Australian National Championship since that time. The Dragons Abreast regatta for Chinese New Year at Darling Harbour in Sydney is an annual event for club members. International success came with a fifth place in an international breast cancer survivors' regatta held in Peterborough, Canada, in 2010.\nLike all Dragons Abreast groups, the Canberra club has a mixture of breast cancer survivors and very active and valuable supporters. There are currently about 60 members. The club's most visible event is the annual Breast Cancer Challenge Regatta, an awareness-raising exercise on Lake Burley Griffin. Most of the money raised from registration fees is donated to cancer-related organisations, both locally and nationally, and some of it is retained to partly cover the club's ongoing expenses.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-dragons-tale\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/dragons-abreast-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/parliamentary-debates\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Marymead Auxiliary", "Entry ID": "AWE4864", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marymead-auxiliary\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Social services, Volunteer fundraising organisation", "Summary": "The Auxiliary of Marymead Child and Family Centre is a volunteer group established in 1966 to raise funds in support of the services provided by Marymead to Canberra children and families in need. Over the ensuing years the Auxiliary initiated Canberra's first Walkathon which, together with an annual Button Day and numerous other fundraising activities, raised significant sums annually to help Marymead's work with disadvantaged and vulnerable children. In the process, the Auxiliary has galvanised the active participation of thousands of members of schools, businesses, sporting and service groups and embassies across the Australian Capital Territory. It continues today to be a major source of non-government funds for the agency.\n", "Details": "In the early 1960s Canberra was a rapidly growing city with a very young population. Between 1950 and 1975, almost 40% of the population were under 21 years of age. At the same time, few people had an extended family base because most had only recently arrived in Canberra to work in the burgeoning Commonwealth public service and service industries. Social services were embryonic.\nMarymead Children's Centre (now Marymead Child and Family Centre) was established by the Franciscan Missionaries of Mary (FMM) in 1967 to provide residential care for children of families in temporary crisis - for example,. a mother in hospital, a family breaking up, a child neglected or in danger. The nuns left Canberra in 1986. Marymead today is a landmark Canberra agency serving vulnerable and disadvantaged children and families both at home and through out of home care across an extensive range of child protection, disability support and family support programs. However, although Marymead's services have always been funded by government, the funds have never been sufficient to meet the needs or to give Marymead a ready flexibility to introduce new programs to meet emerging needs outside the orbit of government funding processes.\nMarymead owed its creation not only to the efforts of a determined group of FMM nuns, but also to an equally determined collection of, largely very senior, members of the Commonwealth public service and their wives. In the 1960s many married women, unable to work in the Commonwealth Public Service because of the marriage bar, used their education, experience and energies instead to create volunteer organisations to support the much-needed, emerging social and welfare services. It was just such a group of women who created the Marymead Auxiliary in 1966.\nAt its first meeting on 31 March 1966 Lady Nora Randall was elected President of the Auxiliary with Mrs Nell Nimmo and Mrs Mary Nicholl as Vice Presidents. They were the first of over 1000 people - almost all women - who have been active in the Auxiliary over the last 45 years, not counting the many thousands more who have attended fashion parades, lunches and morning teas in splendid venues, bought raffle tickets, plants and fete 'goodies', and played cards and tennis. Little by little, over $2 million has been raised (in 2007 dollar terms).\nThe Auxiliary established a number of 'firsts' for Canberra - most notably the city's first Walkathon in 1967 which was a huge success for over 20 years. Generations of Canberrans know Marymead because they walked or ran in the Walkathon along with classmates or as a family. Local schools, sporting and service clubs were roped in to help in a major annual button day appeal. A close connection with embassies was developed early on, and many fundraising events have taken place ever since in diplomatic residences.\nAlthough its primary purpose was to raise funds for Marymead, the Auxiliary also played an important role in the early years in behind-the-scenes lobbying for improved funding levels, and garnering financial and practical support for Marymead from local businesses and service groups like Lions and Rotary. In addition, the Auxiliary President was for many years a member of the Marymead Board of Management.\nThe Auxiliary's membership has reflected broader changes in women's lives. Where, in the 1960s, the Auxiliary comprised married women not in the paid workforce, by the end of the century, most members were retired or working part-time. In the early 21st century, online social media and new types of events are attracting a younger membership who fit their fundraising activities around work and young families. The Auxiliary now works with professional development staff within Marymead and a growing number of corporate sponsorships of Marymead's programs.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-auxiliarys-proud-past-and-positive-future\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-marymead-auxiliary\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-marymead-auxiliary\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Marymead Child and Family Centre", "Entry ID": "AWE4865", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marymead-child-and-family-centre\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Children\u201a\u00c4\u00f4s welfare services", "Summary": "The Franciscan Missionaries of Mary established Marymead Children's Centre (now Marymead Child and Family Centre) in 1967 as a specialised facility to provide residential care for children of families in temporary crisis. In the early years this might include a mother in hospital, a family breaking up, a child neglected or in danger. As the city grew rapidly so did demand for government-funded social services to provide for more complex needs requiring professional as well as community support. The Franciscan Missionaries of Mary withdrew from Canberra in 1986, transferring ownership of Marymead to the Catholic Archdiocese of Canberra and Goulburn. Since then, the agency has grown steadily, staffed by professional welfare workers (predominantly female), to become one of the major social services agencies in the ACT. By 2012 it was providing support, in the home and through out-of-home care, to vulnerable and disadvantaged children and their families across the Australian Capital Territory and the surrounding New South Wales region.\n", "Details": "Canberra grew rapidly after World War 2 as public service departments were moved to the capital (especially from the 1960s). The rapidly growing population was young: throughout 1950-1975, almost 40% of the population was under 21. Few people had an extended family base nearby to help with family burdens or crises, and social networks were insufficient to compensate for that lack. Moreover, government policy, specialist social services and funding for welfare assistance did not keep pace with the rapid growth in population and complexity of needs for support.\nOne area particularly poorly served in the 1950s was provision of support for children who could not live with their parents or other family members due to a temporary crisis or longer term problems caused by poverty, illness, neglect, domestic violence or family breakup. Such care and protection services as existed were provided by New South Wales, and Canberra had no facility of its own to provide long or short term out-of-home care or specialist support for children and teenagers. Pressure was increasingly exerted on the Commonwealth government by local magistrates, church members and, indeed, leading public servants and their wives, to address the obvious need for such services.\nAn early change came in 1963 when Dr Barnado's Homes opened a group house but, from the outset, it could not keep up with demand. About the same time, the Franciscan Missionaries of Mary (FMM) proposed to open a house in Canberra and undertake welfare work, especially among the poor. The FMM were founded in India in 1872 and came to Australia in 1942; their work focused on the poor and disadvantaged in society. They proposed a centre in Canberra which would provide out- of-home care for children of families in temporary crisis, plus a hostel for young working women coming to Canberra to join the public service (this was intended to provide a continuing income stream but, however, was never built).\nSeven nuns arrived in January 1963, moving initially into a house and backyard caravan in the suburb of Narrabundah. The first superior was Mother Columcille, a dynamic, formidable 70-year-old Irish nun who became famous for her determination and selective deafness to responses (especially from public servants) that were not the ones she wanted. She quickly obtained the support of several senior public servants well-positioned to persuade relevant ministers (including the Prime Minister, Bob Menzies, Senator John Gorton, and Doug Anthony who all became Marymead supporters) to adopt and fund the proposal for a child welfare and hostel facility to be called Marymead ('Mary's meadow' in Gaelic). Their wives, meanwhile, began fund raising activities, forming the Marymead Auxiliary which continues in strength into the 21st century.\nBy the mid-1960s the Commonwealth had assumed responsibility from NSW for directly funding and overseeing welfare services in the ACT but the funding levels and arrangements were greatly affected (into the 1990s) by differences of opinion on the extent to which government should directly manage welfare services or outsource them to charitable organisations. In the 21st century, government policy has settled firmly on the outsourcing model, typically within stringent government guidelines.\nIn 1965 the Commonwealth finally agreed to provide funding towards establishment by the FMM of a child welfare centre and land was allocated in Narrabundah. Marymead opened in 1967 with a convent and six residential cottages, each with a house mother and up to a dozen children, led by the Centre administrator, Sister Rosalie McNaughton (Mother Columcille, her indomitable foundation work completed, retired to Ireland). The house mothers were the nuns and, over time, a number of lay women as well. Gardens were created with help from a local Lions Club, the children began to attend local schools, and a family-like community was created.\nBy 1980 the nuns estimated they had cared for over 5,000 children, predominantly through periods of residential care at Marymead. The nuns themselves now included a professional social worker, a sign not only of increased complexity in the needs to be met but also of higher standards being set by the government in relation to expertise and qualifications of those working in the welfare sector.\nUnder the nuns, Marymead's primary function was to welcome children of all races and religions who required care. Children were admitted in various times of crisis including distress following accidents or sudden illness, poverty, a parent hospitalised, a family break up, disruption of the home or child abuse or neglect. Children were either placed voluntarily by parents or referred by welfare or health officials. Occasionally the police would also bring children to Marymead at night or over the weekend if a sudden emergency arose.\nFunding continued to be a major constraint through the 1960s and 1970s: real costs per child rose as salaries and living costs increased and the need increased for professionally trained personnel who could provide appropriate support to children with challenging behaviours or complex needs. By the early 1980s, the FMM's own priorities in Australia turned more to health and aged care services. This, combined with significant financial difficulties in operating Marymead, led the nuns to withdraw from Canberra in 1986. Marymead then came under the auspices of the Catholic Archdiocese of Canberra and Goulburn.\nFrom the late 1980s more and more attention was paid to supporting children at home, in their family contexts. One of Marymead's great strengths in the last 20 years has been its emphasis on an integrated approach to supporting both the child and the family as a whole. This strength has been accompanied by steady and substantial growth in the number of clients, number and variety of services offered, and introduction of innovative strategies that have influenced government policy trends in social services. By 2011 Marymead was, inter alia, overseeing a large foster care program, disability support programs, residential care for young people with high and complex needs, child protection support, programs for families in trauma or having broken up, support for carers, counselling services, and family skills programs.\nMarymead has remained a community-based, not-for-profit agency whose primary concern is to care for vulnerable and disadvantaged children and their families (over 1000 a year by 2011). As is common throughout the social services sector, its workforce has mostly been women. It has become an integral part of the Canberra community, touching the lives of a large proportion of the population either directly or behind the scenes or through its fundraising activities.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/annual-report-2010-2011\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/marymead-child-and-family-centre-uncatalogued-papers\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women in the development of Canberra's sporting history", "Entry ID": "AWE4906", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-the-development-of-canberras-sporting-history\/", "Type": "Concept", "Occupations": "Historical Theme", "Summary": "The City of Canberra is home to elite sportswomen, such as champion basketballer, Lauren Jackson and influential administrators like Heather Reid, CEO of Capital Football. It is represented at a national level by teams like the Canberra Capitals in the Women's National Basketball League and the Canberra Darters in the Australian Netball League. But perhaps, more importantly, Canberra is home to the largest number of ordinary weekend warriors in all Australia. According to an Australian Bureau of Statistics report, published in 2012, 78.8 % of Canberra women regularly participate in Sport and Recreation, 9.7% more than the nearest 'rival' Tasmania at 69.1%. If we combine this record with the important role that Canberra has played as a developer of elite talent, through the Australian Institute of Sport, and the development of policy to promote and encourage women in sport through the Australian Sports Commission's Women's Sports Unit, then it most certainly is not overstating it to say that women have been very important in putting Canberra on the map of the sporting world.\n", "Details": "Canberra may have been officially named in 1913, but it wasn't until well into the 1920s that community services, like sporting clubs and facilities, were developed and made available for public use. The arrival of public servants and their families from Melbourne to accompany the Federal Legislature in 1927 put pressure on the Federal Capital Commission (FCC) to develop amenities that would turn the settlement into a community. The Social Services Association was established in 1926 to help the city planners gain feedback on what needs were most pressing for the small but growing community. Sports grounds and facilities were at the top of the list of needs and wants. Women, through a special Social Services Officer made sure their voices were heard on this matter.\nIn a town were men outnumbered women by 3 to 1 in the early days, it is not surprising that sports such as rugby, cricket and Australian Rules Football were organised quickly and enthusiastically. But even though they were small in number, the women of Canberra were determined to claim their right to play sport as well. On 15 November 1927, sixty women representing a wide variety of sports attended a meeting called by Miss D.M Hawkins, the Women's Social Service Officer, to discuss the formation of a Women's Sports Association. Areas of specific concern were raised, like access to the existing tennis courts, the progress of girls' hockey teams that were already competing, and the formation of cricket teams and basketball (what we would call netball) teams. But the primary purpose of the meeting was to gauge the interest in sport amongst Canberra women and then feed it back to the Federal Capital Commission. Given that Lady Butters, wife of the Chief Commissioner, was in the chair, there was no danger that the feedback wouldn't be heard.\nBetween them, Miss Hawkins and Lady Butters were quick and formidable workers. A series of further public meetings and consultations with the FCC ensued. By 5 March 1928, newspapers were reporting that a ground and many other facilities would be provided for women's sport:\nThe fair sex feel that they have been neglected in the development of sport in the capital, but the Federal Commission has expressed sympathy with their representations, and it is likely that a women's sports ground will be provided at Acton. The ground will be on the Acton flats, and it is proposed that facilities be provided for hockey, cricket, baseball, and swimming, and other sports. A ladies' swimming club, composed of residents o\u00a3 Beauchamp House and Gorman House, has been formed, and will take possession of the Acton swimming pool, which hitherto has been used for mixed bathing. A dressing shed will be built. It is the intention of the Commission to reserve this pool for the ladies' club. At present the Westlake Cricket Club is using a cricket pitch on Acton flats, but negotiations are in progress for the vacation of the pitch in order that it maybe used next season by ladies. A Croquet Club is to be formed, but play will be on a green at the Hotel Canberra.\nOver the next two years, regular meetings were held by the Women's Sports Association to call for the formation of basketball, cricket and hockey clubs, for access to tennis courts and bathing facilities. The establishment of a branch of the Y.W.C.A in Canberra in 1929 created more options and opportunities for the women of Canberra. So it was with a good deal of confidence that Miss D.M Hawkins, on the occasion of her migration to New Zealand to live, urged those in attendance to 'stick together' so that they can 'put Canberra on the map of the women's sporting world.'\nOver eighty years later, Miss Hawkins would proud of the legacy she created. The City of Canberra is home to elite sportswomen, such as champion basketballer, Lauren Jackson and influential administrators like Heather Reid, CEO of Capital Football. It is represented at a national level by teams like the Canberra Capitals in the Women's National Basketball League and the Canberra Darters in the Australian Netball League. But perhaps, more importantly, Canberra is home to the largest number of ordinary weekend warriors in all Australia. According to an Australian Bureau of Statistics report, published in 2012, 78.8 % of Canberra women regularly participate in Sport and Recreation, 9.7% more than the nearest 'rival' Tasmania at 69.1%. If we combine this record with the important role that Canberra has played as a developer of elite talent, through the Australian Institute of Sport, and the development of policy to promote and encourage women in sport through the Australian Sports Commission's Women's Sports Unit, then it most certainly is not overstating it to say that women have been very important in putting Canberra on the map of the sporting world, full stop!\nThe following paragraphs provide a quick sketch of the development of some women's sporting organisations in Canberra. They are not comprehensive histories: there are many of them to be found and where possible, details have been provided. Rather, the following is designed to highlight some of the issues as they rose and fell in the history of women's sport in Canberra.\nCroquet\nWomen played croquet informally on the lawns of the Hotel Canberra from the time it opened in 1925. But when the Canberra Croquet club was established on March 1928, the hotel handed over the lawn to the club. The bulk of the members were wives of parliamentarians and high-ranking public servants. Lady Groom, wife of the Speaker of the House of Representatives was the first president.\nAlthough the competition was important it's arguable that, especially in the early days, the social contact that came with membership was more important. Isolated in the home while their husbands were at work, the women saw the club as a social gathering as much as a sports club, with members being entertained at the home of the president on occasions, and bridge afternoons being a regular feature of the social calendar. Indeed, in the first club annual report, the secretary noted that 'if we can help towards making new arrivals feel that someone is willing to help them settle, then our club will have achieved something more valuable than training the finest croquet player who was ever born.'\nThis is not to say that the competition on the lawn wasn't fierce: there were some very handy players who achieved excellent results in the NSW Croquet Association pennant competition. But there can be no doubt that the competition was social as well, and the season opener was also highly anticipated, with special guests asked to take part. In 1973, for instance, Margaret Whitlam was invited and tried her hand at several games. The organising committee was delighted because there was more press coverage of the season than there had been for some time!\nImportantly, the Canberra Croquet Club started as an all women affair and remained thus until 1974, when it was moved that men be allowed to play as invited guests. This was a pilot project, to some extent, to see how things might work if men were included. Like many amateur sporting associations in the 1970s, the club was looking to find new ways to increase membership and, therefore, funding. Permitting entry to men was one way of achieving this. In 1975, at an extraordinary meeting of the Canberra Croquet Club it was moved that the meeting vote consider accepting men as full time members. By 1977, the Canberra Croquet Club had male members.\nIt 2013 it remains a vibrant, active club with a healthy membership. In one form or another, the Canberra Croquet Club has been there to support the people of Canberra, almost from the start, and certainly from the moment when the public servants started moving in.\nBowling\nWomen have organised to play lawn bowls in Canberra for almost as long as their sisters at the Croquet Club, but unfortunately, they were not able to organise themselves on their own terms. The situation at the Canberra City Bowls Club was pretty much standard across any sporting organisation where women needed to participate as associates of a male club. At Canberra City, between 1930 and 1937 women had the status of a social group without office bearers. What this meant in real terms was limited times on the greens, combined with the expectation that they would raise funds and organise catering for the men during their competitions!\nIn 1937, under the guidance of Mrs Olive Toy, the women decided to form a club with elected officials. The City Ladies Associates Bowling Club entered competition with a strict membership cap imposed on them by their male counterparts, along with mandatory inclusion on the roster to provide afternoon tea for the men, to be paid for with funds from their on membership dues. Judging by comments in the club annual reports, in the early days, the attitude amongst the women should be one of grateful tugging at the forelock, for whatever crumbs might be thrown their way. 'We wish to express our appreciation to the menfolk for the use of the green and other privileges, and assure then that the ladies are ready to assist them in any way.' Some women recall, however, how lacking in substance the crumbs were. 'Mothers' Day seemed to be the only bowls day when mixed bowls was played without undue complaint from the men'.\nAs time went by, however, buried resentment came to the surface. At the AGM in 1950, a motion that a donation be made to men's club, which was generally less efficient at raising funds than the women's, failed to find a seconder. There were constant rumblings amongst the women about the requirement to provide catering for the men, to the point where some women decided they could no longer be a member of the club. In 1968 they were relieved of some of their duties when the men resolved 'that we should discontinue the requirement of provision of afternoon teas except on special occasions', but as late as 1988, there was still a distinct lack of goodwill from many male members who complained that access to the bar by women members should be restricted because 'women were taking over the club'. The official history comments upon the way that these disputes were always resolved in an amicable fashion, but the reminiscences of women published in that same history indicate the extent to which the issue of women's subservient status in the club irritated the 'associates'. The work women did for the club was constantly undervalued and under-rewarded. It wasn't until 1974 that women members were awarded with medals, despite their forty years of financial and in-kind service.\nMoving into the 1980s things changed, as equal opportunity legislation was enacted and women and women both needed to pull together to find resources and innovative ways to fund their operations.\nTennis\nMany women associates of tennis clubs had similar problems as the bowlers did, in terms of access to courts. But the Ainslie Tennis Club, established in 1928, was a little different from some. Needless to say, providing refreshments for those working on the construction of the courts was left to the ladies, but is an unusual twist, it was agreed that there should be no refreshment without representation. In March 1928, a woman, Mrs Agnes Gillard, was elected to the committee of management. The courts were officially opened on Sunday April 21st 1928, with an initial membership of 32 men, 24 women and 23 juniors. Court maintenance was the responsibility of the male members, although official correspondence gave women nagging rights: 'it was the role of the ladies to remind their menfolk of the importance of the task'. The first team to enter competition was a mixed B grade team, in May 1928.\nMale membership suffered during the years of the Second World War, a feature of amateur sport across the whole city. Competition tennis ceased and social tennis was restricted. In 1943 women members took over the running of the club and an all female executive and committee was elected with Agnes Gillard becoming the club's only female president. As was the case across the land, women enjoyed the management and leadership opportunities afforded to them as they picked up the duties of women in the armed forces.\nThe club won its first junior pennant in 1972 with a B1 girls team, who were the beneficiaries of the coaching of some excellent volunteers.\nThe Women's Sports Promotion Unit\nThe Women and Sports Promotion Unit was established as a function of the Australian Sports Commission in 1987 in recognition of the need to provide fairer sporting opportunities for women and girls. It was created in response to concerns raised by the Federal Government's Working Group on Women and Sport about the lack of women's participation in sport and recreation, and discrimination against those who did. The lack of women's opportunities for leadership within sporting organisations was also highlighted, along with the lack of media coverage of women's significant sporting achievements. Its role was to provide policy advice and guidance to the Federal Government and to the Australian Sports Commission. It was also created to publicise achievements. As the Minister for Sport at the time indicated, it was a policy unit that was long overdue. \"Women are often the last to give themselves praise and put themselves first. Yet their sporting performances deserve recognition and accolades from the whole community.'\nThe first Chairperson of the unit was Margaret Pewtress, a sports woman and administrator of international repute. It benefited from the service of skilled public servants like Libby Darlison and Sue Baker-Finch, and from the consultancy services of women such as Heather Reid. Many of the programs and reports that still guide policy making in the area of women's sport had their gestation in the early days of the Woman Sports Promotion Unit.\nA key plank in its communication strategy was the publication of its newsletter Active. Quarterly edition were released between 1988 and 1995 and they record the significant but under-reported achievements of Australia's elite sportswomen thoughout that period. But just as importantly, it alerted people to the opportunities for participation available to everyday sportswomen, as well as advice on where to get funding support, and how to go about getting it.\nThe unit still exists in a different form and with changed priorities, although some of the issues remain the same; such as problems with media coverage of women's sports and leadership opportunities within mixed organisations. But it is hard to dispute the impact it has had on increasing women's participation. A survey conducted in the late 1980s reported that only 23% of Australian women regularly participated in some form of sporting activity. In 2012, that number has grown to 63.8% From little things, big things grow.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sports-and-physical-recreation-a-statistical-overview-australia-2012\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sport-for-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sports-for-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/bon-voyage\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/canberra-is-a-sport-loving-community\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-year-in-sport\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/recollections-of-womens-golf-gcgc-1926-to-1993\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/good-sports-a-history-of-recreation-in-the-canberra-region\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/growing-with-the-capital-a-history-of-the-canberra-city-bowling-club-1928-2005\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fifty-years-at-souths-a-short-history-of-canberra-south-bowling-clubs\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/active-women-in-sport-newsletter\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-federal-golf-club-story-1933-1983\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/its-about-time-for-women-in-australian-sport\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hmss-0084-canberra-croquet-club-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/hmss-0473-ainslie-tennis-club-records\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Country Women's Association of New South Wales, Canberra Branch", "Entry ID": "AWE4911", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/country-womens-association-of-new-south-wales-canberra-branch\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "Australian Capital Territory, Australia", "Occupations": "Community organisation", "Summary": "The Canberra Branch is the oldest of four located in the Australian Capital Territory. All four belong to the Monaro Group of the Country Women's Association of NSW. The Canberra Branch was founded in 1946. By March 1953 the members had raised enough funds to build their own rooms on the edge of what was then the Central Business District of Canberra. In the early 1980s high-rise office blocks were being built next to the rooms and the branch was able to negotiate the sale of its lease to a developer who provided the branch with a large area of the ground floor of a new building on Barry Drive. The branch provides education, health and social welfare support to its community with the funds it raises and through its crafts and cooking.\n", "Details": "The Canberra Branch of the CWA was formed in 1946. At its first meeting on 20 November in the Lady Gowrie Services Hut in Manuka, Wilga Ryrie was elected president. The other founding office-bearers were Mrs A D Campbell, Mrs Jeremy, Mrs G Campbell, Mrs Garrett, Mrs R Reid, Mrs O Dixon, Mrs R N Hancock and Mrs L Baird.\nEarly activities included food parcels for England and donating books to the Bungendore Library, then run by the local CWA branch. The Canberra Branch started to provide afternoon teas at the annual sheep sales and the races (at a racecourse which is now under Lake Burley Griffin). Other afternoon teas, cake stalls and street stalls raised more funds. A ball raised money for the Seaside Homes and a fete was held at Government House, both within the Branch's first two years of existence.\nAs early as April 1948 the Branch decided to lodge an application for land on which to build rooms. An offer of a block of land in 1949 had to be refused due to insufficient funds. The Branch met in various places around Canberra, including in the premises of the Young Women's Christian Association. By April 1951 its building fund contained \u00a3530. Some of this had been earned from the sale of wool donated by graziers and some came from functions, including a fete at the Prime Minister's Lodge.\nThe CWA State Executive offered to lend the Branch \u00a3600 towards a building, estimated to cost \u00a31360. Bertha Mac Smith, who had opened the Branch's first meeting in 1946, was invited to open the new building on Moore Street, Turner, on 14 March 1953. The final loan from the State Executive was \u00a31000, at bank interest, paid off only two years later.\nBy 1959 the Branch had so many members and activities that extensions to the building were needed. At this time there were few alternatives for women in Canberra who were not in the workforce. Again, members' fundraising paid for the extensions.\nDame Pattie Menzies was Patron of the Branch from 1955 to 1962. Dame Zara Holt (later Dame Zara Bate) succeeded her in 1967. Alice Pedley held the position from 1974 to 1981, followed by Dorothy Buckmaster in 1986 to 1988 and Joan Huston from 1989.\nBy the early 1980s high-rise office blocks surrounded the CWA building and the desirability of its location was obvious to all. A committee of the Branch investigated how best to deal with the development pressures. In May 1985 their single-storey building was demolished. This time the Uniting Church Hall in Reid became the temporary home. The Branch was able to move into its new premises on Barry Drive in Civic on 6 February 1988. The opening was performed by the State President, Audrey Hardman OAM.\nThe Branch now awards grants to Year 12 students and young carers in Canberra. The funds come from the interest derived from investing the bequest to the Canberra Branch by the late Salme Koobakene who was\na strong supporter of secondary and tertiary education, and showed a keen interest in the welfare of young carers in the Canberra community. The number of scholarships and carers' grants is dependent on the interest from the bequest in any given year. The interest is divided equally between the Canberra Branch and the Monaro Group. This Group uses its share to provide scholarships along similar lines. These scholarships are additional to scholarships provided by the Canberra Branch from normal funds. A nursing student at the University of Canberra also receives a grant from Canberra Branch funds each year.\nMore traditional Branch activities include knitting bootees and beanies for babies in the neo-natal unit in the Canberra Hospital and knee rugs for Canberra's hospice and its nursing homes. Members prepare bags for patients admitted to Canberra through its emergency departments. They collect goods for women in country areas affected by drought or floods. They make and bag biscuits several times a year for the St Vincent de Paul Night Patrol Van.\nAs well, they participate in the activities of the CWA of NSW, including those aimed at changing government policies at the State and Federal levels.\nAn international program has been a tradition first introduced by the CWA in 1938. The Canberra Branch's early food parcels for England were followed by silver coin donations for Holland. The first country of focussed study was New Zealand in 1947. More recently, members have helped with aid programs in Timor Leste, while Morocco is the latest focus.\nParticipants in the Canberra Branch's cultural program entertain every Social Day on the first Friday of the month. They can provide their own musical or dramatic presentations or invite in guest speakers and performers. The Canberra School of Music, the Canberra Youth Orchestra and the local Scottish dancers have provided particular enjoyment.\nThe three younger branches of the CWA in the urban Australian Capital Territory are known as Belconnen, Canberra Evening (formed in 1988) and Gunghalin. A Weetangera Branch existed but had closed before the Canberra Branch started in 1946. A Tharwa Branch was opened in 1957 but closed four years later.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/country-womens-association-of-nsw-canberra-branch-know-your-cwa\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/from-lady-denman-to-katy-gallagher-a-century-of-womens-contributions-to-canberra\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/history-1959-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-country-womens-association-of-australia-1945-1969-2003-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian Political Studies Association Women's Caucus", "Entry ID": "AWE6055", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-political-studies-association-womens-caucus\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Professional Association, Women\u201a\u00c4\u00f4s advocacy", "Summary": "The Women's Caucus of the then Australasian Political Studies Association (APSA) was established in 1979. It was set up to improve the standing of women in the political science profession and to promote the study of women and politics. The annual general meeting of the Women's Caucus is held during the annual conference of APSA. A representative serves on the APSA Executive. The caucus conducts regular reviews of the status of women in the profession and of the extent of the successful implementation of APSA's policy that the study of women should be integrated into all politics courses.\n", "Details": "The Australasian Political Studies Association's (APSA) Women's Caucus was established on the initiative of Marian Sawer and Carole Pateman at APSA's 1979 conference in Hobart. Its purpose is to improve the status of women in the profession of political science and to make women visible in the political system particularly as it is studied through the discipline of Political Science. An immediate success was the inclusion of Carole Pateman on the Executive of APSA as Vice-President.\nMarian Sawer lists a number of activities of the Women's Caucus including:\n\nincreasing the representation of women on the APSA Executive including as President,\ninspiring a more gender-inclusive journal,\nmaking the Annual Conferences more woman-friendly,\ninstigating regular audits of the status of women in the profession,\nmonitoring the gender inclusiveness of curriculum and textbooks,\nrecording the completion of thesis research with a gender focus.\n\nThe Women's Caucus has also initiated and sustained prizes for research and study in the field of political science.\n\nIn 2018 the winner of the first Thelma Hunter PhD Prize for the best thesis on women and\/or gender and politics will be announced. This will replace the Women and Politics Prize which was awarded from 1982 to 2016.\nThe Carole Pateman Prize is given for the best book on the topic of gender and politics.\nThe Academic Leadership in Political Science Award was established by the Executive Committee of APSA in response to recommendations made by the Women's Advancement in Australian Political Science report (2012). It recognises inclusive and collaborative leadership, of particular importance to women and members of non-dominant groups, but also of benefit to all emerging scholars.\n\nThe Women's Caucus published an electronic newsletter WAPSA News from 1994 to 1995 and then created the moderated email discussion list Ausfem-Polnet in 1996. By 2003 this list had some 900 subscribers including many women working within government.\nMadeline Grey's 2014 assessment of women's leadership in the field of Political Science makes three points.\n\nThe APSA Women's Caucus has allowed women political scientists to work collectively to exert influence and implement initiatives,\nTheir contributions to a feminist body of scholarship through the Australian Journal of Political Science and other national and international publications has laid the groundwork for transforming the discipline,\nThe creation of the Women's Caucus, a specific structure with a clear mandate to focus on gender issues, has played an important role in supporting women to challenge the status quo and promote change.\n\nIn these ways, the APSA Women's Caucus has been a significant influence on both the profession and the discipline of Political Science.\nThis entry was sponsored by a generous donation from the late Dr Thelma Hunter.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/political-science\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-impact-of-feminist-scholarship-on-australian-political-science\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-political-studies-association-website\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/politics-the-journal-of-the-australasian-political-studies-association\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-journal-of-political-science\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-australasian-political-studies-association\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-who-caucus-feminist-political-scientists\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-history-of-the-australasian-political-studies-association\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-the-australasian-political-studies-association-1956-1996-manuscript\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Rural Australians for Refugees (RAR)", "Entry ID": "AWE6254", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/rural-australians-for-refugees-rar\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Occupations": "Advocate", "Summary": "Rural Australians for Refugees (RAR) was established in numerous New South Wales towns in 2001, with public meetings in Bowral and Armidale. Further public meetings were held in Cootamundra and Lismore and groups were launched in Orange and Goulburn. RAR then spread to Victoria, followed by other Australian states.\nThe group was originally founded by Anne Coombs, Susan Varga and Helen McCue.\nRAR consists of Australian citizens living in rural and regional areas who aim to change Australia's policy on refugees and asylum seekers towards a more humane approach.\nToday RAR:\n- Aims to raise public awareness of the issues involving asylum seekers and refugees\n- Writes letters to newspapers and politicians\n- Meets members of parliament to challenge inhumane policies\n- Provides practical help to local refugees\n- Fundraises for asylum seekers and refugees\n- Attends rallies and vigils\n", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/records-of-rural-australians-for-refugees-2000-2008-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/helen-mccue-interviewed-by-ann-mari-jordens-sound-recording\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women in Sport", "Entry ID": "AWE6563", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-sport\/", "Type": "Concept", "Summary": "Much like the online exhibition She's Game: Women making Australian sporting history, this entry 'pays tribute to the many Australian women over time and across the country who have played, coached, volunteered, administered and supported sport, at all levels.'\n" }, { "Title\/Name": "Fort Street Girls' High School", "Entry ID": "AWE6591", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fort-street-girls-high-school\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Birth Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Death Place": "New South Wales, Australia", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/fort-street-high-school-archives\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS)", "Entry ID": "IMP0149", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-army-service-awas\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Armed services organisation", "Summary": "The Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS) was established on 13 August 1941, to release men from certain military duties for service with fighting units. The Service recruited women between the ages of 18 and 45 and they served in a variety of roles including clerks, typists, cooks and drivers. In 1945 a contingent was sent to Lae and a small group went to Holland. In June 1947, owing to the end of World War II, the AWAS was disbanded.\n", "Details": "On 13 August 1941 the War Cabinet of the Australian Government gave approval for the Formation and Control of an Australian Army Women's Service to release men from military duties for employment with fighting units. The name was later changed to Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS).\nFrom the time of the appointment of the Controller AWAS on 29 September 1941, until cessation of hostilities in August 1945, 24,026 women enlisted as volunteers in the Service.\nHitherto there had been no women accepted by the Army except those in the Medical Services and the potentialities of women in other trades and professions had not been utilised. In addition, as the Service expanded women with no particular qualifications, apart from general intelligence were used in various occupations where willingness to serve and general adaptability were the main requirements.\nThe first 29 officers were a representative selection of Australian women appointed after many women had been interviewed in each State. It was considered essential that those selected for the first officers appointments should have proved themselves as leaders in their own trade or profession or in some form of community service. They were expected to have qualities of enthusiasm and confidence in the contribution which women could take to the Army, balance and dependability in carrying through a task, consideration for the requirements and needs of other women, and most importantly, tact and patience necessary for pioneering a new organisation.\nThe first Officer's Training School was held in Victoria in November-December 1941. During this time Japan entered the war and the need for womanpower in the Army was accentuated, recruiting and training commenced as soon as AWAS Officers returned to their areas. The types of recruits were quite splendid, alert, responsible and invariably inspired to volunteer by strong personal motives.\nInitially the Army only envisaged that women would be employed as clerks, typists, cooks and motor transport drivers, and in small numbers, however, the demand grew very quickly and by the end of 1942 12,000 recruits had been enlisted and trained.\nWhile at first AWAS were posted only to Headquarters, and Base Installations, they later took up duty, after specialist training in almost all Army Services. It is of interest to note that 3,618 served with the Royal Australian Artillery and they manned the Fixed Defences of Australia from Hobart in the South and Cairns in the North, and Perth in the West. And again 3,600 served in the Australian Corps of Signals, where they proved themselves well adapted for the type of work required of them.\nOfficers and other ranks of the Australian Intelligence Corps were commended for highly secret work. Motor transport drivers had truly varied lives driving cars, ambulances, trucks (up to 3 tons), jeeps, floating jeeps, Bren Gun Carriers, amphibious vehicles and driving convoys in all weathers. Australian Army Ordnance Corps employed 2,600 on a variety of tasks, some requiring a high degree of skill and all a marked degree of patience and perseverance. While quite unusual and somewhat trying work was carried out at the Proof and Experimental Range. Cooks, caterers and canteen workers were just as important as skilled Cipher clerks. There were several butchers in the AWAS.\nIn 1945 War Cabinet gave special approval for 500 AWAS to serve outside Australia. These members were posted to HQ 1st Aust. Army in New Guinea, 350 were selected and sailed on the MV Duntroon in May 1945.\nIn 1946, 1 Officer, 3 NCO's, and 1 Private AWAS were included in the Army quota of 160 personnel in the Victory March contingent for London June 1946.\nDuring 5 \u00bd years AWAS served throughout Australia from Darwin to Hobart, in populous parts and in some very lonely places. Each one according to her character and talents served Australia faithfully and well.\nThe Service was disbanded in June 1947.\nStatistics\nOctober 1941 - Initial establishment for 1,600 women\nJanuary 1942 - Establishment increased to 6,000 women\nAugust 1942 - Establishment increased to 20,000 (at the time strength was 9,000)\nTotal Enlistments - 24026\nMaximum Strength - 20,051 in January 1944\nOfficers numbered - 679 (Colonel 1, Lt Cols 4, Majors 22, Capt. 93, Lieut. 559)\nAWAS Units\nRecruiting Depots in all areas.\n71 AWAS Barracks.\nAdministrative Cadre for Welfare Officers.\nTraining Schools - LHQ Officers Schools - 25 Courses.\nNCOs Schools, AWAS Recruit Training Battalions & Coys.\nP & RT Schools, Supervisory Personnel School.\nThese training units later became Army Women's Services school and trained AWAS and Australian Army Medical Women's Service (AAMWS).\nRecreation Centres 4 (1 Northern Territory, 3 Queensland)\nAWAS first served on HQs and Base Installations and in the second half of 1942, employment was extended generally and covered Units as follows:-\nHQ 1st & 2nd Aust. Army, HQ 2nd & 3rd Aust Corps.\nHQ 8th Aust. Div., HQ Lae Base Sub-Area, Camp Staffs.\nArtillery, Engineers, Survey, Signals, Infantry, Intelligence, Supply & Transport, Ordnance, AEME, Pay, Veterinary, Postal, Provost, Printing & Stationary, Canteens, Amenities, Education, Schools including RMC, Aust. Staff College & Training Units; Salvage.\nAWAS worked as Drivers in Car Coys, and regimental establishments. Drove cars, 3 ton trucks, Jeeps, Brenguin Carriers, amphibious vehicles, ambulances and attended to the maintenance of vehicles.\nThey worked in watercraft workshops and in AEME repair shops: all duties connected with Signals, in the Broadcasting Unit, in Entertainment Unit, photographic unit, in Field Trail Coys. They manned A\/A guns and Searchlights and they worked as hairdressers (women only), as mess and kitchen staff including several butchers and as interpreters.\nOfficers were appointed to staff duties as follows:\n\nAAG (Women's Services),\nDirector of Military Training,\nSignal Officer in Chief,\nChaplain's Department,\nDirector of Education,\nDirector Public Relations,\nDirector of Amenities,\nDirector of Rehabilitation,\nIn Quartering,\nMilitary Intelligence,\nPsychology and as ADC to a GOC.\n\nSpecial duties were performed by an Anthropologist, a linguist, a Veterinary Surgeon, a sculptress; also as guards for Italian female internees in hospital and assisted in courts and in one mental home during an emergency.\nSeveral ADCs were appointed from time to time for duty with the Colonel-in-Chief of AWAS.\nThis office was accepted by the wife of the Governor-General and was held in turn by:\nHer Excellency The Lady Gowrie\nHer Excellency Lady Dugan\nHer Royal Highness The Duchess of Gloucester.\nAWAS in RAA numbered 3,618 in Fixed Defence\nAWAS in Signals numbered 3,600.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-khaki\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/awas-women-making-history\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/backing-up-the-boys-the-australian-womens-army-service-and-albury-army-area\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/memoirs-of-an-awas-driver\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-at-war\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/we-answered-the-call-awas-of-western-australia-and-their-mates\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/history-of-the-womens-australian-national-services-1940-1946\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/2nd-australian-ambulance-car-company-1942-1946\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/khaki-clad-and-glad-30-years-after\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/remember\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/candles-in-the-sky\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/a-special-job-the-wheatstone-girls-1943-45\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/youll-be-sorry\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-women-and-world-war-ll-kit\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-mobilisation-of-women-into-active-services-the-yankee-invasion-how-the-war-affected-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/we-also-served-far-north-coast-n-s-w-ex-servicewomen-1939-1945\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/colonel-best-and-her-soldiers-the-story-of-the-33-years-of-the-womens-royal-australian-army-corps\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-servicewomens-memorial-8\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-wartime-may-douglas-who-played-a-prominent-part-in-the-australian-womens-army-service-raised-in-august-1941-contributes-some-of-her-memories\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-ca-1941-1946-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-army-service-association-n-s-w-pictorial-material\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/group-of-australian-womens-army-service-officers-from-the-victorian-land-headquarters-on-the-steps-of-the-shrine-of-remembrance\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/two-senior-members-of-the-australian-womens-army-service-awas-taking-a-wreath-into-the-shrine-of-remembrance-during-the-armistice-day-ceremony\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/an-informal-group-of-members-of-the-australian-womens-army-services-awas-model-their-improvised-costumes-for-a-musical-comedy-and-revue\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/general-sir-thomas-blamey-inspects-units-of-the-australian-womens-army-service-at-their-headquarters\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/major-m-k-deasey-australian-womens-army-service-awas\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/portrait-of-major-kathleen-deasey-who-in-november-1941-was-appointed-assistant-controller-in-victoria-of-the-australian-womens-army-service\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/some-of-the-900-members-of-the-australian-womens-army-service-taking-part-in-a-march-past-as-a-farewell-to-major-lorna-byrne\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/major-lorna-byrne-assistant-controller-australian-womens-army-service-land-headquarters\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/awas-wants-100s-of-australias-keenest-women-urgently\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/release-a-man-join-the-a-w-a-s\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-womens-army-service-awas-northern-territory\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/tucker-eileen-corporal-b-1920\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/woods-mrs-h-a\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/interview-with-jean-scott-when-the-war-came-to-australia\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/australian-servicewomens-memorial-7\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/3336-australian-womens-army-service-association-queensland-inc-records\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/cutler-family-papers-1909-1995\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/sibyl-howy-irving-scrapbooks-relating-to-the-australian-womens-army-service-1941-1946\/" }, { "Title\/Name": "Women on Farms Gatherings", "Entry ID": "PR00727", "Entry URL": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-on-farms-gatherings\/", "Type": "Organisation", "Occupations": "Social support organisation", "Summary": "The first Women on Farms Gathering was held in Warragul, Victoria, in 1990. The Gatherings have been held annually in different rural locations across the state since that time, with organisation handed over to an autonomous committee of local women each year. Women from Queensland, Tasmania and New South Wales attended the fifth gathering in Tallangatta in 1993, and the movement spread to Queensland and New South Wales in 1993, and Tasmania in 1994. Held over a weekend, the Gatherings bring together rural women to learn new skills, share stories and, especially in the beginning, to reaffirm their identity as farmers. They were a vital thread in the women in agriculture movement, providing a public collective space for women to build an alternative knowledge about their disadvantaged position in farming, and fostering a political voice.\n", "Details": "In 1989, a Women on Farms Discussion group grew out of participation in the Women On Farms skills courses at Warragul. The group began planning for the first Women on Farms Gathering, which was held in Warragul the next year. The Rural Women's Network and Women in Agriculture Project Officers in the Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs supported both the discussion group, and the planning of the gathering, as did representatives of the McMillan Rural Studies Centre in Warragul and PROCEED Continuing Education Centre. Storytelling is central to the Gatherings, raising the consciousness in women of their relative disadvantage and marginalisation, and affirming their identities as farmers, rather than farmers' wives. Research by early participating academics such as Ruth Liepins and Margaret Alston gave additional depth to their knowledge.\nWorkshops at the Gatherings developed women's practical on-farm skills, and also developed the confidence and skills needed for political roles.\nEach Gathering chooses an object to symbolise the stories and experiences of rural women. In 2003 a partnership was established with Museum Victoria to preserve these artefacts - the speeches, poems, icons, songs and themes - in the Women on Farm Gatherings Heritage Collection. This collection of living history is monitored by a Heritage Group made up of past participants, and representatives from Museum Victoria, Monash University and Department for Victorian Communities.\n", "Published Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/trove\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-invisible-farmer-a-report-on-australian-farm-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/the-victorian-women-on-farms-gatherings-a-case-study-of-the-australian-women-in-agriculture-movement\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/motherboards-and-desert-sands-stories-of-australian-rural-women\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/creating-collaborative-living-history-the-case-of-the-women-on-farms-gathering-heritage-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-in-agriculture-a-geography-of-australian-agricultural-activism-2\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/brilliant-ideas-and-huge-visions-abc-radio-australian-rural-women-of-the-year-1994-1997\/", "Archival Resources": "https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/making-rural-women-visible-a-living-history-of-the-victorian-women-on-farms-gathering-wofg-community\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/women-on-farms-gathering-heritage-collection\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/catherine-mclennan-with-lyn-johnson-interview\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/papers-of-audrey-drechsler-1979-2009-manuscript\/ \nhttps:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/central-victorian-women-in-agriculture-papers\/" } ]